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of  Utopian  Literature 


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littp://www.arcliive.org/details/anatomyofmelancOOburt 


*       i 


•t/1* 


forgotten  quite 
All  former  sceues  of  dear  delist , 
Connubial  love  -parental  joy- 
"No  STinjathies  like  these  Ins  soul  employ; 
But  all  13  dark  "svithin 

\'f  Fenrose 


FRONTISPIETE     TO    THE    ORIGINAJL    EDITTOX 


THE 

ANATOMY  OF  MELANCHOLY, 

WHAT   IT   IS, 

WITH 

ALL  THE  KINDS,  CAUSES,  SYMPTOMS,  PROGNOSTICS,  AND  SEVERAL  CURES  OF  IT. 

IN  THEEE  PAETITIONS. 

WITH    THEIR    SEVERAL 


SECTIONS,  MEMBERS,  AND  SUBSECTIONS,  PKILOSOPHICALLV,  MEDICALLY, 
HISTORICALLY  OPENED  AND  CUT  UP. 


BY  DEMOCRITUS  JUNIOR. 

WITH 

A   SATIRICAL  PREFACE,  CONDUCING  TO  THE  FOLLOWING  DISCOURSii 

CORRECTED,  AND  ENRICHED  EV  TRANSLATIONS  OF  THE  NUMEROUS' CLASSICAL  EXTRACTS. 

BY    DEMOCRITUS    MINOR. 

TO    WHICH    IS    PREFIXED    AN    ACCOUNT    OF    THE    AUTHOR. 

Omne  tulit  punctum,  qui  miscuit  utile  dulci 

He  that  joins  instruction  with  delight, 
Profit  with  pleasure,  carries  all  the  votes. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
J.    W.    MOORE,    195    CHESTNUT    STREET 

18..5.. 


« 


f  uj )  \jroP/A 


■b 


i,?j 
3"^^ 


HOXORATISSIMO  DOMINO, 
WON    MINVS  VtRTUTE   StA,  QUA^I   GENERIS  SPLENDORE 

ILLVSTRISSLMO, 

GEOPvGIO  BEllKLEIO, 

inLlTI   DE  BALNEO,   BARONI   DE  BERKLEY,   JIOUBREY,  SEGRAVE, 

D.   DE   BRUSE, 

DOMINO  SUO   MULTIS   NOJUNIBUS   OBSERVANDO, 

HANC  SUAM 

METANCHOLIiE     ANATOMEA", 

JAM   SEXTO    REVISAM,  D.  D. 

DEMOCRITUS  JUNIOR. 


(iv) 

ADVEETISEMEjNT 

TO    THE   LAST   LONDON    EDITION. 


The  work  now  restored  to  public  notice  has  had  an  extraordinary  fate.  At  the 
lime  of  its  original  publication  it  obtained  a  great  celebrity,  which  continued  more 
than  half  a  century.  During  that  period  few  books  were  more  read,  or  more  de- 
servedly applauded.  It  was  the  delight  of  the  learned,  the  solace  of  the  indolent, 
and  the  refuge  of  the  uninformed.  It  passed  through  at  least  eight  editions,  by  which 
the  bookseller,  as  Wood  records,  got  an  estate ;  and,  notwithstanding  the  objection 
sometimes  opposed  against  it,  of  a  quaint  style,  and  too  great  an  accumulation  oi" 
authorities,  the  fascination  of  its  wit,  fancy,  and  sterling  sense,  have  borne  down  all 
censures,  and  extorted  praise  from  the  first  writers  in  the  English  language.  The 
grave  Johnsox  has  praised  it  in  the  warmest  terms,  and  the  ludicrous  Sterne  has 
interwoven  many  parts  of  it  into  his  own  popular  performance.  Miltox  did  not  dis- 
dain to  build  two  of  his  finest  poems  on  it;  and  a  host  of  inferior  w^riters  have  em- 
bellished their  works  with  beauties  not  their  own,  culled  from  a  performance  which 
they  had  not  the  justice  even  to  mention.  Change  of  times,  and  the  frivolity  of 
fashion,  suspended,  in  some  degree,  that  fame  which  had  lasted  near  a  century;  and 
the  succeeding  generation  affected  indifl'erence  towards  an  author,  who  at  length  was 
only  looked  into  by  the  plunderers  of  literature,  the  poachers  in  obscure  volumes. 
The  plagiarism?  of  Tristram  Shandy,  so  successfully  brought  to  light  by  Dr.  Fer- 
RiAR,  at  length  drew  the  attention  of  the  public  towards  a  writer,  who,  though  then 
little  known,  might,  without  impeachment  of  modesty,  lay  claim  to  every  mark  of 
respect;  and  inquiry  proved,  beyond  a  doubt,  that  the  calls  of  justice  had  been  little 
attended  to  by  others,  as  well  as  the  facetious  Yorick.  Wood  observed,  more  than 
a  century  ago,  that  several  authors  had  unmercifully  stolen  matter  from  Blrtox 
without  any  acknowledgment.  The  time,  however,  at  length  arrived,  when  the 
merits  of  the  Jlnatoviy  of  Mcluncholi/  were  to  receive  their  due  praise.  The  book 
was  again  sought  for  and  read,  and  again  it  became  an  applauded  performance.  Ite 
excellencies  once  more  stood  confessed,  in  the  increased  price  which  every  copy 
offered  for  sale  produced ;  and  the  increased  demand  pointed  out  the  necessity  of  a 
new  edition.  This  is  now  presented  to  the  public  in  a  manner  not  disgraceful  to 
the  memory  of  the  author ;  and  the  publisher  relies  with  confidence,  that  so  valuable 
a  lepository  of  amusement  and  information  will  continue  to  hold  the  rank  to  whicli 
it  has  been  restored,  finnly  supported  by  its  own  merit,  and  safe  from  the  influence 
and  blight  of  any  future  caprices  of  fashion.  To  open  its  valuable  mysteries  to 
those  who  have  not  had  the  advantage  of  a  classical  education,  translations  of  the 
countless  quotations  from  ancient  writers  Avhich  occur  in  the  w'ork,  are  now  for  the 
first  time  given,  and  obsolete  orthography  is  in  all  instances  modernized. 


(V) 


ACCOUNT   OF  THE  AUTHOR, 


RoHERT  Burton  was  the  son  of  Ralph  Burton,  of  an  ancient  and  genteel 
family  at  Lindley,  in  Leicestershire,  and  was  born  there  on  the  8th  of  February 
1570.*  He  received  the  first  rudiments  of  learning  at  the  free  school  of  Sutton 
Coldfield,  in  Warwickshire,!  from  whence  he  was,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  in  the 
long  vacation,  1593,  sent  to  Brazen  Nose  College,  in  the  condition  of  a  com- 
moner, where  he  made  considerable  progress  in  logic  and  philosophy.  In  1599 
he  was  elected  student  of  Christ  Church,  and,  for  form's  sake,  was  put  under  tlie 
tuition  of  Dr.  John  Bancroft,  afterwards  Bishop  of  Oxford.  In  1614  he  was 
admitted  to  the  reading  of  the  Sentences,  and  on  the  29th  of  November,  1616, 
had  the  vicarage  of  St.  Thomas,  in  the  west  suburb  of  Oxfopd,  conferred  on  him 
by  the  dean  and  canons  of  Christ  Church,  which,  with  the  rectory  of  Segrave,  in 
Leicestershire,  given  to  him  in  the  year  1636,  by  George,  Lord  Berkeley,  he  kept, 
to  use  the  words  of  the  Oxford  antiquary,  with  much  ado  to  his  dying  day.  He 
seems  to  have  been  first  beneficed  at  Walsby,  in  Lincolnshire,  through  the  muni- 
ficence of  his  noble  patroness,  Frances,  Countess  Dowager  of  Exeter,  but  resigned 
the  same,  as  he  tells  us,  for  some  special  reasons.  At  his  vicarage  he  is  remarked 
to  have  always  given  the  sacrament  in  wafers.  Wood's  character  of  him  is,  that 
"  he  was  an  exact  mathematician,  a  curious  calculator  of  nativities,  a  general  read 
scholar,  a  thorough-paced  philologist,  and  one  that  understood  the  surveying  of 
lands  well.  As  he  was  by  many  accounted  a  severe  student,  a  devourer  of  authors, 
a  melancholy  and  humorous  person;  so  by  others,  who  knew  him  well,  a  person 
of  great  honesty,  plain  dealing  and  charity.  I  have  heard  some  of  the  ancients  of 
Christ  Church  often  say,  that  his  company  was  very  merry,  facete,  and  juvenile; 


*  His  elder  brother  was  William  nurton,  the  Leicestershire  antiquary,  born  24th  August,  ],57o,  filiicati  d  at 
Sutton  Coldfield,  admitted  commoner,  or  gentleman  commoner,  of  Brazen  Nose  College,  15.T1  ;  at  the  Inner 
Temple,  20tli  May,  1503;  B.  A.  2-2d  June,  1594;  and  afterwards  a  barrister  and  reporter  in  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas.  "But  his  natural  genius,"  says  Wood,  "leading  him  to  the  studies  of  heraldry,  genealogies,  and  anti- 
qnities,  he  became  excellent  in  those  obscure  and  intricate  matters;  and  look  upon  him  as  a  gentleman,  Wiia 
accounted,  by  all  that  knew  him,  to  be  the  best  of  his  time  for  those  studies,  as  may  appear  by  his  '  Description 
of  Leicestershire.'"  His  weak  constitution  not  permitting  him  to  follow  business,  he  retired  into  the  country, 
and  his  greatest  work,  "  The  Description  of  Leicestershire,"  was  published  in  folio,  1622.  He  died  at  Palde. 
after  suffering  much  in  the  civil  war,  6lh  April,  1645,  and  was  buried  in  the  parish  church  belonging  thereto, 
called  Hanbury. 

1  This  is  Wood's  account.  His  will  says,  Nuneaton  ;  but  a  passage  in  this  work  [see  fol.  304, J  mcntiotia 
Sutton  Coldfield  ;  probably  lie  may  hare  been  at  both  schools. 


A'^ 


VI  Account  of  the  Author. 

and  no  man  in  his  time  did  surpass  him  for  his  ready  and  dexterous  interlarding 
his  common  discourses  among  them  with  verses  from  the  poets,  or  sentences  from 
classic  authors;  which  being  then  all  the  fashion  in  the  University,  made  his 
company  the  more  acceptable."  He  appears  to  have  been  a  universal  reader  of 
all  kinds  of  books,  and  availed  himself  of  his  multifarious  studies  in  a  very  extra- 
ordinary manner.  From  the  information  of  Hearne,  we  learn  that  John  Rouse, 
the  Bodleian  librarian,  furnished  him  with  choice  books  for  the  prosecution  of  his 
work.  The  subject  of  his  labour  and  amusement,  seems  to  have  been  adopted 
from  the  infirmities  of  his  own  habit  and  constitution.  Mr.  Granger  says,  "  He 
composed  this  book  with  a  view  of  relieving  his  own  melancholy,  but  increased  it 
to  such  a  degree,  that  nothing  could  make  him  laugh,  but  going  to  the  bridge-foot 
and  hearing  the  ribaldry  of  the  bargemen,  which  rarely  failed  to  throw  him  into  a 
violent  fit  of  laughter.  Before  he  was  overcome  with  this  horrid  disorder,  he,  in 
the  intervals  of  his  vapours,  was  esteemed  one  of  the  most  facetious  companions  in 
the  University." 

His  residence  was  chiefly  at  Oxford;  where,  in  his  chamber  in  Christ  Church 
College,  he  departed  this  life,  at  or  very  near  the  time  which  he  had  some  years 
before  foretold,  from  the  calculation  of  his  own  nativity,  and  which,  says  Wood, 
"  being  exact,  several  of  the  students  did  not  forbear  to  whisper  among  themselves, 
that  rather  than  there  should  be  a  mistake  in  the  calculation,  he  sent  up  his  soul 
to  heaven  through  a  slip  about  his  neck."  Whether  this  suggestion  is  founded  in 
truth,  we  have  no  other  evidence  than  an  obscure  hint  in  the  epitaph  hereafter 
inserted,  which  was  written  by  the  author  himself,  a  short  time  before  his  death. 
His  body,  with  due  solemnity,  was  buried  near  that  of  Dr.  Robert  Weston,  in  the 
north  aisle  which  joins  next  to  the  choir  of  the  cathedral  of  Christ  Church,  on  the 
'2Tth  of  January  1039-40.  Over  his  grave  was  soon  after  erected  a  comely  monu- 
ment, on  the  upper  pillar  of  the  said  aisle,  with  his  bust,  painted  to  the  life.  On 
the  right  hand  is  the  following  calculation  of  his  nativity : 


Account  of  the  AutTior.  t^ 

and  under  the  bust,  this  inscription  of  his  own  composition  : — 

Paucis  notus,  paucioribus  ignotus, 

Hie  jacet  Democritus  junior 

Cui  vitam  dedit  et  mortem 
Melancholia 
Ob.  8  Id.  Jan.     A.  C.  mdcxxxix. 

Arms : — Azure  on  a  bend  O.  between  three  dogs'  heads  O.  a  crescent  G. 

A  few  months  before  his  death,  he  made  his  will,  of  which  the  following  is  a 
copy: 

Extracted  from  the  Registry  of  the  Prerogative  Court  of  Canterburt. 

In  nomine  Dei  Amen,  August  15th  One  thousand  six  hundred  thirty  nine  because  there  be  so 
many  casualties  to  which  our  life  is  subject  besides  quarrelling  and  contention  which  happen  to 
our  Successors  after  our  Death  by  reason  of  unsettled  Estates  I  Robert  Burton  Student  of  Christ- 
church  Oxon.  though  my  means  be  but  small  have  thought  good  by  this  my  last  Will  and  Testa- 
ment to  dispose  of  that  Uttle  which  I  have  and  being  at  this  present  I  thank  God  in  perfect  health 
of  Bodie  and  Mind  and  if  this  Testament  be  not  so  formal  according  to  the  nice  and  strict  terms 
of  Law  and  other  Circumstances  peradventure  required  of  which  I  am  ignorant  I  desire  howsoever 
this  my  Will  may  be  accepted  and  stand  good  according  to  my  true  Intent  and  meaning  First  I 
bequeath  Animam  Deo  Corpus  Terrse  whensoever  it  shall  please  God  to  call  me  I  give  my  Land 
in  Higham  which  my  good  Father  Ralphe  Burton  of  Lindly  in  the  County  of  Leicester  Esquire 
gave  me  by  Deed  of  Gift  and  that  which  I  have  annexed  to  that  Farm  by  purchase  since,  now 
leased  for  thirty  eight  pounds  per  Ann.  to  mine  Elder  Brother  William  Burton  of  Lindly  Esquire 
during  his  life  and  after  him  to  his  Heirs  I  make  my  said  Brother  William  likewise  mine  Executor 
as  well  as  paying  such  Annuities  and  Legacies  out  of  my  Lands  and  Goods  as  are  hereafter 
specified  I  give  to  my  nephew  Cassibilan  Burton  twenty  pounds  Annuity  per  Ann.  out  of  iny 
Land  in  Higham  during  his  life  to  be  paid  at  two  equall  payments  at  our  Lady  Day  in  Lent  and 
Michaelmas  or  if  he  be  not  paid  within  fourteen  Days  after  the  said  Feasts  to  distrain  on  any  part 
of  the  Ground  or  on  any  of  my  Lands  of  Inheritance  Item  I  give  to  my  Sister  Katherine  Jackson 
during  her  life  eight  pounds  per  Ann.  Annuity  to  be  paid  at  the  two  Feasts  equally  as  above  said 
or  else  to  distrain  on  the  Ground  if  she  be  not  paid  after  fourteen  days  at  Lindly  as  the  other  some 
is  out  of  the  said  Land  Item  I  give  to  my  Servant  John  Upton  the  Annuity  of  Forty  Shillings  out 
of  my  said  Farme  during  his  life  (if  till  then  my  Servant)  to  be  paid  on  Michaelmas  day  in  Lind- 
ley  each  year  or  else  after  fourteen  days  to  distrain  Now  for  my  goods  I  thus  dispose  them  First  I 
give  an  Ctti  pounds  to  Christ  Church  in  Oxford  where  I  have  so  long  lived  to  buy  five  pounds 
Lands  per  Ann.  to  be  Yearly  bestowed  on  Books  for  the  Library  Item  I  give  an  hundredth  piund 
to  the  University  Library  of  Oxford  to  be  bestowed  to  purchase  five  pound  Land  per  Ann.  to  he 
paid  out  Yearly  on  Books  as  Mrs.  Brooks  formerly  gave  an  hundred  pounds  to  buy  Land  to  the 
same  purpose  and  the  Rent  to  the  same  use  I  give  to  my  Brother  George  Burton  twenty  pounds 
and  my  watch  I  give  to  my  Brother  Ralph  Burton  five  pounds  Item  I  give  to  the  Parish  of  Sea. 
grave  in  Leicestershire  where  I  am  now  Rector  ten  pounds  to  be  given  to  a  certain  Feoffees  to  the 
perpetual  good  of  the  said  Parish  Oxon*  Item  I  give  to  my  Niece  Eugenia  Burton  One  hundredth 
pounds  Item  I  give  to  my  Nephew  Richard  Burton  now  Prisoner  in  London  an  hundredth  pound 
to  redeem  him  Item  I  give  to  the  Poor  of  Higham  Forty  Shillings  where  my  Land  is  to  the  poor 
of  Nuneaton  where  I  was  once  a  Grammar  Scholar  three  pound  to  my  Cousin  Purfey  of  Wadiake 
[Wadley]  my  Cousin  Purfey  of  Calcott  my  Cousin  Hales  of  Coventry  my  Nephew  Bradshaw  of 
Orton  twenty  shillings  a  piece  for  a  small  remembrance  to  Mr.  Whitehall  Rector  of  Cherkhy  inyne 
own  Chamber  Fellow  twenty  shillings  I  desire  my  Brother  George  and  my  Cosen  Purfey  of  Cal- 
cott to  be  the  Overseers  of  this  part  of  my  Will  I  give  moreover  five  pounds  to  make  a  small 
Monument  for  my  Mother  where  she  is  buried  in  London  to  my  Brother  Jackson  forty  shillings  to 
my  Servant  John  Upton  forty  shillings  besides  his  former  Annuity  if  he  be  my  Servant  till  I  die 
if  he  be  till  then  my  Servantf— ROBERT  BURTON— Charles  Russell  Witness — John  Pepper 
Witness. 

»  So  in  the  Register.  t  So  in  the  Register. 


viij  Account  of  the  Aullior. 

An  Appendix  io  this  my  Will  if  I  die  in  Oxford  or  whilst  I  am  of  Christ  Church  and 
with  good  Mr.  laynes  August  the  Fifteenth  1639. 

I  give  to  Mr.  Doctor  Fell  Dean  of  Christ  Church  Forty  Shillings  to  the  Eight  Canons  twenty 
Shillings  a  piece  as  a  small  remembrance  to  the  poor  of  St.  Thomas  Parish  Twenty  Shillings  to 
Brasenose  Library  five  pounds  to  Mr.  Rowse  of  Oriell  Colledge  twenty  Shillings  to  Mr.  Heywooii 
xxs.  to  Dr.  Metcalfe  xxs.  to  Mr.  Sherley  xxs.  If  I  have  any  Books  the  University  Library  hath 
not,  let  them  take  them  If  I  have  any  I3ooks  our  own  Library  hath  not,  let  them  take  them  I  give 
to  Mrs.  Fell  all  my  English  Books  of  Husbandry  one  excepted  to 

her  Daughter  Mrs.  Katherine  Fell  my  Six  Pieces  of  Silver  Plate  and  six  Silver  spoons  to  Mrs.  lies 
my  Gerards  Herball  To  Mrs.  Morris  my  Country  Farme  Translated  out  of  French  4.  and  all  my 
English  Physick  Books  to  Mr.  Whistler  the  Recorder  of  Oxford  I  give  twenty  shillings  to  all  my 
fellow  Students  Mfs  of  Arts  a  Book  in  fol.  or  two  a  piece  as  Master  Morris  Treasurer  or  Mr.  Dean 
shall  appoint  whom  I  request  to  be  the  Overseer  of  this  Appendix  and  give  him  for  his  pains  Atlas 
Geografer  and  Ortelius  Theatrum  Mond'  I  give  to  John  Fell  the  Dean's  Son  Student  my  Mathe- 
matical Instruments  except  my  two  Crosse  Staves  which  I  give  to  my  Lord  of  Doiinol  if  he  be 
then  of  the  House  To  Thomas  lies  Doctor  lies  his  Son  Student  Saluntch  on  Paurrhelia  and 
Lucian's  Works  in  4  Tomes  If  any  books  be  left  let  my  Executors  dispose  of  them  with  all  such 
Books  as  are  written  with  my  own  hands  and  half  my  Melancholy  Copy  for  Crips  hath  the  other 
half  To  Mr.  Jones  Chaplin  and  Chanter  my  Surveying  Books  and  Instruments  To  the  Servants 
of  the  House  Forty  Shillings  ROB.  BURTON— Charles  Russell  Witness — John  Pepper  Witness 
— This  Will  was  shewed  to  me  by  the  Testator  and  acknowledged  by  him  some  few  days  before 
his  death  to  be  his  last  Will  Ita  Testor  John  Morris  S  Th  D.  Prebendari'  Eccl  Chri'  Oxon 
Feb.  3,  1639. 

Probatum  fuit  Testamentum  suprascriptum,  &c.  11°  1640  Juramento  Willmi  Burton  Fris' 
et  Executoris  cui  &c.  de  bene  et  fideliter  adminislrand.  &c.  coram  Mag'ris  Nathanae.le 
Stephens  Rectore  Eccl.  de  Drayton,  et  Edwardo  Farmer,  Clericis,  vigore  commis- 
sionis,  &c. 


The  only  work  our  author  executed  was  that  now  reprinted,  which  probably 
was  the  principal  employment  of  his  life.  Dr.  Ferriar  says,  it  was  originally 
published  in  the  year  1G17;  but  this  is  evidently  a  mistake;*  the' first  edition  was 
that  printed  in  4to,  1621,  a  copy  of  which  is  at  present  in  the  collection  of  John 
Nichols,  Esq.,  the  indefatigable  illustrator  of  the  History  of  Leicestershire ;  to 
whom,  and  to  Isaac  Reed,  Esq.,  of  Staple  Inn,  this  account  is  greatly  indebtea 
for  its  accuracy.  The  other  impressions  of  it  were  in  1624,  1628,  1632,  1638, 
1651-2,  1660,  and  1676,  which  last,  in  the  titlepage,  is  called  the  eighth  edition. 

The  copy  from  which  the  present  is  re-printed,  is  that  of  1651-2 :  at  the  con- 
clusion of  which  is  the  following  address: 

"TO   THE    READER. 

"  BE  pleased  to  know  (Courteous  Reader)  that  since  the  last  Impression  of  this  Book,  the 
ingenuous  Author  of  it  is  deceased,  leaving  a  Copy  of  it  exactly  corrected,  with  several  consider- 
able Additions  by  his  own  hand  ;  this  Copy  he  committed  to  my  care  and  custod}',  with  directions 
to  have  those  Additions  inserted  in  the  next  Edition  ;  which  in  order  to  his  command,  and  the 
Publicke  Good,  is  faithfully  performed  in  this  last  Impression." 

H.  C.    (i.  e.  HEN.  CRIPPS.) 

♦Originating,  perhaps,  in  a  note,  p.  448,  6th  edit.  (p.  455  of  the  present),  in  which  a  book  is  quoted  as  having 
been  "  printed  at  Paris  1624,  seven  years  after  Burton's  first  edition."  As,  however,  the  editions  after  that  of 
1621,  are  regularly  marked  in  succession  to  the  eighth,  printed  in  1676,  there  seems  very  little  reason  to  doubt 
that,  in  the  note  above  alluded  to,  either  1624  has  been  a  misprint  for  1628,  or  seven  years  for  three  years.  The 
numerous  typographical  errata  in  other  parts  of  the  work  strongly  aid  this  latter  supposition. 


Account  of  the  Author.  ix 

The  following  testimonies  of  various  authors  will  serve  to  show  the  estimation 
in  which  this  work  has  been  held : — 

"The  AsTATOMY  OF  MELANCHOLr,  wherciii  the  author  hath  piled  up  variety  of  much  exceller 
learning.  Scarce  any  book  of  philology  in  our  land  hath,  in  so  short  a  tiiae,  passed  so  many 
edition*." — Fuller's  Worthies,  fol.  IG, 

"  'Tis  a  book  so  full  of  variety  of  reading,  that  gentlemen  who  have  lost  their  time,  and  are  put 
to  a  push  for  invention,  may  furnish  themselves  with  matter  for  common  or  scholastical  discourse 
and  writing." — Wood's  At/tenas  Oxoniensis,  vol.  i.  p.  628.  2d  edit. 

•'If  you  never  saw  BunTov  urotf  Melancholy,  printed  1G76,  I  pray  look  into  it,  and  read 
the  ninth  page  of  his  Preface,  <  Democrifus  to  the  Reader.'.  There  is  something  there  which 
touches  the  point  we  are  upon  ;  but  I  mention  the  author  to  you,  as  the  pleasantest,  the  most 
learned,  and  the  most  full  of  sterling  sense.  The  wits  of  Queen  Anne's  reign,  and  the  beginning 
of  George  the  First,  were  not  a  little  beholden  to  him."  —  Archbishop  Herring's  Letters,  12mo. 
1777.  p.  149. 

'■  Burton's  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  he  (Dr.  Johnson)  said,  was  the  only  book  that  ever 
took  him  out  of  bed  two  hours  sooner  than  he  wished  to  rise." — Bvswell's  Life  nf  Johnson,  vol.  i. 
p.  580.  Bvo.  edit. 

"  Bithton's  Anatomy  of  Melancholy  is  a  valuable  book,"  said  Dr.  Johnson.  "  It  is,  per- 
haps, overloaded  with  quotation.  But  there  is  great  spirit  and  great  power  in  what  Burton  says 
when  he  writes  from  his  own  mind." — Ibid,  vol.  ii.  p.  325. 

'•It  will  be  no  detraction  from  the  powers  of  Milton's  original  genius  and  invention,  to  remark, 
that  he  seems  to  have  borrowed  the  subject  of  V Allegro  and  //  Penserosn,  together  with  som-e 
particular  thoughts,  expressions,  and  rhymes,  more  especially  the  idea  of  a  contrast  between  these 
two  dispositions,  from  a  forgotten  poem  prefixed  to  the  first  edition  of  Burton's  Anatomy  of 
Melancholy,  entitled,  'The  Author's  Abstract  of  Melancholy;  or,  A  Dialogue  between  Pleasure 
and  Pain.'  Here  pain  is  melancholy.  It  was  written,  as  I  conjecture,  about  the  year  1600.  I 
will  make  no  apology,  for  abstracting  and  citing  as  much  of  this  poem  as  will  be  sufficient  to 
prove,  to  a  discerning  reader,  how  f\ir  it  had  taken  possession  of  Milton's  mind.  The  measure 
will  appear  to  be  the  same  ;  and  that  our  author  was  at  least  an  attentive  reader  of  Burton's  book, 
may  be  already  concluded  from  the  traces  of  resemblance  which  I  have  incidentally  noticed  in 
passing  through  the  V Allegro  and  II  Penseroso." — After  extracting  the  lines,  Mr.  Warton  adds, 
"as  to  the  very  elaborate  work  to  which  these  visionary  verses  are  no  unsuitable  introduction,  the 
writer's  variety  of  learning,  his  quotations  from  scarce  and  curious  books,  his  pedantry  sparkling 
with  rude  wit  and  shapeless  elegance,  miscellaneous  matter,  intermixture  of  agreeable  tales  and 
illustiations,  and,  perhaps,  above  all,  the  singularities  of  his  feelings,  clothed  in  an  uncommon 
quaintness  of  style,  have  contributed  to  render  it,  even  to  modern  readers,  a  valuable  i.'jpository  of 
amusement  and  information." — Warton's  Milton,  2d  edit.  p.  94. 

"The  Anatomy  of  Melancholy  is  a  book  which  has  been  universally  read  aid  admired. 
This  work  is,  for  the  most  part,  what  the  author  himself  styles  it,  '  a  cento ;'  but  it  is  a  very 
ingenious  one.  His  quotations,  which  abound  in  every  page,  are  pertinent ;  but  if  ht  had  made 
morn  use  of  his  invention  and  less  of  his  commonplace-book,  his  work  would  perhaps  have  beeii 
more  valuable  than  it  is.  He  is  generally  free  from  the  aflfected  language  and  ridiculou*,  metaphors 
which  disgrace  most  of  the  books  of  his  time." — Granger's  Biographical  History. 

"  Buhton's  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  a  book  once  the  favourite  of  the  learned  and  the 
witty,  and  a  source  of  surreptitious  learning,  though  written  on  a  regular  plan,  consip*K  chiefly 
of  quotations  :  the  author  has  honestly  termed  it  a  cento.  He  collects,  under  every  divtt'vin,  the 
opinions  of  a  multitude  of  writers,  without  regard  to  chronological  order,  and  has  too  oftja  the 
modesty  to  decline  the  interposition  of  his  own  sentiments.  Indeed  the  bulk  of  his  m.iierials 
generally  overwhelms  him.  In  the  course  of  his  folio  he  has  contrived  to  treat  a  great  variety 
of  topics,  that  seem  very  loosely  connected  with  the  general  subject ;  and,  like  Bayle,  when  he 
starts  a  favourite  train  of  quotations,  he  does  not  scruple  to  let  the  digression  outrun  the  princip?! 
question.  Thus,  from  the  doctrines  of  religion  to  military  discipline,  from  inland  navigation  to 
the  morality  of  dancing-schools,  every  thing  is  discussed  and  determined." — Ferriar's  Illustrations 
of  Sterne,  p.  58. 
2 


X  Account  of  ilie  Author. 

'  The  archness  which  Buhtox  displays  occasionally,  and  his  indulgence  of  playful  digression* 
from  the  most  serious  discussions,  often  give  his  style  an  air  of  familiar  conversation,  notwith- 
standing the  laborious  collections  which  supply  his  text.  He  was  capable  of  writing  excellent 
poetry,  but  he  seems  to  have  cultivated  this  talent  too  little.  The  English  verses  prefixed  to  his 
book,  which  possess  beautiful  imagery,  and  great  sweetness  of  versification,  have  been  frequently 
])ublished.  His  Latin  elegiac  verses  addressed  to  his  book,  shew  a  very  agreeable  turn  for 
raillery." — Ibid.  p.  58. 

"  When  the  force  of  the  subject  opens  his  own  vein  of  prose,  we  discover  valuable  sense  and 
brilliant  expression.  Such  is  his  account  of  the  first  feelings  of  melancholy  persons,  written, 
probably,  from  his  own  experience."     [See  p.  154,  of  the  present  edition.] — I/jid.  p.  60. 

"  During  a  pedantic  age,  like  that  in  which  Burton's  production  appeared,  it  must  have  been 
emrnently  serviceable  to  writers  of  many  descriptions.  Hence  the  unlearned  might  furnish  them- 
selves with  appropriate  scraps  of  Greek  and  Latin,  whilst  men  of  letters  would  find  their  enquiries 
shortened,  by  knowing  where  they  might  look  for  what  both  ancients  and  moderns  had  advanced 
on  the  subject  of  human  passions.  I  confess  my  inability  to  point  out  any  other  English  author 
who  has  so  largely  dealt  in  apt  and  original  quotation." — Manuscript  note  of  the  lute  George 
Steerens,  Esq.,  in  his  copy  of  The  Anatojit  of  Melancholy. 


(^i) 


DEMOCRITUS  JUNIOR  AD  LIBRUM  SUUM. 


Vade  libur,  qualis,  non  aitsim  dicere,  fcBlix, 

Te  nisi  tcelicem  fecerit  Alma  dies. 
Vade  tamen  quocunque  lubet,  quascunque  per 
oras, 

Et  Gcnium  Domini  fac  imitere  tui. 
I  blandas  inter  Cliarites,  mystamque  saluta 

Musarum  quemvis,  si  tibi  lector  erit. 
Rura  colas,  urbem,  subeasve  palatia  regum, 

Submisse,  placide,  te  sine  dcnte  geras. 
Nobilis,  aut  si  quia  te  forte  inspexerit  heros, 

Da  te  morigerum,  perlegat  usque  lubet. 
Est  quod  Nobilitas,  est  quod  desideret  heros, 

Gratior  hasc  forsan  charta  placere  potest. 
Si  quis  morosus  Cato,  tetricusque  Senator, 

Hiinc  etiam  librum  forte  videre  velit, 
Sive  magistratus,  turn  te  reverenter  habeto  ; 

Sed  nuUus ;  muscas  non  capiunt  Aquilee. 
Non    vacat    his    tempus    fugitivum    impendere 
nugis, 

Nee  tales  cupio  ;  par  mihi  lector  erit. 
Si  matrona  gravis  casu  diverterit  istuc, 

Illustris  domina,  aut  te  Comitissa  legat : 
Est  quod  displiceat,  placeat  quod  forsitan  illis, 

Ingerere  his  noli  tc  modo,  pande  tamen. 
At  si  virgo  tuas  dignabitur  inclyta  chartas 

Tangcre,  sive  schedis  haereat  ilia  tuis: 
Da  modo  tc  facilem,  et  quaedam  folia  esse  me- 
mento 

Conveniant  oculis  quae  magis  apta  suis. 
Si  generosa  ancilla  tuos  aut  alma  puella 

Visura  est  ludos,  annue,  pande  lubens. 
Die  utinam  nunc  ipse  meus*  (nam  diligit  istas) 

In  pra3sens  esset  conspiciendus  herus. 
Ignotus  notusve  mihi  de  gente  togata 

Sive  aget  in  ludis,  pulpita  sive  colet, 
Sive  in  Lycceo,  et  nugas  evolverit  istas, 

Si  quasdam  mendas  viderit  inspiciens. 
Da  veniam  Authori,  dices  ;  nam  plurima  vellet 

Expungi,  quag  jam  displicuisse  sciat. 
Sive    Melancholicus    quisquam,    seu    blandus 
Amator, 

Aulicus  aut  Civis,  sou  bene  comptus  Eques 
Hue  appellat,  age  et  tuto  te  crede  Icgenti, 

Multa  istic  forsan  non  male  nata  leget. 
Quod    fugiat,   caveat,   quodque    amplexabitur, 
ista 

Pagina  fortassis  promere  multa  potest. 
At  si  quis  Mcdicus  coram  te  sistet,  amice 

Fac  circumspecte,  et  te  sine  labe  geras: 


Inveniet   namque    ipse    meis   quoque    plurima 
scriptis, 

Non  leve  subsidium  quce  sibi  forsan  erunt. 
Si  quis  Causidicus  chartas  impingat  in  istas. 

Nil  mihi  vobiscum,  pessima  turba  vale  ; 
Sit  nisi  vir  bonus,  et  juris  sine  fraude  peritus, 

Tum  legat,  et  forsan  doctior  inde  siet. 
Si  quis  cordatus,  facilis,  lectorque  benignus 

Hue  oculos  vertat,  quaa  velit  ipse  legat ; 
Candidus  ignoscet,  meiuas  nil,  pande  libenter, 

Offensus  mendis  non  erit  ille  tuis, 
Laudabit  nonnuUa.     Venit  si  Rhetor  ineptus, 

Limata  et  tersa,  et  qui  bene  cocta  petit, 
Claude  citus  librum  ;  nulla  hie  nisi  ferrea  verba, 

Ofiendent  stomachum  quae  minus  apta  suum. 
At  si  quis  non  eximius  de  plebe  poeta, 

Annue  ;  namque  istic  plurima  ficta  leget. 
Nos  sumus  e  numero,  nullus  mihi  spirat  Apollo, 

Grandiloquus  Vates  quilibet  esse  nequit. 
Si  Criticus  Lector,  tumidus  Censorque  molestus, 

Zoilus  et  Momus,  si  rabiosa  cohors  : 
Ringe,  freme,  et  noli  tum  pandere,  turba  ma- 
lignis 

Si  occurrat  sannis  invidiosa  suis: 
Fac  fugias  ;  si  nulla  tibi  sit  copia  eundi, 

Contemnes,  tacitu  scommata  quffique  feres. 
Frendeat,  allatret,  vacuas  gannitibus  auras 

Impleat,  baud  cures;  his  placuisse  nefas. 
Verum  age  si  forsan  divertat  purior  hospes, 

Cuique  sales,  ludi,  displiceantque  joci, 
Objiciatque  tibi  sordes,  lascivaque  :  dices, 

Lasciva  est  Domino  et  Musa  jocosa  tuo, 
Nee  lasciva  tamen,  si  pensitet  omne ;  sed  esto  ; 

Sit  lasciva  licet  pagina,  vita  proba  est. 
Barbarus,  indoctusque  rudis  spectator  in  istam 

Si  messem  intrudat,  fuste  fugabis  eum, 
Fungum  pelle  procul   (jubeo)   nam  quid  mihi 
fungo  ? 

Conveniunt  stomacho  non  minus  ista  suo. 
Sed  nee  pelle  tamen ;  teto  omnes  accipe  vuifu, 

Quos,  quas,  vel  quales,  inde  vel  unde  viros. 
Gratus  erit  quicunque  venit,  gratissimus  hospes 

Quisquis  erit,  facilis  difficilisque  mihi. 
Nam  si  culparit,  quasdam  culpasse  juvabit, 

Culpando  faciet  me  meliora  sequi. 
Sed  si  laudarit,  neque  laudibus  efterar  ullis. 

Sit  satis  hisce  malis  opposuisse  bonum. 
Haec  sunt  qua;  nostro  placuit  mandare  libello, 

Et  quae  dimittens  dicere  jussit  Herus. 


*  Hsc  comiQd  dicta  cave  ne  mal6  capias. 


(  ^ij  ) 


DEMOCRITUS  JUNIOR  TO  HIS  BOOK. 


PAKArHKASTIC  METRICAL  TRANSLATION. 


jo  forth  my  book  into  the  open  day ; 

Happy,  if  made  so  by  its  garish  eye. 
O'er  earth's  wide  surface  take  thy  vagrant  way, 

To  imitate  thy  master's  genius  try. 
The  Graces  three,  the  Muses  nine  sahite, 

Should  those  who  love  them  try  to  con  thy  lore. 
The  country,  city  seek,  grand  thrones  to  boot. 

With  gentle  courtesy  humbly  bow  before. 
Should  nobles  gallant,  soldiers  frank  and  brave 

Seek  thy  acquaintance, hail  their  first  advance  : 
From  twitch  of  care  thy  pleasant  vein  may  save, 

■Vlay  laughter  cause  or  wisdom  give  perchance. 
Some  surly  Cato,  Senator  austere. 

Haply  may  wish  to  peep  into  thy  book : 
Seem  very  nothing — tremble  and  revere  : 

No  forceful  eagles,  butterflies  e'er  look. 
riiey  love  not  thee  :  of  them  then  little  seek, 

And  wish  for  readers  triflers  like  thyself. 
(">!  ludeful  matron  watchful  catch  the  beck. 

Or  gorgeous  countess  full  of  pride  and  pelf. 
They  may  say  "  pish !"  and  frown,  and  yet  read 
on: 

Cry  odd,  and  silly,  coarse,  and  yet  amusing. 
Should  dainty  damsels  seek  thy  page  to  con. 

Spread  thy  best  stores  :  to  them  be  ne'er  re- 
fusing : 
Sqv,  fair  one,  master  loves  thee  dear  as  life ; 

Would  he  were  here  to  gaze  on  thy  sweet  look. 
Should  known  or  unknown  student,  freed  from 
strife 

Of  logic  and  the  schools,  explore  my  book  : 
Cry  mercy  critic,  and  thy  book  withhold: 

Be  some  few  errors  pardon' d  though  observ'd : 
An  humble  author  to  implore  makes  bold. 

Thy  kind  indulgence,  even  undeserv'd, 
Should  melancholy  wight  or  pensive  lover, 

Courtier,  snug  cit,  or  carpet  knight  so  trim 
Our  blossoms  cull,  he'll  find  himself  in  clover, 

Gain  sense  from  precept,  laughter  from  our 
whim. 
Should  learned  leech  with  solemn  air  unfold 

Thy  leaves,  beware,  be  civil,  and  be  wise : 
Thy  volume  many  precepts  sage  may  hold. 

His  well  fraught  head  may  find  no  trifling  prize. 
Should  crafty  lawyer  trespass  on  our  ground, 

Caitifl's  avaunt !  disturbing  tribe  away  ! 
Lnless  (white  crow)  an  honest  one  be  found ; 

He'll  better,  wiser  go  for  what  we  say. 
Should  some  ripe  scholar,  gentle  and  benign, 

With  candour,  care,  and  judgment  thee  peruse: 


I  Thy  faults  to  kind  oblivion  he'll  consign; 
I      Nor  to  thy  merit  will  his  praise  refuse. 
Thou  may'st  be  searched  for  polish' d  words  and 
I  verse 

!      By  flippant  spouter,  emptiest  of  praters  : 
'<  Tell  him  to  seek  them  in  some  mawkish  verse : 
I      My  periods  all  are  rough  as  nutmeg  graters. 
The  doggerel  poet,  wishing  thee  to  read. 

Reject  not ;  let  him  glean  thy  jests  and  stories. 
His  brother  I,  of  lowly  sembling  breed  : 
]      Apollo  grants  to  few  Parnassian  glories. 

Menac'd  by  critic  with  sour  furrowed  brow, 
I      Momus  or  Troilus  or  Scotch  reviewer: 
Ruffle  your  heckle,  grin  and  growl  and  vow : 

Hl-natured  foes  you  thus  will  find  the  fewer. 
When  foul-mouth'd  senseless  railers  cry  the-e 
down. 
Reply  not :  fly,  and  show  the  rogues  thy  stern: 
They  are  not  worthy  even  of  a  i'rown: 

Good  taste  or  breeding  they  can  never  learn ; 
Or  let  them  clamour,  turn  a  callous  ear, 
As  though  in  dread  of  some  harsh  donkey's 
bray. 
If  chid  by  censor,  friendly  though  severe, 

To  such  explain  and  turn  thee  not  away. 
Thy  vein,  says  he  perchance,  is  all  too  free ; 

Thy  smutty  language  suits  not  learned  pen  : 
Reply,  Good  Sir,  throughout,  the  context  see  ; 
Thought  chastens  thought ;  so  prithee  judge 
again. 
Besides,  although  my  master's  pen  may  wander 
Through  devious  paths,  by  which  it  ought  not 
stray. 
His  life  is  pure,  beyond  the  breath  of  slander  : 

So  pardon  grant ;  'tis  merely  but  his  way. 
Some  rugged  ruffian  makes  a  hideous  rout — 

Brandish  thy  cudgel,  threaten  him  to  baste  ; 
The  fihhy  fungus  far  from  thee  cast  out ; 

Such  noxious  banquets  never  suit  my  taste. 
Yet,  calm  and  cautious  moderate  thy  ire. 

Be  ever  courteous  should  the  case  allow — 
Sweet  malt  is  ever  made  by  gentle  fire  : 

Warm  to  thy  friends,  give  all  a  civil  bow. 
Even  censure  sometimes  teaches  to  improve, 

Slight  frosts  have  often  cured  too  rank  a  crop, 
So,  candid  blame  my  spleen  shall  never  move. 
For  skilful  gard'ners  wayward  branches  lop. 
Go  then,  my  book,  and  bear  my  words  in  mind  ; 
Guides  safe  at  once,  and  pleasant  them  you'll 
find. 


(  xi'i ) 


THE  ARGUMENT  OF  THE  FRONTISPIECE. 


Ten  distinct  Squares  here  seen  apart, 
Are  joined  in  one  by  Cutter's  art. 


Old  Democritus  under  a  tree, 
Sits  on  a  stone  with  book  on  knee ; 
About  him  hang  there  many  features, 
Of  Cats,  Dogs  and  such  Hke  creatures 
Of  which  he  makes  anatomy, 
The  seat  of  black  choler  to  see. 
Over  his  licad  appears  the  sky, 
And  Saturn  Lord  of  melancholy. 

II. 
To  the  left  a  landscape  of  Jealousy, 
Presents  itself  unto  thine  eye. 
A  Kingfisher,  a  Swan,  an  Hern, 
Two  fighting-cocks  you  may  discern. 
Two  roaring  Bulls  each  other  hie, 
To  assault  concerning  venery. 
Symbols  are  these  ;  I  say  no  m.ore, 
Conceive  the  rest  by  that's  afore. 


The  next  of  solitariness, 

A  portraiture  doth  well  express. 

By  sleeping  dog,  cat:  Buck  and  Doe, 

Hares,  Conies  in  the  desert  go : 

Bats,  Owls  the  shady  bovvers  over, 

In  melancholy  darkness  hover. 

Mark  well:  If't  be  not  as  't  should  be. 

Blame  the  bad  Cutter,  and  not  me. 


I'th'  under  column  there  doth  stand 

Inamorato  with  folded  hand; 

Down  hangs  his  head,  terse  and  polite, 

Some  ditty  sure  he  doth  indite. 

His  lute  and  books  about  him  lie, 

As  symptoms  of  his  vanity. 

If  this  do  not  enough  disclose. 

To  naint  him,  take  thyself  by  th'  nose. 

Hy-pocondrincus  leans  on  his  arm, 
^  WinH  in  his  side  doth  him  much  harm, 
And  troubles  him  full  sore,  God  knows 
Much  -ain  V"  hath  and  many  woes. 
About  him  pots  and  glasses  lie. 
Newly  brought  from's  Apothecary. 
This  Saturn's  aspects  signify. 
You  see  them  portray'd  in  the  sky. 


Beneath  them  kneeling  on  his  knee, 
A  superstitious  man  you  see  : 
He  fasts,  prays,  on  his  Idol  fixt, 
Tormented  hope  and  fear  betwixt: 
For  Hell  perhaps  he  takes  more  pain. 
Than  thou  dost  Heaven  itself  to  gain. 
Alas  poor  soul,  I  pity  thee. 
What  stars  incline  thee  so  to  be  ? 


But  see  the  madman  rage  downright 
With  furious  looks,  a  ghastly  sight. 
Naked  in  chains  bound  doth  he  lie, 
And  roars  amain  he  knows  not  why ! 
Observe  him  ;  for  as  in  a  glass. 
Thine  angry  portraiture  it  was. 
His  picture  keeps  still  in  thy  presence ; 
'Twixt  him  and  thee,  there's  no  difierence. 

VIII,    IX. 

Borage  and  Hellehor  fill  two  scenes. 
Sovereign  plants  to  purge  the  veins 
Of  melancholy,  and  cheer  the  heart, 
Of  those  black  fumes  which  make  it  smart ; 
To  clear  the  brain  of  misty  fogs. 
Which  dull  our  senses,  and  Soul  clogs. 
The  best  medicine  that  e'er  God  made 
For  this  malady,  if  well  assay'd. 

X. 

Now  last  of  all  to  fill  a  place, 
Presented  is  the  Author's  face  ; 
And  in  that  habit  which  he  wears. 
His  image  to  the  world  appears. 
His  mind  no  art  can  well  express, 
That  by  his  writings  j'ou  may  guess. 
It  was  not  pride,  nor  yet  vain  glory, 
(Though  others  do  it  commonly) 
Made  him  do  this  :  if  you  must  know, 
The  Printer  would  needs  have  it  so. 
Then  do  not  frown  or  scoiTat  it. 
Deride  not,  or  detract  a  whit. 
For  surely  as  thou  dost  by  him. 
He  will  do  the  same  again. 
Then  look  upon't,  behold  and  see. 
As  thou  lik'st  it,  so  it  likes  thee. 
And  I  for  it  will  stand  in  view. 
Thine  to  command.  Reader,  adieu. 


(xiv) 


THE  AUTHOFx'S  ABSTRACT  OF  MELANCHOLY,  A.«A«y;,. 


\Vhe\  I  go  musing  all  alone 
Thinking  of  divers  things  fore-known. 
When  I  build  castles  in  the  air, 
Void  of  sorrow  and  void  of  fear, 
Pleasing  myself  with  phantasms  sweet, 
Methinks  the  time  runs  very  fleet. 
All  my  joys  to  this  are  folly, 
Naught  so  sweet  as  melancholy. 
When  I  lie  waking  all  alone, 
Recounting  what  I  have  ill  done. 
My  thoughts  on  me  then  tyrannise, 
Fear  and  sorrow  me  surprise, 
Whether  I  tarry  still  or  go, 
Methinks  the  time  moves  very  slow. 
All  rny  griefs  to  this  are  jolly. 
Naught  so  mad  as  melancholy. 
When  [o  myself  I  act  and  smile, 
With  pleasing  thoughts  the  time  beguile, 
By  a  brook  side  or  wood  so  green, 
Unheard,  unsought  for,  or  unseen, 
A  thousand  pleasures  do  me  bless. 
And  crown  my  soul  with  happiness. 
All  my  joys  besides  are  folly. 
None  so  sweet  as  melancholy. 
When  I  lie,  sit,  or  walk  alone, 
I  sigh,  I  grieve,  making  great  mone, 
In  a  dark  grove,  or  irksome  den. 
With  discontents  and  Furies  then, 
A  thousand  miseries  at  once 
Mine  heavy  heart  and  soul  ensonce, 

All  my  griefs  to  this  are  jolly, 
^    None  so  sour  as  melancholy. 
Methinks  I  hear,  methmks  I  see, 
^^weet  nmsic,  wondrous  melody, 
Towns,  palaces,  and  cities  fine ; 
Here  now,  then  there  ;  tiie  world  is  mine. 
Rare  beauties,  gallant  ladies  shine, 
Whate'er  is  lovely  or  divine. 
All  other  joys  to  this  are  folly. 
None  so  sweet  as  melancholy. 
Methinks  I  hear,  methinks  I  see 
Ghosts,  goblins,  fiends;  my  phantasy 
Presents  a  thousand  ugly  shapes. 
Headless  bears,  black  men,  and  apes, 
Doleful  outcries,  and  fearful  sights, 
My  sad  and  dismal  soul  affrights. 
All  my  griefs  to  this  are  jolly, 
\  None  so  damn'd  as  melancholy. 


Methinks  I  court,  methinks  I  kiss, 
Methinks  I  now  embrace  my  mistress. 

0  blessed  days,  0  sweet  content. 
In  Paradise  my  time  is  spent. 

Such  thoughts  may  still  my  fancy  move, 
So  may  I  ever  be  in  love. 
All  my  joys  to  this  are  folly. 
Naught  so  sweet  as  melancholy. 
When  I  recount  love's  many  frights, 
My  sighs  and  tears,  my  waking  nights, 
My  jealous  fits ;  O  mine  hard  late 

1  now  repent,  but  'tis  too  late. 
No  torment  is  so  bad  as  love. 
So  bitter  to  my  soul  can  prove. 

All  my  griefs  to  this  are  jolly. 
Naught  so  harsh  as  melancholy. 
Friends  and  companions  get  you  gone, 
'Tis  my  desire  to  be  alone  ; 
Ne'er  well  but  when  my  thoughts  and  I 
Do  domineer  in  privacy. 
No  Gem,  no  treasure  like  to  this, 
'Tis  my  delight,  my  crown,  my  bliss. 
All  my  joys  to  this  are  folly. 
Naught  so  sweet  as  melancholy. 
'Tis  my  sole  plague  to  be  alone, 
I  am  a  beast,  a  monster  grown, 
I  will  no  light  nor  company, 
I  find  it  now  my  misery. 
The  scene  is  turn'd,  my  joys  are  gone. 
Fear,  discontent,  and  sorrows  come. 
All  my  griefs  to  this  are  jolly. 
Naught  so  fierce  as  melancholy. 
I'll  not  change  life  with  any  king, 
I  ravisht  am:  can  the  world  bring 
More  joy,  than  still  to  laugh  and  snule. 
In  pleasant  toys  time  to  beguile  ? 
Do  not,  O  do  not  trouble  me. 
So  sweet  content  I  feel  and  see. 
All  my  joys  to  this  are  folly. 
None  so  divine  as  melancholy. 
I'll  change  my  stale  with  any  wretch, 
Thou  canst  from  gaol  or  dunghill  fetch  • 
My  pain's  past  cure,  another  hell, 
I  may  not  in  this  torment  dwell ! 
Now  desperate  I  hate  my  life. 
Lend  me  a  halter  or  a  knife  ; 
All  my  griefs  to  this  are  jolly, 
Naught  so  damn'd  as  melancholy. 


DEMOCRITUS  JUNIOR 

TO  THE  READER. 


fy  ENTLE  reader,  I  presume  thou  wilt  be  very  inquisitive  to  know  what  antic  or 
vT  personate  actor  this  is,  that  so  insolently  intrudes  upon  this  common  theatre,  to 
the  world's  view,  arrogating  another  man's  name;  whence  he  is,  why  he  doth  it,  and 
what  he  hath  to  say;  although,  as  'he  said,  Primum  si  noluero,  non  rcspondeho,  quis 
coacturus  est?  I  am  a  free  man  born, and  may  choose  whether  I  will  tell;  who  can 
compel  me  ?  If  I  be  urged,  1  will  as  readily  reply  as  that  Egyptian  in  ^Plutarch,  when 
a  curious  fellow  would  needs  know  what  he  had  in  his  basket,  Quumvides  velatam, 
quid  inquiris  in  rem  absconditam  ?  It  was  therefore  covered,  because  he  should  not 
know  what  was  in  it.  Seek  not  after  that  which  is  hid;  if  the  contents  please  thee, 
■^and  be  for  thy  use,  suppose  the  Man  in  the  Moon,  or  whom  thou  wilt  to  be  the 
Author;"  I  would  not  willingly  be  known.  Yet  in  some  sort  to  give  thee  satisfac- 
tion, which  is  more  thaa  I  need,  1  will  show  a  reason,  both  of  this  usurped  name, 
title,  and  subject.  And  first  of  the  name  of  Democritus ;  lest  any  man,  by  reason  of 
it,  should  be  deceived,  expecting  a  pasquil,  a  satire,  some  ridiculous  treatise  (as  I 
myself  should  have  done),  some  prodigious  tenet,  or  paradox  of  the  earth's  motion, 
of  infinite  worlds,  in  infinito  vacuo^  ex  fortuita  atomorum  collisione^  in  an  infinite 
waste,  so  caused  by  an  accidental  collision  of  motes  in  the  sun,  all  which  Democritus 
held,  Epicurus  and  their  master  Lucippus  of  old  maintained,  and  are  lately  revived 
by  Copernicus,  Brunus,  and  some  others.  Besides,  it  hath  been  always  an  ordinary 
custom,  as  *  Gellius  observes,  "  for  later  writers  and  impostors,  to  broach  many  absurd 
and  insolent  fictions,  under  the  name  of  so  noble  a  philosopher  as  Democritus,  to 
get  themselves  credit,  and  by  that  means  the  more  to  be  respected,"  as  artificers 
usually  do,  JS'ovo  qui  marmori  aserihunt  Praxatilem  suo.     'Tis  not  so  with  me. 

5  Non  hie  Centaiirus,  non  Gorgonas,  Harpyasque       1         No  Centaurs  here,  or  Gorgons  look  to  find, 
Invenies,  honiinem  pagina  nostra  sapit.  1         My  subject  is  of  man  and  human  kind. 

Thou  thyself  art  the  subject  of  my  discourse. 

"  Quicquid  asunt  homines,  votum,  timor,  ira,  voluptas,  I    Whate'er  men  do,  vows,  fears,  in  ire,  in  sport, 
Gaudia,  discursus,  nostri  farrago  libelli.  I    Joys,  wand'rings,  are  the  sum  of  my  report. 

My  intent  is  no  otherwise  to  use  his  name,  than  Mercurius  Gallobelgicus,  Mercu- 
rius  Britannicus,  use  the  name  of  Mercury,  ''  Democritus  Christianus,  &c. ;  although 
there  be  some  other  circumstances  for  which  I  have  masked  myself  under  this  vizard, 
and  some  peculiar  respect  which  I  cannot  so  w^ell  express,  until  I  have  set  down  a 
brief  character  of  this  our  Democritus,  what  he  was,  with  an  Epitome  of  his  life. 

Democritus,  as  he  is  described  by  ^Hippocrates  and  ^Laertius,  was  a  little  wearislt"^ 
old  man,  very  melancholy  by  nature,  averse  from  company  in  his  latter  days,'"  and 
much  given  to  solitariness,  a  famous  pliilosopher  in  his  age,  ^^cocsvics  with  Socrates, 
wholly  addicted  to  his  studies  at  the  last,  and  to  a  private  life:  wrote  many  excellent 
works,  a  great  divine,  according  to  tlie  divinity  of  those  times,  an  expert  physician,        . 
a  politician,  an  excellent  mathematician,  as  '^Diacosmus  and  the  rest  of  his  works     /f 
do  witness.     He  was  much  delighted  with  the  studies  of  husbandry,  sailh  '^Columella, 
and  often  I  find  him  cited  by  "  Constantinus  and  others  treating  of  that  subject.     He 
knew  the  natures,  differences  of  all  beasts,  plants,  fishes,  birds ;  and,  as  some  say, 
could  '^understand  the  tunes  and  voices  of  them.     In  a  word,  he  was  omnifariam 
doctus,  a  general  scholar,  a  great  student ;  and  to  the  intent  he  might  better  contem- 

'  Seneca    in    ludo    in    mortem     Claudli     Csesaris.     8  Hip.  Epist.  Dameget.  SLaert.IibO.  'o  Hor- 

'  Lib.  de  Curiositate.  ^  Mod5  heec  tibi  usui  sint,    tulo  sibi  cellulam  seligens,  ibi(iue  seipsum  includeus, 

q\ienivis  auctoreni  fingito.     Wecker.  ^  Lib.  10,  c.    vixit  solitarius.  "  Floruit  Olympiade  80;  700  annis 

12     Multa  a  mal6  feriatis  in  Democriti  nomine  com-    postTroiam.        "  Diacos.  quod  cunctis  operibus  facil6 
Dienta  data,  nobililatis,  auctoriiaiisque  ejus  perfugio  I  excellit.  LaSrt.  is  Col.  lib.  1.  c.  1.  '■<  Const,  lib. 

iitentibus.  *  Martialis,  lib.  10,  epigr.  14.         e  Juv.    de  agric.  passim.  Js  Volucrum  voces  et  liiiguas 

sa*.  J  '  Aulh.  Pet.  Besseo  edit.  Colonic,  If '.6.  |  intelligere  se  dicit  Abderitans  Ep.  Hip. 


1 6  Democrifus  to  the  Reader. 

plate,  '^  I  find  it  related  by  some,  that  he  put  out  his  eyes,  and  was  in  his  old  age 
voluntarily  blind,  yet  saw  more  than  all  Greece  besides,  and  '^writ  of  every  subject, 
J\lhil  in  iota  opificlo  natiira;,  de  quo  nan  scripsit.^^  A  man  of  an  excellent  wit,  pro- 
found conceit ;  and  to  attain  knowledge  the  better  in  his  younger  years,  he  travelled 
to  Egypt  and  '^Athens,  to  cqnfer  with  learned  men,  ^""admired  of  some,  despised  of 
others."  After  a  wandering  life,  he  settled  at  Abdera,  a  town  in  Thrace,  and  was 
sent  for  thither  to  be  their  law-maker,  Recorder,  or  town-clerk,  as  some  will ;  or  as 
others,  he  was  there  bred  and  born.  Howsoever  it  was,  there  he  lived  at  last  in  a 
garden  in  the  suburbs,  wholly  betaking  himself  to  his  studies  and  a  private  life, 
"■"^'saving  that  sometimes  he  would  walk  down  to  the  haven,  ^^and  laugli  heartily  at 
such  variety  of  ridiculous  objects,  which  there  he  saw."  Such  a  one  was  Democritus. 
But  in  the  mean  time,  how  doth  this  concern  me,  or  upon  what  reference  do  I 
usurp  his  habit .''  I  confess,  indeed,  that  to  compare  myself  unto  him  for  aught  1 
have  yet  said,  were  both  impudency  and  arrogancy.  I  do  not  presume  to  make  any 
parallel,  Jlniisiat  viihi  inUUJms  trecentis,  ^parvus  sum,  nullus  sum,  altum  ncc  spiro^ 
nee  spcro.  Yet  thus  much  I  will  say  of  myself,  and  that  I  hope  without  all  suspi- 
cion of  pride,  or  sell-conceit,  I  have  lived  a  silentj..^edenlai::v",  solitary,  private  life, 
mihl  et  musls  m-  tho  Univorsity,  as  long  almost  as  Xenocrates  in  "Athens,  «fZ  scnecTam 
fere  to  learn  wisdom  as  he  did,  penned  up  most  part  in  my  study.  For  I  have  been 
brought  up  a  student  in  the  most  flourishing  college  of  Europe,-^  augustlssimo  collegia, 
and  can  brag  with  ^^Jovius,  almost,  in  cci  luce  domicilii  Vacicani,  totius  orhis  csle- 
herrimi,  jjcr  37  annos  miilla  opportunaque  didici ;"  for  thirty  years  I  have  continued 
(having  the  use  of  as  good  ^"^ libraries  as  ever  he  had)  a  scholar,  and  would  be  there- 
fore loth,  either  by  living  as  a  drone,  to  be  an  unprofitable  or  unworthy  member  of 
so  learned  and  noble  a  society,  or  to  write  that  which  should  be  any  way  dishonour- 
able to  such  a  royal  and  ample  foundation.  Something  I  have  done,  though  by  my 
profession  a  (Hvine,  yet  turbine  rap)tus  ingcnii,  as  ^'he  said,  out  of  a  running  wit,  an 
imeonstant,  unsettled  mind,  I  had  a  great  desire  (not  able  to  attain  to  a  superficial 
skill  in  any)  to  have  some  smattering  in  all,  to  be  aliquis  in  omnibus,  nullus  in  sin- 
gulis^^  which  ^°Plato  commends,  out  of  him  ^"Lipsius  approves  and  furthers,  "as  fit 
to  be  imprinted  in  all  curious  wits,  not  to  be  a  slave  of  one  science,  or  dwell  alto- 
gether in  one  subject,  as  most  do,  but  to  rove  abroad,  cenlum  pucr  artiwn,  to  have 
an  oar  in  every  man's  boat,  to  ^'  taste  of  every  dish,  and  sip  of  every  cup,"  which, 
saith  '^^  Montaigne,  was  Avell  performed  by  Aristotle,  and  his  learned  countryman 
,\t{rian  Turnebus.  This  roving  humour  (though  not  widi  like  success)  I  have  ever 
had,  and  like  a  ranging  spaniel,  that  barks  at  every  bird  he  sees,  leaving  his  game,  I 
liave  followed  all,  saving  that  which  I  should,  and  may  justly  complain,  and  truly, 
qui  ubique  est,  misquam  est^'^  which  '^'Gesner  did  in  modesty,  that  I  have  read  many 
books,  but  to  little  purpose,  for  want  of  good  method ;  I  have  confusedly  tumbled 
over  divers  authors  in  our  libraries,  with  small  profit,  for  want  of  art,  order,  memory, 
judgment.  I  never  travelled  but  in  map  or  card,  in  which  my  unconfined  thoughts 
have  freely  expatiated,  as  having  ever  been  especially  delighted  with  tlie  study  of 
Cosmography.  ^^  Saturn  was  lord  of  my  geniture,  culminating,  &c,,  and  Mars  prin- 
cipal significator  of  manners,  in  partile  conjunction  with  my  ascendant;  both  fortunate 
in  their  houses,  &c.  I  am  not  poor,  I  am  not  rich  •,  nihil  est,  nihil  dcest,  I  have 
little,  I  want  nothing  :  all  my  treasure  is  in  Minerva's  tower.  Greater  preferment  as  I 
could  never  get,  so  am  I  not  in  debt  for  it,  I  have  a  competence  (laus  Deo)  from  my 
noble  and  munificent  patrons,  thougl]  I  live  still  a  collegiate  student,  as  Democritus 
ill  his  garden,  and  lead  a  monastic  life,  ipse  mild  theatrum,  sequestered  from  those  tu- 
mults and  troubles  of  the  world,  Et  tanquam  in  specula  positus,  (^^as  he  said)  in  some 

'6SabelIiciisexenipl.,lib.lO.  Oculisseprivavit,  utme-     Hist.  26  Keeper  of  our  college  library,  lately  re- 

lius  contemplationi  operam  daret,  sublinii  vir  ingenio,  i  vived  by  Olho  Nicolson,  Esquire.  '^'  Scaliter. 

profuudai  ciigitatioiiis,  &c.  '^  Naturalia.  moralia,  !  28  Somebody  in  everything,  nobody  in   each  thing, 

malhematica,   liberales    disciplinas,    artiunique   om-  i  59  in  Theat.  so  piJa.  Stoic,  li.  diff.  8.     Dogma  cu- 

niuin  peritiain  callebat.  '"  Nothing  in  nature's     jiidis  et  curiosis  ingeniis  impriinendum,  ut  sit  talis  qui 

power   to   contrive   of   which    he   has   not   written,     nulli  rei  serviat,aut  exacts  unum  aliquid  elaboret,  alia 
i«  Veni  Athenas,  et  nemo  me  novit.  20  jdeni  con-  ;  neglisens,  ut  artifices,  &c.  si  Delibare  gratum  de 

temptui  et  admirationi  habitus.  21  Solebat  ad     quocunque  cibo,  et  pittisare  de  quocunquo  dolio  ju- 

poriam  ambiilare,  et  inde,  &c.  Ilip.  Ep.  Dameg.     cundum.  ^-i  Essays,  lib.  3.  -is  He  f-at  is 

-■Perpetuorisu  pulrnonein  agitare  solebat  Democritus.  '  everywhere  is  nowhere.  s'  Pra;fat.  bibliothec. 

Juv.  Sat.  7.  '■*  Nnn  sum  dignus  praestare  niatella.     ss  Anibo  fortes  et  fortunati.  Mars  idem  niagisletii  do- 

Marl.  "  Christ  Church  in  Oxford.  ^  Prsefat.     minus  juxta  primani  Leo vitiiregulam.         !«  Hensiui 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  17 

high  place  above  you  all,  like  Stoicus  Sapiens,  omnia  scecula,  praterita  presmtisque 
'  vidcns.uno  velut  intuitu,  i  hear  and  see  what  is  done  abroad,  how  others  ^"run,  ride, 
tunnoil,  and  macerate  themselves  in  court  and  country,  far  from  those  wrangling 
xawsuits,  aulce  vanitatem,  fori  amUtionem,  ridere  mecuni  soleo  :  I  laugh  at  all,  ^only 
secure,  lest  my  suit  go  amiss,  my  ships  perish,  corn  and  cattle  miscarry,  trade  decay, 
I  have  no  wife  nor  children  good  or  bad  to  provide  for.  A  mere  spectator  of  other 
men's  fortunes  and  adventures,  and  how  they  act  their  parts,  which  methinks  are 
diversely  presented  unto  me,  as  from  a  common  theatre  or  scene.  I  hear  new  news 
everv  day,  and  those  ordinarj^  rumours  of  war,  plagues,  fires,  inundations,  thefts, 
murders,"  massacres,  meteors,  comets,  spectrums,  prodigies,  apparitions,  of  towns 
taken,  cities  besieged  in  France,  Germany,  Turkey,  Persia,  Poland,  kc,  daily  musters 
and  preparations,  and  such  like,  Avhich  these  tempestuous  tunes  aftbrd,  battles  fought, 
so  many  men  slain,  monomachies,  shipwrecks,  piracies  and  sea-fights  ;  peace,  leagues, 
stratagems,  and  fresh  alarms.  A  vast  confusion  of  vows,  wishes,  actions,  edicts, 
petitions,  lawsuits,  pleas,  laws,  proclamations,  complaints,  grievances  are  daily 
brouofht  to  our  ears.  New  books  every  day,  pamphlets,  cuiTantoes,  stories,  whole 
catalogues  of  volumes  of  all  sorts,  new  paradoxes,  opinions,  schisms,  heresies,  con- 
troversies in  philosophy,  religion,  &c.  Now  come  tidings  of  weddings,  maskings, 
mummeries,  entertainments,  jubilees,  embassies,  tilts  and  tournaments,  trophies, 
triumphs,  revels,  sports,  plays :  then  again,  as  m  a  new  shifted  scene,  treasons, 
cheating  tricks,  robberies,  enonuous  villanies  in  all  kinds,  funerals,  burials,  deaths 
of  princes,  new  discoveries,  expeditions,  now  comical,  then  tragical  matters.  To-day 
we  hear  of  new  lords  and  officers  created,  to-morrow  of  some  great  men  deposed, 
and  then  again  of  fresh  honours  conferred ;  one  is  let  loose,  another  imprisoned ; 
one  purchaseth,  another  breaketh  :  he  thrives,  his  neighbour  turns  bankrupt ;  now 
plenty,  then  again  dearth  and  famine ;  one  runs,  another .  rides,  wrangles,  laughs, 
weeps,  &i.c.  Thus  J  daily  hear,  and  such  like,  both  private  and  public  news,  amidst 
the  gallantry  and  misery  of  the  world  •,  jollity,  pride,  pei-plexities  and  cares,  simplicity 
and  villany ;  subtlety,  knavery,  candour  and  integrity,  mutually  mixed  and  ofiering 
themselves;  I  rub  on  privus  privatus  ;  as  I  have  still  lived,  so  I  now  continue,  statu 
quo  prills,  left  to  a  solitaiy  life,  and  mine  own  domestic  discontents :  saving  tliat 
sometimes,  ne  quid  mentiar,  as  Diogenes  went  into  the  city,  and  Democritus  to  the 
haven  to  see  fashions,  I  did  for  my  recreation  now  and  then  walk  abroad,  look  into 
the  world,  and  could  not  choose  but  make  some  little  observation,  non  tarn  sagax 
observator,  ac  simplex  rccitator,^^  not  as  they  did,  to  scoff  or  laugh  at  all,  but  with  a 
mixed  passion. 

*"  Bilem  sffp6,  jocum  vestri  mov6re  tumultus. 
Ye  wretched  mimics,  whose  fond  beats  have  been. 
How  oft;  the  objects  of  my  mirth  and  spleen. 

I  did  sometime  laugh  and  scoff  with  Lucian,  and  satirically  tax  with  Menippus^ 
lament  with  Heraclitus,  sometimes  again  I  was  *^petulanti  splene  chachinno,  and  then 
again,  *^urere  bilis  jecur,  I  was  much  moved  to  see  that  abuse  which  I  could  not 
mend.  In  which  passion  howsoever  I  may  sympathize  with  him  or  them,  'tis  for 
no  such  respect  I  shroud  myself  under  his  name ;  but  either  in  an  unknown  habit  to 
assume  a  little  more  liberty  and  freedom  of  speech,  or  if  you  will  needs  know,  for 
that  reason  and  only  respect  which  |Tippocrat.ps  re1,ites  atjarge  in  his  Epistle  to 
^Tnfi;(*lin.u.jvvherein  hp  doth  ^ex-press,  how  c^omin<y  to  visit  him  one  day,  he  found 
D.emQerit«»JjLhis  garden  at  Abdera,  in  the  suburbs,  ''^under  a  shady  bower,  ""^Avith 
a  book  on  his  knees,  busy  at  his  stiidy,  g^^I^PMrnfLS  >YT'it'"ri  g<^*"gtimo^  ivnllrintT 
ThA-^TT^rpci-nf  ]]\^  hnok  wnf'  inP^''"'"bn]Y  "^id  madness;  about  him  lay  the  carcases, 
iULmaav  several  beasts,  neyly  by  him  ctit.  up  and  anntnipispd  "nnt  thiTtlTr  did  con- 
temn God's  creatures,  as  he  told  Hippocrates,  but  to  tind  out  the  seat  of  this  afra 
biUs,.Qr.joae\  an  el]  oT  v^wb  pncp  it  proceeds,  and  how  it  was  engendered  in  men's  bodies, 
to  the  intent  he  might  better  cure  it  jn  himself,  and  by  his  wiitings  and  observation 

^  Calide  ambientes,  solicite  litigantes,  aut  misere  ex-  1  *"  Hor.  lib.  1,  sat.  9.  ^'  Secundum  mcEiiia  locus  era* 
eidentes,  voces,  strepitum  contentiones,  &c.  3«  fyp  |  frondosis  populis  opacus,  vitibusque  spnnte  natis, 
ad  Donat.  Unice  securus,  ne  escidam  in  foro.  aut  in  !  tenuis  prope  aqua  defluebat,  placide  murmurans,  ubi 
mari  Indico  bonis  elua,  de  dote  filije.  patrimonio  filii  ' 
non  sum  snlicitus.  3^  Not  so  sagacious  an  ob- 

server as  simple  a  narrato>  ••■>  Hor.  Ep.  lib.  1. 

r««.,20.         "Per.  A  laughter  with  a  petulant  spleen 


b2 


sedile  et  donuis  Democriti  conspiciebatur.  '^  Ipse 

composite  considebat,  supe.  genua  volumen  habent, 
et  utrinque  alia  patentia  parata,  dissectaqiie  anitnalia 
curaulatim  strata,  quorum  viscera  rimabatur. 


.  8  Democritus  to  the  Reaaer. 

■•^  teach  others  how  to  prevent  and  avoid  it.  Which  good  intent  of  his,  Hippocidiea 
liighly  commended :  Democritus  Junior  is  therefore  bold  to  imitate,  and  because  he 
left  it  imperfect,  and  it  is  now  lost,  quasi  mccenturiator  Dcmocriti,  to  revive  again, 
prosecute,  and  fimsh  in  this  treatise. 

You  have  had  a  reason  of  the  name.  If  the  title  and  inscription  offend  your 
gravity,  were  it  a  sufficient  justification  to  accuse  others,  I  could  produce  many  sober 
treatises,  even  sermons  themselves,  which  in  their  fronts  carry  more  fantastical 
names.  Howsoever,  it  is  a  kind  of  policy. in  these  days,  to  prefix  a  fantastical  title 
lo  a  book  which  is  to  be  sold ;  for,  as  larks  come  down  to  a  daj'-net,  many  vain 
readers  will  tarry  and  stand  gazing  like  silly  passengers  at  an  antic  picture  in  a 
painter's  shop,  that  will  not  look  at  a  judicious  piece.  And,  indeed,  as  ''^Scaliger 
observes,  "  nothing  more  invites  a  reader  than  an  argument  unlooked  for,  unthought 
of,  and  sells  better  than  a  scurrile  pamphlet,"  turn  maxhne  cum  novitas  excitat.  ^'pa- 
latum. "IMany  men,"  saith  Gellius,  "are  very  conceited  in  their  inscriptions," 
"'  and  able  (as  "'*' Pliny  quotes  out  of  Seneca)  to  make  him  loiter  by  the  way  that  went 
in  haste  to  fetch  a  midwife  for  his  daughter,  now  ready  to  lie  down."  For  my  part, 
I  have  honourable  *' precedents  for  this  which  I  have  done  :  I  will  cite  one  for  all, 
Anthony  Zara,  Pap.  Epis.,  his  Anatomy  of  Wit,  in  four  sections,  members,  subsec- 
tions, &c.,  to  be  read  in  our  libraries. 

If  any  man  except  against  the  matter  or  manner  of  treating  of  this  my  subject,  and 
will  demand  a  reason  of  it,  I  can  allege  more  than  one ;  I  write  of  melancholy,  by 
being  busy  to  avoid  melancholy.  There  is  no  greater  cause  of  melancholy  than 
idleness,  '■'  no  better  cure  than  business,"  as  ^"Rhasis  holds  :  and  howbeit,  stultus  labor 
est  ineptiarum,  to  be  busy  in  toys  is  to  small  purpose,  yet  hear  that  divine  Seneca, 
aJiud  agcre  qucmi  n'lhiJ,  better  do  to  no  end,  than  nothing.  I  wrote  therefore,  and 
busied  myself  in  this  playing  labour,  otiosaq ;  diligentid  ut  vitarcm  torporcm  feriandi 
with  Vectius  in  JMacrobius,  atq  ;  otiiim  in  utile  verterem  negotium. 

51  Simiil  et  jucunda  et  idonea  dicere  vitre, 
Lectorein  deluctando  simul  atque  monondo. 
Poets  would  profit  or  delight  mankind. 
And  with  the  pleasing  have  th'  instructive  joined. 
Profit  and  pleasure,  then,  to  mix  with  art, 
T'  inform  the  judgment,  nor  otiend  the  heart, 
Shall  gain  all  votes. 

To  this  end  I  write,  like  them,  saith  Lucian,  that  "  recite  to  trees,  and  declaim  to 
pillars  for  want  of  auditors : "  as  "  Paulus  jEgineta  ingenuously  confesseth,  '•  not  that 
anything  was  unknown  or  omitted,  but  to  exercise  myself,"  which  course  if  some 
took,  I  think  it  would  be  good  for  their  bodies,  and  much  better  for  their  souls ;  oi 
peradventure  as  others  do,  for  fame,  to  show  myself  (  Scire  tuum  nihil  est^  nisi  le 
scire  hoc  sciat  alter).  I  might  be  of  Thucydides'  opinion,  ®^"  to  know  a  thing  and 
not  to  express  it,  is  all  one  as  if  he  knew  it  not."  AVhen  I  first  took  this  task  in 
hand,  et  quod  ait  ^illr,  impellente  gcnio  negotium  suscepi,  this  I  aimed  at;  ^ vel  ut 
■  lenirem  animum  scribcndo,  to  ease  my  mind  by  writing;  for  I  had  gravidum  cor^ 
fcetum  caput.,  a  kind  of  imposthume  in  my  head,  Avhich  I  was  very  desirous  to  be 
unladen  of,  and  could  imagine  no  fitter  evacuation  than  this.  Besides,  I  might  not 
well  refrain,  for  uhi  dolor.,  ibi  digitus,  one  must  needs  scratch  where  it  itches.  I  was 
not  a  little  oflended  with  this  malady,  shall  I  say  my  mistress  "  melancholy, "  my 
-iEgeria,  or  my  malus  genius?  and  for  that  cause,  as  he  that  is  stung  with  a  scorpion, 
I  would  expel  clavum  clavo,  '^  comfort  one  sorrow  with  another,  idleness  wdth  idle- 
ness, ut  ex  viperd  Theriacmn,  make  an  antidote  out  of  that  which  was  the  prime 
cause  of  my  disease.  Or  as  he  did,  of  whom  "'  Felix  Plater  speaks,  ^hat  thought  he 
had  some  of  Aristophanes'  frogs  in  his  belly,  still  crymg  Breec,  ckcx,  coax,  coax, 
oop,  oop,  and  for  that  cause  studied  physic  seven  years,  and  travelled  over  most  part 

*>  Cum  mundus  extra  se  sit,  et  mente  captus  sit,  et  |  Antimony,  &c.  ^oCont.  I.  4,  c.  9.      Non    est 

nesciat  se  lan^'uere,  ut  medelani  adhibeat.  «  Sea-  i  cura  mel'ior  quim  labor.  si  Hor.  De  Arte  Poaet. 

liger,  Ep.  ad  Patisonem.  Nihil  masis  lectorem  invitat  i  53  Non  quod  de  novo  quid  addere,  aut  i  veteribus  pr<e. 
quani  in  opinatmn  argument uin,  neque  vendihiliornierx  termissuin,  sed  propria  exercitationis causa.  =3  Qui 
est  quim  petulans  lilier.  '■  Lib.  xx.  c.  11.     Miras  j  novit,  neque  id  quod  sentit  expriniit,  perinde  est  ac  si 

pequunlur  insnriptiouum  festivitates.  *  Praefit.  '  nescitet.  *' Jovius  Prief.  Hist.  so  Erasmua. 

Nat.  Hist.  Patrinbstetriceni  parturient!  Iili;p  aoctTsenti  I  se  ^tiumotio  dolorem  dolore  sum  EOlatus.  -''  Ob- 

moram  injicere  possnut.  ^^  Anatomy  of  Popery,    set  rat.  1.  1. 

Anatomy  of  immortality,  Angelus  salas,  Anatomy  of 


Democritus  to  the  Reader, 


19 


of  Europe  to  ease  himself.  To  do  myself  frood  I  turned  over  such  physiciang 
our  librariesjvould  afford,  or  my  ^^  private  friends  uTipart,  ana  nave  taken  this  pams. 
And  wliy  noT?  Grmtaif  professeth  he  wrote  his  book,  "De  Consolatione"  after  his 
son's  death,  to  comfort  himself;  so  did  Tully  Avrite  of  the  same  subject  with  like 
intent  after  his  daughter' s  departure,  if  it  be  his  at  least,  or  some  impostor' s  put  out 
in  his  name,  which  Lipsius  probably  suspects.  Concerning  myself,  1  can  peradven- 
ture  athrm  with  Blarius  in  Sallust,  ^^"  that  which  others  hear  or  read  of,  I  felt  and 
practised  myself;  they  get  their  knowledge  by  books,  I  mine  by  melancholising." 
Experto  crede  Roberto.  Something  I  can  speak  out  of  experience,  cvnmnabiUs  expe- 
ricntia  me  docult ;  and  with  her  in  the  poet,  ^°Haud  ignara  mail  miseris  sicccurrere 
disco ;  I  would  help  others  out  of  a  fellow-feeling ;  and,  as  that  virtuous  lady  did 
of  old,  ^"'  being  a  leper  herself,  bestow  all  her  portion  to  build  an  hospital  for  lepers," 
I  will  spend  my  time  and  knowledge,  which  are  my  greatest  fortunes,  for  the  common 
good  of  all. 

Yea,  but  you  will  infer  that  this  is  ^^ actum  agere,  an  unnecessary  work,  cramhen 
his  coctam  apponnere,  the  same  again  and  again  in  other  words.  To  Avhat  purpose .'' 
'"•^'^  Nothing  is  omitted  that  may  well  be  said,"  so  thought  Lucian  in  the  like  theme. 
How  many  excellent  physicians  have  written  just  volumes  and  elaborate  tracts  of 
this  subject }  No  news  here ;  that  which  I  have  is  stolen  from  others,  ^^Dicitque 
mihi  mea  pagina  fur  es.  If  that  severe  doom  of  ^^Synesius  be  true,  "  it  is  a  greater 
offence  to  steal  dead  men's  labours,  than  their  clothes,"  what  shall  become  of  most 
writers .?  I  hold  up  my  hand  at  the  bar  among  others,  and  am  guilty  of  felony  in 
this  kind,  habes  confitcntcm  remn^  I  am  content  to  be  pressed  Avith  the  rest.  'Tis 
most  true,  ^enei  insanabile  multos  scribcndi  cacoethes,  and  ^®"  there  is  no  end  of 
writing  of  books,"  as  the  Wise-man  found  of  old,  in  this  ^'  scribblmg  age,  especially 
wherein  ''^"  the  number  of  books  is  without  number,  (as  a  worthy  man  saith,)  presses 
be  oppressed,"  and  out  of  an  itching  humour  that  every  man  hath  to  show  himself, 

*® desirous  of  fame  and  honour  (scribimus  indocti  doctique )  he  will  write  no 

matter  what,  and  scrape  together  it  boots  not  whence.  '""Bewitched  with  this 
desire  of  fame,  etiam  mcdiis  in  morbis^  to  the  disparagement  of  their  health,  and 
scarce  able  to  hold  a  pen,  tiiey  must  say  something,  "''and  get  themselves  a  name," 
saith  Scaliger,  "  though  it  be  to  the  downfall  and  ruin  of  many  others."  To  be 
counted  writers,  scrij)tores  ut  salutentur,  to  be  thought  and  held  Polumathes  and 
Polyhistors,  apud  imperitiim  vulgus  oh  ventosce  nomen  artis,  to  get  a  paper-kingdom: 
nulla  spe  qucestus  scd  ampld  famcB.,  in  this  precipitate,  ambitious  age,  nunc  ut  est 
sceculum^i  inter  immaturam  eruditioncm.)  ambitiosum  et  j^rceceps  ('tis  ^^  Scaliger's  cen- 
sure) ;  and  they  that  are  scarce  auditors,  vix  auditores,  must  be  masters  and  teachers, 
before  they  be  capable  and  fit  hearers.  They  will  rush  into  all  learning,  togatam 
armatam.,  divine,  human  authors,  rake  over  all  indexes  and  pamphlets  for  notes,  as 
our  merchants  do  strange  havens  for  traffic,  write  great  tomes.  Cum  non  sint  re  vera 
doctiores^  sed  loquaciores.,  whereas  they  are  not  thereby  better  scholars,  but  greater 
praters.  They  commonly  pretend  public  good,  but  as  "^Gesner  observes,  'tis  pride 
and  vanity  that  eggs  them  on ;  no  news  or  aught  worthy  of  note,  but  the  same  in 
other  terms.  JS^e  fcriarenlur  fortasse  typographic  vel  ideo  scribcndum  est  aliqnid  ut 
se  vixisse  testentur.  As  apotliecaries  we  make  new  mixtures  every  day,  pour  out 
of  one  vessel  into  another ;  and  as  those  old  Romans  robbed  all  the  cities  of  the 
world,  to  set  out  their  bad-sited  Rome,  Ave  skim  off  the  cream  of  other  men"'s  AA'its, 
pick  tlie  choice  tloAvers  of  their  tilled  gardens  to  set  out  our  oAvn  sterile  plots. 
Castrant  alios  ut  li.bros  suos  per  se  graciles  alieno  adipe  suffarciant  (so  '^JoA'ius 
inveighs.)  They  lard  their  lean  books  Avith  the  fat  of  others'  Avorks.  Ineruditi 
fures,  &c.     A  fault  that  CA'ery  AA'riter  finds,  as  I  do  now,  and  yet  faulty  themselves, 


o'  M.  Job.  Rous,  our  Protobib.  Oxon.  M.  Hopper,  M. 
Guthri(I<;e,  Sic.  ^  Qu^  illi  audire  et  le^ere  solent, 

eoruin  partiin  virli  esoinel,  alia  gessi,  quse  illi  Uteris, 
e?o  niilitando  didici,  nunc  vos  existimate  facta  an 
dicta  pturis  sint.  "'Dido  Vir?.    "Taugbt  by  thai 

Power  that  pities  me,  I  learn  to  pity  tliein."  ^'  Cam- 
den, Ipsa  elephantiasi  correpta  elephantiasis  hospicium 
construxit.  '■'-niada  post  Homeruiii.  "  xihj] 

|ir!Etcruiissnm  quod  a  quovis  dici  possit.  ^^'Mar- 

tialis.  <»  Magis  impium  niortuorurn  lucubrationes, 

qnira  Testes  furaii.  <»Eccl.  ult.  «'  Libros 


Eunuchi  gignunt,  steriles  pariunt.  "'  D.  King 

prcpfat.  lect.  Jonas,  the  late  right  reverend  Lord  B. 
of  London.  ^^  Homines  famelici  eloria;  ad  osten- 

tationem  eruditionis  undique  congerunt.  iJucliananus. 
■0  Effacinati  etiam  laudis  amore,  &c.  Justus  Bamnius. 
"1  Ex  ruinisalienipexistimationissibigradum  adfamam 
struunt.  '^  Exercit.  286.  "  omnessibifamam 

qujerunt  et  quovis  modo  in  orbem  spargi  contendunt, 
ut  novEB  alicujus  rei  babeantur  auctores.  Pr«Bf.  bibli- 
oth.  ''*  Prsefat.  hist. 


20 


Democritus  to  the  Reader. 


"  Trium  liter  arum  /jommes,  all  thieves;  they  pilfer  out  of  old  writers  to  stuff  up  their 
new  comments,  scrape  Enuius  dung-hills,  and  out  of  ""^Democritus'  pit,  as  I  have 
done.  By  which  means  it  comes  to  pass,  ""  that  not  only  libraries  and  sliops  are 
full  of  our  putrid  papers,  but  every  close-stool  and  jakes,  Scrlhunt  carmina  quce. 
le glint  cacantes  ;  they  serve  to  put  under  pies,  to  '''lap  spice  in,  and  keep  roast-meat 
from  burning.  "With  us  in  France,"  saith  ™Scaliger,  "every  man  hath  liberty  to 
write,  but  few  ability.  ^'° Heretofore  learning  was  graced  by  judicious  scholars,  but 
now  noble  sciences  are  vilified  by  base  and  illiterate  scribblers,"  that  either  write 
for  vain-glory,  need,  to  get  money,  or  as  Parasites  to  flatter  and  collogue  with  some 
great  men,  they  put  out  ^^  hurras,  quisqidrLci^ue  incptiasque.  ®' Amongst  so  many 
thousand  autliors  you  shall  scarce  find  one,  by  reading  of  whom  you  shall  be  any 
whit  better,  but  rather  much  worse,  quibus  inficitur  potius,  qudm  perjicitur,  by  which 
he  is  rather  infected  than  any  way  perfected. 

— Qui  talia  legit, 


Quid  didicit  tandem,  quid  scit  nisi  soninia,  nugasl 

So  that  oftentimes  it  falls  out  (which  Callimachus  taxed  of  old)  a  great  book  is  a 
great  mischief.  ^Cardan  finds  fault  with  Frenchmen  and  Germans,  for  their  scrib- 
blino-  to  no  purpose,  non  inquit  ah  edcndo  dttcrreo,  modo  novum  aUquul  inveniant, 
he  doth  not  bar  them  to  write,  so  that  it  be  some  new  invention  of  their  own ;  but 
we  weave  the  same  web  still,  twist  the  same  rope  again  and  again ;  or  if  it  be  a  new 
invention,  'tis  but  some  bauble  or  toy  which  idle  fellows  write,  for  as  idle  fellows  to 
read,  and  who  so  cannot  invent  ?  ®^"  He  must  have  a  barren  wit,  that  in  tliis  scrib- 
bling age  can  forge  nothing.  ^^  Princes  show  their  armies,  rich  men  vaunt  their  build- 
ings, soldiers  their  manhood,  and  scholars  vent  their  toys ;"  they  must  read,  they 
must  hear  whether  they  will  or  no. 


8T  Et  quodcunque  semel  chartis  illeverit,  oinnes 
Gestiet  a.  furno  redeuntes  scire  lacuque, 
Et  pueros  et  anus 


What  once  is  said  and  writ,  all  men  tnust  know. 
Old  wives  and  children  as  they  come  and  go. 


"  What  a  company  of  poets  hath  this  year  brought  out,"  as  Pliny  complains  to 
Sossius  Sinesius.  ^"This  April  every  day  some  or  other  have  recited."  What  a 
catalogue  of  new  books  all  this  year,  all  this  age  (I  say),  have  our  Frankfort  Marts, 
our  domestic  Marts  brought  out?  Twice  a  year,  ^'^'•'-  Profertmt  se  nova  ingcniaet 
ostentant,  we  stretch  our  wits  out,  and  set  them  to  sale,  viagno  conalu  nihil  agimus. 
So  that  wiiich  ^"Gesner  much  desires,  if  a  speedy  reformftfion  be  not  had,  by  some 
Prince's  Edicts  and  grave  Supervisors,  to  restrain  this  liberty,  it  Avill  run  on  in  infi- 
nitum. Quis  tarn  avidus  lihrorum  helluo,  who  can  read  them  .''  As  already,  we 
shall  have  a  vast  Chaos  and  confusion  of  books,  we  are  ^'  oppressed  with  them,  ^^  our 
eyes  ache  Avith  reading,  our  fingers  with  turning.  For  my  part  I  am  one  of  the 
number,  7ios  numerus  sumus,  (we  are  mere  cyphers) :  I  do  not  deny  it,  I  have  only 
this  of  Macrobius  to  say  for  myself,  Omne  meum,  nihil  meum,  'tis  all  mine,  and  none 
mine.  As  a  good  housewife  out  of  divers  fleeces  weaves  one  piece  of  cloth,  a  bee 
gathers  wax  and  honey  out  of  many  flowers,  and  makes  a  new  bundle  of  all,  Flori- 
feris  ut  apes  iji  saltibus  omnia  lihant,}  have  laboriously  ^^  collected  this  Cento  out  of 
divers  Avriters,  and  that  sine  injuria,  I  have  wronged  no  authors,  but  given  every 
man  his  own  ;  which  ^Hierom  so  much  commends  in  Nepotian ;  he  stole  not  whole 
verses^  pages,  tracts,  as  some  do  now-a-days,  concealing  their  authors'  names,  but 
still  said  this  was  Cyprian's,  that  Lactantius,  that  Hilarius,  so  said  IVIinutius  Felix, 
so  Victorinus,  thus  far  Arnobius  :  I  cite  and  quote  mine  authors  (which,  howsoever 
some  illiterate  scribblers  account  pedantical,  as  a  cloak  of  ignorance,  and  opposite 


'spiautus.  'sE  Democriti  puteo 

tarn  referts  bibliothecffi  quain  cloacs.  'e  Et  quic 

quid  cartis  ainicitur  ineptis.  "sEpist.  ad   Petas. 

in  regno  Fraiiciae  omnibus  scribendi  datur  libertas, 
paucis   facultas.  tooiim   literse  ob   homines    m 

precii),   nunc   snrdent   ob   homines.  s'  Ans.   pac. 

"Inter  tot  niille  volumina  vix  unus  a  cujus  lectione 
quis  melior  evadat,  immo  potius  non  pejor.  *■'  Palin- 
Senius.  What  does  any  one,  who  reads  such  works, 
learn  or  know  but  dreams  and  trifling  things.  "  Lib. 
5.  de  Sap.  "s  Sterile  oportet  esse.ingenium  quod 

in  hoc  scripturientum  pruritus,  &c.  >"'  Cardan, 


■"  Non  I  mense  Aprili  nuUus  fere  dies  quo  non  aliquis  recitavit. 
i"^  Idem.  30  principibus  etdoctoribus  deliberandum 

relinquo,  ut  arguantur  auctorum  furta  et  niilies  repe- 
tita  tollantur,  et  temere  scribendi  libido  coerceatur, 
aliter  in  infinitum  progressura.  9'  Onerabuntur 

inaenia,  nemo  legendis  sufiicit.  s-  Libris  obruimur, 

oculi  legendo,  manus  volitando  dolent.  Fam.  .Strada 
Monio.  Lucretius.  ^"  Quicquid  ubique  bene  dictum 

facio  meum,  et  illud  nunc  nieis  ad  compendium,  nunc 
ad  fidem  et  auctoritatem  alieois  exprimo  verbis,  omnea 
auctores  meos  clientes  esse  arbitror,  &c.  Sarisburi- 
ensis  ad  Polycrat.  prol.  'Jj  in  Epitaph.  Nep.  il'.aii 


pra?    ad  Consol.         >^  Hor.  lib.  I,  sat.  4.         w  Epist.  I  Cyp.  hoc  Lact.  illud  Hilar,  est,  ita  Victorinus,  in  hunc 
lib.  1.   Magnum  poetarum  proventum  annus  hie  attulit,   modum  loquutus  est  Arnobius,  &c. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  21 

to  their  affected  fine  style,  I  must  and  will  use)  sumpsi,  non  suripui;  and  what  Varro, 
lib.  6.  de  re  rust,  speaks  of  bees,  juinime  maleJiccB  nullius  opus  vellicantes  faciunt 
deterius,  I  can  say  of  myself.  Whom  have  I  injured .''  The  matter  is  theirs  most 
part,  and  yet  mine,  apparet  unde  sumplum  sit  (which  Seneca  approves),  aliud  tamen 
qunm  unde  sumptum  sit  apparef,  which  nature  doth  with  the  aliment  of  our  bodies 
incorporate,  digest,  assimilate,  I  do  concoquere  quod  hausi.,  dispose  of  what  I  take. 
I  make  them  pay  tribute,  to  set  out  this  my  Maceronicon,  the  method  only  is  mine 
own,  I  must  usurp  that  of  ^^  Wecker  e  Ter.  nihil  dictum  quod  non  dictum  prius, 
methodus  sola  artijicem  ostC7idit,  we  can  say  nothing  but  what  hath  been  said,  the 
composition  and  method  is  ours  only,  and  shows  a  scholar.  Oribasius,  iEsius,  Avi- 
cenna,  have  all  out  of  Galen,  but  to  their  own  method,  diverse  slilo,  non  diversd  fide. 
Our  poets  steal  from  Homer  ;  he  spews,  saith  jElian,  they  lick  it  up.  Pivines  use 
Austin's  words  verbatim  still,  and  our  story-dressers  do  as  much ;  he  that  comes  last 
is  commonly  best, 

donee  quid  grandius  fetas 

Poslera  sorsque  ferat  melior. 96 

Though  there  were  many  giants  of  old  in  Physic  and  Philosophy,  yet  I  say  with 
^Didacus  Stella,  "A  dwarf  standing  on  the  shoulders  of  a  giant  may  see  farther  than 
a  giant  himself;"  I  may  likely  add,  alter,  and  see  farther  tlian  my  predecessors  ;  and 
it  is  no  greater  prejudice  for  me  to  indite  after  others,  than  for  jElianus  ]\Iontaltus, 
that  famous  physician,  to  write  de  morbis  capitis  after  Jason  Pratensis,  Ileurnius, 
Hildeshehn,  &c.,  many  horses  to  run  in  a  race,  one  logician,  one  rhetorician,  after 
another.     Oppose  then  what  thou  wilt, 

AUatres  licet  usque  nos  et  usque 
Et  gannilibus  iniprobis  lacessas. 

I  solve  it  thus.  And  for  those  other  faults  of  barbarism,  ^  Doric  dialect,  extempora- 
nean  style,  tautologies,  apish  imitation,  a  rhapsody  of  rags  gathered  together  from 
several  dung-hills,  excrements  of  authors,  toys  and  fopperies  confusedly  tumbled  out, 
without  art,  invention,  judgment,  wit,  learning,  harsh,  raw,  rude,  fantastical,  absurd, 
insolent,  indiscreet,  ill-composed,  indigested,  vain,  scurrile,  idle,  dull,  and  dry ;  1 
confess  all  ('tis  partly  affected),  thou  canst  not  think  worse  of  me  than  I  do  of 
myself.  'Tis  not  worth  the  reading,  I  yield  it,  I  desire  thee  not  to  lose  time  in 
perusing  so  vain  a  subject,  I  should  be  peradventure  loth  myself  to  read  hun  or  thee 
so  writing;  'tis  not  opercs  pretium.  All  I  say  is  this,  that  I  have  ^precedents  for  it, 
which  Isocrates  calls  perfugium  lis  qui  peccant,  others  as  absurd,  vain,  idle,  illiterate. 
Sec,  JVonnulli  alii  idem  fecerunt ;  others  have  done  as  much,  it  may  be  more,  and 
perhaps  thou  thyself,  J\"ovimus  et  qui  te,  Slc.  We  have  all  our  faults ;  scijmis,  et 
hanc,  veniam,  Slc;  '""thou  censurest  me,  so  have  I  done  others,  and  may  do  thee, 
Cedimus  inque  vicem,  Stc,  'tis  lex  talionis,  quid  pro  quo.  Go  now,  censure,  criti- 
cise, scoff,  and  rail, 

1  Nasutus  CIS  usque  licet,  sis  denique  nasus :         I  -yvert  tliou  all  scoffs  and  flouts,  a  very  Momus, 
Aon  potes  in  nugas  dicere  plura  meas,  -^.j^^^n  ^.^  ourselves,  thou  canst  not  say  worse  of  us. 

Ipse  ego  quam  dixi,  &c.  | 

Thus,  as  when  women  scold,  have  I  cried  whore  first,  and  in  some  men's  censures 
I  am  afraid  I  have  overshot  myself,  Laudare  se  vani.,  vitiqjerare  siulti,  as  I  do  not 
arrogate,  1  will  not  derogate.  Primus  vestriim  non  sum,  nee  imus,  I  am  none  of  the 
best,  I  am  none  of  the  meanest  of  you.  As  I  am  an  inch,  or  so  many  feet,  so  many 
parasangs,  after  him  or  him,  I  may  be  peradventure  an  ace  before  thee.  Be  it  there- 
fore as  it  is,  well  or  ill,  I  have  essayed,  put  myself  upon  the  stage ;  I  must  abide  the 
censure,  I  may  not  escape  it.  It  is  most  true,  stylus  virum  arguit,  our  style  bewrays 
us,  and  as  ^hunters  find  their  game  by  the  trace,  so  is  a  man's  genius  descried  by 
his  works,  Multo  melius  ex  sermone  quhm  lineamentis,  de  moribus  hominum  judi- 
cainus;  it  was  old  Cato's  rule.  I  have  laid  myself  open  (I  know  it)  in  this  treatise, 
turned  mine  inside  outward  :  I  shall  be  censured,  I  doubt  not;  for,  to  say  truth  with 
Erasmus,  nihil  tnorosius  hominum  judiciis,  there  is  nought  so  peevish  as  men's  judg- 

s^PrtEf.  ad  Syntax,  med.  s"  Until  a  later  ace  and  '  apes.    Lipsius  adversus  dialogist.  MUnoabsurdo 

a  happier  Int   produce  something  more   truly  grand.  '  dato  niille  sequuntur.  ^"^  Non  duhito  niultos  lec- 

*"  In   I,uc.   10.  torn.  2.        Tigniei  Gigantum  huniens  •  tores  hie  fore  stultos.  '  Martial,  13,  2.  2  Ut 

impositi  plusquam  ipsi  Gigantes  vident.  ""•  Nee  j  venatores  feram  6  vestigio  impresso,  virum  scriptiun- 

aranearum  textus  ideo  melior  quia  ex  se  fila  gignuntur,    culi     Lips. 
nee  noster  id  30  vilior,  quia  ex  alienis  libamus   ut ' 


22  -  Deinocrilus  to  the  Reader. 

inents ;  yet  this  is  some  comfort,  ut  palata,  sic  judicia.,  our  censures  are  as  various 
as  our  palates. 

.^  ...  .  ,.         .        .,  I    Three  eue3ls  1  have,  dissentins  at  my  feast, 

s  Tres  mihi  conviva;  prope  dissentire  videntur,  Uenuirins  each  to  gratify  his  taste 

Poscenles  vario  niultum  diversa  palato,  &;c.  With  different  food. 

Our  writings  are  as  so  many  dishes,  our  readers  guests,  our  books  like  beauty, 
that  which  one  admires  another  rejects  ;  so  are  we  approved  as  men's  fancies  are 
inclined.  Pro  captu  lectoris  habent  sua  fata  Ubelli.  Tliat  which  is  most  pleasing 
to  one  is  amaracum  sui,  most  harsh  to  another.  Quot  homines.,  tot  sententice,  so 
many  men,  so  many  minds  :  that  which  thou  condemnest  he  commends.  ■*  Quod 
petis,  id  sane  est  invisum  acidumque  duohiis.  He  respects  matter,  thou  art  wholly 
for  words ;  he  loves  a  loose  and  free  style,  thou  art  all  for  neat  composition,  strong 
lines,  hyperboles,  allegories ;  he  desires  a  fine  frontispiece,  enticing  pictures,  such  as 
*  Hieron.  Natali  the  Jesuit  hath  cut  to  the  Dominicals,  to  draw  on  the  reader's  atten- 
tion, A\hich  thou  rejectest ;  that  which  one  admires, another  explodes  as  most  absurd 
and  ridiculous.  If  it  be  not  pointblank  to  his  humour,  his  method,  his  conceit,  ^sl 
quid  for san  omissum,  quod  is  animo  conccpcrit,  si  quce  dictio,  &c.  If  aught  be  omit- 
ted, or  added,  which  he  likes,  or  dislikes,  thou  art  mancipium  paucce  lectioriis.,  an 
idiot,  an  ass,  nulhis  es,  or  plagiarius,  a  trifler,  a  trivant,  thou  art  an  idle  fellow ;  or 
else  it  is  a  thing  of  mere  hidustry,  a  collection  without  wit  or  invention,  a  very  toy. 
'  Facilia  sic  putant  omnes  qua  jam  facta.,  ncc  de  salcbris  cogitant,ubi  via  strata  ;  so 
men  are  valued,  their  labours  vilified  by  fellows  of  no  worth  themselves,  as  things 
of  nouglit,  who  could  not  have  done  as  much.  Unusquisque  abundat  sensu  sua., 
every  man  abounds  in  his  own  sense ;  and  whilst  each  particular  party  is  so  allected, 
how  should  one  please  all .'' 

sQuiddem?    quid  non  deml    Reiiuis  tu  quod  jubet  ille. 


-What  courses  must  I  chuse  ■? 


V^Miat  noti     What  both  would  order  you  refuse. 

How  shall  I  hope  to  express  myself  to  each  man's  humour  and  '  conceit,  or  to  give 
satisfaction  to  all .''  Some  imderstand  too  little,  some  too  much,  qui  similiter  in 
Icgendos  libros,  at  que  in  salutandos  homines  irruunt.,  non  cogit  antes  quale  s.,  scd  quibus 
vcstibus  induti  sint,  as  '"Austin  observes,  not  regarding  what,  but  who  write,  ^^  orexin 
habet  auctores  ccZe&n'tas,  not  valuing  the  metal,  but  stamp  that  is  upon  it,  Canfharum 
aspiciunt,  non  quid  in  eo.  If  he  be  not  rich,  in  great  place,  polite  and  brave,  a  great 
doctor,  or  full  fraught  with  grand  titles,  though  never  so  well  qualified,  he  is  a  dunce ; 
but,  as  '-Baronius  hath  it  of  Cardinal  Carafia's  works,  he  is  a  mere  hog  that  rejects 
any  man  for  his  poverty.  Some  are  too  partial,  as  friends  to  overween,  others  come 
with  a  prejudice  to  carp,  vilify,  detract,  and  scoff;  (qui  de  me  forsan,  quicquid  est., 
omni  contcmptu  contemptius  judicant)  some  as  bees  for  honey,  some  as  spiders  to 
gather  poison.  What  shall  I  do  in  this  case  ?  As  a  Dutch  host,  if  you  come  to  an 
inn  in  Germany,  and  dislike  your  fare,  diet,  lodging,  &c.,  replies  in  a  surly  tone, 
"  "•  aliud  tibi  qucrras  diver sorium^''''  if  you  like  not  this,  get  you  to  another  inn  :  I 
resolve,  if  you  like  not  my  writing,  go  read  something  else.  I  do  not  much  esteem 
thy  censure,  take  thy  course,  it  is  not  as  thou  Avilt,  nor  as  I  will,  but  when  we  have 
both  done,  that  of  "Plinius  Secundus  to  Trajan  will  prove  true,  "  Every  man's  v/itty 
labour  takes  not,  except  the  matter,  subject^  occasion,  and  some  commending  favour- 
ite happen  to  it."  If  I  be  taxed,  exploded  by  thee  and  some  such,  I  shall  haply  be 
approved  and  commended  by  others,  and  so  have  been  (Expertus  loquor),  and  may 
truly  say  with  '^  Jovius  in  like  case,  (absit  verbo  jactantia)  heroum  quorimdam.,  pon- 
tificum.,  et  virorum  nobilium  familiaritatem  et  amicitiam.,  gratasque  gratias,  et  multo- 
rum  "^  bene  laudatorum  lau'des  sum  inde  proineritus.,  as  I  have  been  honoured  by 
some  worthy  men,  so  have  I  been  vilified  by  others,  and  shall  be.  At  the  first  pub- 
iishing  of  tliis  book,  (which  '"Probus  of  Persius  satires),  editum  libnun  conlinuo 
mirari  homines,  aique  avide  deripere  cceperunt,  I  may  in  some  sort  apply  to  this  my 
work.  The  first,  second,  and  third  edition  were  suddenly  gone,  eagerly  read,  and, 
as  I  have  said,  not  so  much  approved  by  some,  as  scornfully  rejected  by  others 

"  Hor.        ■•  Hor.        6  Antwerp,  fol.  1607.        e  Mu-  I  dotera  ex  amplitudine  redituum  sordide  demetitur. 
retus.  ■?  Lipsius.  *■  Hor.  '^  Fieri  non  po-     i3  Erasm.  dial.  "Epist.  Vib.  6.     Cujusque  inge- 

test,  ut  quod  quisque  cogitat,  dicat  unus.  Muretus.  nium  non  statiin  emersit,  nisi  materia  faulor,  occasio, 
""Lib.  1.  de  ord.,  cap.  11.  "Erasmus.  '-An-     commendatorqueconlingat.       '» Pra;f  hist.       "Lau- 

nal.  Tom.  3.  ad  annum  360.    Est  porcus  ille  qui  sacer-  |  dari  ^  laudato  laus  est.  "  Vit.  Persii. 


Democrittis  to  the  Reader.  2  ^ 

Bu<  it  was  Democritus  his  fortune,  Idem  admirationi  et  ^"irnsioni  halitus.  'Twas 
Sfciieca's  fate,  that  superintendent  of  wit,  learning-,  judgment,  '^  ad  stuporem  doctus, 
the  best  of  Greek  and  Latin  writers,  in  Plutarch's  opinion ;  that  renowned  correc- 
tor of  vice,"  as  ^Tabius  terms  him,  "and  pamfu^  omniscious  philosopher,  that  writ 
so  excellently  and  admirably  well,"  could  not  please  all  parties,  or  escape  censure. 
Huw  is  he  vilified  by  ^'  Caligula,  Agellius,  Fabius,  and  Lispsius  himself,  his  chief 
prupugner  ?  In  eo  plcraque  pcrnitiosa,  saith  the  same  Fabius,  many  childish  tracts 
anxi  sentences  he  hath,  sermo  iUahoratiis,  too  negligent  often  and  remiss,  as  Agellius 
observes,  oratio  vulgaris  et  jjrotrita,  dicaces  et  inept(£,  senfe^itia;,  eruditio  plcheia, 
an  homely  shallow  writer  as  he  is.  In  partibus  spinas  et  fastidia  hahct,  saith  ^^  Lip- 
sius  ;  and,  as  in  all  his  other  works,  so  especially  in  his  epistles,  alice  in  argutiis  et 
incptiis  occupant ur,  intricatus  alicuM,  et  parum  composiius^  sine  copid^  reriim  hoc 
fecit,  he  jumbles  up  many  things  together  immethodically,  after  the  Stoics'  fashion, 
parum  ordinavit,  multa  accimiulavit,  &c.  If  Seneca  be  thus  lashed,  and  many  famous 
men  that  I  could  name,  what  shall  I  expect  ?  How  shall  I  that  am  vix  umhra  tanti 
philosophic  hope  to  please  ?  "  No  man  so  absolute  (^  Erasmus  holds)  to  satisfy  all, 
except  antiquity,  prescription,  &c.,  set  a  bar."  '  But  as  I  have  proved  in  Seneca,  this 
will  not  always  take  place,  how  shall  I  evade  ?  'Tis  the  common  doom  of  all  writers, 
■I  must  (I  say)  abide  it;  I  seek  not  applause;  "JVon  ego  ventoscB  venor  suffragia 
plehis  j  again,  non  sum  adeo  informis,  I  would  not  be  ^vilified. 

26 laudatus  abunde, 

Non  fastiditus  silibi,  lector,  ero. 

I  fear  good  men's  censures,  and  to  their  favourable  acceptance  I  submit  my  labours, 

27 et  linguas  mancipiorum 

Contemno. 

As  the  barking  of  a  dog,  I  securely  contemn  those  malicious  and  scurrile  obloquies, 
flouts,  calumnies  of  railers  and  detractors  ;  I  scorn  the  rest.  What  therefore  1  have 
said,  pro  tenuitatc  meu,  I  have  said. 

One  or  two  things  yet  I  was  desirous  to  have  amended  if  I  could,  concerning  the 
manner  of  handling  this  my  subject,  for  which  I  must  apologise,  dejirecari,  and 
upon  better  advice  give  the  friendly  reader  notice  :  it  was  not  mine  intent  to  prosti- 
tute my  muse  in  English,  or  to  divulge  secreta  Minervcc,  but  to  have  exposed  this 
more  contract  in  Latin,  if  I  could  have  got  it  printed.  Any  scurrile  pamphlet  is 
welcome  to  our  mercenary  stationers  in  English ;  they  print  all, 

cuduntque  libellos 

In  quorum  foliis  vix  simia  nuda  cacaret ; 

But  in  Latin  they  will  not  deal ;  which  is  one  of  the  reasons  ^^  Nicholas  Car,  in  his 
oration  of  the  paucity  of  English  writers,  gives,  that  so  many  flourishing  wits  are 
smothered  in  oblivion,  lie  dead  and  buried  in  this  our  nation.  Another  main  fault 
is,  that  I  have  not  revised  the  copy,  and  amended  the  style,  v/hich  now  flows  remissly, 
as  it  was  first  conceived ;  but  my  leisure  would  not  permit ;  Feci  nee  quod  potui,  nee 
quod  volui,  I  confess  it  is  neither  as  I  would,  nor  as  it  should  be. 

2^Ciim  relego  scripsisse  pudet,  quia  plurima  cerno     I         When  I  peruse  Ibis  tract  which  T  have  writ, 
Me  quoque  qua  fuerant  judice  digna  lini.  |         I  am  abash' d,  and  much  I  liold  unfit. 

Et  quod  gravissimmn,  in  the  matter  itself,  many  things  I  disallow  at  this  present, 
which  when  I  writ,  ^'^JVon  eadem  est  cetas,  non  mens ;  I  would  willingly  retract  much, 
&.C.,  but  'lis  too  late,  I  can  only  crave  pardon  now  for  what  is  amiss. 

I  might  indeed,  (had  I  wisely  done)  observed  that  precept  of  the  poet, nonum- 

qiie  premaiur  in  annum,  and  have  taken  more  care :  or,  as  Alexander  the  physician 
would  have  done  by  lapis  lazuli,  fifty  times  washed  before  it  be  used,  I  should  have 
revised,  corrected  and  amended  this  tract ;  but  I  had  not  (as  I  said)  that  happy  leisure, 
no  amanuenses  or  assistants.  Pancrates  in  ^'Lucian,  wanting  a  servant  as  he  went 
from  Memphis  to  Coptus  in  Egypt,  took  a  door  bar,  and  after  some  superstitious 

'»  Minuit  prsesentia  famara.  i9  Lipsius  .ludic.  de    turpe  frigide  laudari  ac  insectanter  vitnperari.     Pha- 

Peneca.  '-"Lib.   10.     Plurimum   studii,   niultam    vorinus  A.  Gel.  lib.  19,  cap.  2.  -i^Ovid,  trist.   11 

reruni  cognitionem.  ornnem  siudiorum  materiam,  &c.  i  eleg.  6.  ""Juven.  sat.  5.  2eA.ut   artis  inscii 

multa  in  eo  probanda,  niulta  admiranda.  '^'  Suet.  I  aut  qufestui  magis  quaiu  Uteris  student,  hab.  Cantab. 


Arena  sine  calce.       ,  '-'■' Introduct.  ad  Sen.  "3Ju 

du'.  de  Sen.  Vix  ali'quis  tarn  absoliitus,  ut  alteri  per 
omnia  satisfaciat,  nisi  longa  temporis  pra'scriptio,  se- 
niota  jiidicandi  libertale,  religione  quadam  animos 
iKcuparil.  a^Hor.   Ep.    1,   lib.    19.  ^^^que 


et  Lond.  Excus   1976.  2'j  Ovid,  de  pont.  Eleg.  1.  6 

soHor.  'JiTom.  3.     Philopseud.  accepto  pessulo 

quuni  carmen  quoddam  dixisset,  etfecit  ut  ambularei 
aqnam  bauriret,  urnara  pararet,  &.c. 


24 


Democritus  to  the  Reader. 


words  prononnced  (Eucrates  the  relator  was  then  present)  made  it  stand  up  like  a 
serving-man,  fetcli  him  water,  turn  the  spit,  serve  in  supper,  and  what  work  he  would 
besides ;  and  when  he  liad  done  that  service  he  desired,  turned  his  man  to  a  stick 
again.  I  have  no  such  skill  to  make  new  men  at  my  pleasure,  or  means  to  hire 
tliem ;  no  whistle  to  call  like  the  master  of  a  ship,  and  bid  them  run,  &t.c.  I  have 
no  such  authority,  no  such  benefactors,  as  that  noble  ^^Ambrosius  was  to  Origen, 
allowing  him  six  or  seven  amanuenses  to  Avrite  out  his  dictates  ;  I  must  for  that  cause 
do  my  business  myself,  and  was  therefore  enforced,  as  a  bear  doth  her  whelps,  to 
bring  forth  this  confused  lump ;  J  had  not  time  to  lick  it  into  form,  as  she  doth  her 
voung  ones,  but  even  so  to  publish  it,  as  it  was  first  written  qmcquid  in  huccam  ve~ 
nit,  in  an  extemporean  style,  as  ''^I  do  commonly  all  other  exercises,  ejfudi  quicquid 
diet av it  genius  metis,  out  of  a  confused  company  of  notes,  and  writ  with  as  small 
deliberation  as  I  do  ordinarily  speak,  without  all  affectation  of  big  words,  fustian 
phrases,  jingling  tenns,  tropes,  strong  lines, -that  like  ^^  Acesta's  arrows  caught  fire  as 
they  flew,  strains  of  wit,  brave  heats,  elogies,  hyperbolical  exornations,  elegancies, 
&.C.,  which  many  so  much  affect.  I  am  ^^aquoi  potor,  drink  no  wine  at  all,  which 
so  much  improves  our  modern  wits,  a  loose,  plain,  rude  writer,  ficuni,  vnco  ficum  ct 
ligonem  ligonem,  and  as  free,  as  loose,  idem  calamo  quod  in  mente,  ^I  call  a  spade  a 
spade,  cmimis  hccc  scribo,  non  cmrihus,  I  respect  matter  not  words ;  remembering  that 
of  Cardan,  verba  propter  res,  non  res  propter  verba  :  and  seeking  with  Seneca,  quid 
scribam,nonquemadmodum,  rather  ?f/«rt<  than  lioio  to  write  :  for  as  Philo  thinks,'^'  '-'•  He 
that  is  conversant  about  matter,  neglects  words,  and  those  that  excel  in  this  art  of 
speaking,  have  no  profound  learning, 

S8  Verba  nitcnt  phaleris,  at  nullus  verba  medullas 
Inlus  habent 

Besides,  it  was  the  observation  of  that  wise  Seneca,  ^'"  M'hen  you  see  a  fellow  careful 
about  his  words,  and  neat  in  his  speech,  know  this  for  a  certainty,  that  man's  mind 
is  busied  about  toys,  there's  no  solidity  in  him.  JVon  est  ornamentum  virile  concin- 
nitas:  as  he  said  of  a  nightingale,  vox  es,  prceterea  nihil,  &c.  I  am  therefore  in  this 
point  a  professed  disciple  of  "'"Apollonius  a  scholar  of  Socrates,  I  neglect  phrases, 
and  labour  wholly  to  inform  my  reader's  understanding,  not  to  please  his  ear ;  'tis 
not  my  study  or  intent  to  compose  neatly,  which  an  orator  requires,  but  to  express 
myself  readily  and  plainly  as  it  happens.  So  that  as  a  river  runs  sometimes  precipi- 
tate and  swift,  then  dull  and  slow  \  now  direct,  then  per  ambages ;  now  deep,  then 
shallow ;  now  muddy,  then  clear ;  now  broad,  then  naiTow ;  doth  my  style  flow  : 
now  serious,  then  light ;  now  comical,  then  satirical ;  now  more  elaborate,  then 
remiss,  as  the  present  subject  required,  or  as  at  that  time  I  was  afl'ected.  And  if 
thou  vouchsafe  to  read  this  treatise,  it  shall  seem  no  otherwise  to  thee,  tlian  the 
way  to  an  ordinary  traveller,  sometimes  fair,  sometimes  foul ;  here  champaign,  there 
inclosed ;  barren  in  one  place,  better  soil  in  another :  by  woods,  groves,  hills,  dales, 
plains,  &.C.  I  shall  lead  thee  per  ardua  montium,  et  lubrica  vallium,  el  roscida 
cespitur.i,  et  ^^ glcbosa  camporum,  through  variety  of  objects,  that  which  thou  shalt 
like  and  surely  dislike. 

For  the  matter  itself  or  method,  if  it  be  faulty,  consider  I  pray  you  that  of  Cohi- 
mella,  JYihil  perfectum,  aut  a  singulari  cpnsummatum  industrid,  no  man  can  observe 
all,  much  is  defective  no  doubt,  may  be  justly  taxed,  altered,  and  avoided  in  Galen, 
Aristotle,  those  great  masters.  JBoni  venatoris  ('^one  holds)  plures  feras  capere,  non 
omnes ;  he  is  a  good  huntsman  can  catch  some,  not  all :  I  have  done  my  endeavdTlr. 
Besides,  I  dwell  not  in  this  study,  JS^on  hie  sulcos  ducimus,  non  hoc  pulvere  desudamus, 
I  am  but  a  smatterer,  I  confess,  a  stranger,  ''^here  and  there  I  pull  a  flower;  I  do 
easily  grant,,  if  a  rigid  censurer  should  criticise  on  this  which  I  have  writ,  he  should 
not  find  three  sole  faults,  as  Scaliger  in  Terence,  but  three  hundred.     So  many  as 


«*  Ensebius,  eccles.  hist.  lib.  6.  »  Stans  pede  in 

U10,  as  he  made  verses.         34  Virg.         sjjijon  eadom 
ft  sUTiiino  e.xpectes,  minimoque  poeta.  s6  stylus 

hie  nullus,   prfeler   parrhesiam.  3'  Qui  rebus  se 

e.vercet,  verba   iiegligit,  et  qui  callet  artem  dicendi, 
nullam  disciplinam  jiabet  recofinitam.  s*  palin- 

genius.     Words  may  be  resplendent  with  ornament, 
but  they  contain  no  marrow  within.  ^■^  Cujuscun- 

que  orationem  vides  politam  e*  sollicitam,  scito  ani- 
mura  in  pusilis  occupatum,  in  scriptis  nil  solidum. 


Epist.  lib.  1.  21.  'o  Philostratus,  lib.  8.  vit.  Apol. 

Negligebat  oratoriam  facultatem,  et  penitus  asperna- 
batur  ejus  professores,  quod  linsuam  duntaxaf,  non 
autem  mentem  redderent  eruditioretn.  ^'  Ilic  enim, 
quod  Seneca  de  I'onto,  bos  herbam,  ciconia  larisam, 
canis  leporem,  virgo  fiorem  lesiat.  4^  I'et.  Nanniua 
not.  in  Hor.  i-i  Non  liir  colonus  domicilium  liabeo, 
sed  topiarii  in  morem,  liinc  inde  florein  vellico,  u'.  r  - 
nis  Nilum  lumbens. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  25 

he  hath  done  m  Cardan's  subleties,  as  many  notable  errors  as  '"Gul  Laurembergius,  a 
late  professor  of  Rostocke,  discovers  in  that  anatomy  of  Laurentius,  or  Barocius  the 
Venetian  in  Sacro  ioscus.  And  ahhough  this  be  a  sixth  edition,  in  which  I  shouhl 
have  been  more  accurate,  corrected  all  those  former  escapes,  yet  it  was  magni  laboris 
opus,  so  difhcult  and  tedious,  that  as  carpenter?  do  find  out  of  experience,  'tis  much 
better  build  a  new  sometimes,  than  repair  an  old  house  ;  I  could  as  soon  write  as 
much  more,  as  alter  that  which  is  written.  If  aught  therefore  be  amiss  (as  I  grant 
there  is),  I  require  a  friendly  admonition,  no  bitter  invective,  ^^Sint  musis  soch  Charites, 
Furia  omnis  ahesfo,  otherwise,  as  in  ordinary  controversies,  funem  contenfionls  necta- 
mus,  scd  cut  bono  ?  We  may  contend,  and  likely  misuse  each  other,  but  to  what 
purpose  ?     We  are  both  scholars,  say, 

*s Arcades  ambo  I         Both  youns  Arcadians,  both  alike  inspir'd 

Et  Cantare  pares,  et  respondere  parati.  |         To  sing  and  answer  as  the  song  requir'd. 

If  we  do  wrangle,  Avhat  shall  we  get  by  it  ?  Trouble  and  wrong  ourselves,  make 
sport  to  others.  If  I  be  convict  of  an  error,  I  will  yield,  I  will  amend.  Si  quid 
bonis  moribus,  si  quid  veritati  dissentanexun,  in  sacris  vel  humanis  Uteris  a  me  dictum 
sit,  id  nee  dictum  esto.  In  the  mean  time  I  require  a  favourable  censure  of  all  faults 
omitted,  harsh  compositions,  pleonasms  of  words,  tautological  repetitions  (though 
Seneca  bear  me  out,  nunquam  nimis  dicitur,  quod  nunquam  satis  dicitur)  perturbations 
of  tenses,  numbers,  printers'  faults,  £cc.  My  translations  are  sometimes  rather  para- 
phrases than  interpretations,  7ion  ad  verbum,  but  as  an  author,  I  use  more  liberty, 
and  that's  only  taken  which  Avas  to  my  purpose.  Quotations  are  often  inserted  in 
the  text,  which  makes  the  style  more  harsh,  or  in  the  margin  as  it  happened.  Greek 
authors,  Plato,  Plutarch,  Athenaeus,  8cc.,  I  have  cited  out  of  their  mterpreters,  because 
the  original  was  not  so  ready.  I  have  mingled  sacra  prophanis,  but  I  hope  not  pro- 
phaned,  and  in  repetition  of  authors'  names,  ranked  themj)er  accidcns,  not  according 
to  chronology ;  sometimes  Neotericks  before  Ancients,  as  my  memor\'  suggested. 
Some  things  are  here  altered,  expunged  in  this  sixth  edition,  others  amended,  much 
added,  because  many  good  ''^authors  in  all  kinds  are  come  to  my  hands  since,  and 
'tis  no  prejudice,  no  such  indecorum,  or  oversight. 

■ss  Nunquam  ita  quicquam  bene  subductS.  ratione  ad  vitam  fuit, 
Quin  res,  ietas,  usus,  semper  aliquid  apportent  novi, 
Aliquld  moneant,  ut  ilia  quEB  scire  te  credas,  nescias, 
Et  quE  tibi  putaris  prima,  in  exercendo  ul  repudias. 
Ne'er  was  ought  yet  at  first  contriv'd  so  fit, 
But  use,  age,  or  something  would  alter  it; 
Advise  thee  better,  and,  upon  peruse. 
Make  thee  not  say,  and  what  thou  tak'st  refuse 

But  I  am  now  resolved  never  to  put  this  treatise  out  again,  JVe  quid  nimis,  I  will  not 
hereafter  add,  alter,  or  retract;  I  have  done.  The  last  and  greatest  exception  is,  that 
I,  being  a  divine,  have  meddled  with  physic, 

<3  Tantumne  est  ab  re  tui  otii  tibi, 
Aliena  ut  cures,  eaque  niliil  quce  ad  te  attinent. 

Which  Menedemus  objected  to  Chremes  ;  have  I  so  much  leisure,  or  little  business 
of  mine  own,  as  to  look  after  other  men's  matters  which  concern  me  not  ?  What 
have  I  to  do  with  physic  ?  Quod  mcdicornm  est  promitfant  medici.  The  ^Lacede- 
monians wore  once  in  counsel  about  state-matters,  a  debauched  fellow  spake  excellent 
well,  and  to  the  purpose,  his  speech  was  generally  approved  :  a  grave  senator  steps 
up,  and  by  all  means  would  have  it  repealed,  though  good,  because  dehonestabatur 
pessimo  auctore,  it  had  no  better  an  author;  let  some  good  man  relate  the  same,  and 
then  it  should  pass.  This  counsel  was  embraced,  factum  est,  and  it  was  registered 
forthwith,  Et  sic  bona  scntcntia  mansit,  mains  auctor  mutatus  est.  Thou  sayest  as 
much  of  me,  stomachosus  as  thou  art,  and  grantest,  peradventure,  this  which  I  have 
written  in  physic,  not  to  be  amiss,  had  another  done  it,  a  professed  physician,  or  so , 
but  why  should  1  meddle  with  this  tract  ^  Hear  me  speak.  There  be  many  other 
subjects,  I  do  easily  grant,  both  in  humanity  and  divinity,  fit  to  be  treated  of.  of 
which  had  I  written  ad  ostentationcm  only,  to  show  myself,  I  should  have  rather 
chosen,  and  in  which  I  have  been  more  conversant,  I  could  have  more  willingly 

■H  Supra  bis  mille  notahiles  errores  Laurentii  de- I  Adelph.  <i*  Heaut.  Act  1.  seen.  1.  "O  Gellius 

monstravi,  &c.  *'=>  Philo  de  Con.  -"^  Virg.     lib.  18,  cap.  3. 

♦"  Frainbesa>ius,  Senneitus,  Ferandus,  &c.         -i^  Ter.  1 


26 


Democritus  to  the  Reader. 


luxuriated,  and  better  satisfied  myself  and  others;  but  tluit  at  this  timp  I  was  Tatally 
driven  upon  this  rock  of  melancholy,  and  carried  away  by  this  by-stream,  Avhich,  as  a 
riilet,  is  deducted  from  the  main  channel  of  my  studies,  in  which  I  have  pleased  and 
busied  myself  at  idle  hours,  as  a  subject  most  necessary  and  conmiodious.  Not  that 
I  prefer  it  before  divinity,  which  I  do  acknowledge  to  be  the  queen  of  professions, 
and  to  which  all  the  rest  are  as  handmaids,  but  that  in  divinity  1  saw  no  such  great 
need.  For  had  I  written  positively,  there  be  so  many  books  in  that  kind,  so  many 
commentators,  treatises,  pamphlets,  expositions,  sermons,  that  whole  teams  of  oxen 
cannot  draw  them ;  and  had  I  been  as  forward  and  ambitious  as  some  others,  I  might 
have  haply  printed  a  sermon  at  Paul's  Cross,  a  semion  in  St.  Marie's  Oxon,  a  sermon 
i:i  Christ-Church,  or  a  sermon  before  the  right  honourable,  right  reverend,  a  sermon 
before  the  right  worshipful,  a  sermon  in  Latin,  in  English,  a  sermon  with  a  name, 
a  sermon  witliout,  a  sermon,  a  sermon,  Stc.  But  I  have  been  ever  as  desirous  ic. 
suppress  my  labours  in  this  kind,  as  others  have  been  to  press  and  publisli  theirs. 
To  have  written  in  controversy  had  been  to  cut  off  an  hydra's  head,  ^'  lis  litem 
ge^erat,  one  begets  another,  so  many  duplications,  triplications,  and  swarms  of  ques- 
tions. In  sacro  hello  hoc  quod  stili  mucrone  agilur^  that  having  once  begun,  I  should 
never  make  an  end.  One  had  much  better,  as  *^  Alexander,  the  sixtk  pope,  long  since 
observed,  provoke  a  great  prince  than  a  begging  friar,  a  Jesuit,  or  a  seminary  priest, 
I  will  add,  for  inexpugnahile  genus  hoc  hominum^  they  are  an  irrefragable  society, 
they  must  and  will  have  the  last  word ;  and  that  with  such  eagerness,  impudence, 
abominable  lying,  falsifying,  and  bitterness  in  their  questions  they  proceed,  that  as 
he  ^ said, y^rorne  ccecus,  an  rapit  vis  acrior,  an  culpa,  responsum  date  ?  Blind  fury, 
or  error,  or  rashness,  or  Avhat  it  is  that  eggs  them,  I  know  not,  I  am  sure  many  times, 
which  ''^Austin  perceived  long  since,  tempestate  contentionis,  scrcnifas  charitatis 
ohnubilatur,  with  this  tempest  of  contention,  the  serenity  of  charity  is  overclouded, 
and  there  be  too  many  spirits  conjured  up  already  in  this  kind  in  all  sciences,  and 
more  than  wc  can  tell  how  to  lay,  which  do  so  furiously  rage,  and  keep  such  a 
racket,  that  as  ^^Fabius  said,  "It  had  been  much  better  for  some  of  them  to  have 
been  born  dumb,  and  altogether  illiterate,  than  so  far  to  dote  to  their  own  destruction. 

At  melius  fiierat  non  scribere,  namque  tacere'^ 
Tutuiii  semper  erit, 

'Tis  a  general  fault,  so  Severinus  the  Dane  complains  "in  physic,  "unhappy  men  as 
we  are,  we  spend  our  days  in  unprofitable  questions  and  disputations,"  intricate 
subtleties,  de  land  caprina  about  moonshine  in  the  water, "  leaving  in  the  mean  time 
those  chiefest  treasures  of  nature  untouched,  Avhercin  the  best  medicines  for  all 
manner  of  diseases  are  to  be  found,  and  do  not  only  neglect  them  ourselves,  but 
hinder,  condemn,  forbid,  and  scoff  at  others,  that  are  willing  to  inquire  after  them. 
These  motives  at  this  present  have  induced  me  to  make  choice  of  this  medicinal 
subject. 

If  any  physician  in  the  mean  time  shall  infer,  JVe  sutor  ultra  crepidam,  and  find 
himself  grieved  that  I  have  intruded  into  his  profession,  I  will  tell  him  in  brief,  I  do 
not  otherwise  by  them,  than  they  do  by  us.  If  it  be  for  their  advantage,  I  know 
many  of  their  sect  which  have  taken  orders,  in  hope  of  a  benefice,  'tis  a  connnon 
transition,  and  why  may  not  a  melancholy  divine,  that  can  get  notliing  but  by 
simony,  profess  physic  .^  Drusianus  an  Italian  (Crusianus,  but  corruptly,  Trithemius 
calls  him) '''^'"  because  he  was  not  fortunate  in  his  practice,  forsook  his  profession, 
and  writ  afterwards  in  divinity."  Marcilius  Ficinus  was  semel  et  simul ;  a  priest 
and  a  physician  at  once,  and  ^^T.  Linacer  in  his  old  age  took  orders.  The  Jesuits 
profess  both  at  this  time,  divers  of  them  permissu  superionun,  chirurgeons,  panders, 
bawds,  and  midwives,  &c.  Many  poor  country-vicars,  for  want  of  other  means,  are 
driven  to  their  shifts ;   to  turn  mountebanks,  quacksalvers,  empirics,  and  if  our 


5'  Et  inde  catena  quEedam  fit,  quae  hsredes  etiam 
Jicat.  Cardan.  Hensius.  ^2  Malle  se  bellum  cum 

magiio  priiicipe  ^erere,  quam   cum  uno  ex  fratrum 
niendicantium  ordine.  m  Hor.  epod.  lib.  od.  7. 

^  Epist.  b6,  ad  Casulam  presb.  ^  Lib.  12,  cap.  1. 

Mutos  nasci,  et  omiii  scientia  esere  satius  fuisset, 
qucLm  sic  in  prnpriam  perniciem  insanire.  ^  But 

tt  would  be  better  not  to  write,  for  silence  is  the  safer 
course.  '7  lofelis  mortahtas  inutilibus  qusstiou- 


ibus  ac  disceptationibus  vitam  traducimus,  natura; 
principes  thesauros,  in  quibus  pravissima!  niorborum 
medicinsE  collocat<B  sunt,  interim  intactos  relinquiiuus. 
Nee  Ipsi  solum  relinquimus,  sed  et  alios  proliilienms, 
impedimus,  condemnamus,  ludibrii.sque  atfirinius. 
^  Quod  in  pra.\i  miniine  fortunatus  asset,  iiifdirln;im 
reliquit,et  ordinibus  initlatus  in  Tlieologia  postmojuni 
scripsit.    Gesner  Bibliotheca.  "^  P.  Jovius. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader. 


27 


greedy  patrons  hold  us  to  such  hard  conditions,  as  commonly  they  do,  they  will 
make  most  of  us  work  at  some  trade,  as  Paul  did,  at  last  turn  taskers,  malt 
sters,  costermongers,  graziers,  sell  ale  as  some  have  done,  or  worse.  Howsoevei 
in  undertaking  this  task,  I  hope  1  shall  commit  no  great  error  or  indeconnn^  il'  all  be 
considered  aright,  I  can  vindicate  myself  with  Georgius  Braunus,  and  Hieron}inns 
Hemingius,  those  two  learned  divines ;  who  (to  borrow  a  line  or  two  of  muie  ^^ elder 
brotlier)  drawn  by  a  "natural  love,  the  one  of  pictures  and  maps,  prospectives  and 
corographical  dehghts,  writ  that  ample  theatre  of  cities ;  the  other  to  the  study  ot 
genealogies,  penned  thealrtim  gcnealogicumP''  Or  else  I  can  excuse  my  studies  with 
"Lessius  the  Jesuit  m  like  case.  It  is  a  disease  of  the  soul  on  which  I  am  to  ti-eat 
and  as  much  appertaining  to  a  divine  as  to  a  physician,  and  who  knows  not  whai 
an  agreement  there  is  betwixt  these  two  professions  ?  A  good  divine  either  is  or 
ought  to  be  a  good  physician,  a  spiritual  physician  at  least,  as  our  Saviour  calls 
himself,  and  was  indeed,  Mat.  iv.  23  ;  Luke,  v.  18  ;  Luke,  v4i.  8.  They  difier  but  in 
object,  the  one  of  the  body,  the  other  of  the  soul,  and  use  divers  medicmes  to  cure ; 
one  amends  animam  per  corpus^  the  other  corpus  per  animajn,  as  ^■^our  Regius  Pro- 
fessor of  physic  well  informed  us  in  a  learned  lecture  of  his  not  long  since.  One 
lielps  the  vices  and  passions  of  the  soul,  anger,  lust,  desperation,  pride,  presumption, 
&c.  by  applying  that  spiritual  physic ;  as  the  other  uses  proper  remedies  in  bodily 
diseases.  Now  this  being  a  common  infirmity  of  body  and  soul,  and  such  a  one 
that  hath  as  much  need  of  spiritual  as  a  corporal  cure,  I  could  not  find  a  fitter  task 
to  busy  myself  about,  a  more  apposite  theme,  so  necessarj",  so  commodious,  and 
generally  concerning  all  sorts  of  men,  that  should  so  equally  participate  of  both,  and 
require  a  whole  physiciari.  A  divme  in  this  compound  mixed  malady  can  do  little 
alone,  a  physician  in  some  kinds  of  melancholy  much  less,  both  make  an  absolute 
cure. 


63Alterius  sic  altera  poscit  opem. 


-when  in  friendship  joined 


I  A  mutual  succour  in  each  other  find. 

And  'tis  proper  to  them  both,  and  I  hope  not  unbeseeming  me,  Avho  am  by  my  pro- 
fession a  divine,  and  by  mine  inclination  a  physician.  I  had  Jupiter  in  my  sixth 
house;  I  say  with  "Beroaldus,  7ion  sum  medicus,  ncc  medicina>.  prorsus  expcrs,  in 
the  theory  of  physic  I  have  taken  some  pains,  not  with  an  intent  to  practice,  jbut  to 
satisfy  myself,  which  was  a  cause  likewise  of  the  first  undertaking  of  this  subject. 

If  these  reasons  do  not  satisfy  thee,  good  reader,  as  Alexander  Olunificus  that 
bountiful  prelate,  sometimes  bishop  of  Lincoln,  when  he  had  built  six  castles,  ad 
invidiam  opcris  eluendam^  saith  ^^Mr.  Camden,  to  take  away  the  emy  of  his  work 
( which  xery  words  Nubrigensis  hath  of  Roger  the  rich  bishop  of  Salisbury,  who  in 
king  Stephen's  time  built  Shirburn  castle,  and  that  of  Devises),  to  divert  the  scandal 
or  imputation,  Avhich  might  be  thence  uaferred,  built  so  many  religious  houses.  If 
this  my  discourse  be  over-medicinal,  or  savour  too  much  of  humanity,  I  promise 
thee  that  I  Avill  hereafter  make  thee  amends  in  some  treatise  of  divinity.  But  this  I 
hope  shall  suffice,  when  you  have  more  fully  considered  of  the  matter  of  this  my 
subject,  rem  siihstratam,  melancholy,  madness,  and  of  the  reasons  following,  which 
were  my  chief  motives :  the  generality  of  the  disease,  the  necessity  of  the  cure,  and 
tlie  commodity  or  common  good  that  will  arise  to  all  men  by  the  knowledge  of  it, 
as  shall  at  large  appear  in  the  ensuing  preface.  And  I  doubt  not  but  that  in  the  end 
you  will  say  with  me,  that  to  anatomise  this  humour  aright,  through  all  the  members 
of  this  our  Microcosmus,  is  as  great  a  task,  as  to  reconcile  those  chronological  errors 
in  the  Assyrian  monarchy,  find  out  the  quadrature  of  a  circle,  the  creeks  and  sounds 
of  the  north-east,  or  north-west  passages,  and  all  out  as  good  a  discover}"  as  that 
hungr\-  *^  Spaniard's  of  Terra  Australis  Incognita,  as  great  trouble  as  to  perfect  the 
motion  of  Mars  and  Mercury,  which  so  crucifies  our  astronomers,  or  to  rectify  the 
Gregorian  Kalender.     I  am  so  affected  for  my  part,  and  hope  as  ^Theophrastiis  did 


•»  M.  W.  Burton,  preface  to  his  description  of  Leices- 
te*»hire,  printed  at  London  by  W.  Jaseard,  for  J. 
White,  10-22.  oi  Jn  Hygiasticon,  neqiie  enim  hic 

tractatio  aliena  videri  debet  k  theologo,  fcc.  agitur  de 
morbo  animse.  <»  d.  Clavton  in  comitiis,  anno 

ld21.  63Hor.  "Lib.  de  pestil.  «^InNewarlt 
in  Nottinchamshlre.  Cum  duo  edjticasset  castella,  ad 
ollendam  struciiouis  invidiam,  et  expiandam  macu- 


1am,  duo  instituit  ctEnobia,  et  collegis  reliaiosi;^  imple- 
vit.  <^  Ferdinando  de  Quir.  anno  161-2.     Amster- 

dam! impress.  C7  praefat.  ad  Characteres  :  Spero 

enim  (O  Policies)  libros  nostros  nieliores  inde  futuroe, 
quod  istiusrnodi  memoriae  mandata  reliquerimus,  ex 
preceptis  et  exemplis  nostris  ad  vitara  accommodatiat 
nt  se  inde  corrigant. 


28  hemocritus  to  the  Reader. 

by  his  characters,  "  That  our  posterit)',  O  friend  Policies,  shall  be  the  better  for  this 
which  we  have  written,  by  correcting  and  rectifying  what  is  amiss  in  themselves  by 
our  examples,  and  applying  our  precepts  and  cautions  to  their  own  use."  And  as  that 
great  captain  Zisca  would  have  a  drum  made  of  his  skin  when  he  was  dead,  because  he 
thought  the  very  noise  of  it  would  put  his  enemies  to  flight,  I  doubt  not  but  that  these 
following  lines,  when  they  shall  be  recited,  or  hereafter  read,  will  drive  away  melan- 
choly (though  1  be  gone)  as  much  as  Zisca's  drum  could  terrify  his  loes.  Yet  one 
caution  let  me  give  by  the  way  to  my  present,  or  my  future  reader,  who  is  actually 
melancholy,  that  he  read  not  tlie  *^*  symptoms  or  prognostics  in  this  following  tract, 
lest  by  applying  that  which  he  reads  to  himself,  aggravating,  appropriating  things 
generally  spoken,  to  his  own  person  (as  melancholy  men  for  the  most  part  do)  he 
trouble  or  hurt  himself,  and  get  in  conclusion  more  hann  than  good.  I  advise  them 
therefore  warily  to  peruse  that  tract,  Lapides  loquitur  (so  said  '^'^  Agrippa  de  occ.  Phil.) 
et  cavcant  lectores  ne  cerebrum  Us  exculiat.  TJie  rest  I  doubt  not  they  may  securely 
read,  and  to  their  benefit.     But  I  am  over-tedious,  I  proceed. 

Of  the  necessity  and  generality  of  tliis  which  I  have  said,  if  any  man  doubt,  I  shall 
desire  him  to  make  a  brief  survey  of  the  world,  as  ™  Cyprian  adviseth  Donat,  '"sup- 
posing himself  to  be  transported  to  the  top  of  some  high  mountain,  and  thence  to  be- 
hold the  tumults  and  chances  of  this  wavering  world,  he  cannot  chuse  but  either 
laugh  at,  or  pity  it."  S.  Hierom  out  of  a  strong  imagination,  being  in  the  wilder- 
ness, conceived  with  himself,  that  he  then  saw  them  dancing  in  Rome ;  and  if  thou 
shalt  either  conceive,  or  climb  to  see,  thou  shalt  soon  perceive  that  all  the  world  is 
mad,  that  it  is  melancholy,  dotes  ;  that  it  is  (which  Epichthonius  Cosmopolites  ex- 
pressed not  many  years  since  in  a  map)  made  like  a  fool's  head  (with  that  motto.  Ca- 
put hellehoro  dignum)  a  crazed  head,  cavca  stuUorum^  a  fool's  paradise,  or  as  Apol- 
lonius,  a  common  prison  of  gulls,  cheaters,  flatterers,  Slc.  and  needs  to  be  reformed. 
Strabo  in  the  ninth  book  of  his  geography,  compares  Greece  to  the  picture  of  a  man, 
wliich  comparison  of  his,  Nic.  Gerbelius  in  his  exposition  of  Sophianus'  map,  ap- 
proves ;  the  breast  lies  open  from  those  Acroceraunian  hills  in  Epirus,  to  the  Sunian 
promontory  in  Attica ;  Pagae  and  JMagoera  are  the  two  shoulders ;  that  Isthmus  of 
Corinth  the  neck ;  and  Peloponnesus  the  head.  If  this  allusion  hold,  'tis  sure  a 
mad  head  ;  Morea  may  be  Moria ;  and  to  speak  wliat  I  think,  the  inhabitants  of 
modern  Greece  swerve  as  much  from  reason  and  true  religion  at  this  day,  as  that 
Morea  doth  from  the  picture  of  a  man.  Examine  the  rest  in  like  sort,  and  you  shall 
find  that  kingdoms  and  provinces  are  melancholy,  cities  and  families,  all  creatures, 
vegetal,  sensible,  and  rational,  that  all  sorts,  sects,  ages,  conditions,  are  out  of  tune, 
as  in  Cebes'  table,  omncs  crrorcm  hlhmU.,  before  they  come  into  the  world,  they  are 
intoxicated  by  error's  cup,  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest  have  need  of  physic,  and 
those  particular  actions  in  "  Seneca,  where  father  and  son  prove  one  another  mad, 
may  be  general ;  Porcius  Latro  shall  plead  against  us  all.  For  indeed  who  is  not  a 
fool,  melancholy,  mad  ? — ^^  Qui  nil  moUtur  incpte,  who  is  not  brain-sick  .?  Folly, 
melancholy,  madness,  are  but  one  disease,  Delirium  is  a  common  name  to  all.  Alex- 
ander, Gordonius,  Jason  Pratensis,  Savanarola,  Guianerius,  Montaltus,  confound  them 
as  dirtering  secundum  mngis  et  minus ;  so  doth  David,  Psal.  xxxvii.  5.  "  I  said 
unto  the  fools,  deal  not  so  madly,"  and  'twas  an  old  Stoical  paradox,  ojnncs  stultos 
insanire,  '^a\\  fools  are  mad,  though  some  madder  than  others.  And  who  is  not  a 
fool,  who  is  free  from  melancholy  }  Who  is  not  touched  more  or  less  in  habit  or 
disposition  ?  If  in  disposition,  "  ill  dispositions  beget  habits,  if  they  persevere,"  saith 
"Plutarch,  habits  either  are,  or  turn  to  diseases.  'Tis  the  same  which  Tully  main- 
tains in  the  second  of  his  Tusculans,  omnium  insipientum  animi  in  morho  sunt,  et  per- 
iurbaforum,  fools  are  sick,  and  all  that  are  troubled  in  mind :  for  what  is  sickness, 
but  as  '"Gregory  Tholosanus  defines  it,  "A  dissolution  or  perturbation  of  the  bodily 
league,  which  health  combines  :"  and  who  is  not  sick,  or  ill-disposed  ?  in  whom  doth 

6-<Part  1.  sect.  3.  63  PrEf.  lectori.  'oEp.  2.  i  Satyra  3.    Damaslppus  Stoicus  probat  omnes  siultos 

I.  2.  ad  Donatum.     Paulisper  te  crede  subduciin  ardui    insanire.  '<Tom.  2.  synipos.  lib.  5.  c.  6.     Aiiirni 

montis  verticem  celsiorem,  speculare  inde  reriim  ja-  afiectiones,  si  diutius  inhsereant.  pravos  peiierant  ha- 
centium  facies,  et  oculis  m  diversa  porrectis,  fliictu-  ,  bitus.  '"Lib.  28,  cap.  1.  Synt.  art.  mir.     Morbus 

amis  inundi  turbines  intuere,  jam  simul  ant  ridebis  nihil  est  aliud  quam  dissolutjo  qua;dain  ac  perturbatio 
But  miserebcrLs,  _&c.  "  Controv.  1.  2.  cont.  7.  et  I  foederis  in  corpore  existentis,  sicut  et  sanitaa  est  con- 

1.  6.  cont.  "^Horatius.  '-^Idein,  llor.  1.  2.  |  seulientis  beue  corporis  cousumiuatio  quisdaiu. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  29 

not  passion,  anger,  envy,  discontent,  fear  and  sorrow  reign  ?  Who  labours  not  of  this 
disease  ?  Give  me  but  a  little  leave,  and  you  shall  see  by  what  testimonies,  con- 
fessions, arguments,  I  will  evince  it,  that  most  men  are  mad,  that  they  had  as  much 
need  to  go  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Anticyrae  (as  in  '^Strabo's  time  they  did)  as  in  our 
days  they  run  to  Compostella,  our  Lady  of  Sichem,  or  Lauretta,  to  seek  for  help ; 
that  it  is  like  to  be  as  prosperous  a  voyage  as  that  of  Guiana,  and  that  there  is  much 
more  need  of  hellebore  than  of  tobacco. 

That  men  are  so  misaffected,  melancholy,  mad,  giddy-headed,  hear  the  testimony 
of  Solomon,  Eccl.  ii.  12.  "  And  I  turned  to  behold  wisdom,  madness  and  folly," 
&c.  And  ver.  23  :  "  AH  his  days  are  sorrow,  his  travel  grief,  and  his  heart  Jaketh 
no  rest  in  the  night."  So  that  take  melancholy  in  what  sense  you  will,  properly 
or  improperly,  in  disposition  or  habit,  for  pleasure  or  for  pain,  dotage,  discontent, 
fear,  sorrow,  madness,  for  part,  or  all,  truly,  or  metaphorically,  'tis  all  one.  Laugh- 
ter itself  is  madness  according  to  Solomon,  and  as  St.  Paul  hath  it,  "  Worldly  soitow 
brings  death."  "•  The  hearts  of  the  sons  of  men  are  evil,  and  madness  is  in  their 
hearts  while  they  live,"  Eccl.  ix.  3.  "  Wise  men  themselves  are  no  better."  Eccl.  i. 
18.  "In  the  multitude  of  wisdom  is  much  giief,  and  he  that  increaseth  wisdom 
increaseth  sorrow,"  chap.  ii.  17.  He  hated  life  itself,  nothing  pleased  him  :  he  hated 
liis  labour,  all, as  "he  concludes,  is  "  sorrow, grief,  vanity,  vexation  of  spirit."  And 
though  he  were  the  wisest  man  in  the  world,  sanctiiarium  sapicnticp,  and  had  M-isdom 
in  abundance,  he  will  not  vindicate  himself,  or  justify  his  own  actions.  "  Surely  I 
am  more  foolish  than  any  man,  and  have  not  the  understanding  of  a  man  in  me," 
Prov.  XXX.  2.  Be  they  Solomon's  words,  or  the  words  of  Agur,  the  son  of  Jakeh, 
they  are  canonical.  David,  a  man  after  God's  own  heart,  confesseth  as  much  of 
himself,  Psal.  xxxvii.  21,22.  "  So  foolish  was  I  and  ignorant,  I  was  even  as  a  beast  be- 
fore thee."  And  condemns  all  for  fools,  Psal.  xciii. ;  xxxii.  9  ;  xlix.  20.  He  com- 
pares them  to  "  beasts,  horses,  and  mules,  in  which  there  is  no  imderstanding."  The 
apostle  Paul  accuseth  himself  in  like  sort,  2  Cor.  ix.  21.  "I  would  you  would  suifer 
a  little  my  foolishness,  I  speak  foolishly."  "  The  whole  head  is  sick,"  saith  Esay, 
'•  and  the  heart  is  heav\^,"  cap.  i.  5.  And  makes  lighter  of  them  than  of  oxen  and 
asses,  "  the  ox  knows  his  owner,"  Sec. :  read  Deut.  xxxii.  6  ;  Jer.  iv. ;  Amos,  iii.  1 ; 
Ephes.  V.  6.  "  Be  not  mad,  be  not  deceived,  foolish  Galatians,  who  hath  bewitched 
you  ?"  How  often  are  they  branded  with  this  epithet  of  madness  and  folly  ^  No 
word  so  frequent  amongst  the  fathers  of  the  Church  and  divines  •,  you  may  see  what 
an  opinion  they  had  of  the  world,  and  how  they  valued  men's  actions. 

I  know  that  we  think  far  otherwise,  and  hold  them  most  part  wise  men  that  are 
in  authority,  princes,  magistrates,  '*  rich  men,  they  are  wise  men  born,  all  politicians 
and  statesmen  must  needs  be  so,  for  who  dare  speak  against  them }  And  on  the 
other,  so'  corrupt  is  our  judgment,  we  esteem  wise  and  honest  men  fools.  Which 
Democritus  well  signified  in  an  epistle  of  his  to  Hippocrates  :  "^  the  "  Abderites 
account  virtue  madness,"  and'so  do  most  men  living.  Shall  I  tell  you  the  reason  of 
it  ?  ^Fortune  and  Virtue,  Wisdom  and  Folly,  their  seconds,  upon  a  time  contended 
in  the  Olympics  ;  every  man  thought  that  Fortune  and  Folly  would  have  the  worst, 
and  pitied  their  cases ;  but  it  fell  out  otherwise.  Fortune  was  blind  and  cared  not 
where  she  stroke,  nor  whom,  without  laAvs,  Jludahatariim  instar.,  &.c.  Folly,  rash 
and  inconsiderate,  esteemed  as  little  what  she  said  or  did.  Virtue  and  Wisdom  gave 
*'  place,  were  hissed  out,  and  exploded  by  the  common  people ;  Folly  and  Fortune 
admired,  and  so  are  all  their  followers  ever  since :  knaves  and  fools  commonly  fare 
aiid  deserve  best  in  worldlings'  eyes  and  opinions.  ]\Lany  good  men  have  no  better 
fate  in  their  ages  :  Achish,  1  Sam.  xxi.  14,  held  David  for  a  madman.  ^'Elisha  and 
the  rest  were  no  otherwise  esteemed.  David  was  derided  of  the  common  people, 
Ps.  ix.  7,  "  I  am  become  a  monster  to  m.any."  And  generally  we  are  accounted  fools 
(or  Christ,  1  Cor.  xiv.  "  We  fools  thought  his  life  madness,  and  his  end  without 
honour,"  Wisd.  v.  4.     Christ  and  his  Apostles  were  censured  in  like  sort,  John  x. ; 

"5  Lib.  9.  Geosr.  Plures  olim  gentes  navisabant  illuc  I  stultitiam.  Sed  prater  expectationem  res  evenit,  An- 
saniiatis  causa.  -  Eccles.  i.  21.  "i^  Jure  haeredi-  das  stultitia  in  earn  irruit,  &.c.  ilia  cedit  irrisa,  et 
tario  sapere  jubentur.     Euphormio  Satyr.         i-iApud    plures  hinc  habet  sectatores  stultitia.  "'  Non  est 

-juos  virtus,  insania  et  furnr  esse  dicitur.  "Cal-    respondendum  stuUo  secundum  stultitiam.  "-^ 

tagninus  Apol.  omnes  niirabautur,  pulantes  illisam  iri  1  Reg.  7. 

c  2 


30 


Democritus  to  the  Reader. 


Mark  iii.;  Acts  xxvi.  And  so  were  all  Christians  in  ^'^  Pliny's  time,  fuerunt  ct  aVn 
similis  dementice,  &c.  And  called  not  long  after,  ^■'  Vesanice  sccfatores.,  evcrsorcs  homi- 
mi7n,  polluti  novatores,  fa7iatici,  canes,  malejici,  venefici,  Galilcci  homunciones,  &c. 
'Tis  an  ordinary  thing  with  us,  to  account  honest,  devout,  orthodox,  divine,  religious, 
plain-dealing  men,  idiots,  asses,  that  cannot,  or  Avill  not  lie  and  dissemble,  shift,  flatter, 
accommodare  se  ad  eum  locum  uhi  nati  sunfj  make  good  bargains,  supplant,  thrive, 
pafronis  inservire  ;  solennes  ascendendi  modos  apprc/icndere,  leges,  7norcs,  consuetu- 
dines  recfe  ohservare,  candide  laudare^fortiler  defcndcre,  scnteyitias  amplecti,  dubi- 
tare  de  nulliis,  credere  omnia,  accipere  omnia,  nihil  reprehendcre.,  ca-ieraque  qucz 
promotionem  ferunt  ei  securitatem,  qucc  sine  ambage  fcclicem,  rcddunt  Jmninenu  et 
vere  sapientem  apud  nos ;  that  cannot  temporise  as  other  men  do,  *'*  hand  and  take 
bribes,  &c.  but  fear  God,  and  make  a  conscience  of  their  goings.  But  tlie  Holy 
Ghost  that  knows  better  how  to  judge,  he  calls  them  fools.  "The  fool  hath  said 
in  his  heart,"  Psal.  liii.  1.  "  And  their  ways  utter  their  folly,"  Psal.  xlix.  14.  "  ^  For 
what  can  be  more  mad,  than  for  a  little  worldly  pleasure  to  procure  unto  themselves 
eternal  punishment  ?"     As  Gregory  and  others  inculcate  unto  us. 

Yea  even  all  those  great  philosophers  the  world  hath  ever  had  in  admu-ation,  whose 
works  we  do  so  much  esteem,  that  gave  precepts  of  wisdom  to  others,  inventors  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  Socrates  the  wisest  man  of  his  time  by  the  Oracle  of  Apollo, 
whom  his  two  scholars,  ^^  Plato  and  ^^Xenophon,  so  much  extol  and  magnify  with 
those  honourable  titles,  "best  and  wisest  of  all  mortal  men,  the  happiest,  and 
most  just ;"  and  as  *^  Alcibiades  incomparably  commends  him ;  Achilles  was  a 
worthy  man,  but  Bracides  and  others  were  as  worthy  as  himself;  Antenor  and  Nes- 
tor were  as  good  as  Pericles,  and  so  of  the  rest ;  but  none  present,  before,  or  after 
Socrates,  nemo  veterjtm  neque  eorum  qui  nunc  sunt,  were  ever  such,  will  match,  or 
come  near  him.  Those  seven  wise  men  of  Greece,  those  Britain  Druids,  Indian 
Brachmanni,  ^Ethiopian  Gymnosophist,  Magi  of  the  Persians,  Apf)lIonius,  of  whom 
Philostratus,  JVon  doctus^  scd  natus  sapiens,  wise  from  his  cradle,  Eoicurus  so  mucli 
admired  by  his  scholar  Lucretius  : 

Qui  sonus  humaniini  insenio  superavit,  et  omnes      I      Whose  wit  excell'd  the  wits  of  m'^n  as  far, 
Perstrinxit  Stellas  exortus  lit  a>thcrius  sol.  |      As  the  sun  rising  doth  obscure  h  star. 

Or  that  so  much  renowned  Empedocles, 

*"  Ut  vix  humana  videatur  stirpe  creatus. 

All  those  of  v/hom  we  read  such  ^'  hyperbolical  eulogiums,  as  of  Aristotle,  that  he 
was  Avisdom  itself  in  the  abstract,  ^-'a  miracle  of  nature,  breathing  libraries,  as  Euna- 
pius  of  Longinus,  lights  of  nature,  giants  for  wit,  quintessence  of  wit,  divine  spirits, 
eagles  in  the  cloxids,  fallen  from  heaven,  gods,  spirits,  lamps  of  the  world,  dictators, 
.V»//rt  fcrant  talem  secla  futura  vinim  :  monarchs,  miracles,  superintendents  of  wit 
and  learning,  oceanus^  phccjiix,  atlas,  monstrum,  portentum  hominis,  orhii  universi 
nviscEum,  ullimus  humana  naluriB  ^onatus,  natures  maritus. 


-meritb  cui  doctior  orliis 


Submissis  defert  fuscibus  iniperium. 

As  ^lian  writ  of  Protagoras  and  Gorgias,  we  may  say  of  them  all,  tanfum  a  sapientibus 
abfuerunt,  quantum  a  viris  pueri.,  they  were  children  in  respect,  infants,  not  eagles, 
but  kites ;  novices,  illiterate,  Eiinuchi  sapientice.  And  although  they  were  the 
Avisest,  and  most  admired  in  their  age,  as  he  censured  Alexander,  I  do  them,  there 
were  10,000  in  his  army  as  worthy  captains  (had  they  been  in  place  of  command)  as 
valiant  as  himself;  there  were  myriads  of  men  wiser  in  those  days,  and  yet  all  short 
of  what  they  ought  to  be.  ^^Lactantius,  in  his  book  of  wisdom,  proves  them  to  be 
dizards,  fools,  asses,  madmen,  so  full  of  absurd  and  ridiculous  tenets,  and  brain-sick 
positions,  that  to  his  thinkiiig  never  any  old  woman  or  sick  person  doted  worse. 
^^  Democritus  took  all  from  Leucippus,  and  left,  saith  he, "  the  inheritance  of  his  folly 


«;  T.ib.  10.  ep.  97.  «  Au?.  ep.  178.  »  Quis 

n'si  mentis  inops,  &c.  *■•*  Quid  insaniiis  qnam  pro 

nionipiitanea  felicitate  a-ternis  te  niancipare  siippliciis'! 
^  In  fine  I'iuTdonis.  Hie  finis  fuit  ainici  nostri  6  Eii- 
crates,  nostro  quideni  judicio  omnium  quos  experti 
sumus  optinii  et  apprime  sapic.nissinii,  et  justissimi. 
*«•  Xenop.  I.  4.  Ho  djctis  Socratis  ad  finem.  talis  fuit 
P -crates  qu«».M  omnium  optimum  et  frelicissimuni  sta- 
tuam.  'x  Lib.  25.  Platonis  Convivio.  *  Lu- 

retius.  si  Anaxagoras  oliiu  mens  dictus  ab  anti- 


quis.  *■  Heeula  naturs,  natur.T  mirarulum,  ippa 

eruditio  da'monium  hominis,  sol  scientiarum.  mare, 
Sophia,  antistes  literarum  et  sapientia>,  iil  Scioppius 
olr.„  ^^  Seal,  et  Ileinsius.  Aqnila  In  nnbilms,  Impc- 
rator  literatorum,  columen  literarum,  abys^iis  erudi- 
tionis,  ocellus  Europa-,  Sealiper.  *^*  Lib. ."?.  de  sap 

c.  17.  et  20.  omnes  Philosoplii.  avit  stniti,  aut  insani ; 
nulla  anus  nullus  a-ger  ineptiiis  deliravit.  x  !>*- 

moeritus  &  Leucippo  doctus,  ba^redilatem  stultiim 
reliquit  Epic. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  31 

to  Epicurus,"  ^^insanienH  dum  sapienticB,  &c.  The  like  he  holds  ot  Plato,  Aristippus. 
and  the  rest,  making  no  ditFerence  ^"  betwixt  them  and  beasts,  saving  that  they  could 
speak."  ^^Theodoret  in  his  tract,  De  cur.  grcc.  affect,  manifestly  evinces  as  much 
of  Socrates,  whom  though  that  Oracle  of  Apollo  confirmed  to  be  the  wisest  man 
then  living,  and  saved  him  from  plague,  whom  2000  years  have  admired,  of  whom 
some  Avill  as  soon  speak  evil  as  of  Christ,  yet  re  vera,  he  was  an  illiterate  idiot,  as 
^Aristophanes  calls  him,  irjiscor  et  ambitiosus,  as  his  master  Aristotle  terms  him, 
scurra  Jitticus,  as  Zeno,  an  ^^  enemy  to  all  arts  and  sciences,  as  Athaeneus,  to  philoso- 
phers and  travellers,  an  opiniative  ass,  a  caviller,  a  kind  of  pedant ;  for  his  manners, 
as  Theod.  Cyrensis  describes  him,  a  ®^  sodomite,  an  atheist,  (so  convict  by  Anytus) 
iracwidns  et  ebrms,  dicax.,  &c.  a  pot-companion,  by  "*  Plato's  own  confession,  a 
sturdy  drinker ;  and  that  of  all  others  he  was  most  sottish,  a  very  madman  in  his 
actions  and  opinions.  "Pythagoras  was  part  philosopher,  part  magician,  or  part  witch. 
If  you  desire  to  hear  more  of  Apollonius,  a  gi-eat  wise  man,  sometime  paralleled  by 
Julian  the  apostate  to  Christ,  I  refer  you  to  that  learned  tract  of  Eusebius  against 
Hierocles,  and  for  them  all  to  Lucian's  Piscator,  Icaromcnippus,  A^cci/omajitia  .-"their 
actions,  opinions  in  general  were  so  prodigious,  absurd,  ridiculous,  Avhich  they 
broached  and  maintained,  their  books  and  elaborate  treatises  were  full  of  dotage, 
whicli  TuUy  ad  Atticum  long  since  observed,  delirani  plerumq ;  scriptores  in  Ubris 
suis,  their  lives  being  opposite  to  their  words,  they  commended  poverty  to  others, 
and  were  most  covetous  themselves,  extolled  love  and  peace,  and  yet  persecuted  one 
another  with  virulent  hate  and  malice.  They  could  give  precepts  for  verse  and 
prose,  but  not  a  man  of  them  (as  'Seneca  tells  them  honie)  could  moderate  his  affec- 
tions. Their  music  did  show  us  fcbiles  rnodos,  &c.  how  to  rise  and  fall,  but  they 
could  not  so  contain  themselves  as  in  adversity  not  to  make  a  lamentable  tone. 
They  will  measure  ground  by  geometr\-,  set  down  limits,  divide  and  subdivide,  but 
cannot  yet  prescribe  quantum  Jwmini  satis,  or  keep  within  compass  of  reason  ana 
discretion.  They  can  square  circles,  but  understand  not  the  state  of  their  own  souls, 
describe  right  lines  and  crooked,  &c.  but  knoAv  not  what  is  right  in  this  life,  quid  in 
vita  rectum  sit,  ignorant ;  so  that  as  he  said,  JVescio  an  Jlnticyram  ratio  illis  destinet 
omnem.  I  th-ink  all  the  Anticyree  will  not  restore  them  to  their  wits,  ^  if  these  men 
now,  that  held  ^Xenodotus  heart.  Crates  liver,  Epictetus  Ian  thorn,  were  so  sottish, 
and  had  no  more  brains  than  so  many  beetles,  what  shall  we  think  of  the  com- 
monalty ?  what  of  the  rest  ? 

Yea,  but  you  will  infer,  that  is  true  of  heathens,  if  they  be  confen-ed  with  Chris- 
tians, 1  Cor.  iii.  19.  "The  wisdom  of  this  world  is  foolishness  with  God,  earthly 
and  devilish,"  as  James  calls  it,  iii.  15.  "  They  were  vain  in  their  imadiiations,  and 
their  foolish  heart  was  full  of  darkngss,"  Rom.  i.  21,  22.  "When  they  professed 
themselves  wise,  became  fools."  Their  witty  works  are  admired  here  on  earth, 
whilst  their  souls  are  tormented  in  hell  fire.  '  In  some  sense,  Cliristiani  Crassiani., 
Christians  are  Crassians,  and  if  compared  to  that  wisdom,  no  better  than  fools.  Qids 
est  sajnnis?  Solus  Deus,  ■*  Pythagoras  replies,  "  God  is  only  wise,"  Rom.  xvi.  Paul 
determines  "only  good,"  as  Austin  well  contends,  "and  no  man  living  can  be 
justified  in  his  sight."  '-God  looked  doAvn  from  heaven  upon  the  chddren  of 
men,  to  see  if  any  did  understand,"  Psalm  liii.  2,  3,  but  all  are  comipt,  err.  Rom. 
iii.  12,  "None^doeth  good,  no,  not  one."  Job  aggravates  this,  iv.  18,  "Behold  he 
found  no  stedfastness  in  his  servants,  and  laid  folly  upon  his  angels,"  19.  "Plow 
much  more  on  them  that  dwell  in  houses  of  clay  .'"  In  this  sense  we  are  all  fools, 
and  the  ^Scripture  alone  is  arx  Minervce,  we  and  our  writings  are  shallow  and 
imperfect.  But  I  do  not  so  mean ;  even  in  our  ordinary  dealings  we  are  no  better 
than  fools.  "All  our  actions,"  as  ^  Pliny  told  Trajan,  "upbraid  us  of  folly,"  our 
whole  course  of  life  is  but  matter  of  laughter:  we  are  not  soberly  Avise ;  and  the 
world  itself,  Avhich  ought  at  least  to  be  wise  by  reason  of  his  antiquity,  as  ^Hugo  de 

95IIor.  car.  lib.  1.  od.  34.   1.  epicur.  96  Nihil  I  tati  csecutiie  non  possunt.  »  Cor  Xeriodoti  et 

interest  inter  hos  et  bestias  nisi  ijuod  loqtiantiir.de     jeciir  Craietis.  ^  Lib.  de  nat.  boni.  ;- Hic 

sa.  1.  26.  c.  8.  9^  Cap.  de  virt.  *  j\ch.  et    proftindissinia!  Sophia?  fodinae.  <=  panpjrvr.    Tra- 

1?"'^'  ";* 'Jraniumdisciplinariiniicnanis.  '«»  Pul-  jano  omnes  actiones  exprobrare  stiiltitiam  videntur 
ihrorum  adolescentum  caiisi  freniientur  gymnasium,  "  Ser.  4.  in  dnmi  Pal.  Miindus  qui  ob  antiqiiitiilein  de- 
obibat    &c.  1  Seneca.  Seis  rotunda  metiri,  sod  |  beret  esse  sapiens,  semper  stultizat.  et  nullis  flaeollis 

non  tuum  animum.  2  Ab  uberibus  sapientia  lac-  ,  iileratur,  sed  ut  puer  vult  rosis  Ht  floriljus  coronan. 


32  Democntus  to  the  Reader. 

Prato  Florido  will  have  it,  semper  shdtizaf,  is  every  day  more  foolish  than  other; 
the  more  it  is  whipped,  the  worse  it  is,  and  as  a  child  will  still  be  crowned  with 
roses  and  flowers."  We  are  apish  in  it,  asini  hipcdcs.,  and  every  place  is  fnll  invcr- 
sorum  Jlpulcionim,  of  metamorphosed  and  two-legged  asses,  inversorum  SiIc7iorum, 
childish,  jmeri  instar  binuiU,  trcmula  patris  dormicntis  in  ulna.  Jovianus  Pon- 
tanus,  Antonio  Dial,  brings  in  some  laughing  at  an  old  man,  that  by  reason 
of  his  age  was  a  little  fond,  but  as  he  admonisheth  there,  JYc  mircris  mi  hospes 
de  hoc  sene^  marvel  not  at  him  only,  for  tola  hccc  civitasaeUrlum,  all  our  town  dotes 
in  like  sort,  Sve  are  a  company  of  fools.  Ask  not  Avith  him  in  the  poet,  ^  Larvcc 
hunc  intempericB  insaniaquc  agitant  senem  f  What  madness  ghosts  this  old  man, 
but  what  madness  ghosts  us  all  ?  For  we  are  ad  uniim  onncs,  all  mad,  sc?nel  insani- 
vimus  omncs,  not  once,  but  alway  so,  et  semel,  et  smul,  ct  semper,  ever  and  altogether 
as  bad  as  he ;  and  not  senex  his  puer,  delira  anus,  but  say  it  of  us  all,  semper  piucri, 
young  and  old,  all  dote,  as  Lactantius  proves  out  of  Seneca ;  and  no  difference  betwixt 
us  and  children,  saving  that,  majora  ludimus,  et  grandioribus  pupis,  they  play  with 
babies  of  clouts  and  such  toys,  we  sport  with  greater  baubles.  We  cannot  accuse 
or  condemn  one  another,  being  favdty  ourselves,  deliramenla  loqueris,  you  talk  idly, 
or  as  '"Mitio  upbraided  Demca,  insanis,  avferte,  for  we  are  as  mad  our  ownselves, 
and  it  is  hard  to  say  which  is  the  worst.  Nay,  'tis  universally  so,  ^^V'ltam  regit 
fortuna,  nan  sapientia. 

When  '-Socrates  had  taken  great  pains  to  find  out  a  wise  man,  and  to  that  purpose 
had  consulted  with  philosophers,  poets,  artificers,  he  concludes  all  men  were  fools ; 
and  though  it  procured  him  both  anger  and  much  envy,  yet  in  all  companies  he 
would  openly  profess  it.  When  "'Supputius  in  Pontanus  had  travelled  all  over 
Europe  to  confer  with  a  Avise  man,  he  returned  at  last  without  his  errand,  and  could 
fi,nd  none.  "Cardan  concurs  with  him,  "Few  there  are  (for  aught  I  can  perceive) 
well  in  their  wits."  So  doth '^Tully,  "  1  see  everything  to  be  done  foolishly  and 
unadvisedly." 

Ule  sinistrorsiini,  hie  dextrorsum,  uniis  utrique        I  One  reels  to  tlii.?,  another  to  tliat  wall, 

Erroi,  sed  variis  illudit  partihus  oinnes.  |  'Tis  the  same  error  that  deludes  them  all. 

'^They  dote  all,  but  not  alike,  Mai-ta  yap  rco-rnv  ojuota,  not  in  the  same  kind,  "  One  is 
covetous,  a  second  lascivious,  a  third  ambitious,  a  fourth  envious,  &c."  as  Dama- 
sippus  the  Stoic  hath  well  illustrated  in  the  poet, 

"  Desipiunt  omnes  anue  ac  tu.  1         ^^^  ^^^^  "'*'"  •^»"  y"  '"""''  ^^'">  ci"^'  «='^'™ 

1         May  plead  an  ample  title  to  the  name. 

Tis  an  inbred  malady  in  every  one  of  us,  there  is  seminarium  skdtlliai,  a  seminary 
of  folly,  "  Avhich  if  it  be  stirred  up,  or  get  a-head,  Avill  run  in  in/inilum,  and  infinitely 
'  varies,  as  Ave  ourselves  are  severally  addicted,"  saith  '*  Balthazar  Castillo:  and  cannot 
.so  easily  be  rooted  out,  it  takes  such  fast  hol(4i,  as  Tully  holds,  altcB  radices  slultilicB, 
'^so  Ave  are  bred,  and  so  Ave  continue.  Some  say  there  be  tAvo  main  defects  of  wit, 
error  and  ignorance,  to  AA'-hich  all  others  are  reduced ;  by  ignorance  Ave  knoAV  not 
things  necessary,  by  error  Ave  knoAV  them,  falsely.  Ignorance  is  a  privation,  error  a 
positive  act.  From  ignorance  comes  vice,  from  error  heresy,  &c.  But  make  how 
many  kinds  you  Avill,  divide  and  subdivide,  fcAV  men  are  free,  or  that  do  not  impinge 
on  some  one  kind  or  other.  ^  Sic  plerumque  agitat  stultos  inscilia,  as  he  that 
examines  his  own  and  other  men's  actions  shall  find. 

^'Charon  in  Lucian,  as  he  Avittily  feigns,  Avas  conducted  by  Mercury  to  such  a 
place,  Avhere  he  might  see  all  the  Avorld  at  once ;  after  he  had  sufficiently  vieAved, 
and  looked  about,  IMercury  Avould  needs  knoAV  of  him  Avhat  he  had  observed :  He 
told  him  that  he  saAV  a  vast  multitude  and  a  promiscuous,  their  habitations  like 
molehills,  the  men  as  emmets,  "he  could  discern  cities  like  so  many  hives  of  bees, 
Avherein  every  bee  had  a  sting,  and  they  did  nought  else  but  sting  one  another,  some 
domineermg  like  hornets  bigger  than  the  rest,  some  like  filchmg  Avasps,  others  as 

■I  Insanumteomnes  pueri,  clamantque  puella;.    Hor.  'alius  alio  morbo  laboret,  hie  libidinis,  ille  avaritia, 
«  Plautus   Aubular.  '»  Adelph.  act.  5.  seen.  8.    ambitionis,  invidiie.  "  Ilor.  1.  2.  sat.  3.         i"  Lib. 

'-  Tully  Tusc.  5.  fortune,  not  wisdom,  governs  our  1.  de  aulico  Est  in  unoquoq  ;  nostrum  seminarium 
lives.  12  Plato   Apologia  Socratis.  "  Ant.    aliquod  stultitise,  quod  si  quandoexcitetur,  in  infinitum 

Dial.  *<  Lib.  3.  de  sap.  pauci  ut  video  sanae  mentis    facile   excrescit.  '»  Primaque   lux  vita;   prinna 

emit.  15  stulte  et   ineaute   omnia   agi   video,     juroria  erat.  » Tibullus,  stulli  pritereunt  diei, 

«  Insania  non  omnibu.s  eadem,  Erasm.  chil.  3.  cent,  their  wits  are  a  wool-gathering.  So  fools  commonly 
10.  nemo  mortalium  qui  non  aliqua  in  re  desipit,  licet  |  dote.  ^  Dial,  conlemplanies,  Tom.  2, 


Democritus  to  the  Reader,  33 

drones."  Over  their  heads  were  hovermg  a  confused  company  of  perturbations, 
hope,  fear,  an^er,  aA  arice,  ignorance,  &c.,  and  a  multitude  of  diseases  hanging,  which 
they  still  pulled  on  their  pates.  Some  were  brawling,  some  fighting,  riding,  running, 
solllcite  ambicntes,  callide  Utigantes^  for  toys  and  trifles,  and  such  momentary  thijigs. 
Their  towns  and  provinces  mere  factions,  rich  against  poor,  poor  against  rich,  nobles 
against  artificers,  they  against  nobles,  and  so  the  rest,  hi  conclusion,  he  condemned 
them  all  for  madmen,  fools,  idiots,  asses,  O  stidti.,  qucEuam  hcBC  est  amentia  ?  O 
fools,  O  madmen,  he  exclaims,  insana  studia^  insani  labores,  &c.  Mad  endeavours, 
mad  actions,  mad,  mad,  mad,  ^0  seclum  insipiens  et  infacetum^  a  giddy-headed  age. 
Heraclitus  the  philosopher,  out  of  a  serious  meditation  of  men's  lives,  fell  a  weeping, 
and  with  continual  tears  bewailed  their  misery,  mathiess,  and  folly.  Democritus  on 
the  other  side,  burst  out  a  laughing,  their  whole  life  seemed  to  him  so  ridiculous,  and 
he  was  so  far  carried  whh  this  ironical  passion,  that  the  citizens  of  Abdera  took  him 
to  be  mad,  and  sent  therefore  ambassadors  to  Hippocrates,  the  physician,  that  he  would 
exercise  his  skill  upon  him.  But  the  story  is  set  down  at  large  by  Hippocrates,  in 
his  epistle  to  Damogetus,  which  because  it  is  not  impertinent  to  this  discourse,  I  will 
insert  verbatmi  almost  as  it  is  delivered  by  Hippocrates  hunself,  with  all  the  circum- 
stances belonging  unto  it. 

When  Hippocrates  was  now  come  to  Abdera,  the  people  of  the  city  came  flocking 
about  him,  some  weeping,  some  intreating  of  hun,  that  he  would  do  his  best.  After 
some  little  repast,  he  went  to  see  Democritus,  the  people  following  him,  whom  he 
found  (as  before)  in  his  garden  in  the  suburbs  all  alone,  -^^^  sitting  upon  a  stone  under 
a  plane  tree,  without  hose  or  shoes,  with  a  book  on  his  knees,  cutting  up  several 
beasts,  and  busy  at  his  study."  The  multitude  stood  gazing  round  about  to  see  the 
congress.  Hippocrates,  after  a  little  pause,  saluted  him  by  his  name,  whom  he 
resaluted,  ashamed  almost  that  he  could  not  call  hun  likewise  by  his,  or  that  he  had 
forgot  it.  Hippocrates  demanded  of  him  what  he  Avas  doing :  he  told  him  that  he 
was  ""busy  in  cutting  up  several  beasts,  to  find  out  the  cause  of  madness  and 
melancholy."  Hippocrates  commended  his  work,  admiring  his  happiness  and  leisure. 
And  why,  quoth  Democritus,  have  not  you  that  leisure  ?  Because,  replied  Hip- 
pocrates, domestic  affairs  hinder,  necessary  to  be  done  for  ourselves,  neighbours, 
friends ;  expenses,  diseases,  frailties  and  mortalities  which  happen ;  wife,  children^ 
servants,  and  such  busmess  which  deprive  us  of  our  time.  At  this  speech  Demo- 
critus profusely  laughed  (his  friends  and  the  people  standing  by,  weepuig  in  the 
mean  time,  and  lamenting  his  madness).  Hippocrates  asked  the  reason  w-hy  he 
laughed.  He  told  him,  at  the  vanities  and  the  fopperies  of  the  time,  to  see  men  so 
empty  of  all  virtuous  actions,  to  hunt  so  far  after  gold,  having  no  end  of  ambition ; 
to  take  such  infinite  pains  for  a  little  glory,  and  to  be  favoured  of  men ;  to  make 
such  deep  mines  into  the  earth  for  gold,  and  many  times  to  find  nothing,  with  loss 
of  their  lives  and  fortunes.  Some  to  love  dogs,  others  horses,  some  to  desire  to  be 
obeyed  in  manv  provinces,^^  and  yet  themselves  will  know  no  obedience.  ^*Some 
to  love  their  wives  dearly  at  first,  and  after  a  while  to  forsake  and  hate  them  j 
begetting  children,  with  much  care  and  cost  for  their  education,  yet  when  they  grow 
to  man's  estate,  ^to  despise,  neglect,  and  leave  them  naked  to  the  world's  mercy. 
^  Do  not  these  behaviours  express  their  intolerable  folly  ?  When  men  live  in  peace^ 
they  covet  war,  detesting  quietness, '®  deposing  kings,  and  advancing  others  in  their 
stead,  murdering  some  men  to  beget  children  of  their  wives.  How  many  strange 
humours  are  in  men !  W^hen  they  are  poor  and  needy,  they  seek  riches,  and  when 
they  have  them,  they  do  not  enjoy  them,  but  hide  them  under  ground,  or  else 
wastefuUy  spend  them.  O  wise  Hippocrates,  I  laugh  at  such  things  being  done,  but 
much  more  when  no  good  comes  of  them,  and  when  they  are  done  to  so  ill  purpose. 
There  is  no  truth  or  justice  found  amongst  them,  for  they  daily  plead  one  against 
another,  ^^  the  son  against  the  father  and  the  mother,  brother  against  brother,  kindred 

22  Catullus.  2!  Sub  ramosa  platano  sedentem,    bilisq  ;  naturam  disquirens.  is  Aust.  1.  1- in  Gen. 

solum,  discalceatum,  super  lapidem,  valde  pallidum  ,  Jumenti  &  servi  tui  obsequium  rigide  postiilas.  et  ta 
ac  macilentum,  promissa  barba,  librum  super  genibus  :  nullum  prseslas   aliis,   nee  ipsi  Deo.  21.  c  s ores 

habentem.  -*  De  furore, mania  melancholia scribo,  '  ducunt,  mox  foras  ejir.iunt.  27  Puerns  amant,  mox 

ut  sciam  quo  pacto  in  hominibus  gignatur,  fiat,  crescat,  fastidiunt.  2»  Qui d  hoc  ab  insania  deest  1  ^  R«- 
cumuletur,  minuatur  ;  haec  inquil  animalia  quae  videa  \  ges  eligunt,  deponunt.  20  Coiitra  parentes,  fratre*^ 

propterea  seco,  non  Del  opera  perosus,  sed    fellia  '  cives,  perpetuo  riiantur,  e^' 

5 


34  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

and  friends  of  the  same  quality ;  and  all  this  for  riches,  whereof  after  death  they 
cannot  be  possessors.  And  yet  notwithstanding  they  Avill  defame  and  kill  one 
another,  commit  all  unlawful  actions,- contemning  God  and  men,  friends  and  countrv 
They  make  great  account  of  many  senseless  things,  esteeming  them  as  a  great  pari 
of  their  treasure,  statues,  pictures,  and  such  like  movables,  dear  bought,  anil  so  cun- 
ningly wrought,  as  nothing  but  speech  wanteth  in  them,  ^'and  yet  they  hate  living 
persons  speaking  to  them.'^  Others  affect  difficult  things ;  if  they  dwell  on  firm 
land  they  will  remove  to  an  island,  and  thence  to  land  again,  being  no  way  constant 
to  their  desires.  They  commend  courage  and  strength  in  wars,  and  let  themselves 
be  conquered  by  lust  and  avarice ;  they  are,  in  brief,  as  disordered  in  their  minds,  as 
Thersites  was  in  his  body.  And  now,  methinks,  O  most  worthy  Hippocrates,  you 
should  not  reprehend  my  laughing,  perceiving  so  many  fooleries  in  men;  '"for  no 
man  will  mock  his  own  folly,  but  that  which  he  secth  in  a  second,  and  so  they 
justly  mock  one  another.  The  drunkard  calls  him  a  glutton  whom  he  knows  to  be 
sober.  Many  men  love  the  sea,  others  husbandry ;  briefly,  they  cannot  agree  in 
their  own  trades  and  professions,  much  less  in  their  lives  and  actions. 

When  Hippocrates  heard  these  words  so  readily  uttered,  without  premeditation, 
to  declare  the  world's  vanity,  full  of  ridiculous  contrariety,  he  made  answer.  That 
necessity  compelled  men  to  many  such  actions,  and  divers  wills  ensuing  from  divine 
permission,  that  we  might  not  be  idle,  being  notliing  is  so  odious  to  them  as  sloth 
and  negligence.  Besides,  men  cannot  foresee  future  events,  m  this  uncertainty  of 
human  affairs ;  they  would  not  so  marry,  if  they  could  foretel  the  causes  of  their 
dislike  and  separation ;  or  parents,  if  they  knew  the  hour  of  their  children's  death, 
so  tenderly  provide  for  them ;  or  an  husbandman  sow,  if  he  thought  there  would  be 
no  increase  ;  or  a  merchant  adventure  to  sea,  if  he  foresaw  shipwreck  ;  or  be  a  magis- 
trate, if  presently  to  be  deposed.  Alas,  worthy  Democritus,  every  man  hopes  the 
best,  and  to  that  end  he  doth  it,  and  therefore  no  such  cause,  or  ridiculous  occasion 
of  laughter. 

Democritus  hearing  this  poor  excuse,  laughed  again  aloud,  perceiving  he  wholly 
mistook  him,  and  did  not  well  imderstand  what  he  had  said  concerning  perturbations 
and  tranquillity  of  the  mind.  Insomuch,  that  if  men  would  govern  their  actions  by 
discretion  and  providence,  they  would  not  declare  themselves  fools  as  now  they  do, 
and  he  should  have  no  cause  of  laughter ;  but  (quoth  he)  they  swell  in  this  life  as 
if  they  were  immortal,  and  demigods,  for  want  of  understanding.  It  were  enough  to 
make  them  wise,  if  they  would  but  consider  the  mutability  of  tliis  world,  and  how 
it  wheels  about,  nothing  being  fimi  and  sure.  He  that  is  now  above,  to-morrow  is 
beneath ;  he  that  sate  on  this  side  to-day,  to-morrow  is  hurled  on  the  other :  and 
not  considering  these  matters,  they  fa.U  into  many  inconveniences  and  troubles, 
coveting  things  of  no  profit,  and  thirsting  after  them,  tumbling  headlong  into  many 
calamities.  So  that  if  men  would  attempt  no  more  than  what  they  can  bear,  they 
should  lead  contented  lives,  and  learning  to  know  themselves,  would  limit  their 
ambition,  '^  they  would  perceive  then  that  nature  hath  enough  without  seeking  such 
superfluities,  and  unprofitable  things,  which  bring  nothing  with  them  but  grief 
and  molestation.  As  a  fat  body  is  more  subject  to  diseases,  so  are  rich  men  to 
absurdities  and  fooleries,  to  many  casualties  and  cross  inconveniences.  There  are 
many  that  take  no  heed  what  happeneth  to  others  by  bad  conversation,  and  there- 
fore overthrow  themselves  in  the  same  manner  through  their  own  fault,  not  foreseeing 
dangers  manifest.  These  are  things  (O  more  than  mad,  quoth  he)  that  give  me 
matter  of  laughter,  by  suffermg  the  pains  of  your  impieties,  as  your  avarice,  envy, 
malice,  enormous  villanies,  mutinies,  unsatiable  desires,  conspiracies,  and  otlier 
incurable  vices ;  besides  your '' dissimulation  and  hypocrisy,  bearing  deadly  hatred 
one  to  the  other,  and  yet  shadowing  it  with  a  good  face,  flying  out  into  all  filthy 
lusts,  and  transgressions  of  all  laws,  both  of  nature  and  civility.  JMany  things  which 
they  have  left  off,  after  a  while  they  fall  to  again,  husbandry,  navigation ;  and  leave 

"  Idola  inaniniata  amant,  animata  odio  liabent,  sic  ]  et  finire  laborem  incipias,  partis  quod  avebas,  mere 
pontificii.  3-i  Credo  equidem  vivos  ducent  6  mar-     Ilcr.         st  Astutam  vapido  servalsub  ppclore  vulpem 

more  viiltus.  -^  Suam  stiiltitiani  perspicit  nemo,  |  Et  cum  vulpo  positus  paiiter  vulpinariei      t'reliian 

sed  alter  alterum  deridet.         ^i  Denique  sit  finis  que-  |  dum  cum  Crete. 
r«ndi,  cuniquc^^^l^^us,  puuperiem  meiuas  minus,  | 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  35 

again,  fickle  and  inconstant  as  they  are.  "^Mien  they  are  young,  they  would  be  old , 
and  old,  young.  '*'' Princes  commend  a  private  life;  private  men  itch  after  lionour  . 
a  magistrate  commends  a  quiet  life ;  a  quiet  man  would  be  in  his  otTice,  and  obeyed 
as  he  is :  and  what  is  the  cause  of  all  this,  but  that  they  know  not  themselves .' 
Some  delight  to  destroy,  ^''one  to  build,  another  to  spoil  one  country  to  enrich 
another  and  himself.  ^**In  all  these  things  they  are  like  children,  in  whom  is  no 
judgment  or  counsel  and  resemble  beasts,  saving  that  beasts  are  better  than  they,  as 
being  contented  with  nature.  ^°  When  shall  you  see  a  lion  hide  gold  in  the  ground,  or  a 
bull  contend  for  better  pasture  ?  When  a  boar  is  thirsty,  he  drinks  what  will  serve 
him,  and  no  more  ;  and  Avhen  his  belly  is  full,  ceaseth  to  eat :  but  men  are  immodeiats 
in  both,  as  in  lust — they  covet  carnal  copulation  at  set  times ;  men  always,  ruinating 
thereby  the  health  of  their  bodies.  And  doth  it  not  deserve  laughter  to  see  an  amor- 
ous fool  toirnent  himself  for  a  wench ;  weep,  howl  for  a  mis-shapen  slut,  a  dov/dy 
sometimes,  that  might  have  his  choice  of  the  finest  beauties  .''  Is  there  anv  remedy 
for  this  in  physic  ?  I  do  anatomise  and  cut  up  these  poor  beasts,  '*°to  see  these  dis- 
tempers, vanities,  and  follies,  yet  such  proof  were  better  made  on  man's  body,  if  my 
kind  nature  would  endure  it:  ^'who  from  the  hour  of  his  birth. is  most  miserable 
weak,  and  sickly ;  when  he  sucks  he  is  guided  by  others,  when  he  is  grown  great 
practiseth  unhappiness  ^^and  is  sturdy,  and  when  old,  a  child  again,  and  repenteth 
him  of  his  life  past.  And  here  being  internipted  by  one  that  brought  books,  he  fell 
to  it  again,  that  all  were  mad,  careless,  stupid.  To  prove  my  fonner  speeches,  look 
into  courts,  or  private  houses.  '"'Judges  give  judgment  according  to  their  own 
advantage,  doing  manifest  wrong  to  poor  mnocents  to  please  others.  Notaries  altei 
sentences,  and  for  money  lose  their  deeds.  Some  make  false  monies ;  others  coun- 
terfeit false  weights.  Some  abuse  their  parents,  yea  con-upt  their  own  sisters  ;  others 
make  long  libels  and  pasquils,  defaming  men  of  good  life,  and  extol  such  as  are  lewd 
and  vicious.  Some  rob  one,  some  another  :  ''^magistrates  make  laws  against  thieves, 
and  are  the  veriest  thieves  themselves.  Some  kill  themselves,  others  despair,  not 
obtaining  their  desires.  Some  dance,  sing,  laugh,  feast  and  banquet,  whilst  others 
sigh,  languish,  mourn  and  lament,  having  neither  meat,  drink,  nor  clothes.  ''^Som.e 
prank  up  their  bodies,  and  have  their  minds  full  of  execrable  vices.  Some  trot  about 
^^to  bear  false  witness,  and  say  anything  for  money;  and  though  judges  know  of  it, 
yet  for  a  bribe  they  wink  at  it,  and  suffer  false  contracts  to  prevail  against  equity 
Women  are  all  day  a  dressing,  to  pleasure  other  men  abroad,  and  go  like  sluts  at 
home,  not  caring  to  please  their  own  husbands  whom  they  should.  Seeing  men  are 
so  fickle,  so  sottish,  so  intemperate,  why  should  not  I  laugh  at  those  to  whom  ■^'  folly 
seems  wisdom,  will  not  be  cured,  and  perceive  it  not  "i 

It  grew  late  :  Hippocrates  left  him ;  and  no  sooner  was  he  come  away,  but  all  the 
citizens  came  about  flocking,  to  know  how  he  liked  him.  He  told  them  in  brief, 
tliat  notwithstanding  those  small  neglects  of  his  attire,  body,  diet,  ''^the  world  had 
not  a  wiser,  a  more  learned,  a  more  honest  man,  and  they  were  much  deceived  to 
say  that  he  was  mad. 

Thus  Democritus  esteemed  of  the  world  in  his  time,  and  this  was  the  cause  cf  his 
laughter  :  and  good  cause  he  had. 

Democritus  did  well  to  laugh  of  old. 


<"  Olim  jure  quidem,  nunc  plus  Democrite  ride ; 
Quill  rides)  vita  lisc  nunc  mag6  ridicula  est. 


Good  cause  he  had,  but  now  much  more  ; 
This  life  of  ours  is  more  ridiculous 
Than  that  of  his,  or  long  before. 


Never  so  much  cause  of  laughter  as  now,  never  so  many  fools  and  madmen.     -Tis 
not  one  ^^°  Democritus  will  serve  turn  to  laugh  in  these  days  ;  we  have  now  need  of  a 

3f  Qui  fit  Mecspnas  ut  nemo  quain  sibi  sorlem.  Seu  Damnat  foras  judex,  quod  intus  operatur,  Cyprian, 
ratio  dederit,  seu  sors  olijecerit,  ilia  contentus  vivat,  ^=Vultus  magna  cura,  magna  animi  incuria.  Am. 
&c.  Hor.        31  Diruit,  ffditicat,  miitat  quadrata  rotun-    Marcel.  J"  Horrenda  res  est,  vix  duo  verba  sine 

dis.    Trnjanus  ponleni  struxit  super  Danubiuin,  quern    niendacioproferuntur  :  etquamvis  solenniter  homines 
successor  ejus  Adriaiius  statim  deinolitus.  ^^  q,,^    ad  veritatem  dicendum  invitentur,  pejerare  tamen  non 

quid  in  re  ali  infantibus  differunt,  quibus  mens  et  sen-    duhitant,  ut  ex  decem  testibus  vix  unus  verum  dicat. 
sus  sine  ratione  inest,  quicquid  sese  his  offert  volupe    Calv.  in  fe  John,  Serm  1.  ^'J  Sapieniiam  insaniam 

est.  3a  i(]eni  Plut.  ^'i  Ut  insanii'E  causam  dis-    esse  dicunt.  ^f  Siquidem  sapientia;  suae  admira- 

qiiirain  bruta  macto  ef  seco,  cum  hoc  potius  in  honii-    tione  me   complevit,  offendi  sapientissimum   virum, 
nibus  investigandum  esset.  ^' Totns  i  nativitate    qui  salvos  potest  omnes  homines  reddere.  <»E. 

morbus  est.  -i- In  vigore  furibundus,  quum  decre-    Graec.  epis.  «i  Plures  Democriti  nunc  non  suffi- 

fcit   insanabilis.  "  Cyprian,  ad   Uonatum.     Qui  i  ciunt,  opus  Democrito  qui  Demoojitum  rideat.  Eras 

eedet   criniinu  judicaturus,  &c.  ■«Tu   pessimus  1  Moria. 

aiEDium  latxo  es,  as  a  thief  told  Alexander  in  Curtius.  I 


86  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

"  Democritus  to  laugh  at  Democritiis ;"  one  jester  to  flout  at  another,  one  fool  to 
flear  at  another :  a  great  stentorian  Democritus,  as  big  as  that  Rhodian  Colossus 
F<:)v  now,  as  *'  Salisburiensis  said  in  his  time,  totus  mundus  hlstrionem  agit,  the  whole 
world  plays  the  fool ;  we  have  a  new  theatre,  a  new  scene,  a  new  comedy  of  eiTors, 
a  new  company  of  personate  actors,  volupice  sacra  ("as  Calcagninus  willingly  feigns 
in  his  Apologues)  are  celebrated  all  the  world  over,  "where  all  the  actors  Were  mad- 
men and  fools,  and  every  hour  changed  liabils,  or  took  that  which  came  next.  He 
that  was  a  mariner  to-day,  is  an  apothecary  to-morrow  ;  a  smith  one  while,  a  philoso- 
her  another,  in  his  volupice.  hulls  ;  a  king  now  with  his  crown,  robes,  sceptre,  attend- 
ants, by  and  by  drove  a  loaded  ass  before  him  like  a  carter,  &c.  If  Democritus 
were  alive  now,  he  should  see  strange  alterations,  a  new  company  of  counterfeit 
vizards,  whilllers,  Cumane  asses,  maskers,  mummers,  painted  puppets,  outsides,  fan- 
tastic shadows,  gulls,  monsters,  giddy-heads,  butterflies.  And  so  many  of  them  are 
indeed  (^'^  if  all  be  time  that  I  have  read).  For  when  Jupiter  and  Juno's  wedding 
was  solemnised  of  old,  the  gods  were  all  invited  to  the  feast,  and  many  noble  men 
besides  :  Amongst  the  rest  came  Crysalus,  a  Persian  prince,  bravely  attended,  rich 
in  golden  attires,  in  gay  robes,  with  a  majestical  presence,  but  otherwise  an  ass. 
The  gods  seeing  him  come  in  such  pomp  and  state,  rose  up  to  give  him  place,  ex  habitu 
hominrm  metkntes  ;  "  but  Jupiter  perceiving  what  he  was,  a  light,  fantastic,  idle  fel- 
low, turned  liim  and  his  proud  followers  into  butterflies :  and  so  they  continue  still 
(for  aught  I  know  to  the  contrary)  roving  about  in  pied  coats,  and  are  called  chrysa- 
lides by  the  wiser  sort  of  men :  that  is,  golden  outsides,  drones,  and  Hies,  and  tilings 
|if  no  worth.     Multitudes  of  such,  &c. 

" ubique  invenles 

Stultos  avaros,  sycopliantas  prodigos."  ^s 

Many  additions,  much  increase  of  madness,  folly,  vanity,  should  Democritus  observe, 
were  he  now  to  travel,  or  could  get  leave  of  Pluto  to  come  see  fashions,  as  Charon 
did  in  Lucian  to  visit  our  cities  of  3Ioronia  Pia,  and  Moronia  Foelix :  sure  I  think 
he  would  break  the  rim  of  his  belly  with  laughing.  ^^  S'lforet  in  terris  rideret  De- 
vwcritus.,  seu^i  &.c. 

A  satirical  Roman  in  his  time,  thought  all  vice,  folly,  and  madness  were  all  at  full 
sea,  "''  Omne  in  prcecipiti  v ilium  stetit. 

'^  Josephus  the  historian  tiixeth  his  countrymen  Jews  for  bragging  of  their  vices, 
publishing  their  follies,  and  that  they  did  contend  amongst  themselves  who  should 
be  most  notorious  in  villanies;  but  we  flow  higher  in  madness,  far  beyond  them, 

„,,,..  .  ..-     ■  ..  I        And  yet  with  crimes  to  us  unknown, 

59  Mox  daturi  progen.em  v.tiosiorem,"  |       q^,  ^^^ns  shall  mark  the  coming  age  their  own, 

and  the  latter  end  (you  know  whose  oracle  it  is)  is  like  to  be  worse.  'Tis  not  to 
be  denied,  the  world  alters  every  day,  Rtiunt  urbcs,  regna  transfer untur^  8tc.  varian- 
tur  hahitus,  leges  innocantur^  as  ^Petrarch  observes,  we  change  language,  habits, 
laws,  customs,  manners,  but  not  vices,  not  diseases,  not  the  symptoms  of  folly  and 
madness,  they  are  still  the  same.  And  as  a  river,  we  see,  keeps  the  like  name  and 
place,  but  not  water,  and  yet  ever  runs,  ®'  Labitur  et  labetur  in  omne  volubilis  cevxim  ; 
our  times  and  persons  alter,  vices  are  the  same,  and  ever  will  be;  look  how  night- 
ingales sang  of  old,  cocks  crowed,  kine  lowed,  sheep  bleated,  sparrows  chirped, 
dogs  barked,  so  they  do  still :  we  keep  our  madness  still,  play  the  fools  still,  nee 
dumjinitus  Orestes  ;  we  are  of  the  same  humours  and  inclinations  as  our  predeces- 
sors were ;  you  shall  find  us  all  alike,  much  at  one,  we  and  our  sons,  et  nati  nuto- 
ruvi,  et  qui  nascuntur  ab  illis.  And  so  shall  our  posterity  continue  to  the  last.  But 
to  speak  of  times  present. 

It  Democritus  were  alive  now,  and  should  but  see  the  superstition  of  our  age,  our 
^'^  religious  madness,  as  ^Meteran  calls  it,  Religiosam  insaniam,  so  many  professed 

='  Polycrat.  lib.  3.  cap^S.  6  Petron.         ^^ubi  omnes  1  protinusq ;  vestis  ilia  manicata  in  alas  versa  est,  et 


delirabaiit,  omnes  insani,  iScc.  hodie  nauta,  cms  philo 
sophus  ;  hodie  faber,  eras  pharraacopola ;  hic  modo 
regem  agebat  multo  sattellitio,  tiara,  et  sceptro  orna- 
tus,  nunc  vili  amictiis  centiculo,  asinum  elitellarium 
impellit.  =3  Calcagninus  Apol.  Crysalus  6,C£eteris 

auro  dives,  manicato  pepio  et  tiara  conspicuus,  levis 
alioquin  et  nulliu|^mi|mi  &c.  magno  fastu  ingredi- 
ptiti  as9iirgu|M^^^^^Hk|^  Sed  hominis  levitatem 


inortales  inde  Chrysalides  vocant  hujusmodi  homines. 
^'You  will  meet  covetous  fools  and  projjigal  syco- 
phants everywhere.  ^ojuven.  ,'  ^"  Juven. 
'^  De  hello  Jud.  1.  8.  c.  11.  Iniquitates  v^estra;  nemi- 
nem  latent,  inque  dies  singulos  certamen  babc-tis  quia 
pejor  sit.  6u  Hor.  eoLjb.  5.  Epist.  8.  '  c  Hor. 
^^•Superslitio  est  insanus  error.  "Lib.  8.  hj«. 
Belg. 


Democriius  to  the  Reader.  37 

Clitistians,  yet  so  few  imitators  of  Christ ;  so  much  talk  of  religion,  so  much  science 
so  little  conscience ;  so  much  knowledge,  so  many  preachers,  so  little  practice  ;  such 

variety  of  sects,  such  have  and  hold  of  all  sides,  ®^ obvia  signis  Signa,&LC.,  such 

absurd  and  ridiculous  traditions  and  ceremonies  :  If  he  should  meet  a  '"'"  Capuchin. 
a  Franciscan,  a  Pharisaical  Jesuit,  a  man-serpent,  a  shave-crowned  ]Monk  in  his  robes, 
a  begging  Friar,  or  see  their  three-crowned  Sovereign  Lord  the  Pope,  poor  Peter's 
successor,  scrims  servorum  Dei^  to  depose  kings  witli  his  foot,  to  tread  on  emperors' 
necks,  make  them  stand  bare-foot  and  bare-legged  at  his  gates,  hold  his  bridle  and 
stirrup,  &c.  (O  that  Peter  and  Paul  were  alive  to  see  this  !)  If  he  should  observe 
a  ^^  Prince  creep  so  devoutly  to  kiss  his  toe,  and  those  Red-cap  Cardinals,  poor  parish 
priests  of  old,  now  Princes'  companions;  what  would  he  say  ?  Coclum  ipsum  pcti- 
tur  stuUitia.  Had  he  met  some  of  our  devout  pilgrims  going  bare-foot  to  Jerusa- 
lem, our  lady  of  Lauretto,  Rome,  S.  lago,  S.  Thomas'  Shrine,  to  creep  to  those 
counterfeit  and  maggot-eaten  reliques  ;  had  he  been  present  at  a  mass,  and  seen  such 
kissing  of  Paxes,  crucifixes,  cringes,  duckings,  their  several  attires  and  ceremonies, 
pictures  of  saints,  ^'indulgences,  pardons,  vigils,  fasting,  feasts,  crossing,  knocking, 

kneeling  at  Ave-Marias,  bells,  with  many  such  ; jucunda  nidi  spectacula  pJebi.,  '^ 

praying  in  gibberish,  and  mumbling  of  beads.  Had  he  heard  an  old  woman  say  her 
prayers  in  Latin,  their  spruikling  of  holy  water,  and  going  a  procession, 

69 "incedunt  monachoruin  a^mina  mille  ; 

Quid  moiiierem  vexilla,  cruces,  idoUque  culla,  &,c." 

Their  breviaries,  bulls,  hallowed  beans,  exorcisms,  pictures,  curious  crosses,  fables,  and 
baubles.  Had  he  read  the  Golden  Legend,  the  Turks'  Alcoran,  or  Jews'  Talmud, 
the  Rabbins'  Comments,  what  would  he  have  thought  ?  How  dost  thou  think  he 
might  have  been  affected  ?  Had  he  more  particularly  examined  a  Jesuit's  life  amongst 
the  rest,  he  should  have  seen  an  hypocrite  profess  poverty,  "°and  yet  possess  moie 
goods  and  lands  than  many  princes,  to  have  infinite  treasures  and  revenues  ;  teach 
others  to  fast,  and  play  the  gluttons  themselves  ;  like  watermen  that  row  one  way 
and  look  another.  "'Vow  virginity,  talk  of  holiness,  and  yet  indeed  a  notorious 
bawd,  and  famous  fornicator,  lascivum  pecus,  a  very  goat.  Plonks  by  profession, '- 
such  as  give  over  the  world,  and  the  vanities  of  it,  and  yet  a  Machiavelian  rout 
'■"interested  in  all  manner  of  state :  holy  men,  peace-makers,  and  yet  composed  of  envy, 
lust,  ambition,  hatred,  and  malice  ;  fire-brands,  adulta  patrice  pestis^  traitors,  assassi- 
nats,  hdc  itur  ad  asira,  and  this  is  to  supererogate,  and  merit  heaven  for  themselves 
and  others.  Had  he  seen  on  tlie  adverse  side,  some  of  our  nice  and  curious  schis- 
matics in  another  extreme,  abhor  all  ceremonies,  and  rather  lose  their  lives  and  livings, 
tlian  do  or  admit  anything  Papists  have  formerly  used,  though  in  thmgs  indiflereul 
(they  alone  are  the  true  Church,  sal  terrcB^  cum  sint  omnium  insulsissimi).  Formal- 
ists, out  of  fear  and  base  flattery,  like  so  many  weather-cocks  turn  round,  a  rout  of 
temporisers,  ready  to  embrace  and  maintain  all  that  is  or  shall  be  proposed  in  hope 
of  preferment :  another  Epicurean  company,  lying  at  lurch  as  so  many  vultures, 
watching  for  a  prey  of  Church  goods,  and  ready  to  rise  by  the  downfall  of  any  :  as 
"^  Lucian  said  in  like  case,  what  dost  thou  think  Deraocritus  would  have  done,  had 
he  been  spectator  of  these  things  ? 

Or  had  he  but  observed  the  common  people  follow  like  so  many  sheep  one  of 
their  fellows  drawn  by  the  bonis  over  a  gap,  some  for  zeal,  some  for  fear,  quo  se 
cunque  rajnt  tcmpcslas,  to  credit  all,  examine  notliing,  and  yet  ready  to  die  before 
they  will  adjure  any  of  tliose  ceremonies  to  which  they  have  been  accustomed ; 
others  out  of  hypocrisy  frequent  sermons,  knock  their  breasts,  turn  up  their  eyes, 
pretend  zeal,  desire  reformation,  and  yet  professed  usurers,  gripers,  monsters  of  men, 
harpies,  devils  in  their  lives,  to  express  nothing  less. 


M  Lucaii.         66  Father  Aupelo,  tin;  Duke  of  Joyeux, 
going  liare-foot  over  the  Alps  to  Koine,  tc.  •»  Si 

cui  intueri  vacet  qum  paliunlur  superstitiosi,  invenies 
tam  indecora  honestis,  tani  iiitliina  liberis,  tarn  dissi- 
niilia  sanis,  nt  nemo  fuerit  duhitaturus  fiirere  eos,  si 
cum  paucinrllpus  fnerent.    .Senec.  ^~  Quid  dicam 

de  eorum  induluentiis,  ohlationibus,  votis,  solutionibus, 
jejuniis,  coenobiis,  soniiiiis,  horis,  orsanis,  cantilenis, 
campanis.  s iinulachris,  missis,  purgatoriis,  iiiitris,  bre 


leus  de  actis  Rom.  Pont.  ^  Pleasing  spectacles 

to  the  ignorant  poor.  ^9  xh.  Neageor.  ■■*'  Dum 

simulant  spernere,  acquisiv^ runt  sibi  30  annoruni 
spatio  bis  centena  millia  llbrarum  annua.  Arnold. 
'■'  f;t  quura  interdiu  de  virtute  loquuti  sunt,  sero  in 
latibulis  clunes  aeitant  labore  nocturno,  Agryppa. 
■-  1  Tim.  iii.  13.  But  they  shall  prevail  no  longer, 
their  madness  shall  be  known  to  all  men.  p  Benig- 
nitaiis  sinus  solebat  esse,  nunc  litium  officina  curia 


viariis,  bulli,<,  lustralibus,  aquis,  rasuris,  unriionibus,  '  Roniaiia  Buda?us.  j^g^^j^^^^detur  facluius 

candelis,  calicibus,  crucibus,  mappis,  cereis.  thuribulis,  j  DemocritUB,  si  borum  j 
i«c«nUUoiut)US.  exorcisuiis,  sputis,  legendis,  &c<   Ba- 


f 

3S  Democriftts  to  the  Reader. 

What  would  he  have  said  to  see,  hear,  and  read  so  many  bloody  battles,  so  many 
thousands  slain  at  once,  such  sti-eams  of  blood  able  to  turn  mills :  vnius  oh  noxam 
furwsque.  or  to  make  sport  for  princes,  without  any  just  cause,  ""for  vain  titles 
(saith  Austin\  precedency,  some  wench,  or  such  like  toy,  or  out  of  desire  of  domi- 
neering, vaingrlorv,  malice,  revenge,  folly,  madness,"  (goodly  causes  all,  oh  quas 
vnh-rrsi;s  orhis  beUis  et  CfBcUhiis  jnisceatur^)  whilst  statesmen  themselves  in  tlie  mean 
time  are  secure  at  home,  pampered  with  all  delights  and  pleasures,  take  their  ease, 
and  follow  their  lusts,  not  considering  what  intolerable  misery  poor  soldiers  endure, 
their  often  wounds,  huno-er,  tliirst,  kc,  the  lamentable  cares,  tonnents,  calamities, 
and  oppressions  that  accompany  such  proceedings,  they  feel  not,  take  no  notice  of 
it.  *■'■  So  wars  are  bearun,  by  the  persuasion  of  a  few  debauched,  hair-brain,  poor, 
dissolute,  hunsrrv  captains,  parasitical  fawners,  unquiet  hotspurs,  restless  innovators, 
green  heads,  to  satisfy  one  man's  private  spleen,  lust,  ambition,  avarice,  &c. ;  tales 
rapuu}f  scelerafa  in  prcelia  causcz.  Flos  hominum^  proper  men,  well  proportioned, 
carefuUv  brought  up,  able  both  in  body  and  mind,  sound,  led  lil\e  so  many  "'*  beasts 
to  the  slaughter  in  the  flower  of  their  years,  pride,  and  full  strength,  without  all 
remorse  and  pitv,  sacriiiced  to  Pluto,  killed  up  as  so  many  sheep,  for  devils'  food, 
40.000  at  once.  At  once,  said  I,  that  were  tolerable,  but  these  wars  last  always,  and 
for  many  ages ;  nothing  so  familiar  as  this  hacking  and  hewing,  massacres,  murders, 

desolations ignoto  c.xhim  clangore  re/nitirit^  they  care  not  what  mischief  they 

procure,  so  that  they  may  enrich  themselves  for  the  present ;  they  will  so  long  blow 
the  coals  of  contention,  till  all  the  world  be  consumed  with  lire.  The  "siege  of 
Troy  lasted  ten  years,  eight  months,  there  died  870,000  Grecians,  070,000  Trojans, 
at  the  takinsr  of  the  city,  and  after  Averc  slain  276,000  men,  women,  and  children  of 
all  sorts.  C;rsar  killed  a  million,  ^^lahomet  the  second  Turk,  300,000  persons; 
Sicmius  Dentatus  fouglit  in  a  hundred  battles,  eight  times  in  single  combat  he  over- 
came, had  forty  wounds  before,  was  rewarded  with  140  crowns,  triumphed  nine, 
times  for  his  good  service.  31.  Sergius  had  32  wounds ;  Scaeva,  the  Centurion,  I 
know  not  how  many ;  ever}'  nation  had  their  Hectors,  Scipios,  Caesars,  and  Alex- 
anders!  Our  ''Edward  the  Fourth  was  in  26  battles  afoot:  and  as  they  do  all,  he 
glories  in  it,  'tis  related  to  his  honour.  At  the  siege  of  Hierusalem,  1,100,000  died 
with  sword  and  famine.  At  the  battle  of  Cannas,  70,000  men  were  slain,  as  "'Poly- 
bius  records,  and  as  many  at  Battle  Abbey  witli  us ;  and  'tis  no  news  to  fight  from 
sun  to  sun,  as  they  did,  as  Constantine  and  Licinius,  &.c.  At  the  siege  of  Ostend 
(the  deviPs  academy)  a  poor  town  in  respect,  a  small  fort,  but  a  great  grave,  120,000 
men  lost  their  lives,  besides  whole  towns,  dorpes,  and  hospitals,  full  of  maimed 
soldiers ;  there  werft  engines,  fire-works,  and  whatsoever  the  devil  could  invent  to 
do  mischief  with  2,500,000  iron  bullets  shot  of  40  pounds  weight,  three  or  four 
millions  of  gold  consumed.  ^'^'AVho  (saith  mine  author)  can  be  sutTiciently  amazed 
at  their  tlinty  hearts,  obstinacy,  fur}*,  blindness,  who  witliout  any  likelihood  of  good 
success,  hazard  poor  soldiers,  and  lead  them  without  pity  to  the  slaughter,  which 
may  justly  be  called  the  rage  of  furious  beasts,  that  run  without  reason  upon  their 
own  deaths:"  ^quis  malus  gcnitis^  qxicc  furia  quce  pest  is,  &c. ;  what  plague,  what 
fury  brought  so  devilish,  so  brutish  a  thing  as  war  first  into  men's  minds .''  Who 
made  so  soft  and  peaceable  a  creature,  born  to  love,  mercy,  meekness,  so  to  rave,  rage 
like  beasts,  and  run  on  to  their  own  destruction .''  how  may  Nature  expostulate  with 
mankind,  Ego  te  divinum  animal  finri,  &c.  ?  I  made  thee  an  harmless,  quiet,  a  divine 
creature :  how  may  God  expostulate,  and  all  good  men  f  yet,  horum  facta  (as  '^one 
condoles)  tanfum  admirantur,  et  heroum  mcnitro  hahcnt :  these  are  the  brave  spirits, 
the  gallants  of  the  world,  these  admired  alone,  triumph  alone,  have  statues,  crowns, 
pyramids,  obelisks  to  their  eternal  fame,  that  immortal  gehius  attends  on  them,  h/tc 
i'ur  ad  astra.  AVhen  Rhodes  was  besieged,  ^fosscB  urhis  cadaverihus  replete^  siint^ 
tlie  ditches  were  full  of  dead  carcases :  and  as  when  the  said  Solyman,  great  Turk, 
beleaguered  Vienna,  they  lay  level  with  the  top  of  the  walls.     This  they  make  a 

'f  Ob  inanes  ditionutn  titulos,  ob  prereptum  locum,    »  Lib.  3.  ^'  Hist,  of  the  siege  of  Ostend,  fol.  33. 


obinterceptainnnilierciilam,vel  quoii  ^stiiltitia  natum, 
vel  e  malitia,  quod  cupido  dominandi.  libido  nocendi, 
&c.  "«  Bellum  rem  plane  bellui  nam  vocat  Morus. 

Ttop  lib.  2.^g^Mtam|^  Co^mo^.  I.  5,  c,  3  E. 
I>ict.  Cistea^^^^^^^^^HjL  ejus.       '^  Comineus 


^  Erasmus  de  bello.  Ut  placidum  illiid  animal  beae- 
volenti^e  natum  tam  ferina  vecordi^  in  mutuam  ruert>t 
perniciem.  ^  Rich.  Dinotb.  prsfai.  Belli  civilis 

Gal.  »<  JoTias. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  39 

sport  of,  and  will  do  it  to  their  friends  and  confederates,  against  oaths,  vows,  pro- 
mises, by  treachery  or  otherwise;  *^ dolus  an  virtus?  quls  in  haste  requiralf 

leagues  and  laws  of  arms,  (^^ silent  leges  inter  arma^)  for  their  adva'^lage,  o^rtTiiajwra, 
divina,  humana,  proculcata  plerumque  sunt ;  God's  and  men's  laws  are  trampled 
under  foot,  the  sword  alone  determines  all;  to  satisfy  their  lust  and  spleen,  they  care 
not  what  they  attempt,  say,  or  do,  ^^Rarajides^  probitasque  viris  qui  castra  sequuntur. 
Nothing  so  common  as  to  have  ""father  fight  against  the  son,  brother  against 
brother,  kinsman  against  kinsman,  kingdom  against  kingdom,  province  against  pro- 
vince, Christians  against  Christians :"  a  quibus  nee  unquam  cogitatione  fuerunt  li£si^ 
of  whom  they  never  had  oflence  in  thought,  word,  or  deed.  Infinite  treasures  con- 
sumed, towns  burned,  flourishing  cities  sacked  and  ruinated,  quodque  aiiimus  mtmi- 
nissc  horrci,  goodly  countries  depopulated  and  left  desolate,  old  inhabitants  expelled, 
trade  and  traffic  decayed,  maids  deflowered,  Virgines  nondum  thalamis  jugatce^  ci 
comis  nondum  positis  ephozbi ;  chaste  matrons  cry  out  with  Andromache,  ^"  Concu- 
bitum  mox  cogar  pati  ejus,  qui  interemit  Hectoretn,  they  shall  be  compelled  perad- 
venture  to  lie  with  them  that  erst  killed  their  husbands  :  to  see  rich,  poor,  sick, 
sound,  lords,  servants,  eodem  omnes  incommodo  macti,  consumed  all  or  maimed,  Sec. 
Et  quicquid  gaudens  scelere  animus  audet,  et  perversa  mens,  saith  Cyprian,  and 
wdiatsoever  torment,  miseiy,  mischief,  hell  itself,  the  devil,  ^  fury  and  rage  can  invent 
to  their  own  ruin  and  destruction ;  so  abominable  a  thing  is  '^  war,  as  Gerbelius  con- 
cludes, adeofceda  et  abominanda  r^s  est  bellum,  ex  quo  hominum  ccedes^  vastutiones, 
Sec,  the  scourge  of  God,  cause,  effect,  fruit  and  punishment  of  sin,  and  not  ionsura 
humani  generis  as  TertuUian  calls  it,  but  ruina.     Had  Democritus  been  present  at 

the  late  civil  wars  in  France,  those  abominable  wars bellaque  matribus  detestata, 

^''•"  where  m  less  than  ten  years,  ten  thousand  men  were  consumed,  saith  CoUignius, 
twenty  thousand  churches  overthrown ;  nay,  the  whole  kingdom  subverted  (as 
^-Richard  Dinoth  adds).  So  many  myriads  of  the  commons  were  butchered  up, 
with  sword,  famine,  war,  tanto  odio  vtrinque  ut  barbari  ad  abhorrendam  lanienam 
ohstupescercnt,  with  such  feral  hatred,  the  world  was  amazed  at  it :  or  at  our  late 
Pharsalian  fields  in  the  time  of  Henry  the  Sixth,  betwixt  the  houses  of  Lancaster  and 
York,  a  hundred  thousand  men  slain,  ^^one  writes;  ^^ another,  ten  thousand  families 
were  rooted  out,  "■  That  no  man  can  but  marvel,  saith  Comineus,  at  that  barbarous 
immanity,  feral  madness,  committed  betwixt  men  of  the  same  nation,  language,  and 
religion."  ^Quis  furor,  O  cives?  '^  Why  do  the  Gentiles  so  fmiously  rage,"  saith 
tlie  Prophet  David,  Psal.  ii.  1.  But  we  may  ask,  why  do  the  Christians  so  furiously 
rage  ?  ^Arma  volunt,  quare  poscunt,  rapiuntque  juventus  f  Unfit  for  Gentiles, 
much  less  for  us  so  to  tyrannize,  as  the  Spaniard  in  the  West  Indies,  that  kflled  up  in 
42  years  (if  we  may  believe  ^'' Bartholomeeus  a  Casa,  their  own  bishop)  12  millions 
of  men,  with  stupend  and  exquisite  torments  ;  neither  should  I  lie  (said  he)  if  I  said 
50  millions.  I  omit  those  French  massacres,  Sicilian  evensongs,  ^the  Duke  of 
Alva's  tyrannies,  our  gunpowder  machinations,  and  that  fourth  fuiy,  as  ^one  calls 

it,  the  Spanish  mquisition,  which  quite  obscures  tliose  ten  persecutions,  '°° scBvit 

toto  Mars  impius  orbe.  Is  not  this  ^mundus  furiosus,  a  mad  world,  as  he  terms  it, 
insanum  bellum  ?  are  not  these  mad  men,  as  ^Scaliger  concludes,  qui  in  prcelio  acerbd 
morte,  insanice  siice  memoriam  pro  perpetuo  teste  relinquunt  posteritati ;  which  leave 
so  frequent  battles,  as  perpetual  memorials  of  their  madness  to  all  succeeding  ages .' 
Would  this,  thmk  you,  have  enforced  our  Democritus  to  laughter,  or  rather  made 
him  turn  his  tune,  alter  his  tone,  and  weep  with  ^Heraclitus,  or  rather  howl,  ^roar, 
and  tear  his  hair  in  commiseration,  stand  amazed ;  or  as  the  poets  feign,  that  Niobe 

"<  Dolus,  asperitas,  in  jiistitia  propria  bellorum  ne-  gladio,  bello,  fame  miserabiliter  perierunt.        ^  Pont, 

gotia.   Tertul.  i^  Tully.         *  Lucan,  t^  Pater  Huterus.         '■«  Comineus.   Ut  nuUus  non  execretur  et 

in  liiium,  affiiiis  in  afflneiii,  amicus  in  amicum,  &c.  admiretur  crudelitatem,  et  barbaram  insaniam,  quse 

Regio  cum  regione,  resnum  regno  coUiditur.    Populus  inter  homines  eodem  sub  ctclo  natos,  ejusdem  lingua;, 

populo  in  miituam  perniciem,  belluarum  instar  san-  sanguinis,  religionis,  esercebatur.  •>■  Lucan. 

guinolente  ruentium.  »*  Libanii  declani.  ^s  Ira  w  Virg.  ^'  Bishop  of  Cuseo,   an   eye-witness, 

enira  et  furor  Bellonffconsultores,  &c.  dementessacer-  *  Read  Meteran  of  his  stupend  cruelties.  '        *  Hen 

dotes  sunt  *'  Bellum  quasi  bellua  et  ad  omnia  sius  Austriaco.  !«>  Vir?.  Georg.  "impious  war 

■celera  furor immissus.  "i  Gallorum  decies  centum  rages  throushout  the  whole  world.""         '  .lanseniiis 

»>iJlia  ceciderunt.  Ecclesiaris  20   millia   fundamentis  Gallobelgicus  1596.  Mundus  furiosus,  insrriptio  libri. 

excisa  »-  Belli  civilis  GaJ.  1.  1.  hoc  ferali  bello  et  ^  Exercitat.  250.  serm.  4.  ^   Fleat  Heraclitus  an 

ca?dil>u<  omnia  repleveriint,  et  regnum  amplLssimum  k  ■  rideat  Democritus.  ■•  C]j{^^^^  loquuAur,  in- 

futidameutis  pene  everterunt,  plebis    tot   myriades  i  gentes  stupent. 


40  Democntus  to  the  Reader. 

was  for  griei  qmtt  stupified,  and  turned  to  a  stone  ?  I  have  not  yet  said  the  worst- 
that  which  is  more  absurd  and  ^mad,  in  their  tumults,  seditions,  civil  and  unjust 
Avars,  ^quod  stulte  sucipitur,  ivipie  gcritur,  miscre  fmitur.  Such  wars  I  mean ;  for 
all  are  not  to  be  condemned,  as  those  fantastical  anabaptists  vainly  conceive.  Oui 
Christian  tactics  are  all  out  as  necessary  as  the  Roman  acies,  or  Grecian  phalanx , 
to  be  a  soldier  is  a  most  noble  and  honourable  profession  (as  the  world  is),  not  to 
be  spared,  they  are  our  best  walls  and  bulwarks,  and  I  do  therefore  acknowledge 
that  of 'Tully  to  be  most  true,  "  All  our  civil  affairs,  all  our  studies,  all  our  pleading, 
industry,  and  commendation  lies  under  the  protection  of  warlike  virtues,  and  when- 
soever there  is  any  suspicion  of  tumult,  all  our  arts  cease ;"  Avars  are  most  behoveful, 
et  hellatorcs  agricolis  civitati  sunt  utiliores,  as  ^Tyrius  defends:  and  valour  is  much 
to  be  commended  in  a  Avise  man;  but  they  mistake  most  part,  aiiferre,  trucidare., 
rapere,,  falsls  nominihus  virtutem  vacant^  &c.  ('TAvas  Galgacus'  observation  in 
Tacitus)  they  term  theft,  murder,  and  rapine,  virtue,  by  a  Avrong  name,  rapes, 
slaughters,  massacres,  &.c.  jocus  et  bidus^  are  pretty  pastimes,  as  Ludovicus  Vives 
notes.  '^  They  commonly  call  the  most  hair-brain  blood-suckers,  strongest  thieves, 
the  most  desperate  villains,  treacherous  rogues,  inhuman  murderers,  rash,  cruel  and 
dissolute  caitiffs,  courageous  and  generous  spirits,  heroical  and  Avorthy  captains, 
'"brave  men  at  arms,  valiant  and  renoAvned  soldiers,  possessed  Avith  a  brute  persuasion 
of  false  honour,"  as  Pontus  Huter  in  his  Burgundian  history  complains.  By  means 
of  Avhich  it  comes  to  pass  that  daily  so  many  voluntaries  offer  themselves,  leaving 
their  SAveet  Avives,  children,  friends,  for  sixpence  (if  they  can  get  it)  a  day,  prostitute 
their  lives  and  limbs,  desire  to  enter  upon  breaches,  lie  sentinel,  perdue,  give  the  first 
onset,  stand  in  the  fore  front  of  the  battle,  marching  bravely  on,  Avith  a  cheerful 
noise  of  drums  and  trumpets,  such  vigour  and  alacrity,  so  many  banners  streaming 
in  the  air,  glittering  armours,  motions  of  plumes,  Avoods  of  pikes,  and  sAVords,  variety 
of  colours,  cost  and  magnificence,  as  if  they  Avent  in  triumph,  noAV  victors  to  the 
Capitol,  and  Avith  such  pomp,  as  Avhen  Darius'  army  marched  to  meet  Alexander  at 
Issus.  Void  of  all  fear  they  run  into  imminent  dangers,  cannon's  mouth,  &c.,  ut 
vulnerihus  suis  ferrum  hoslium  hebetcnt,  saith  "Barletius,  to  get  a  name  of  valour, 
honour  and  applause,  Avhich  lasts  not  either,  for  it  is  but  a  mere  flash  this  fame,  and 
like  a  rose,  intra  diem  unum  extinguitur,  'tis  gone  in  an  instant.  Of  15,000  prole- 
taries slain  in  a  battle,  scarce  fifteen  are  recorded  in  history,  or  one  alone,  the  General 
perhaps,  and  after  a  Avhile  his  and  their  names  are  likeAvise  blotted  out,  the  Avhole 
battle  itself  is  forgotten.  Those  Grecian  orators,  summa  vi  ingenii  et  ehquentioi^  set 
out  the  renowned  overthroAvs  at  ThermopylcB^  Salamis,  Marathon,  Micale,  Man- 
tinea.,  Cherona;a,  Platcsa.  The  Romans  record  their  battle  at  Cannas,  and  Pharsa- 
lian  fields,  but  they  do  but  record,  and  Ave  scarce  hear  of  them.  And  yet  this 
supposed  honour,  popular  applause,  desire  of  immortality  by  this  means,  pride  and 
vain-glory  spur  them  on  many  times  rashly  and  unadvisedly,  to  make  aAvay  them- 
selves and  multitudes  of  others.  Alexander  Avas  sorry,  because  there  Avere  no-more 
worlds  for  him  to  conquer,  he  is  admired  by  some  for  it,  animosa  vox  videtur,  el 
re gia,  hwas  spoken  like  a  Prince;  but  as  Avise  '^Seneca  censures  him, 'tAvas  vox 
inquissima  et  stultissima,  'tAvas  spoken  like  a  Bedlam  fool ;  and  that  sentence  Avhich 
the  same  "Seneca  appropriates  to  his  father  Philip  and  him,  I  apply  to  them  all,  »\>>/i 
minores  fuere  pestes  mortalium  quain  inundatio,  qudm  conjlagratio,  quibus,  &.c.  they 
did  as  much  mischief  to  mortal  men  as  fire  and  Avater,  those  merciless  elements  Avhen 
they  rage.  "Which  is  yet  more  to  be  lamented,  they  persuade  them  this  hellish 
course  of  life  is  holy,  they  promise  heaven  to  such  as  venture  their  lives  bcUo  sacro. 
and  that  by  these  bloody  Avars,  as  Persians,  Greeks,  and  Romans  of  old,  as  modern 
Turks  do  now  their  commons,  to  encourage  them  to  fight,  ut  cadant  infeliciter. 

6  Arma    amens  capio,  nee  sat  rationis  in   armis.  |  vitam,  que  non  assueverlt  armis.  |>  Lib.  10.  vit. 

6  Erasmus.  'Pro  Murena.     Omnes  urhanse  res,    Scanperbeg.  "jvulli  beatiores  habiti,  quftm  qui 

omnia  studia,  omnis  forensis  laus  et  industria  latet  in  ,  in  pra'liis  lecidissent.     Brisonius  de  rep.  Persarum.  1 
tulela  et  prsecidis  bellica;  virtutis,  et  siniiil  atque  in-    3.  fol.  3.  44.     Idem  Lactantiua  de  Ronianis  et  Oraris 


crepuit  suspicio  tumultus,  artes  illico  nostras  contices- 
cunt.  »  Ser.  13.  '■'  Crudelissimos    s»vissi- 

niosque  latrones,  fortissimos  haberi  propugnatores, 
fidissiniiJ  dnrrJ  hatwiit.  bruta  persuasione  donaii. 
loEolii!  :-  lluj.isus."Q*«»ilkls  omnis  in  armis  vita  pla- 
cet, noL  uila  juv^^ii^^B^nec  ullam  esse  putant 


Idem  Ammianus,  lib.  23.  de  Parthis.  Judicatur  is 
solus  beaius  apud  eos.  qui  in  prcclio  fuderit  animani. 
Ue  Benef.  lib.  2.  C.I.  '=  Nat.  quiest.  lib.  3.  ''llo- 
lerus  Arnpbitridlon.  Busbcquius  Turc.  hist.  Per  cede* 
el  ^ansruinem  parare  bcniinibus  asrensum  in  ceel'  /» 
putant,  Lactan.  de  falsa  relig.  1.  1.  cap.  8. 


Democntm  to  the  Reader.  4 1 

^'  It  they  die  in  the  field,  iliey  go  directly  to  heaven,  and  shall  be  canonized  for  saints." 
(O  diabolical  invention !)  put  in  the  Chronicles,  in  perpeliiam  rci  memoriam,  to  their 
eternal  memory  :  when  as  in  truth,  as  '^some  hold,  it  were  much  better  (since  Avars 
are  the  scourge  of  God  for  sin,  by  which  he  punisheth  mortal  men's  peevishness  and 
folly)  such  brutish  stories  were  suppressetl,  because  ad  morum  instUuiioncm  nihil 
habenf,  they  conduce  not  at  all  to  manners,  or  good  life.  But  they  will  liave  it  dius 
nevertheless,  and  so  they  put  note  of  "*"  divinity  upon  themost  cruel  and  pernicious 
plague  of  human  kind,"  adore  such  men  with  grand  titles,  degrees,  statues,  images, 
"  honour,  applaud,  and  higlily  reward  them  for  their  good  service,  no  greater  glory 
than  to  die  in  tlie  field.  So  Africanus  is  extolled  by  Ennius :  Mars,  and  '*  Hercules, 
and  I  know  not  how  many  besides  of  old,  were  deified ;  went  this  way  to  heaven, 
that  were  indeed  bloody  butchers,  wicked  destroyers,  and  troublers  of  tlie  world, 
prodigious  monsters,  hell-hounds,  feral  plagues,  devourers,  common  executioners  of 
human  kind,  as  Lactantius  truly  proves,  and  Cyprian  to  Donat,  such  as  were  despe- 
rate in  wars,  and  precipitately  made  away  themselves,  (like  those  Celtes  in  Dama- 
scen,  with  ridiculous  valour,  ut  dedecorosum  putarent  muro  ruenti  se  suhducere,,  a 
disgrace  to  run  away  for  a  rotten  wall,  now  ready  to  fall  on  their  heads,)  sucli  as 
will  not  rush  on  a  sword's  point,  or  seek  to  shmi  a  cannon's  shot,  are  base  cowards, 
and  no  valiant  men.  By  which  means,  Madct  orbis  mutuo  sanguine^  the  earth  wal- 
lows in  her  own  blood,  '^  Scsvit  ■amor  ferri  et  scelerati  insania.  belli ;  and  for  that, 
which  if  it  be  done  in  private,  a  man  shall  be  rigorously  executed,  ^° "  and  which  is 
no  less  than  murder  itself;  if  the  same  fact  be  done  in  public  in  wars,  it  is  called 

manhood,  and  the  party  is  honoured  for  it." "^^Prosperum  etfcelix  scclus.,  virtus 

vacatur . 

We  measure  all  as  Turks  do,  by  the  event,  and'  most  part,  as  Cyprian  notes,  in  all 
ages,  countries,  places,  scEvitiiB  magnitudo  impunitatem  scelcris  acquirit,  the  foulness 
of  the  fact  vindicates  the  ofit3nder.  ^^  One  is  crowned  for  that  "which  another  is  tor- 
mented :  Ille  cruceni  sceleris  precium  tuUt,  hie  diadema  ;  made  a  knight,  a  lord,  an 
earl,  a  great  duke,  (as  ^Agrippa  notes)  for  that  which  another  should  have  hung  in 
gibbets,  as  a  terror  to  the  rest, 

2^ "et  tamen  alter, 

Si  fecisset  idem,  caderet  sub  judice  morum." 

A  poor  sheep-stealer  is  hanged  for  stealing  of  victuals,  compelled  peradventure  by 
necessity  of  that  intolerable  cold,  hunger,  and  thirst,  to  save  himself  from  starving : 
but  a  ^  great  man  in  office  may  securely  rob  whole  province^,  undo  thousands,  pill 
and  poll,  oppress  ad  libitum,  flea,  grind,  tyrannise,  enrich  himself  by  spoils  of  the 
commons,  be  uncontrolable  in  his  actions,  and  after  all,  be  recompensed  with  tur- 
gent  titles,  honoured  for  his  good  service,  and  no  man  dare  find  fault,  or  ^"^  mutter 
at  it. 

How  would  our  Democritus  have  been  affected  to  see  a  wicked  caitiff,  or  ^^"fool, 
a  very  idiot,  a  funge,  a  golden  ass,  a  monster  of  men,  to  have  many  good  men,  wise, 
men,  learned  men  to  attend  upon  him  with  all  submission,  as  an  appendix  to  his  riches, 
for  that  respect  alone,  because  he  hath  more  wealth  and  money,  ^^and  to  honour  him 
with  divine  titles,  and  bombast  epithets,"  to  smother  him  with  fumes  and  eulogies, 
whom  they  know  to  be  a  dizard,  a  fool,  a  covetous  wretch,  a  beast,  &lc.  "  because 
he  is  rich  V  To  see  sub  cxtwiis  leon'is  onagrum,  a  filthy  loathesome  carcass,  a  Gor- 
gon's head  puffed  up  by  parasites,  assume  this  unto  himself,  glorious  titles,  in  worth 
an  infant,  a  Cuman  ass,  a  painted  sepulchre,  an  Egyptian  temple  .''  To  see  a  wither- 
ed face,  a  diseased,  deformed,  cankered  complexion,  a  rotten  carcass,  a  viperous  mind, 
and  Epicurean  soul  set  out  with  orient  pearls,  jewels,  diadems,  perfumes,  curious 


'^Quoniaiii  bella  acerbissima  deiflagellasunt  quibus 
hominum  pertinaciam  punit,  ea  perpetua  oblivione 
sepelienda  potius  quam  meiiioris  maiulanda  plerique 
judicant.     Rich.  Diiioth.  praef.  hist.  Gall.  "^  Cru- 

entam  humani  generis  pesteni,  et  perniciem  divinita- 
tis  not4  insigiiiunt.  '■  Et  quod  doleiidum,  applau- 

sum  habent  et  occursum   viri  tales.  '^Herculi 

eadem  porta  ad  coelum  patuit,  qui  magnam  generis 
hun-..ini    partem    perdidlt.  i^  Virg.    .^neid.   7. 

20  Hnuiicidiuni  quum  comniittunt  singuli,  crimen  est, 
quuiH  public^  geritur,  virtus  vocatur.  Cyprianus. 
"'Seneca.  Successful  vice  is  called  virtue.  '^Ju- 
ven.  2.1  Dg  Ya,ait.  scient.  de  priucip.  nobilitalis. 


51  Juven.  Sat.  4.  '6  pausa  rapit,  quod  Natta  reli- 

quit.  Tu  pessimus  omnium  latro  es,  as  Demetrius 
the  Pirate  told  Alexander  in  Curtius.  "<^'!\(m  ausi 

mutire,  &c.     jEsop.  2?  jfnprobum  et  stultum,  si 

divitem  multos  bonos  viros  in  servitutoin  habentem, 
ob  id  dunta.xat  quod  ei  contingat  aureorum  numis- 
matuin  cumulus,  ut  appendices,  et  aildilamenta  nu- 
mismatum.     Morus  Utopia.  -s  Eoruniq ;   detes- 

taiitur  Utopienses  insaiijam,  qui  divinos  honores  iis 
impendunt,  quos  sordidos  el  a^y^i^ignoscunt ;  non 
alio  respectu  honuruutus,  quam  quoU  dues  iint. 
Idem.  lib.  2. 


43  Demoeritus  to  the  Reader. 

elaborate  works,  as  proud  of  his  clothes  as  a  child  of  his  new  coats ;  and  a  goodly 
person,  of  an  angel-like  divine  countenance,  a  saint,  an  humble  mind,  a  meet  spirit 
clothed  in  rags,  beg,  and  now  ready  to  be  starved  ?  To  see  a  silly  contemptible 
sloven  in  apparel,  ragged  in  his  coat,  polite  in  speech,  of  a  divine  spirit,  wise  ?  another 
neat  in  clothes,  spruce,  full  of  courtesy,  empty  of  grace,  wit,  talk  nonsense  ? 

To  see  so  many  lawyers,  advocates,  so  many  tribunals,  so  little  justice  ;  so  many 
magistrates,  so  little  care  of  common  good  ;  so  many  laws,  yet  never  more  disorders ; 
Tribunal  litium  segetem,  the  Tribunal  a  labyrinth,  so  many  thousand  suits  in  one 
court  sometimes,  so  violently  followed  ?  To  see  injuslisshnum  sccpe  juri  prcBsiden- 
tern,  wipium  religioni,  hnperitisshnum  erudUioni.,  ollosissimum  labors  moiistrosum 
humanitati?  to  see  a  lamb  ^''executed,  a  wolf  pronounce  sentence,  latro  arraigned, 
and  far  sit  on  the  bench,  the  judge  severely  punish  others,  and  do  worse  himself, 
^ eundem  furtum  facere  et  punire,  '^Wapinam  pleclcre.,  quum  sit  ipse  raptor  f  Laws 
altered,  misconstrued,  interpreted  pro  and  con,  as  tlie  '^^  Judge  is  made  by  friends, 
bribed,  or  otherwise  affected  as  a  nose  of  wax,  good  to-day,  none  to-morrow ;  or 
finn  in  his  opinion,  cast  in  his  ?  Sentence  prolonged,  changed,  ad  arhilrium  judicis, 
still  the  same  case,  ^'•'  one  thrust  out  of  his  inheritance,  another  falsely  put  in  by 
favour,  false  forged  deeds  or  wills."  Jncisce  leges  negliguntur,  laws  are  made  and 
lot  kept ;  or  if  put  in  execution,  "  they  be  some  silly  ones  that  arp  punished.  As, 
put  case  it  be  fornication,  the  father  will  disinherit  or  abdicate  his  child,  quite  cashier 
him  (out,  villain,  be  gone,  come  no  more  in  my  sight)  5  a  poor  man  is  miserably 
tormented  with  loss  of  his  estate  perhaps,  goods,  fortunes,  good  name,  for  ever  dis- 
graced, forsaken,  and  must  do  penance  to  the  utmost ;  a  mortal  sin,  and  yet  make 
the  worst  o[  it,  nunquid  aliud  fecit,  sn'iih  Tranio  in  the  ^poet,  ?i(SJ  quod  f admit  sum- 
mis  nati  generihusf  he  hath  done  no  more  than  what  gentlemen  usually  do.  ^JYe- 
que  novum,  ncque  viirum,  neque  secus  quam  alii  solcnt.  For  in  a  great  person,  riglit 
worshipful  Sir,  a  right  honourabk  Grandy,  'tis  not  a  venial  sin,  no,  not  a  peccadillo, 
'tis  no  offence  at  all,  a  common  and  ordinary  thing,  no  man  takes  notice  of  it;  he 
justifies  it  in  public,  and  peradventure  brags  of  it, 

^  "  Nam  quod  turpe  bonis,  Tilio,  Seioque,  decebat 

Crispin  mil" 

For  what  would  be  base  ia  good  men,  Tilius,  and  Seius,  became  Crispinus. 

*-Many  poor  men,  younger  brothers,  Stc.  by  reason  of  bad  policy  and  idle  education 
(for  they  are  likely  brought  up  in  no  cidliiig),  are  compelled  to  beg  or  steal,  and 
then  hanged  for  theft ;  than  which,  what  can  be  more  ignominious,  non  minus  enim 
turpe  principi  multa  supplicia,  quam  medico  multa  funera,  'tis  the  governor's  fault. 
Libcntius  verberant  quam  decent,  as  schoolmasters  do  rather  correct  their  pupils,  than 
teach  them  when  they  do  amiss.  ^^"  They  had  more  need  provide  there  should  be  no 
more  thieves  and  beggars,  as  they  ought  with  good  policy,  and  take  away  the  occa- 
sions, than  let  them  run  on,  as  they  do  to  their  own  destruction  :  root  out  likewise 
those  causes  of  wrangling,  a  multitude  of  lawyers,  and  compose  controversies,  lites 
lustrales  et  scculares,  by  some  more  compendious  means."  Wliereas  now  for  every 
toy  and  trille  they  go  to  law,  '^"Mugit  litibus  insanum  forum,  et  scBcit  invicem  discor- 
danlium  rabies,  tliey  are  ready  to  pull  out  one  another''s  throats ;  and  for  commodity 
*'to  squeeze  blood,"  saith  Hierom,  "  out  of  their  brother's  heart,"  defame,  lie,  dis- 
grace, backbite,  rail,  bear  false  witness,  swear,  forswear,  fight  and  wrangle,  spend 
their  goods,  lives,  fortunes,  friends,  undo  one  another,  to  enrich  an  harpy  advocate, 
that  preys  upon  them  both,  and  cries  Eia  Socrates,  Eia  Xantippe ;  or  some  corrupt 
Judge,  that  like  the  ''^Kite  in  ^sop,  while  the  mouse  and  frog  fought,  carried  both 
away.  Generally  they  prey  one  upon  anotlier  as  so  many  ravenous  birds,  brute 
beasts,  devouring  fishes,  no  medium,  ^^o/w/ies  hie  aut  captantur  aut  captant ;  autcada- 
vera  quce  lacerantur,  aut  corvi  qui  lacerant,  either  deceive  or  be  deceived ;  tear  others 

2sCyp.  2.  ad  Donat.  ep.  Ut  reus  innocens  pereat,  i  tratiium  culpa  (it,  qui  malos  imitantur  prtecepiores, 
sit  nocens.  Judex  daninat  foras,  quod  intus  operatur.  :  qui  discipulns  libentius  verberant  quam  docunt.  Mo- 
'"Sidonius  Apo.  3i  g^ivianus  1.  3.   de  orav-iden.     rus,  Utop.  lib.  1.  s"  Decernuntur  furi  yravia  et 

*2  Ergo  judicium  nihil  est  nisi  publica  merces.  1-etro-  horrenda  supplicia,  qanm  potius  provideiidiini  niull6 
nius.     Quid  faciant  leges  ubi  sola  pecunia   regnaf?     foretnefures  sint,  ne  cuiquam. tarn  dira  furandi  aut 


Idem.  33  Hie   arcentur   hsreditatibus   Hberi,   hie 

donatur  Imnis  alitm^ijjlsum  consiilit.  alter  testamen- 
tum  ciirr  i.u.'il.'&eTlaerii.  '■"  ^  i\at  censura  co- 

lumb;is.         -ia  plMgu|natel.         -'Mt-m.         37juven. 
Bat.  \,  ^^^^^Hta^^fures  et  luendici,  ma 


pereundi  sit  necessitas.    Idem.  ■"'Boterus  de  aug- 

ment, urb.  lib.  3.  cap.  3.  ''  E  frater»o  corde  san- 

guinem    eliciiint.  •'Milvus    rapit   »c    deglubii 

■'•'  Petronius  de  Crotone  civil. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  43 

or  be  torn  irt  pieces  themselves ;  like  so  many  buckets  in  a  well,  as  one  riseth 
another  falleth,  one's  empty,  another's  full ;  his  ruin  is  a  ladder  to  the  third ;  such 
are  our  ordinary  proceedings.  What's  the  market?  A  place,  according  to  ""Ana- 
charsis,  wherein  they  cozen  one  another,  a  trap;  nay,  what's  the  world  itself? 
*^A  vast  chaos,  a  confusion  of  manners,  as  fickle  as  the  air,  domiciUum  insanorum, 
a  turbulent  troop  full  of  impurities,  a  mart  of  walking  spirits,  goblins,  the  theatre  of 
hypocrisy,  a  sliop  of  knavery,  flattery,  a  nursery  of  villany,  the  scene  of  babbling, 
the  school  of  giddiness,  the  academy  of  vice  ;  a  warfare,  uhi  veils  nolis  pvgncmdum, 
auf  vincas  aid  succianhas,  in  which  "kill  or  be  killed ;  Avherein  every  man  is  for  him- 
self, his  private  ends,  and  stands  upon  his  own  guard.  No  charity,^'' love,  friendship, 
fear  of  God,  alliance,  affinity,  consanguinity,  Christianity,  can  contain  them,  but  if 
they  be  any  ways  offended,  or  that  string  of  commodity  be  touched,  they  fall  foul. 
Old  friends  become  bitter  enemies  on  a  sudden  for  toys  and  small  oflences,  and  they 
that  erst  were  willing  to  do  all  mutual  offices  of  love  and  kindness,  now  revile  and 
persecute  one  another  to  death,  with  more  than  Vatinian  hatred,  and  will  not  be 
reconciled.  So  long  as  they  are  behoveful,  they  love,  or  may  bestead  each  other, 
biit  when  there  is  nO  more  good  to  be  expected,  as  they  do  by  an  old  dog,  hang 
him  up  or  cashier  him  :  which  ''''Cato  counts  a  great  indecorum,  to  use  men  like  old 
shoes  or  broken  glasses,  which  are  flung  to  the  dunghill ;  he  could  not  find  in  his 
heart  to  sell  an  old  ox,  much  less  to  turn  away  an  old  servant :  but  they  instead  of 
recompense,  revile  him,  and  when  they  have  made  him  an  instrument  of  their  villany, 
as  ■'^Bajazet  the  second  Emperor  of  the  Turks  did  by  Acomethes  Bassa,  make  him 
away,  or  instead  of '*'' reward,  hate  him  to  death,  as  Silius  was  served  by  Tiberius. 
In  a  word,  every  man  for  his  own  ends.  Our  summum  bonum  is  commodity,  and  the 
goddess  we  adore  Dea  moneta^  Queen  money,  to  Avhom  we  daily  ofler  sacrifice, 
which  steers  our  hearts,  hands,  ^"affections,  all :  that  most  powerful  goddess,  by 
whorq  we  are  reared,  depressed,  elevated,  ^'  esteemed  the  sole  commandress  of  our 
actions,  for  which  we  pray,  run,  ride,  go,  come,  labour,^and  contend  as  fishes  do  for 
a  crumb  that  falleth  into  the  water.  It's  not  worth,  virtue,  (that's  bonum  thealrale,) 
wisdom,  valour,  learning,  honesty,  religion,  or  any  sufficiency  for  which  we  are 
respected,  but  ^^ money,  greatness,  office,  honour,  authority ;  honesty  is  accounted  fol- 
ly ;  knavery,  policy ;  °^men  admired  out  of  opinion,  not  as  they  are,  but  as  they  seem 
to  be  :  such  shifting,  lying,  cogging,  plotting,  counterplotting,  temporizing,  flattering, 
cozening,  dissembling,  *''"  that  of  necessity  one  must  highly  offend  God  if  he  be  con- 
formable to  the  world,"  Cretizare  cum  Crete,'-'' or  else  live  in  contempt,  disgrace  and 
misery."  One  takes  upon  him  temperance,  holiness,  another  austerity,  a  third  an 
affected  kind  of  simplicity,  when  as  indeed,  he,  and  he,  and  he,  and  the  rest  are 
^"  hypocrites,  ambidexters,"  out-sides,  so  many  turning  pictures,  a  lion  on  the  one 
side,  a  lamb  on  the  other .^^  How  would  Democritus  have  been  affected  to  see  these 
things ! 

To  see  a  man  turn  himself  into  all  shapes  like  a  camelion,  or  as  Proteus,  omnia 
trunsfurmans  sese  in  miracula  rerum,  to  act  twenty  parts  and  persons  at  once,  for 
his  advantage,  to  temporize  and  vary  like  Mercury  the  Planet,  good  with  good ;  bad 
with  bad  ;  having  a  several  face,  garb,  and  character  for  every  one  he  meets ;  of  all 
religions,  humours,  inclinations  ;  to  fawn  like  a  spaniel,  mentitis  et  mimicis  obsequis, 
rage  like  a  lion,  bark  like  a  cur,  fight  like  a  dragon,  sting  like  a  serpent,  as  meek  as 
a  lamb,  and  yet  again  grin  like  a  tiger,  weep  like  a  crocodile,  insult  over  some,  and 
yet  others  domineer  over  him,  here  command,  there  crouch,  tyrannize  in  one  place, 
be  baffled  in  another,  a  wise  man  at  home,  a  fool  abroad  to  make  others  merry. 

To  see  so  much  difference  betwixt  words  and  deeds,  so  many  parasangs  betwixt 

■■J Quid  forum'!  locus  quo  alius  alium  circiimvenit.  I  tia  odium  redditur.    Tac.             wpaucis  charior  est 

^^Vastum  chaos,  larvarura  emporium,  thealrum  hypo-  fides  quam  pecunia.  Salust.           ''  Prima  fere  vota  et 

crisios,  &c.           ••'■Nemo  ccelum,  nemo  jusjurandum,  cunctis,  &.c.             ^-Et  genus  et  forniam  regina  pecu- 

nemo  Jovem  pluris  facit,  sed  omnes   apertis   oculis  nia  donat.     Quantum  quisque  sua  nummorum  nerval 

bona  sua  coniputant.    Petron.             47pimarch.  vit.  in  area,  tantum  habet  et  fidei.          «>  j^on  a  peritia  sed 

ejus.     Indecorum  animatis  ut  cilceis  uti  aut  vitris,  ab  ornatu  et  vulgi  vocibus  habemur  excellentes.  Car- 

qujE  ubi  fracta  abjicimus,  nam  ut  de  nieip?o  dicam,  dan.  1.  2.  de  cons.            ^iPerjurata  suo  postponit  nu- 


nec  bnvem  senem  vendideram,  nedum  hominem  natu 
grandem  laboris  socium.  ■»f  Jovius.     Cum  innu- 

niera  illius  beneficia  rependere  non  posset  aliter,  in- 
terfici  jussit.  «  Beneficia  eo  usque  lata  sunt  dum 

videntur  solvi  posse,  ubi  multum  antevenere  pro  gra- 


mina  lucro,  Mercator.  TJt  netessarium  sit  vel  Deo 
displicere,  vel  ab  hominibus  contemni,  vexari,  neg- 
ligi,  -^Qui  Curios  .-iuiiilajtJiiHT«.a,lji;inalia  vivunt. 
°«Tragelaplio  siiniiti  vjl'centanris,  sursunf-^omines, 
deorsum  equi. 


44  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

tongue  and  heart,  men  like  stage-players  act  variety  of  parts,  ^"give  good  precepts  to 
otliers,  soar  aloft,  whilst  they  themselves  grovel  on  the  ground. 

To  see  a  man  protest  friendship,  kiss  his  hand,  ^^queni  mallet  truncaium  viderc 
*' smile  with  an  intent  to  do  mischief,  or  cozen  him  whom  he  salutes,  ^"magnify  his 
friend  unworthy  with  hyperbolical  eulogiums ;  his  enemy  albeit  a  good  man,  tc 
vilify  and  disgrace  him,  yea  all  his  actions,  with  the  utmost  that  livor  and  malice 
can  invent. 

To  see  a  ®'  servant  able  to  buy  out  his  master,  him  that  carries  the  mace  more 
worth  than  the  magistrate,  which  Plato,  lib.  11,  de  leg.,  absolutely  forbids,  Epictetus 
abhors.  A  horse  that  tills  the  ^^  land  fed  with  chafT,  an  idle  jade  have  provender  in 
abundance ;  him  that  makes  shoes  go  barefoot  himself,  him  that  sells  meat  almost 
pined  ;  a  toiling  drudge  stai-ve,  a  drone  flourish. 

To  see  men  buy  smoke  for  wares,  castles  built  with  fools'  heads,  men  like  apes 
follow  the  fashions  m  tires,  gestures,  actions  :  if  the  king  laugh,  all  laugh ; 

*3" Rides?  majore  chachinno 

Concutitur,  ttet  si  lachrymas  conspexit  amici." 

**  Alexander  stooped,  so  did  his  courtiers  ;  Alphonsus  turned  his  head,  and  so  did  his 
parasites.  ^^Sabina  Poppea,  Nero's  wife,  wore  amber-coloured  hair,  so  did  all  tlie 
Roman  ladies  in  an  instant,  her  fashion  was  theirs. 

To  see  men  wholly  led  by  aflectioh,  admired  and  censured  out  of  opinion  with- 
out judgment :  an  inconsiderate  multitude,  like  so  many  dogs  in  a  village,  if  one 
bark  all  bark  without  a  cause :  as  fortune"'s  fan  turns,  if  a  man  be  in  favour,  or  com- 
manded by  some  great  one,  all  the  W'orld  applauds  him  ;  "  if  in  disgrace,  in  an  instant 
all  hate  him,  and  as  at  the  sun  when  he  is  eclipsed,  that  erst  took  no  notice,  now 
gaze  and  stare  upon  him. 

To  see  a  man  "wear  his  brains  in  his  belly,  his  guts  in  his  head,  an  hundred  oaks 
on  his  back,  to  devour  a  hundred  oxen  at  a  meal,  nay  more,  to  devour  houses  and 
towns,  or  as  those  Anthropophagi,  **to  eat  one  another. 

To  see  a  man  roll  himself  up  like  a  snowball,  from  base  beggar)'  to  right  worship)- 
ful  and  right  honourable  titles,  unjustly  to  screw  himself  into  honours  and  offices; 
another  to  starve  his  genius,  danm  his  soul  to  gather  wealth,  which  he  shall  not  en- 
joy, which  his  prodigal  son  melts  and  consumes  in  an  instant.**^ 

To  see  the  xaxo^T;>jiav  of  our  times,  a  man  bend  all  his  forces,  means,  time,  fortunes, 
to  be  a  favorite's  favorite's  favorite,  Ss-c,  a  parasite's  parasite's  parasite,  that  n^ay 
scorn  the  servile  world  as  having  enough  already. 

To  see  an  hirsute  beggar's  brat,  that  lately  fed  on  scraps,  crept  and  whined,  crying 
to  all,  and  for  an  old  jerkm  ran  of  errands,  now  ruffle  in  silk  and  satin,  bravely 
mounted,  jovial  and  polite,  now  scorn  his  old  friends  and  familiars,  neglect  his  kin- 
dred, insult  over  his  betters,  domineer  over  all. 

To  see  a  scholar  crouch  and  creep  to  an  illiterate  peasant  for  a  meal's  meat ; 
a  scrivener  better  paid  for  an  obligation ;  a  falconer  receive  greater  wages  than  a 
student :  a  lawyer  get  more  in  a  day  than  a  philosopher  in  a  year,  better  reward  for  an 
hour,  than  a  scholar  for  a  twelvemonth's  study ;  him  that  can  '°  paint  Thais,  play  on 
a  fiddle,  curl  hair,  &.C.,  sooner  get  preferment  than  a  philologer  or  a  poet. 

To  see  a  fond  mother,  like  .^sop's  ape,  hug  her  child  to  death,  a  "  wittol  wink  at 
his  wife's  honesty,  and  too  perspicuous  in  all  other  aflairs ;  one  stumble  at  a  straw, 
and  leap  over  a  block;  rob  Peter,  and  pay  Paul;  scrape  unjust  sums  with  one  hand, 
purchase  great  manors  by  corruption,  fraud  and  cozenage,  and  liberally  to  distribute 
to  the  poor  with  the  other,  give  a  remnant  to  pious  uses,  &c.  Penny  wise,  pound 
foolish;  blind  men  judge  of  colours;  wise  men  silent,  fools  talk;  "find  fault  with 

s'PrsEceptis  suis  coelum   promittunt,  ipsi    interim    nius  1.37.  cap.  3.  capillos  habuit  succineos,  exinde 
pulveris   terreni  vilia  mancipia.  sf^neag  Silv.     factum  ut  omnes  paellae  Romans  colorera  ilium  affec- 

»Arridere   homines  ut  sa;viant,  blandiri   ut  fallant.  ;  tarent.  «  Odit  damnatos.     Juv.  "Asrippa 

Cyp.  ad  Donatum.  «>Love  and  hale  are  like  the     ep.  28.  1.  7.     Quorum  cerebrum  est  in  ventre,  inseni- 

two  ends  of  a  perspective  glass,  the  one   multiplies,  \  um  in  patinia.  ««Psal.     They  eat  up  mv  people 

the  other  makes  less.  ^  Ministri  locupletiores  iis     as  bread.  «»  Absumit  haerea  cecuba  Jii,'nior  ser- 

quibus  niinistratur,  servus  majores  opes  habens  quam  vata  centum  clavibus,  et  mero  distineiiet  pavimentig 
patronus.  s^Quilerram  colunt  equi  paleis  pas-    superbo,   pontificum   potiore  coenis.    Ilor.  "oQni 

cuntur,  qui  otiantur  caballi  aveni  saeinantur,  discal-  Thaidera  pinaere,  inflare  tibiam,  crispare  crine-i. 
ceatus  discurrit  yii^alres  aliis  facit.  rajuven.  ,  "  Doctus  spectare  lacunar.  "Tiillius.    Est  enirr. 


Di  y.iu  1  iiij>ii  >  he  isslhltetiil  y  ^^till  greater  laughter?  |  proprium  siultitiic  aliorum  cernere  vilia,  obliiisci  gi>- 
li.  \\i,c»>s  also  \vhe^he  has  Lcheld  the  tears  of  his  orum.  Idem  Aristippus  Charidemo  apud  Lucianum 
fi^jiO.       J^||JHB|^dd  tefllftM)*  <^-         Tli- 1  Omnino  Btultitis  cujusdam  esse  puto,  &c. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  46 

others,  and  do  worse  themselves ;  "denounce  that  in  public  which  he  doth  in  secret ; 
and  which  Aurelius  Victor  gives  out  of  Augustus,  severely  censure  that  in  a  third, 
of  which  he  is  most  guilty  himself. 

To  see  a  poor  fellow,  or  an  hired  servant  venture  his  life  for  his  new  master  that 
will  scarce  give  him  his  wages  at  year's  end ;  A  country  colone  toil  and  moil,  till 
and  drudge  for  a  prodigal  idle  drone,  that  devours  all  the  gain,  or  lasciviously  con- 
sumes with  phantastical  expences ;  A  noble  man  in  a  bravado  to  encounter  death, 
and  for  a  small  flash  of  honour  to  cast  away  himself;  A  worldling  tremble  at  an  ex- 
ecutor, and  yet  not  fear  hell-fire ;  To  wish  and  hope  for  immortality,  desire  to  be 
happy,  and  yet  by  all  means  avoid  death,  a  necessary  passage  to  bring  him  to  it. 

To  see  a  fool-hardy  fellow  like  those  old  Danes,  qui  decollari  malunt  quom 
verherari.,  die  rather  than  be  punished,  in  a  sottish  humour  embrace  death  with 
alacrity,  yet  '■*  scorn  to  lament  his  own  sins  and  miseries,  or  his  dearest  friends' 
departures. 

To  see  wise  men  degraded,  fools  preferred,  one  govern  towns  and  cities,  and  yet 
a  silly  woman  overrules  him  at  home;  "Command  a  province,  and  yet  his  own  ser- 
vants or  children  prescribe  laws  to  him,  as  Themistocles'  son  did  in  Greece ; 
'*'-'What  I  Avill  (said  he)  my  mother  will,  and  what  my  mother  will,  my  father 
doth."  To  see  horses  ride  in  a  coach,  men  draw  it ;  dogs  devour  their  masters ; 
towers  build  masons ;  children  rule ;  old  men  go  to  school ;  women  wear  the 
breeches ;  ''  sheep  demolish  towns,  devour  men,  &c.  And  in  a  word,  the  world 
turned  upside  doAvnward.     O  viveret  Democritus. 

'*  To  insist  in  every  particular  were  one  of  Hercules'  labours,  there's  so  many 
ridiculous  instances,  as  motes  in  the  sun.  Quantum  est  in  rebus  inane  ?  (How 
much  vanity  there  is  m  things  !)  And  who  can  speak  of  all  ?  Crimine  ah  uno  disce 
mnnes.,  take  this  for  a  taste. 

But  these  are  obvious  to  sense,  trivial  and  well  known,  easy  to  be  discerned.  How 
would  Democritus  have  been  moved,  had  he  seen  '^  the  secrets  of  their  hearts  }  If 
every  man  had  a  window  in  his  breast,  which  Momus  would  have  had  in  Vulcan's, 
man,  or  that  which  Tully  so  much  wished  it  were  written  in  every  man's  forehead, 
Quid  quisque  dc  republicd  sentiret^  what  he  thought ;  or  that  it  could  be  effected  in 
an  instant,  which  Mercury  did  by  Charon  in  Lucian,  by  touching  of  his  eyes,  to  make 
him  discern  semel  et  simul  rumores  et  susurros. 

"  Spes  hominum  CEccas,  morbos,  votumque  labores,    |    "Blind  hopes  and  wishes,  their  thousrhts  and  affairs, 
Et  passim  toto  volitantes  EBthere  curas."  |       Whispers  and  lumours,  and  those  flying  cares." 

That  he  could  cuUculorum  ohductas  foras  recludere  et  secreta  cordium  penetrare, 
which  ^  Cyprian  desired,  open  doors  and  locks,  shoot  bolts,  as  Lucian's  Gallus  did 
with  a  feather  of  his  tail  :  or  Gyges'  invisible  ring,  or  some  rare  perspective  glass,  or 
Ofacousiicon^  which  Avould  so  multiply  species,  that  a  man  might  hear*and  see  all  at 
once  (as  ^'  Martianus  Capella's  Jupiter  did  in  a  spear  which  he  held  in  his  hand, 
which  did  present  unto  him  all  that  was  daily  done  upon  the  face  of  the  earth), 
observe  cuckolds'  horns,  forgeries  of  alchemists,  the  philosopher's  stone,  new  pro- 
jectors, &c.,  and  all  those  works  of  darkness,  foolish  vows,  hopes,  fears  and  wishes, 
what  a  deal  of  laughter  would  it  have  afforded  ?  He  should  have  seen  windmills  in 
one  man's  head,  an  hornet's  nest  in  another.  Or  had  he  been  present  with  Icarome- 
nippus  in  Lucian  at  Jupiter's  whispering  place,  *^  and  heard  one  pray  for  rain,  an- 
other for  fair  weather ;  one  for  his  wife's,  another  for  his  father's  death.  Sec  ;  ''•  to  ask 
that  at  God's  hand  which  they  are  abashed  any  man  should  hear :"  How  would  he 
have  been  confounded.^  Would  he,  think  you,  or  any  man  else,  say  that  these 
men  were  well  in  their  wits  .''     Hccc  sani  esse  hominis  quis  sanus  juret   Orestes  f 

"Execrari  publice  quod  occulta  agat.  Salvianus  '  ep.  prsed.  Hos.  dejerantes  et  potantes  deprehendet. 
lib.  de  pro.  acres  ulciscendis  vitiis  quibus  ipsi  vehe-  i  hos  vomentes,  illos  litigantes,  insidias  molientes,  siif- 


nientcr  indulgent.  '^  Adanius  eccl.  hist.  cap.  212 

Siquis  damnatus  fuerit,  iKtus  esse  gloria  est;  nam 
lachrynias  et  planctum  casteraque  compunctionum 
genera  qus  nos  salubria  censemus,  ita  abominantur 
Daiii,  ut  nee  pro  peccatis  nee  pro  defunctis  amicis  ulli 


fragantes,  venena  niiscentes,  in  amicorum  accusalio- 
nem  subscribentef,  hos  gloria,  illos  ambitione,  cupidi- 
tate,  mente  captos,  &c.  to  Ad  Donat.  ep.  2.  I.  1.  O 
si  posses  in  specula  sublimi  constitutus,  &c.  ti  Lib. 
1.  de  nup.  Philol.  in  qua  quid  singuli  nationum  popull 


flere  liceat.  'sOrbi  dat  leges  foras,  vix  famulum  i  quotidianis  niotibus  agitarent.  relucebat.  '^-O  Ju 

regit  sine  strepitu  domi.  ""^  Quicquid  ego  volo  hoc  \  piler  contingat  mihi  aurum  hsereditas,  &;c.  Multos  da 

vult  mater  mea,  et  quod  mater  vult,  facit  pater.  '  Jupiter  annos.  Dementia  quanta  est  hominum,  tur  • 
''  OvBs,  olim  mite  pecus,  nunc  tam  indomitum  et  edax  pissima  vota  diis  insusurraif^^siquis  adraoverit  aurem, 
■Jt  homines  devorent,  &c.  Morus.  Utop.  lib.  1.  '^^  Di-  conticescunt ;  et  quod  scire  tagpiines  nolunt,  Dco  aar- 
»ersos  variis  tribuit  natura  furores.  tapemo^rit.  i  rant.  Senac.  ep.  iO.  1. 1. 


46  Denwcritus  to  the  Reader. 

Can  all  the  hellebore  in  the  Anticyrse  cure  these  men  ?     No,  sure,  ^' "  an  acre  of 
hellebore  will  not  do  it." 

That  which  is  more  to  be  lamented,  they  are  mad  like  Seneca's  blind  woman, 
and  will  not  acknowledge,  or  ^  seek  for  any  cure  of  it,  for  pauci  vidcnt  morhum 
suu7n,  omnes  amant.  If  our  leg  or  arm  offend  us,  we  covet  by  all  means  possible  to 
redress  it ;  ^  and  if  we  labour  of  a  bodily  disease,  we  send  for  a  physician ;  but  for 
the  diseases  of  the  mind  we  take  no  notice  of  them:  "^^Lust  harrows  us  on  the  one 
side ;  envy,  anger,  ambition  on  the  other.  We  are  torn  in  pieces  by  our  passions, 
as  so  many  wild  horses,  one  in  disposition,  another  in  habit ;  one  is  melancholy, 
another  mad  ;  ^'  and  which  of  us  all  seeks  for  help,  doth  acknowledge  his  error,  or 
knows  he  is  sick  .?  As  that  stupid  fellow  put  out  the  candle  because  the  biting  fleas 
should  not  find  him ;  he  shrouds  himself  in  an  unknown  habit,  borrov.-ed  titles,  be- 
cause nobody  should  discern  him.  Every  man  thinks  with  himself,  Egomet  videor 
7nihi  s(mi(s,  I  am  Avell,  I  am  wise,  and  laughs  at  others.  And  'tis  a  general  fault 
amongst  them  all,  that  ^  which  our  forefathers  have  approved,  diet,  apparel,  opinions, 
humours,  customs,  manners,  we  deride  and  reject  in  oiu-  time  as  absurd.     Old  men 

account  juniors  all  fools,  Avhen  they  are  mere  dizards;  and  as  to  sailors, terra- 

que  urbesque  reccdiint they  move,  the  land  stands  still,  the  world  hath  much 

more  wit,  they  dote  themselves.  Turks  deride  us,  we  them ;  Italians  Frenchmen, 
accounting  them  light  headed  fellows,  the  French  scoff  again  at  Italians,  and  at  their 
several  customs  ;  Greeks  have  condemned  all  the  world  but  themselves  of  barbarism, 
the  world  as  much  vilifies  them  now  ;  we  account  Germans  heavy,  dull  fellows,  explode 
many  of  their  fashions  ;  they  as  contemptibly  think  of  us  ;  Spaniards  laugh  at  all,  and 
all  again  at  them.  So  are  we  fools  and  ridiculous,  absurd  in  our  actions,  carriages, 
diet,  apparel,  customs,  and  consultations ;  we  ^'  scoff  and  point  one  at  another,  when 
as  in  conclusion  all  are  fools,  ®°'^and  they  the  veriest  asses  that  hide  their  ears  most. 
A  private  man  if  he  be  resolved  with  himself,  or  set  on  an   opinion,  accounts  all 

idiots  and  asses  that  are  not  affected  as  he  is, "  nil  reclum^  nisi  quod  placnit 

sihU  ducit^  that  are  not  so  minded,  ^(quodque  vohint  homines  se  bene  vcUc  jmfant^) 
all  fools  that  think  not  as  he  doth :  he  will  not  say  with  Atticus,  Suam  quisque 
sponsmn^vii/ii  meam,  let  every  man  enjoy  his  own  spouse;  but  his  alone  is  fair, 
suns  amor,  Stc,  and  scorns  all  in  respect  of  himself,  ^  Avill  imitate  none,  hear  none 
^  but  himself,  as  Pliny  said,  a  law  and  example  to  himself.  And  that  which  Hippo- 
crates, in  his  epistle  to  Dionysius,  reprehended  of  old,  is  verified  in  our  times,  Quis- 
que in  aJio  superjluum  esse  censet,  ipse  quod  nan  habet  nee  curat,  that  whicli  he  bath 
not  himself  or  doth  not  esteem,  he  accounts  superfluity,  an  idle  quality,  a  mere  fop- 
pery in  another :  like  ^Esop's  fox,  when  he  had  lost  his  tail,  would  have  all  his  fel- 
low foxes  cut  off  theirs.  The  Chinese  say,  that  we  Europeans  have  one  eye,  they 
themselves  two,  all  the  world  else  is  blind':  (though  '^  Scaliger  accounts  them  brutes 
too,  merum  pecus,)  so  thou  and  thy  sectaries  are  only  wise,  others  indifferent,  the 
rest  beside  themselves,  mere  idiots  and  asses.  Thus  not  acknowledging  our  own 
errors  and  imperfections,  we  securely  deride  others,  as  if  we  alone  Avcre  free,  and 
spectators  of  the  rest,  accounting  it  an  excellent  thing,  as  indeed  it  is,  Jlliena  opti- 
mum f  mi  insanin,  to  make  ourselves  merry  Avith  other  men's  obliquities,  when  as 
he  himself  is  more  faulty  than  the  rest,  mutate  nomine,  de  te  fahula  nnrratur,  he  may 
take  himself  by  the  nose  for  a  fool ;  and  which  one  calls  maxinmm  siultitice  specimen, 
to  be  ridiculous  to  others,  and  not  to  perceive  or  take  notice  of.  it.  as  Marsyas  was 
when  he  contended  with  Apollo,  non  intelligcns  se  deridiculo  haberi,  saith  ^  Apu- 
leius ;  'tis  his  own  cause,  he  is  a  convicted  madman,  as  ^'Austin  well  infers  ''  in  the 
eyes  of  wise  men  and  angels  he  seems  like  one,  that  to  our  thinkmg  walks  with  his 

S3  Plautus  Menech.  non  potest  hac  res  Helleboriju-     priscis  eiprobrat.  Bud.de  affec.  lib.  5.  W'Senes 

gero  obtinerier.  "^Eoqiie  gravior  morbus  quo  ig-     pro  stnltis  habentjuvenes.  Balth.  Cast.  *!>Clodiui 

potior  periclitanti.  '^■'Quie  la^dunt  oculos,  fcstinas     aciusal  machos.  »o  Omnium  stultissimi  qui  auri- 

demere  ;  si  quid  est  ammum,  differs  curnndi  tempus  culas  studios^  tegunt.  Sat.  Menip.  si  Hor.  Kpisl.  2. 
in  annum.  Hor.  i*  Si  caput,  crus  dolet,  brachiura,     '^-  Prosper.  *  Statim  sapiunt,  statim  sciiint,  nemi- 

&c.  Medicum  accersimus,  recte  et  honesle,  si  p:»r  nera  reverentur,  neminem  imitantur,  ipsi  sibi  exem- 
eliam  indu.-triain  animi  morbis  poneretur.     Joh.  Pe-     plo.     Plin.  Epist.  lib.  8.  w.Xulli   alteri    fapera 

lenus  Jesulta.  lib.  2.  de  hum.  affec.  morborumquecura.     concedit,  ne  desipere  videatur.    A-irip.  "Omni* 

""  Et  quoti'squisque  tawen  e»t  qui  contra  tot  pestes     orbis  persechio  a  persis  ad  Lusitaniam.  "^S  Florid. 

niedicurii  . »»iuirat-«»Ki^tiJt,ii r   s,-  risno?cat?  ebullit  |  «■  August.  Qualis  inoculis  hominiimqui  inv«*rsi»  n*di- 

jra,  Ac.       Et  00^  j^jJHIfcffigf OS   . iieaamus.     Into-     bus  ambulat,  talis  in  oculis  sapienium  et  aageloram 

luDi^  medjaBajJll^B^  Prresens  a;ta3  slultitium  .  qui  sifn  pli' et.  aut  cui  passiones  duminautur. 


JJemocritics  to  the  Reader.  •'•  iJ 

heels  upwards,"  So  thou  laughest  at  me,  and  I  at  thee,  both  at  a  third  ;  and  he  re- 
turns that  of  the  poet  upon  us  again,  ^Hei  mUd,  insanire  vie  aiunf,  qnum  ipsi  ullrb 
insaniant.  We  accuse  others  of  madness,  of  folly,  and  are  the  veriest  dizards  our- 
selves. For  it  is  a  great  sign  and  property  of  a  fool  (which  Eccl.  x.  3,  points  at) 
out  of  pride  and  self-conceit  to  insult,  vilify,  condemn,  censure,  and  call  other  men 
fools  {JYon  videmus  mant'icce  quod  a  tergo  est)  to  tax  that  in  others  ol'  which  we  are 
most  faulty ;  teach  that  which  we  follow  not  ourselves  :  For  an  inconstant  man  to 
write  of  constancy,  a  profane  liver  prescribe  rules  of  sanctity  and  piety,  a  dizard 
himself  make  a  treatise  of  Avisdom,  or  with  Sallust  to  rail  downright  at  spoilers  of 
countries,  and  yet  in  ^^  office  to  be  a  most  grievous  poler  himself.  This  argiies 
weakness,  and  is  an  evident  sign  of  such  parties'  indiscretion.  ^''°Peccat  uler  nostrum 
cruce  digniics  ?  "  Who  is  the  fool  now  ?"  Or  else  peradventure  in  some  places  we 
are  all  mad  for  company,  and  so  'tis  not  seen,  Satietas  erroris  et  dementicPi  pariler 
absurdltatem  et  admirationem  tolllt.  'Tis  with  us,  as  it  was  of  old  (in  '  Tuliy's  cen- 
sure at  least)  with  C.  Fimbria  in  Rome,  a  bold,  hair-brain,  mad  fellow,  and  so  es- 
teemed of  all,  such  only  excepted,  that  were  as  mad  as  himself:  now  in  such  a  case 
there  is  ^  no  notice  taken  of  it. 

"  Niiniruni  insaniis  paucis  videatur  ;  e&  quod  I     "  When  all  are  mad,  where  all  are  like  opprest 

Maxima  pars  hominum  morbo  jactatur  eodem."  |        Who  can  discern  one  mad  man  from  the  resl?"' 

But  put  case  they  do  perceive  it,  and  some  one  be  manifestly  convicted  of  madness 
^he  now  takes  notice  of  his  folly,  be  it  in  action,  gesture,  speech,  a  vain  humour  he 
hath  in  building,  br'gging,  jangling,  spending,  gaming,  courting,  scribljling,  prating, 
for  which  he  is  ridi  ulous  to  others,  ^  on  which  he  dotes,  he  doth  acknowledge  as 
much :  yet  with  all  the  rhetoric  thou  hast,  thou  canst  not  so  recall  him,  but  to  the 
contrary  notwithstanding,  he  will  persevere  in  his  dotage.  'Tis  amahlUs  imanicu  et 
mentis  gratissimus  error.,  so  pleasing,  so  delicious,  that  he  *  cannot  leave  it.  He 
knows  his  error,  but  Avill  not  seek  to  decline  it,  tell  him  what  the  event  v.ill  be, 
beggary,  sorrow,  sickness,  disgrace,  shame,  loss,  madness,  yet  ^''an  angry  man  will 
prefer  vengeance,  a  lascivious  his  whore,  a  thief  his  booty,  a  glutton  his  belly,  before 
his  welfare."  Tell  an  epicure,  a  covetous  man,  an  ambitious  man  of  his  irregular 
course,  wean  him  from  it  a  little,  pol  me  occidisiis  ami.ci,  he  cries  anon,  you  have 
undone  him,  and  as  ''a  "dog  to  his  vomit,"  he  returns  to  it  again;  no  persuasion 
will  take  place,  no  counsel,  say  what  thou  canst, 

"  Clames  licet  et  mare  coelo 
-Confundas,  surdo  narras,"8 

demonstrate  as  Ulysses  did  to  ^Elpenor  and  Gryllus,  and  the  rest  of  his  companions 
"  those  swinish  men,"  he  is  irrefragable  in  his  humour,  he  will  be  a  hog  still ;  brav 
him  in  a  mortar,  he  will  be  the  same.  If  he  be  in  an  heresy,  or  some  pen'erse  opi- 
nion, settled  as  some  of  our  ignorant  Papists  are,  convince  his  understanding,  show 
him  the  several  follies  and  absurd  fopperies  of  that  sect,  force  him  to  say,  vcris  viu- 
cor,  make  it  as  clear  as  the  sun,  '"  he  will  err  still,  peevish  and  obstinate  as  he  is  ; 
and  as  he  said  "  si  in  hoc  erro,  Uhenter  erro,  nee  liunc  errorcm  mtferri  mihi  volo ;  I 
will  do  as  I  have  done,  as  my  predecessors  have  done,  '^and  as  my  friends  now  do : 
I  will  dote  for  company.  Say  now,  are  these  men  '^mad  or  no,  ^^Heusage  rcsponde  ? 
are  they  ridiculous  ?  cedo  quemvis  arhitrum.,  are  they  sance  mentis,  sober,  wise,  and 

discreet  ?  have  they  common  sense  } •  '^  titer  est  insanior  horum  ?     I  am  of  De- 

mocritus'  opinion  for  my  part,  I  hold  them  worthy  to  be  laughed  at ;  a  company  of 
brain-sick  dizards,  as  mad  as  "^  Orestes  and  Athamas,  that  they  may  go  "  ride  the 
ass,"  and  all  sail  along  to  the  Anticyra;,  in  the  "  ship  of  fools"  for  company  together. 
I  need  not  much  labour  to  prove  this  which  I  say  otherwise  than  thus,  make  any 

^Plautiis  Menechmi.  iioGovernor  of  Asnich  by  ]  honores,  avarus  opes,  &c.  odimus  haec  et  accercimus. 

Coesar's  appointment.  lo^Nunc  sanilatis  patroci-  '  Cardan.  1.  2.  de  conso.  '  Prov.  xxvi.  11.         "  Al- 

nium  est  insanientiiim  turba.    Sen.  i  Pro  Roseio  j  thoufrh  you  call  out,  and  confound  the  sea  and  sky. 


Ameriiio,  et  quod  inter  omnes  constat  insanissimus, 
nisi  inter  eos,  qui  ipsi  qunque  insaniunt.  ^  Ne- 

cesse  est  cum  insanientibus  furere,  nisi  solus  relin- 
queris.     Petronius.  3  Quoniam  non   est   genus 

unum  st\il!itiffi  qua  me  insanire  putas.  *  Stultum 


you  still  address  a  deaf  man.  a  Plutarch.  Gryllo. 

suilli  homines  sic  Clem.  Alex.  vo.  '"i\on    per- 

suadebis,  etiamsi  persuaseris.  I'Tiilly.  '- Malo 
cum  illis  insanire,  quam  cum  aliis  bene  sentire. 
'"  Qui  inter  hos  enutriuntur,  non  maffis  sapere  possunt, 


me  fateor,  liceat  concedere  verum,  .Atque  etiam  insa-  '  quim  qui  in  culinS,  bene  olere.     Patron.         "  '■'Per 
num.     Hor.  ^  Odi  nee  possuni  cupiens  nee  esse  I  sius.  >»Hor.  2.  ser.  which  of  these  is  the  more 

quod  odi.  Ovid.     Errore  grato  libenter  omnes  insani- '  mad.  '^Vesanum  exagitant  j-t»e«,- innnpi^nu* 

mns.  6  Amator  scortum  vitae  pra-ponit,  iracundiis  1  puellee.  *  "" 

Vindictam  ;  fur  pricdam,  parasitus  gulani,  anibitiosuB  | 


48  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

solemn  protestation,  or  swear,  I  think  you  will  believe  me  without  an  oath ;  say  at 
a  word,  are  they  fools  ?  I  refer  it  to  you,  though  you  be  likewise  fools  and  madmen 
yourselves,  and  I  as  mad  to  ask  the  question ;  for  what  said  our  comical  Mercury  ? 

J"  "  Justum  ab  injustis  petere  insipientia  est."       |     I'll  stand  to  your  censure  yet,  what  think  youl 

y^  But  forasmuch  as  I  undertook  at  first,  that  kingdoms,  provinces,  families,  were 
^  melancholy  as  well  as  private  men,  I  will  examine  them  in  particular,  and  that  which 
I  have  hitherto  dilated  at  random,  in  more  general  terms,  I  will  particularly  insis* 
in,  prove  with  more  special  and  evident  arguments,  testimonies,  illustrations,  and 
that  in  brief  '^JYunc  accipe  quare  desipiant  omnes  aqttc  ac  tu.  My  first  argument 
is  borrowed  from  Solomon,  an  arrow  drawn  out  of. his  sententious  quiver.  Pro.  iii.  7, 
"■  Be  not  wise  in  thine  own  eyes."  And  xxvi.  12,  "  Seest  thou  a  man  wise  in  his 
own  conceit  ?  more  hope  is  of  a  fool  than  of  him."  Isaiah  pronounceth  a  woe 
against  such  men,  cap.  v.  21, "that  are  wise  in  their  own  eyes,  and  prudent  in  their 
own  sight."  For  hence  we  may  gather,  that  it  is  a  great  offence,  and  men  are  much 
.  deceived  that  think  too  well  of  themselves,  an  especial  argument  to  convince  them 
of  folly.  Many  men  (saith '^Seneca)  "  had  been  without  question  wise,  had  they 
not  had  an  opinion  that  they  had  attained  to  perfection  of  knowledge  already,  even 
before  they  had  gone  half  way,"  too  forward,  too  ripe,  prceproperi,  too  quick  and 
ready,  '^°cUd  prudentes,  clto  pii,  cilo  marifi,  cito  patres^  cilo  saccrdotes,  cito  otnnis 
officu  capaces  et  curiosi,  they  had  too  good  a  conceit  of  themselves,  and  tliat  marred 
all ;  of  their  worth,  valour,  skill,  art,  learning,  judgment,  eloquence,  their  good  parts  ; 
all  their  geese  are  swans,  and  that  manifestly  proves  them  to  be  no  better  than  fools. 
In  former  times  they  had  but  seven  wise  men,  now  you  can  scarce  find  so  many 
fools.  Thalcs  sent  the  golden  Tripos,  which  the  fishermen  found,  and  the  oracle 
commanded  to  be  ^''' given  to  the  wisest,  to  Bias,  Bias  to  Solon,"  Stc.  If  such  a 
thing  were  now  found,  we  should  all  fight  for  it,  as  the  three  goddesses  did  for  the 
golden  apple,  we  are  so  wise  :  we  have  women  politicians,  children  metaphysicians"; 
every  silly  fellow  can  square  a  circle,  make  perpetual  motions,  find  the  philosopher's 
stone,  interpret  Apocalypses,  make  new  Theories,  a  new  system  of  the  world,  new 
Logic,  oew  Philosophy,  &c.  J\^ostra  utique  regio^  saith  '^^Petronius,  "  our  country 
is  so  full  of  deified  spirits,  divine  souls,  that  you  may  sooner  find  a  God  than  a  man 
amongst  us,"  we  think  so  well  of  ourselves,  and  that  is  an  ample  testimony  of  much 
folly. 

My  second  argument  is  grounded  upon  the  like  place  of  Scripture,"  which  though 
before  mentioned  in  effect,  yet  for  some  reasons  is  to  be  repeated  (and  by  Plato's  good 
leave,  I  may  do  it,  ^ S^i  ro  xa7jbv  prjOiv  ovbtvPTjantu)  "  Fools  (saith  David)  by  reason 
of  their  transgressions."  &.c.  Psal.  cvii.  17.  Hence  Musculus  infers  all  tran.sgressors 
must  needs  be  fools.  So  we  read  Piom.  ii.,  "•  Tribulation  and  anguish  on  the  soul 
of  every  man  that  doeth  evil;"  but  all  do  evil.  And  Isaiah,  Ixv.  14,  "  My  servant 
shall  sing  for  joy,  and  ^^ye  shall  cry  for  sorrow  of  heart,  and  vexation  of  mind." 
'Tis  ratified  by  the  common  consent  of  all  philosophers.  "  Dishonesty  (saith 
Cardan)  is  nothing  else  but  folly  and  madness.  "^Prohus  quis  nobiscum  vivit? 
Show  me  an  honest  man,  JYemo  malus  qui  non  sttdtiis,  'tis  Fabius'  aphorism  to  the 
same  end.  If  none  honest,  none  wise,  then  all  fools.  And  well  may  they  be  so 
accounted  :  for  who  will  account  him  otherwise,  Qui  iter  adornat  in  occidentem, 
quum  properaret  in  orienfem  f  that  goes  backward  all  his  life,  westward,  when  he  is 
bound  to  the  east  ?  or  hold  him  a  wise  man  (saith  ^*3Iusculus)  "  that  prefers  momen- 
tary pleasures  to  eternity,  that  spends  his  master's  goods  in  his  absence,  forthwith 
to  be  condemned  for  it  ?"  JVequicqtiam  sapit  qui  sibi  non  sapit,  who  will  say  that 
a  sick  man  is  wise,  that  eats  and  drinks  to  overthrow  the  temperature  of  his  body  ? 
Can  you  account  him  wise  or  discreet  that  would  willingly  have  his  health,  and  yet 
will  do  nothing  that  should  procure  or  continue  it.'  ^'Theodoret,  out  of  Plotinus 
the  Platonist,  '•  holds  it  a  ridiculous  thing  for  a  man  to  live  after  his  own  laws,  to  do 

'■  Plautus.  18  Hor.  1.  2.  sat.  2.  Superbam  stulti-  i  •»  Malefactors.  50  Who  can  find  a  faithful  man  1 

tiam  Plinius  vocat.  7.  epist.  21.  quod  semel  dixi.lixum     Prov.  xx.  6.  «  In  Psal.  xlix.  Qui  momentanea 

ratumque  sit.  'BMultisapientes  proculdubio  fuis-    sempiternis,  qui  delapidat  heri  absentia  bona,  mox  in 


sent,  si  se  non  putassent  ad  sapientii  SMmmum  per- 
viii.sse.        .       -"Idein,  '^  Plut  irrlm?!   Solone. 

!)•  '    r  ^apientiori.  ^aja'  ug    plena 

iiuiiiinibusj  ut  facUius  possis  i  hoimiH 


jus  vocandus  et  damnandus.  ^  Perquam  ridi- 

culum  est  homing  ex  animi  sententia  vivere,  et  qu« 

Diis   ingrata  sunt  exequi,  et  tamen  &  solis  Diis  vella 

^^^^^^^^  ^  —1^  Bolvos  fieri,  quum  proprie   salutia  curam  abjecerint. 

"tiuu^^^^ggtSajthw^^^^,..  uon*  noeSTT^  Xtieod.  c.  6.  de  provid.  lib.  de  ctuat.  greec.  affect 


Democntus  to  the  Reader. 


4* 


49 


that  which  is  offensive  to  God,  and  yet  to  hope  that  he  should  save  him  :  and  when 
he  voluntarily  neglects  his  own  safety,  and  contemns  the  means,  to  think  to  be  deliver- 
ed by  another :  who  will  say  these  men  are  wise  ? 

A  third  argument  may  be  derived  from  the  precedent,  '^'all  men  are  carried  away 
with  passion,  discontent,  lust,  pleasures,  &c.,  they  generally  hate  those  virtues  they 
should  love,  and  love  such  vices  they  should  hate.  Therefore  more  than  melancholy, 
quite  mad,  brute  beasts,  and  void  of  reason,  so  Chrysostom  contends ;  "  or  rather 
dead  and  buried  alive,"  as  ^^Philo  Judeus  concludes  it  for  a  certainty,  ''  of  all  such 
that,  are  carried  away  with  passions,  or  labour  of  any  disease  of  the  mind.  Where 
is  fear  and  sorrow,"  there  ^°Lactantius  stiffly  maintains,  "  wisdom  cannot  dwell. 

'qui  ciipiet,  inetuet  quoque  poir6, 

Qui  metuens  vivit,  liber  mihi  non  erit  unquam.'  "  si 

Seneca  and  the  rest  of  the  stoics  are  of  opinion,  that  where  is  any  the  least  perturba- 
tion, wisdom  may  not  be  found.  "What  more  ridiculous,"  as  ^^Lactantius  urges, 
''  than  to  hear  how  Xerxes  whipped  the  Hellespont,  threatened  the  Mountain  Athos, 
and  the  like.  To  speak  ad  rem.,  who  is  free  from  passion.''  ^Mortalis  nemo  est 
quern  non  attingat  dolor,  morbusve,  as  **Tully  determines  out  of  an  old  poem,  no 
mortal  men  can  avoid  sorrow  and  sickness,  and  sorrow  is  an  inseparable  companion 
from  melancholy.  ^^  Chrysostom  pleads  farther  yet,  that  they  are  more  than  mad, 
very  beasts,  stupiiied  and  void  of  common  sense  :  "  For  how  (saith  he)  shall  I  linow 
thee  to  be  a  man,  when  thou  kickest  like  an  ass,  neighest  like  a  horse  after  women, 
ravest  in  lust  like  a  bull,  ravenest  like  a  bear,  stingest  like  a  scorpion,  rakest  like  a 
wolf,  as  subtle  as  a  fox,  as  impudent  as  a  dog }  Shall  I  say  thou  art  a  man,  that 
hast  all  the  symptoms  of  a  beast .'  How  shall  I  know  thee  to  be  a  man .?  by  thy 
shape  ?     That  affrights  me  more,  when  I  see  a  beast  in  likeness  of  a  man. 

*  Seneca  calls  that  of  Epicurus,  magnificam  vocem,  an  heroical  speech,  "A  fool  still 
begins  to  live,"  and  accounts  it  a  filthy  lightness  in  men,  every  day  to  lay  new 
foundations  of  their  life,  but  who  doth  otherwise  .'  One  travels,  another  builds  ;  one 
for  this,  another  for  that  business,  and  old  folks  are  as  far  out  as  the  rest ;  O  dcmen- 
tem  senectutem,  TuUy  exclaims.  Therefore  young,  old,  middle  age,  are  all  stupid, 
and  dote. 

''^iEneas  Sylvius,  amongst  many  other,  sets  down  three  special  ways  to  find  a  fool 
by.  He  is  a  fool  that  seeks  that  he  cannot  find :  he  is  a  fool  that  seeks  that,  which 
being  found  will  do  him  more  harm  than  good :  he  is  a  fool,  that  having  variety  of 
ways  to  bring  him  to  his  journey's  end,  takes  that  which  is  worst.  If  so,  methinks 
most  men  are  fools  ;  examine  their  courses,  and  you  shall  soon  perceive  what  dizards 
and  mad  men  the  major  part  are. 

Beroaldus  will  have  drunkards,  afternoon  men,  and  such  as  more  than  ordinarily 
delight  in  drink,  to  be  mad.  The  first  pot  quencheth  thirst,  so  Panyasis  the  poet 
detemiines  in  Jlthenceus,  secunda  gratiis,  horis  et  Dyonisio  :  the  second  makes  merry^ 
the  third  for  pleasure,  quarta  ad  insaniam,  the  fourth  makes  them  mad.  If  this  posi- 
tion be  true,  what  a  catalogue  of  mad  men  shall  we  have  ?  what  shall  they  be  that 
drink  four  times  four .'  JYo7ine  supra  omnem  furorem,  supra  omnem  insanian  red- 
dunt  insanissimos  ?  I  am  of  his  opinion,  they  are  more  than  mad,  much  worse  than 
mad. 

The  '^Abderites  condemned  Democritus  for  a  mad  man,  because  he  was  sometimes 
sad,  and  sometimes  again  profusely  merry.  Hdc  Patria  (saith  Hippocrates)  ol  risum. 
furere  et  insanire  dicunt,  his  countrymen  hold  him  mad  because  he  laughs  ;  ''^and 
therefore  "  he  desires  him  to  advise  all  his  friends  at  Rhodes,  that  they  do  not  laugh 
too  much,  or  be  over  sad."     Had  those  Abderites  been  conversant  with  us,  and  but 


»|  Sapiens  sibi  qui  imperiosus,  &c.  Hor.  2.  ser.  7. 
'•' Conclus.  lib.  de  vie.  offer,  certum  est  animi  morbis 
laborantes  pro  mortuis  consendos.  3iLib.  de  sap. 

IJbi  timer  adest,  sapientia  ade^sse  tiequit.  s'  He  who 
is  desirous  is  also  fearful,  and  he  who  lives  in  fear 
never  can  be  free.  3'^Qiiid  insanius  Xer.xe  Helles- 
pontum  verberante,  &c.  s^EccI.  xxi.  12.     Where 

is  bitieriv-ss,  there  is  no   understanding.     Prov.  xii. 
16.     An  angry  man  is  a  fool.        3^3  Tusc.  Injuria  in 
sapientera  non  cadit.        ^iiHom.  6.  in  2  Epist.  ad  Cor. 
Hominera  te  agnoscere  nequeo,  cum  tanqu:ini  a>inus  I 
recalcitres,  lascivjas  ut  taurus,  hinnias  ut  equus  [n-t 

7  .^  E 


mulieres,  ut  ursus  ventri  indulgeas,  quum  rapias  ut 
lupus,  &c.  at  inquis  formam  hominis  habeo,  Id  magis 
terret,  quum  feram  humana  specie  videre  me  piitem. 
3fi  Epist.  lib.  2.  13.  Stultus  semper  incipit  vivere, 
foeda  hominum  levitas,  nova  quotidie  fundamenta  vitas 
ponere,   novas    spes,   &c.  3"  De    curial.   miser. 

Stultus,  qui  quterit  quod  nequit  invenire,  stultus  qui 
quffirit  quod  nocet  inventuii].  stultus  qi"  cum  plures 
habet  calles,  deteriorem  delisit.  Mjhi  v-^dentur  omne» 
deliri,  amentes.  &c.  -  JL£u  I>enragete.'"^~-^<'.Amici» 
ii'^stri'i  R h 0 4J»dlMWft^Tiimium  rideanjt^ut  nimiu<^ 
trislL-s  sint 


30 


Democritus  to  the  Reader. 


seen  what  '"•fleering  and  grinning  there  is  in  this  age,  they  would  certainly  have 
concluded,  we  had  been  all  out  of  our  wits. 

Aristotle  in  his  ethics  holds  fcclix  idemque  sapiens^  to  be  wise  and  happy,  are 
leciprocal  terms,  bonus  idemque  sapiens  honesfus.  'Tis  ^' Tully's  paradox,  "wise 
men  are  free,  but  fools  are  slaves,"  liberty  is  a  power  to  live  according  to  his  own 
laws,  as  we  will  ourselves  :  who  hath  this  liberty  ?  who  is  free  ? 


-"sapiens  sibique  imperiosus, 


"He  is  wise  that  can  command  his  own  will, 
Valiant  and  constant  to  himself  Ftill, 
W'lnm  poverty»ior  death,  nor  bands  can  fright. 
Checks  his  desires,  scorns  Honours,  just  ana  rigni. 


Quem  neque  pauperis,  neque  mors,  neque  vincula 

terrent, 
Besponsare  cupidinibns,  contemnere  honores 
Forlis,  et  in  seipso  totus  teres  atque  rotundas." 

But  where  shall  such  a  man  l)e  found  ?  If  no  where,  then  e  dlamctro,  we  are  all 
slaves,  senseless,  or  worse.     jXemo  malus  feelix.     But  no  man  is  happy  in  tliis  life, 

none  good,  therefore  no  man  wise.      ^'^Ruri  quijrpe  honi For  one  virtue  you  shall 

find  ten  vices  in  tb.^  same  party  ;  pauci  Promcthei^  muld  Epimcthci.  We  may  per- 
adventure  usurp  lue  name,  or  attribute  it  to  others  for  favour,  as  Carolus  Sapiens, 
Philippus  Bonus,  Lodovicus  Pius,  Slc,  and  describe  the  properties  of  a  wise  man, 
as  TuUy  doth  an  orator,  Xenophon  Cyrus,  Castillo  a  courtier,  Galen  temperament, 
an  aristocracy  is  described  by  politicians.     But  where  shall  such  a  man  be  found  ? 


"  Vir  bonus  et  sapiens,  qualem  vix  reppcrit  unuui 
Millibus  6  multis  honunum  consultus  Apollo." 


'  A  wise,  a  good  man  in  a  million, 
Apollo  consulted  could  scarce  find  one." 


A  man  is  a  miracle  of  himself,  but  Trismegistus  adds.  Maximum  miraculum  homo 
sapiens,  a  wise  man  is  a  wonder  :  mulli  T/tirsigeri,  pauci  Bacchi. 

Alexander  when  he  was  presented  with  that  rich  and  costly  casket  of  king  Darius, 
and  every  man  advised  him  what  to  put  in  it,  he  reserved  it  to  keep  Homer's  works, 
as  the  most  precious  jewel  of  human  wit,  and  yet  **  Scaliger  upbraids  Homer's  muse, 
JVulricem  insayice  sapiendce,  a  nursery  of  madness,  *^  impudent  as  a  court  lady,  that 
blushes  at  nothing.  Jacobus  iMycillus,  Gilbertus  Cognatus,  Erasmus,  and  almost  all 
posterity  admire  Lucian's  luxiuiant  wit,  yet  Scaliger  rejects  him  in  his  censure,  and 
calls  him  the  Cerberus  of  the  muses.  Socrates,  whom  all  the  world  so  much  mag- 
nified, is  by  Lactantius  and  Theodoret  condemned  for  a  fool.  Plut;irch  extols  Sene- 
ca's wit  beyond  all  the  Greeks,  yiulli  secunduSj  yet  ■'"Seneca  saith  of  himself,  "  when 
J  would  solace  myself  with  a  fool,  I  rellect  upon  myself,  and  there  I  liave  him." 
Cardan,  in  his  Sixteenth  Book  of  Subtilties,  reckons  up  twelve  super-eminent,  acute 
philosophers,  for  worth,  subtlety,  and  wisdom:  Archimedes,  Galen,  Vitnivius,  .Ar- 
chitas  Tarentinus,  Euclid,  Geber,  that  first  inventor  of  Algebra,  Alkindus  the  .Mathe- 
matician, both  Arabians,  with  others.  But  his  triumviri  trrrarirm  far  beyond  the 
rest,  are  Ptolomajus,  Plotinus,  Hippocrates.  Scaliger  exercitat.  224,  scolis  at  this 
censure  of  his,  calls  some  of  them  carpenters  and  mechanicians,  he  makes  GaUn 
Jimhriam  Hippocralis,  a  skirt  of  Hippocrates:  and  the  said  ^"Cardan  himself  else- 
where condemns  both  Galen  and  Hippocrates  for  tediousncss,  obscurity,  confusion. 
Paracelsus  will  have  them  both  mere  idiots,  infants  in  physic  and  philosophy.  Sca- 
liger and  Cardan  admire  Suisset  the  Calculator,  qui  pene  modum  excessit  humani  in- 
genii,  and  yet  ^"^Lod.  Vives  calls  them  nugas  Suisseticas  :  and  Cardan,  opposite  to 
hunself  in  another  place,  contemns  those  ancients  in  respect  of  tunes  present,  *''Ma- 
joresque  nostras  ad  presentes  coUatos  juste  pueros  appellari.  In  conclusion,  the 
said  ^Cardan  and  Saint  Bernard  will  admit  none  into  this  catalogue  of  wise  men, 
*'  but  only  prophets  and  apostles  ;  how  they  esteem  tliemselves,  you  have  heard 
before.  We  are  worldly-wise,  admire  ourselves,  and  seek  for  applause :  but  hear 
Saint  ^Bernard,  quanta  magis  foras  es  sapiens,  tanlo  nagis  intus  stultus  ejjiceris,  &c. 
in  omnibus  es  prudens^  circa  tcipsum  insipiens  :  the  more  wise  thou  art  to  others, 
the  more  fool  to  thyself.  I  may  not  deny  but  that  there  is  some  folly  approved,  a 
divine  fury,  a  holy  madness,  even  a  spiritual  drunkenness  in  the  saints  of  God  them- 
selves;  sanctum  insanium  Bernard  calls  it  (though  not  as  blaspheming  ^Vorstiu?, 
would  infer  it  as  a  passion  incident  to  God  himself,  but)  familiar  to  good  men,  a* 


^oPcr  multum  risnm   poteris  cognoscere    stultum. 
Offic.  3.  c.  9  Ji  Sapientes  liberi,  stiilti  servi,  li- 

bertas  est  polestas.  &c.         "Ilor.  2.  ser.  7.  <■  Ju- 

ven.    "CLMil^^ili&iiLr   scarce."  "ITypocrit. 

^  <  I  irmCe^Aultca  nulliifti^uikMiMi^A        i . '  - 1    33. 

i  volo,  non  est  Ini 

me  «i 


de  causis  corrupt,  artium.  <»  Actione  ad  aubtil.  in 

Seal.  fol.  1226.  '''Lib.  1.  de  sap.  "  Vide  mi»el 

homo,  quia  totum  est  vanitas,  totuni  stultitia,  totum 
dementia,  quicquid  facis  in  hoc  niundo,  prwtcr  hoc  so- 
lum quod  propter  J)euin  facis.  Ser.  de  miser,  hom. 
'-<  In  2  Platonis  dial.  1.  de  justo  '^Dum  iram  cl 

in  Deo  re  vera  ponit. 


Democntus  to  the  Reader.  51 

Jiiat  of  Paul,  2  Cor.  "  he  was  a  fool,"  &c.  and  Rom.  ix.  he  wisheth  himself  to  he 
anatliematized  for  them.  Such  is  that  drunkenness  which  Ficinus  speaks  of,  when 
the  soul  is  elevated  and  ravished  with  a  divine  taste  of  that  heavenly  nectar,  which 
poets  deciphered  by  the  sacrifice  of  Dionysius,  and  in  this  sense  with  the  poet, 
^*  insanire  bihet.,  as  Austin  exhorts  us,  ad  ehrictatcm  se  quisque  paret,  let's  all  be  mad 
and  ^^  drunk.  But  we  commonly  mistake,  and  go  beyond  our  commission,  we  reel 
to  the  opposite  part,  ^we  are  not  capable  of  it,  ^^and  as  he  said  of  the  Greeks,  Vos 
GrcBci  semper  puerl,  vos  BrUanni,  Galli,  Germany  Itali,  &c.  you  are  a  company 
of  fools. 

Proceed  now  a  partibus  ad  totum.,  or  from  the  whole  to  parts,  and  you  shall  find 
no  other  issue,  the  parts  shall  be  sufficiently  dilated  in  this  following  Preface.  The 
whole  must  needs  follow  by  a  sorites  or  induction.  Every  multitude  is  niacl, 
^^  hellua  multorum  capitum,  (a  many-headed  beast),  precipitate  and  rash  without 
judgment,  stultum  animal^  a  roaring  rout.  ®^  Roger  Bacon  proves  it  out  of  Aristotle, 
Vulgus  dividi  in  opposUum  contra  sapiejitcs,  quod  vulgo  videtur  veruin^faJsum  est ; 
that  which  the  commonalty  accounts  true,  is  most  part  false,  they  are  still  opposite 
to  wise  men,  but  all  the  world  is  of  this  humour  (vulgus),  and  thou  thyself  art  de 
vulgo,  one  of  the  commonalty ;  and  he,  and  he,  and  so  are  all  the  rest ;  and  there- 
fore, as  Phocion  concludes,  to  be  approved  in  nought  you  say  or  do,  mere  idiots 
and  asses.  Begin  then  where  you  will,  go  backward  or  forward,  choose  out  of  the 
whole  pack,  wink  and  choose,  you  shall  find  them  all  alike,  "  never  a  barrel  better 
herring." 

Copernicus,  Atlas  his  successor,  is  of  opinion,  the  earth  is  a  planet,  moves  and 
shines  to  others,  as  the  moon  doth  to  us.  Digges,  Gilbert,  Keplerus,  Origanus,  and 
others,  defend  this  hypothesis  of  his  in  sober  sadness,  and  that  the  moon  is  inhabi- 
ted :  if  it  be  so  that  the  earth  is  a  moon,  then  are  we  also  giddy,  vertigenous  and 
lunatic  within  this  sublunary  maze. 

1  could  produce  such  arguments  till  dark  night :  if  you  should  hear  the  rest, 

"  Ante  diem  clauso  component  vesper  Olimpo : "       I     "  V"°''S^'  ""^'^,  f  ^'■=''"  "^/'"'^i"  '{  \^^r^^  '''"'„ 
*^  I         The  day  would  sooner  tlian  the  tale  be  done  : 

but  according  to  my  promise,  I  will  descend  to  particulars.  This  melancholy  extends 
itself  not  to  men  only,  but  even  to  vegetals  and  sensibles.  I  speak  not  of  those 
creatures  which  are  saturnine,  melancholy  by  nature,  as  lead,  and  such  like  mine- 
rals, or  those  plants,  rue,  cypress,  &c.  and  hellebore  itself,  of  which  ^"Agrippa  treats, 
fishes,  birds,  and  beasts,  hares,  conies,,  dormice,  &c.,  owls,  bats,  nigh  thirds,  but  that 
artificial,  which  is  perceived  in  them  all.  Remove  a  plant,  it  will  pine  away,  which 
is  especially  perceived  in  date  trees,  as  you  may  read  at  large  in  Constantine's  hus- 
bandry, that  antipathy  betwixt  the  vine  and  the  cabbage,  vine  and  oil.  Put  a  bird 
in  a  cage,  he  will  die  for  sullenness,  or  a  beast  in  a  pen,  or  take  his  young  ones  or 
companions  from  him,  and  see  what  effect  it  will  cause.  But  who  perceives  not 
these  common  passions  of  sensible  creatures,  fear,  son-ow,  &c.  Of  all  other,  dogs  are 
most  subject  to  this  malady,  insomuch  some  hold  they  dream  as  men  do,  and  through 
violence  of  melancholy  run  mad  ;  I  could  relate  many  stories  of  dogs  that  have  died 
for  gi'ief,  and  pined  away  for  loss  of  their  masters,  but  they  are  common  in  every 
"  author. 

Kingdoms,  provinces,  and  politic  bodies  are  likewise  sensible  and  subject  to  this 
disease,  as  ^^Boterus  in  his  politics  hath  proved  at  large.  "As  in  human  bodies 
(saith  he)  there  be  divers  alterations  proceeding  from  humours,  so  be  there  many  dis- 
eases in  a  commonwealth,  which  do  as  diversely  happen  from  several  distempers," 
as  you  may  easily  percieve  by  their  particular  symptoms.  For  where  you  shall  see 
the  people  civil,  obedient  to  God  and  princes,  judicious,  peaceable  and  quiet,  rich, 
fortunate,  ^^  and  flourish,  to  live  in  peace,  in  unity  and  concord,  a  country  Avell  tUled, 
many  fair  built  and  popidous  cities,  uli  incolce  nitcnt  as  old  ^'  Cato  said,  the  people 
are  neat,  polite  and  terse,  ubi  bene,  beateque  vivunt,  which  our  politicians  make  the 


"  Virg.  1.  Eccl.  3.  K  Ps.  inebriabuntur  ah  uber- 

tate  doinus.  sr,  jn  Psal.  civ.  Austin.  ''  In  Pla- 

tonis  Tim.  sacerdos  iEgyptius.  ^Hjior.  vuleis  in- 

sanum.         ""Patet  ea  diviso  probabilis,  &c- ex.  Arist.     corporis,  atyp 
Top.  ib.  1.  c.  8.  Rog.  Bac.  Epist.  de  secret,  art.  et  iiat.  |  regts  phildSophantur,  Plato 
c.  8.  non  est  judicium  in  vulgo.  c"  D^^^pJ^k^lti. 


losop.  1.  1.  c.  25  et  19.  ejusd.  1.  Lib.  in.  c.ip  4.        ^'  See 
Lipsius  epist.  ""De  politai  illustriuin  lili.  1.  cap.  4. 

ut  in  hunianis  coporibus  vari<c  accidnm-^ui^tioneB 
corporis,  atypiique,  sif  iirTrfepublica,  to.     ^''3,Ubi 


52 


Democritus  to  the  Reader. 


chief  end  of  a  commonwealth;  and  which  ^^  Aristotle  Polil.  lib.  3,  cap.  4  calls  Com- 
mune bonunii,  Polyhius  lib.  6,  optabilem  et  selectum  statum.)  that  country  is  free  from 
melancholy ;  as  it  was  in  Italy  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  now  in  China,  now  in  many 
other  flourishing  kingdoms  of  Europe.  But  whereas  you  shall  see  many  discontents, 
common  grievances,  complaints,  poverty,  barbarism,  beggary,  plagues,  wars,  rebel- 
lions, seditions,  mutinies,  contentions,  idleness,  riot,  epicurism,  the  land  lie  untilled, 
waste,  full  of  bogs,  fens,  deserts,  &c.,  cities  decayed,  base  and  poor  towns,  villages 
depopulated,  the  people  squalid,  ugly,  uncivil ;  that  kingdom,  that  country,  must 
needs  be  discontent, 'melancholy,  hath  a  sick  body,  and  had  need  to  be  reformed. 

Now  that  cannot  well  be  efi'ected,  till  the  causes  of  these  maladies  be  first  removed, 
which  commonly  proceed  from  their  own  default,  or  some  accidental  inconvenience  : 
as  to  be  situated  in  a  bad  clime,  too  far  north,  sterile,  in  a  barren  place,  as  the  desert 
of  Lybia,  deserts  of  Arabia,  places  void  of  waters,  as  those  of  Lop  and  Belgian  in 
Asia,  or  in  a  bad  air,  as  at  Alexandre ttn,  Bantam^  Pisa,  Durrazzo.,  S.  John  dc  Ulloa, 
Stc,  or  in  danger  of  the  sea's  continual  inundations,  as  in  many  places  of  the  Low 
Countries  and  elsewhere,  or  near  some  bad  neighbours,  as  Hungarians  to  Turks, 
Podolians  to  Tartars,  or  almost  any  bordering  countries,  they  live  in  fear  still, 
and  by  reason  of  hostile  incursions  are  oftentimes  left  desolate.  So  are  cities  by 
reason  '''^of  wars,  fires,  plagues,  inundations,  "'wild  beasts,  decay  of  trades,  barred 
havens,  the  sea's  violence,  as  Antwerp  may  witness  of  late,  Syracuse  of  old,  Brundu- 
sium  in  Italy,  Rye  and  Dover  with  us,  and  many  that  at  this  day  suspect  the  sea's 
fury  and  rage,  and  labour  against  it  as  the  Venetians  to  their  inestimable  charge. 
But  the  most  frequent  maladies  are  such  as  proceed  from  themselves,  as  first  when 
religion  and  God's  service  is  neglected,  innovated  or  altered,  where  they  do  not  fear 
God,  obey  their  prince,  where  atheism,  epicurism,  sacrilege,  simony,  Stc,  and  all 
su'ch  impieties  are  freely  committed,  tliat  country  cannot  prosper.  When  Abraham 
came  to  Gerar,  and  saw  a  bad  land,  he  said,  sure  the  fear  of  God  was  not  in  that 
place.  ^^  Cyprian  Echovius,  a  Spanish  chorographer,  above  all  otlier  cities  of  Spain, 
commends  "  Borcino,  in  which  there  was  no  beggar,  no  man  poor,  &c.,  but  all  rich, 
and  in  good  estate,  and  he  gives  the  reason,  because  they  were  more  religious  than 
their  neighbours  :"  why  was  Israel  so  often  spoiled  by  their  enemies,  led  into  capti- 
vity, &c.,  but  for  their  idolatry,  neglect  of  God's  word,  for  sacrilege,  even  for  one 
Achan's  foult  ?  And  what  shall  we  except  that  have  such  multitudes  of  Achans, 
church  robbers,  simoniacal  patrons,  Stc,  how  can  they  hope  to  flourish,  that  neglect 
divine  duties,  that  live  most  part  like  Epicures  .-* 

Other  common  grievances  are  generally  noxious  to  a  body  politic ;  alteration  of 
laws  and  customs,  breaking  privileges,  general  oppressions,  seditions,  &c.,  observed 
by  *^Aristotle,  Bodin,  Boterus,  Junius,  Arniscus,  &c.  I  will  only  point  at  some  of 
chiefest.  ""^Impotentia  gubernandi,  afaxia,  confusion,  ill  government,  which  proceeds 
from  unskilful,  slothful,  griping,  covetous,  unjust,  rasii,  or  tyrannizing  magistrates, 
when  they  are  fools,  idiots,  children,  proud,  wilful,  partial,  indiscreet,  oppressors, 
giddy  heads,  tyrants,  not  able  or  unfit  to  manage  such  ofl^ces  :  ''  many  noble  cities 
and  flourishing  kingdoms  by  that  means  are  desolate,  the  whole  body  groans  under 
such  heads,  and  all  the  members  must  needs  be  disaffected,  as  at  this  day  those 
goodly  provinces  in  Asia  Minor,  &.c.  groan  under  the  burthen  of  a  Turkish  govern- 
ment;  and  those  vast  kingdoms  of  Muscovia,  Russia,  ^ under  a  tyrannizing  duke. 
Who  ever  heard  of  more  civil  and  rich  populous  countries  than  those  of  "  Greece,  ^ 
Asia  Minor,  abounding  with  all  "wealth,  multitudes  of  inhabitants,  force,  power, 
splendour  and  magnificence  .'"  and  that  miracle  of  countries,  '^  the  Holy  Land,  that 
in  so  small  a  compass  of  ground  could  maintain  so  many  towns,  cities,  produce  so 
many  fighting  men  ?  Egypt  another  paradise,  now  barbarous  and  desert,  and  almost 
waste,  by  the  despotical  government  of  an  imperious  Turk,  intoleraUli  servitutis 


«Vel  publicam  utilitatem:  salus  publica  suprenia 
lex  esto.  Beata  civitas  noii  ubi  pauci  beati,  sed  lota 
eivitas  beata.  Plato  quarto  de  republica.  <»  Man- 
tua vs  miserx  nimitim  viciria  Cremom.  c'lnter- 
dum  a  ferij^^^^lim  Mauritania,  tc.            ®I)elicii3 

liimis  quisggijMQUe  ditissiniu?.  Pir-,  sThut.  ,,       wve- 
liant  suia^^^MBlim_{eDerationu,  et  tiniorc  (iivtiu> 

fc.'^rolJt.  I. 


5.  c.  3.  '0  Boterus  Polit.  lib.  1.  c.  1.    Cum  nempe 

princepa  rerum  gercndaruni  imperitus,  sepnid,  osci- 
tans,  sulque  muneris  inimemor,  aut  fatuus  est. 
"  Non  viget  respublica  cujus  caput  infirniatur.  Sa- 
lisburiensis,  c.  22.  '"See  Dr.   Fletcher's  rete- 

tion,  and  Alexander  Gaeninus'  history.  '' Abun- 

dans  omni  divitiaruni  affluentia  incolarum  mullitudine 
c  potenlia.  '<  Not  above  200  miJea  In 

rith,  according  to  Adricomtuf. 


Democntus  to  the  Reader.  53 

jugo  premifur  ('^one  saith)  not  only  fire  and  water,  goods  or  lands,  secZ  ipse  spiritus 
itb  insolentissimi  vicioris  pendet  nutu,  such  is  their  slaverj-,  their  lives  and  souls 
depend  upon  his  insolent  will  and  command.  A  tyrant  that  spoils  all  wheresoever  he 
comes,  insomuch  that  an  ''^historian  complains,  "  if  an  old  inhabitant  should  now  see 
them,  he  would  not  know  them,  if  a  traveller,  or  stranger,  it  would  grieve  his  heart  to 
behold  them."  Whereas  "Aristotle  notes,  JYovcs  exactiones.,  nova  onera  imposita,  new 
burdens  and  exactions  daily  come  upon  them,  like  those  of  which  Zosimus,  lib.  2,  so 
grievous,  ut  viri  uxores,  patres  filios  prostituerent  ut  exactoribus  e  quesiu,  Sic,  they 
must  needs  be  discontent,  hinc  civitafum  gemitus  et  j^^oratus,  as  '"Tully  holds, 
hence  come  those  complaints  and  tears  of  cities,  "  poor,  miserable,  rebellious,  and 
desperate  subjects,  as  ™Hippolitus  adds;  and  '^as  a  judicious  country-man  of  ours 
observed  not  long  since,  in  a  sun'ey  of  that  great  Duchy  of  Tuscany,  the  people 
lived  much  grieved  and  discontent,  as  appeared  by  their  manifold  and  manifest  com- 
plainings in  that  kind.  "  That  the  state  was  like  a  sick  body  which  had  lately  taken 
physic,  whose  humours  are  not  yet  well  settled,  and  weakened  so  much  by  purging, 
that  nothing  was  left  but  melancholy." 

Whereas  the  princes  and  potentates  are  immoderate  in  lust,  hj-pocrites,  epicures, 
of  no  religion,  but  in  show  :  Quid  hypocrisi  fragilius  ?  what  so  brittle  and  unsure  .? 
what  soone-r  subverts  their  estates  than  wandering  and  raging  lusts,  on  their  subjects' 
wives,  daughters  ?  to  say  no  worse.  That  they  shoidd  faccm  jjritferre,  lead  the 
way  to  all  virtuous  actions,  are  the  ringleaders  oftentimes  of  all  mischief  and  disso- 
lute courses,  and  by  that  means  their  countries  are  plagued,  ^' "  and  they  themselves 
often  ruined,  banished,  or  murdered  by  conspiracy  of  their  subjects,  as  Sardanapalus 
was,  Dionysius,  junior,  Heliogabalus,  Periander,  Pisistratus,  Tarquinius,  Timocrates, 
Childericus,  Appius  Claudius,  Andronicus,  Galeacius  Sforsia,  Alexander  jMecUces,"  Stc. 

Whereas  the  princes  or  great  men  are  malicious,  envious,  factious,  ambitious, 
emulators,  they  tear  a  commonwealth  asunder,  as  so  many  Giielfs  and  Gibelines 
disturb  the  quietness  of  it,  ^^and  with  mutual  murders  let  it  bleed  to  death;  our  his- 
tories are  too  full  of  such  barbarous  inhumanities,  and  the  miseries  that  issue  from 
them. 

Whereas  they  be  like  so  many  horse-leeches,  hungry,  griping,  corrupt,  ^^  covetous, 
avariticE  mancipia,  ravenous  as  wolves,  for  as  Tully  writes :  qui  prcBCst  prodest,  et 
qui  pecudibus  prceest,  debet  eoru7n  iitiUtati  inservire  :  or  such  as  prefer  their  private 
before  the  public  good.  For  as  ^^he  said  long  since,  res  privatcB  publicis  semper 
officere.  Or  whereas  they  be  illiterate,  ignorant,  empirics  in  policy,  ubi  deest  facul- 
tas,  ^virtus  (^ristot.  pol.  5,  cap.  8,)  et  scientia,  wise  only  by  inheritance,  and  in 
authority  by  birth-right,  favour,  or  for  their  wealth  and  titles ;  there  must  needs  be 
a  fault,  ^^  a  great  defect :  because  as  an  ^'  old  philosopher  affinns,  such  men  are  not 
always  fit.  "  Of  an  infinite  number,  few  alone  are  senators,  and  of  those  few,  fewer 
good,  and  of  that  small  number  of  honest,  good,  and  noble  men,  few  that  are  learned, 
wise,  discreet  and  sufTicient,  able  to  discharge  such  places,  it  must  needs  turn  to  the 
confusion  of  a  state." 

For  as  the  ^  Princes  are,  so  are  the  people ;  Qualis  Rex,  talis  grex  :  and  whicii 
^Antigonus  right  well  said  of  old,  qui  Maccdonice  regem  erudit.,07nnes  efiatn  subditos 
erudit,  he  that  teacheth  the  king  of  Macedon,  teacheth  all  his  subjects,  is  a  true 
saying  still. 

,»i^      T>  •  ....         .1,        I.     1  .u    u  „i  I  "  Velocius  et  citiui  nos 

"For  Pnnces  are  the  glass   the  school,  the  book                 Corrumpunt  vitiorum  exempla  doni-stka,  niasnis 
Where  subjects'  eyes  do  learn,  do  read,  do  look.        |     ^^^  snbeaul  aniinos  auctoribus." ^- 

Their  examples  are  soone/st  followed,  vices  entertained,  if  they  be  profane,  irreli- 

"  Romulus  Amascus.  'sSahellicus.   Si  quis  in-  plant  and  overthrow  their  adveKaries,  enrich  them- 

cola  vetus,  non  agnosceret,  si  quis  peregrinus  inge-  selves,  get  honours,  dissemble;  but  what  is  this  to  tlie 

misceret.         ■>- Polit.  1.  5.  c.  6.    Crudelitas  principum,  bene    esse,   or   preservation    of   a   Commonwealth  1 

irapunitas  scelerum,  violatio  leguni,  peculatus  pecunisR  f^'  Imperiiim  suapte  sponte  corruit.  ""  Apul.  Prim. 

publics,  etc.  ■"'Epist.  'J  De  increm.  urb.  cap.  Flor.    Ex   innumerabilibus,   pauci   Senatores  genere 

20.  subditi  miseri,  lobelles,  desperati,  &c.  «  R.  |  nobiles,  6  consularibus  pauci  boni,  6  bonis  adhiic  pauci 

Darlinston.  1596.  conclusio  libri.  t>' Eoterus  1.  9.  eruditi.  t' Xon  solum  vitia  concipiunt  ipsi  prinri- 

c.  4.  Polit.     Quo  fit  ut  aut  rebus  desperatis  exulent,  pes,  sed  etiam  intundunt  in  civitatem,  plusque  exemplo 

aut  conjuratione  subditorum  crudelissime  tandem  tru-  quam  peccato  nocpnt     Ci'-    1   rlelegibus.  -   Epist. 

cidentur.  t;  Mutiiis  odiis  et  ca>dibus  exhausti.  Ace.  ad  Zen.  Juven.  t^ar   1       I  rtas  sedUio_neni  gignit 

K"  Lucra  ex  malis,  scelerasii;que  causis.  w  Saliist.  et  maleficium.   Ar;~'     !  i  I    ,    ^  lu 

f-For  most  p^rt  we  mistake  the  name  nf  Politicians,  me^tic  e\aiiyjj(jfc^erat_e  more  qui^ 
accounting  such  as  read  Machiaveland  Tacitus,  great_^s^lg^t:ct«jd'T 
Matesmen,  that  can  dispute  of  poiitical 


54  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

gious,  lascivious,  riotous,  epicures,  factious,  covetous,  ambitious,  illiterate,  so  will  the 
commons  most  part  be,  idle,  unthrifts,  prone  to  lust,  dnuikards,  and  therefore  poor 
and  needy  (17  rctvia  ordsiv  efntoLet  xai  xaxovfiyicw,  for  poverty  begets  sedition  and  villany) 
upon  all  occasions  ready  to  mutiny  and  rebel,  discontent  still,  complaining,  mur- 
muring, grudging,  apt  to  all  outrages,  thefts,  treasons,  murders,  innovations,  in  debt, 
shifters,  cozeners,  outlaws,  Projiigaice  faiiKS  ac  vitcc.  It  was  an  old  "'politician's 
aphorism,  "  They  that  are  poor  and  bad  envy  rich,  hate  good  men,  abhor  the  present 
government,  wish  for  a  new,  and  would  have  all  turned  topsy  turvy."  When  Cati- 
line rebelled  in  Rome,  he  got  a  company  of  such  debauched  rogues  together,  they 
were  his  familiars  and  coadjutors,  and  such  have  been  your  rebels  most  part  in  all 
ages,  Jack  Cade,  Tom  Straw,  Ketle,  and  his  companions. 

Where  they  be  generally  riotous  and  contentious,  where  there  be  many  discords, 
many  laws,  many  lawsuits,  many  lawyers  and  many  physicians,  it  is  a  manifest  sign 
of  a  distempered,  melancholy  state,  as  '^^  Plato  long  since  maintained  :  for  where  such 
kind  of  men  swarm,  tliey  will  make  more  work  for  themselves,  and  that  body  politic 
diseased,  which  was  otherwise  sound.  A  general  mischief  in  these  our  times,  an 
insensible  plague,  and  never  so  many  of  them:  "  which  are  now  multiplied  (saith 
Mat.  Geraldus,  ^^  a  lawyer  himself,)  as  so  many  locusts,  not  the  parents,  but  the 
plagues  of  the  country,  and  for  the  most  part  a  supercilious,  bad,  covetous,  litigious 
generation  of  men.  ^  Crumcnimiilga  natio,  &c.  A  purse-milking  nation,  a  clainoV- 
ous  company,  gowned  vultures,  ^^qui  ex  injuria  vivcnt  ct  S(ingui7ie  civiiim,  tliicves 
and  seminaries  of  discord ;  worse  than  any  polers  by  the  highway  side,  auri  accijA- 
tres,  auri  exterebronidcs,  pccuniarum  hamiolce,  quadnipJalorcs,  curicc  hnrpagoncs, 
fori  tintinabula,  monsira  hominum^  7nangones,  &c.  that  take  upon  ihein  to  make 
peace,  but  are  indeed  the  very  disturbers  of  our  peace,  a  company  of  irreligious  har- 
pies, scraping,  griping  catchpoles,  (I  mean  our  common  hungry  pettifoggers,  ^rahu- 
la$  forenses,  love  and  honour  in  the  meantime  all  good  laws,  and  worthy  lawyers, 
that  are  so  many  "oracles  and  pilots  of  a  well-governed  commonwealth).  Without 
art,  without  judgment,  that  do  more  harm,  as  ""Livy  said,  quam  bclla  externa,  fames, 
morbive,  than  sickness,  wars,  hunger,  diseases ;  "  and  cause  a  most  incredible  de- 
struction of  a  commonwealth,"  saith  "•' Sesellius,  a  famous  civilian  sometimes  in  Paris, 
as  ivy  doth  by  an  oak,  embrace  it  so  long,  until  it  liath  got  the  heart  out  of  it,  so  do 
they  by  such  places  they  inhabit;  no  counsel  at  all,  no  justice,  no  speech  to  be  had, 
niai  eum  prcmuheris,  he  must  be  fed  still,  or  else  he  is  as  mute  as  a  lish,  better  open 
an.  oyster  without  a  knife.  Expcrto  crede  (saith  "^Salisburiensis)  in  manus  eorum 
millies  incidi,  et  Charon  immitis  qui  nulli  pcpercit  unquam,  his  loiige  clemcnlior  est ; 
'*  I  speak  out  of  experience,  I  have  been  a  thousand  times  amongst  them,  and  Charon 
himself  is  more  gentle  than  they;  '  he  is  contented  with  his  single  pay,  but  they 
multiply  still,  they  are  never  satisfied,"  besides  they  have  damnificas  linguas,  as  he 
terms  it,  nisi  funibus  argcnfcis  vincias,  they  must  be  fed  to  say  notliing,  and  '■'get 
more  to  hold  their  peace  than  we  can  to  say  our  best.  They  will  speak  their  clients 
fair,  and  invite  them  to  their  tables,  but  as  he  follows  it,  ^''•of  all  injustice  there  is 
none  so  pernicious  as  that  of  theirs,  which  when  they  deceive  most,  will  seem  to 
be  honest  n>en."  They  take  upon  them  to  be  peacemakers,  et  fovere  cunsas  humi- 
lium,  to  help  them  to  their  r'urhu  palrocinunlur  a^ic^/s, '"but  all  is  for  their  own 
good,  u<  locuhs  plcniorom  exhauriant,  they  plead  for  poor  men  gratis,  but  they  are 
but  as  a  stale  to  catch  others.  If  there  be  no  jar,  ^they  can  make  a  jar,  out  of  the 
law  itself  tind  still  some  quirk  or  other,  to  set  them  at  odds,  and  continue  causes  so 
long,  lustra  aliquot,  I  know  not  hoAV  many  years  before  the  cause  is  heard,  and 
when  'tis  judged  and  deternuned  by  reason  of  some  tricks  and  errors,  it  is  as  fresh 
to  begin,  after  twice  seven  years  sometimes,  as  it  was  at  first ;  and  so  they  prolong 

»i  Salust.   Semper  in  civitate  quibus  opes  nullae  sunt  I  *  Lib.  3.  "Lib.  1.  de  rep.  Galloriim,  iiicredibilem 

bonis  invident,  vctera  odere,  nova  exoptant,  odio  su-  reipub.  perniciem  afferunt.  '">  Polycrat.  lib.  '  Is 
arum  rerun)  mutari  omnia  petunt.  '■<- De  le^ibus.    stipe  contentus,  et  hi  asses  iolei»roH  sihi  niultiplicari 

proflicatas  in  repub.  disciplince  est  indicium  jurisperi-  |  jubent.  '•'  Plus  accipiunt  tacere,  fiuam  nos  loqui. 

toriim  numerus,  ot  medicorum  copia.  >"  In  pra;t'.  i  ^  Totius  injustiliffi  nulla  capitalior,  qiiAin  eorum  qui 

Ptud.  juris.  iMulliplic.iiitur  nunc  in  tcrris  ut  locustse  '  cum  raaxime  decipiunt,  id  aijunl,  ut  buni  viri  esue  vi- 
non  paj^^^m^l^.  simI  pestes,  pc;^pinii  Imminrs,  ma-    deantur.  ■*  Nam  quocunque  modo  causa  procednt, 

lipci^CfflAkii^^iittiMi^i.    ■.       1    '  n.jc  semper  agitur,  ut  loculi  impleantur,  eisi  avaritia 

,ent.  **Dousa   «  ;.)il.   i  ■■   quit  s;i<iari.  '  Camden  in  Norfollt  :  q'ji  si  nihil 

i..^  C;'*'Bg)c.  Ari{'J"-  J 'II  I''    bi^y^m^^^uis  apicibuii  lites  tamcti  serere  callent. 


Democritiis  to  tJie  Reader.  65 

time,  delay  suits  till  they  have  enriched  themselves,  and  beggared  their  clients.  And, 
as  *Cato  inveighed  against  Isocrates'  scholars,  we  may  justly  tax  our  wranglijig  law- 
yers, they  do  cojisenescere  in  Utibiis.,  are  so  litigious  and  busy  here  on  earth,  that  I 
think  they  will  plead  their  client's  causes  hereafter,  some  of  them  in  hell.  '  Sunlerus 
complains  amongst  the  Suisseres  of  the  advocates  in  his  time,  that  when  they  should 
make  an  end,  they  began  controversies,  and  "•  protract  their  causes  many  years,  per- 
suading them  their  tide  is  good,  till  their  patrimonies  be  consumed,  and  that  they 
have  spent  more  in  seeking  than  the  thing  is  worth,  or  they  shall  get  by  the  recovery." 
So  that  he  that  goes  to  law,  as  the  proverb  is,  *  holds  a  wolf  by  the  ears,  or  as  a 
sheep  in  a  storm  runs  for  shelter  to  a  brier,  if  he  prosecute  his  cause  he  is  consumed, 
if  he  surcease  his  suit  he  loseth  all ;  ^what  difierence  ?  They  had  wont  heretofore, 
saith  Austin,  to  end  matters,  per  communes  arUtros ;  and  so  in  SA-itzerland  (we  are 
informed  by  "Simlerus),  "they  had  some  common  arbitrators  or  daysmen  in  every 
town,  that  made  a  friendly  composition  betwixt  man  and  man,  and  he  much  wonders 
at  their  honest  simplicity,  that  could  keep  peace  so  well,  and  end  such  great  causes 
by  that  means.  At  "Fez  in  Africa,  they  have  neither  lawyers  nor  advocates;  but 
if  there  be  any  controversies  amongst  them,  both  parties  plaintiff  and  defendant  come 
to  their  Alfakins  or  chief  judge,  "  and  at  once  without  any  farther  appeals  or  pitiful 
delays,  the  cause  is  heard  and  ended."  Our  forefathers,  as  '-a  worthy  chorographer 
of  ours  observes,  had  wont  pauculis  cruciilis  aureis,  with  a  few  golden  crosses,  and 
lines  in  verse,  make  all  conveyances,  assurances.  And  such  was  the  candour  and 
integrity  of  succeeding  ages,  that  a  deed  (as  I  have  oft  seen)  to  convey  a  whole 
manor,  was  impUcite  contained  in  some  twenty  lines  or  thereabouts ;  like  that  scede 
or  Sytala  Laconica,  so  much  renowned  of  old  in  all  contracts,  which  '^Tully  so 
earnestly  commends  to  Atticus,  Plutarch  in  his  Lysander,  Aristotle  polit.  :  Thucy- 
dides^i  lib.  1,  "Diodorus  and  Suidus  approve  and  magnily,  for  that  laconic  brevity 
in  this  kind;  and  well  they  might,  for,  according  to  '^ Tertullian,  certa  sunt  paucis, 
there  is  much  more  certainty  in  fewer  words.  And  so  was  it  of  old  throughout : 
but  now  many  skins  of  parchment  Avill  scarce  serve  turn ;  he  that  buys  and  sells 
a  house,  must  have  a  house  full  of  writings,  there  be  so  many  circumstances,  so 
many  words,  such  tautological  repetitions  of  all  particulars  (to  avoid  cavillation  they 
say) ;  but  we  find  by  our  woful  experience,  that  to  subtle  wits  it  is  a  cause  of  much 
more  contention  and  variance,  and  scarce  any  conveyance  so  accurately  penned  by 
one,  which  another  will  not  find  a  crack  in,  or  cavil  at ;  if  any  one  word  be  mis- 
placed, any  little  error,  all  is  disannulled.  That  which  is  a  law  to-day,  is  none  to- 
morrow ;  that  Avhicli  is  sound  in  one  man's  opinion,  is  most  faulty  to  another ;  that 
in  conclusion,  here  is  nothing  amongst  us  but  contention  and  confusion,  we  bandy 
one  against  another.  And  that  which  long  since  "^  Plutarch  complained  of  them  in 
Asia,  may  be  verified  in  our  times.  "  These  men  here  assembled,  come  not  to  sacri- 
fice to  their  gods,  to  offer  Jupiter  their  first-fruits,  or  merriments  to  Bacchus  ;  but  an 
yearly  disease  exasperating  Asia  hath  brought  them  hither,  to  make  an  end  of  then- 
controversies  and  lawsuits."  'Tis  multitudo  perdenfium  et  jjereuntium.,  a  destructive 
rout  that  seek  one  another's  ruin.  Such  most  part  are  our  ordinaiy  suitors,  termers, 
clients,  new  stirs  every  day,  mistakes,  eiTors,  cavils,  and  at  this  present,  as  I  have 
heard  in  some  one  court,  I  know  not  how  many  thousand  causes  :  no  person  free, 
no  title  almost  good,  with  such  bitterness  in  following,  so  many  slights,  procrastina- 
tions, delays,  forger}',  such  cost  (for  infinite  sums  are  inconsiderately  spent),  violence 
and  malice,  I  know  not  by  whose  fault,  lawyers,  clients,  laws,  both  or  all :  but  as 
Paul  reprehended  the  "Coruithians  long  since,  I  may  more  positively  infer  now  : 
'•There  is  a  fault  amongst  you,  and  I  speak  it  to  your  shame.  Is  there  not  a  '"wise 
man  amongst  you,  to  judge  between  his  brethren  .'  but  that  a  brother  goes  to  law 

6  Plutarch,  vit.  Cat.  caiisas  apud  inferos  quas  in  "  Clenard.  1.  1.  ep.  Si  quae  cnntrovursiae  utraqiie  pars 
suam  (idem  receperunt,  patrociiiio  siio  tuebuntiir.  judicem  adit,  is  semel  et  simul  rem  transigit.  audit : 
'  Lib.  2.  de  Helvet.  repuh.  iion  explirandis,  sed  nioli-  ,  nee  quid  sit  appellatio,  lachrymossque  mors  noscunt. 
endis  controversiis  operam  dant,  ita  utliies  in  multos  I  ''^  Camden.  '^Lib.  10.  epist.  ad  .\tticuni,  epist.  U. 

annos  extrahantur  suiiinia   cnm  inolestia.  utri?que  ;     '^Biblioth.  1.  3.  '^Lib.  de  .\nim.  '"Lib.  major 

partis  et  dum  interea  patriinonia  e.\hauriainur.  morb.  cnrp.  an  animi.  Hi  non  conveniiint  m  diis  more 
"  Lupum  auribus   teiient.  "  Hor.  '"Lib.  de     majorum  sacra  faciant,  iion  utJuvjj^yi2ii^'»/^'--rant, 

Helvet.  repub.  Judices  (|Uocunque  paco  constituunt     aut  Ha(  clio  f^unrnsHpifft"^!  JMT"""*»i«"«"M"f-  mnr- 
qui  amice  aliqua  trans:utione  si  fieri  possii,  lites  tol-^bus  i  x  i^perans  A-sianHmc  eos  coegifc^t  cyitentioUe 
lain.    Ego  majorum  nosiroruni  s:  .    -       .  _   ._.  .    .   - 

ror,  qui  sic   causag  gravissimas 


56  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

with  a  brother."  And  '®  Christ's  counsel  concerning  lawsuits,  was  never  so  fit  to  be 
inculcated  as  in  this  age  :  ^^  Agree  with  thine  adversary  quickly,"  &.c.  Matth.  v.  25. 

I  could  repeat  many  such  particular  grievances,  which  must  disturb  a  body  politic. 
To  shut  up  all  in  brief,  where  good  government  is,  prudent  and  wise  princes,  there 
all  things  thrive  and  prosper,  peace  and  happiness  is  in  that  land  :  where  it  is  other- 
wise, all  things  are  ugly  to  behold,  incult,  barbarous,  uncivil,  a  paradise  is  turned  to 
a  wilderness.  This  island  amongst  the  rest,  our  next  neighbours  the  French  and 
Germans,  may  be  a  sufficient  witness,  that  in  a  short  time  by  that  prudent  policy  of 
the  Romans,  was  brought  from  barbarism;  see  but  what  Ceesar  reports  of  us,  and 
Tacitus  of  those  old  Germans,  tliey  were  once  as  uncivil  as  they  in  Virginia,  yet  by 
planting  of  colonies  and  good  laws,  they  became  from  barbarous  outlaws,^' to  be  full 
of  rich  and  populous  cities,  as  now  they  are,  and  most  flourishing  kingdoms.  Even 
so  might  Virgmia,  and  those  wild  Irish  liave  been  civilized  long  since,  if  that  order 
bad  been  heretofore  taken,  whicli  now  begins,  of  planting  colonies,  &.c.  I  have  read 
a  ^Miscourse,  printed  anno  1612.  "Discovering  the  true  causes  why  Ireland  was 
never  entirely  subdued,  or  brought  under  obedience  to  the  crown  of  England,  until 
the  beginning  of  his  Majesty's  happy  reign."  Yet  if  his  reasons  were  thoroughly 
scanned  by  a  judicious  politician,  I  am  afraid  he  would  not  altogether  be  approved, 
but  that  it  would  turn  to  the  dishonour  of  our  nation,  to  suffer  it  to  lie  so  long  waste. 
Yea,  and  if  some  travellers  should  see  (to  come  nearer  home)  those  rich,  united  pro- 
vinces of  Holland,  Zealand,  Stc,  over  against  us ;  those  neat  cities  and  popuU)US 
towns,  full  of  most  industrious  artificers,  ^ so  mucli  land  recovered  liom  tiie  sea,  and 
so  painfully  preserved  by  those  artificial  inventions,  so  wonderfully  ajjproved,  as  that 
of  Bemster  in  Holland,  ut  nihil  huic  par  aut  simile  invcnias  in  tolo  orbe,  saitii  Bertius 
the  geographer,  all  the  world  cannot  match  it,  *'so  many  navigable  channels  from 
place  to  place,  made  by  men's  hands,  Slc.  and  on  the  other  side  so  many  thousand 
acres  of  our  fens  lie  drowned,  our  cities  thin,  and  those  vile,  poor,  and  ugly  to  behold 
in  respect  of  theirs,  our  trades  decayed,  our  sldl  running  rivers  stopped,  and  that  bene- 
ficial use  of  transportation,  wholly  neglected,  so  many  havens  void  of  ships  and 
towns,  so  many  parks  and  forests  for  pleasure,  barren  heaths,  so  many  villages 
depopulated,  &.c.  I  think  sure  he  would  find  some  fault. 

I  may  not  deny  but  that  this  nation  of  ours,  doth  bene  aiidire  apud  exteros,  is  a 
most  noble,  a  most  flourishing  kingdom,  by  common  consent  of  all  ^  geographers, 
historians,  politicians,  'tis  utiica  velut  arx^  and  which  Quintius  in  Livy  said  of  the 
inlxabitants  of  Peloponnesus,  may  be  well  applied  to  us,  we  are  tesludines  lesld  sua 
inclusi^  like  so  many  tortoises  in  our  shells,  safely  defended  by  an  angry  sea,  as  a 
wall  on  all  sides.  Our  island  hath  many  such  honourable  eulogiums ;  and  as  a 
learned  countrjTnan  of  ours  right  well  hath  it, ""  Ever  since  tlie  Normans  first  coming 
into  England,  this  country  both  for  military  matters,  and  all  other  of  civility,  hath 
been  paralleled  with  the  most  flourishing  kingdoms  of  Europe  and  our  Christian 
world,"  a  blessed,  a  rich  country,  and  one  of  the  fortunate  isles  :  and  for  some 
things  ^preferred  before  other  countries,  for  expert  seamen,  our  laborious  discover- 
ies, art  of  navigation,  true  merchants,  they  carry  the  bell  away  from  all  other  nations, 
even  the  Portugals  and  Hollanders  themselves ;  ^^"  without  all  fear,"  saitli  Boterus, 
"  furrowing  tiie  ocean  winter  and  summer,  and  two  of  their  captains,  with  no  less 
valour  than  fortune,  have  sailed  round  about  the  world."  *^  We  nave  besides  many 
particular  blessings,  which  our  neighbours  want,  the  Gospel  truly  preached,  church 
discipline  established,  long  peace  and  quietness  free  from  exactions,  foreign  fears, 
invasions,  domestical  seditions,  well  manured,  ^'  fortified  by  art,  and  nature,  and  now 
most  happy  in  that  fortunate  union  of  England  and  Scotland,  which  our  forelathefs 
have  laboured  to  effect,  and  desired  to  see.     But  in  which  we  excel  all  others,  a 

19 So  intituled,  and  preached  by  our  Regius  Profes-  1  del  par  excellence."  "Jam  inde  non  belli  gloria 

snr,  D.  Prideaus ;  printed  at  London  by  Ficlix  Kini;- '  qulin  huinanitatis  cuitu  inter  florcntisKlnins  orbis 
ston,  1621.  -"Of  which  Text  read   two   learned  j  Chrisliani  gentcs  imprimis  floruit.     Camden  Drit.de 

Si'imons.  -' Sa;pius  bona  materia  cessat  sine  ar-    Normannis.  »> Georc.  Keeker.  ^Tani  hieine 

titice.  Sabellicus  de  Germania.  Si  quis  videret  Ger-  (iu4in  aj.staie  intrepide  gulcant  Oceanum.  et  duo  illo- 
maniam  url)ibu3  hodie  excultain,  non  diccret  ut  ollm  rum  duces  non  minore  audaciil  quam  forliin^  lotiua 
iristcmcul^jl^^nicrelo, ierr;im  iiiformein.  « Hy  I  ortiem  terra'  circumnavis^runt.  Ampliilhcatro  Hole- 
ti  ~  .Maj*KF^S^MBey'Gci(eriUjiien;.*_     -■  \-  Z-  i|i- I  riis.  *' A  lertile  soil,  t'ood  air,  &c.     Tin,   Lead 

**Froiii  (.       a  i.)j  W,i,,i,  Satfron,  &c.  ^i Xota  Britannia  uiuca  ve   u 

••i^Orii'lias 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  57 

wise,  learned,  religious  king,  another  Numa,  a  second  Augustus,  a  true  Josiah ;  most 
worthy  senators,  a  learned  clergy,  an  obedient  commonalty,  Sec.  Yet  amongst  many 
roses,  some  thistles  grow,  some  bad  weeds  and  enonnities,  which  much  disturb  the 
peace  of  this  body  politic,  eclipse  the  honour  and  glory  of  it,  fit  to  be  rooted  out, 
and  with  all  speed  to  be  reformed. 

The  first  is  idleness,  by  reason  of  which  we  have  many  swarms  of  rogues,  and 
beggars,  thieves,  drunkards,  and  discontented  persons  (whom  Lycurgus  in  Plutarch 
calls  morbos  reipublica;,  the  boils  of  the  commonwealth),  many  poor  people  m  all 
our  towns.  Civitatcs  ignobiles,  as  ^'^Polydore  calls  them,  base-built  cities,  inglorious, 
poor,  small,  rare  in  sight,  ruinous,  and  thin  of  mhabitants.  Our  land  is  fertile  we  may 
not  deny,  full  of  all  good  things,  and  why  doth  it  not  then  abound  with  cities,  as  Avell 
as  Italy,  France,  Germany,  the  Low  Countries  ?  because  their  policy  hath  been  other- 
wise, and  we  are  not  so  thrifty,  circumspect,  industrious.  Idleness  is  the  7nalus 
genius  of  our  nation.  For  as  ^^  Boterus  justly  argues,  fertility  of  a  country  is  not 
enough,  except  art  and  industry  be  joined  unto  it,  according  to  Aristotle,  riches  are 
either  natural  or  artificial ;  natural  are  good  land,  fair  mines,  Stc.  artificial,  are  manu- 
factures, coins,  &.C.  Many  kingdoms  are  fertile,  but  thin  of  inhabitants,  as  that 
Duchy  of  Piedmont  in  Italy,  which  Leander  Albertus  so  much  magnifies  for  corn, 
wine,  fruits,  &.c.,  yet  nothing  near  so  populous  as  those  which  are  more  barren. 
*"'  England,"  saith  he,  '^  London  only  excepted,  hath  never  a  populous  city,  and  yet 
a  fruitful  country.  I  find  46  cities  and  walled  towns  in  Alsatia,  a  small  province  in 
Germany,  50  castles,  an  infinite  number  of  villages,  no  ground  idle,  no  not.  rock) 
places,  or  tops  of  hills  are  untilled,  as  ^"Munster  informeth  us.  In  ^'^  Greichgea,  a 
a  small  territory  on  the  Necker,  24  Italian  miles  over,  I  read  of  20  walled  towns, 
innumerable  villages,  each  one  containing  150  houses  most  part,  besides  castles  and 
noblemen's  palaces.  I  observe  in  ^"Turinge  m  Dutchland  (twelve  miles  over  by 
their  scale)  12  counties,  and  in  them  144  cities,  2000  villages,  144  towns,  250  cas- 
tles. In  ^^ Bavaria  34  cities,  46  towns,  &c.  ^Portiigallia  interamnis^  a  small  plot 
of  gi-ound,  hath  1460  parishes,  130  monasteries,  200  bridges.  Malta,  a  barren  island, 
yields  20,000  inhabitants.  But  of  all  the  rest,  I  admire  Lues  Guicciardine's  relations  of 
the  Low  Countries.  Holland  hath  26  cities,  400  great  villages.  Zealand  10  cities,  102 
parishes.  Brabant  26  cities,  102  parishes.  Flanders  28  cities,  90  towns,  1154  villages, 
besides  abbeys,  castles,  &.c.  The  Low  Countries  generally  have  three  cities  at  least 
for  one  of  ours,  and  those  far  more  populous  and  rich  :  and  what  is  the  cause,  but  their 
industry  and  excellency  in  all  manner  of  trades  ?  Their  commerce,  which  is  main- 
tamed  by  a  multitude  of  tradesmen,  so  many  excellent  channels  made  by  art  and  oppor- 
tune havens,  to  which  they  build  their  cities  ;  all  which  we  have  in  like  measure,  or 
at  least  may  have.  But  their  chiefest  loadstone  which  draws  all  manner  of  commerce 
and  merchandise,  which  maintains  their  present  estate,  is  not  fertility  of  soil,  but 
industry  that  enricheth  them,  the  gold  mines  of  Peru,  or  Nova  Hispania  may  not 
compare  with  them.  They  have  neither  gold  nor  silver  of  their  own,  wine  nor  oil, 
or  scarce  any  corn  growing  in  those  united  provinces,  little  or  no  wood,  tin,  lead, 
iron,  silk,  wool,  any  stuff  almost,  or  metal ;  and  yet  Hungary,  Transylvania,  that 
brag  of  their  mines,  fertile  England  cannot  compare  with  them.  1  dare  boldly  say, 
that  neither  France,  Tarentum,  Apulia,  Lombardy,  or  any  part  of  Italy,  Valentia  in 
Spain,  or  that  pleasant  Andalusia,  with  their  excellent  fruits,  wine  and  oil,  two  har- 
vests, no  not  any  part  of  Europe  is  so  flourishing,  so  rich,  so  populous,  so  full  of 
good  ships,  of  well-built  cities,  so  aboundmg  with  all  things  necessary  for  the  use  of 
mein.  'Tis  our  Indies,  an  epitome  of  Chma,  and  all  by  reason  of  their  mdustry,  good 
policy,  and  commerce.  Industry  is  a  load-stone  to  draw  all  good  things ;  that  alone 
makes  countries  flourish,  cities  populous,  ■*"  and  wUl  enforce  by  reason  of  much  ma- 
nure, which  necessarily  follows,  a  barren  soil  to  be  fertile  and  good,  as  sheep,  saith 
*'  Dion,  mend  a  bad  pasture. 

Tell  me  politicians,  why  is  that  fruitful  Palestma,  noble  Greece,  EgjiJt,  Asia 

s^Lib.   1.   hist.  ss  Increment,   urb.   I.    1.   c.   9.    38  0rtelius  6  Vaseo  et  Pet.  de  Medina.  s^Anhun- 

•♦Anglia;,  excepto  Londino,  nulla  est  civitas  memora-    dred  families  in  each.  wpooulimultitudo  dili- 

bilis,  licet  ea  natio  rerum   omnium   rnpja  ahundel.    gente    cultura^Joecun^g^SilllliflHHHfthri^^  ^' 
ssCosmng.  Lib.  3.  cop.  119.     Villaniiu  !.    i.      -'  iiume-^*|Oraf .  S.i.ytT 
rus,  nullus  locus  otiosus  aiit  incultur-  '     '^^j^JH/^gfiU  at&lCM 

oiat.  edit.    Fiancof.   15S3.  Maginus 


58  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

Minor,  so  much  decayed,  and  (mere  carcases  now)  fallen  from  that  they  were  ?  The 
eround  is  the  same,  but  the  government  is  altered,  the  people  are  grown  slothful, 
idle,  tlieir  good  husbandry,  policy,  and  industry  is  decayed.  JVon  fatigata  aut  effccta 
humuS:,  as  ^^  Columella  well  informs  Sylvinus,  sed  nostra  jit  inertia^  Stc.  May  a  man 
believe  that  which  Aristotle  in  his  politics,  Pausanias,  Stephanus,  Sophianus,  Gerbe- 
lius  relate  of  old  Greece  ?  I  find  heretofore  70  cities  in  Epirus  overthrown  by  Paulus 
^milius,  a  goodly  province  in  times  past,  ""^now  left  desolate  of  good  towns  and  al- 
most iidiabitants.  Sixty-two  cities  in  Macedonia  in  Strabo's  time.  I  find  30  in  Laconia, 
but  now  scarce  so  many  villages,  saith  Gerbclius.  If  any  man  from  Mount  Taygetus 
should  view  the  country  round  about,  and  see  tot  delicias,  tot  itrbcs  per  Pelopone- 
sum  dispcrsas^  so  many  delicate  and  brave  built  cities  with  such  cost  and  exquisite 
cunning,  so  neatly  set  out  in  Peloponnesus,  ^^  he  should  perceive  them  now  ruinous 
and  overthrown,  burnt,  waste,  desolate,  and  laid  level  with  the  ground.  Incrcdibilc 
dictu,  &c.  And  as  he  laments,  Quis  taliafando  Tcmperet  a  lachnpnis?  Qids  tarn 
durus  aut  ferreus,  (so  he  prosecutes  it).'*^  Who  is  he  that  can  sulRciently  condole 
and  commiserate  these  ruins.?  Where  are  those  4000  cities  of  Egypt,  those  100 
cities  in  Crete  .''  Are  they  now  come  to  two  }  What  saith  Pliny  and  .^lian  of  old 
Italy  ?  There  were  in  former  ages  1106  cities  :  Blondus  and  Machiavel,  both  grant 
them  now  nothing  near  so  populous,  and  full  of  good  towns  as  in  the  time  of  Au- 
gustus (for  now  Leander  Albertus  can  find  but  300  at  most),  and  if  we  may  give 
credit  to  ^"Livy,  not  then  so  strong  and  puissant  as  of  old:  "They  mustered  70 
Legions  in  former  times,  which  now  the  known  world  will  scarce  yield.  Alexander 
built  70  cities  in  a  short  space  for  his  part,  our  Saltans  and  Turks  demolish  twice 
as  many,  and  leave  all  desolate.  3Iany  will  not  believe  but  that  our  island  of  Great 
Britain  is  now  more  populous  than  ever  it  was ;  yet  let  them  road  Bedo,  Leland  and 
others,  they  shall  find  it  most  flourished  in  the  Saxon  Heptarchy,  and  in  the  Con- 
queror's time  was  far  better  inhabited,  than  at  this  present.  See  that  Doomsday 
Book,  and  show  me  those  thousands  of  parishes,  wliich  are  now  decayed,  cities 
ruined,  villages  depopulated,  &.c.  The  lesser  the  territory  is,  commonly,  the  richer 
it  is.  Parvus  scd  bene  cultiis  ager.  As  those  Athenian,  Lacedirmonian,  Arcadian, 
Aelian,  Sycioiiian,  Messenian,  &.c.  conmionwealths  of  Greece  make  ample  proof,  as 
those  imperial  cities  and  free  states  of  Germany  may  witness,  those  Cantons  ofSwit- 
zers,  Rheti,  Grisons,  Walloons,  Territories  of  Tuscany,  Luke  and  Senes  of  old,  Pied- 
mont, Mantua,  Venice  in  Italy,  Ragusa,  &.c. 

That  prince  therefore  as,  '"Boterus  adviseth,  that  will  have  a  rich  country,  and 
fair  cities,  let  him  get  good  trades,  privileges,  painful  inhabitants,  artificers,  and  suffer 
no  rude  matter  unwrought,  as  tin,  iron,  wool,  lead,  &.C.,  to  be  transported  out  of  his 
country, —  '*a  thing  in  part  seriously  attempted  amongst  us,  but  not  eflected.  And 
because  industry  of  men,  and  multitude  of  trade  so  much  avails  to  the  ornament  and 
enriching  of  a  kingdom;  those  ancient  ^^^Massilians  would  admit  no  man  into  their 
city  that  had  not  some  trade.  Selym  the  first  Turkish  empercr  procured  a  thousand 
good  artificers  to  be  brought  from  Tauris  to  Constantinople.  The  Polanders  indented 
with  Henry  Duke  of  Anjou,  their  new  chosen  king,  to  bring  with  him  an  hundred 
families  of  artificers  into  Poland.  James  the  first  in  Scotland  (as  ^Buchanan  writes) 
sent  for  the  best  artificers  he  could  get  in  Europe,  and  gave  them  great  rewards  to 
teach  his  subjects  their  several  trades.  Edward  the  Thial,  our  most  renowned 
king,  to  his  eternal  memory,  brought  clothing  first  into  this  island,  transporting 
some  families  of  artificers  from  Gaunt  hither.  How  many  goodly  cities  could  I 
reckon  up,  that  thrive  wholly  by  trade,  where  thousands  of  inhabitants  live  singular 
well  by  their  fingers'  ends :  As  Florence  in  Italy  by  making  cloth  of  gold  ;  great 
Milan  by  silk,  and  all  curious  works  ;  Arras  in  Artois  by  those  fair  hangings ;  many 
cuies  in  Spain,  many  in  France,  Germany,  have  none  other  maintenance,  especially 
those  within  the  land.     ^'  Mecca,  in  Arabia  Petraea,  stands  in  a  most  unfruitful  coun- 

<-De  r*"  rust.  I.  2.  cap.  1.     The  soil  is  not  tired  or  '■'"Lib.  7-     Sepfiiaginta  olim  lesiones  scriptiE  diciintm  ; 
exhaustril.  liiit  lii<  become  barren  throueli  our  sloth,     qiias  vires  hodie,  &:c.  *■  Polit.  1.  3.  c.  e.  "For 

■»  Hodie  urhibik^^^Miatur.  ct  nia?na  ex  parte  incolis    dyeing  of  clolh^,  and  dressini;.  Sec.  *■•  Valer.  I.  2. 

d*'-'liJiB»i^^^^(IWji6C-^ttra;r;^J:l..   »■  ^' Vi-    r.'   1.  wHist.   Scot.  Lib.   10.     Magnis  pronositia 

■^-'—^^ — ■  ^—  •-•  •  ■..»■-...  eversaji,  aift  .snTo  .    ;       .ij.  .  urrt-mii'i.  ut   Scoti  ab  iis  edocercniur.  '■  Munsi. 

Aero  omnium  rerum  infcecundiHsiiuiij 
r  >axet:i,  urb^i  tamen  eleganlisiii 
et  Occideiitis. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  59 

try,  that  wants  water,  amongst  the  rocks  (as  Vertomanus  describes  it),  and  yet  it  is 
a  most  elegant  and  pleasant  city,  by  reason  of  the  traffic  of  the  east  and  west. 
Ormus  in  Persia  is  a  most  fomous  mart-town,  hath  nought  else  but  the  opportunity 
of  the  haven  to  make  it  flourish.  Cormth,  a  noble  city  (Lumen  Greciae,  TuUy  calls 
it)  the  Eye  of  Greece,  by  reason  of  Cenchreas  and  Lecheus,  those  excellent  ports, 
drew  all  that  traffic  of  the  Ionian  and  ^Egean  seas  to  it ;  and  yet  the  country  about 
it  was  curva  ct  supcrciUosa,  as  ^^Strabo  terms  it,  rugged  and  harsh.  We  may  say 
the  same  of  Athens,  Actium,  Thebes,  Sparta,  and  most  of  those  towns  in  Greece. 
Nuremberg  in  Germany  is  sited  in  a  most  barren  soil,  yet  a  noble  imperial  city,  by 
the  sole  industry  of  artificers,  and  cunning  trades,  they  draw  the  riches  of  most  coun- 
tries to  them,  so  expert  in  manufactures,  that  as  Sallust  long  since  gave  out  of  the  like, 
Sedem  animce.  in  extremis  digilis  hahent^  their  soul,  or  intellectus  agcnSy  was  placed  in 
tlieir  fingers'  end ;  and  so  we  may  say  of  Basil,  Spire,  Cambray,  Frankfort,  kc.  It  is 
almost  incredible  to  speak  what  some  Avrite  of  Mexico  and  the  cities  adjoining  to  it, 
no  place  in  the  world  at  their  first  discovery  more  populous,  ^^  Mat.  Riccius,  the 
Jesuit,  and  some  others,  relate  of  the  industry  of  the  Chinese  most  populous  coun- 
tries, not  a  hpggar  or  an  idle  person  to  be  seen,  and  how  by  that  means  they  prosper 
and  flourish.  We  have  the  same  means,  able  bodies,  pliant  wits,  matter  of  aii  sorts, 
wool,  flax,  iron,  tin,  lead,  wood,  &c.,  many  excellent  subjects  to  work  upon,  only 
industry  is  wanting.  We  send  our  best  commodities  beyond  the  seas,  which  they 
make  good  use  of  to  their  necesshies,  set  themselves  a  work  about,  and  severally 
improve,  sending  the  same  to  us  back  at  dear  rates,  or  else  make  toys  and  baubles 
of  the  tails  of  them,  which  they  sell  to  us  again,  at  as  gieat  a  reckoning  as  the 
whole.  In  most  of  our  cities,  some  few  excepted,  like  '^Spanish  loiterers,  we  live 
wholly  by  tippling-inns  and  ale-houses.  IMalting  are  their  best  ploughs,  their  great- 
est traffic  to  sell  ale.  ^^Meteran  and  some  others  object  to  us,  that  we  are  no  whit 
so  industrious  as  the  Hollanders  :  "  Manual  trades  (saith  lie)  which  are  more  cu- 
rious or  troublesome,  are  wholly  exercised  by  strangers  :  they  dwell  in  a  sea  full  of 
fish,  but  they  are  so  idle,  they  will  not  catch  so  much  as  shall  serve  their  own  turns, 
but  buy  it  of  their  neighbours."  Tush^*^  Mare  liberum^  they  fish  under  our  noses, 
and  sell  it  to  us  when  they  have  done,  at  their  own  prices. 

'Pudet  haec  opprobria  nobis 


Et  diti  potuisse,  et  non  potuisse  refelli." 

I  am  ashamed  to  hear  this  objected  by  strangers,  and  know  not  how  to  answer  it. 

Amongst  our  towns,  there  is  only  ^"London  that  bears  the  face  of  a  city,  ^^ Epitome 
Britannia^  a  famous  emporium^  second  to  none  beyond  seas,  a  noble  mart :  but  sola 
crcscit.,  decresccntibus  aliis ;  and  yet,  in  my  slender  judgment,  defective  in  many 
things.  The  rest  (^^some  few  excepted)  are  in  mean  estate,  ruinous  most  part,  poor, 
and  full  of  beggars,  by  reason  of  their  decayed  trades,  neglected  or  bad  policy,  idle- 
ness of  their  inhabitants,  riot,  which  liad  rather  beg  or  loiter,  and  be  ready  to  starve, 
than  work. 

I  cannot  deny  but  that  something  may  be  said  in  defence  of  our  cities,  ^°  that  they 
are  not  so  fair  built,  (for  the  sole  magnificence  of  this  kingdom  (concerning  build- 
ings) hath  been  of  old  in  those  Norman  castles  and  religious  houses,)  so  rich,  thick 
sited,  populous,  as  in  some  other  countries  ;  besides  the  reasons  Cardan  gives,  Suhtil. 
Lib.  11.  we  want  Avine  and  o*il,  their  two  harvests,  we  dwell  m  a  colder  air,  and  for 
that  cause  must  a  little  more  liberally  ^'  feed  of  flesh,  as  all  northern  countries  do  : 
our  provisions  will  not  therefore  extend  to  the  maintenance  of  so  many ;  yet  notwith- 
standing we  have  matter  of  all  sorts,  an  open  sea  for  traffic,  as  well  as  the  rest, 
goodly  havens.     And  how  can  we  excuse  our  negligence,  our  riot,  drunkenness.  Sec, 

5-Lib.  8.  Genrgr  .    ob  aspernm  situm.  ^3  Lib.    s*  Camden.     MTork,  Bristow,  Norwich, Worcester,&c. 

Edit,  a  Nic.  Tresant.  Bels.  A.  1616.  expedit.  in  Sinas.  £0M.  Gainsfnrd's  Argument :  Because  gentlemen  dwell 
5^Ubi  nobiles  probi  loco  habent  artera  aliquam  profi-  ,  with  us  in  the  country  villases,  our  cities  are  less,  is 
leri.     Cleonnrd.  ep    1.   1.  •'^'*Lib.   13.  Belg.   Hist.'  nothing  to  the  purpose:  put  three  hundred  or  four 

Don  tarn  laboriosi  ut  Belgas,  sed  ut  Hispani  otiatores  hundred  villages  in  a  shire,  and  every  village  yield  a 
vitani  ut  plurimum  otiosam  agentes  :  artes  manuariffi  gentleman,  what  is  four  hundred  families  to  increase 
quiP  plurininm  habent  in  se  laboris  et  difficuitatis,  ma-  one  of  our  cities,  or  to  contend  with  theirs,  which 
joreniq  ;  requirunt  industriam,  a  peregrinis  et  exteris  stand  thicker  1  And  whereas  ours  usually  consist^of 
exercentnr;  habitant  in  piscosissimo  mari,  interea  ,  seven  thousand,  their^consist 
*anium  non  piscantur  quantum  insula;  suffecerit  sed  i  '  bitants. 
vicini?  emere  coguntur.  ^Grotii  Liber, 
anirais  nuineroque  potens,  et  robore  ; 


60 


Democntus  to  the  Reader. 


and  such  enormities  that  follow  it  ?  We  have  excellent  laws  enacted,  you  will  say, 
severe  statutes,  houses  of  correction,  Slc,  to  small  purpose  it  seems  ;  it  is  not  liouses 
will  serve,  but  cities  of  correction  ;  ^^our  trades  generally  ought  to  be  reibnned,  wants 
supplied.  In  other  countries  they  have  tiie  same  grievances,  I  confess,  but  that  doth 
not  excuse  us,  ^'^  wants,  defects,  enormities,  idle  drones,  tumults,  discords,  contention, 
law-suits,  many  laws  made  against  them  to  repress  those  innumerable  brawls  and 
law-suits,  excess  in  apparel,  diet,~  decay  of  tUlage,  depopulations,  "especially  against 
rogues,  beggars,  Egyptian  vagabonds  (so  termed  at  least)  which  have  ''^swarmed  all 
over  Germ^iy,  France,  Italy,  Poland,  as  you  may  read  in  "^Munster,  Cranzius,  and 
Aventinus  ;  as  those  Tartars  and  Arabians  at  this  day  do  in  the  eastern  countries  : 
yet  such  has  been  the  iniquity  of  all  ages,  as  it  seems  to  small  purpose.  JVemo  in 
nostra  cicitate  mendlcits  esto^^''  saith  Plato:  he  will  have  them  purged  from  a  •'"com- 
monwealth, ^'^"as  a  bad  humour  from  the  body,"  tiiat  are  lilvc  so  many  ulcers  and 
boils,  and  must  be  cured  before  the  melancholy  body  can  be  eased. 

What  Carolus  Magnus,  the  Chinese,  the  Spaniards,  the  duke  of  Saxony  and  many 
other  states  have  decreed  in  this  case,  read  Jlrnlseus^  cap.  19  j  Botcrus,  lihro  8,  cap.  2  ; 
Osorius  de  Riibus gest.  E/nan.  lib.  11.  When  a  country  is  overstocked  with  people, 
as  a  pasture  is  oft  overlaid  with  cattle,  tliey  had  wont  in  former  times  to  disburden 
themselves,  by  sending  out  colonies,  or  by  wars,  as  those  old  Romans ;  or  by  em- 
ploying them  at  home  about  some  public  buildings,  as  bridges,  road-ways,  for  which 
those  Romans  were  famous  in  this  island;  as  Augustus  Cajsar  did  in  Rome,  the 
Spaniards  in  their  Indian  mines,  as  at  Potosi  in  Peru,  where  some  30,000  men  are 
still  at  work,  6000  furnaces  ever  boiling,  &c.  '"aqueducts,  bridges,  havens,  those 
stupend  works  of  Trajan,  Claudius, at  "Ostium,  Dioclesiani  Therma,  Fucinus  Lacus, 
that  Piraeum  in  Athens,  made  by  Themistocles,  ampitheatrums  of  curious  marble, 
as  at  Verona,  Civitas  Philippi,  and  Ileraclea  in  Thrace,  those  Appian  and  Fla- 
minian  ways,  pr(>digii:)us  works  all  may  witness  ;  and  rather  than  they  siiould  be 
^^idle,  as  those  "Egyptian  Pliaraohs,  Maris,  and  Sesostris  did,  to  task  their  subjects 
to  budd  uimecesijary  pyramids,  obelisks,  labyrinths,  channels,  lakes,  gigantic  works 
all,  to  divert  them  from  rebellion,  riot,  drunkenness,  ''*Quo  sclUcet  alaniur  el  ne 
vagando  lahorare  desucscant. 

Anotlier  eye-sore  is  that  want  of  conduct  and  navigable  rivers,  a  great  blemish  as 
'^Boterus,  "^Hippolitus  a  CoUibus,  and  other  politicians  hold,  if  it  be  neglected  in  a 
commonwealth.  Admirable  cost  and  charge  is  bestowed  in  the  Low  Countries  on 
this  behalf,  in  the  dutchy  of  Milan,  territory  of  Padua,  in  "  France,  Italy,  China, 
and  so  likewise  about  corrivations  of  water  to  moisten  and  refresh  barren  grounds, 
to  drain  fens,  bogs,  and  moors.  Massinissa  made  many  inward  parts  of  IJarbary 
and  Numidia  in  Africa,  before  his  time  incult  and  horrid,  fruitful  and  bartablc  by  tliis 
means.  Great  industry  is  generally  used  all  over  the  eastern  countries  in  this  kind, 
especially  in  Egypt,  about  Babylon  and  Damascus,  as  Vertomannus  and  '*'Gotardus 
Arthus  relate  ;  about  Barcelona,  Segovia,  Murcia,  and  many  other  places  of  Spain, 
Milan  in  Italy ;  by  reason  of  which,  their  soil  is  much  impoverished,  and  infinite 
commodities  arise  to  the  inhabitants. 

The  Turks  of  late  attempted  to  cut  that  Isthmus  betwixt  Africa  and  Asia,  which 
"Sesostris  and  Darius,  and  some  Pharaohs  of  Egypt  bad  formerly  undertaken,  but 
with  ill  success,  as  **Diodorus  Siculus  records,  and  Pliny,  for  that  Red-sea  being 
tliree  *' cubits  higher  than  Egj-pt,  would  have  drowned  all  the  country,  cceplo  des- 


"■-Refrtenate  monopolii  licentiam,  pauciores  alantur 
otio,  redintegretur  agricolatio,  latiificiuru  instauretur, 
ut  sit  honestum  negotium  quo  se  exerceat  otiosa  ilia 
turba.  Nisi  his  nialis  medcntur,  frustra  exercent  jiia- 
titiam.     Mor.  Utop.  Lib.  1.  ^ajianciplis   locuples 

eget  aeris  Cappadocum  rex.     Hor.  "Regis  digni- 

tatis non  est  exercere  imperium  in  niendicos  sed  in 
opulentos.  Non  est  regni  decus,  sed  carceris  esse 
ciistos.     Idem.  ^^Colluvies   linminum   inirabiles 

eicocti  solo,  immiindi  vestes  ftedi  visu,  furti  imprimis 
acres,  &c.  **  Cosmog.  lib.  3.  cap.  5.  *'"Let 

no  one  in  our  city  be  a  besgar."  **•  Seneca.  Haud 

minii3  ui^^^WnAin^niiUa  supplicia,  quclm  medico 

a  corpore 


curratur,  opificia  condiacantur,  tenues  subleventur. 
Bodin.  1.  6.  c.  2.  num.  6, 7.  "  Amasis  iEsypti  rex 

legem  promulgavit,  ut  omnes  subditi  quniunnis  ratio- 
nem  redderent  unde  viverent.  "Buscoldus  dis- 

cursu  polit.  cap.  2.  "whereby  they  are  supported,  and 
do  not  become  vagrants  by  being  less  accustomed  to 
labour."  "Lib.  1.  de  rncrem.  Urb.  cap.  6.  '"Cap. 
5.  de  increm.  urb.  Quas  flumen,  lacus,  aut  mare  alluit. 
"' Incredibilem  commoditatem,  vecturA  merciuni  ires 
fluvii  navigabiles,  &c.     Boterus  de  Gallic.  ""He- 

rodotus. '»Ind.  Orient,  cap.  2.     Rotam  in  medio 

flumine  constituunt,  cui  ex  pellibus  aniinaliiim  ronsu- 
tos  uteres  appendunt,  hi  dum  rota  niovetur,  aquiin 
per  canules,  to.  "Centum  pedes  lata  fosia   30. 

Contrary  to  that  of  Archimede»,   wb* 
ificies  of  all  waters  even. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  61 

titeranf,  they  left  off;  yet  as  the  same  ^Diodonis  writes,  Ptolemy  renewed   the 
Work  many  years  after,  and  absolved  in  it  a  more  opportune  place. 

That  Isthmus  of  Corinth  was  likewise  undertaken  to  be  made  navigable  by  Deme- 
trius, by  Julius  Caesar,  Nero,  Domitian,  Herodes  Atticus,  to  make  a  speedy  ^passage, 
and  less  dangerous,  from  the  Ionian  and  iEgean  seas  ;  but  because  it  could  not  be 
so  well  effected,  the  Peloponnesians  built  a  wall  like  our  Picts'  wall  about  Schaj- 
nute,  where  Neptune's  temple  stood,  and  in  the  shortest  cut  over  the  Isthmus,  of 
which  Diodorus,  lib.  1 1 .  Herodotus,  lib.  8.  Vran.  Our  latter  writers  call  it  Hexa- 
milium,  which  Amurath  the  Turk  demolished,  the  Venetians,  anno  145o,  repaired 
in  15  days  with  30,000  men.  Some,  saith  Acosta,  would  have  a  passage  cut  from 
Panama  to  Nombre  de  Dios  in  America ;  but  Thuanus  and  Serres  the  French  his- 
torians speak  of  a  famous  aqueduct  in  France,  intended  in  Henry  the  Fourth's  time, 
from  tlie  Loire  to  the  Seine,  and  from  Rhodanus  to  the  Loire.  The  like  to  which 
was  formerly  assayed  by  Domitian  the  emperor,  ^^from  Arar  to  Moselle,  which 
Cornelius  Tacitus  speaks  of  in  the  13  of  his  annals,  after  by  Charles  the  Great  and 
others.  Much  cost  hath  in  former  times  been  bestowed  in  either  new  making  or 
mending  channels  of  rivers,  and  their  passages,  (as  Aurelianus  did  by  Tiber  to  make 
it  navigable  to  Rome,  to  convey  corn  from  Egypt  to  the  city,  vadum  aJvel  tumcntis 
effodit  saith  Vopiscus,  et  Tiberis  ripas  extruxit  he  cut  fords,  made  banks,  &.c.) 
decayed  havens,  which  Claudius  the  emperor  with  infinite  pains  and  charges  attempted 
at  Ostia,  as  I  have  said,  the  Venetians  at  this  day  to  preserve  their  city ;  many  ex- 
cellent means  to  enrich  their  territories,  have  been  fostered,  invented  in  most  provin- 
ces of  Euprope,  as  planting  some  Indian  plants  amongst  us,  silk-worms,  *Uhe  very 
mulberry  leaves  in  the  plains  of  Granada  yield  30,000  crowns  per  annum  to  the 
king  of  Spain's  coffers,  besides  those  many  trades  and  artificers  that  are  busied  about 
them  in  the  kingdom  of  Granada,  Murcia,  and  all  over  Spain.  In  France  a  great 
benefit  is  raised  by  salt.  Sic,  whether  these  things  might  not  be  as  happily  attempted 
with  us,  and  with  like  success,  it  may  be  controverted,  silk-worms  (I  mean)  vines, 
fir  trees,  &lc.  Cardan  exhorts  Edward  the  Sixth  to  plant  olives,  and  is  fully  per- 
suaded they  would  prosper  in  this  island.  With  us,  navigable  rivers  are  most  part 
neglected ;  our  streams  are  not  great,  I  confess,  by  reason  of  the  narrowness  of  the 
island,  yet  they  run  smoothly  and  even,  not  headlong,  swift,  or  amongst  rocks  and 
shelves,  as  foaming  Rhodanus  and  Loire  in  France,  Tigris  in  Mesopotamia,  violent 
Durius  in  Spain,  with  cataracts  and  whirlpools,  as  the  Rhine,  and  Danubius,  about 
Shaffausen,  Lausenburgh,  Linz,  and  Cremmes,  to  endanger  navigators  ;  or  broad 
shallow,  as  Neckar  in  the  Palatinate,  Tibris  in  Italy ;  but  calm  and  fair  as  Arar  in 
France,  Hebrus  in  Macedonia,  Eurotas  in  Laconia,  they  gently  glide  along,  and  might 
as  well  be  repaired  many  of  them  (I  mean  Wye,  Trent,  Ouse,  Thamisis  at  Oxford, 
the  defect  of  which  we  feel  in  the  mean  time)  as  the  river  of  Lee  from  Ware  to 
London.  B.  Atwater  of  old,  or  as  some  will  Henry  I.  ^made  a  channel  from  Trent 
to  Lincoln,  navigable  ;  which  now,  saith  Mr.  Camden,  is  decayed,  and  much  men- 
tion is  made  of  anchors,  and  such  like  monuments  found  about  old  *'' Verulamium, 
good  ships  have  formerly  come  to  Exeter,  and  many  such  places,  whose  channels, 
havens,  ports  are  now  barred  and  rejected.  We  contemn  this  benefit  of  carriage  by 
waters,  and  are  therefore  compelled  in  the  inner  parts  of  this  island,  because  por- 
tage is  so  dear,  to  eat  up  our  commodities  ourselves,  and  live  like  so  many  boars  in 
a  sty,  for  want  of  vent  and  utterance. 

We  have  many  excellent  havens,  royal  havens,  Falmouth,  Portsmouth,  Milford,  Sec. 
equivalent  if  not  to  be  preferred  to  that  Indian  Havanna,  old  Brundusium  in  Italy,  Aulis 
in  Greece,  Ambracia  in  Acarnia,  Suda  in  Crete,  which  have  few  ships  in  them,  little  or 
no  traffic  or  trade,  which  have  scarce  a  village  on  them,  able  to  bear  great  cities,  sed  vi- 
derinf  polifici.  I  could  here  justly  tax  many  other  neglects,  abuses,  errors,  defects 
among  us,  and  in  other  countries,  depopulations,  riot,  drunkenness,  &c.  and  many  such, 
qucB  nunc  in  aurem  susurrare  non  lihet.   But  I  must  take  heed,  ne  quid  gravius  dicam, 

s^Lib.  1.  cap.  3.  WDion.  Pausanias,  et  Nic.  Ger-  I  Altimul.    lit  navigabilia  inter  se  Occidenti? 

belius.  Munster.  Cosm.  Lib.  4.   cap.  36.     Ml  brevior    tentrionis  littora  fierent.  65  R^gjjjiu 

foret  navigatio  et  minus  periculosa.  w  Charles  the  |  lerus  de  rep.    iljiveW-tibi'lw  deOBritA. 

great  went  about  to  malte  a  channe'  from  the  R^iji^^l^^cflla^tiire,  Fossedike. 
to  the  Danube.     Bil.  Pirkimerus  descr 
ruias  are  yet  seen  about  Wessenbitra 


^ 


62  Democrilus  to  the  Reader. 

that  I  do  not  overshoot  myself,  Sus  Minervam,  I  am  forth  of  my  element,  as  you  perad- 
venture  suppose;  and  sometimes  Veritas  odium  parit,  as  he  said,  "verjuice  and  oat- 
meal is  good  for  a  parrot."  For  as  Lucian  said  of  an  historian,  I  say  of  a  politician. 
He  that  will  freely  speak  and  write,  must  be  for  ever  no  subject,  under  no  prince  or 
law,  but  lay  out  the  matter  truly  as  it  is,  not  caring  what  any  can,  will,  like  or  dislike. 

We  have  good  laws,  I  deny  not,  to  rectify  such  enormities,  and  so  in  all  other 
countries,  but  it  seems  not  always  to  good  purpose.  We  had  need  of  some  general 
visitor  m  our  age,  that  should  reform  what  is  amiss ;  a  just  army  of  llosie-crosse 
men,  for  they  will  amend  all  matters  (they  say)  religion,  policy,  manners,  with  arts, 
sciences,  &c.  Another  Attila,  Tamerlane,  Hercules,  to  strive  with  Achelous,  Jlugea 
stabulum  purgare^  to  subdue  tyrants,  as  ^^  he  did  Diomedes  and  Busiris :  to  expd 
thieves,  as  he  did  Cacus  and  Lacinius :  to  vindicate  poor  captives,  as  he  did  Hesione : 
to  pass  the  torrid  zone,  the  deserts  of  Lybia,  and  purge  the  world  of  monsters  and 
Centaurs  :  or  another  Theban  Crates  to  reform  our  manners,  to  compose  quarrels 
and  controversies,  as  in  his  time  he  did,  and  was  therefore  adored  for  a  god  in  Athens. 
"As  Hercules  ^purged  the  world  of  monsters,  and  subdued  them,  so  did  he  fight 
against  envy,  lust,  anger,  avarice,  Slc.  and  all  tliose  feral  vices  and  monsters  of  the 
mind."  It  were  to  be  wished  we  had  some  such  visitor,  or  if  wishing  would  serve, 
one  had  sucli  a  ring  or  rings,  as  Thnolaus  desired  in  ^Lucian,  by  virtue  of  which  he 
should  be  as  strong  as  10,000  men,  or  an  army  of  giants,  go  invisible,  open  gates  and 
castle  doors,  have  what  treasure  he  would,  transport  himself  in  an  instant  to  what  place 
he  desired,  alter  affections,  cure  all  manner  of  diseases,  that  he  might  range  over  the 
world,  and  reform  all  distressed  states  and  persons,  as  he  would  himseli".  He  might 
reduce  those  wandering  Tartars  in  order,  that  infest  China  on  the  one  side,  Muscovy, 
Poland,  on  the  other ;  and  tame  the  vagaboiid  Arabians  that  rob  and  spoil  those  east- 
ern countries,  tliat  they  should  never  use  more  caravans,  or  janizaries  to  conduct 
them.  He  might  root  out  barbarism  out  of  America,  and  fully  discover  Terra  Jius- 
tralis  Incognita^  had  out  the  north-east  and  north-west  passages,  drain  those  mighty 
JVLeotian  fens,  cut  down  those  vast  Hircinian  woods,  irrigate  those  barren  Arabian 
deserts.  Sec.  cure  us  of  our  epidemical  diseases,  scorbulum,  plica,  morbus  JVeapolita- 
nus,  &.C.  end  all  our  idle  controversies,  cut  off  our  tumidtuous  desires,  inordinate 
lusts,  root  out  atheism,  impiety,  heresy,  schism  and  superstition,  which  now  so  cru- 
cify the  world,  catechise  gross  ignorance,  purge  Italy  of  luxury  and  riot,  S[)aiu  of 
superstition  and  jealousy,  Germany  of  drunkenness,  all  our  northern  coiuitry  of  glut- 
tony and  intemperance,  castigate  our  hard-hearted  parents,  masters,  tutors ;  lash 
disobedient  children,  negligent  servants,  correct  these  spendthrifts  and  prodigal  sons, 
enforce  idle  persons  to  work,  drive  drunkards  off  the  alehouse,  repress  thieves,  visit 
corrupt  and  tyrannizing  magistrates,  &c.  But  as  L.  Licinius  taxed  Timolaus,  you 
may  us.  These  are  vain,  absurd  and  ridiculous  wishes  not  to  be  hoped  :  all  must 
be  as  it  is,  '^Bocchalinus  may  cite  commonwealths  to  come  before  Apollo,  and  seek 
to  rei''orm  the  world  itself  by  commissioners,  but  there  is  no  remedy,  it  may  not  be 
redressed,  desincnt  homines  turn  demum  stullescere  quando  esse  desinent,  so  long  as 
they  can  wag  their  beards,  they  will  play  the  knaves  and  fools. 

Because,  therefore,  it  is  a  thing  so  difficult,  impossible,  and  far  beyond  Hercules 
labours  to  be  performed ;  let  them  be  rude,  stuj)id,  ignor^int,  incult,  lapis  super  lapi- 
dem  sedeat,  and  as  the  *^ apologist  will,  resp.  tussi,  et  gravcolentia  laboret,  mundus 
vitio,  let  them  be  barbarous  as  they  are,  let  them  ^tyrannize,  epicurize,  oppress, 
luxuriate,  consume  themselves  with  factions,  superstitions,  lawsuits,  wars  and  con- 
tentions, live  in  riot,  poverty,  want,  misery ;  rebel,  wallow  as  so  many  swine  in  their 
own  dung,  with  Ulysses'  companions,  slultos  jubeo  esse  libenter.  I  will  yet,  to  satisfy 
and  please  myself,  make  an  Utopia  of  mine  own,  a  new  Atlantis,  a  poetical  common- 
wealth of  mine  own,  in  which  I  will  freely  domineer,  build  cities,  make  laws,  sta- 
tutes, as  I  list  myself.     And  why  may  I  not  ? ^Pictoribus  atque  poelis,  kc. 

You  know  what  liberty  poets  ever  had,  and  besides,  my  predecessor  Democritus 

f-sLisins  Girald.  Nat.  comes.  ^  Apiileius,  lib.  4.  I  monstra  philosophus  iste  Hercules  fiiit.     Pestes  eat 

Flor.  I,.ir   lamili.iris  iiitf  r  hominea  .Ttaii.s  suie  cultiis     iiuTiiibus    exegii   oinnes,   &.c.  »  Votii    navig. 

'  "    '■       ""^      "        'iirsiQC'i'!'  '"'^''  f"""pi"qii<is  ar-  I  •»  Rasi'iialios,  part  2,  cap.  2,  et  part .'«,  r.  17.  "  Ve- 

'versus  iracnTiatam.Jriv|^||jy|^j  lent.  Atulr-a;  Apolog.  manip.  6()4.  x-Qui  sordldu* 

'     ic.  »*Hor. 


Democriius  to  tJie  Reader.  63 

was  a  politician,  a  recorder  of  Abdera,  a  laAV  maker  as  some  say ;  and  why  may  not 
I  presume  so  much  as  he  did  ?  Howsoever  I  will  adventure.  For  the  site,  if  you 
will  needs  urge  me  to  it,  I  am  not  fully  resolved,  it  may  be  in  Terra  Jluslrali  In- 
cognita., there  is  room  enough  (for  of  my  knowledge  neither  that  hungry  Spaniard,^^ 
nor  Mercurius  Britannicus,  have  yet  discovered  half  of  it)  or  else  one  of  these  float- 
ing islands  in  Mare  del  Zur,  which  like  the  Cyanian  isles  in  the  Euxine  sea,  alter 
their  place,  and  are  accessible  only  at  set  times,  and  to  some  few  persons  ;  or  one 
of  the  fortunate  isles,  for  who  knows  yet  where,  or  wHich  they  are  ?  tliere  is  room 
enough  in  the  inner  parts  of  America,  and  northern  coasts  of  Asia.  But  I  will  choose 
a  site,  whose  latitude  shall  be  45  degrees  (I  respect  not  minutes)  in  the  midst  of  the 
temperate  zone,  or  perhaps  under  the  equator,  that  ^paradise  of  the  world,  uhl  sem~ 
per  vlrens  laurus,  &c.  where  is  a  perpetual  spring  :  the  longitude  for  some  reasons 
I  will  conceal.  Yet  "  be  it  known  to  all  men  by  these  presents,"  that  if  any  honest 
gentleman  will  send  in  so  much  money,  as  Cardan  allows  an  astrologer  for  casting  a 
nativity,  he  shall  be  a  sharer,  I  will  acquaint  him  with  my  project,  or  if  any  worthy 
man  will  stand  for  any  temporal  or  spiritual  office  or  dignity,  (for  as  he  said  of  his 
archbishopric  of  Utopia,  'tis  sanctus  ambitus,  and  not  amiss  to  be  sought  after,)  it 
shall  be  freely  given  without  all  intercessions,  bribes,  letters.  Sec.  his  own  worth  shall 
be  the  best  spokesman ;  and  because  we  shall  admit  of  no  deputies  or  advowsons, 
if  he  be  sufficiently  qualified,  and  as  able  as  willing  to  execute  the  place  himself,  he 
shall  have  present  possession.  It  shall  be  divided  into  12  or  13  provinces,  and  those 
by  hills,  rivers,  road-ways,  or  some  more  eminent  limits  exactly  bounded.  Each  pro- 
vince shall  have  a  metropolis,  which  shall  be  so  placed  as  a  centre  almost  in  a  cir- 
cumference, and  the  rest  at  equal  distances,  some  12  Italian  miles  asunder,  or  there- 
about, and  in  them  shall  be  sold  all  things  necessary  for  the  use  of  man ;  statis  horis 
et  diebus.,  no  market  towns,  markets  or  fairs,  for  they  do  but  beggar  cities  (no  village 
shall  stand  above  6,  7,  or  8  miles  from  a  city)  except  those  emporiums  which  are  by 
the  sea  side,  general  staples,  marts,  as  Antwerp,  Venice,  Bergen  of  old,  London,  &.c. 
cities  most  part  shall  be  situated  upon  navigable  rivers  or  lakes,  creeks,  havens ;  and 
for  their  form,  regular,  round,  square,  or  long  square,  ^^  with  fair,  broad,  and  straiglit 
^^ streets,  houses  uniform,  built,  of  brick  and  stone,  like  Bruges,  Brussels,  Rhegium 
Lepidi,  Berne  in  Switzerland,  Milan,  Mantua,  Crema,  Cambalu  in  Tartar}^,  described 
by  M.  Polus,  or  that  Venetian  palma.  I  will  admit  very  few  or  no  suburbs,  and 
those  of  baser  building,  walls  only  to  keep  out  man  and  horse,  except  it  be  in  some 
frontier  towns,  or  by  the  sea  side,  and  those  to  be  fortified  ^^ after  the  latest  manner 
of  fortification,  and  situated  upon  convenient  havens,  or  opportune  places.  In 
every  so  built  city,  I  will  have  convenient  churches,  and  separate  places  to  bury  the 
dead  in,  not  in  churchyards  ;  a  citadeUa  (in  some,  not  all)  to  command  it,  prisons 
for  offenders,  opportune  market  places  of  all  sorts,  for  corn,  meat,  cattle,  fuel,  fish, 
commodious  courts  of  justice,  public  halls  for  all  societies,  bourses,  meeting  places, 
armouries,  '°°in  which  shall  be  kept  engines  for  quenching  of  fire,  artillery  gardens, 
public  walks,  theatres,  and  spacious  fields  allotted  for  all  g}-mnastic  sports,  and 
honest  recreations,  hospitals  of  all  kinds,  for  children,  orphans,  old  folks,  sick  men, 
mad  men,  soldiers,  pest-houses,  &.c.  not  built  precario.,  or  by  gouty  benefactors, 
who,  when  by  fraud  and  rapine  they  have  extorted  all  their  lives,  oppressed  whole 
provinces,  societies,  &c.  give  something  to  pious  uses,  build  a  satisfactory  alms-house, 
school  or  bridge,  &c.  at  their  last  end,  or  before  perhaps,  which  is  no  otherwise  than 
to  steal  a  goose,  and  stick  down  a  feather,  rob  a  thousand  to  relieve  ten ;  and  those 
hospitals  so  built  and  maintained,  not  by  collections,  benevolences,  donaries,  for  a 
set  number,  (as  in  ours,)  just  so  many  and  no  more  at  such  a  rate,  but  for  all  those 
who  stand  in  need,  be  they  more  or  less,  and  that  ex  publico  c^rario,  and  so  still 
maintained,  nan  nobis  solum  nati  su?nus,  Slc.  I  wQl  have  conduits  of  sweet  and  good 
water,  aptly  disposed  in  each  town,  common  'granaries,  as  at  Dresden  in  3Iisnia,  Ste- 
tein  in  Pomerland,  Noremberg,  Sec.  Colleges  of  mathematicians,  musicians,  and  actors, 
as  of  old  at  Labedum  in  Ionia,  ^alchymists,  physicians,  artists,  and  philosophers  :  that 

»^  Ferdlnando  Uuir.  1612.        ^  Vide  Acosta  et  Laiet.  I  '<»  Ue  his  Plin.  epist.  42.  lib.  2.  et  Tacit.  Annal.  13.  lib. 
•'Vide   patritium,   lib.   8.  tjt.  10.   de   Tnstit.    Reipub.  |  i  Vide  Rri<;nniiini  rip  i^p--  "rrii^lMlttlidli    I  '  " 
'"'Pic  olim  Hippodamu3  Milesiiis  An-  il  11.  Lgetiiiin.  lib^ 

et  Vjtruvius  I.  1.  c.  ult.        sa  vvith  v. 


64 


Democritus  to  the  Reader. 


all  arts  and  sciences  may  sooner  be  perfected  and  better  learned ;  and  public  his- 
toriographers, as  amongst  those  ancient  ^Persians,  qui  in  commentarios  referebant 
qucB  memoratu  digna  gerebanlur,  informed  and  appointed  by  the  state  to  register  all 
famous  acts,  and  not  by  each  insufficient  scribbler,  partial  or  parasitical  pedant,  as  in 
our  times.  I  will  provide  public  schools  of  all  kinds,  singing,  dancing,  fencing,  &.C. 
especially  of  grammar  and  languages,  not  to  be  taught  by  those  tedious  precepts  ordi- 
narily used,  but  by  use,  example,  conversation,''  as  travellers  learn  abroad,  and  nurses 
teach  their  children  :  as  I  will  have  all  such  places,  so  will  I  ordain  *  public  govern- 
ors, fit  officers  to  each  place,  treasurers,  aediles,  questors,  overseers  of  pupils,  widows' 
goods,  and  all  public  houses,  &c.  and  those  once  a  year  to  make  strict  accounts  of  all 
receipts,  expenses,  to  avoid  confusion,  et  sicjiel  ut  non  absumant  (as  Pliny  to  Trajan,) 
quad  pudcat  dicere.  They  shall  be  subordinate  to  those  higher  officers  and  govern- 
ors of  each  city,  which  shall  not  be  poor  tradesmen,  and  mean  artificers,  but  noble- 
men and  gentlemen,  which  shall  be  tied  to  residence  in  those  towns  they  dwell 
next,  at  such  set  times  and  seasons  :  for  I  see  no  reason  (which  ^Hippolitus  com- 
plains of)  '■'  tliat  it  should  be  more  dishonourable  for  noblemen  to  govern  the  city 
than  the  country,  or  unseemly  to  dwell  there  now,  than  of  old.  '  I  will  have  no 
bogs,  fens,  marshes,  vast  woods,  deserts,  heaths,  commons,  but  all  inclosed ;  (yet 
not  depopulated,  and  therefore  take  heed  you  mistake  me  not)  for  that  which  is 
common,  and  every  man's,  is  no  man's;  the  richest  countries  are  still  inclosed,  as 
Essex,  Kent,  with  us,  &c.  Spain,  Italy ;  and  where  inclosures  are  least  in  quantity, 
they  are  best  ^  husbanded,  as  about  Florence  in  Italy,  Damascus  in  Syria,  Stc.  which 
are  liker  gardens  than  fields.  I  will  not  have  a  barren  acre  in  all  my  territories,  not 
so  mucli  as  the  tops  of  mountains :  where  nature  fails,  it  shall  be  supplied  by  art : 
®  lakes  and  rivers  shall  not  be  left  desolate.  All  common  highways,  bridges,  banks, 
corrivalions  of  waters,  aqueducts,  channels,  public  works,  buildings,  Stc.  out  of  a 
'"common  stock,  curiously  maintained.and  kept  in  repair;  no  depopulations,  engross- 
ings,  alterations  of  wood,  arable,  but  by  the  consent  of  some  supervisors  that  shall 
be  appointed  for  that  purpose,  to  see  what  reformation  ought  to  be  had  in  all  places, 
what  is  amiss,  how  to  help  it,  et  quid  quceque  ferat  regio,  et  quid  quceque  reciiset^ 
what  ground  is  aptest  for  wood,  what  for  corn,  what  for  cattle,  garden.s,  orchards, 
fishponds,  Stc.  with  a  charitable  division  in  every  village,  (not  one  domineering 
house  greedily  to  swallow  up  all,  which  is  too  common  with  us)  what  for  lords, 
"  what  for  tenants ;  and  because  they  shall  be  better  encouraged  to  improve  such 
lands  they  hold,  manure,  plant  trees,  drain,  fence,  &c.  they  shall  have  long  leases,  a 
known  rent,  and  known  fine  to  free  them  from  those  intolerable  exactions  of  tyran- 
nizing landlords.  These  supervisors  shall  likewise  appoint  what  quantity  of  land  in 
each  manor  is  fit  for  the  lord's  demesnes,  '^what  for  holding  of  tenants,  how  it  ought 
to  be  husbanded,  ut  *^magnetis  equis,MinycBgens  cognita  remis,  how  to  be  manured, 
idled,  rectified,  "/a'c  segetes  veniunt,  iUic  fceliciits  uv(£^  arborei  foetus  alibi,  atque 
injussa  virescunt  Gramina,  and  what  proportion  is  fit  for  all  callings,  because  private 
professors  are  many  times  idiots,  ill  husbands,  oppressors,  covetous,  and  know  not 
how  to  improve  their  own,  or  else  wholly  respect  their  own,  and  not  public  good. 

Utopian  parity  is  a  kind  of  government,  to  be  wished  for,  '^rather  than  effected, 
Respub.  Christianopolitana,  Campanella*s  city  of  the  Sun,  and  that  new  Atlantis, 
witty  fictions,  but  mere  chimeras ;  and  Plato's  community  in  many  things  is  impious. 


3  Bresonins  Josephus,  lib.  21.  antiquit.  Jud.  cap.  6. 
Herod,  lib.  3.  ^  So  Led.  Vives  thinks  best,  Com- 

mineiis,   and   others.  ^  Plato  3.  de  los.  .Ediles 

creari  vnit,  qui  tbra,  fontes,  vias,  portus,  plateas,  et  id 
genus  alia  prociirent.  Vide  Isaacum  Pontanum  de 
civ.  Anistel.  hie  omnia,  &c.  Gotardum  et  alios. 
6  De  Increm.  urb.  cap.  13.  Ingenue  fateor  me  non  in- 
lellisere  cur  ianobilius  sit  urbes  bene  munitas  colere 
nunc  quim  olim,  aut  castC  rusticte  prsesse  qu^m  urbi. 
Idem  Ubertus  Foliot,  de  Neapoli.  ^  Ne  tantillum 

quidem  soli  incultum  relinqiiitur,  ut  verum  sit  ne  pol- 
licem  quidem  agri  in  his  regionibus  sterilem  aut  infoe- 
cundum  reperiri.  Marcus  Hemingias  Augustanus  de 
re?no  Ctlinje,  1.  1.  c.  3.  «  M.  Carew,  in  his  survey 

of  CornwalLsaith  tliat  bpfore  thrit   rnuntry  was  in- 
'r;iuk-vtikUr,  iJ 111  .■;it  little  or 
apparel 

corres] 


but  since  inclosure,  they  live  decently,  and  have  money 
to  spend  (fol.  23);  when  their  fields  were  common, 
their  wool  was  coarse,  Cornish  hair  ;  but  since  inclo- 
sure, it  Is  almost  as  good  as  Cotswol,  and  their  soil 
mucli  mended.  Tusser.  cap.  52.  of  his  husbandry,  is 
of  his  opinion,  one  acre  inclosed,  is  worth  three  com- 
mon. The  country  inclosed  I  praise  ;  the  other  de- 
lighteth  not  me,  for  nothing  of  wealth  it  doth  raise,  &e. 
"  Incredibilis  navigiorum  copia,  nihilo  pauciores  in 
aquis,  qu^m  in  continenti  commorantur.  M.  Ricceui 
e.xpedit.  in  Sinas,  I.  1.  c.  3.  '"To   this   purpose, 

Arist.  polit.  2.  c.  6.  allows  a  third  part  of  their  reve- 
nues, Hippodamus  half.  '>  Ita  lex  A^raria  olln 
Roms.  '-Ilic  segetes,  illic  venlunt  fselicius  uva?, 
Arborei  fxtus  alibi,  atq  ;  injussa  virescunt  Gramina. 
Virg.  1.  Georg.  "Lucanus,  I.  6.  '«Virg. 
iJJoh.  Valent.  Andreas,  Lord  Verulam 


DemocrUus  to  the  Reader.  65 

absurd  and  ridiculous,  it  takes  away  all  splendour  and  magnificence.  I  will  have 
several  orders,  degrees  of  nobility,  and  those  liereditary,  not  rejecting  younger  bro- 
thers in  the  mean  time,  for  they  shall  be  sufficiently  provided  for  by  pensions,  or  so 
qualified,  brought  up  in  some  honest  calling,  they  shall  be  able  to  live  of  tliemselves 
I  will  have  such  a  proportion  of  ground  belonging  to  every  barony,  he  that  buys 
the  land  shall  buy  the  barony,  lie  that  by  riot  consumes  his  patrimony,  and  ancient 
demesnes,  sliall  forfeit  his  honours.'®  As  some  dignities  sliall  be  hereditary,  so  some 
again  by  election,  or  by  gift  (besides  free  officers,  pensions,  annuities,)  like  our 
bishoprics,  prebends,  the  Bassa's  palaces  in  Turkey,  the  ''procurator's  houses  and 
offices  in  Venice,  which,  like  the  golden  apple,  shall  be  given  to  the  worthiest,  and 
best  deserving  both  in  war  and  peace,  as  a  reward  of  their  wortli  and  good  sei-vice,  as 
so  many  goals  for  all  to  aim  at,  (phonos  alit  artes)  and  encouragements  to  others. 
For  I  hate  these  severe,  unnatural,  harsh,  German,  French,  and  Venetian  decrees, 
whicli  exclude  plebeians  from  honours,  be  they  never  so  wise,  rich,  virtuous,; valiant, 
and  well  qualified,  they  must  not  be  patricians,  but  keep  their  own  rank,  this  is  nalu- 
roE  heUum  inferre,  odious  to  God  and  men,  1  abhor  it.  My  form  of  government 
shall  be  moiwrchical. 

1^ "  nunquam  libertas  gralior  extat, 

Qiiani  sub  Rege  pio,"  &c. 

Few  laws,  but  those  severely  kept,  plainly  put  down,  and  in  the  mother  tongue, 
that  every  man  may  understand.  Every  city  shall  have  a  peculiar  trade  or  privilege, 
by  which  it  shall  be  chiefly  maintained :  '^and  parents  shall  teach  their  children  one 
of  three  at  least,  bring  up  and  instruct  them  in  the  mysteries  of  their  own  trade.  In 
each  town  these  several  tradesmen  shall  be  so  aptly  disposed,  as  they  shall  free  the 
rest  from  danger  or  oflTence  :  fire-trades,  as  smiths,  forge-men,  brewers,  bakers,  metal- 
men,  &c.,  shall  dwell  apart  by  themselves  :  dyers,  tanners,  felmongers,  and  such  as 
use  water  in  convenient  places  by  themselves  :  noisome  or  fulsome  for  bad  smells,  as 
butchers'  slaughter-houses,  chandlers,  curriers,  in  remote  places,  and  some  back  lanes. 
Fraternities  and  companies,  I  approve  of,  as  merchants'  bourses,  colleges  of  drug- 
gists, physicians,  musicians.  Sec,  but  all  trades  to  be  rated  in  the  sale  of  wares,  as 
our  clerks  of  the  market  do  bakers  and  brewers ;  corn  itself,  what  scarcity  soever 
shall  come,  not  to  extend  such  a  price.  Of  such  wares  as  are  transported  or  brought 
in,  ^"if  tliey  be  necessary,  commodious,  and  such  as  nearly  concern  man's  life,  as  corn, 
wood,  coal,  &c.,  and  such  provision  we  cannot  want,  I  will  have  little  or  no  custom 
paid,  no  taxes  ;  but  for  such  things  as  are  for  pleasure,  delight,  or  ornament,  as 
wine,  spice,  tobacco,  silk,  velvet,  cloth  of  gold,  lace,  jewels,  &c.,  a  greater  impost 
I  will  have  certain  ships  sent  out  for  new  discoveries  every  year,  ^'and  some  dis- 
creet men  appointed  to  travel  into  all  neighbouring  kingdoms  by  land,  which  shall 
observe  what  artificial  inventions  and  good  laws  are  in  other  countries,  customs, 
alterations,  or  aught  else,  concerning  war  or  peace,  which  may  tend  to  the  common 
good.  Ecclesiastical  discipline,  penes  Episcopos,  subordinate  as  the  other.  No 
impropriations,  no  lay  patrons  of  church  livings,  or  one  private  man,  but  common 
societies,  corporations,  Stc,  and  those  rectors  of  benefices  to  be  chosen  out  of  the 
Universities,  examined  and  approved,  as  the  literati  in  China.  No  parish  to  con- 
tain above  a  thousand  auditors.  If  it  were  possible,  I  would  have  such  priest  as 
shoidd  imitate  Christ,  charitable  lawyers  should  love  their  neighbours  as  themselves, 
temperate  and  modest  physicians,  politicians  contemn  the  world,  philosophers  should 
know  themselves,  noblemen  live  honestly,  tradesmen  leave  lying  and  cozening, 
magistrates  corruption,  Stc,  but  this  is  impossible,  I  must  get  such  as  I  may.  I  will 
therefore  have  ^of  lawyers,  judges,  advocates,  physicians,  chirurgeons,  &c.,  a  set 
number,  ^''and  every  man,  if  it  be  possible,  to  plead  his  own  cause,  to  tell  that  tale 


"  So  is  it  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples  and  France. 
"  See  Contareniis  and  Osorius  de  rebus  gestis  Ema- 
nuelis.  "■  Claudlan  1.  7.     "  Liberty  never  is  more 

gratifying  than  under  a  pious  king."  '»  Herodotus 
Erato  lib.  6.  Cum  .SIpypiiis  Lacedemonii  in  hoc  con- 
gruunt,  quod  eorum  praecones,  tibicines,  coqui,  et  re- 
iqui  artifices,  in  paterno  artificio  succedunt,  et  coquus 
&  coquo  gignitur,  et  paterno  opere  perseverat.  Idem 
Marcus  poJus  de  Quinzay.  Idem  Osorius  de  Emanuele 
rege   Lusitano.    Riccius  de   Sinis.  -"Ilippol.   k 

collibus  de  increm.  urb.  c.  SO.     Plato  idem?.  ^ftlgfi^HBB'^  patrono,^UMails  erit 
bus,  qux  ad  vitam  necesiaria,  et  quibua  carere  ^^^^^bu  el' 
9  ^^^^ 


possumus,  nullum  depend!  vectigal,  &c.  «  Plato 

12.  de  legibus,  40.  annos  natos  vult,  ut  ei  quid  memo- 
rabile  viderent  apud  exteros,  hoc  ipsum  in  rempub 
recipiatur.  "Simlerus  in  Helvetia.  ^Uto- 

pienses  causidicos  excludunt,  qui  causas  callide  et 
vafre  tractent  et  disputent.  Iniquissiinum  censens 
hominem  ullis  oblieari  legibus,  qua-  aut  numerosioret 
sunt,  qu&m  ut  perlepi  queant,  aut  obscungres  qu&m 
ut  k  quovis  possint  injelliei.  'N'olunt  wt'SiiaWtiaisqj 
causam  apai,  eamq;  referat  Judici  quara  narraturus 


66  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

to  the  judge  which  he  doth  to  his  advocate,  as  at  Fez  in  Africa,  Bantam,  Aleppo, 
Ragusa,  suani  quisq  ;  causam  dicere  teneiur.  Those  advocates,  chirurgeons,  and 
** physicians,  w^hich  are  allowed  to  be  maintained  out  of  the  ^common  treasury,  no 
fees  to  be  given  or  taken  upon  pain  of  losing  their  places ;  or  if  they  do,  very  small 
fees,  and  when  the  ^  cause  is  fully  ended.  ^'He  that  sues  any  man  shall  put  in  a 
pledge,  which  if  it  be  proved  he  hath  wrongfully  sued  his  adversary,  rashly  or 
maliciously,  he  shall  forfeit,  and  lose.  Or  else  before  any  suit  begin,  the  plaintiff 
shall  have  his  complaint  approved  by  a  set  delegacy  to  that  purpose  ;  if  it  be  of 
moment  he  shall  be  suffered  as  before,  to  proceed,  if  otherwise  they  shall  determine 
it.  All  causes  shall  be  pleaded  suppresso  nomine,  the  parties'  names  concealed,  if 
some  circumstances  do  not  otherwise  require.  Judges  and  other  officers  shall  be 
aptly  disposed  in  each  province,  villages,  cities,  as  common  arbitrators  to  hear  causes, 
and  end  all  controversies,  and  those  not  single,  but  three  at  least  on  the  bench  at  once, 
to  determine  or  give  sentence,  and  those  again  to  sit  by  turns  or  lots,  and  not  to 
continue  still  in  tlie  same  office.  No  controversy  to  depend  above  a  year,  but  without 
all  delays  and  further  appeals  to  be  speedily  despatched,  and  finally  concluded  in 
that  time  allotted.  These  and  all  other  inferior  magistrates  to  be  chosen  '^as  the 
literati,  in  China,  or  by  those  exact  suffrages  of  the  ^  V'enetians,  and  such  again  not  to 
be  eligible,  or  capable  of  magistracies,  honours,  offices,  except  they  be  sufficiently 
*' qualified  for  learning,  manners,  and  that  by  the  strict  approbatit)n  of  deputed  ex- 
aminers :  ^' first  scholars  to  take  place,  then  soldiers  ;  for  I  am  of  Vigetius  his  opin- 
ion, a  scholar  deserves  better  than  a  soldier,  because  Unitis  a;tatis  sunt  quce  fortitcr 
fi.u7it,  qucB  vera  pro  utilitate  Reipub.  scribuntur,  ceterna  :  a  soldier's  work  lasts  for  an 
age,  a  scholar's  for  ever.  If  they  ^^  misbehave  themselves,  they  shall  be  deposed,  and 
accordingly  punished,  and  whether  their  offices  be  annual  ^or  otherwise,  once  a  year 
they  shall  be  called  in  question,  and  give  an  account ;  for  men  are  partial  and  pas- 
sionate, merciless,  covetous,  corrupt,  subject  to  love,  hate,  fear,  favour,  &.C.,  omne 
sub  regno  graviore  regnum  :  like  Solon's  Areopagites,  or  those  Roman  Censors, 
^ome  shall  visit  others,  and  **be  visited  inviccm  themselves,  ^'they  shall  oversee  that 
.no  prowling  officer,  under  colour  of  authority,  shall  insult  over  his  inferiors,  as  so 
many  wild  beasts,  oppress,  domineer,  flea,  grind,  or  trample  on,  be  partial  or  corrupt, 
but  that  there  be  aquabile  jus,  justice  equally  done,  live  as  friends  and  brethren 
together.;  and  which  ^''Sesellius  would  have  and  so  much  desires  in  his  kingdom  of 
France,  "  a  diapason  and  sweet  harmony  of  kings,  princes,  nobles,  and  plebeians  so 
mutually  tied  and  involved  in  love,  as  well  as  laws  and  authority,  as  that  they  never 
disagree,  insult,  or  encroach  one  upon  another."  If  any  man  deserve  well  in  his 
-office  he  shall  be  rewarded. 

"quia  enim  virtutem  amplectitur  ipsam, 

Prcemia  si  »ollas  V ^ 

He  that  invents  anything  for  public  good  in  any  art  or  science,  writes  a  treatise,  ''or 
performs  any  noble  exploit,  at  home  or  abroad,  ^' shall  be  accordingly  enriched, 
"*°  honoured,  and  preferred.  !  say  with  Hannibal  in  Ennius,  Hostem  quifcriet  eril  miki 
Carthaginensis,  let  him  be  of  what  condition  he  will,  in  all  offices,  actions,  he  that 
deserves  best  shall  have  best. 

Tilianus  in  Philonius,  out  of  a  charitable  mind  no  doubt,  Mushed  all  his  books 
were  gold  and  silver,  jewels  and  precious  stones,  *'to  redeem  captives,  set  free 

»« Medici  ex  pubUco  victum  siimunt.  Boter.  1. 1.  c.  5.  I  years,  Arist.  polit.  5.  c.  8.  *•  jjam  quis  custodiet 

Ae  ^gyptiis.  '•*^  De  his  leee  I'atrit.  I.  3.  tit.  8.  de     ipsos  custodes  I  sscytreus  in  Gruisgeia.   Qui  non 

reip.  Inslit.  '^  Nihil  d.  clientibiis  patroni  acciptant,  |  ex  sublimi  despiciant  inferiores,  nee  ut  be.stias  concul- 

priusquam  lis  finita  est.  Barcl.  Argen.  lib.  3.  >"  It  ]  cent   sibi  subditos   auctoritatia   noinini,   confisi,   &c. 

is  so  in  most  free  cities  in  Germany-  *  Mat.  Ric-  i  sfi  Seselliiis  de  rep.  Gallorum,  lib.  1  &  2.  '■>'■  "  For 

cius  exped.  in  Sinas,  1.  1.  c.  5.  de  examinatione  elec-  |  who  would  cultivate  virtue  itself,  if  you  were  to  take 
tionura  copios6  agit,  &.c.  -'^Contar.  de  repub.  Ve-  i  away  the  reward  V  *"  Si  quisegregium  ?ut  be'lo 

net.  1.  1.  soQsor.  1.  11.  de  reb.  gest.   Eroan.     Qui  I  aut  pace  perfecerit.     Sesel.  1.  1.  ^•' Ad  regendara 

in  Uteris  maxiinos  progressus  feccrint  maximis  hono-  \  reotpub.  soli  literati  admittuntur,  nee  ad  earn  rem 
rfbus  afficiunlur,  secundus  honoris  gtadus  militibus  gratia  magistratuum  aut  regis  indigent,  omnia  explo- 
assignalur,  poslremi  ordinis  mechanicis,  doctorum  rata  cujusq  ;  scientia  et  virtute  pendent.  Ricciua  lib. 
bominuni  judiciis  in  altiorem  locum  quisq  ;  priesertur,  i  1.  cap.  5.  «"  In  defuncti  locum  euin  jussit  sabro- 

et  qui  a  pluriniis  approbatur,  ampliores  in  rep.  digni-  t  pari,  qui  inter  majores  Tirtute  reliquLs  preiret;  non 
tates  consequitur.  Qui  in  hoc  examine  primas  habet,  fuit  apud  mortales  ullum  eicellentius  certanien,  aut 
insigni  per  totam  vitain  dinnitati-  in  =  i'jriiiiir.  marchioni  cujus  victoria  maeis  esset  expetenda,  non  enim  inter 
■■'        ^"  ^1-1  tin-  rina  togjE.  ;  celereg,celerrimo,  non  inter  robustos  robustissimo,  Ac. 

cerne,  FrVbn  /.etland,  a  '  <' Nullum  videresvel  in  hac  vel  in  vicinis  regionibu« 

it,pT">»r<''^,  nullum  obaeratum,  &c. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader. 


67 


prisoners,  and  relieve  all  poor  distressed  souls  that  wanted  mP4ns ;  religiously  done. 
I  deny  not,  but  to  what  purpose  ?  Suppose  this  were  so  well  done,  Avithin  a  little 
after,  though  a  man  had  Croesus'  wealth  to  bestow,  there  would  be  as  many  more. 
Wherefore  I  will  suffer  no  ''^beggars,  rogues,  vagabonds,  or  idle  persons  at  all,  that 
cannot  give  an  account  of  their  lives  how  they  '"maintain  themselves.  If  they  be  im- 
potent, lame,  blind,  and  single,  they  shall  be  sufficiently  maintained  in  several  hos- 
pitals, built  for  that  purpose ;  if  married  and  infirm,  past  work,  or  by  inevitable  loss, 
or  some  such  like  misfortune  cast  behind,  by  distribution  of ''''corn,  house-rent  free, 
annual  pensions  or  money,  they  shall  be  relieved,  and  highly  rewarded  for  their  good 
service  they  have  formerly  done;  if  able,  they  shall  be  enforced  to  work.  ''^"For  I 
see  no  reason  (as  ''^he  said)  why  an  epicure  or  idle  drone,  a  rich  glutton,  a  usurer, 
should  live  at  ease,  and  do  nothing,  live  in  honour,  in  all  manner  of  pleasures,  and 
oppress  others,  when  as  in  the  meantime  a  poor  labourer,  a  smith,  a  carpenter,  an 
husbandman  that  hath  spent  his  time  in  continual  labour,  as  an  ass  to  carry  burdens, 
to  do  the  commonwealth  good,  and  without  whom  we  cannot  live,  shall  be  left  in 
his  old  age  to  beg  or  starve,  and  lead  a  miserable  life  worse  than  a  jument."  As 
*'all  conditions  shall  be  tied  to  their  task,  so  none  shall  be  overtired,  but  have  their 
set  times  of  recreations  and  holidays,  indulgere  genio,  feasts  and  merry  meetings,  even 
to  the  meanest  artificer,  or  basest  servant,  once  a  week  to  sing  or  dance,  (though  not 
all  at  once)  or  do  whatsoever  he  shall  please;  like  ''^that  Saccaruni  fcstum  amongst 
the  Persians,  those  Saturnals  in  Rome,  as  well  as  his  master.  ''^  If  any  be  drunk,  he 
shall  drink  no  more  wine  or  strong  drink  in  a  twelvemonth  after.  A  bankrupt  shall 
be  ^°  Caladcmiatus  in  Jlmphitheatro,  publicly  shamed,  and  he  that  cannot  pay  his 
debts,  if  by  riot  or  negligence  he  have  been  impoverished,  shall  be  for  a  twelve- 
month imprisoned,  if  in  that  space  his  creditors  be  not  satisfied,  *'  he  shall  be  hanged. 
He  ^-tliat  commits  sacrilege  sliall  lose  his  hands  ;  he  tliat  bears  false  witness,  or  is 
of  perjury  convicted,  shall  have  his  tongue  cut  out,  except  he  redeem  it  with  his 
head.  Murder,  ®^ adultery,  shall  be  punished  by  death,  ^'but  not  theft,  except  it  be 
some  more  grievous  offence,  or  notorious  offenders :  otherAvise  they  shall  I)e  con- 
demned to  the  galleys,  mines,  be  his  slaves  whom  they  have  offended,  during  their 
lives.  I  hate  all  hereditary  slaves,  and  that  diiram  Persarnm  legem.,  as  ^^Brisonius 
calls  it;  or  as  "^ ^7nmiamis,  impendio  formidatas  et  ahominandas  leges.,  per  quas  oh 
noxam  unius,  omnis  propinquitas  peril  hard  law  that  wife  and  children,  friends  and 
allies,  should  suffer  for  the  father's  offence. 

No  man  shall  marry  until  he  ^'be  25,  no  woman  till  she  be  20,  ^nisi  alihir  dis- 
pensatum  fucrit.  If  one  ^'die,  the  other  party  shall  not  marry  till  six  months  after  ; 
and  because  many  families  are  compelled  to  live  niggardly,  exhaust  and  undone 
by  great  dowers,  *none  shall  be  given  at  all,  or  very  little,  and  that  by  supervisors 
rated,  they  that  are  foul  shall  have  a  greater  portion  ;  if  fair,  none  at  all,  or  very 
little  :  ^'  howsoever  not  to  exceed  such  a  rate  as  those  supervisors  shall  think  fit. 
And  when  once  they  come  to  those  years,  poverty  shall  hinder  no  man  from 
marriage,  or  any  other  respect,  ®^but  all  shall  be  rather  enforced   than  hindered, 


"  Niillus  mendicus  apud  Sinas,  nemini  sano  quam- 
vis  nculis  turbalus  sit  mendicare  periiiittitur,  onmes 
pro  viribus  lahorare,  cogmitur,  caeci  niolis  trusatilibus 
versandis  addicunlur,  soli  hospiliis  gaudeiit,  qui  ad 
labores  sunt  inepti.  Osor.  1.  11.  de  reb.  gest.  Enian. 
HemiiiL'.  de  rt;g.  Chin.  1.  1.  c.  3.  Gotard.  Arth.  Orient. 
Ind.  descr.  «  Alex,  ab  Alex.  3.  c.  12.  «  Sic 

oliin  Romae  Isaac.   Ponlan.  de  his  optime.     Amstol. 
1.  2.  c.  9.  <'Idem  Arisiot.  pol.  5.  c.  8.     Vitiosum 

quuni  soli  pauperum  liheri  educantur  ad  labores,  no- 
bilium  et  divitum  in  voluptatibus  et  deliciis.  <«  Quas 
hffic  injustitia  ut  nobilis  quispiam,  aut  fenerator  qui 
nihil  agat,  lautam  et  splendidam  vitam  agat,  otio  et 
deliciis,  quum  interim  auriga.  faber,  agricola,  quo  res- 
pub,  carere  non  potest,  vitam  adeo  miseram  ducat,  ut 
ppjor  quam  jumentorutn  sit  ejus  conditio  I  Iniqua 
resp.  qusp  dat  parasitis,  adulatoribus,  inanium  volup- 
tatum  artificibus  generosis  et  otiosis  tanta  munera 
prodigit,  at  contra,  agricolis,  carbonariis,  auriiris,  fa- 
bris,  &c.  nihil  prospicit,  sed  eorum  abusa  lahirre  flo- 
rentis  H-tatis  fame  penset  et  lerumnis,  Mor.  Utop.  1.  2. 
♦^  In  Segovia  nemo  oliosus,  nemo  mendicus  nisi  per 
etatem  aut  morbum  opus  facere  non  potest  :  nulj 
deest  unde  victum  qua>rat,  aut  quo  se  exerceat.^ 
Echovius  Delit.  Hispan.  \ullui  Genevffi  oiioai 


septennis  puer.    Paulus  Heuzner  Itiner.  <*Athe- 

nteus,   1.    12.  •'^Simlerus    de    repub.     Helvct. 

M  Spartian.  olim  RomfB  sic.  ^' He  that  provides 

not  for  his  family,  is  worse  than  a  thief.  Paul. 
s'^Alfredi  lex.  utraq  ;  manus  et  lingua  prscldatur,  nisi 
eam  capita  redemerit.  ">  Si  quia  nuptam  stupra- 

rit,  virga  virilis  ei  prsciditur ;  si  mulier,  nasus  et  au- 
ricula prffcidatur.  Alfredi  lex.  En  leges  ipsi  Veneri 
Martiq;  timendas.  "Pauperes  non  peccant,  quum 
extrema  necessitate  coacti  rem  alienam  capiunt.  Mal- 
donat.  summula  qusest.  8.  art.  3.  Ego  cum  illis  sentio 
qui  licere  putant  i  divite  clam  accipere,  qui  tenetur 
pauperi  subvenire.  Emmanuel  Sa.  Aphor.  confess. 
"Lib.  2.  de  Reg.  Persarum.  «  Lib.  24.  "■  Aliter 
Aristoteles.  a  man  at  25,  a  woman  at  20.  polit. 
*  Lex  olira  Licurgi,  hodie  Chinensium  ;  vide  Plutarch- 
um,  Riccium,  Hemmingium,  Arniseum,  Nevisanum, 
et  alios  de  hac  qua>stione.  •'■»  Alfredus.  f«  Apud 
Lacones  olim  virgines  fine  dote  nubebant.  Boter.  I.  3. 
c.  3.  «'  Lege  cautum  non  ita  pridem  apud  Venetos, 
nequis  Patritius  dotem  excederet  1500  cor^.  f'Bux. 
Synag.  Jud.  Siii»Ij^4aj.  Lea  Afer  Africa  tltfecxyJt-  ne 
incoDlineii  ^ 


68  Democritus  to  tlie  Reader. 

"except  they  be  ^dismembered,  or  grievously  deformed,  infirm,  or  visited  with  some 
enormous  hereditary  disease,  in  body  or  mmd ;  in  such  cases  upon  a  great  pain, 
or  mulct,  ^'^  man  or  woman  shall  not  marry,  other  order  shall  be  taken  for  them  to 
their  content.     If  people  overabound,  they  shall  be  eased  by  ^^  colonies. 

^^No  man  shall  wear  weapons  in  any  city.  The  same  attire  shall  be  kept,  and 
that  proper  to  several  callings,  by  which  they  shall  be  distinguished.  ^^ Luocus  fune- 
rwm  shall  be  taken  away,  that  intempestive  expense  moderated,  and  many  others. 
Brokers,  takers  of  pawns,  biting  usurers,  I  will  not  admit ;  yet  because  hie  cum 
hominibus  non  cum  diis  agitur,  we  converse  here  with  men,  not  with  gods,  and  for 
the  hardness  of  men's  hearts  I  will  tolerate  some  kind  of  usury .^^  If  we  were  honest, 
I  confess,  si  probi  essemus,  we  should  have  no  use  of  it,  but  being  as  it  is,  we  must 
necessarily  admit  it.  Howsoever  most  divines  contradict  it,  dicimus  injicias,  sed  vox 
ea  sola  reperta  est,  it  must  be  winked  at  by  politicians.  And  yet  some  great  doctors 
approve  of  it,  Calvin,  Bucer,  Zanchius,  P.  Martyr,  because  by  so  many  grand  law- 
yers, decrees  of  emperors,  princes'  statutes,  customs  of  conmionwealths,  churches' 
approbations  it  is  permitted,  8tc.  I  will  therefore  allow  it.  But  to  no  private  person.s, 
nor  to  every  man  that  will,  to  orphans  only,  maids,  widows,  or  such  as  by  reason 
of  their  age,  sex,  education,  ignorance  of  trading,  know  not  otherwise  how  to  em- 
ploy it ;  and  those  so  approved,  not  to  let  it  out  apart,  but  to  bring  their  money  to  a 
""common  bank  which  shall  be  allowed  in  every  city,  as  in  Genoa,  Geneva,  Nurem- 
berg, Venice,  at  ^'5,  6,  7,  not  above  8  per  centum,  as  the  supervisors,  or  cerarii  prcb- 
fecti  shall  tliink  fit.  "  And  as  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  each  man  to  be  an  usurer 
that  will,  so  shall  it  not  be  lawful  for  all  to  take  up  money  at  use,  not  to  prodigals 
and  spendthrifts,  but  to  merchants,  young  tradesmen,  such  as  stand  in  need,  or  know 
honestly  how  to  employ  it,  whose  necessity,  cause  and  condition  the  said  super- 
visors shall  approve  of. 

I  will  have  no  private  monopolies,  to  enrich  one  man,  and  beggar  a  multitude, 
''multiplicity  of  offices,  of  supplying  by  deputies,  weights  and  measures,  the  same 
throughout,  and  those  rectified  by  the  Primum  mobile,  and  sun's  motion,  three- 
score miles  to  a  degree  according  to  observation,  1000  geometrical  paces  to  a  mile, 
five  foot  to  a  pace,  twelve  inches  to  a  foot,  &lc.  and  from  measures  known  it  is  an 
easy  matter  to  rectify  weights,  &.c.  to  cast  up  all,  and  resolve  bodies  by  algebra, 
stereometry.  I  hate  wars  if  they  be  not  ad  popiili  salutcm,  upon  urgent  occasion, 
"""•  odimus  accipitrim,  quia  semper  vivit  in  armis,''''  ''ollensive  wars,  except  the  cause 
be  very  just,  I  will  not  allow  of  For  I  do  highly  magnify  that  saying  of  Hannibal 
to  Scipio,  in  ^^Livy,  '^  It  had  been  a  blessed  thing  for  you  and  us,  if  God  had  given 
that  mind  to  our  predecessors,  that  you  had  been  content  with  Italy,  we  with  Africa. 
For  neither  Sicily  nor  Sardinia  are  worth  such  cost  and  pains,  so  many  fleets  and 
armies,  or  so  many  famous  Captains'  lives."  Omnia  prius  tcntanda,  fair  jneans  shall 
first  be  tried.  "  Peragit  tranquilla  potestas,  Quod  violenta  nequit.  I  will  have  them 
proceed  with  all  moderation  :  but  hear  you,  Fabius  my  general,  not  Minutius,  nam 
''^qui  Consilio  nititur  plus  hostibus  nocet,  quam  qui  sini  animi  ralione,  viribus  : 
And  in  such  wars  to  obstain  as  much  as  is  possible  from  "  depopulations,  burning  of 
towns,  massacreing  of  infants,  &c.  For  defensive  wars,  I  will  have  forces  still  ready 
at  a  small  warning,  by  land  and  sea,  a  prepared  navy,  soldiers  in  procinctu,  et  quam 
^Bonfinius  apud  Hungaros  suos  vult,  virgam  ferream,  and  money,  which  is  nerves 

s^Morbo  laborans,  qui  in  prolem  facile  diffunditur,  dearer,  and  better  improved,  as  he  halh  judicially 
ne  genus  humanum  foeda  coniagione  leedatur,  juven-  proved  in  his  tract  of  usury,  exhibited  to  the  I'arlift- 
tute  castratur.  mulieres  tales  proeul  d.  consortio  viro-    inent  anno  1621.  ''UIoc  fere  Zanchius  com.  in  4 

rum  ablegantur,  &c.  Hector  Boethius  hist.  lib.  1.  de  cap.  ad  Ephes.  sequissimam  vocat  usuram,  et  charitati 
vet.  Scotorum  moribus.  "  Speciosissinii  juvenes    Christians  consentaneara,  modo  non  exigant,  &.c.  nee 

liberis  dabiint  operani.  Plato  5.  de  lesibus.  ^^The  omnes  dent  ad  ftenus,  sed  ii  qui  in  pecuniis  bona  ha- 
Saxons  exclude  dumb,  blind,  leprous,  and  such  like  bent,  et  ob  setatem,  sexum,  arlis  alicujus  ignorantiam, 
persons  from  all  inheritance,  as  we  do  fools.  ^Vt  non  possunt  uti.  Nee  omnibus,  sed  niercatoribus  et 
olim  Romani,  Ilispani  hodie,  &e.  •"Ricciuslib.il.  i  lis  qui  honeste  impendent,  &e.  "  jj^m  apud  Per- 

cap.  5.  de  Sinarum.  expedit.  sic  Hispani  cogunt  Mau-    sas  olim,  lege  Brisoniurn.  '*"  We  bate  the  hawk, 

ros  arma  deponere.     So  it  is  in  most  Italian  cities,    because  he  always  lives  in  battle."  "Idem  Plato 

••Idem  Plato  12.  de  legibus,  it  hath  ever  been  immode-    de  legibus.  '"Lib.  30.    Optimum  quidem   fuerat 

rate,  vide  Guil.  Stuckiura  antiq.  convival.  lib.  1.  cap.  26.  eam  patribus  nostris  nientem  a  diis  datam  esse,  ut  vo« 
*  Plato  9.  de  legibus.  '"  As  those  Lombards  beyond  Italiie,  nos  Africse  imperio  contenti  essemus.  Neque 
Seas,  though  with  somp  rnfnrnntion.  mons  pietatis,  or    enim  Hicilia  aut  Sardinia  satis  digna  precio  »iint  pro 

tot  classibus,  &c.  "  Claudian.  "Tauciilide*. 

J^  A   depopulatione,  agrorum  incendiis,  et  fjusmodi 
'"  imiiianibus.      Piaio.  t^IIungar.   dec.   I. 


Democritus  to  tJie  Reader. 


belli,  still  in  a  readiness,  and  a  sufficient  revenue,  a  third  part  as  in  old  ^'  Rome  and 
Egypt,  reserved  for  the  commonwealth  ;  to  avoid  those  heavy  taxes  and  impositions, 
as  well  to  defray  this  charge  of  wars,  as  also  all  other  public  defalcations,  expenses, 
fees,  pensions,  reparations,  chaste  sports,  feasts,  donaries,  rewards,  and  entertainment^! 
All  things  in  this  nature  especially  1  will  have  maturely  done,  and  with  great  *^  deli- 
beration :  ne  quid  ^temere,  ne  quid  remisse  ac  timide  fiat ;  Scd  quo  feror  hospes  ? 
To  prosecute  the  rest  would  require  a  volume.  Manum  de  tabella,  J  have  been 
over  tedious  in  this  subject ;  I  could  have  here  willingly  ranged,  but  these  straits 
wherein  I  am  included  will  not  permit. 

From  commonwealths  and  cities,  I  will  descend  to  families,  which  have  as  many 
corsives  and  molestations,  as  frequent  discontents  as  the  rest.  Great  affinity  there 
is  betwixt  a  political  and  economical  body ;  they  differ  only  in  magnitude  and  pro- 
portion of  business  (so  Scaliger^  writes)  as  they  have  both  likely  the  same  period,  as 
^Bodin  and  "^Peucer  hold,  out  of  Plato,  six  or  seven  hundred  years,  so  many  times 
they  have  the  same  means  of  their  vexation  and  overthrows ;  as  namely,  riot,  a  com- 
mon ruin  of  both,  riot  in  building,  riot  in  profuse  spending,  riot  in  apparel,  &c.  be 
it  in  what  kind  soever,  it  produceth  the  same  effects.  A  *' corographer  of  ours 
speaking  ohiter  of  ancient  families,  why  they  are  so  frequent  in  the  north,  continue 
so  long,  are  so  soon  extinguished  in  the  south,  and  so  few,  gives  no  other  reason 
but  this,  luxus  omnia  dissipavit,  riot  hath  consumed  all,  fine  clothes  and  curious 
buildings  came  into  this  island,  as  he  notes  in  his  annals,  not  so  many  years  since ; 
nan  sine  dispendio  hospitalitatis,  to  the  decay  of  hospitality.  Howbeit  many  times 
that  word  is  mistaken,  and  under  the  name  of  bounty  and  hospitality,  is  shrowded 
riot  and  prodigality,  and  that  which  is  commendable  in  itself  well  used,  hath  been 
mistaken  heretofore,  is  become  by  his  abuse,  the  bane  and  utter  ruin  of  many  a  noble 
family.  For  some  men  live  like  the  rich  glutton,  consuming  thernselves  and  their 
substance  by  continual  feasting  and  invitations,  with  ^^Axilon  in  Homer,  keep  open 
house  for  all  comers,  giving  entertainment  to  such  as  visit  them,  ^^  keeping  a  table 
beyond  their  means,  and  a  company  of  idle  servants  (though  not  so  frequent  as  of 
old)  are  blown  up  on  a  sudden ;  and  as  Actseon  was  by  his  hounds,  devoured  by 
their  kinsmen,  friends,  and  multitude  of  followers.  ^"It  is  a  wonder  that  Paulus 
Jovius  relates  of  our  northern  countries,  what  an  infinite  deal  of  meat  we  consume 
on  our  tables ;  that  I  may  truly  say,  'tis  not  bounty,  not  hospitality,  as  it  is  often 
abused,  but  riot  and  excess,  gluttony  and  prodigality ;  a  mere  vice  ;  it  brings  in  debt, 
want,  and  beggary,  hereditary  diseases,  consumes  their  fortunes,  and  overthrows  the 
good  temperature  of  their  bodies.  To  this  I  might  here  well  add  their  inordinate 
expense  in  building,  those  fantastical  houses,  turrets,  walks,  parks,  Stc.  gaming,  excess 
of  pleasure,  and  that  prodigious  riot  in  apparel,  by  which  means  they  are  compelled 
to  break  up  house,  and  creep  into  holes.  Seselliusin  his  commonwealth  of '"France, 
gives  three  reasons  why  the  French  nobility  were  so  frequently  bankrupts :  ''  First, 
because  they  had  so  many  law-suits  and  contentions  one  upon  another,  which  were 
tedious  and  costly  ;  by  which  means  it  came  to  pass,  that  commonly  lawyers  bought 
them  out  of  their  possessions.  A  second  cause  was  their  riot,  they  lived  beyond 
their  means,  and  were  therefore  swallowed  up  by  merchants."  (La  Nove,  a  French 
writer,  yields  five  reasons  of  his  countrj-men's  poverty,  to  the  same  effect  almost,  and 
thinks  verily  if  the  gentry  of  France  were  divided  into  ten  parts,  eight  of  them  would 
be  found  much  impaired,  by  sales,  mortgages,  and  debts,  or  wholly  sunk  in  their 
estates.)  "•  The  last  was  immoderate  excess  in  apparel,  which  consumed  their  reve- 
nues." IIow  this  concerns  and  agrees  with  our  present  state,  look  you.  But  of  this 
elsewhere.  As  it  is  in  a  man's  body,  if  either  head,  heart,  stomach,  liver,  spleen,  or  any 
one  part  be  misaflected,  all  the  rest  suffer  with  it :  so  is  it  with  this  economical  body 


6'  Sesellius,  lib.  2.  de  repub.  Gal.  valde  enim  est  in- 
decorum, ubi  quod  prseter  opiiiionem  accidit  dicere, 
Non  putarani,  presertim  si  res  pra;caveri  potuerit. 
Livius,  lib.  1.  Dion.  lib.  2.  Diodorus  Siculus,  lib.  2. — 
f^-  Peragii  tranquilla  potestas.  Quod  violcnta  nequit.— 
Claudian.  f^^  Belluin  nee  limendum  nee  provocan- 

dum.     Plin.  Panegjr.  Trajano.  MLib.   3.  poet, 

cap.  19.  ^o Lib.  4.  de  repub.  cap.  2.  f^Teucer. 

lib.  1.  de  divinat.       >^  Camden  in  Clieshire.       '"Iliad. 
6.  lib.         89  Vide  Puteani  Comum,  Goclenium  de 


tentosis  coenis  nostrorum  temporum.  ^'Mirabile 

dictis  est,  quantum  opsoniorum  una  domus  singulis 
diehus  ahsuiuat,  sternuntur  mensae  in  onines  pene 
boras  calenlibus  semper  eduliis.  Descrip.  Britan. 
'■"Lib.  1.  de  rep.  Gallorutn ;  quod  tot  lites  et  causse 
forenses,  alia;  ferantur  ex  aliis,  in  immensum  produ- 
cantur,  et  niaunos  sumplus  requirant  unde  tit  ut  juris 
administri  plerumque  unliilinin  pnssessiones  adqul- 
lant,  turn  nimH^iMihrn  ..'  vi\  aiureL^ me££UAiit>Ui 
plendissiiii^  vestu 


70  Democritits  to  the  Header. 

If  the  Ixead  be  naught,  a  spendthrift,  a  drunkard,  a  whoremaster,  a  gamester,  how 
shall  the  family  live  at  ease  ?  ^^Ipsa  si  cupiat  salus  servare,  prorsus,  non  potest  hanc 
familiam^  as  Demea  said  in  the  comedy.  Safety  herself  cannot  save  it.  A  good,  hon- 
est, painful  man  many  times  hath  a  shrew  to  his  wife,  a  sickly,  dishonest,  slothful, 
foolish,  careless  woman  to  his  mate,  a  proud,  peevish  flirt,  a  liquorish,  prodigal  quean, 
and  by  that  means  all  goes  to  niin  :  or  if  they  difler  in  nature,  he  is  thrifty,  she 
spends  all,  he  wise, she  sottish  and  soft;  what  agreement  can  there  be  ?  wliat  friend- 
ship ?  Like  that  of  the  thrush  and  swallow  in  iEsop,  instead  of  mutual  love,  kind 
compellations,  whore  and  thief  is  heard,  they  fling  stools  at  one  another's  heads. 
'"^QufE  mtcmpcries  vexat  hanc  familiam?  AW  enforced  marriages  commonly  pro- 
duce such  eflects,  or  if  on  their  behalfs  it  be  well,  as  to  live  and  agree  lovingly 
together,  they  may  have  disobedient  and  unruly  children,  that  take  ill  courses  to 
disquiet  them,**  "  their  son  is  a  thief,  a  spendthrift,  their  daughter  a  whore ;"  a  step 
'^mother,  or  a  daughter-in-law  distempers  all  f^  or  else  for  want  of  means,  many 
torturers  arise,  debts,  dues,  fees,  dowries,  jointures,  legacies  to  be  paid,  annuities 
issuing  out,  by  means  of  which,  they  have  not  wherewithal  to  maintain  themselves 
in  that  pomp  as  their  predecessors  have  done,  bring  up  or  bestow  their  children  to 
their  callings,  to  their  birth  and  quality,^"  and  will  not  descend  to  their  present  fore- 
times. Oftentimes,  too,  to  aggravate  the  rest,  concur  many  other  inconveniences, 
unthankful  friends,  decayed  frienils,  bad  neighbours,  negligent  servants  ^^scrvi  fu- 
races^  Vcrsiprllea^  calhdi,  occlusa  sibi  millc  clavlbus  rose  rani  ^  furl  imque  ;  raptant^ 
consiiniunt,  liguriunt ;  casualties,  taxes,  mulcts,  chargeable  otlices,  vain  expenses, 
entertaimnents,  loss  of  stock,  cnniities,  emulations,  frequent  invitations,  losses,  surety- 
ship, sickness,  dtath  of  friends,  and  that  which  is  the  gulf  of  all,  improvidence,  ill 
husbandry,  disorder  and  confusion,  by  which  means  they  are  drenched  on  a  sudden 
in  their  estates,  and  at  unawares  precipitated  insensibly  into  an  inextricable  labyrinth 
of  debts,  cares,  woes,  want,  grief,  discontent  and  melancholy  itself. 

1  have  done  with  families,  and  wdl  now  briefly  run  over  some  few  sorts  and  con- 
ditions of  men.  The  most  secure,  happy,  jovial,  and  merry  in  the  world's  esteem 
are  princes  and  great  men.  free  from  melancholy  :  but  for  their  cares,  miseries,  sus- 
picions, jealousies,  discontents,  folly  and  madness,  1  refer  you  to  Xenophon's  Tyran- 
nus,  whyie  king  Hieron  discourseth  at  large  with  Simonides  the  poet,  of  this  subject. 
Of  all  others  they  are  most  troubled  with  perpetual  fears,  anxieties,  insomuch,  that 
as  he  said  in  '•'^Valerius,  if  thou  knewest  with  what  cares  and  miseries  this  robe  were 
stuflTed,  thou  wouldst  not  stoop  to  take  it  up.  Or  put  case  they  be  secure  and  free 
from  fears  and  discontents,  yet  they  are  void  '"'of  reason  too  oft,  and  precipitate  in 
their  actions,  read  all  our  histories,  quos  de  stultis  prodidcre  stulli,  Iliades,  JEfteides, 
Anuales,  and  what  is  the  subject  ? 

"  .Stulioruui  regiini,  et  populorum  conunet  aestus."     I  ''"'"'  S'ddy  tumults  aud  the  foolish  rage 

I  Of  kings  and  people. 

How  mad  they  are,  how  furious,  and  upon  small  occasions,  rash  and  inconsiderate 
in  their  proceedmgs,  how  they  doat,  every  page  almost  wdl  witness, 

'-delirant  rages,  plectuntur  Achivj."      I      When  dotinc  monarclis  urce 

I      Unsound  resolveti,  their  subjects  feel  the  scourge. 

Next  in  place,  next  in  miseries  and  discontents,  in  all  manner  of  hair-brain  actions, 
are  great  men,  procul  a  Jove^  procul  a  fulmine^  the  nearer  the  worse.  If  they  live 
in  court,  tney  are  up  and  down,  ebb  and  flow  with  their  princes'  favours,  Ingmium 
vultu  statque  caditqiie  suo^  now  aloft,  to-morrow  down,  as  'Polybius  describes  them, 
'•  like  so  many  casting  counters,  now  of  gold,  to-morrow  of  silver,  that  vary  in 
worth  as  the  computant  wdl ;  now  they  stand  for  units,  to-morrow  for  thou.sands ; 
now  before  all,  and  anon  behind."  Beside,  they  torment  one  another  with  mutual 
factions,  emulations  :  one  is  ambitious,  another  enamoured,  a  third  in  debt,  a  prodigal, 
overruns  his  fortunes,  a  fourth  soUcitous  with  cares,  gets  nothing,  &.c.  But  for  tliese 
men's  discontents,  anxieties,  I  refer  you  to  Lucian's  Tract,  de  mercede  conductis, 

»2Ter.  MAmphit.  Plaut.  »' Paling.  Filius  »-piautU3  Aulular.  »J Lib.  7.  cap.  6.  'w  Pel- 

aut  fur.  asCatus  turn   mure,  duo  galli  simul  in  litur  in  beJIis  sapientia,  vijjerilur  res.     Vetus  prover- 

Jede,     Et    glotes    binte    nunquam    vivunt    sine    lite,  bjuni,  aut  regem  aut  fatuum  nasci  oportere.  '  I.lb. 

*Re9  angusta  domi.  "^  When  pride  and  beggary  1.  hist.  Rom.  similes  a.  bacculoruin  calculis,  secundum 

meet  in  a  family,  t^y  roar  and  howL  and  cause  as  computantis  arbilrium,  modu  icrei  sunt.  inodO  aurei ; 

msnjf^^Btee  of<fliMbtnt5,  |^  ^i£iB||BliL^r,  when  ad  iiutum  regis  nunc  beati  sunt  nunc  miBeri. 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  71 

^^Eneas  Sylvius  {libidinis  et  stultUice  servos,  he  calls  them),  Agrippa,  and  many 
others. 

Of  philosophers  and  scholars  priscce  sapientice  dictatorcs,  I  have  already  spoken  in 
general  terms,  those  superintendents  of  wit  and  learning,  men  above  men,  those  refined 
men,  mmions  of  the  muses, 

3 "  mentemque  habere  qu6is  bonam 

Et  esse*  corculis  datum  est." 

^ These  acute  and  subtile  sophisters,  so  much  honoured,  have  as  much  need  of 

hellebore  as  others.     ^O  medici   medlam  pertundite  venam.     Read   Lucian's 

Piscator,  and  tell  how  he  esteemed  them ;  Agrippa's  Tract  of  the  vanity  of  Sciences ; 
nay  read  their  own  works,  their  absurd  tenets,  prodigious  paradoxes,  et  risum  tenea- 
tis  amid?  You  shall  find  that  of  Aristotle  true,  nullum  magnum  ingeniitm  sine 
mixtura  dementice,  they  have  a  worm  as  well  as  others ;  you  shall  find  a  fantas'tical 
strain,  a  fustian,  a  bombast,  a  vain-glorious  humour,  an  affected  style.  Sic,  like  a 
prominent  thread  in  an  uneven  woven  cloth,  run  parallel  throughout  their  works.  And 
they  that  teach  wisdom,  patience,  meekness,  are  the  veriest  dizards,  hairbrains,  and 
nio&t  discontent.  '"'  hi  the  multitude  of  wisdom  is  grief,  and  he  that  increaseth  wis- 
dom, nirreaseth  sorrow."  I  need  not  quote  mine  author;  they  that  laugh  and  contemn 
others,  condemn  the  world  of  folly,  deserve  to  be  mocked,  are  as  giddy-headed,  and 
lie  as  open  as  any  other.  *  Democritus,  that  common  flouter  of  folly,  was  ridiculous 
himself,  barking  Menippus,  scoffing  Lucian,  satirical  Lucilius,  Petronius,  Varro,  Per- 
sius,  &c.,  may  be  censured  with  the  rest,  Loripedem  rectus  deridcat,  Mthioj)em  al- 
ius. Bale,  Erasmus,  Hospinian,  Vives,  Kemnisius,  explode  as  a  vast  ocean  of  obs 
and  sols,  school  divinity.  ®A  labyrinth  of  intricable  questions,  unprofitable  conten- 
tions, incredibilem  delirationem,  one  calls  it.  If  school  divinity  be  so  censured,  suh- 
tilis  ^°Scoius  lima  veritatis,  Occam  irrefragabilis,  cujus  ingenium  vetera  omnia 
ingenia  subvertit,  &c.  Baconthrope,  Dr.  Resolutus,  and  Corculum  Theolgia,  Thomas 
himself,  Doctor  "Seraphicus,  cui  dictavit  Angelus,  Stc.  What  shall  become  of  hu- 
manity .?  Ars  stulta,  what  can  she  plead  ?  what  can  her  followers  say  for  themselves  ? 
Much  learning,  ^^  cere-diminuit-brum,  hath  cracked  their  sconce,  and  taken  such  root, 
that  tribus  Anticyris  caput  insanabile,  hellebore  itself  can  do  no  good,  nor  that  re- 
nowned '^lanthorn  of  Epictetus,  by  which  if  any  man  studied,  he  should  be  as  wise 
as  he  was.  But  all  will  not  serve ;  rhetoricians,  in  ostenlationem  loquacitatis  mulla 
agitant,  out  of  their  volubility  of  tongue,  will  talk  much  to  no  purpose,  orators 
can  persuade  other  men  what  they  will,  quo  volunt,  unde  volunf,  move,  pacify,  &c, 
but  cannot  settle  their  own  brains,  what  saith  TuUy  ?  Malo  indisertam  prndtntlam,, 
quam  loquacem  stultitiam ;  and  as  "  Seneca  seconds  him,  a  wise  man's  oration  should 
not  be  polite  or  solicitous.  '^Fabius  esteems  no  better  of  most  of  them,  either  in 
speech,  action,  gesture,  than  as  men  beside  themselves,  insanos  declamalores ;  so 
doth  Gregory,  JVon  mihi  sapit  qui  sermone,  sed  qui  factis  sapit.  Make  the  best  of 
him,  a  good  orator  is  a  turncoat,  an  evil  man,  bonus  orator  pessimus  vir,  his  tongue 
is  set  to  sale,  he  is  a  mere  voice,  as  '^  he  said  of  a  nightingale,  dat  sine  mente  sonum, 
an  hyperbolical  liar,  a  flatterer,  a  parasite,  and  as  "Ammianus  Marcellinus  will,  a 
corrupting  cozener,  one  that  doth  more  mischief  by  his  fair  speeches,  than  he  that 
bribes  by  money  ;  for  a  man  may  with  more  facility  avoid  him  that  circumvents  by 
money,  than  him  that  deceives  with  glozing  terms;  which  made  '*^ Socrates  so  much 
abhor  and  explode  them.  '^Fracastorius,  a  famous  poet,  freely  grants  all  poets  to  be 
mad ;  so  doth  *Scaliger  ;  and  who  doth  not  ?  Aut  insanit  homo,  aid  versus  facit  (He's 
mad  or  making  verses),  Hor.  Sat.  vii.  1.  2.  Insanire  lubet,  i.  versus  componere.  Virg. 
3  Eel. ;  so  Servius  interprets  it,  all  poets  are  mad,  a  company  of  bitter  satirisis, 
detractors,  or  else  parasitical  applauders  :  and  what  is  poetry  itself,  but  as  Austin 
holds,  Vinum  erroris  ab  ebriis  doctoribus  propinatum  ?     You  may  give  that  censure 

>  .^rumnosique  Solones  in  Sa.  3.   De  miser,  curia-  ,  sapientiam  adipiscetur.  nEpist.  21.  1.  lib.     Non 


Hum.  3  F.  Dousa;  Epid.  lib.   1.  c.   13.  ^  Hoc 

rognomento  colionestati  Romsp,  qui  caeleros  mortales 
sapienii^  prffistarent,  testis  Plin.  lib.  7.  cap.  34.  *  j,,. 
sanire  parant  certa  ratione  modoque,  mad  by  the  book 
tliey,  &c.  6  Juvenal.     "O  Pliysicians  :  opt'n  the 

nii'ldle  vein."  '  Snlnnion.  *"  Communis  irri- 

Bor  stiiltiliiP.  0  Wif  whither  wilt  1  '"Scaliger 

exercitat.  331.         "  Vit    ejus.  12  Enniiis.         '^Lu- 

eian.    Tei  mille  dradmiis  olim  empta ;  studens  indea^ 


oportet  orationem  sapientis  esse  politam  aut  solicitara. 
"Lib.  3.  cap.  13.  mullo  anhelitu  jactatione  furenlea 
pectus,  frontem  ctedentes,  &c.  leLjpsiii.s,  voces 

sunt,  priEtcrea  nihil.  i"  Lib.  30.  phis  mali  facere 

videtnr  qui  oratione  quim  qui  prsetio  quemvis  cor- 
rumpil :  nam.&c.  "^InGors.   Plaioiii-.  ^'In 

naugerin.  -'  Si  furor  sit  I,   :    !-..:vi    ■:':   :ii:~  lurit, 

furit,  furi_{,,Adidn8j  Lib.-ns.  et  Putt  1,  ■v.. 


72  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

of  them  in  general,  which  Sir  Thomas  More  once  did  of  Germanub  Brixius'  poenM 
in  particular. 

—  "  vehuntur 

In  rate  stultitias  sylvam  habitant  Furi®."'" 

Budseus,  in  an  epistle  of  his  to  Lupsetus,  will  have  civil  law  to  be  the  tower  of 
wisdom  ;  another  honours  physic,  the  quintessence  of  nature  ;  a  third  tumbles  them 
both  down,  and  sets  up  the  flag  of  his  own  peculiar  science.  Your  supercilious 
critics,  grammatical  triflers,  note-makers,  curious  antiquaries,  find  out  all  the  ruins 
of  wit,  ineptiarum  delicias,  amongst  the  rubbish  of  old  writers  ;  ^Pro  stullis  hahent 
nisi  atiquid  suffidant  invcnire,  quod  in  aliorum  scriptis  vertant  vitio,  all  fools  with 
them  that  cannot  find  fault ;  they  correct  others,  and  are  hot  in  a  cold  cause,  puzzle 
themselves  to  find  out  how  many  streets  in  Rome,  houses,  gates,  towers,  Homer's 
country,  iEneas's  mother,  Niobe's  daughters,  an  Sappho publica  fuerit  ?  ovum  ^'^prius 
exiiterit  an  gallina !  &.c.  et  alia  quce  dediscenda  essent  scire,  d  scires,  as  ''"'Seneca 
holds.  What  clothes  the  senators  did  wear  in  Rome,  what  shoes,  how  they  sat, 
where  they  went  to  the  closestool,  how  many  dishes  in  a  mess,  what  sauce,  which 
tor  the  present  for  an  historian  to  relate,  ^^according  to  Lodovic.  Vives,  is  very 
ridiculous,  is  to  them  most  precious  elaborate  stufl',  they  admired  for  it,  and  as  proud, 
as  triumphant  in  the  meantime  for  this  discovery,  as  if  they  had  won  a  city,  or  con- 
quered a  province  ;  as  rich  as  if  they  had  found  a  mine  of  gold  ore.  Quosvis  aucto- 
res  ahsurdis  commentis  suis  percacant  et  stercorant.,  one  saith,  they  bewray  and  daub 
a  company  of  books  and  good  authors,  with  their  absurd  comments,  corrcctorum  ster- 
quilinia  ^  Scaliger  calls  them,  and  show  their  wit  in  censuring  others,  a  company  of 
foolish  note-makers,  humble-bees,  dors,  or  beedles,  inter  sicrcora  utplurinuwi  versan- 
tur,  they  rake  over  all  those  rubbish  and  dunghills,  and  prefer  a  manuscript  many 
times  before  the  Gospel  itself,^ ihesaurum  criticum,  before  any  treasure,  and  with  their 
deleaturs,  alii  legunt  sic,  mens  codex  sic  habct,  with  their  postrema  editiones,  anno- 
tations, castigations,  &c.  make  books  dear,  themselves  ridiculous,  and  do  nobody 
good,  yet  if  any  man  dare  oppose  or  contradict,  they  are  mad,  up  in  amis  on  a  sud- 
den, how  many  sheets  are  written  in  defence,  how  bitter  invectives,  what  apologies  ? 
^Epiphilledes  hce  sunt  ut  merce  nugcc.  But  I  dare  say  no  more  of,  for,  with,  or 
against  Uiem,  because  I  am  liable  to  their  lash  as  well  as  others.  Of  these  and  the 
rest  of  our  artists  and  philosophers,  I  will  generally  conclude  they  are  a  kind  of 
madmen,  as  ^Seneca  esteems  of  them,  to  make  doubts  and  scruples,  how  to  read 
them  truly,  to  mend  old  authors,  but  will  not  mend  their  own  lives,  or  teach  us  ingevia 
sanare,  memoriam  ojiciorum  ingerere,  ac  Jidem  in  rebus  humanis  relinere,  to  keep 
our  wits  in  order,  or  rectify  our  manners.  JYurnqtiid  tibi  dcmens  videtur,  si  istis 
opcram  impendcrit  f  Is  not  he  mad  that  draws  lines  with  Archimedes,  whilst  his 
house  is  ransacked,  and  his  city  besieged,  when  the  whole  world  is  in  combustion, 
or  we  whilst  our  souls  are  in  danger,  (mors  sequitur,  vitafugit)  to  spend  our  time 
in  toys,  idle  questions,  and  things  of  no  worth .? 

That  ''"loveis  are  mad,  I  think  no  man  will  deny,  Jlmare  sirmd  et  sapere,  ipsi  Jovi 
non  datur,  Jupiter  himself  cannot  intend  both  at  once. 

51 "  Non  ben6  conveniunt,  nee  in  unS.  sede  morantur 
Majestas  et  amor." 

Tully,  when  he  was  invited  to  a  second  marriage,  replied,  he  could  not  sbnul  amare 
et  sapere  oe  wise  and  love  both  together.  ^^Est  orcus  ilk,  vis  est  immedicabilis,  est 
rabies  insana,  love  is  madness,  a  hell,  an  incurable  disease ;  inpotentem  et  insanam 
libidinem  ^^  Seneca  calls  it,  an  impotent  and  raging  lust.  I  shall  dilate  this  sub- 
ject apart ;  in  the  meantime  let  lovers  sigh  out  the  rest. 

**  Nevisanus  the  lawyer  holds  it  for  an  axiom,  "  most  women  are  fools,"  ^^  consilium 
fceminis  invalidum ;  Seneca,  men,  be  they  young  or  old ;  who  doubts  it,  youth  is 
mad  as  Elius  in  Tully,  Stulti  adolescentuli,  old  age  little  better,  deliri  senes,  he. 
Theophrastes,  m  the  107th  year  of  his  age,  *said  he  then  began  to  be  to  wise,  turn 

2>  "They  are  borne  in  the  bark  of  folly,  and  dwell  I  3'  Ovid.  Met.  "  Majesty  and  I-ove  do  not  asrree  well, 
in  the  grove  of  madness."  22  Mortis  Utop.  lib.  11.     nor  dwell  together."  ''•'IMulareh.     Amatorio  est 

i<Macrob.   fJattir.  7.  16.  2-»Epist.  16.  20  Lib.  !  amor   insanus.  33  Epist.  39.  SKSylva;   nupli- 

decaii-i-  ..    in;  nil.  2c  Lib.  2.  in  Ausoniiim,  '  alis,   1.   1.  num.  II.     Omnes   mulieres   ut   plnrinium 


cap.   li'  !    lit.  7.  volum.  Jaiio  Giitero.  '  stultae.  as  Aristotle.  seDolere  se  dixit  qu  d 

"^Pelirus    et   a  mens  dicatur   nn;rjt7^Ho^  Seneca 


Democritus  to  the  Reader.  73 

sapere  ccepit,  and  therefore  lamented  his  departure.  If  wisdom  come  so  late,  where 
shall  we  find  a  wise  man  ?  Our  old  ones  doat  at  threescore-and-len.  I  would  cite 
more  proofs,  and  a  better  author,  but  for  the  present,  let  one  fool  point  at  another. 
*'Nevisanus  hath  as  hard  an  opinion  of  ^^ricli  men,  "wealth  and  wisdom  cannot 
dwell  together,"  stultUiam  patiuntiir  opes,  '^and  they  do  commonly  *°infatuare  cor 
hominis,  besot  men;  and  as  we  see  it,  "fools  have  fortune  :"  *^ Sapientia  non  inve- 
niiur  in  terra  suaviter  viventium.  For  beside  a  natural  contempt  of  learning,  which 
accompanies  such  kind  of  men,  innate  idleness  (for  they  will  take  no  pains),  and 
which  "^  Aristotle  observes,  ubi  mens  plurima,  ibi  minima  fortuna^  ubi  plurvma  for- 
tuna,  ibi  mens  perexigua,  great  wealth  and  little  wit  go  commonly  together  :  they  have 
as  much  brains  some  of  them  in  their  heads  as  in  their  heels  ;  besides  this  inbred 
neglect  of  liberal  sciences,  and  all  arts,  which  should  excolere  mentem,  polish  the 
mind,  they  have  most  part  some  guUish  humour  or  other,  by  which  they  are  led  ; 
one  is  an  Epicure,  an  Atheist,  a  second  a  gamester,  a  third  a  whore-master  (fit  sub- 
jects all  for  a  satirist  to  work  upon)  ; 

^  "  Hie  nuptarum  insanit  amoribus,  hie  puerorum."    I         0"^  ''"'"f  }°  f^f  ""^f^  ^^'  ^^^J^Hl^J^""^  ' 
•^  I         Unnatural  lusts  another  s  heart  inllarae. 

**one  is  mad  of  hawking,  hunting,  cocking;  another  of  carousing,  horse-riding, 
spending ;  a  fourth  of  building,  fighting,  &c.,  Insanit  veteres  statuas  Bamasippus 
emendo,  Damasippus  hath  an  humour  of  his  own,  to  be  talked  of:  ''^ Heliodorus  the 
Carthaginian  another.  In  a  word,  as  Scaliger  concludes  of  them  all,  they  are  Sta^ 
turn  erectcR  stultitice,  the  very  statutes  or  pillars  of  folly.  Choose  out  of  all  stories 
him  that  hath  been  most  admired,  you  shall  still  find,  multa  ad  laudem^  multa  ad 
vituperationem  magnijica,  as  "^Berosus  of  Semirarais  ;  omnes  mortales  militia  trtum- 
phis,  divitiis,  &c.,  turn  et  luxu,  ccede,  cczterisque  vitiis  antccessit,  as  she  had  some 
good,  so  had  she  many  bad  parts. 

Alexander,  a  worthy  man,  but  furious  in  his  anger,  overtaken  in  drink :  Caesar  and 
Scipio  valiant  and  wise,  but  vain-glorious,  ambitious  :  Vespasian  a  worthy  prince, 
but  covetous:  ^'^ Hannibal,  as  he  had  mighty  virtues,  so  had  he  many  vices;  nnam 
virtutem  mille  vitia  comitanfur,  as  Machiavel  of  Cosmo  de  Medici,  he  had  two  dis- 
tinct persons  in  him.  I  will  determme  of  them  all,  they  are  like  these  double  or 
turning  pictures ;  stand  before  which  you  see  a  fair  maid,  on  the  one  side  an  ape, 
on  the  other  an  owl ;  look  upon  them  at  the  first  sight,  all  is  well,  but  farther  ex- 
amine, you  shall  find  them  wise  on  the  one  side,  and  fools  on  the  other ;  in  some 
few  things  praiseworthy,  in  the  rest  incomparably  faulty.  I  will  say  nothing  of 
their  diseases,  emulations,  discontents,  wants,  and  such  miseries  :  let  poverty  plead 
the  rest  in  Aristophanes'  Plutus. 

Covetous  men,  amongst  others,  are  most  mad,  *®they  have  all  the  symptoms  of 
melancholy,  fear,  sadness,  suspicion,  &.c.,  as  shall  be  proved  in  its  proper  place, 

I  Misers  make  Anticyra  their  own  ; 

"  Danda  est  Hellebori  multo  pars  maxima  avaris."   |  ns  hellebore  reserved  for  them  alone. 

And  yet  methinks  prodigals  are  much  madder  than  they,  be  of  what  condition 
ihey  will,  that  bear  a  public  or  private  purse  ;  as  a  ■*® Dutch  writer  censured  Richard 
the  rich  duke  of  Cornwall,  suing  to  be  emperor,  for  his  profuse  spending,  qui  effudit 
pecunlam  ante  pedes  prlncipium  Electorum  sicut  aquam,  that  scattered  money  like 
water ;  I  do  censure  them,  Stulta  Anglia  (saith  he)  quce  tot  denarlis  sponte  est  pri- 
vata,  stulti  principes  Memanice,  qui  nobile  jus  suiim  pro  pecunid  vendidcrunt ;  spend- 
thrifts, bribers,  and  bribe-takers  are  fools,  and  so  are  ^  all  they  that  cannot  keep,  dis- 
burse, or  spend  their  moneys  well. 

I  might  say  the  like  of  angiy,  peevish,  envious,  ambitious ;  ^^Aniicyras  mcUor 
sorbere  meracas;  Epicures,  Atheists,  Schismatics,  Heretics;  hi  omnes  habent  imagina- 

"  Lib.  1.  num.  11.  sapientia  et  divitise  rix  simnl  pos-  !  hie  jussi  condier,  et  nt  viderem  an  quis  insanior  ad  me 
sideri  possunt.  «*They  get  their  wisdom  by  eat-  [  visendum  usque  ad  hec  loca  penetraret.    Ortelius  m 

ing  pie-crust  some.        ^^xuxrx  ru;  ^■.■ii'rc'ii;  >'i£Ta)   Gad.  ■"'If  it  be  his  work,  which  Gasper  Vert-tus 

sLS^iTuyx.  Opes  quidem  mortalibus  sunt  amentia.  The-  suspects.  f'  Livy,  Ingentes  virtutes  ingentia  viiia. 
ognis.  ^oFortuna  nimium  quern  fovet,  stultum  I  ^H""--   Quisquis   ambitione   mala  aut  argenti  pallet 

facit.  «  Joh.  23.  «  Mag.  Loral,  lib.  2  el  lib.  1 .  ,  ainore,  Qujsqu.s  luxuria,  t"^«>q"e  !''Pf  ^  'V,*',"'^,,!^,^:'- 

Bat.  4.  «  Hor.  lib.  1.  sat.  4.  "  Insana  gi.la,  in-   "  Cf?n'ca  ^lavonica  ad  annum  12o,.  de  cuju,  pecunia 

sanx  obstrucliones,  insanum  venandi  studium  discor-  ,Jam  incredibilia  dixerunt.  ^o  A  fool  and  his  money 

dia  demens.    Virg.  ^n.  «Heliodorus  Carthaai-  :  "e  soon  partecL      .     "  Orat.  4p^iajayambitiosuj  et 


nensis  ad  extremum  orbis  sarcopbago  tesiamento  me  ;  audax  nav^g^^Biticyras 


f4  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

tianem.  l<2sam  (saith  Nymannus)  "  and  their  madness  shall  be  evident,"  2  Tim.  iii.  9. 
"Fabatus,  an  Italian,  holds  seafaring  men  all  mad  i  ''the  ship  is  mad,  for  it  never 
stands  still ;  the  mariners  are  mad,  to  expose  themselves  to  such  imminent  dangers  : 
the  waters  are  raging  mad,  in  perpetual  motion :  the  winds  are  as  mad  as  the  rest, 
they  know  not  whence  they  come,  whither  they  would  go:  and  those  men  are 
maddest  of  all  that  go  to  sea ;  for  one  fool  at  home,  they  find  forty  abroad."  He 
was  a  madman  that  said  it,  and  thou  peradventure  as  mad  to  read  it.  ^Faelix  Platerus 
is  of  opinion  all  alchemists  are  mad,  out  of  their  wits ;  ^xAtheneus  saith  as  much  of 
fiddlers,  et  musarum  luscinias,  "Musicians,  omnes  iihicines  insaniunt,  ubi  semel  effiant^ 
avolat  illico  mens,  in  comes  music  at  one  ear,  out  goes  wit  at  another.  Proud  and 
vain-glorious  persons  are  certainly  mad ;  and  so  are  ^lascivious ;  1  can  feel  their 
pulses  beat  hither ;  honi-mad  some  of  them,  to  let  others  lie  with  their  wives,  and 
wink  at  it. 

To  insist^'  in  all  particulars,  were  an  Herculean  task,  to  ^Heckon  up  ^^insanas 
suhstructiones,  insanos  lahores,  inscmum  luxum,  mad  labours,  mad  books,  endeavours, 
carriages,  gross  ignorance,  ridiculous  actions,  absurd  gestures ;  insanam  gulam,  insa- 
7uam  villarum,  insana  jurgia,  as  Tully  terms  them,  madness  of  villages,  stupend 
structures  •,  as  those  ^Egyptian  Pyramids,  Labyrinths  and  Sphinxes,  Avhich  a  com- 
pany of  crowned  asses,  ad  ostentationcm  opum,  vainly  built,  when  neither  the  archi- 
tect nor  king  that  made  them,  or  to  what  use  and  purpose,  are  yet  known  :  to  insist 
in  their  hypocrisy,  inconstancy,  blindness,  rashness,  demcntcm  temeritatem^  frauds 
cozenage,  malice,  anger,  impudence,  ingratitude,  ambition,  gross  superstition,  ^tem- 
pora  infecta  et  adulatione  sordida,  as  in  Tiberius'  times,  such  base  flattery,  stupend, 
parisitical  fawning  and  colloguing,  &.c.  brawls,  conflicts,  desires,  contentions,  it  would 
ask  an  expert  Vesalius  to  anatomise  every  member.  Shall  I  say .''  Jupiter  himself, 
Apollo,  Mars,  &c.  doatcd  ;  and  monster-conquering  Hercules  that  subdued  the  world, 
and  helped  others,  could  not  relieve  himself  in  this,  but  mad  he  was  at  last.  And  where 
shall  a  man  walk,  converse  with  whom,  in  what  province,  city,  and  not  meet  with 
Signior  Deliro,  or  Hercules  Furens,  Ma-nades,  and  Corybantes .-'  Their  speeches  say 
no  less.  ^^Efungis  nati  homines.,  or  else  they  fetched  their  pedigree  from  those  that 
were  struck  by  Samson  with  the  jaw-bone  of  an  ass.  Or  from  Deucalion  and  Pyrrha's 
stones,  for  durum  genus  sumus,  ''^marmorei  su7nus,  we  are  stony-he£trted,  and  savour 
too  much  of  the  stock,  as  if  they  had  all  heard  that  enchanted  horn  of  Astolpho,  that 
English  duke  in  Ariosto,  which  never  sounded  but  all  his  auditors  were  mad,  and  for 
fear  ready  to  make  away  with  themselves ;  ^^  or  landed  in  the  mad  haven  in  the 
Euxine  sea  of  Daphnis  insana,  which  had  a  secret  quality  to  dementate ;  they  are  a 
company  of  giddy-heads,  afternoon  men,  it  is  Midsummer  moon  still,  and  the  dog- 
days  last  all  the  year  long,  they  are  all  mad.  Whom  shall  I  then  except  ?  Ulricus 
Huttenus  ^riemo,  nam,  nemo  omnibus  horis  sapit,  J\''emo  nascitur  sine  vitiis,  Crimine 
J\'emo  caret,  JVemo  sorte  sua  vivit  contentus,  J\''emo  in  amore  sapit,  JYemo  bonus^ 
JS^mo  sapiens.,  JS'emo,  est  ex  omni  parti  beatus,  kc.  ^^  and  therefore  Nicholas  Nemo, 
or  Monsieur  No-body  shall  go  free.  Quid  valeat  nemo,  JVcmo  referre  potest  ^  But 
whom  shall  I  except  in  the  second  place  .^  such  as  are  silent,  vir  sapit  qui  pauca 
loquitur ;  '^  no  better  way  to  avoid  folly  and  madness,  than  by  taciturnity.  Whom 
in  a  third  t  all  senators,  magistrates ;  for  all  fortunate  men  are  wase,  and  conquerors 
valiant,  and  so  are  all  great  men,  non  est  bonum  ludere  cum  di'is,  they  are  wise  by 
authority,  good  by  their  office  and  place,  his  licet  impune  pessimos  esse,  (some  say) 
we  must  not  speak  of  them,  neither  is  it  fit ;  per  me  sint  omnia  protinu^  alba,  I  will 
not  thhik  amiss  of  them.    Whom  next .''    Stoics  ?    Sapiens  Stoicus,  and  he  alone  is 

5-Navis  stulla,  quae  continue  movetur  nautae  stulti  i  lidi  et  fatui  fungis  nati  dicebantur,  idem  et  alibi 
qui  se  periculis  exponunt,  aqua  insana  que  sic  fre-  '  dicas.  Taniian.  Strade  de  bajulis,  de  marniore 


niit,  &.C.  aer  jactatur,  (Sec.  qui  mari  se  coumiitit  stoli- 
duni  unum  teira  fugiens,  40.  mari  invenit.  Caspar 
Ens.  Moros.  ^'^  Cap.  de  alien,  mentis.  ^Dip. 

nosophist.  lib.  8.  saXjbicines  mente  Captl.  Erasm. 

Chi.  14.  car.  7.  ^eprov.  30.  Insana  libido,  Hie  rogo 

non  furor  est,  non  est  hsc  mentula  demens.  Mart, 
ep.  74. 1.  3.  5'  Mille  puellarum  et  puerorum  mille 

jurores.  ^exjter  est  insanior  horuni.    Hor.  Ovid. 

Virg.  Plin.  5»Plin.  lib.  36.  »  Tacitus  3.  An- 

nal.  "  OvidJ^.  met.  E.  fungis  nati  homines  ut 

uliiQ^MMMAtnBsvf  illius  loci 


seniisculpti.  ^Arianus  peripio  maris  Euxini  por- 

tus  ejus  meminit,  et  Gillius,  1.  3.  de  Bosplier.  Thra- 
cio  et  laurus  insana  qus  allata  in  convivium  convivas 
omnes  insania  alfecit.  Guliel.  Sluccbius  comment,  itc. 
wLepidum  poema  sic  inscriptum.  «i"\o  one  is 

wise  at  all  hours, — no  one  born  without  faults,— no 
one  free  from  crime,— no  one  content  wiili  nis  lot, — 
no  one  in  love  wise. — no  good,  or  wise  man  ;.erfeclly 
happy."  wgtultitiam  simulare  non  poie«   :iiai 

tacituinitate. 


Democritics  to  the  Reader. 


75 


subject  to  no  perturbations,  as  *'' Plutarch  scoffs  at  him,  "he  is  not  vexed  with  tor- 
ments, or  burnt  with  fire,  foiled  by  his  adversary,  sold  of  his  enemy :  though  he  be 
wrinkled,  sand-blind,  toothless,  and  deformed ;  yet  he  is  most  beautiful,  and  like  a 
god,  a  king  in  conceit,  though  not  Avorth  a  groat.  He  never  doats,  never  mad,  never 
sad,  drunk,  because  virtue  cannot  be  taken  away,"  as  ®^Zeno  holds,  "by  reason  of 
strong  appreliension,"  but  he  was  mad  to  say  so.  ^^Anticyrce  ccbIo  hide  est  opus  aut 
dolabrd,  he  had  need  to  be  bored,  and  so  had  all  his  fellows,  as  wise  as  they  would 
seem  to  be.  Chrysippus  himself  liberally  grants  them  to  be  fools  as  well  as  others, 
at  certain  times,  upon  some  occasions,  amitti  virtulem  alt  per  eirietatein,  aut  afribi- 
larium  morbum,  it  may  be  lost  by  drunkenness  or  melancholy,  he  may  be  sometimes 
crazed  as  well  as  the  rest :  ''°ad  summum  sapiens  nisi  quum  pituita  molesta.  I  should 
here  except  some  Cynics,  Menippus,  Diogenes,  that  Theban  Crates ;  or  to  descend 
to  these  times,  that  omniscious,  only  wise  fraternity  "  of  the  Rosicrucians,  those 
great  theologues,  politicians,  philosophers,  physicians,  philologers,  artists,  &c.  of 
whom  S.  Bridget,  Albas  Joacchimus,  Leicenbergius,  and  such  divine  spirits  have  pro- 
phesied, and  made  promise  to  the  world,  if  at  least  there  be  any  such  (Hen.  '^  Neu- 
husius  makes  a  doubt  of  it,  "Valentinus  Andreas  and  others)  or  an  Elias  artifex  their 
Theophrastian  master;  whom  though  Libavius  and  many  deride  and  carp  at,  yet 
some  will  have  to  be  "  the  '*  renewer  of  all  arts  and  sciences,"  reformer  of  the  Avorld, 
■and  now  living,  for  so  Johannes  Montanus  Strigoniensis,  that  great  patron  of  Para- 
celsus, contends,  and  certainly  avers  '^"  a  most  divine  man,"  and  the  quintessence  of 
wisdom  wheresoever  he  is ;  for  he,  his  fraternity,  friends,  &,c.  are  all  '^"  betrothed  to 
wisdom,"  if  we  may  believe  their  disciples  and  followers.  I  must  needs  except 
Lipsius  and  the  Pope,  and  expunge  their  name  out  of  the  catalogue  of  fools.  For 
besides  that  parasitical  testimony  of  Dousa, 

"A  Sole  exoriente  Mseotidas  usque  paludes,  ' 

Nemo  est  qui  justo  se  tequiparare  queat."  '^ 

Lipsius  saith  of  himself,  that  he  was  ''^humani  generis  quidem  pcedagogus  voce  et  stylo, 
a  grand  signior,  a  master,  a  tutor  of  us  all,  and  foi  thirteen  years  he  brags  how  he 
sowed  wisdom  in  the  Low  Countries,  as  Ammonius  the  philosopher  sometimes  did 
in  Alexandria,  '^cum  humanitate  literas  et  sapicntiam  cum  prudentia  :  antistes  sapicn- 
iice,  he  shall  be  Sapientum  Octavus.  The  Pope  is  more  than  a  man,  as  ^°his  parats 
often  make  him,  a  demi-god,  and  besides  his  holiness  cannot  err,  in  Cathedra  belike : 
and  yet  some  of  them  have  been  magicians.  Heretics,  Atheists,  children,  and  as  Pla- 
tina  saith  of  John  22,  Et  si  vir  literatus,  multa  stoliditatem  et  Icevitatem  prce  se 
ferrnlia  egit,  stolidiet  socordis  vir  ingenii,  a  scholar  sufficient,  yet  many  things  he 
did  foolishly,  lightly.  I  can  say  no  more  than  in  particular,  but  in  general  terms  to 
the  rest,  they  are  all  mad,  their  wits  are  evaporated,  and,  as  Ariosto  feigns,  1.  34,  kept 
in  jars  above  the  moon. 

"Some  lose  their  wits  with  love,  some  with  ambition. 
Some  following  ei  Lords  and  men  of  high  condition. 
Some  in  fair  jewels  rich  and  costly  set, 
Others  in  Poetry  their  wits  forget. 
Another  thinks  to  be  an  Alchemist, 
Till  all  be  spent,  and  that  his  number's  mist." 

Convicted  fools  they  are,  madmen  upon  record  ;  and  I  am  afraid  past  cure  many  of 
them,  "  crepunt  inguina,  the  symptoms  are  manifest,  they  are  all  of  Gotam  parish : 

M"Quum  furor  haud  dubius,  quum  sit  manifesta  phrenesis," 
Since  madness  is  indisputable,  since  frenzy  is  obvious. 

what  remains  then  "but  to  send  for  Lorarios,  those  officers  to  carry  them  all  together 
for  company  to  Bedlam,  and  set  Rabelais  to  be  their  physician. 

If  any  man  shall  ask  in  the  meantime,  who  I  am  that  so  boldly  censure  others, 


^Extortus  non  cruciatur,  ambustus  non  iKditur, 
prostratus  in  lucta,  non  vincitur  ;  non  fit  captivus  ab 
lioste  venundatus.  Et  si  ruf^osus,  senex  edenluius, 
luscus,  deformis,  formosus  tamen,  et  deo  similis,  felix, 
dives,  re.v  nullius  egens,  et  si  denario  non  sit  dignus. 
^  Ilium  contendunt  non  injuria  affici,  non  insania,  non 
inebriari,  quia  virtus  non  eripilu"  i^  constantes  coni- 
prehensiones.  Lips.  phys.  Stoic,  lib.  3.  diffi.  IS. 
oJTarreus  Hebus  epig.  102.  1.  8.  'oHor.  ■"  Fra- 
tres  sanct.    RosetE  crucis.  "An  sint,  quales  sint, 

unde   nomen   illud  asciverint.  '^Turri   Babel. 

1*  Omnium  artium  et  scientiarum  instaurator.       '"  Oi- 


vinus  ille  vir  auctor  notarum.  in  epist.  Rog.  Bacon, 
ed.    Hambur.    1608.  '^  gapientise    desponsati, 

"  "  From  the  Rising  Sun  to  the  MsBotid  Lake,  there 
was  not  one  that  could  fairly  be  put  in  comparison 
with  them."  "^  Solus  hie  est  sapiens  alii  volitant 

velut   umbriB.  ""In   ep.   ad   Balthas.  Moretum. 

*jRejectiuncul£B  ad  Patavum.  Felinus  cum  reliquis. 
*'  Magnum  virum  sequi  est  sapere,  some  think ;  others 
desipere.  Catul.  f- Plant.  Menec.  sain  Sat.  14. 
■^^Or  to  send  for  a  cook  to  the  .\nticyrcB  to  make  Hel- 
lebore pottage,  settle-brain  pottage. 


76  Democritus  to  the  Reader. 

tu  nullane  hales  vitia?  have  I  no  faults  ?  *'Tes,  more  than  thou  nast,  whatsoever 
thou  art.    JVos  numerus  sumus,  I  confess  it  again,  I  am  as  foolish,  as  mad  as  any  one. 

"»  "  Insanus  vobis  videor,  r.on  deprecor  ipse. 
Quo  minus  insanus," — 

I  do  not  deny  it,  demens  de  populo  dematur.  My  comfort  is,  I  have  more  fellows, 
and  tnose  of  excellent  note.  And  though  I  be  not  so  right  or  so  discreet  as  I  should 
be,  yet  not  so  mad,  so  bad  neither,  as  thou  perhaps  takest  me  to  be. 

To  conclude,  this  being  granted,  that  all  the  world  is  melancholy,  or  mad,  doals, 
and  every  member  of  it,  I  have  ended  my  task,  and  sufficiently  illustrated  that  which 
I  took  upon  me  to  demonstrate  at  first.  At  this  present  I  have  no  more  to  say ;  His 
sanam  mentem  Democritus,  I  can  but  wish  myself  and  them  a  good  physician,  and 
all  of  us  a  better  mind. 

And  although  for  the  abovenamed  reasons,  I  had  a  just  cause  to  undertake  this 
subject,  to  point  at  these  particular  species  of  dotage,  that  so  men  might  ackaow- 
ledge  their  imperfections,  and  seek  to  reform  what  is  amiss ;  yet  I  have  a  moie 
serious  intent  at  this  tune^  and  to  omit  all  impertinent  digressions,  to  say  no  more  of 
such  as  are  improperly  melancholy,  or  metaphorically  mad,  lightly  mad,  or  in  dispo- 
sition, as  stupid,  angry,  drunken,  silly,  sottish,  sullen,  proud,  vain-glorious,  ridicu- 
lous, beastly,  peevish,  obstinate,  impudent,  extravagant,  dry,  doating,  dull,  desperate, 
harebrain,  &,c.  mad,  frantic,  foolish,  heteroclites,  which  no  new  ^'hospital  can  liold, 
no  physic  help ;  my  purpose  and  endeavour  is,  in  the  following  discourse  to  anato- 
mize this  humour  of  mdancholy,  tlu'ough  all  its  parts  and  species,  as  it  is  an  habit, 
or  an  ordinary  disease,  and  that  philosophically,  medicinally,  to  sliow  the  causes, 
symptoms,  and  several  cures  of  it,  that  it  may  be  the  better  avoided.  Moved  tiiere- 
unto  for  the  generality  of  it,  and  to  do  good,  it  being  a  disease  so  frequent,  as 
^Mercurialis  observes,  "in  these  our  days;  so  often  happening,"  saitli  ^"Laurentius, 
"  in  our  miserable  times,"  as  few  there  are  that  feel  not  the  smart  of  it.  Of  the  same 
mind  is  ^Elian  Montalius,  **  Melancthon,  and  others  ;  *'Julius  Caesar  Claudinus  calls  it 
the  "  fountain  of  all  other  diseases,  and  so  common  in  this  crazed  age  of  ours,  that 
scarce  one  of  a  tliousand  is  free  from  it;"  and  that  splenetic  hypochondriacal  wind 
especially,  which  proceeds  from  the  spleen  and  short  ribs.  Bting  then  a  disease  so 
grievous,  so  common,  I  know  not  wherein  to  do  a  more  general  service,  and  spend  my 
time  better,  than  to  prescribe  means  how  to  prevent  and  cure  so  universal  a  malady, 
an  epidemical  disease,  that  so  often,  so  much  crucifies  the  body  and  mind. 

If  I  have  overshot  myself  in  this  which  hath  been  hitherto  said,  or  tliat  it  is,  which 
I  am  sure  some  will  object,  too  fantastical,  "  too  light  and  comical  for  a  Divine, 
too  satirical  for  one  of  my  profession,  I  will  presume  to  answer  with  ^^  Erasmus,  in 
like  case,  'tis  not  I,  but  Democritus,  Democritus  dixit :  you  must  consider  what  it 
is  to  speak  in  one's  own  or  another's  person,  an  assumed  habit  and  name;  a  differ- 
ence betwixt  him  that  affects  or  acts  a  prince's,  a  philosopher's,  a  magistrate's,  a 
fool's  part,  and  him  that  is  so  indeed  ;  and  what  liberty  those  old  satirists  have  had ; 
it  is  a  cento  collected  from  others ;  not  I,  but  they  that  say  it. 

^  "  Dixero  si  quid  fortfi  jocosiui,  hoc  mihi  juris       I  Yet  some  indulgence  1  may  justly  claim, 

Cum  venid  dabis" 1  If  too  familiar  with  another's  fame. 

Take  heed  you  mistake  me  not.  If  I  do  a  little  forget  myself,  1  hope  you  will  par- 
don it.   And  to  say  truth,  why  should  any  man  be  olJtjnded,  or  take  exceptions  at  it  ? 

"Licuit,  semperque  licebit,  I  It  lawful  was  of  old,  and  still  will  be, 

Parcere  personis,  dicere  de  vitiis."  |  To  speak  of  vice,  but  let  tlie  name  go  free. 

I  hate  their  vices,  not  their  persons.  If  any  be  displeased,  or  take  aught  unto  him- 
self, let  him  not  expostulate  or  cavil  with  him  that  said  it  (so  did  ^  Erasmus  excuse 
himself  to  Dorpius,  si  parva  licet  componcre  magnis)  and  so  do  I ;  "  but  let  him 
be  angry  with  himself,  that  so  betrayed  and  opened  his  own  faults  in  applying  it 
to  himself:  ^if  he  be  guilty  and  deserve  it,  let  him  amend,  whoever  he  is,  and  not 

MAUquantulum  tamen  inde  me  solabor,  quod  un4     borum  occasio  existat.  «Mor.  Encom  si  quia  ca- 

cum  multis  et  sapientibus  et  celeberrirais  viris  ipse  lumnietur  levius  esse  quam  decet  Theoloeum,  aul 
insipiens  sim,  quod  se   Menippus  I.uciani  in  Necyo-  i  mordaciusquam  deceat  Christianum.  "^Hor.  Sat. 

mantia.  i-c  Petronius  in   Catalect.  "That  I     4.1.1.  "<  Epi.  ad  Dorpium  de  Moria.  si  quispiam 

mean  of  Andr.  Vale.  Apolog.  Manip.  1.  1  et  26.  Apol.  ]  offendatur  et  sibi  vindicet,  non  habet  quod  expostulet 
*  HsBC  affectio  nostris  temporibus  frequentissima.  cum  eo  qui  scripsit,  ipse  si  volet,  eecuni  agat  injuriain, 
**  Cap^^.  ^^J^^  i«Deanima.  Nostro  hoc  saeculo  utpote  sui  proditor.qui  derlaravit  hoc  ad  se  propne 
■  ■~^'  |imus.  "'Consult.   98.   adeo  |  pertinere.  »»Si  quia  se  Isesum  claraabit,  aut  con- 

jienter  ingruit  ut  imllus  fere  ;  scientiam  prodit  suam,  aut  eerie  metum,  Pbedx  lib 
iui  ot  OUBUIID  fere  mor'^A  Maop.  Fab. 


ot  onuuuiD  1 


Democritus  to  tJie  Reader.  77 

be  angry.  "  He  that  hateth  correction  is  a  fool,"  Prov.  xii.  1  If  he  be  not  guilty, 
it  concerns  him  not ;  it  is  not  my  freeness  of  speech,  but  a  guilty  conscience,  a 
galled  back  of  his  own  that  makes  him  wince. 

"  Suspicione  si  quis  errrabit  s)ii, 
Et  rapiet  ad  se,  quod  erit  commune  omnium, 
Stult6  nudabit  animi  conscientiam."*' 

I  deny  not  this  which  I  have  said  savours  a  litde  of  Democritus  ;  ^  Quamvis  rider^ 
tern  dicere  venim  quid  vetat ;  one  may  speak  in  jest,  and  yet  speak  truth.  It  is 
somewhat  tart,  I  grant  it;  acriora  orexim  excitant  embammata,  as  he  said,  sharp 
sauces  increase  appetite,  ^nec  cihus  ipse  juvat  morsu  fraudatus  aceti.  Object  then 
and  cavil  what  thou  wilt,  I  ward  all  with  ^Democritus's  buckler,  his  medicine  shall 
salve  it ;  strike  where  thou  wilt,  and  when  :  Democritus  dixit,  Democritus  will 
answer  it.  It  was  Avritten  by  an  idle  fellow,  at  idle  times,  about  our  Saturnalian  or 
Dyonisian  feasts,  when  as  he  said,  nullum  Ubertati  periculum  est,  servants  in  old 
Home  had  liberty  to  say  and  do  what  them  list.  When  our  countrymen  sacrificed 
to  their  goddess  '°°Vacuna,  and  sat  tippling  by  their  Vacunal  fires.  I  writ  this,  and 
published  this  ovtij  txtyiv,  it  is  neminis  nihil.  The  time,  place,  persons,  and  all 
circumstances  apologise  for  me,  and  why  may  not  I  then  be  idle  with  others  ?  speak 
my  mind  freely  ?  If  you  deny  me  this  liberty,  upon  these  presumptions  I  will  take 
it :  I  say  again,  I  will  take  it. 

1  "Si  quis  est  qui  dictum  in  se  inclementius 
Existimavit  esse,  sic  existimet." 

If  any  man  take  exceptions,  let  him  turn  the  buckle  of  his  girdle,  I  care  not.     I  owe 
thee  nothing  (Reader),  I  look  for  no  favour  at  thy  hands,  I  am  independent,  I  fear  not 
No,  I  recant,  I  will  not,  I  care,  I  fear,  I  confess  my  fault,  acknowledge  a  great 
offence, 

•• mctos  praestat  componere  fluctus."  |         let's  first  assuage  the  troubled  waves 

I  have  overshot  myself,  I  have  spoken  foolishly,  rashly,  unadvisedly,  absurdly.  I  have 
anatomized  mine  own  folly.  And  now  methinks  upon  a  sudden  I  am  awaked  as  it 
were  out  of  a  dream ;  I  have  had  a  raving  fit,  a  fantastical  fit,  ranged  up  and  down, 
in  and  out,  I  have  insulted  over  the  most  kind  of  men,  abused  some,  offended  others, 
wronged  myself;  and  now  being  recovered,  and  perceiving  mine  error,  cry  with 
^Orlando,  Solvite  7«e,  pardon  (o  boni)  that  which  is  past,  and  I  will  make  you  amends 
in  that  which  is  to  come  ;  I  promise  you  a  more  sober  discourse  in  my  following 
treatise. 

If  through  weakness,  folly,  passion,  'discontent,  ignorance,  I  have  said  amiss,  let 
it  be  forgotten  and  forgiven.  I  acknowledge  that  of  ''Tacitus  to  be  true,  Jlsperce 
facetice  ubi  nimis  ex  vero  traxere,  acrem  sui  memoriam  relinquunt,  a  bitter  jest  leaves 
a  sting  behind  it :  and  as  an  honourable  man  observes, '"  They  fear  a  satirist's  wit, 
he  their  memories."  I  may  justly  suspect  the  worst ;  and  though  I  hope  I  have 
wronged  no  man,  yet  in  Medea's  words  I  will  crave  pardon, 


"Illud  jam  voce  extrema  peto, 

Ne  si  qua  noster  dubius  effudit  dolor, 
Maneant  in  animo  verba,  sed  melior  tibi 
Memoria  nostri   subeat,  hsec  irs  data 
Obliterentur " 


And  in  my  last  words  this  I  do  desire. 
That  what  in  passion  I  have  said,  or  ire. 
May  be  forgotten,  and  a  better  mind 
Be  had  of  us,  hereafter  as  you  find. 


1  earnestly  request  every  private  man,  as  Scaliger  did  Cardan,  not  to  take  offence. 
I  will  conclude  in  his  lines,  -Si  me  cognitum  haberes,  non  solum  donares  nobis  has 
facetias  nostras,  sed  etiam  indignum  duceres,  tarn  humanum  aninum,  lene  ingenium, 
vel  minimam  suspicionem  deprecari  oportere.  If  thou  knewest  my  *  modesty  and 
simplicity,  thou  wouldst  easily  pardon  and  forgive  what  is  here  amiss,  or  by  thee 
misconceived.  If  hereafter  anatomizing  this  surly  humour,  my  hand  slip,  as  an 
unskilful  'prentice  I  lance  too  deep,  and  cut  through  skin  and  all  at  unawares,  make 
it  smart,  or  cut  awry,  ''pardon  a  rude  hand,  an  unskilful  knife,  'tis  a  most  dif- 

^Ifanyone  shall  err  through  his  own  suspicion,    Rosinus.  >  Ter.  prol.  Eunuch.  a  Ariost.  I.  39. 

and  shall  apply  to   himself  what   is  common   to  all,    Staf.  58.  3  Ut  enim  ex  sludiis  gaudium  sic  studia 

he  will  foolishly  betray  a  consciousness  of  guilt.  '  ex  hilaritate  proveniunt.  Plinius  Maximo  suo,  ep. 
"Hor.  8' Mart.  1.  7.  22.  w  Ut   lubet   feriat,  I  lib.  8.  <  Annal.  15.  ^  Sir  Francis  Bacon  Jn 

abstergant  hos  ictus  Democriti  pharmacos.         '""Rus-    his   Essays,   now   Viscount   St.  Albans.  «  Quod 

ticorum  dea  preesse  vacantibus  et  otiosis  putabatur,  I  Probus  Persii /i/e^eajoc  virginal!  verecundi^  Persium 
cui  post  lahores  agricola  sacrificabat.     Plin.  I.  3.  c.  12.  ,  fuisse  dicit,  ego,  &.c.  '  Qiias  aut   incuria  fudiU 

Ovid.  I.  6.  Fast.    Jam  quoque  cum  fiunt  antiquae  sacra  j  aut  bumana  parum  cavit  natura.     llut^^^ 
Vacunse,  ante  Vacunales  stantque  sedentque  focos.  |  ^^^ 


78 


Democritus  to  the  Reader. 


ficult  thing  to  keep  an  even  tone,  a  perpetual  tenor,  and  not  sometimes  to  lash  out ; 
diffic'.le  est  Safyram  non  scrihere,  there  be  so  many  objects  to  divert,  inward  pertur- 
bations to  molest,  and  the  very  best  may  sometimes  err ;  aliqua\do  bonus  dormitat 
Homcrus  (some  times  that  excellent  Homer  takes  a  nap),  it  is  impossible  not  in  so 

much  to  overshoot ; opere  in  longo  fas  est  ohrepere  sumnum.     But  what  needs 

all  this  ?  I  hope  there  will  no  such  cause  of  offence  be  given  ;  if  there  be,  ^J\''emo 
aliquid  recognoscat^  nos  mentimur  omnia.  I'll  deny  all  (my  last  refuge),  recant  all, 
renounce  all  I  have  said,  if  any  man  except,  and  with  as  much  facility  excuse,  as  he 
can  accuse ;  but  I  presume  of  thy  good  favour,  and  gracious  acceptance  (gentle  rea- 
der).    Out  of  an  assured  hope  and  confidence  thereof,  I  will  begin. 

'  Prol.  quer.  Plaut.    "  Let  not  any  one  take  these  things  to  himself,  they  are  all  but  fictions." 


(79) 


LECTORI  MALE  FERIATO. 


Tt-  vero  cavesis  edico  quisquis  es,  ne  temere  sugilles  Auctorem  hujusce  operis,  aut 
cavillator  irrideas,  Imo  ne  vel  ex  aliorum  censura  lacite  obloquaris  (vis  dicam  ver- 
bo)  nequid  nasutiilus  inepte  improbes,  aut  falso  fingas.  Nam  si  talis  revera  sit,  qua- 
lera  prae  se  fert  Junior  Democritus,  seniori  Democrito  saltern  affinis,  aut  ejus  Genium 
vel  tantillum  sapiat;  actum  de  te,  censorem  Beque  ac  delatorem  'aget  econtra  {petu- 
lanti  splene  cum  sit)  sufflabit  te  in  jocos,  comminuet  in  sales, addo  emim  ct  deo  nsui 
te  sacrificabit. 

Iterum  moneo,  ne  quid  caviUere,  ne  dum  Democritum  Juniorem  conviciis  infames, 

ut  ignominfose  vituperes,  de  te  non  male  sentientem,  tu  idem  audias  ab  amico  cor- 

dato,  quod  olim  vulgus  Mderitamim  ab  '^Hippocrate,  concivem  bene  meritum  et  po- 

pularem  suum  Democritum,  pro  insano  habens.     JVe  iu  Democrite  sapis,  stuUi  autem 

et  insani  Abderitce. 

3  "  Abderitanffi  pectora  plebis  habes." 

Haec  te  paucis  admonitum  volo  (male  feriate  Lector)  abi. 


TO  THE  READER  AT  LEISURE. 

Whoever  you  may  be,  I  caution  you  against  rashly  defaming  the  author  of  this 
work,  or  cavilling  in  jest  against  him.  Nay,  do  not  silently  reproach  him  in  con- 
sequence of  others'  censure,  nor  employ  your  wit  in  foolish  disapproval,  or  false 
accusation.  For,  should  Democritus  Junior  prove  to  be  what  he  professes,  even  a 
kinsman  of  his  elder  namesake,  or  be  ever  so  little  of  the  same  kidney,  it  is  all  over 
with  you  :  he  will  become  both  accuser  and  judge  of  you  in  your  spleen,  will  dissi- 
pate you  in  jests,  pulverise  you  into  salt,  and  sacrifice  you,  I  can  promise  you,  to 
the  God  of  Mirth. 

I  further  advise  you,  not  to  asperse,  or  calumniate,  or  slander,  Democritus  Junior, 
who  possibly  does  not  think  ill  of  you,  lest  you  may  hear  from  some  discreet  friend, 
the  same  remark  the  people  of  Abdera  did  from  Hippocrates,  of  their  meritorious  and 
popular  fellow-citizen,  whom  they  had  looked  on  as  a  madman ;  "  It  is  not  that  you, 
Democritus,  that  art  wise,  but  that  the  people  of  Abdera  are  fools  and  madmen."' 
"You  have  yourself  an  Abderitian  soul;"  and  having  just  given  you,  gentle  reader, 
these  few  words  of  admoniti«n,  farewell. 


I  Si  me  commOrit,  melius  non  tangere  clamo.  Hor. 
3  Hippoc.  epist.  Damageto,  accercitus  sum  ut  Demo- 
critum tanquam  insanuni  curarem,  sed  postquam  con- 
veni,  non  per  Jovem  desipieniiae  negotium,  sed  rerum 


omnium  receptaculum  deprehendi,  ejusque  ingeniura 
demiratus  sum.  Abderitanos  vero  tanquam  nonsano* 
accusavi,  veratri  potione  ipsos  polius  eguisse  dicens. 
3  Mart. 


(80) 


Heraclite  fleas,  misero  sic  convemt  aevo, 

Nil  nisi  turpe  vides,  nil  nisi  triste  vides. 
Ride  etiam,  quanturaque  lubet,  Democrite  ride 

Non  nisi  vana  vides,  non  nisi  stulta  vides. 
Is  fletu,  his  risu  modo  gaudeat,  unus  utrique 

Sit  licet  usque  labor,  sit  licet  usque  dolor. 
Nunc  opes  est  (nam  totus  eheu  jam  desipit  orbis) 

Mille  Heraclitis,  milleque  Democritis. 
Nunc  opus  est  (tanta  est  insania)  transeat  omnis 

Mundus  in  Auticyras,  gramen  in  Helleborum. 


Weep,  O  Heraclitus,  it  suits  the  age, 

Unless  you  see  nothing  base,  nothing  sad. 
Laugh,  O  Democritus,  as  much  as  you  please. 

Unless  you  see  nothing  either  vain  or  foolish. 
Let  one  rejoice  in  smiles,  the  other  in  tears ; 

Let  the  same  labour  or  pain  be  the  office  of  both. 
Now  (for  alas !  how  foolish  the  world  has  become), 

A  thousand  Heraclitus',  a  thousand  Democritus*  are  required. 
Now  (so  much  does  madness  prevail),  all  the  world  must  be 

Sent  to  Anticyra,  to  graze  on  Hellebore. 


(n  \ 


THE 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  FIRST  PARTITION. 


In  diseases, 
consider 
Sect.  1. 
Memb  I. 


fTlieir 
Causes. 
Subs.  1. 


Or 


Definition, 
Member, 
Division. 
Subs.  2. 


I 


{Impulsive  ;         <  Sin,  concupiscence,  &c. 
Instrumental ;     i  Intemperance,  all  second  causes,  <Scc. 


Of  the  body 


{Epidemical,  as  Plague,  Plica,  &c. 
Particular,  as  Gout,  Dropsy,  &c. 
Indisposition;  as  all  perturbations,  evil  affec 
tion,  &c. 


Or 


Of  the  head 
or  mind. 
Subs.  3. 


Or 


Habits,  as 
Subs.  4. 


f  Dotage 

Frenzy. 

Madness. 

Ecstasy. 

Lycanthropia. 
1  Chorus  sancti  Viti. 

Hydrophobia. 

Possession   or  obsession    c* 
Devils. 

Melancholy.     See  °f. 


'  Its  Equivocations,  in  Disposition,  Improper,  &c.     Subsect.  5. 


CM 

Melancholy: 
in  which 
toQsider 


Memb.  3. 
To  its  ex- 
plication, a 
digression 
of  anatomy,  ^ 
in  which 
observe 
parts  of 
Subs.  1. 


fBody 
hath 
parts 
Subs.  2. 


contained  as 


or 


containing 


Humours,  4.     Blood,  Phlegm,  &c. 
Spirits ;  vital,  natural,  animal. 

f Similar;  spermatical,  or  flesh, 

I      bones,  nerves,  &c.    Subs.  3. 
Dissimilar ;    brain,    heart,    Uver,    Sec. 
.      Subs.  4. 


r  Vegetal.     Subs.  6. 
.  Soul  and  its  faculties,  as  <  Sensible.     Subs.  6,  7,  8. 

[Rational.     Subsect.  9,  10,  11. 
Memb.  3. 

Its  definition,  name,  difference.  Subs.  1. 
The  part  and  parties  affected,  affection,  &c.  Subs.  2. 
The  matter  of  melancholy,  natural,  &c.  Subs.  4. 


Species,  or 
kinds, 
which  are 


Proper  to 
parts,  as 

Or 

Indefinite ; 
tition. 


r  Of  the  head  alone.  Hypo-  r  with    their    several 
J  chondriacal,  or  windy  me-  J  causes,   symptoms, 
I  lancholy.      Of   the    whole  j  prognostics,  cures 
I  body.  ( 


as   Love-melancholy,   the   subject   of  the   third    Par- 


11 


Its  Causes  in  general.     Sect.  2.  A. 

Its  Symptoms  or  signs.     Sect.  3.  B. 

Its  Prognostics  or  indications.     Sect.  4.  4. 

Its  Cures  ;  the  subject  of  the  second  Partitioo. 


82 


Super- 
natural, 


Synopsis  of  the  First  Partition. 

fAs  from  Gcd  immediately,  or  by  second  causes.     Subs.  I. 

J  Or  from  the  devil  immediately,  with  a  digression  of  the  nature 


I      of  spirits  and  devils.     Subs.  2. 
l^  Or  mediately,  by  magicians,  witches. 


Subs.  3. 


'Primary,  as  stars,  proved    by  aphorisms,  signs   from   physio- 
gnomy, metoposcopy,  chiromancy.     Subs.  4. 


A. 

Sect.  2. 
Causes  of 
Melancholy 
are  either 


O 


Or 


rCongenite, 
I  inward 
I  from 


Natural 


Or 


Or 


Outward 
or  adven- 
titious, 
which  are 


Old  age,  temperament,  Subs.  5. 
Parents,    it    being    an    hereditary    disease, 
I      Sub.  6 

Necessary,  see  l5. 

f  Nurses,  Subs.  1. 
Education,  Subs.  2. 
Terrors,  affrights, 
&5         Subs.  3. 
Evident,  ,^     Scoffs,  calumnies,  bitter 

outward,         ■(  >»^         jests,  Subs.  4. 
remote,  ad-        ^  J  Loss   of   liberty,    servi- 
ventitious,  '^   |      tude,    imprisonment. 

Subs.  .5. 
Poverty  and  want, 

Subs.  6. 
A  heap  of  other  acci- 
dents, death  of  friends, 
Or  '■'^  L      ''^*^'  ^*^"  '^"^*'  "J^" 

In  which  the  body  works 
on  the  mind,  and    this 
malady    is    caused    by 
Contingent,  precedent  diseases  ;    as 

inward,  an-  agues,     pox,     &c..    cr 

tecedent,  temperature    innate, 

nearest.  1      Subs.  1. 

Memb.  5.  Or  by  particular  parts  dis- 

Secl.  2.  tempered,  as  brain,  heart, 

spleen,  liver,  mesentery, 
pylorus,  stomach,  &c. 
Subs.  2. 


Particular  to  the  three  species.     See  EI. 


Inward 


Of  head 
Melancholy 
are  Subs.  3. 


Outward 


n 

Particular 
causes. 
Sect.  2. 
itemb.  5. 

Of  hypo-         [Inward 

chondriacal, 

or  windy                     or 

melancholy 

are,                   j^  Outward 

. 

r  Inward 
Over  all  the  J           or 
body  are,          | 
,  Subs.  5.           I  Outward 

Innate  humour,  or  from  distemperature  adust. 

.\  hot  brain,  corrupted  blood  in  the  brain. 
\  Excess  of  venery,  or  defect. 
I  Agues,  or  some  precedent  disease. 
[  Fumes  arising  from  the  stomach,  dec. 

Heat  of  the  sun  immoderate. 

A  blow  on  the  head. 

Overmuch  use  of  hot  wines,  spices,  gariick,  onions, 

hot  baths,  overmuch  waking,  &c. 
Idleness,  solitariness,  or  overmuch  study,  vehement 

labour,  &c. 
[  Passions,  perturbations,  &c. 

(Default  of  spleen,  belly,  bowels,  stomaco,  mesentery 
miseraic  veins,  liver,  «&c. 
Months  or  hemorrhoids  stopped,  or  any  other  ordi- 
I      nary  evacuation. 
Those  six  non-natural  things  abused. 

{Liver  distempered,  stopped,  over-hot,  apt  to  engender 
melancholy,  temperature  innate. 
fBad  diet,  suppression  of  hemorrhoids,  6cc.  and  sach 
<      evacuations,  passions,  cares,  dec  those  six  Doo- 
«     natural  things  abased. 


Synopsis  of  the  First  Partition. 


83 


b 

Neces- 
sary 
causes, 
as 

those 
six 
non- 
nataraJ 
things, 
which 
are, 
Sect.  2 
Memb. 
2. 


Diet 
offend- 
ing in 
Subs.  3 


Sub- 
stance 


r  Bread  ;  coarse  and  black,  &c. 
Drink ;  thick,  thin,  sour,  &c. 
Water  unclean,  milk,  oil,  vinegar,  wine,  spices,  &c. 

r  Parts ;  heads,  feet,  entrails,  fat,  bacon,  blood,  &c. 

Flesh      -i  ,,.    ,       fBeef,  pork,  venison,  hares,  goats,  pigeons,  pea- 
1  Kinds    '  T  .     .    . 


Quali- 
ty, as  in 

Quan- 
Uity 


Herbs, 
Fish, 

l&c. 


i      cocks,  fen-fowl,  &c. 
Of  fish  ;  all  shell-fish,  hard  and  slimy  fish,  &c. 
Of  herbs  ;   pulse,  cabbage,  melons,  garlick,  onions,  &c. 
All  roots,  raw  fruits,  hard  and  windy  meats. 
Preparing,  dressing,  sharp  sauces,  salt  meats,  indurate,  soused,  fried, 
broiled,  or  made-dishes,  &c. 
fDisorder  in  eating,  immoderate  eating,  or  at  unseasonable  times,  &c. 
\      Subs.  2. 
[Custom;  delight,  appetite,  altered,  &c.     Subs.  3. 

Retention  and  eva- fCostiveness,  hot  baths,  sweating,  issues  stopped,  Venus  in  excess,  or 
cuation.  Subs.  4.  \      in  defect,  phlebotomy,  purging,  &c. 
Air ;  hot,  cold,  tempestuous,  dark,  thick,  foggy,  moorish,  &c.     Subs.  5. 
Exercise,! Unseasonable,  excessive,  or  defective,  of  body  or  mind,  solitariness,  idleness. 
Sub.  6.  1     a  life  out  of  action,  &c. 
Sleep  and  waking,  unseasonable,  inordinate,  overmuch,  overlittle,  &c.     Subs.  7. 

r  Sorrow,   cause   and    symptom,   Subs.  4.      Fear,    cause 

and   symptom.   Subs.  5.      Shame,   repulse,  disgrace, 

I      &c.  Subs.  6.     Envy  and  malice.  Subs.  1.     Emula- 

\      tion,  hatred,  faction,  desire  of  revenge,  Subs.  8.  Anger 

a  cause.  Subs.  9.     Discontents,   cares,   miseries,  &c. 

Subs.  10. 


Memh.  3.  Sect.  2. 

Passions  and 

perturbations  of 

the  mind, 

Subs.  2,     With 

a  digression  of 

the  force  of 

imagination. 

Subs.  2.  and  divi- 
I  sion  of  passions 
I  into  Subs.  3. 


Irascible 


concupis- 
cible. 


B. 

Symp- 
toms 
of  me- 
lancho- 
ly are 
either 
Sect.  3. 


to   all 
most. 


Vehement  desires,  ambition.  Subs.  11.  Covetousness, 
^tJuxpyvpi'ar,  Subs.  12.  Love  of  pleasures,  gaming  in 
excess,  &c.  Su6s.  13,  Desire  of  praise,  pride,  vain- 
glory, &c.  Subs.  14.  Love  of  learning,  study  in  . 
excess,  with  a  digression,  of  the  misery  of  scholars, 
and  why  the  Muses  are  melancholy.  Subs.  15. 

fBody,  as  ill  digestion,  crudity,  wind,  dry  brains,  hard  belly,  thick  blood,  much 
waking,  heaviness,  and  palpitation  of  heart,  leaping  in  many  places,  &c.,  Subs.  1. 
rCommon     fFear  and  sorrow  without  a  just  cause,  suspicion,  jealousy,  discon- 
tent,   solitariness,    irksomeness,    continual    cogitations,    restless 
thoughts,  vain  imaginations,  &c.     Subs.  2. 
r  Celestial  influences,  as  h  '4  d",  «&c.  parts  of  the  body,  heart,  brain, 
liver,  spleen,  stomach,  &c. 

f  Sanguine  are  merry  still,  laughing,  pleasant,  meditating 
on  plays,  women,  music,  &c. 
Phlegmatic,  slothful,  dull,  heavy,  &c. 
Choleric,    furious,    impatient,    subject    to   hear    and    see 

strange  apparitions,  &c. 
Black,    solitary,    sad;   they  think   they   are    bewitched, 
dead,  &c. 
Or  mixed  of  these  four   humours  adust,  or  not  adust,  infinitely 
varied. 
<  Their  several   f  Ambitious,  thinks    himself    a    king,    a    lord  ;    co- 


Or, 


^S 


Particu- 
lar to 
private 
persons, 

]  according 
to  Subs. 

\  3.  4. 


Hu- 
mours 


vetous,  runs  on  his  money;    lascivious   on    his 
\        mistress;  rehgious,  hath  revelations,  visions,  is 
a  prophet,  or  troubled  in  mind  ;  a  scholar  on  his 
l^       book,  &c. 

[  Pleasant  at  first,  hardly  discerned;  afterwards  harsh 
and  intolerable,  if  inveterate. 

,     (I.  Falsa  co^italio. 
J  Hence  some  make    ^    Cogitata  loqui. 

three  degrees,      [^_  Exequi  loquutum. 
I   By  fits,  or  continuate,  as  the  object  varies,  pleasing, 
L       or  displeasing. 

Simple,  or  as  it  is  mixed  with  other  diseases,  apoplexies,  gout,  caninut  appeiitus,  &c.  so 
the  symptoms  are  various. 


customs,  con- 
ditions, incli- 
nations, dis- 
cipline, &c. 

Continu- 
ance of  time 
as  the  hu- 
mour  is  in- 
tended or  re- 
mitted, &c. 


.  *     AA^ 


84 


Synopsis  of  the  First  Partition. 


Particular 
symptoms  to 
tLe  three  dis- 
tinct species. 
Sect.  3. 
Memb.  2. 


Head  me- 
lancholy. 
Subs.  1. 


Hypo- 
chondria- 
cal, or 
windy 
melan- 
choly. 
Subs.  2. 


Over  all 
the  body. 
Suh8.  3. 


In  body 


Or 


In  mind. 


In  body 

Or 
In  mind. 

In  body 

Or 
In  mind. 


iHeadach,  bindings  and  heaviness,  vertigo,  lightness, 
singing  of  the  ears,  much  waking,  fixed  eyes, 
high  colour,  red  eyes,  hard  belly,  dry  body  ;  no 
great  sign  of  melancholy  in  the  other  parts. 

{Continual  fear,  sorrow,  suspicion,  discontent,  super- 
fluous cares,  solicitude,  anxiety,  perpetual  cogita- 
tion of  such  toys  they  are  possessed  with,  thoughts 
like  dreams,  &c. 

Wind,  rumbling  in  the  guts,  belly-ach,  heat  in 
the  bowels,  convulsions,  crudities,  short  wind, 
sour  and  sharp  belchings,  cold  sweat,  pain  in 
the  left  side,  suffocation,  palpitation,  heaviness  of 
the  heart,  singing  in  the  ears,  mucli  spittle,  and 
(^      moist,  &c. 

(Fearful,  sad,  suspicious,  discontent,  anxiety.  &c. 
Lascivious  by  reason  of  much  wind,  troublesome 
dreams,  affected  by  fits,  &c. 

( Black,  most  part  lean,  broad  veins,  gross,  thick  blood, 
1      their  hemorrhoids  commonly  stopped,  <Src. 

{Fearful,  sad,  solitary,  hale  light,  averse  from  com- 
pany, fearful  dreams,  &c. 


Symptoms  of  nuns,  maiils,  and  widows  melancholy,  in  body  and  mind,  <Src. 


A  reaton 
of  these 
symp- 
toms. 
Memb.  3. 


Why  they  are  so  fearful,  sad,  suspicious  without  a  cause,  why 
solitary,  why  melancholy  men  are  witty,  why  they  suppose  they 
hear  and  see  strange  voices,  visions,  apparitions. 

Why  they  prophesy,  and  speak  strange  languages;  whence  come« 
their  crudity,  rumbling,  convulsions,  cold  sweat,  heaviness  of 
heart,  palpitation,  cardiaca,  fearful  dreams,  much  waking,  pro- 
digious fantasies. 


C. 

Prognostics 
of  melancholy 

Sect.  4. 


Tending  to  good,  as 


I  Tending  to  evil,  as 


Morphew,  scabs,  itch,  breaking  out,  dec. 
Black  jaundice. 

If  the  hemorrhoids  voluntarily  open. 
If  varices  appear. 

Leanness,  dryness,  hollow-eyed,  &.c. 
Inveterate  melancholy  is  incurable, 
■i  If  cold,  it  degenerates  often  into  epilepsy,  apoplexy, 
dotage,  or  into  blindness. 
If  hot,  into  madness,  despair,  and  violent  death. 


The  grievousness  of  this  above  all  other  diseases. 
The  diseases  of  the  mind  are  more  grievous  than 

those  of  the  body. 
Corollaries  and  questions,  s  Whether  it  be  lawful,  in  this  case  of  melancholy,  for 

a  man  to  offer  violence  to  himself.     Neg. 
How  a  melancholy  or  mad  man  offering  violence  to 

himself,  is  to  be  censured. 


(85) 


THE  FIRST  PARTITION. 


THE  FIRST  SECTION,  MEMBER,  SUBSECTION. 


Mail's  Excellency,  Fall,  Miseries,  Infirmities;  The  causes  of  them. 

,,    ,    „      77         1     IX /TAN,  the  most  excellent  and  noble  creature  of  the  world, 

Man's  Excellency]  M  ,,  ^j^^  principal  and  mighty  work  of  God,  wonder  of 
Nature,"  as  Zoroaster  calls  him;  audacis  naturce  miraculum,  "the  'marvel  of  mar- 
vels," as  Plato ;  "  the  ^  abridgment  and  epitome  of  the  Avorld,"  as  Pliny ;  3Iicrocos- 
mus,  a  little  world,  a  model  of  the  world,  ^  sovereign  lord  of  the  earth,  viceroy  of  the 
world,  sole  commander  and  governor  of  all  the  creatures  in  it ;  to  whose  empire  they 
are  subject  in  particular,  and  yield  obedience;  far  surpassing  all  the  rest,  not  in  body 
only,  but  in  soul;  '^hiaginis  Imago,  ^created  to  God's  own  ^  image,  to  that  immortal 
and  incorporeal  substance,  with  all  the  faculties  and  powers  belonging  unto  it ;  was 
at  first  pure,  divine,  perfect,  happy, ''"  created  after  God  in  true  holiness  and  right- 
eousness ;"  Deo  congruens,  free  from  all  manner  of  infirmities,  and  put  in  Paradise, 
to  know  God,  to  praise  and  glorify  him,  to  do  his  will,  Ut  diis  consimilcs  parturiat 
decs  (as  an  old  poet  saith)  to  propagate  the  church. 

Man's  Fall  and  Misery]  But  this  most  noble  creature,  Heu  tristis,  et  lacliry- 
mosa  commutatio  (^one  exclaims)  O  pitiful  change!  is  fallen  from  that  he  was,  and 
forfeited  his  estate,  become  miser ahilis  homuncio,  a  cast-away,  a  caitifl",  one  of  the 
most  miserable  creatures  of  the  world,  if  he  be  considered  in  his  own  nature,  an 
unregenerate  man,  and  so  much  obscured  by  his  fall  that  (some  few  reliques  excepted  ) 
he  is  inferior  to  a  beast,  ^^  Man  in  honour  that  understandeth  not,  is  like  unto  beasts 
that  perish,"  so  David  esteems  him  :  a  monster  by  stupend  metamorphoses,  '°  a  fox, 
a  dog,  a  hog,  what  not  ?  Quantum  mutatus  ab  illo?  How  much  altered  from  that  he 
was ;  before  blessed  and  happy,  now  miserable  and  accursed  ;  "  "  He  must  eat  his  meat 
in  sorrow,"  subject  to  death  and  all  manner  of  infirmities,  all  kind  of  calamities. 

A  Bescrlption  of  Melancholy]  '^'•' Great  travad  is  created  for  all  men,  and  an 
heavy  yoke  on  the  sons  of  Adam,  from  the  day  that  they  go  out  of  their  motiier's 
womb,  unto  that  day  they  return  to  the  mother  of  all  tilings.  Namely,  their  thoughts, 
and  fear  of  their  hearts,  and  their  imagination  of  things  they  wait  for,  and  the  day 
of  death.  From  him  that  sitteth  in  the  glorious  throne,  to  him  that  sitteth  beneath 
in  the  earth  and  ashes ;  from  him  that  is  clothed  in  blue  silk  and  weareth  a  crown, 
to  him  that  is  clothed  in  simple  linen.  Wrath,  envy,  trouble,  and  unquietness,  and 
fear  of  death,  and  rigour,  and  strife,  and  such  things  come  to  both  man  and  beast, 
but  sevenfold  to  the  ungodly."  All  this  befalls  him  in  this  life,  and  peradventure 
eternal  misery  in  the  life  to  come. 

Impulsive  Cause  of  Man'' s  Misery  and  Infirmities]  The  impulsive  cause  of  these 
miseries  in  man,  this  privation  or  destruction  of  God's  image,  the  cause  of  death  and 

'Masnutn   miraculum.  -Mundi  epitome,   na- |  est  in  imagine  parva.  '  Eph.  iv.  24.  sPalan 

turse  deliciffi.  a  Finis  rerum  omnium,  cui  sublu-    terins.  "Psal.  xlix.  30.  loLascivil  superat 

naria  serviunt.   Scalisr.  e.xercit   365.  sec.  3.    Vales,  de  '  equum,  impudentiS.  canem,  a?tu  vulpem,  furore  leo- 
sacr.  Phil.  c.  5.  •<Ul  in  nunr..sniate  C-csaris  iniaso,  |  nem.  Chrys.  23.  Gen.  u Gen.  iii.  13-  "Ec- 

Bic  in  homine  Dei.  ^Gen.  1.  e Imago  mundi    clus.  iv.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  8 

in  corpore,  Dei  in  anima.    Exemplumque  dei  quisque  I 

H 


fid  Diseases  in  General.  [Part.  1.  Sect.  1. 

diseases,  of  all  temporal  and  eternal  punishments,  was  the  sin  of  our  first  parent 
Adam,  '^  in  eating  of  the  forbidden  fruit,  by  the  devil's  instigation  and  allurement. 
His  disobedience,  pride,  ambition,  intemperance,  mcredulity,  curiosity;  from  whence 
proceeded  original  sin,  and  that  general  corruption  of  mankind,  as  from  a  fountam 
flowed  all  bad  inclinations  and  actual  transgressions  which  cause  our  several  calami- 
ties inflicted  upon  us  for  our  sins.  And  this  belike  is  that  which  our  fabulous  poets 
have  shadowed  unto  us  in  the  tale  of  '^  Pandora's  box,  mIucIi  being  opened  through 
her  curiosity,  filled  the  world  full  of  all  manner  of  diseases.  It  is  not  curiosity 
alone,  but  those  other  crying  sins  of  ours,  which  pull  tliese  several  plagues  and 
miseries  upon  our  heads.  For  Ubi  peccatum.,  ihi  procclla.,  as  '^Chrysostom  well 
observes.  "^"' Fools  by  reason  of  their  transgression,  and  because  of  their  iniquities, 
are  afllicted."  ''•'•Fear  cometh  like  sudden  desolation,  and  destruction  like  a  whirl- 
wind, atHiction  and  anguish,"  because  they  did  not  fear  God.  "*^' Are  you  shaken 
wiili  wars  .'"  as  Cyprian  well  urgeth  to  Demetrius,  "  are  you  molested  with  dearth  and 
laniine  .'  is  your  health  crushed  with  raging  diseases  ?  is  mankhul  generally  tormented 
whh  epidemical  maladies.?  'tis  all  for  your  sins,"  Ifag.  i.  9,  10;  Amos  i. ;  Jer.  vii. 
God  is  angry,  punisheth  and  threateneth,  because  of  their  obstinacy  and  stubborn- 
ness, they  will  not  turn  untp  him.  '*"  If  the  earth  be  barren  then  for  Avant  of  rain, 
if  dry  and  squalid,  it  yield  no  fruit,  if  your  fountains  be  dried  up,  your  wine,  corn, 
and  oil  blasted,  if  the  air  be  corrupted,  and  men  troubled  with  diseases,  'tis  by  rea- 
son of  their  sins :"  which  like  the  blood  of  Abel  cry  loud  to  heaven  for  vengeance, 
I-am.  v.  15.  "  That  we  have  sinned,  therefore  our  hearts  are  heavy,"  Isa.  lix.  11,  12. 
•»  We  roar  like  bears,  and  mourn  like  doves,  and  want  healtii,  &c.  for  our  sins  and 
trespasses."  But  this  we  cannot  endure  to  hear  or  to  take  notice  of,  Jer.  ii.  30. 
••  We  are  smitten  in  vain  and  receive  no  correction ; "  and  cap.  v.  3.  '•  Thou  hast 
stricken  them,  but  they  have  not  sorrowed;  they  have  refused  to  receive  correction; 
they  have  not  returned.  Pestilence  lie  hath  sent,  but  they  have  not  turned  to  him," 
.\mos  iv.  *  Herod  could  not  abide  John  Baptist,  nor  ^' Doniitian  endure  ApoUonius 
to  tell  the  causes  of  the  plague  at  Ephesus,  his  injustice,  incest,  adultery,  and  the  like. 
*^^^o  punish  therefore  this  blindness  and  obstinacy  of  ours  as  a  concomitant  cause 
antTprincipal  agent,  is  God's  just  judgment  in  bringing  these  calamities  upon  us,  to 
chastise  us,  I  say,  for  our  sins,  and  to  satisfy  God's  wrat^i.  For  the  law  requires 
obedience  or  punishment,  as  you  may  read  at  large,  Dent,  xxviii.  15.  "  If  they  will 
not  obey  the  Lord,  and  keep  his  commandments  and  ordinances,  then  all  these  curses 
shall  come  upon  them."  ^''Cursed  in  the  town  and  in  the  field,  &.c."  "''Cursed  in 
the  fruit  of  the  body,  &c."  ""The  Lord  shall  send  thee  trouble  and  shame,  because 
of  thy  wickedness."  And  a  little  after,  ^'■'  The  Lord  shall  smite  thee  with  the  botch 
of  Egypt,  and  with  emrods,  and  scab,  and  itch,  and  thou  canst  not  be  healed;  "with 
madness,  blindness,  and  astonishing  of  heart."  This  Paul  seconds,  Rom.  ii.  9.  "  Tri- 
bulalion  and  anguish  on  the  soul  of  ever)'  man  that  doeth  evil."  Or  else  these  chas- 
tisements are  inflicted  upon  us  for  our  humiliation,  to  exercise  and  try  our  patience 
here  in  this  life  to  bring  us  home,  to  make  us  to  know  God  ourselves,  to  inform  and 
teach  us  wisdom.  "  '*  Therefore  is  my  people  gone  into  captivity,  because  they  had 
no  knowledge ;  therefore  is  the  wrath  of  the  Lord  kindled  against  his  people,  and 
he  hath  stretched  out  his  hand  upon  them."  He  is  desirous  of  our  salvation. 
®.Vt»s/rffi  sohitis  avidus,  saith  Lemnius,  and  for  that  cause  pulls  us  by  the  ear  many 
times,  to  put  us  in  mind  of  our  duties :  ''That  they  which  erred  might  have  under- 
standing, (as  Isaiah  speaks  xxix.  24)  and  so  to  be  reformed."  "  "  I  am  alHicted,  and 
at  the  point  of  death,"  so  David  confesseth  of  himself,  Psal.  Ixxxviii.  v.  15,  v.  9. 
"3Iine  eyes  are  sorrowful  through  mine  affliction:"  and  that  made  him  turn  unto 
God.    Great  Alexander  in  the  midst  of  all  his  prosperity,  by  a  company  of  parasites 

isGen.  iii.  1".  "Ilia  cadens  tegmen   maoibus  gleba  producat,  si  turht  vineam  debilitet,  &.c.  Cypr. 

decus^it,  et  un4  pernicieni  immisit  miseris  iiiorlalilius  •"'.Mai.  xiv.  3.         '■"  Pliiloslratus,  lib.  6.  vit.  .V|>ollonii. 

atram.  Ilesiod.  1.  oper.  '^Honi.  5.  ad  pop.  .\n-  Injustitiam  ejus,  et  scelerataii  nuplias,  et  ciptera  quae 

liocli.  '6  Psal.  cvii.  17.         "  Pro.  i.  27.         i<'Qu6d  prtcter  rationein  feceral,  morboruni  cau!«a8  dixit.    *!  16. 

auleni   crebrius   bella   roncutiant,  quod  sterilitas  et  '^19.  M20.  '■"Verse  17.  '^'iS   Ueu«  quoi 

lames  solicitudinem  cumulent,  qu6il  gevientibus  Dior-  diligit,  castigat.  ''Isa.  v.  13.  Verse  15.  *Nof- 

bis  valitudo  fraiigitur,  quod  hunianiini  genus  luis  popu-  tre  salutis  avidug  continenler  aures  vellicat,  ac  raia- 

latione  vastutur  ;  ob  peccatuiii  omnia.  Cypr.  '".Si  mitate  subinde  nos  exercet.    I.eviniia  I.t-mn.  I.  2.  c  W. 

raro  desuper  pluvia  descendat,  si  terra  situ  pulveris  de  occult    nat.  niir.  =<  Vexatio  dal  iDtelleclum. 

■qualleal,  si  vix  jejunas  et    pallidas   tierbas   sterilig  |  Isa.  ixviii.  19. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  1.] 


Diseases  in  General. 


87 


deified,  and  now  made  a  god,  when  he  saw  one  of  his  wounds  bleed,  remembered 
that  he  was  but  a  man,  and  remitted  of  his  pride.  In  morbo  recolligit  se  animus^^ 
as  ^'  Pliny  well  perceived  ;  "  hi  sickness  the  mind  reflects  upon  itself,  with  judgment 
surveys  itself,  and  abhors  its  former  courses ;"  insomuch  that  he  concludes  to  his 
friend  Marius,  ^^''that  it  were  the  period  of  all  philosophy,  if  we  could  so  continue 
sound,  or  perform  but  a  part  of  that  which  we  promised  to  do,  being  sick.  Whoso 
is  wise  then,  will  consider  these  things,"  as  David  did  (Psal.  cxliv.,  verse  last) ;  and 
whatsoever  fortune  befall  him,  make  use  of  it.  If  he  be  in  sorrow,  need,  sickness, 
or  any  other  adversity,  seriously  to  recount  with  himself,  why  this  or  that  malady, 
misery,  this  or  that  incurable  disease  is  inflicted  upon  him ;  it  may  be  for  his  good, 
^'  sic  expedit,  as  Peter  said  of  his  daughter's  ague.  Bodily  sickness  is  for  his  soul's 
health,  perilsset  nisi  periisset,  had  he  not  been  visited,  he  had  utterly  perished ;  tor 
^^ "  the  Lord  correcteth  him  whom  he  loveth,  even  as  a  father  doth  his  child  in  whom 
he  dehghteth."  If  he  be  safe  and  sound  on  the  other  side,  and  free  from  all  mannei 
of  infirmity ;  ^^  et  cui 


"Gralia,  forma,  valetudo  coniingat  abundd 
Et  miindus  victus,  non  deficiente  cruniena." 


"And  that  he  have  grace,  beauty,  favour,  health, 
A  cleanly  diet,  and  abound  in  wealth." 


Yet  in  the  midst  of  his  prosperity,  let  hun  remember  that  caveat  of  Moses,  *^  "  Beware 
that  he  do  not  forget  the  Lord  his  God ;"  that  he  be  not  pufied  up,  but  acknowledge 
•them  to  be  his  good  gifts  and  benefits,  and  '' "  the  more  he  hath,  to  be  more  thank- 
ful," (as  Agapetianus  adviseth)  and  use  them  aright. 

Instrumental  Causes  of  our  Injirinities.]    Now  the  instrumental  causes  of  these 
our  infirmities,  are  as  diverse  as  the  infirmities  themselves;  stars,  heavens,  ele- 
ments, &c.     And  all  those  creatures  which  God  hath  made,  are  armed  against  sin- 
ners.    They  were  indeed  once  good  in  themselves,  and  that  they  are  now  many  of 
them  pernicious  unto  us,  is  not  in  their  nature,  but  our  corruption,  which  hath  caused 
it.     For  from  the  fall  of  our  first  parent  Adam,  they  have  been  changed,  the  earth 
accursed,  the  influence  of  stars  altered,  the  four  elements,  beasts,  birds,  plants,  are 
now  ready  to  oflend  us.    "  The  principal  things  for  the  use  of  man,  are  water,  fire, 
iron,  salt,  meal,  wheat,  honey,  milk,  oil,  wine,  clothing,  good  to  the  godly,  to  the 
sinners  turned  to  evil,"  Ecclus.  xxxix.  26.    "  Fire,  and  hail,  and  famine,  and  dearth, 
all  these  are  created  for  vengeance,"  Ecclus.  xxxix.  29.    The  heavens  threaten  us 
with  their  comets,  stars,  planets,  with  their  great  conjunctions,  eclipses,  oppositions, 
quartiles,  and  such  unfriendly  aspects.     The  air  with  his  meteors,  thunder  and 
lightning,  intemperate  heat  and  cold,  mighty  winds,  tempests,  unseasonable  weather; 
from  whicli  proceed  dearth,  famine,  plague,  and  all  sorts  of  epidemical  diseases,  con- 
suming infinite  myriads  of  men.     At  Cairo  in  Egypt,  every  third  year,  (as  it  is  re- 
lated by  ''  Boterus,  and  others)  300,000  die  of  the  plague ;  and  200,000,  in  Con- 
stantinople, every  fifth  or  seventh  at  the  utmost.     How  doth  the  earth  terrify  and 
oppress  us  with  terrible  earthquakes,  which  are  most  frequent  in  '^  China,  Japan,  and 
tliose  eastern  climes,  swallowing  up  sometimes  six  cities  at  once  ?    How  doth  the 
water  rage  with  his  inundations,  irruptions,  flinging  down  towns,  cities,  villages, 
brido'es,  &c.  besides  shipwrecks  ;  whole  islands  are  sometimes  suddenly  overwhelmed 
with  all  their  inhabitants  in  '«'  Zealand,  Holland,  and  many  parts  of  the  continent 
drowned,  as  the  ^'  lake  Erne  in  Ireland  ?   ''Mhilque  prater  arcium  cadavera  patenti 
cernimus  freto.     In  the  fens  of  Friesland  1230,  by  reason  of  tempests,  ^^  the  sea 
drowned  muUa  hominuni  millia.,  et  jumenta  sine  numero,  all  the  country  almost,  men 
and  cattle  in  it.     How  doth  the  fire  rage,  that  merciless  element,  consuming  in  an 
instant  whole  cities  ?    What  town  of  any  antiquity  or  note  hath  not  been  once,  agam 
and  again,  by  the  fury  of  this  merciless  element,  defaced,  ruinated,  and  left  desolate  ? 
In  a  word, 


«"I?nis  pepercit,  unda  mergit,  aeris 
Vis  pestilentis  aequori  ereptum  necat, 
Bello  superstes,  tabidus  uiorbo  peril." 


'  Whom  fire  spares,  sea  doth  drown ;  whom  sea. 
Pestilent  air  doth  send  to  clay ;  ^^ 

Whom  war  'scapes,  sickness  takes  away. 


"  In  sickness  the  mind  recollects  itself.  "  Lib.  7. 
Cum  judicio,  mores  el  facia  recognoscit  et  se  intuetur. 
l)um  fero  languorem,  fero  religionis  ainorem.  Expera 
lunguoris  non  sum  memoi  hujus  amoris.  ^'  Sum- 

niuin  esse  tolius  philosophice,  ut  tales  esse  persevere- 
miis.  quales  nos  futuros  esse  infirnii  profitemur. 
Si  l'.-.trarch  wprov.  iii.  12.  s^Hor.  Epis.  lib. 

1.  4  ^Dem.  viii.  11.  Qui  slat  videat  ne  cadat. 


3'Quanto  majoribus  beneficiis  a  Deo  cumulatur,  lanto 
obiigatiorem  se   debitorem  fateri.  so  Boterus  de 

Inst,  urbium.  39 Lege  hist,  relationem  Lod.  troui 

de  rebus  Japonicis  ad  annum  159C.  «Guicc.ard. 

descript.  Belg.  anno  1421.  4iGiraIdus  Cambrens. 

4^  Janus  Dousa,  ep.  lib.  1.  car.  10.  And  we  perceive  no- 
thing, except  the  dead  bodies  of  cities  in  the  open  sea. 
43  Munster.  1.  3.  Cos.  cap.  462.      «  Buchanan.  Baptwt 


88  Diseases  in  General.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  1 

To  descend  to  more  particulars,  how  many  creatures  are  at  deadly  feud  with  men  ? 
Lions,  wolves,  bears,  &c.  Some  with  hoofs,  liorns,  tusks,  teeth,  nails  :  How  many 
noxious  serpents  and  venemous  creatures,  ready  to  offend  us  with  stings,  breath, 
sight,  or  quite  kill  us  ?  How  many  pernicious  fishes,  plants,  gums,  fruits,  seeds, 
flowers,  &c.  could  I  reckon  up  on  a  sudden,  which  by  their  very  smell  many  of 
them,  touch,  taste,  cause  some  grievous  malady,  if  not  death  itself?  Some  make 
mention  of  a  thousand  several  poisons :  but  these  are  but  trifles  in  respect.  The 
greatest  enemy  to  man,  is  man,  who  by  the  devil's  instigation  is  still  ready  to  do 
mischief,  his  own  executioner,  a  wolf,  a  devil  to  himself,  and  others.  **  We  are  all 
brethren  in  Christ,  or  at  least  should  be,  members  of  one  body,  servants  of  one  Lord, 
and  yet  no  fiend  can  so  torment,  insult  over,  tyrannize,  vex,  as  one  man  doth  another. 
Let  me  not  fall  therefore  (saith  David,  when  wars,  plague,  famine  were  offered)  into 
the  hands  of  men,  merciless  and  wicked  men  : 

« "  Vix  sunt  homines  hoc  nomine  digni, 

Qu^mque  lupi,  steva:  plus  feritatis  habenl." 

We  can  most  part  foresee  these  epidemical  diseases,  and  likely  avoid  them ; 
Dearths,  tempests,  plagues,  our  astrologers  fortel  us ;  Earthquakes,  inundations, 
ruins  of  houses,  consuming  fires,  come  by  little  and  little,  or  make  some  noise  be- 
forehand ;  but  the  knaveries,  impostures,  injuries  and  villanies  of  men  no  art  can 
avoid.  We  can  keep  our  professed  enemies  from  our  cities,  by  gates,  Avails  and 
towers,  defend  ourselves  from  thieves  and  robbers  by  watchfulness  and  weapons ; 
but  this  malice  of  men,  and  their  pernicious  endeavours,  no  caution  can  divert., 
no  vigilancy  foresee,  we  have  so  many  secret  plots  and  devices  to  mischief  one 
another. 

Sometimes  by  the  devil's  help  as  magicians,  ''^witches :  sometimes  by  impostures, 
mixtures,  poisons,  stratagems,  single  combats,  wars,  we  hack  and  hew,  as  if  we  were 
ad  interne  Clone  m  nati.,  like  Cadmus'  soldiers  born  to  consume  one  another.  'Tis  an 
ordinary  thing  to  read  of  a  hundred  and  two  hundred  thousand  men  slain  in  a  battle. 
Besides  all  manner  of  tortures,  brazen  bulls,  racks,  wheels,  strappadoes,  guns,  en- 
gines, &.C.  ^Jld  unum  corpus  huvianum  suppUcia  plura,,  quam  memhra :  We  have 
invented  more  torturing  instruments,  than  there  be  several  members  in  a  man's  body, 
as  Cyprian  well  observes.  To  come  nearer  yet,  our  own  parents  by  their  offences, 
indiscretion  and  intemperance,  are  our  mortal  enemies.  ''^"The  fathers  have  eaten 
sour  grapes,  and  the  children's  teeth  are  set  on  edge."  They  cause  our  grief  many 
times,  and  put  upon  us  hereditary  diseases,  inevitable  infinnities :  they  torment  us, 
and  we  are  ready  to  injure  our  posterity; 

50 "  ,„ov  daturi  oroeeniem  vitiosiorem  "         I    "  '*"''  >'^'  *"*'  "'""^*  '"  "^  "nknown. 

mo.\  uaiuri  progeniem  viiiosiorem.  |       ^J^^  ^^^^^  ^^^„  j^^^^^  ^^^^  coming  age  their  own ;" 

and  the  latter  end  of  the  world,  as  ^'  Paul  foretold,  is  still  like  to  be  the  worst.  We 
are  thus  bad  by  nature,  bad  by  kind,  but  far  worse  by  art,. every  man  the  greatest 
enemy  unto  himself.  We  study  many  times  to  undo  ourselves,  abusing  those  good 
gifts  which  God  hath  bestowed  upon  us,  health,  wealth,  strength,  wit,  learning,  art, 
memory  to  our  own  destruction,  ^^Perditio  tua  ex  te.  As  "Judas  Maccabeus  killed 
ApoUonius  with  his  own  weapons,  we  arm  ourselves  to  our  own  overthrows ;  and 
use  reason,  art,  judgment,  all  that  should  help  us,  as  so  many  instruments  to  umlo 
us.  Hector  gave  Ajax  a  sword,  which  so  long  as  he  fought  against  enemies,  served 
for  his  help  and  defence ;  but  after  he  began  to  hurt  harmless  creatures  with  it,  turn- 
ed to  his  own  hurtless  bowels.  Those  excellent  means  God  hath  bestowed  on 
us,  well  employed,  cannot  but  much  avail  us ;  but  if  otherwise  perverted,  they  rum 
and  confound  us  :  and  so  by  reason  of  our  indiscretion  and  weakness  they  com- 
monly do,  we  have  too  many  instances.  This  St.  Austin  acknowledgeth  of  him- 
self in  his  humble  confessions,  "  promptness  of  wit,  memorj',  eloquence,  tliey  were 
God's  good  gifts,  but  he  did  not  use  them  to  his  glory."  If  you  will  particularly 
know  how,  and  by  what  means,  consult  physicians,  and  they  will  tell  you,  that  it  is 
in  oflfending  in  some  of  those  six  non-nalural  things,  of  which  I  shall  ^'dilate  more 
at  large  ;  they  are  the  causes  of  our  infinnities,  our  surfeiting,  and  drunkenness,  our 

<iHomo     homini     lupus,     homo     homini     dsmon.  I  iviii.  2.  «>Hor.  I.  3.  Od.  6.  "  2  Tim.   iii.  2. 

««  Ovid,  de  Trist.  \.  5.  Eleg.  8.  ••■  Miscenl  aconita     »  Eze.   xviii.  31.     Thy   desiructinn   is    from   thyself. 


novercse.       «> Lib.  2.  Epiat.  2.  ad  Doiiatum.       ^Eze.  |  «>21  Mace.  iii.  12.  Mpart.  I.  tiec.  2.  Mtiub.  2 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Def.  JVum.  Div.  of  Diseases.  S9 

immoderate  insatiable  lust,  and  prodigious  riot.  Plures  crapuJa,  quam  gladius,  is  a 
true  saying,  the  board  consumes  more  than  the  sword.  Our  intemperance  it  is,  that 
pulls  so  many  several  incurable  diseases  upon  our  heads,  that  hastens  ^^old  age,  per- 
verts our  temperature,  and  brings  upon  us  sudden  death.  And  last  of  all,  that  which 
crucifies  us  most,  is  our  own  folly,  madness  {quos  Jupiter  perdit,  dementat ;  by  subtrac- 
tion of  his  assisting  grace  God  permits  it)  weakness,  want  of  government,  our  facility 
and  proneness  in  yielding  to  several  lusts,  in  giving  way  to  every  passion  and  pertur- 
bation of  the  mind  :  by  which  means  we  metamorphose  ourselves  and  degenerate  into 
beasts.  All  which  that  prince  of  ^  poets  observed  of  Agamemnon,  that  when  he  was 
well  pleased,  and  could  moderate  his  passion,  he  was — os  ocidosque  Jovi  par  :  like 
Jupiter  in  feature.  Mars  in  valour,  Pallas  in  wisdom,  another  god  ;  but  when  he  be- 
came angry,  he  was  a  lion,  a  tiger,  a  dog,  &c.,  there  appeared  no  sign  or  likeness  of 
Jupiter  in  him ;  so  we,  as  long  as  we  are  ruled  by  reason,  con-ect  our  inordinate  ap- 
petite, and  conform  ourselves  to  God's  word,  are  as  so  many  saints  :  but  if  we  give 
reins  to  lust,  anger,  ambition,  pride,  and  follow  our  own  ways,  we  degenerate  into 
beasts,  transform  ourselves,  overthrow  our  constitutions,  "  provoke  God  to  anger, 
and  heap  upon  us  this  of  melancholy,  and  all  kinds  of  incurable  diseases,  as  a  just 
and  deserved  punishment  of  our  sins. 

SuBSEc.  II. —  The  Dejinition,  JYumber,  Division  of  Diseases. 

What  a  disease  is,  almost  every  physician  defines.  ^  Fernelius  calleth  it  an 
"  Affection  of  the  body  contrary  to  nature."  ^^  Fuschius  and  Crato,  "  an  hinderance, 
hurt,  or  alteration  of  any  action  of  the  body,  or  part  of  it."  ^°  Tholosanus,  "  a  dis- 
solution of  that  league  which  is  between  body  and  soul,  and  a  perturbation  of  it ;  as 
health  the  perfection,  and  makes  to  the  preservation  of  it."  *'  Labeo  in  Agellius,  "  an 
ill  habit  of  the  body,  opposite  to  nature,  hindering  the  use  of  it."  Others  otherwise, 
all  to  this  effect. 

JVianber  of  Diseases.]  How  many  diseases  there  are,  is  a  question  not  yet  deter- 
mined ;  ^' Pliny  reckons  up  300  from  the  crown  of  the  head  to  the  sole  of  the  foot : 
elsewhere  he  saith,  morborum  infinita  viultitudc,  their  number  is  infinite.  Howso- 
ever it  was  in  those  tunes,  it  boots  not ;  in  our  days  I  am  sure  the  number  is  much 
augmented : 

63 "macies,  et  nova  febrium 

Terris  incubit  cohors." 

For  besides  many  epidemical  diseases  unheard  of,  and  altogether  unknown  to  Galen 
and  Hippocrates,  as  scorbutum,  small-pox,  plica,  sweating  sickness,  morbus  Gallicus, 
&c.,  we  have  many  proper  and  peculiar  almost  to  every  part. 

JS'o  man  free  from  some  Disease  or  other.]  No  man  amongst  us  so  sound,  of  so 
good  a  constitution,  that  hath  not  some  impediment  of  body  or  mind,  Quisque  suos 
patimur  manes,  we  have  all  our  infirmities,  first  or  last,  more  or  less.  There  will 
be  peradventure  in  an  age,  or  one  of  a  thousand,  like  Zenophilus  the  musician  in 
*"  Pliny,  that  may  happily  live  105  years  without  any  manner  of  impediment ;  a  Pol- 
lio  Romulus,  that  can  preserve  himself  ''^''with  Avine  and  oil;"  a  man  as  fortunate 
as  Q,.  Metellus,  of  whom  Valerius  so  much  brags ;  a  man  as  healthy  as  Otto  Hervvar- 
dus,  a  senator  of  Augsburg  in  Germany,  whom  ^"^  Leovitius  the  astrologer  brings  in 
for  an  example  and  instance  of  certainty  in  his  art;  who  because  he  had  the  signi- 
ficators  in  his  geniture  fortunate,  and  free  from  the  hostile  aspects  of  Saturn  and  Mars, 
being  a  very  cold  man,  ""  could  not  remember  that  ever  he  was  sick."  ^-Paracel- 
sus may  brag  that  he  could  make  a  man  live  400  years  or  more,  if  he  might  bring 
him  up  from  his  infancy,  and  diet  him  as  he  list ;  and  some  physicians  hold,  that 
their  is  no  certain  period  of  man's  life ;  but  it  may  still  by  temperance  and  physic 


^  Nequitia   est  qus   te  non    sinet    esse    senem. 
M  Homer.  Hiad.  s'lntemperantia,  luxus,  iiiglu- 

vi«s,  et  infinita  hujusmodi  flagitia,  qua?  divinas  poenas 
merentur.   Crato.  ^'Fern.  Path.  1.  1.  c.  1.    Mor- 

bus est  affectus  contra,  naturam  corpori  insides. 
s^Fusch.  Instit.  1.  3.  sect.  1.  c.  3.  i  quo  priniuiii  vitia- 
tur  actio.  f»Dissolutio  federis  in  corpore,  ut  sa- 

nitas  est  consummatio.  "Lib.  4.  cap.  2.  Morbus 

eM    habitus    contra   naturam,  qui   usum   ejus,  &c. 
12  H 


"Cap.  11.  lib.  7.  c3Horat.  lib.  1.  ode  3.     "Ema- 

ciation, and  a  new  cohort  of  fevers  broods  over  the 
earth."  "Cap.  50.  lib.  7.     Centum  et  quinqus 

visit  annos  sine  ullo  incommodo.  '^''  Inlus  mulso. 

foras  oleo.  w  Esemplis  senitur.  pracfi.tis  Ephemer 

cap.  de  infirmilat.  ^  Qui,  quoad  piieritioe  ulliman 

memoriam  recordari  potest  non  meminit  se  aEgrotun 
decubuisse.  ^Lib.  de  vita  longa 


90  Div.  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Head.  [Part.  1.  Sect.  1. 

be  prolonged.     We  find  in  the  meantime,  by  common  experience,  that  no  man  can 
escape,  but  that  of  ®^  Hesiod  is  true  : 

' '  n>.8/«  i«fv^7f  e  >  '■'''«  ''*'','=^  f  ^""I  ^f  .^a'A=t7!ra,     I       .. .j.^.  g^^jjj.g  f^„  „f  ^al.-jdies,  an.I  full  the  sea, 
No-jiTs/.f    avtJ^orroJ  i;v  sj    o^s^w,  ocT   e^<  vyxr*  Which  set  upon  us  both  by  night  and  day." 

Btvislon  of  Diseases.]  If  you  require  a  more  exact  division  of  these  ordinary 
diseases  which  are  incident  to  men,  1  refer  you  to  physicians  ;™  they  will  tell  you 
of  acute  and  chronic,  first  and  secondary,  lethales,  sulutares,  errant,  fixed,  simple, 
compound,  connexed,  or  consequent,  belonging  to  parts  or  the  whole,  in  habit,  or 
in  disposition,  &.c.  My  division  at  this  time  (as  most  befitting  my  purpose)  shall 
be  into  those  of  the  body  and  mind.  For  them  of  the  body,  a  brief  catalogue  of 
whicli  Fuschius  hath  made,  Institut.  lib.  3,  sect.  1,  cap.  11.  I  refer  you  to  the  vo- 
luminous tomes  of  Galen,  Areteus,  Rhasis,  Aviccnna,  Alexander,  Paulus  jEtius,  Gor- 
donerius  :  and  those  exact  Neoterics,  Savanarola,  Capivaccius,  Donatus  Altomarus, 
Hercules  de  Saxonia,  Mercurialis,  Victorius  Ff/enlinus.  Wecker,  Piso,  Stc,  that  have 
methodically  and  elaborately  written  of  them  all.  Those  of  the  mind  and  head  I 
will  briefiy  handle,  and  apart. 

SuBSECT.  III. — Division  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Head. 

These  diseases  of  the  mind,  forasmuch  as  they  have  their  chief  seat  and  organs 
in  the  head,  which  are  commonly  repeated  amongst  the  diseases  of  the  head  which 
are  divers,  and  vary  much  according  to  their  site.  For  in  the  head,  as  there  be 
several  parts,  so  there  be'  divers  grievances,  which  according  to  that  division  of 
''Heurnius,  (which  he  takes  out  of  Arculanus,)  are  inward  or  outward  (to  omit  all 
others  which  pertain  to  eyes  and  ears,  nostrils,  gums,  teeth,  mouth,  palate, 
tongue,  wesel,  chops,  face,  &c.)  belonging  properly  to  the  brain,  as  baldness,  falling 
of  hair,  furfaire,  lice,  &.c.  "Inward  belonging  to  the  skins  next  to  the  brain,  called 
dura  and  pia  mater,  as  all  head-aches,  Stc,  or  to  the  ventricles,  caules,  kels,  tunicles, 
creeks,  and  parts  of  it,  and  their  passions,  as  caro,  vertigo,  incubus,  apoplexy,  falling 
.sickness.  The  diseases  of  the  nerves,  cramps,  stupor,  convulsion,  tremor,  palsy  : 
or  belonging  to  the  excrements  of  the  brain,  catarrhs,  sneezing,  rheums,  distillations  : 
or  else  those  that  pertain  to  the  substance  of  the  brain  itself,  in  which  are  conceived 
phrensy,  letharg}-,  melancholy,  madness,  weak  memory,  sopor,  or  Covia  Vigilia  et 
vigil  Coma.  Out  of  these  again  I  will  single  such  as  properly  belong  to  the  phan- 
tasy, or  imagination,  or  reason  itself,  which  '^Laurentius  calls  the  disease  of  the 
mind ;  and  Hililesjieim,  morbos  imaginationis,  aut  rationis  IcescB.,  (diseases  of  the 
imagination,  or  of  injured  reason,)  which  are  three  or  four  in  number,  phrensy, 
madness,  melancholy,  dotage,  and  their  kinds  :  as  hydrophobia,  lycanthropia.  Chorus 
sancli  viti,  morhi  damoniaci,  (St.  Vitus's  dance,  possession  of  devils,)  which  I  will 
briefly  touch  and  point  at,  insisting  especially  in  this  of  melancholy,  as  more  eminent 
than  the  rest,  and  that  through  all  his  kinds,  causes,  symptoms,  prognostics,  cures : 
as  Lonicerus  hath  done  de  apoplexid,  and  many  other  of  such  particular  diseases. 
Not  that  I  find  fault  with  those  which  have  written  of  this  subject  before,  as  Jason 
Pratensis,  Laurentius,  Montaltus,  T.  Bright,  Stc,  they  have  done  very  well  in  their 
several  kinds  ami  methods ;  yet  that  which  one  omits,  another  may  haply  see ;  that 
which  one  contracts,  another  may  enlarge.  To  conclude  with  '^^Scribanius,  ''  that 
which  they  had  neglected,  or  profunctorily  handled,  we  may  more  thoroughly  ex- 
amine ;  that  which  is  obscurely  delivered  in  them,  may  be  perspicuously  dilated  and 
amplified  by  us :"  and  so  made  more  familiar  and  easy  for  everj'  man's  capacity,  and 
tlie  common  good,  which  is  the  chief  end  of  my  discourse. 

SuBSECT.  IV. — Dotage,  Phrensy,  Madness,  Hydrophobia,  Lycanthropia,  Chorus 

sancti  Viti,  Extasis. 

Delirium,  Dotage.]  Dotage,  fatuity,  or  folly,  is  a  common  name  to  all  the  fol- 
lowing species,  as  some  will  have  it.     "Laurentius  and  ^* Altomarus  comprehended 

•^Oper.  et  dies.  ">  See  Fenielius  Path.  lib.  1.1  tug,   Hildesheim,   Quercetan,   Jagon    rratenvii,   tec. 

cap.  9,  Ki,  11,  12.     Fuschius  Instit.  1.  3.  seci.  1.  c.  7.    "J  Cap.  2.  de  inelanchol.  "Cap.  2    de  I'hisiolfigi* 

Wecker.  8ynt.  "' Praefat.  de  morbis  capitis.     In  1  sagarum  :    Quod  alii,  minus  recte  forlas^e  dixerint, 

capite  ut  varis  habitant  paries,  ita  varis  querelse  ibi  I  nos  examinare,  melius  dijudicare,  corneere  studea- 
eveniunt.  '^Of  which  read  Heurnius,   Montal-  |  mus.  "Cap.  4.  de  mol.  '"Art.  Med.  7. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  4.]  Diseases  of  the  Mind.  91 

niailness,  melancholy,  and  the  rest  under  this  name,  and  call  it  the  summum  genus 
of  ihem  all.  If  it  be  distinguished  from  them,  it  is  natural  or  ingenite,  which  comes 
by  some  defect  of  the  organs,  and  over-much  brain,  as  we  see  in  our  common  fools ; 
and  is  for  the  most  part  intended  or  remitted  in  particular  men,  and  thereupon  some 
are  wiser  than  otliers  :  or  else  it  is  acquisite,  an  appendix  or  symptom  of  some  other 
disease,  wliich  comes  or  goes ;  or  if  it  continue,  a  sign  of  melancholy  itself. 

Prensi/.]  Pkrcnitis^  which  the  Greeks  derive  from  the  word  ^^v,  is  ti  disease  of 
the  mind,  with  a  continual  madness  or  dotage,  which  hath  an  acute  fever  annexed, 
or  else  an  inflammation  of  the  brain,  or  the  membranes  or  kels  of  it,  with  an  acute 
fever,  which  causeth  madness  and  dotage.  It  difi(3rs  from  melancholy  and  madness, 
because  their  dotage  is  without  an  ague :  this  continual,  with  Avaking,  or  memory 
decayed,  &c.  Melancholy  is  most  part  silent,  this  clamorous ;  and  many  such  like 
ditlerences  are  assigned  by  physicians. 

Madness^  Madness,  phrensy,  and  melancholy  are  confounded  by  Celsus,  and 
many  writers  ;  others  leave  out  phrensy,  and  make  madness  and  melancholy  but  one 
disease,  whicli  "Jason  Pratensis  especially  labours,  and  that  they  dilfer  only  sccun- 
dam  majus  or  minus^  in  quantity  alone,  the  one  being  a  degree  to  the  other,  and  both 
proceeding  from  one  cause.  They  differ  intenso  et  remisso  gradu,  saith  '''^Gordonius, 
as  the  humour  is  intended  or  remitted.  Of  the  same  mind  is  '^Areteus,  Alexander 
Tertullianus,  Guianerius,  Savanarola,  Heurnius ;  and  Galen  himself  writes  promis- 
cuously of  them  both  by  reason  of  their  affinity :  but  most  of  our  neoterics  do 
handle  them  apart,  whom  I  will  follow  in  this  treatise.  Madness  is  therefore  defined 
to  be  a  vehement  dotage ;  or  raving  without  a  fever,  far  more  violent  than  melan- 
choly, full  of  anger  and  clamour,  horrible  looks,  actions,  gestures,  troubling  the 
patients  with  far  greater  vehemency  both  of  body  and  mind,  witliout  all  fear  and 
sorrow,  with  such  impetuous  force  and  boldness,  that  sometimes  three  or  four  men 
cannot  hold  tliem.  Differing  only  in  this  from  phrensy,  that  it  is  without  a  fever, 
and  their  memory  is  most  part  better.  It  hath  the  same  causes  as  the  other,  as  choler 
adust,  and  blood  incensed,  brains  inflamed,  &cc.  '^Fracastorius  adds,  "-a  due  time, 
and  full  age  to  this  definition,  to  distinguish  it  from  children,  and  will  have  it  con- 
firmed impotency,  to  separate  it  from  such  as  accidentally  come  and  go  again,  as  by 
taking  lienbane,  nightshade,  wine,  &c.  Of  this  fury  there  be  divers  kinds;  *' ecstasy, 
which  is  familiar  with  some  persons,  as  Cardan  saith  of  himself,  he  could  be  in  one 
when  he  list;  in  wliich  the  Indian  priests  deliver  their  oracles,  and  the  witches  in 
Lapland,  as  Olaus  Magnus  writeth,  1.  3,  cap.  18.  Extasi  omnia  pra-dicere,  ansAver 
ail  questions  in  an  extasis  you  will  ask ;  what  your  friends  do,  where  they  are,  how 
they  fare,  &c.  The  other  species  of  this  fury  are  enthusiasms,  revelations,  and 
visions,  so  often  mentioned  by  Gregory  and  Beda  in  their  works;  obsession  or  pos- 
session of  devils,  sibylline  prophets,  and  poetical  furies ;  such  as  come  by  eating 
noxious  herbs,  tarantulas  stinging,  &c.,  Avhich  some  reduce  to  this.  The  most  known 
^re  these,  lycanthropia,  hydrophobia,  chorus  sancti  viti. 

Lycanlhropia.]  Lycanthropia,  which  Avicenna  calls  Cucubuth,  others  Lupinam 
insaniam,  or  Wolf-madness,  when  men  run  howling  about  graves  and  fields  in  the 
night,  and  will  not  be  persuaded  but  that  they  are  wolves,  or  some  such  beasts. 
"iEtius  and  ^^Paulus  call  it  a  kind  of  melancholy;  but  I  should  rather  refer  it  to 
madness,  as  most  do.  Some  make  a  doubt  of  it  whether  tlicre  be  any  such  disease. 
''^Donat  ab  Altomari  saith,  that  he  saw  two  of  them  in  his  time:  **^Wierus  tell§  a 
story  of  such  a  one  at  Padua  1541,  that  would  not  believe  to  the  contrary,  but  that 
he  was  a  wolf.  .  He  hath  another  instance  of  a  Spaniard,  who  thought  himself  a 
bear;  ^"Forrestus  confirms  as  much  by  many  examples;  one  amongst  the  rest  of 
which  he  was  an  eye-witness,  at  Alcmaer  in  Holland,  a  poor  husbandman  that  still 
hunted  about  graves,  and  kept  in  churchyards,  of  a  pale,  black,  ugly,  and  fearful 
look.     Such  belike,  or  little   better,  were  king  Prastus' "daughters,  that  thought 

'■  Plerique  medici  uno  complexu  perstringunt  hos  '  firmatam  habet  impotentiani  bene  operandi  circa  in- 
duns  morhns,  quod  ex  eadcm  causa  oriantur,  qundque  lellecluni.  lib.  2.  de  intelleclione.  "'Of  which  reap 
niasniludine  et  modo  solilni  distent,  et  alter  gradus  ad  Fojlix  Plater,  cap.  3.  de  mentis  alienatione.  ''■'Lib 
altJrnm   eiistat.  Jason   Pratens.  '"Lib.    Med.  :  6.  cap.  11.  "S  Lib.  3.  cap.  16.  -i  Cap.  9.  Art 

'■' Pars   man iiE  inihi  videtur.  »■»  Insanus  est,  qui    med.  ssDe   prsestig.   Dienionuni,  1.  3.  cap.  21 

etate  debita,  et  tenipore  debito  per  se,  non  momenta-    "^Observat.lib.  10.  de  morbis  cerebri,  cap.  15.      *"  Hip 
neam  el  fugacem,  ut  vini,  solani,  Hyoscyami,  sed  con-  I  pocrates  lib.  de  insania. 


«-«. 


92  Diseases  of  the  Mind.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  1. 

themselves  kine.  And  Nebuchadnezzar  in  Daniel,  as  some  interpreters  hold,  was 
only  troubled  with  this  kind  of  madness.  This  disease  perhaps  gave  occasion  to 
tliat  bold  assertion  of  ***  Pliny,  "  some  men  were  turned  into  wolves  in  his  time,  and 
from  wolves  to  men  again :"  and  to  that  fable  of  Pausanias,  of  a  man  that  was  ten 
years  a  wolf,  and  afterwards  turned  to  his  former  shape  :  to  *^ Ovid's  tale  of  Lycaon, 
&.C.  He  that  is  desirous  to  hear  of  this  disease,  or  more  examples,  let  him  read 
Austin  in  his  18th  book  de  Civitate  Dei,  cap.  5,  Mizaldus,  cent.  5.  77.  Sckcnkius, 
lib.  1.  Hildesheim,  spicel.  2.  de  Mania.  Forrestus  lib.  10.de  morbis  cerebri.  Olaus 
Magnus,  Vincentius''  Bellavicensis,  spec.  met.  lib.  31.  c.  122.  Pierius,  Bodine, 
Zuinger,  Zeilger,  Peucer,  Wierus,  Sprauger,  Slc.  This  malady,  saith  Avicenna,  trou- 
bleth  men  most  in  February,  and  is  now-a-days  frequent  in  Bohemia  and  Hungary, 
according  to  ^Heurnius.  Schernitzius  will  have  it  common  in  Livonia.  They  lie 
hid  most  part  all  day,  and  go  abroad  in  the  night,  barking,  howling,  at  graves  and 
deserts  ;  ^'  "•  they  have  usually  hollow  eyes,  scabbed  legs  and  thighs,  very  dry  and 
pale,"  '^'saiih  Altomarus ;  he  gives  a  reason  there  of  all  the  symptoms,  and  stts 
down  a  brief  cure  of  them. 

Hydrophobia  is  a  kind  of  madness,  well  known  in  every  village,  which  coiner  by 
the  biting  of  a  mad  dog,  or  scratching,  saith  ''^  Aurelianus ;  touching,  or  smelling 
alone  sometimes  as  **  Sckenkius  proves,  and  is  incident  to  many  other  creatures  as 
well  as  men  :  so  called  because  the  parties  affected  cannot  endure  the  sight  of  water, 
or  any  liquor,  supposing  still  they  see  a  mad  dog  in  it.  And  which  is  more  wonder- 
ful;  though  they  be  very  dry,  (^as  in  tliis  malady  they  are)  they  will  ratlier  die  tiian 
drink:  ^'Cailius  Aurelianus,  an  ancient  writer,  makes  a  doubt  whether  this  Hydro- 
phobia be  a  passion  of  the  body  or  the  mind.  The  part  atlected  is  the  brain  :  the 
cause,  poison  that  comes  from  the  mad  dog,  which  is  so  hot  and  dry,  that  it  con- 
sumes all  tlie  moisture  in  the  body.  ^Hildesheijn  relates  of  some  tliat  died  so  mad  \ 
and  being  cut  up,  had  no  water,  scarce  blood,  or  any  moisture  left  in  them.  To 
such  as  are  so  atH'Cted,  tlie  fear  of  water  begins  at  fourteen  days  after  they  are  bitten, 
to  some  again  not  till  forty  or  sixty  days  after :  commonly  saith  Heurnius,  they 
begin  to  rave,  tly  water  and  glasses,  to  look  red,  and  swell  in  the  face,  about  twenty 
days  after  (if  some  remedy  be  not  taken  in  the  meantijne)  to  lie  awake,  to  be  pen- 
sive, sad,  to  see  strange  visions,  to  bark  and  howl,  to  fall  into  a  swoon,  and  often- 
times tits  of  the  falling  sickness.  *^Some  say,  little  things  like  whelps  will  be  seen 
in  their  urine.  If  any  of  these  signs  appear,  they  are  past  recovery.  Many  times 
these  symptoms  will  not  appear  till  six  or  seven  mouths  after,  saith  ^Codronchus ; 
and  sometimes  not  till  seven  or  eight  years,  as  Guianerius ;  twelve  as  Albertus  •,  six 
or  eight  months  after,  as  Galen  holds.  Baldus  the  great  lawyer  died  of  it :  an  Au- 
gustine friar,  and  a  woman  in  Delft,  that  were  ^■'Forrestus  patients,  were  miseralily 
consumed  with  it.  The  common  cure  in  the  country  (for  such  at  least  as  dwell 
near  the  sea-side)  is  to  duck  them  over  head  and  ears  in  sea  water  \  some  use  charms  : 
every  good  wife  can  prescribe  medicines.  But  the  best  cure  to  be  had  in  such  cases, 
is  from  the  most  approved  physicians;  they  that  will  read  of  them,  may  consult 
with  Dioscorides,  lib.  6.  c.  37,  Heurnius,  Hildesheim,  Capivaccius,  Forrestus,  Scken- 
kius, and  before  all  others  Codronchus  an  Italian,  who  hath  lately  written  two  ex- 
quisite books  on  the  subject. 

Chorus  sancti  Viti,  or  St.  Vitus''s  ddince  ;  the  lascivious  dance,  '""Paracelsus  calls  it, 
because  they  that  are  taken  from  it,  can  do  nothing  but  dance  till  they  be  dead,  or 
cured.  It  is  so  called,  for  that  the  parties  so  troubled  were  wont  to  go  to  St.  Vitus 
for  help,  and  after  they  had  danced  there  awhile,  they  were  '  certainly  freed.  'Tis 
strange  to  hear  how  long  they  will  dance,  and  in  what  manner,  over  stools,  forms, 
tables ;  even  great  bellied  Avomen  sometimes  (and  yet  never  hurt  their  children)  will 
dance  so  long  that  they  can  stir  neither  hand  nor  foot,  but  seem  to  be  quite  deau. 
One  in  red  clothes  they  cannot  abide.  Music  above  all  things  they  love,  and  there- 
fore magistrates  in  Germany  will  hire  musicians  to  play  to  them,  and  some  lusty 
sturdy  companions  to  dance  with  them.     This  disease  hath  been  very  common  in 

*  Lib.  8.  cap.  22.  Hoinines  interdum  lup6s  feri;  el,  13.  de  morbis  acuUs.         •'Spicel.  2.         >^  Sclienkiui, 


con«ra.  "»*  Met.  lib.  1.  w  Cap.  de  Man.  »'  Ul- 
cerata  crui  %,  sitis  ipsis  adest  iniiiiodica,  pallidi,  lingua 
sicca.  «  Cap.  9.  art.  Hydrophobia.  >*Lib.  3. 

cap.  9  »*Lib.  7.  de  Venenis.  "Lib.  3.  cap. 


lib.  de  Venenia.         >^Lib.  de  liydiophobia.        '^Ob- 
serval.  lib.  10.  25.  "i>jLascivain  Choreani.  To.  4. 

de  morbii  amentium.  Tract.  1.  i  Evenlu  ui  plu- 

limum  rem  ipsam  coaiprobante. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  5.] 


Melancholy  in  Disposition. 


93 

Germany,  as  appears  by  those  relations  of  ^  Sckenkius,  and  Paracelsus  in  his  book 
of  Madness,  who  brags  how  many  several  persons  he  hath  cured  of  it.  Felix 
Plateras  de  mentis  allenat.  cap.  3,  reports  of  a  woman  in  Basil  whom  he  saw,  that 
danced  a  whole  month  together.  The  Arabians  call  it  a  kind  of  palsy.  Bodine  in 
his  5th  book  de  Repuh.  cap.  1 ,  speaks  of  this  infirmity ;  Monavius  in  his  last  epistle 
to  Scoltizius,  and  in  another  to  Dudithus,  where  you  may  read  more  of  it. 

The  last  kind  of  madness  or  melancholy,  is  that  demonaical  (if  I  may  so  call  it) 
obsession  or  possession  of  devils,  which  Platerus  and  others  would  have  to  be  pre- 
ternatural :  stupend  things  are  said  of  them,  their  actions,  gestures,  contortions, 
fasting,  prophesying,  speaking  languages  they  were  never  taught,  &c.  Many  strange 
stories  are  related  of  them,  which  because  some  will  not  allow,  (for  Deacon  and 
Barrel  have  written  large  volumes  on  this  subject  pro  and  con.)  I  voluntarily  omit. 

Tuschius,  Institut.  lib.  3.  sec.  1.  cap.  11,  Felix  Plater,  ^Laurentius,  add  to  the«e 
another  fury  that  proceeds  from  love,  and  another  from  study,  another  divine  or  re 
ligious  fury ;  but  these  more  properly  belong  to  melancholy ;  of  all  which  I  will 
speak  *  apart,  intending  to  write  a  whole  book  of  them. 

SuBSECT.  V. — Melancholy  in  Disposition^  improperly  so  called.,  Equivocations. 

Melancholy,  the  subject  of  our  present  discourse,  is  either  in  disposition  or 
habit.  In  disposition,  is  that  transitory  melancholy  which  goes  and  comes  upon 
every  small  occasion  of  sorrow,  need,  sickness,  trouble,  fear,  grief,  passion,  or  per- 
turbation of  the  mind,  any  manner  of  care,  discontent,  or  thought,  which  causeth 
anguish,  dulness,  heaviness  and  vexation  of  spirit,  any  ways  opposite  to  pleasure, 
mirth,  joy,  delight,  causing  frowardness  in  us,  or  a  dislike.  In  which  equivocal  and 
improper  sense,  we  call  him  melancholy  that  is  dull,  sad,  sour,  lumpish,  ill  disposed, 
solitary,  any  way  moved,  or  displeased.  And  from  these  melancholy  dispositions, 
®  no  man  living  is  free,  no  stoic,  none  so  wise,  none  so  happy,  none  so  patient,  so 
generous,  so  godly,  so  divine,  that  can  vindicate  himself;  so  well  composed,  but 
more  or  less,  some  time  or  other  he  feels  the  smart  of  it.  Melancholy  in  this  sense 
is  the  character  of  mortality.  '  '^  Man  that  is  born  of  a  woman,  is  of  short  con- 
tinuance, and  full  of  trouble."  Zeno,  Cato,  Socrates  himself,  whom  '^lian  so  highly 
commends  for  a  moderate  temper,  that  "  nothing  could  disturb  him,  but  going  out, 
and  coming  in,  still  Socrates  kept  the  same  serenity  of  countenance,  what  niisery 
soever  befel  him,"  (if  we  may  believe  Plato  his  disciple)  was  much  tormented  with 
It.  Q.  Metellus,  in  whom  ^  Valerius  gives  instance  of  all  happiness,  "  the  most  for- 
tunate man  then  living,  born  in  that  most  flourishing  city  of  Rome,  of  noble  parentage, 
a  proper  man  of  person,  well  qualified,  healthful,  rich,  honourable,  a  senator,  a  con- 
sul, happy  in  his  wife,  happy  in  his  children,"  &c.  yet  this  man  was  not  void  of 
melancholy,  he  had  his  share  of  sorrow.  '"Polycrates  Samius,  that  flung  his  ring 
mto  the  sea,  because  he  would  participate  of  discontent  with  others,  and  had  it 
miraculously  restored  to  him  again  shortly  after,  by  a  fish  taken  as  he  angled,  was 
not  free  from  melancholy  dispositions.  No  man  can  cure  himself;  the  very  gods 
had  bitter  pangs,  and  frequent  passions,  as  their  own  "poets  put  upon  them.  In 
general,  '^ "  as  the  heaven,  so  is  our  life,  sometimes  fair,  sometimes  overcast,  tem- 
pestuous, and  serene ;  as  in  a  rose,  flowers  and  prickles ;  in  the  year  itself,  a  tempe- 
rate summer  sometimes,  a  hard  winter,  a  drought,  and  then  again  pleasant  showers  : 
so  IS  our  life  intermixed  with  joys,  hopes,  fears,  sorrows,  calumnies  :  Invicem  cedun* 
dolor  et  voluptas,  there  is  a  succession  of  pleasure  and  pain. 

" -"medio  de  foiite  lepdrum 

Surgit  amari  aliquid,  in  ipsis  floribus  angat." 

"  Even  in  the  midst  of  laughing  there  is  sorrow,"  (as  "  Solomon  holds) :  even  in  the 


2 Lib.  Leap,  de  Mania.  'Cap.  3.  de  mentis 

alienat.  <  Cap.  4.  de  mel.  spART.  3. 

"  De  quo  homine  securitas,  de  quo  certum  gaudiumi 
quocunqiie  se  convertit,  in  terrenis  rebus  amaritudi- 
nem  animi  inyeniet.  Aug.  in  Psal.  viii.  5.  '  Job.  i. 
14.  "Omni  tempore  Socratem  eodem  vultu  videri, 

sive  domum  rediret,  sive  domo  eerederetur.  oLib. 
7.  cap.  1.  Natus  in  florentissima^totius  orbis  civitate, 
nobilissimis  parentibus,  corpores  vires  habuit  et  raris- 
siraas    animi    dotes,   uxorem  conspicuam,   pudicam, 


frelices  liberos,  consulare  decus,  sequentes  triiimpbos, 
&c.  '".flElian.  "Homer.  Iliad.  -Lipsius, 

cent.  3.  ep.  45,  ut  coelum,  sic  nos  homines  sumus  :  illud 
ex  intervallo  nubibus  obducitur  et  obscuratiir.  In 
rosario  flores  spinis  intermixti.  Vita  sirailis  aeri, 
udum  modo,  sudum,  tempestas,  serenitas  :  ita  vices 
rerum  sunt,  prsemia  gaudiis,  et  sequaces  curie.  "'Lu- 
cretius, 1.  4.  1124.  »Prov.  xiv.  13.  Extremum 
gaudii  luctas  occupat. 


94  Melancholy  in  Disposition.  [Part,  1 .  Sec.  1 , 

niidst  of  all  our  feasting  and  jollity,  as  '^Austin  infers  in  his  Com.  on  the  41st  Psalm, 
there  is  grief  and  discontent.  Inter  delicias  semper  aliquid  scevi  nos  strangulate,  for 
a  pint  of  honey  thou  shalt  here  likely  find  a  gallon  of  gall,  for  a  dram  of  pleasure  a 
pound  of  pain,  for  an  inch  of  mirth  an  ell  of  moan ;  as  ivy  doth  an  oak,  these  mise- 
ries encompass  our  life.  And  it  is  most  absurd  and  ridiculous  for  any  mortal  man 
to  look  for  a  perpetual  tenure  of  happiness  in  his  life.  Nothing  so  prosperous  and 
pleasant,  but  it  hath  '^  some  bitterness  in  it,  some  complaining,  some  grudging ;  it  is 
all  y'KvxvTtix^ov,  a  mixed  passion,  and  like  a  chequer  table  black  and  white  :  men,  fami- 
lies, cities,  have  their  falls  and  wanes ;  now  trines,  sextiles,  then  quartiles  and  oppo- 
.sitions.  We  are  not  here  as  those  angels,  celestial  powers  and  bodies,  sun  and  moon, 
to  finish  our  course  without  all  offence,  with  such  constancy,  to  continue  for  so  many 
ages :  but  subject  to  infirmities,  miseries,  interrupted,  tossed  and  tumbled  up  and 
down,  carried  about  with  every  small  blast,  often  molested  and  disquieted  upon  each 
slender  occasion,  "uncertain,  brittle,  and  so  is  all  that  we  trust  unto.  '^"' And  he 
that  knows  not  this  is  not  armed  to  endure  it,  is  not  fit  to  live  in  this  world  (as  one 
condoles  our  time),  he  knows  not  the  condition  of  it,  where  with  a  reciprocalty, 
pleasure  and  pain  are  still  united,  and  succeed  one  another  in  a  ring."  Kxi  e  mundo., 
get  thee  gone  hence  if  thou  canst  not  brook  it ;  there  is  no  way  to  avoid  it,  but  to 
ann  thyself  with  patience,  wiili  magnanimity,  to  '^oppose  thyself  unto  it,  to  sutler 
afiliction  as  a  good  soldier  of  Christ ;  as  ^  Paul  adviseth  constantly  to  bear  it.  But 
forasmuch  as  so  few  can  emliVace  this  good  council  of  his,  or  use  it  aright,  but 
rather  as  so  many  brute  beasts  give  away  to  their  passion,  voluntary  subject  and 
precipitate  themselves  into  a  labyrinth  of  cares,  woes,  miseries,  and  sutler  their  soijls 
to  be  overcome  by  them,  cannot  arm  themselves  with  that  patience  as  they  onglit  to 
do,  it  falleth  out  oftentimes  that  these  dispositions  become  habits,  and  "  many  affects 
contemned  (as  ^'Seneca  notes)  make  a  disease.  Even  as  one  distillation,  not  yet 
grown  to  custom,  makes  a  cough ;  but  continual  and  inveterate  causeth  a  consump- 
tion of  the  lungs ;"  so  do  these  our  melancholy  provocations :  and  according  as  the 
humour  itself  is  intended,  or  remitte^l  in  mei\,  as  their  temperature  of  body,  or  ra- 
tional soul  is  better  able  to  make  resistance ;  so  are  they  more  or  less  affected.  For 
that  which  is  but  a  fiea-biting  to  one,  causeth  insufferable  torment  to  another  ;  and 
Mhich  one  by  his  singular  moderation,  and  well-composed  carriage  can  happily  over- 
come, a  second  is  no  whit  able  to  sustain,  but  upon  every  small  occasion  of  miscon- 
ceived abuse,  injury,  grief,  disgrace,  loss,  cross,  humour,  &c.  (if  solitary,  or  idle) 
yields  so  far  to  passion,  that  his  complexion  is  altered,  his  digestion  hindered,  his 
sleep  gone,  his  spirits  obscured,  and  his  heart  heavy,  his  hypochondries  misaffected  ; 
w^ind,  crudity,  on  a  sudden  overtake  him,  and  he  himself  overcome  with  melancholy. 
As  it  is  with  a  man  imprisoned  for  debt,  if  once  in  the  gaol,  every  creditor  will 
bring  his  action  against  him,  and  there  likely  hold  him.  If  any  discontent  seize 
upon  a  patient,  in  an  instant  all  other  perturbations  (for — qua  data  porta  ruunt.)  will 
set  upon  him,  and  then  like  a  lame  dog  or  broken-winged  goose  he  droops  and  pines 
away,  and  is  brought  at  last  to  that  ill  habit  or  malady  of  melancholy  itself.  So  that 
as  the  philosophers  make  ^^ eight  degrees  of  heat  and  cold,  we  may  make  eighty- 
eight  of  melancholy,  as  the  parts  affected  are  diversely  seized  with  it,  or  have  been 
plunged  more  or  less  into  this  infernal  gulf,  or  w^aded  deeper  into  it.  But  all  these 
melancholy  fits,  howsoever  pleasing  at  first,  or  displeasing,  violent  and  tyrannizing 
over  those  whom  they  seize  on  for  the  time;  yet  these  fits  I  say,  or  men  affected, 
are  hut  improperly  so  called,  because  they  continue  not,  but  come  and  go,  as  by 
some  objects  they  are  moved.  This  melancholy  of  which  we  are  to  treat,  is  a  habit, 
mosbus  sonticus,  or  rhronicus,  a  chronic  or  continuate  disease,  a  settled  humour,  as 

loNatalitia  inquit  colehrantur,  miptiae  hie  sunt ;  at    destitutos  in  prnfundo  iniseriarum  valle  miserahilitT 
ibi  quid  celebratiir  quod  nnn  dolet.  quod  non  transit!    immergunt.      Valerius,  lib.  6.  cap.   11.  -oHuic 

>' Apuleius  4.  florid.  Nihil  quicquid  homini  lani  pros- 
pprum  divinitus  datum,  quia  ei  admi.xtum  sit  aliquid 
difficultatis  ut  etiani  ainplissima  quaqua  Ixtitid,  subsit 
qnrppiam  vel  parva  querimnnia  conjujjatione  quadain 
mellis,  et  fellis.  ''  Caduca  nimiruni  et  fragilia,  et 

puerilibiis  consentanea  crepundiis  sunt  ista  qua;  vires 
et  opes  humanfe  vocanuir,  affluunt  subltft,  repente  de- 
lahuntur,  nullo  in  loco,  nulla  in  persona,  stabilibus 
nixa  radicibiis  cnnsistunt,  sed  iucertissimo  flaiu  for- 
uiite  quos  in  sublime  e.xtulerunt  iinproviso  recursu 


Beculo  paruin  aptus  es,  aut  polius  oninuim  nostrorunn 
conditionem  ienoras,  quibus  reciproco  qiiodain  iii-xn, 
&.C.  Lorchanus  Gollobelgicus,  lib.  3.  ad  annum  \'>9K. 
'''Ilorsum  omnia  studia  dirigi  dcbenl,  ut  humana  for- 
titer  feramiis.  ™2  Tim.  ii.  3.  "  Epist.  «6.  lib.  10. 
Affectus  frequentes  conteniptique  niorbum  faciiint. 
Distillatio  una  nee  adhuc  in  morem  udaucta,  tunsini 
facit,  assidua  et  violenta  pthisim.  '"  Calidum  ad 

octo :  frigidum  ad  octo.  Una  hirundo  non  facii 
xstatem. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  2.] 


Digression  of  Anatomy. 


95 


^Aurelianus  and  "others  call  it,  not  errant,  but  fixed ;  and  as  it  was  long  increasing, 
so  now  being  (pleasant,  or  painful)  grown  to  an  habit,  it  will  hardly  be  removed. 


SECT.  I.    MEMB.  II. 

SuBSECT.  I. — Digression  of  Anatomy. 

Before  I  proceed  to  define  the  disease  of  melancholy,  what  it  is,  or  to  discourse 
farther  of  it,  I  hold  it  not  impertinent  to  make  a  brief  digression  of  the  anatomy  of 
the  body  and  faculties  of  the  soul,  for  the  better  understanding  of  that  which  is  to 
follow;  because  many  hard  words  will  often  occur,  as  myrache,  hypocondries, 
emrods,  &c.,  imagination,  reason,  humours,  spirits,  vital,  natural,  animal,  nerves, 
veins,  arteries,  chylus,  pituita ;  which  by  the  vulgar  will  not  so  easily  be  perceived, 
what  they  are,  how  cited,  and  to  what  end  they  serve.  And  besides,  it  may  perad- 
venture  give  occasion  to  some  men  to  examine  more  accurately,  search  further  into 
this  most  excellent  subject,  and  thereupon  with  that  royal  ^prophet  to  praise  God, 
("  for  a  man  is  fearfully  and  Avonderfully  made,  and  curiously  wrought")  that  have 
time  and  leisure  enough,  and  are  sufficiently  informed  in  all  other  worldly  businesses, 
as  to  make  a  good  bargain,  buy  and  sell,  to  keep  and  make  choice  of  a  fair  hawk, 
hound,  horse,  &c.  But  for  such  matters  as  concern  the  knowledge  of  themselves, 
they  are  wholly  ignorant  and  careless ;  they  know  not  what  this  body  and  soul  are, 
how  combined,  of  what  parts  and  faculties  they  consist,  or  how  a  man  diflers  from  a 
dog.  And  what  can  be  more  ignominious  and  filthy  (as  ^Melancthon  well  inveighs) 
"  than  for  a  man  not  to  know  the  structure  and  composition-  of  his  own  body,  espe- 
cially since  the  knowledge  of  it  tends  so  much  to  the  preservation  of  his  health,  and 
information  of  his  manners  ?"  To  stir  them  up  therefore  to  this  study,  to  peruse 
those  elaborate  works  of  ^^  Galen,  Bauhines,  Plater,  Vesalius,  Falopius,  Laurentius, 
Remelinus,  &.C.,  which  have  A\Titten  copiously  in  Latin;  or  that  which  some  of  our 
industrious  countrymen  have  done  in  our  mother  tongue,  not  long  since,  as  that 
translation  of  ^^  Columbus  and  ^^Microcosmographia,  in  thirteen  books,  I  have  made 
this  brief  digression.  Also  because  ^Wecker,  ^'Melancthon,  '^Fernelius,  ^Fuschius, 
and  those  te^dious  Tracts  de  Animd  (which  have  more  compendiously  handled  and 
written  of  this  matter,)  are  not  at  all  times  ready  to  be  had,  to  give  them  some  small 
taste,  or  noti<-»j  of  the  rest,  let  this  epitome  suffice. 

SuBSECT.  II. — Division  of  the  Body.,  Humours.,  Spirits. 

Of  the  parts  of  the  body  there  may  be  many  divisions  :  the  most  approved  is  that 
of  **  Laurentius,  out  of  Hippocrates :  which  is,  into  parts  contained,  or  containing. 
Contained,  are  either  humours  or  spirits. 

Humours.]  A  humour  is  a  liquid  or  fluent  part  of  the  body,  comprehended  m 
it,  for  the  preservation  of  it ;  and  is  either  innate  or  born  with  us,  or  adventitious 
and  acquisite.  The  radical  or  innate,  is  daily  supplied  by  nourishment,  which 
some  call  cambium,  and  make  those  secondary  "humours  of  ros  and  gluten  to  main- 
tain it :  or  acquisite,  to  maintain  these  four  first  primary  humours,  coming  and  pro- 
ceeding from  the  first  concoction  in  the  liver,  by  which  means  chylus  is  excluded. 
Some  uivide  them  into  profitable  and  excrementitious.  But  ^Crato  out  of  Hippo- 
crates will  have  all  four  to  be  juice,  and  not  excrements,  without  which  no  living 
creature  can  be  sustained :  which  four,  though  they  be  comprehended  in  the  mass 
of  blood,  yet  they  have  their  several  affections,  by  which  they  are  distinguished 
from  one  another,'  and  from  those  adventitious,  peccant,  or  ^  diseased  humours,  as 
Melancihon  calls  them. 

Blood.]  Blood  is  a  hot,  sweet,  temperate,  red  humour,  prepared  in  the  miseraic 
veins,  and  made  of  the  most  temperate  parts  of  the  chylus  in  the  liver,  whose  office 


"Lib.  1.  c.  6.  MFuschius,  1.  3.  sec.  1.  cap.  7. 

Hildesheim,  fol.  130.  a' Psal.  xxxi.x.  13.  '-^re 

Anima.  Turpe  enim  est  homini  ienorare  sui  corporis 
(ut  ita  dicani)  sditicium,  prceserlim  cum  ad  valeludi- 
nem  et  more^  htec  cognitio  plurimum  coiiducat.      ^^  De 


usu  part.  *  History  of  man.  2)D.  Crook*. 

*>Iii  .Syntaxi.       .      3i  ©g  Anima.  =^Instit.  lib.  1. 

S3  Physiol.  1.  1,  2.  MAnat.  I.  1.  c.  18.  '-^  li> 

Micro,  succos,  sine  quibus  animal  sustentari  non  p<- 
test.  *Morbosos  humored. 


96  Similar  Parts.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  » 

is  to  nourish  the  whole  body,  to  give  it  strength  and  colour,  being  dispersed  by  the 
veins  through  every  part  of  it.  And  from  it  spirits  are  first  begotten  in  the  heart, 
which  afterwards  by  the  arteries  are  communicated  to  the  other  parts. 

Pituita,  or  phlegm,  is  a  cold  and  moist  humour,  begotten  of  the  colder  part  of 
the  chylus  (or  white  juice  coming  out  of  the  meat  digested  in  the  stomach,)  in  the 
liver ;  his  office  is  to  nourish  and  moisten  the  members  of  the  body,  which  as  the 
tongue  are  moved,  that  they  be  not  over  dry. 

Choler,  is  hot  and  dr}-,  bitter,  begotten  of  the  hotter  parts  of  the  chylus,  and 
gathered  to  the  gall :  it  helps  the  natural  heat  and  senses,  and  serves  to  the  expelling 
of  excrements. 

Melancholy.]  Melancholy,  cold  and  dry,  thick,  black,  and  sour,  begotten  of  the 
more  feculent  part  of  nourishment,  and  purged  from  the  spleen,  is  a  bridle  to  the 
other  two  hot  humours,  blood  and  choler,  preserving  them  in  the  blood,  and  nourish- 
ing the  bones.  These  four  humours  have  some  analogy  with  the  four  elements,  and 
to  the  four  ages  in  man. 

Seru?n^  Siceal,  Tears.]  To  these  humours  you  may  add  serum,  which  is  the 
matter  of  urine,  and  those  excrementitious  humours  of  the  third  concoction,  sweat 
and  tears. 

Spirits.]  Spirit  is  a  most  subtile  vapour,  which  is  expressed  from  the  blood,  and 
the  instrument  of  the  soul,  to  perf^cm  all  his  actions;  a  common  tie  or  medium 
between  the  body  and  the  soul,  as  some  will  have  it ;  or  as  ^'^  Paracelsus,  a  fourth 
soul  of  itself.  Melancthon  holds  the  fountain  of  those  spirits  to  be  tlie  heart,  be- 
gotten there  ;  and  afterward  conveyed  to  the  brain,  they  take  another  nature  to 
them.  Of  these  spirits  there  be  three  kinds,  according  to  the  three  principal  parts, 
brain,  lieart,  liver;  natural,  vital,  animal.  The  natural  are  begotten  in  the  liver,  and 
thence  dispersed  through  the  veins,  to  perform  those  natural  actions.  The  vital 
spirits  are  made  in  the  heart  of  the  natural,  which  by  the  arteries  are  transported  to 
all  the  other  parts :  if  the  spirits  cease,  then  life  ceaseth,  as  in  a  syncope  or  swoon- 
ing. The  animal  spirits  formed  of  the  vital,  brought  up  to  the  brain,  and  difiused  by 
tiie  nerves,  to  the  subordinate  members,  give  sense  and  motion  to  them  all. 

SuBSECT.  III. — Similar  Parts. 

Similar  Parts.]  Containing  parts,  by  reason  of  their  more  solid  substance,  are 
either  homogeneal  or  heterogencal,  similar  ot  dissimilar ;  so  Aristotle  divides  tliem, 
lib.  1,  cap.  I,  de  Hist.  Animal.;  Laurent ius.,  cap.  20,  lib.  1.  Similar,  or  homogeneal, 
are  such  as,  if  they  be  divided,  are  still  severed  into  parts  of  the  same  nature,  as 
water  into  water.  Of  these  some  be  spcrmatical,  some  fleshy  or  carnal.  '®  Spermati- 
cal  are  such  as  are  immediately  begotten  of  the  seed,  which  are  bones,  gristles,  liga- 
ments, membranes,  nerves,  arteries,  veins,  skins,  fibres  or  strings,  fat. 

Bones.]  The  bones  are  dry  and  hard,  begotten  of  the  thickest  of  the  seed,  to 
strengthen  and  sustain  other  parts:  some  say  there  be  304,  some  307,  or  313  in 
man's  body.     They  have  no  nerves  in  them,  and  are  therefore  without  sense. 

A  gristle  is  a  substance  softer  than  bone,  and  harder  than  the  rest,  flexible,  and 
serves  to  maintain  the  parts  of  motion. 

Ligaments  are  they  that  tie  the  bones  together,  and  other  parts  to  the  bones,  with 
their  subserving  tendons :  membranes'  office  is  to  cover  the  rest. 

Nerves,  or  sinews,  are  membranes  without,  and  full  of  marrow  within ;  they  pro- 
ceed from  the  brain,  and  carry  the  animal  spirits  for  sense  and  motion.  Of  these 
some  be  harder,  some  softer ;  the  softer  serve  the  senses,  and  there  be  seven  pair  of 
'.hem.  The  first  be  the  optic  nerves,  by  which  we  see ;  the  second  move  the  eyes  ; 
the  third  pair  serve  for  the  tongue  to  taste;  the  fourth  pair  for  the  taste  in  the 
j^'ate ;  the  fifth  belong  to  the  ears ;  the  sixth  pair  is  most  ample,  and  runs  almost 
over  c\\  the  bowels ;  the  seventh  pair  moves  the  tongue.  The  harder  sinews  serve 
for  the  motion  of  the  inner  parts,  proceeding  from  the  marrow  in  the  back,  of  whom 
there  be  thirty  combinations,  seven  of  the  neck,  twelve  of  the  breast,  &.c. 

Jlrteries.]  Arteries  are  long  and  hollow,  with  a  double  skin  to  convey  the  vital 
spirit ;  to  discern  which  the  better,  they  say  that  Vesalius  the  anatomist  was  wont 

"  SpiritalU  aDima.  ■  Lanrentiaa,  cap.  30,  lib.  1.  Anat. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  4.]  Dissimilar  Parts.  97 

to  cut  up  men  alive.  ^'They  arise  in  the  left  side  of  the  heart,  and  are  principally 
two,  from  which  the  rest  are  derived,  aorta  and  venosa :  aorta  is  the  root  of  all  the 
other,  which  serve  the  whole  body ;  the  other  goes  to  the  lungs,  to  fetch  air  to 
refrigerate  the  heart. 

Veins.]  Veins  are  hollow  and  round,  like  pipes,  arising  from  the  liver,  cany-ing 
blood  and  natural  spirits  ;  they  feed  all  the  parts.  Of  these  there  be  two  chief,  Vena 
porta  and  Vena  cava.,  from  which  the  rest  are  corrivated.  That  Vena  porta  is  a  vein 
coming  from  the  concave  of  the  liver,  and  receiving  those  meseraical  veins,  by  whom 
he  takes  the  chylus  from  the  stomach  and  guts,  and  conveys  it  to  the  liver.  The 
other  derives  blood  from  the  liver  to  nourisli  all  the  other  dispersed  members.  The 
branches  of  that  Vena  porta  are  the  meseraical  and  lisemorrhoides.  The  branches 
of  the  cava  are  inward  or  outward.  Inward,  seminal  or  emulgent.  Outward,  in  the 
head,  arms,  feet,  &c.,  and  have  several  names. 

Fibro',  Fat,  Flesh.]  Fibrae  are  strings,  white  and  solid,  dispersed  through  the 
whole  member,  and  right,  oblique,  transverse,  all  which  have  their  several  uses. 
Fat  is  a  similar  part,  moist,  without  blood,  composed  of  the  most  thick  and  unc- 
tions matter  of  the  blood.  The  '"'skin  covers  the  rest,  and  hath  culiculum.,  or  a  little 
skin  under  it.     Flesh  is  soft  and  ruddy,  composed  of  the  congealing  of  blood,  &.c. 

Sue  SECT.  IV. — Dissimilar  Paris. 

Dissimilar  parts  are  those  which  we  call  organical,  or  instrumental,  and  they  be 
inward  or  outward.  The  chiefest  outward  parts  are  situate  forward  or  backward  : — 
forward,  the  crown  and  foretop  of  the  head,  skull,  face,  forehead,  temples,  chin,  eyes, 
ears,  nose,  &.c.,  neck,  breast,  chest,  upper  and  lower  part  of  the  belly,  hypocondries. 
navel,  groin,  flank,  &c. ;  backward,  the  hinder  part  of  the  head,  back,  shoulders,  sides, 
loins,  hipbones,  as  sacrum,  buttocks,  &c.  Or  joints,  arms,  hands,  feet,  legs,  thighs, 
knees,  &c.  Or  common  to  both,  which,  because  they  are  obvious  and  well  known, 
1  have  carelessly  repeated,  eaque  prcecipua  et  grandiora  tantum  ;  quod  reliquum  ex 
lihris  de  onimd  qui  volet,  accipiat. 

Inward  organical  parts,  which  cannot  be  seen,  are  divers  in  number,  and  have 
several  names,  functions,  and  divisions  ;  but  that  of '''Laurentius  is  most  notable,  into 
noble  or  ignoble  parts.  Of  the  noble  there  be  three  principal  parts,  to  which  all  the 
rest  belong,  and  whom  they  serve — brain,  heart,  liver  ;  according  to  whose  site,  three 
regions,  or  a  threefold  division,  is  made  of  the  whole  body.  As  first  of  the  head,  in 
\vhich  the  animal  organs  are  contained,  and  brain  itself,  which  by  his  nerves  give 
sense  and  motion  to  the  rest,  and  is,  as  it  were,  a  privy  counsellor  and  chancellor 
to  the  heart.  The  second  region  is  the  chest,  or  middle  belly,  in  Avhich  the  heart 
as  king  keeps  his  court,  and  by  his  arteries  communicates  life  to  the  whole  body. 
The  third  region  is  the  lower  belly,  in  Avhich  the  liver  resides  as  a  Legat  a  latere^ 
with  the  rest  of  those  natural  organs,  serving  for  concoction,  nourishment,  expelling 
of  excrements.  This  lower  region  is  distinguished  from  the  upper  by  the  midriff,  or 
diaphragma,  and  is  subdivided  again  by  ^^  some  into  three  concavities  or  regions, 
upper,  middle,  and  lower.  The  upper  of  the  hypocondries,  in  whose  right  side  is 
the  liver,  the  left  tlie  spleen ;  from  which  is  denominated  hypochondriacal  melan- 
choly. The  second  of  the  navel  and  flanks,  divided  from  the  first  by  the  rim.  The 
last  of  the  water  course,  which  is  again  subdivided  into  three  other  parts.  The  Ara- 
bians make  two  parts  of  this  region,  Epigastriwn  and  Hypogastrium,  upper  or  lower. 
Epigastrium  they  call  Mirach.,  from  whence  comes  Mirachialis  Melancholia,  some- 
times mentioned  of  them.  Of  these  several  regions  I  will  treat  in  brief  apart ;  and 
first  of  the  third  region,  in  wliich  the  natural  organs  are  contained. 

De  Anirnd. —  The  Loiver  Region,  JVatural  Organs.]  But  you  that  are  readers  in 
the  meantime,  '•'■  Suppose  you  were  now  brought  into  some  sacred  temple,  or  majes- 
tical  palace  (as  ""^  jMelancthon  saith),  to  behold  not  the  matter  only,  but  the  singular 
art,  workmanship,  and  counsel  of  this  our  great  Creator.  And  it  is  a  pleasant  and 
profitable  speculation,  if  it  be  considered  aright."     The  parts  of  this  region,  which 


3'  In  these  they  observe  the  beatins  of  the  pulse. 
M  Cujus  est  pars  simiilaris  a  vi  cutifica  iil  interiora 
muniat.   Capivac.   Anat.  pag.  252.  ■"  Anal.  lib.  1. 

c.  19.    Celebris  est  et  pervulgata  partium  divisio  in 

13  I 


principes  et  ignohiles  partes.  *^  D.  Crooke  out  of 

Galen  and  others.  43  Vos  vero  veluli  in  tenipluni 

ac  sacrarium  quoddam  tos  duel  putetis,  &c<    Salvia - 
et  utilis  cognitio. 


98  Anatomy  of  the  Body.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  1 

present  themselves  to  your  consideration  and  view,  are  such  as  serve  to  nutrition  or 
generation.  Those  of  nutrition  serve  to  the  first  or  second  concoction  ^  as  the 
oesophagus  or  gullet,  whicli  brings  meat  and  drink  into  the  stomach.  The  ventri- 
cle or  stomach,  which  is  seated  in  the  midst  of  tliat  par*  of  the  belly  beneath  the 
midriff,  the  kitchen,  as  it  were,  of  the  first  concoction,  and  which  turns  our  meat 
into  chylus.  It  hath  two  mouths,  one  above,  anotlier  beneath.  The  upper  is  some- 
times taken  for  tlie  stomach  itself;  the  lower  and  nether  door  (as  Wecker  calls  it)  is 
named  Pylorus.  This  stomach  is  sustained  by  a  large  kcU  or  kaull,  called  omentum  ; 
which  some  will  have  tlie  same  with  peritoneum,  or  rim  of  the  belly.  From  the 
stomach  to  the  very  fundament  are  produced  the  guts,  or  intestiua,  which  serve  a  little 
to  alter  and  distribute  tlie  chylus,  and  convey  away  the  excrements.  They  are  di- 
vided into  small  and  great,  by  reason  of  their  site  and  substance,  slender  or  thicker  : 
the  slender  is  duodenum,  or  whole  gut,  which  is  next  to  the  stomach,  some  twelve 
inches  long,  saith  '"Fuschius.  Jejunum,  or  empty  gut,  continuate  to  the  other,  which 
hath  many  mcseraic  veins  annexed  to  it,  which  take  part  of  the  chylus  to  the  liver 
from  iL  ilion  the  third,  which  consists  of  many  crinkles,  which  serves  with  the  rest 
to  receive,  keep,  and  distribute  the  chylus  from  the  stomach.  The  thick  guts  are 
three,  the  blind  gut,  colon,  and  right  gut.  The  blind  is  a  thick  and  short  gut,  having 
one  mouth,  in  which  the  ilir^n  and  colon  meet :  it  receives  the  excrements,  and  con- 
veys them  to  the  colon.  This  colon  hath  many  windings,  that  the  excrements  pass 
not  away  too  fast :  the  right  gut  is  straight,  and  conveys  the  excrements  to  the  funda- 
ment, whose  lower  part  is  bound  up  with  certain  muscles  called  sphincters,  that  the 
excrements  may  be  the  better  contained,  until  such  time  as  a  man  be  willing  to  go  to 
the  stool.  In  the  midst  of  these  guts  is  situated  the  mesenterium  or  midriff,  composed 
of  many  veins,  arteries,  and  much  fat,  serving  chielly  to  sustain  the  guts.  All  these 
parts  serve  the  first  concoction.  To  the  second,  which  is  busied  either  in  refining  the 
good  nourishment  or  expelling  the  bad,  is  chielly  belonging  the  liver,  like  in  colour 
to  congealed  blood,  the  shop  of  blood,  situate  in  the  right  hypercondry,  in  figure 
like  to  a  half-moon — Gcnrrosuin  membrum  Melancthon  styles  it,  a  generous  part ;  it 
serves  to  turn  the  chylus  to  blood,  for  the  nourishment  of  the  body.  The  excre- 
ments of  it  are  either  choleric  or  watery,  which  the  other  subordinate  parts  convey. 
The  gall  placed  in  the  concave  of  the  liver,  extracts  choler  to  it :  the  .spleen,  melan- 
choly; which  is  situate  on  the  left  side,  over  against  the  liver,  a  spungy  matter,  lliat 
draws  this  black  choler  to  it  by  a  secret  virtue,  and  feeds  upon  it,  conveying  the 
lest  to  tlie  bottom  of  the  stomach,  to  stir  up  appetite,  or  else  to  the  guts  as  an  ex- 
crement. That  water}'  matter  the  two  kidneys  expurgate  by  those  emulgent  veins 
and  ureters.  The  emulgent  draw  this  superfluous  moisture  from  the  blood;  the  two 
ureters  convey  it  to  the  bladder,  which,  by  reason  of  his  site  in  the  lower  belly,  is 
apt  to  receive  it,  having  two  parts,  neck  and  bottom  :  the  bottom  holds  the  water, 
the  neck  is  constringed  with  a  muscle,  which,  as  a  porter,  keeps  the  water  from  run- 
ning out  against  our  will. 

Members  of  generation  are  common  to  both  sexes,  or  peculiar  to  one ;  which, 
because  they  are  impertinent  to  my  purpose,  I  do  voluntarily  omit. 

Middle  Ilcgion.]  Next  in  order  is  the  middle  region,  or  chest,  which  compre- 
hends the  vital  faculties  and  parts;  which  (as  I  have  said)  is  separated  from  the 
lower  belly  by  the  diaphragma  or  midrifl^  which  is  a  skin  consisting  of  many  nerves, 
membranes  ;  and  amongst  other  uses  it  hath,  is  the  instrument  of  laughing.  Tliere  is 
also  a  certain  thin  membrane,  full  of  sinews,  which  covereth  the  whole  chest  within, 
and  is  called  pleura,  the  seat  of  the  disease  called  pleurisy,  when  it  is  infiamed  ;  some 
add  a  third  skin,  which  is  termed  Mediastinus,  which  divides  the  chest  into  two 
parts,  right  and  left ;  of  this  region  the  principal  part  is  the  heart,  which  is  the  seat 
and  fountain  of  life,  of  heat,  of  spirits,  of  pulse  and  respiration — the  sun  of  our 
body,  the  king  and  sole  commander  of  it — the  seat  and  organ  of  all  passions  and 
affections.  Prirnum  u/tens,  uU'umnn  rnoriens^  it  lives  first,  dies  last  in  all  creatures. 
Of  a  pyramidical  form,  and  not  much  unlike  to  a  pine-apple;  a  part  worthy  of  **ad- 
miration,  that  can  yield  such  variety  of  affections,  by  whose  motion  it  is  dilated  or 
contracted,  to  stir  and  command  the  humours  in  the  body.     As  in  sorrow,  melan- 

«  Lib.  1.  cap.  12.  sect.  5.  «H8bc  res  est  pra-ci-  ]  cietur  cor,  quod  omnes  retrittes  et  IkU;  staiioi  corda 

DuAOjgiia  admiri.lione,  quod  tanta  affectuuiD  varietate  \  feritnt  et  movent. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  5.]  Anatomy  of  the  Soul.  99 

^holy ;  in  auger,  choler ;  in  joy,  to  send  the  blood  outwardly  ;  in  sorrow,  to  call  it 
in ;  moving  the  humours,  as  horses  do  a  chariot.  This  heart,  though  it  be  one  sole 
member,  yet  it  may  be  divided  into  two  creeks  right  and  left.  The  right  is  like  the 
aioon  increasing,  bigger  than  the  other  part,  and  receives  blood  from  Vena  cava^ 
distributing  some  of  it  to  the  lungs  to  nourish  them ;  the  rest  to  the  left  side,  to 
engender  spirits.  The  left  creek  hath  tlie  form  of  a  cone,  and  is  the  seat  of  life, 
which,  as  a  torch  doth  oil,  draws  blood  unto  it,  begetting  of  it  spirits  and  fire ;  and 
as  fire  in  a  torch,  so  are  spirits  in  the  blood ;  and  by  that  great  artery  called  aorta,  it 
sends  vital  spirits  over  the  body,  and  takes  air  from  the  lungs  by  that  artery  which 
is  called  venosa ;  so  that  both  creeks  have  their  vessels,  the  right  two  veins,  tlie  left 
two  arteries,  besides  those  two  common  and  fractuous  ears,  which  sen-e  them  both ; 
the  one  to  hold  blood,  the  other  air,  for  several  uses.  The  lungs  is  a  thin  spungy 
part,  like  an  ox  hoof,  (saith  ''Ternelius)  the  town-clerk  or  crier,  ("one  terms  it)  the 
instrument  of  voice,  as  an  orator  to  a  king ;  annexed  to  the  heart,  to  express  their 
thoughts  by  voice.  That  it  is  the  instrument  of  voice,  is  manifest,  in  that  no  crea- 
ture can  speak,  or  utter  any  voice,  which  wanteth  these  lights.  It  is,  besides,  the 
instrument  of  respiration,  or  breathing ;  and  its  office  is  to  cool  tlie  heart,  by  sending 
air  unto  it,  by  the  venosal  artery,  which  vein  comes  to  the  lungs  by  that  aspera 
arteria,  which  consists  of  many  gristles,  membranes, 'nerves,  taking  in  air  at  the 
nose  and  mouth,  and  by  it  likewise  exhales  the  fumes  of  the  heart. 

In  the  upper  region  serving  the  animal  faculties,  the  chief  organ  is  the  brain,  which 
is  a  soft,  marrowish,  and  white  substance,  engendered  of  the  purest  part  of  seed  and 
spirits,  included  by  many  skins,  and  seated  within  the  skull  or  brain  pan ;  and  it  is 
the  most  noble  organ  mider  heaven,  the  dwelling-house  and  seat  of  the  soul,  the 
habitation  of  wisdom,  memory,  judgment,  reason,  and  in  which  man  is  most  like 
unto  God ;  and  therefore  nature  hath  covered  it  with  a  skull  of  hard  bone,  and  two 
skins  or  membranes,  whereof  the  one  is  called  dura  ynater,  or  meninx,  the  other  pia 
mater.  The  dura  mater  is  next  to  the  skull,  above  the  other,  which  includes  and 
protects  the  brain.  When  this  is  taken  away,  the  pia  mater  is  to  be  seen,  a  thin 
membrane,  the  next  and  immediate  cover  of  the  brain,  and  not  covering  only,  but 
entering  into  it.  The  brain  itself  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  fore  and  hinder  part ; 
the  fore  part  is  much  bigger  than  the  otlier,  which  is  called  the  little  brain  in  respect 
of  it.  This  fore  part  hath  many  concavities  distinguished  by  certain  ventricles, 
which  are  the  receptacles  of  the  spirits,  brought  hither  by  the  arteries  from  the 
heart,  and  are  there  refined  to  a  more  heavenly  nature,  to  perform  the  actions  of  the 
soul.  Of  these  ventricles  there  are  three — right,  left,  and  middle.  The  right  and 
left  answer  to  their  site,  and  beget  animal  spirits ;  if  they  be  any  way  hurt,  sense 
and  motion  ceaseth.  These  ventricles,  moreover,  are  held  to  be  the  seat  of  the 
common  sense.  The  middle  ventricle  is  a  common  concourse  and  cavity  of  them 
both,  and  liath  two  pas  *iges — the  one  to  receive  pituita,  and  the  other  extends  itself 
to  the  fourth  creek;  in  ihis  they  place  imagination  and  cogitation,  and  so  tlie  three 
ventricles  of  the  fore  part  of  the  brain  are  used.  The  fourth  creek  behind  the  head 
is  common  to  the  cerebel  or  little  brain,  and  marrow  of  the  back-bone,  the  last  and 
most  solid  of  all  the  rest,  which  receives  the  animal  spirits  from  the  other  ventricles, 
and  conveys  them  to  the  marrow  in  the  back,  and  is  the  place  where  they  say  the 
memory  is  seated. 

SuBSECT.  V. —  Of  the  Soul  and  her  Faculties. 

According  to  ''^Aristotle,  the  soul  is  defined  to  be  ivtt'kixsui,  perfectio  et  actus 
primus  corporis  organici.,  vitam  hahentis  in  potcntia :  the  perfection  or  first  act  of  an 
organical  body,  having  power  of  life,  which  most  *^  philosophers  approve.  But  many 
doubts  arise  about  the  essence,  subject,  seat,  distinction,  and  subordinate  faculties  of 
it.  For  the  essence  and  particular  knowledge,  of  all  other  things  it  is  most  hard  (be 
it  of  man  or  beast)  to  discern,  as  ^Aristotle  himself,  ^'TuUy,  ^-Picus  Mirandula, 
"Tolet,  and  other  Neoteric  philosophers  confess  : — ^**"  We  can  understand  all  things 


«  Physio.  1.  1.  c.  8.  *^  Ut  orator  regi :  sic  pulmo  I  si  Tuscul.  quaest.  m  Lib.  6.  Doct.  Va.  Gentil.  c.  13. 

TOfis  instrumentum  annectilur  cordi,  &c.  Melancth.  |  pag.  1215.  ssxristot.  ^Anima  qusque  in 

*•  De  anim.  c.  1.  «  Scalig.  exerc.  307.  Tolet.  in    telligimus,  et  tamen  qujB   sit   ipsa   intelligere  noi 


1 00  Anatomy  of  the  Soul.  [Part  1 .  Sec.  1 

by  her,  but  what  she  is  we  cannot  apprehend."  Some  therefore  make  one  soul, 
divided  into  three  principal  faculties ;  others,  three  distinct  souls.  Which  question 
of  late  hath  been  much  controverted  by  Picolomineus  and  Zabarel.  "Paracelsus  will 
have  four  souls,  adding  to  the  three  grand  faculties  a  spiritual  soul :  M'hich  opinion  of 
his,  Canipanella,  in  his  book  de  senm  rerum,^  nnich  labours  to  demonstrate  and 
prove,  because  carcasses  bleed  at  the  sight  of  the  murderer;  with  many  sucli  argu- 
ments: And  "'some  again,  one  soul  of  all  creatures  whatsoever,  differing  only  in 
organs ;  and  that  beasts  have  reason  as  well  as  men,  though,  for  some  defect  of 
organs,  not  in  such  measure.  Others  make  a  doubt  whether  it  be  all  in  all,  and  all 
in  every  part;  which  is  amply  discussed  in  Zabarel  amongst  the  rest.  The  ** com- 
mon division  of  the  soul  is  into  three  principal  faculties — vegetal,  sensitive,  and 
rational,  which  make  three  distinct  kinds  of  living  creatures — vegetal  plants,  sensi- 
ble beasts,  rational  men.  How  these  three  principal  faculties  are  distinguished  and 
connected,  Hmiwno  ingenio  inaccessumvidclur.,is  beyond  human  capacity,  as  ""Tau- 
rellus,  Philip,  Flavins,  and  others  suppose.  The  inferior  may  be  alone,  but  the 
superior  cannot  subsist  without  the  other;  so  sensible  includes  vegetal,  rational 
both ;  wliich  are  contained  in  it  (saith  Aristotle)  ut  trigonus  in  telragono,  as  a  tri- 
angle in  a  quadrangle. 

Vegetal  SouJ?[  V^egetal,  the  first  of  the  three  distinct  faculties,  is  defined  to  be  "■  a 
substantial  act  of  an  organical  body,  by  wliicli  it  is  nourished,  augmented,  and  begets 
another  like  imto  itself."  in  which  definition,  three  several  operations  are  sjiecified — 
dtrix.  auctrix,  procreatrix  ;  the  first  is  "^'^ nutrition,  whose  object  is  nourishment,  nuat, 
drink,  and  the  like ;  his  organ  tlie  liver  in  sensible  creatures ;  in  plants,  the  root  or 
f>ap.  His  office  is  to  turn  the  nutriment  into  the  substance  of  the  body  nourishtd, 
whicli  he  performs  by  natural  heat.  Tliis  nutritive  operation  iiath  four  other  subor- 
dinate functions  or  powers  belonging  to  it — attraction,  retention,  digestion,  expulsion. 

Allraciion.]  ^'Attraction  is  a  ministering  faculty,  which,  as  a  loadstone  doth  iron, 
draws  meat  into  the  stomach,  or  as  a  lamp  doth  oil ;  and  this  attractive  power  is 
very  necessary-  in  plants,  which  suck  up  moisture  by  the  root,  as  anotlier  mouth, 
into  \\\e  sap,  as  a  like  stomach. 

Rd'iilion.]  Retention  keeps  it,  being  attracted  unto  the  stomach,  until  such  time 
it  be  concocted;  for  if  it  should  pass  away  straight,  the  body  could  not  be  nourished. 

Digestion.]  Digestion  is  pcrlormtd  by  natural  heat ;  for  as  the  llame  of  a  torch 
consumes  oil,  wax,  tallow,  so  doth  it  alter  and  digest  the  nutritive  matter.  Indiges- 
tion is  opposite  unto  it,  for  want  of  natural  heat.  Of  tliis  digestion  there  be  three 
differences — maturation,  elixation,  assation. 

Maturation^  Maturation  is  especially  observed  in  the  fruits  of  trees  ;  which  are 
then  said  to  be  ripe,  when  the  seeds  are  fit  to  be  sown  again.  Crudity  is  opposed 
to  it,  which  gluttons,  epicures,  and  idle  persons  are  most  subject  unto,  that  use  no 
exercise  to  stir  natural  heat,  or  else  choke  it,  as  too  much  wood  puts  out  a  fire. 

Elixation.]  Elixation  is  the  seething  of  meat  in  the  stomach,  l^y  the  said  natural 
heat,  as  meat  is  boiled  in  a  pot ;  to  which  corruption  or  putrefaction  is  opposite. 

Assation.]  Assation  is  a  concoction  of  the  inward  moisture  by  heat ;  his  opposite 
is  semiustulation. 

Order  of  Concoction  four  fold.]  Besides  these  three  several  operations  of  diges- 
tion, there  is  a  four-fold  order  of  concoction : — mastication,  or  chewing  in  the  mouth; 
chilification  of  this  so  chewed  meat  in  the  stomach ;  the  third  is  in  the  liver,  to  turn 
this  chylus  into  blood,  called  sanguification  ;  the  last  is  assimulation,  which  is  in 
every  part. 

Expulsion.]  Expulsion  is  a  power  of  nutrition,  by  which  it  expels  all  superfluous 
excrements,  and  reliques  of  meat  and  drink,  by  the  guts,  bladder,  pores ;  as  by  purg- 
ing, vomiting,  spitting,  sweating,  urine,  hairs,  nails,  See. 

Augmentation.]  As  this  nutritive  faculty  ser\es  to  nourish  the  body,  so  doth  the 
augmenting  faculty  (the  second  operation  or  power  of  the  vegetal  faculy)  to  the  in- 

"  Spiritualem  animam  a  reliquis  distinctam  tuetur,  |  lip.  de  Anima.  ca.  1.  Cffilius,  20.  antiq.  cap.  3.  Plutarch 
ctiam  in  cadavere  inhtErentem  post  mortem  per  aliquot  |  de  placit.  philos.  "  De  vit.  et  mort.  part.  i.  c.  3 

menses.  'Lib.  3.  cap.  31.  s' Coelius,  lib.  2.  i  prop.  1.  de  vit.  et  mort.  2.  c.  22.  «"Nutritio  est 

c.  31.  Plutarch,  in  Grillo  Lips.  Cen.  1.  ep.  50.     jossius    alimenti  Iransmutatio,  viro  naturalis.  Seal,  extrc.  101 
dt:  Ri6u  Ki  Fletu,  Averroes,  Campanella,  &c.        ^-  Phi-    sec.  17.        "  Bee  more  of  Attraction  in  Seal.  exer.  343 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  6.]  Anatomy  of  the  Soul.  101 

creasing  of  it  in  quantity,  according  to  all  dimensions,  long,  broad,  thick,  and  to 
make  it  grow  till  it  come  to  his  due  proportion  and  perfect  shape ;  which  hath  his 
l)eriod  of  augmentation,  as  of  consumption ;  and  that  most  certain,  as  the  poet 
observes  : — 

"  "Stat  sua  cuique  dies,  breve  et  irreparabile  tempus    I         "  A  terra  of  life  is  set  to  every  man, 
Jmnibus  est  vita;." |  Which  is  but  short,  and  pass  it  no  one  can." 

Generation]  The  last  of  these  vegetal  faculties  is  generation,  which  begets  another 
by  means  of  seed,  like  unto  itself,  to  the  perpetual  preservation  of  the  species.  To  this 
faculty  they  ascribe  three  subordinate  operations : — the  first  to  turn  nourishment  into 
seed,  &c. 

Life  and  Death  concomitants  of  the  Vegetal  Faculties.]  'Necessary  concomitants 
or  affections  of  this  vegetal  faculty  are  life  and  his  privation,  death.  To  the  preser- 
vation of  life  the  natural  heat  is  most  requisite,  though  siccity  and  humidity,  and 
those  first  qualities,  be  not  excluded.  This  heat  is  likewise  in  plants,  as  appears  by 
their  increasing,  fructifying.  Stc,  though  not  so  easily  perceived.  In  all  bodies  it  must 
have  radical  ''^moisture  to  preserve  it,  that  it  be  not  consumed;  to  which  preservation 
our  clime,  country,  temperature,  and  the  good  or  bad  use  of  those  six  non-natural 
things  avail  much.  For  as  this  natural  heat  and  moisture  decays,  so  dotli  our  life 
itself;  and  if  not  prevented  before  by  some  violent  accident,  or  interrupted  through 
our  own  default,  is  in  the  end  dried  up  by  old  age,  and  extinguished  by  death  for 
want  of  matter,  as  a  lamp  for  defect  of  oil  to  main-tain  it. 

SuBSECT.  VI. —  Of  the  sensible  Soul. 

Next  in  order  is  the  sensible  faculty,  which  is  as  far  beyond  the  other  in  dignity, 
as  a  beast  is  preferred  to  a  plant,  having  those  vegetal  powers  included  in  it.  'Tis 
defined  an  "  Act  of  an  organical  body  by  which  it  lives,  hath  sense,  appetite,  judg- 
ment, breath,  and  motion."  His  object  in  general  is  a  sensible  or  passible  qualitv, 
because  the  sense  is  affected  with  it.  The  general  organ  is  the  brain,  from  which 
principally  the  sensible  operations  are  derived.  This  sensible  soul  is  divided  into 
two  parts,  apprehending  or  moving.  By  the  apprehensive  power  we  perceive  the 
species  of  sensible  things  present,  or  absent,  and  retain  them  as  wax  doth  the  print 
of  a  seal.  By  the  moving,  the  body  is  outwardly  carried  from  one  place  to  another  ; 
or  inwardly  moved  by  spirits  and  pulse.  The  apprehensive  faculty  is  subdivided 
into  two  parts,  inward  or  outward.  Outward,  as  tlie  five  senses,  of 'touching,  hear- 
ing, seeing,  smelling,  tasting,  to  which  you  may  add  Scaliger's  sixth  sense  of  titilla- 
tion,  if  you  please;  or  that  of  speech,  which  is  the  sixth  external  sense,  according 
to  Lullius.  Inward  are  three — common  sense,  phantasy,  memory.  Those  five  out- 
ward senses  have  their  object  in  outward  things  only,  and  such  as  are  present,  as  the 
eye  sees  no  colour  except  it  be  at  hand,  the  ear  sound.  Three  of  these  senses  are 
of  commodit}',  hearing,  sight,  and  smell ;  two  of  necessity,  touch,  and  taste,  without 
which  we  cannot  live.  Besides,  the  sensitive  pow-er  is  active  or  passive.  Active  in 
sight,  the  eye  sees  the  colour ;  passive  when  it  is  hurt  by  his  object,  as  the  eve  by 
the  sun-beams.  According  to  that  axiom,  Visibik  forte  destruit  sensum^^  Or  "if  the 
object  be  not  pleasing,  as  a  bad  sound  to  the  ear,  a  stinking  smell  to  the  nose,  &c. 

Sight.]  Of  these  five  senses,  sight  is  held  to  be  most  precious,  and  the  best,  and 
that  by  reason  of  his  object,  it  sees  the  whole  body  at  once.  By  it  we  learn,  and 
di.scern  all  things,  a  sense  most  excellent  for  use  :  to  the  sight  three  thinirs  are  re- 
quired ;  tlie  object,  the  organ,  and  the  medium.  The  object  in  general  is  visible,  or 
that  which  is  to  be  seen,  as  colours,  and  all  shining  bodies.  The  medium  is  the 
illumination  of  the  air,  which  comes  from  "light,  commonly  called  diaphanum ;  for 
in  dark  we  cannot  see.  The  organ  is  the  eye,  and  chiefly  the  apple  of  it,  which  by 
those  optic  nerves,  concurring  both  in  one,  conveys  the  sight  to  the  common  sense. 
Between  the  organ  and  object  a  true  distance  is  required,  that  it  be  not  too  near,  or 
too  far  off.  ]\Iany  excellent  questions  appertain  to  this  sense,  discussed  by  philoso- 
phers :  as  whether  this  sight  be  caused  intra  juittendo^  vel  extra  mittendo,  Sec,  by 
receiving  in  the  visible  species,  or  sending  of  them  out,  which  ^'^  Plato,  ^'''  Plutarch, 

62  Vita  consistit  in  calido  et   humido.  «  "Too  I  actus  perspicui.    Lumen  i  luce  provenit,  lux  est  IB 

Dright  an  object  destroys  the  organ.  "  Lumen  est  |  corpora  lucido.        "Satiu.  7.  c.  14.        «ln  PhiBdon. 

l2 


102  Anatomy  of  the  Soul  [Part.  1.  Sec.  1. 

^'Macrobius,  ^^Lactantius  and  others  dispute.  And,  besides,  it  is  the  subject  of  the 
perspectives,  of  which  Alhazen  the  Arabian,  VitelUo,  Roger  Bacon,  Bapiista  Porta, 
Guidus  Ubaldus,  Aquilonius,  kc,  have  written  whole  vohnnes. 

Hearing.]  Hearing,  a  most  excellent  outward  sense,  "•  by  which  we  learn  and  get 
knowledge."  His  object  is  sound,  or  that  which  is  heard;  the  medium,  air;  organ, 
the  ear.  To  the  sound,  which  is  a  collision  of  the  air,  three  things  are  required;  a 
body  to  fetrike,  as  the  hand  of  a  musician ;  tlie  body  struck,  which  must  be  solid 
and  able  to  resist;  as  a  bell,  lute-string,  not  wool,  or  sponge;  the  mediuni,  the  air; 
which  is  inward,  or  outward ;  the  outward  being  struck  or  collided  by  a  solid  body, 
still  strikes  the  next  air,  until  it  come  to  that  inward  natural  air,  which  as  an  exqui- 
site organ  is  contained  in  a  little  skin  formed  like  a  drum-head,  and  struck  upon  by 
certain  small  instruments  like  drum-sticks,  conveys  the  sound  by  a  pair  of  nerves, 
approj)riated  to  that  use,  to  the  conunon  sense,  as  to  a  judge  of  sounds.  Tliere  is 
great  variety  and  much  delight  in  them ;  for  tlie  knowledge  of  which,  consult  with 
Boethius  and  other  musicians. 

Smcllhig.]  Smelling  is  an  "outward  sense,  which  apprehends  by  the  nostrils 
drawing  in  air ;"  and  of  all  the  rest  it  is  the  weakest  sense  in  men.  The  organ  in 
the  nose,  or  two  small  hollow  pieces  of  llcsh  a  little  above  it :  the  medium  the  air 
to  men,  as  water  to  tish :  the  object,  smell,  arising  from  a  mixed  body  resolved, 
wliich,  whether  it  be  a  quality,  fume,  vapour,  or  exhalation,  I  will  not  now  dispute, 
or  of  their  diHerences,  and  how  they  are  caused.  This  sense  is  an  organ  of  health, 
as  sight  and  hearing,  saith  ''''Agellius,  are  of  discipline ;  and  that  by  avoiding  bad 
smells,  as  by  choosing  good,  which  do  as  nuu-h  alter  and  allect  tiie  body  many 
times,  as  diet  itself. 

Taslc]  Taste,  a  necessary  sense,  "  which  perceives  all  savours  by  the  tongue  and 
palate,  and  tliat  by  means  of  a  thin  spittle,  or  watery  juice."  His  organ  is  the  tongue 
witli  his  tasting  nerves;  the  medium,  a  watery  juice ;  tiie  object,  Uiste,  or  savour, 
which  is  a  quality  in  the  juice,  arising  from  tlie  mixture  of  things  tasted.  Some 
make  eight  species  or  kinds  of  savour,  bitter,  sweet,  sharp,  salt,  &.c.,  all  which  sick 
men  (as  in  an  ague)  cannot  discern,  by  reason  of  their  organs  misafiected. 

Touching.]  Touch,  the  last  of  the  senses,  and  most  ignoble,  yet  of  as  great  neces- 
sity as  the  other,  and  of  as  much  pleasure.  This  sense  is  exquisite  in  men,  and  by 
his  nerves  dispersed  all  over  the  body,  perceives  any  tactile  quality.  His  organ  the 
nerves ;  his  object  those  first  qualities,  hot,  dry,  moisf,  cold ;  and  those  that  fullow 
them,  hard,  soft,  thick,  thin,  &.c.  Many  delightsome  questions  are  moved  by  philo- 
sophers about  these  five  senses ;  their  organs,  objects,  mediums,  which  for  brevity  I 
omit 

SuBSECT.  VH. —  Of  the  Inivard  Senses. 

Common  Sense.]  I.wer  senses  are  three  in  number,  so  called,  because  they  be 
within  the  brain-pan,  as  conunon  sense,  phantasy,  memory.  Their  objects  are  not 
only  things  present,  but  they  perceive  the  sensible  species  of  things  to  come,  past, 
absent,  such  as  were  before  in  the  sense.  This  common  sense  is  the  judge  or  mode- 
rator of  the  rest,  by  whom  we  discern  all  differences  of  objects ;  for  by  mine  eye  I 
do  not  know  that  I  see,  or  by  mine  ear  that  I  hear,  but  by  my  common  sense,  who 
judgeth  of  sounds  and  colours :  they  are  but  tlie  organs  to  bring  the  species  to  be 
censured ;  so  that  all  their  objects  are  his,  and  all  their  offices  are  his.  The  fore 
part  of  tlie  brain  is  his  organ  or  seat. 

Phantasy.]  Phantasy,  or  imagination,  which  some  call  estimative,  or  cogitative, 
(confirmed,  saith  '"Fernelius,  by  frequent  meditation,)  is  an  inner  sense  whicli  doth 
more  fully  examine  the  species  perceived  by  common  sense,  of  things  present  or 
absent,  and  keeps  them  longer,  recalling  them  to  mind  again,  or  making  new  of  his 
own.  In  time  of  sleep  this  faculty  is  free,  and  many  times  conceive  strange,  stu- 
pend,  absurd  shapes,  as  in  sick  men  we  commonly  observe.  His  organ  is  the  mid- 
dle cell  of  the  brain;  his  objects  all  the  species  communicated  to  hirn  by  the  com- 
mon sense,  by  comparison  of  which  he  feigns  infinite  other  unto  himself.  In  melan- 
choly men  this  faculty  is  most  powerful  and  strong,  and  often  hurts,  producing  many 

"  De  pract.  PkJ^M  4.  «Lac   cap.  6.  de  opif.  Dei,  1.  "Ijb.  19.  cap.  2.  'o  PhU.  I.  5.  c.  A 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  8.]  Anatomy  of  the  Saul  103 

monstrous  and  prodigious  things,  especially  if  it  be  stirred  up  by  some  terrible 
object,  presented  to  it  from  common  sense  or  memory.  In  poets  and  painters  ima- 
gmation  forcibly  works,  as  appears  by  their  several  fictions,  antics,  images  :  as 
Ovid's  house  of  sleep.  Psyche's  palace  in  Apuleius,  &c.  In  men  it  is  subject  and 
governed  by  reason,  or  at  least  should  be ;  but  in  brutes  it  hath  no  superior,  and  is 
atio  brutoru7n,  all  the  reason  they  have. 

Meinory.]  Memory  lays  up  all  the  species  which  the  senses  have  brought  in,  and 
records  them  as  a  good  register,  that  they  may  be  fortlicoming  when  they  are  called 
for  by  phantasy  and  reason.  His  object  is  the  same  with  phantasy,  his  seat  and 
organ  the  back  part  of  the  brain. 

Jiffcclions  of  the  Senses,  sleep  and  leaking.]  The  affections  of  these  senses  are 
sleep  and  waking,  common  to  all  sensible  creatures.  "  Sleep  is  a  rest  or  binding  of 
the  outward'  senses,  and  of  the  common  sense,  for  the  preservation  of  body  and 
soul"  (as  ''Scaliger  defines  it);  for  when  the  common  sense  resteth,  the  outward 
senses  rest  also.  The  phantasy  alone  is  free,  and  his  commander  reason :  as  appears 
by  those  imaginary  dreams,  which  are  of  divers  kinds,  natural,  divine,  demoniacal,  &c., 
which  vary  according  to  humours,  diet,  actions,  objects,  &c.,  of  which  Artemidorus, 
Cardanus,  and  Sambucus,  with  their  several  interpretators,  have  written  great  volumes. 
This  litigation  of  senses  proceeds  from  an  inhibition  of  spirits,  the  way  being  stopped 
by  wliich  they  should  come ;  this  stopping  is  caused  of  vapours  arising  out  of  the 
stomach,  filling  the  nerves,  by  which  the  spirits  should  be  conveyed.  When  these 
vapours  ar^  spent,  the  passage  is  open,  and  the  spirits  perform  their  accustomed 
duties :  so  that  "  waking  is  the  action  and  motion  of  the  senses,  which  the  spirits 
dispersed  over  all  parts  cause." 

SuBSECT.  VIII. —  Of  the  Moving  Faculty. 

Appetite.]  This  moving  faculty  is  the  other  power  of  the  sensitive  soul,  which 
causeth  all  those  inward  and  outward  animal  motions  in  the  body.  It  is  divided 
nto  two  faculties,  the  power  of  appetite,  and  of  moving  from  place  to  place.  This 
of  appetite  is  threefold,  so  some  will  have  it ;  natural,  as  it  signifies  any  such  incli- 
nation, as  of  a  stone  to  fall  downward,  and  such  actions  as  retention,  expulsion, 
which  depend  not  on  sense,  but  are  vegetal,  as  the  appetite  of  meat  and  drink ;  hun- 
ger and  tliirst.  Sensitive  is  common  to  men  and  brutes.  Voluntary,  the  third,  or 
intellective,  which  commands  the  other  two  in  men,  and  is  a  curb  unto  tliem,  or  at 
least  should  be,  but  for  the  most  part  is  captivated  and  overruled  by  them;  and  men 
are  led  like  beasts  by  sense,  giving  reins  to  their  concupiscence  and  several  lusts. 
For  by  this  appetite  the  soul  is  led  or  inclined  to  follow  that  good  which  the  senses 
shall  approve,  or  avoid  that  which  they  hold  evil :  his  object  being  good  or  evil,  the 
one  he  embraceth,  the  other  he  rejecteth ;  according  to  that  aphorism.  Omnia  appe- 
tunl  bonim,  all  things  seek  their  own  good,  or  at  least  seeming  good.  This  power 
is  inseparable  from  sense,  for  where  sense  is,  there  are  likewise  pleasure  and  pain. 
Ilis  organ  is  the  same  with  the  common  sense,  and  is  divided  into  two  powers,  or 
inclinations,  concupiscible  or  irascible:  or  (as  "one  translates  it)  coveting,  anger 
invading,  or  impugning.  Concupiscible  covets  always  pleasant  and  delightsome 
things,  and  abhors  that  which  is  distasteful,  harsh,  and  unpleasant.  Irascible,  '^quasi 
aver  sans  per  iram  et  0(^m7?i,  as  avoiding  it  with  anger  and  indignation.  .  All  affections 
and  perturbations  arise  out  of  these  two  fountains,  which,  although  the  stoics  make 
light  of,  we  hold  natural,  and  not  to  be  resisted.  The  good  afii^ctions  are  caused  by 
some  object  of  the  same  nature;  and  if  present,  they  procure  joy,  which  dilates  the 
heart,  and  preserves  the  body :  if  absent,  they  cause  hope,  love,  desire,  and  concu- 
piscence. The  bad  are  simple  or  mixed :  simple  for  some  bad  object  present,  as 
sorrow,  Avhich  contracts  the  heart,  macerates  the  soul,  subverts  the  good  estate  of 
the  body,  hindering  all  the  operations  of  it,  causing  melancholy,  and  many  times 
death  itself;  or  future,  as  fear.  Out  of  these  two  arise  tliose  mixed  affections  and 
passions  of  anger,  which  is  a  desire  of  revenge;  hatred,  which  is  inveterate  anger: 
zeal,  which  is  offended  with  him  who  hurts  that  he  loves ;  and  iTtixaLpsxaxia,  a  coir 

"  Exercit.  280.  Tax.  W.  Jesuite,  in  bis  Passions  of  the  Minde.  '"  VfVcMtio. 


104  Anatomy  of  the  Soul.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  1, 

pound  affection  of  joy  and  hate,  when  we  rejoice  at  other  men's  mischief,  and  are 
grieved  at  their  prosperity;  pride,  self-love,  emulation,  envy,  shame,  &c.,  of  which 
elsewhere. 

Moving  from  place  to  place.,  is  a  faculty  necessarily  following  the  other.  For  in 
Tain  were  it  otherwise  to  desire  and  to  abhor,  if  we  had  not  likewise  power  to  pro- 
secute or  eschew,  by  moving  the  body  from  place  to  place  :  by  this  faculty  therefore 
we  locally  move  the  bod}',  or  any  part  of  it,  and  go  from  one  place  to  another.  To 
the  better  performance  of  which,  three  things  are  requisite :  that  which  moves ;  by 
what  it  moves ;  that  which  is  moved.  That  which  moves,  is  either  the  efficient 
cause,  or  end.  The  end  is  the  object,  which  is  desired  or  eschewed ;  as  in  a  dog  to 
catch  a  hare,  Stc.  The  efficient  cause  in  man  is  reason,  or  his  subordinate  phantasy, 
which  apprehends  good  or  bad  objects :  in  brutes  imagination  alone,  which  moves 
the  appetite,  the  appetite  this  faculty,  which  by  an  admirable  league  of  nature,  and 
by  meditation  of  the  spirit,  commands  the  organ  by  which  it  moves  :  and  iliat  con- 
sists of  nerves,  muscles,  cords,  dispersed  through  the  whole  body,  contracted  and 
relaxed  as  the  spirits  will,  which  move  the  muscles,  or  ''*  nerves  in  the  midst  of  them, 
and  draw  the  cord,  and  so  per  conscquens  tlie  joint,  to  the  place  intended.  That 
which  is  moved,  is  the  body  or  some  member  apt  to  move.  The  motion  of  the 
body  is  divers,  as  going,  running,  leaping,  dancing,  sitting,  and  such  like,  referred  to 
the  predicament  o[  situs.  Worms  creep,  birds  fly,  iishes  swhn  ;  and  so  of  parts,  the 
chief  of  which  is  respiration  or  breathing,  and  is  thus  performed.  The  outward  air 
is  drawn  in  by  the  vocal  artery,  and  sent  by  mediation  of  the  midrilF  tactile  lungs, 
whicb,  dilating  themselves  as  a  pair  of  bellows,  reciprocally  fetcli  it  in,  and  send  it 
out  to  the  heart  to  cool  it ;  and  from  thence  now  being  hot,  convey  it  again,  still 
taking  in  fresh.  Such  a  like  motion  is  that  of  the  pulse,  of  which,  because  many 
have  written  whole  books,  I  will  say  nothing.  * 

^  SuBSECT.  IX. — Oftlie  Rational  Soul. 

I.v  the  precedent  subsections  I  have  anatomized  those  inferior  faculties  of  the  soul; 
the  rational  remaineth,  "a  pleasant,  but  a  doubtful  subject"  (as  "one  terms  it),  and 
with  the  like  brevity  to  be  discussed.  Many  erroneous  opinions  are  about  the 
essence  and  original  of  it ;  whether  it  be  fire,  as  Zeno  hehl ;  harmony,  as  Aristoxe- 
nus  ;  number,  as  Xenocrates;  whether  it  be  organical,  or  inorganical ;  seated  in  the 
brain,  heart  or  blood;  mortal  or  immortal;  how  it  comes  into  the  body.  Some 
hold  that  it  is  ex  traduce,  as  Phil.  1.  de  minima.,  TertuUian,  Lactantius  de  opijic.  Dei, 
cap.  19.  Hugo.,  lib.  de  Spiritu  et  Animd,  Vincentius  Bellavic.  spec,  natural,  lib.  23. 
cap.  2.  et  II.  Hippocrates,  Avicenna,  and  many  '*late  writers;  that  one  man  begets 
another,  body  and  soul;  or  as  a  candle  from  a  candle,  to  be  produced  from  the 
seed :  otherwise,  say  they,  a  man  begets  but  half  a  man,  and  is  worse  than  a  beast 
that  begets  both  matter  and  form ;  and,  besides,  the  three  faculties  of  the  soul  must 
be  together  infused,  which  is  most  absurd  as  they  hold,  because  in  beasts  they  are 
begot,  the  two  inferior  I  mean,  and  may  not  be  well  separated  in  men.  "Galen  sup- 
poseth  the  soul  crasin  esse.,  to  be  the  temperature  itself;  Trismogistus,  Musaeus, 
Orpheus,  Homer,  Pindarus,  Phairecides  Syrus,  Epictetus,  with  the  Chaldees  and 
Egyptians,  affirmed  the  soul  to  be  immortal,  as  did  those  British  "Druids  of  old. 
The  ™  Pythagoreans  defend  Metempsychosis ;  and  Palingenesia,  that  souls  go  from 
one  body  to  another,  epota  prius  Lethes  xtndd,  as  men  into  wolves,  bears,  dogs,  hogs, 
as  they  were  inclined  in  their  lives,  or  participated  in  conditions : 

•• "inque  ferinas 

Possunms  ire  dooms,  pecudumqae  in  corpora  condi." 

*'  Lucian's  cock  was  first  Euphorbus,  a  captain : 

"llle  eso  (nam  memini)  Trojani  tempore  belli, 
Pamhojdes  Euphorbus  eram. 

A  horse,  a  man,  a  sponge.  ^^ Julian  the  Apostate  thought  Alexander's  soul  was 
descended  into  his  body :  Plato  in  Tmiaeo,  and  in  his  Phaedon,  (for  aught  I  can  per- 

"*Nervi  i  spiritu  moventiir,  spiritiis  ab  anima.  Me-  >  sf^quantur,  &c.  '"Caesar.  6.  com.  "Read 

kinct.  ''Velcurio.  Jucundum  et  anceps  subjec-  I  .£neaa  Gazeus  dial,  oftlie  immortality  of  the  f*oiil. 

turn.  "Goclenius  in   •ir-j/^iK.  pag-  302.  Bright  in    '•'Ovid.  Met.  15.  "  We,  who  may  take  up  our  abode  in 

Phvs.  Scrib.  1.  1.  David  Crusius,  Melancthon,  Hippius  wild  beasts,  or  be  lodeed  in  the  breaita  of  rattle." 
Becniug.  Lcvinua  Lemnius.  &...._  r: Lib.  an  mores  1  "In  GaJlo.  Idem.         '"iNicephoruB,  hist   lib.  10.  c.  3i. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  9.]  '         Anatomy  of  the  Soul.  105 

ceive,)  differs  not  much  from  this  opinion,  that  it  was  from  God  at  first,  and  knew 
all,  but  being  inclosed  in  the  body,  it  forgets,  and  learns  anew,  which  he  rails  remi- 
niscenfin,  or  recalling,  and  that  it  was  put  into  the  body  for  a  punishment;  and 
thence  it  goes  into  a  beast's,  or  man's,  as  appears  by  his  pleasant  fiction  de  sortitione 
animarum.,  lib.  10.  dc  rep.  and  after  ^ten  thousand  years  is  to  return  into  the  fomier 
body  again, 

S4 "post  varios  annos,  per  mille  figuras, 

Rursus  ad  humans  fertur  primordia  vila;." 

Others  deny  the  immortalhy  of  it,  which  Pomponatus  of  Padua  decided  out  of  Aris- 
totle not  long  since,  Plinias  Avunculus.,  cap.  1.  lib.  2,  ct  lib.  7.  cap.  55 ;  Seneca,  lib.  7. 
epist.  ad  Lucilium,  epist.  55;  Dicearchus  in  Tull.  Tusc.  Ejncurus,  Jlratus,  Hijipocra- 
tes,  Galen,  Lucretius,  lib.  1. 

"  (PraetereS.  gigni  pariter  cum  corpore,  et  una. 
Cresere  sentimus,  pariterque  senescere  mentem.)"'* 

Averroes,  and  I  know  not  how  many  Neoterics.  ^"This  question  of  the  immor- 
tality of  the  soul,  is  diversly  and  wonderfully  impugned  and  disputed,  especially 
among  the  Italians  of  late,"  saith  Jab.  Colerus,  lib.  de  immort.  animce,  cap.  1.  The 
popes  themselves  have  doubted  of  it :  Leo  Decimus,  that  Epicurean  pope,  as  "some 
record  of  him,  caused  this  question  to  be  discussed  pro  and  con  before  him,  and  con- 
cluded at  last,  as  a  profane  and  atheistical  moderator,  with  that  verse  of  Cornelius 
Gallus,  Et  redit  in  nihilum,  quod  fuit  ante  nihil.  It  began  of  nothing,  and  in  nothing 
it  ends.  Zeno  and  his  Stoics,  as  ''^Austin  quotes  him,  supposed  the  soul  so  long  to 
continue,  till  the  body  was  fully  putrified,  and  resolved  into  materia  prima  :  but  after 
that,  in  fumos  evanescere,  to  be  extinguished  and  vanished;  and  in  the  meantime, 
whilst  the  body  was  consuming,  it  wandered  all  abroad,  et  e  longinquo  nmlta  annun- 
ciare,  and  (as  that  Clazomenian  Plermotimus  averred)  saw  pretty  visions,  and  suffered 
I  know  not  what.  ^^Errant  exangues  sine  corpore  et  ossibus  umbra;.  Others  grant  the 
immortality  thereof,  but  they  make  many  fabulous  fictions  in  the  meantime  of  it, 
after  the  departure  from  the  body :  like  Plato's  Elysian  fields,  and  that  Turkey  para- 
dise. The  souls  of  good  men  they  deified;  the  bad  (saith  ^"Austin)  became  devils,  as 
they  supposed;  with  many  such  absurd  tenets,  which  he  hath  confuted.  Hierome, 
Austin,  and  other  Fathers  of  the  church,  hold  that  the  soul  is  immortal,  created  of 
nothing,  and  so  infused  into  the  child  or  embryo  in  his  mother's  Avomb,  six  months 
after  the  ®' conception ;  not  as  those  of  brutes,  which  are  ex  traduce,  and  dying  with 
them  vanish  into  nothing.  To  whose  divine  treatises,  and  to  the  Scriptures  them- 
selves, I  rejourn  all  such  atheistical  spirits,  as  Tully  did  Atticus,  doubting  of  this 
point,  to  Plato's  Phajdon.  Or  if  they  desire  philosophical  proofs  and  demonstra- 
tions, I  refer  them  to  Niphus,  Nic.  Faventinus'  tracts  of  this  subject.  To  Fran,  and 
John  Picus  in  digress :  sup.  3.  de  Anima,  Tholosanus,  Eugubinus,  To.  Soto,  Canas, 
Thomas,  Peresius,  Dandinus,  Colerus,  to  that  elaborate  tract  in  Zanchius,  to  Tolet's 
Sixty  Reasons,  and  Lessius'  Twenty-two  Arguments,  to  prove  the  immortality  of  the 
soul.  Campanella,  lib.  de  sensu  rerum,  is  large  in  the  same  discourse,  Albertinus  the 
Schoolman,  Jacob.  Nactantus,  tom.  2.  op.  handleth  it  in  four  questions,  Antony  Bru- 
nus,  Aonius  Palearius,  Marinus  Marcennus,  with  many  others.  This  reasonable  soul, 
which  Austin  calls  a  spiritual  substance  moving  itself,  is  defined  by  philosophers  to 
be  ''  the  first  substantial  act  of  a  natural,  humane,  organical  body,  by  which  a  man 
lives,  perceives,  and  underscands,  freely  doing  all  things,  and  with  election."  Out  of 
which  definition  we  may  gather,  that  this  rational  soul  includes  the  powers,  and  per- 
forms the  duties  of  the  two  other,  which  are  contained  in  it,  and  all  three  faculties 
make  one  soul,  which  is  inorganical  of  itself,  although  it  be  in  all  parts,  and  incor- 
poreal, using  their  organs,  and  working  by  them.  It  is  divided  into  two  chief  parts, 
differing  in  office  only,  not  in  essence.  The  understanding,  which  is  the  rational 
power  apprehending ;  the  will,  which  is  the  rational  power  moving :  to  which  two, 
all  the  other  rational  powers  are  subject  and  reduced. 


s^Phsdo.  "Clafldian,  lib.  1.  de  rap.  Proserp.  ]  cap.  16.  WQvid.  4.  Met.   "The  bloodless  shades 


'Besides,  we  observe  that  the  mind  is  born  with 
the  bod),  prows  with  it,  and  decays  with  it."  *^'''Ha;c 
qu^stio  inultos  per  annos  varifi,  ac  niiraliliter  impug- 
nata,  tc.  '' Colerus,  ibid.  *  Ul- eccles.  dog. 

14 


without  either  body  or  bones  wander."  ""  Bono- 

rum  lares,  malorum  ver6  larvas  et  lemures.  "^  Some 
say  at  three  days,  some  six  weeks,  others  other- 
wise. 


106  Anatomy  of  the  Soul.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  1 

SuBSECT.  X. —  Of  the  Understanding. 

'■  UxDERSTANDiNG  is  a  power  of  the  soul,  ^by  which  we  perceive,  know,  remem- 
ber, and  judge  as  well  singulars,  as  universals,  having  certiiiii  innate  notices  or  begin- 
iiigs  of  arts,  a  reflecting  action,  by  which  it  judgcth  of  his  own  doings,  and  examines 
them."  Out  of  this  definition  (besides  his  chief  ofiice,  which  is  to  apprehend,  judge 
all  that  he  performs,  without  the  help  of  any  instruments  or  organs)  three  diflerences 
appear  betwixt  a  man  and  a  beast.  As  first,  the  sense  only  comprehends  singulari- 
ties, the  understanding  universalities.  Secondly,  the  sense  hath  no  innate  notions. 
Thirdly,  brutes  cannot  reflect  upon  themselves.  Bees  indeed  make  neat  and  curious 
works,  and  many  other  creatures  besides ;  but  when  they  have  done,  they  cannot 
judge  of  them.  His  object  is  God,  Ens,  all  nature,  and  whatsoever  is  to  be  under- 
stood: wliicli  successively  it  apprehends.  The  object  first  moving  the  understanding, 
is  some  sensible  thing;  after  by  discoursing,  the  mind  finds  out  the  corporeal  sub- 
stance, and  from  thence  the  spiritual.  His  actions  (some  say)  are  apprehension, 
composition,  division,  discoursing,  reasoning,  memory,  which  some  hiclude  in  inven- 
tion, and  judgment.  The  connnon  divisions  are  of  the  understanding,  agent,  and 
patient ;  speculative,  and  practical ;  in  habit,  or  in  act ;  simple,  or  compound.  The 
agent  is  that  which  is  called  the  wit  of  man,  acumen  or  subtility,  sharpness  of  in- 
vention, when  he  doth  invent  of  himself  without  a  teacher,  or  learns  anew,  which 
abstracts  those  intelligible  species  from  the  phantasy,  and  transfers  them  to  the  pas- 
sive understanding,  ^^^  because  there  is  notliing  in  the  understanding,  which  was  not 
first  in  the  sense."  That  which  the  imagination  hath  taken  from  the  sense,  this 
agent  judgeth  of,  whether  it  be  true  or  false;  and  being  so  judged  he  commits  it  to 
the  passible  to  be  kept.  The  agent  is  a  doctor  or  teacher,  the  passive  a  scliolar; 
and  his  oflice  is  to  keep  and  further  judge  of  such  things  as  are  conmiitted  to  liis 
charge ;  as  a  bare  and  rased  Uible  at  first,  capable  of  all  forms  and  notions.  Now 
these  notions  are  two-fold,  actions  or  habits :  actions,  by  wiiich  we  take  notions  of, 
and  perceive  things ;  habits,  whicli  are  durable  lights  aiul  notions,  which  we  may 
use  when  we  will.  Some  reckon  up  eight  kinds  of  them,  sense,  experience,  intelli- 
gence, faith,  suspicion,  error,  opinion,  science ;  to  which  are  added  art,  prudency, 
wisdom  :  as  also  ^  synteresis,  dictamen  rationis,  conscience ;  so  that  in  all  there  be 
fourteen  species  of  the  understanding,  of  which  some  are  innate,  as  the  three  last 
mentioned  ;  the  "other  are  gotten  by  doctrine,  learning,  and  use.  Plato  will  have  all 
to  be  innate :  Aristotle  reckons  up  but  five  intellectual  habits ;  two  practical,  as  pru- 
dency, whose  end  is  to  practise ;  to  fabricate ;  wisdom  to  comprehend  the  use  and 
experiments  of  all  notions  and  habits  whatsoever.  Which  division  of  Aristotle  (if  it 
be  considered  aright)  is  all  one  with  the  precedent;  for  three  being  innate,  and  five 
acquisito,  the  rest  are  improper,  imperfect,  and  in  a  more  strict  examination  excluded. 
Of  all  these  I  should  more  amply  dilate,  but  my  subject  will  not  permit.  Three  of 
them  I  will  only  point  at,  as  more  necessary  to  my  following  discourse. 

Synteresis,  or  the  purer  part  of  the  conscience,  is  an  innate  habit,  and  doth  signify 
"  a  conversation  of  the  knowledge  of  the  law  of  God  and  Nature,  to  know  good  or 
evil."  And  (as  our  divines  hold)  it  is  rather  in  the  understanding  than  in  the  will. 
This  makes  tlie  major  proposition  in  a  practical  syllogism.  The  dictamen  rationis 
is  that  w  hich  doth  admonish  us  to  do  good  or  evil,  and  is  the  minor  in  the  syllogism. 
The  conscience  is  that  which  approves  good  or  evil,  justifying  or  condemning  our 
actions,  and  is  the  conclusion  of  the  syllogism  :  as  in  that  familiar  example  of  Regu- 
lus  the  Pioman,  taken  prisoner  by  the  Carthaginians,  and  suflered  to  go  to  Rome,  on 
that  condition  he  should  return  again,  or  pay  so  much  for  his  ransom.  The  synte- 
resis proposeth  the  question ;  his  word,  oath,  promise,  is  to  be  religiously  kept, 
although  to  his  enemy,  and  that  by  the  law  of  nature.  ®*Do  not  that  to  another 
which  thou  wouldest  not  have  done  to  thyself"  Dictamen  applies  it  to  him,  and 
dictates  this  or  the  like  :  Regulus,  thou  wouldst  not  another  man  should  falsify  his 
oath,  or  break  promise  with  thee  :  conscience  concludes,  therefore,  Regulus,  thou 

'-Melancthon.  "^  Nihil  in  intellectu,  quod  non  I  of  the  conscience.  **Quod  tibi  fieri  dob  vis,  al- 

prius  fuerat  ia  sensu.  Velcurio.  w  The  pure  part  |  teri  ne  feceris. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  11.] 


Anatomy  of  the  Soul. 


107 

dost  well  to  perform  thy  promise,  and  oughtest  to  keep  thine  oath.  More  of  this  m 
Religious  Melancholy. 

SuBSECT.  XL— 0/^/ie  Will 

Will  is  the  other  power  of  the  rational  soul,  ^'' which  covets  or  avoids  such 
things  as  have  been  before  judged  and  apprehended  by  the  understanding."  If  good, 
it  approves ;  if  evil,  it  abhors  it :  so  that  his  object  is  either  good  or  evil.  Aris- 
totle calls  this  our  rational  appetite ;  for  as,  in  the  sensitive,  we  are  moved  to  good 
or  bad  by  our  appetite,  ruled  and  directed  by  sense;  so  in  this  we  are  carried  by 
reason.  Besides,  the  sensitive  appetite  halli  a  particular  object,  good  or  bad;  this 
an  universal,  immaterial :  that  respects  only  things  delectable  and  pleasant ;  this 
honest.  Again,  they  differ  in  liberty.  The  sensual  appetite  seeing  an  object,  if  it 
be  a  convenient  good,  cannot  but  desire  it ;  if  evil,  avoid  it :  but  this  is  free  in  his 
essence,  ^"''much  now  depraved,  obscured,  and  fallen  from  his  first  perfection;  yet  in 
some  of  his  operations  still  free,"  as  to  go,  walk,  move  at  his  pleasure,  and  to  choose 
whether  it  will  do  or  not  do,  steal  or  not  steal.  Otherwise,  in  vain  were  laws,  de- 
liberations, exhortations,  counsels,  precepts,  rewards,  promises,  threats  and  punish- 
ments :  and  God  should  be  the  author  of  sin.  But  in  ^^  spiritual  things  we  will  no 
.good,  prone  to  evil  (except  we  be  regenerate,  and  led  by  the  Spirit),  we  are  egged  on 
by  our  natural  concupiscence,  and  there  is  ataxia,  a  confusion  in  our  powers,  ^^"  our 
whole  will  is  averse  from  God  and  his  law,"  not  in  natural  things  only,  as  to  eat 
and  drink,  lust,  to  which  we  are  led  headlong  by  our  temperature  and  inordinate 
appetite, 

'ooi'is'ec  nos  obniti  contra,  nee  teiidere  tantiim 
Sufficiiuus, " 

we  cannot  resist,  our  concupiscence  is  originally  bad,  our  heart  evil,  the  seat  of  oui 
affections  captivates  and  enforceth  our  will.  So  that  in  voluntary  things  we  are 
averse  from  God  and  goodness,  bad  by  nature,  by  '  ignorance  worse,  by  art,  discipline, 
custom,  we  get  many  bad  habits  :  suffering  them  to  domineer  and  tyrannise  over  us ; 
and  the  devil  is  still  ready  at  hand  with  his  evil  suggestions,  to  tempt  our  depraved 
will  to  some  ill-disposed  action,  to  precipitate  us  to  destruction,  except  our  will  be 
swayed  and  counterpoised  again  with  some  divine  precepts,  and  good  motions  of  the 
spirit,  which  many  tunes  restrain,  hinder  and  check  us,  when  we  are  in  the  full  career 
of  our  dissolute  courses.  So  David  corrected  himself,  when  he  had  Saul  at  a  vantage. 
Revenge  and  malice  were  as  two  violent  oppugners  on  the  one  side ;  but  honesty, 
reliffion,  fear  of  God,  withheld  him  on  the  other. 

The  actions  9f  the  will  are  velle  and  nolle,  to  will  and  nill :  which  two  words 
comprehend  all,  and  they  are  good  or  bad,  accordingly  as  they  are  directed,  and  some 
of  tliem  freely  performed  by  hnnself ;  although  the  stoics  absolutely  deny  it,  and 
will  have  all  things  inevitably  done  by  destiny,  imposing  a  fatal  necessity  upon  us, 
which  we  may  not  resist ;  yet  we  say  that  our  will  is  free  in  respect  of  us,  and  things 
contingent,  howsoever  in  respect  of  God's  determinate  counsel,  they  are  inevitable 
and  necessary.  Some  other  actions  of  the  will  are  performed  by  the  mferior  powers, 
which  obey  him,  as  the  sensitive  and  moving  appetite ;  as  to  open  our  eyes,  to  go 
hither  and  thither,  not  to  touch  a  book,  to  speak  fair  or  foul :  but  this  appetite  is 
many  times  rebellious  in  us,  and  will  not  be  contained  within  the  lists  of  sobriety 
and  temperance.  It  was  (as  I  said)  once  well  agreeing  with  reason,  and  there  Wcis 
an  excellent  consent  and  harmony  between  them,  but  that  is  now  dissolved,  they 
often  jar,  reason  is  overborne  by  passion :  Fertur  equis  auriga,  nee  audit  currus 
hubenas,  as  so  many  wild  horses  run  away  with  a  chariot,  and  will  not  be  curbed. 
We  know  many  times  what  is  good,  but  will  not  do  it,  as  she  said, 

2"Trahit  invitum  nova  vis,  aliudque  cupido, 
Mens  aliud  suadet, •' 

Lust  counsels  one  thing,  reason  another,  there  is  a  new  reluctancy  in  men.  ''Odi, 
nee  possum,  ciipiens  non  esse,  quod  odi.     We  cannot  resist,  but  as  Phaedra  confessed 


^  Res  ab  intellectu  monstratas  recipit,  vel  rejicit; 
approbat,  vel  iniprobat,  Philip.  Ignoti  nulla  cupido. 
'■  Melancthon.  Operationes  plerumque  fera",  etsi  libera 
sit  ilia  in  essentia  sua.  w  In  civilibus  libera,  sed 

non  in  spiritualibus  Osiander.  ss  Tola  voluntas 

aversa  ^  Deo.  Omnis  bomo  mendax.  ^i"  Vixi 


"  We  are  neither  able  to  contend  against  them,  nor 
only  to  make  way."  i  Vel  propter  ignorantiun\ 

quod  bonis  studiis  non  sit  instructa  mens  ut  debuit 
aut  divinis  prsceptis  exculta.  ^  Med.     Ovid 

3  Ovid. 


108  Definition  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  1. 

to  her  nurse,  *qii(2  loqueris.,  vera  sunt,  sed  furor  suggerit  sequi  pejora  :  she  said  well 
and  true,  she  did  acknowledge  it,  but  headstrong  passion  and  fury  made  her  to  do 
that  whicli  was  opposite.  So  David  knew  the  fihhiness  of  his  fact,  what  a  loathsome, 
foul,  crying  sin  adultery  Avas,  yet  notwilhstandmg  he  would  commit  murder,  and  take 
away  another  man's  wife,  enforced  against  reason,  religion,  to  follow  his  appetite. 

Those  natural  and  vegetal  powers  are  not  commanded  by  will  at  all ;  for  "  who 
can  add  one  cubit  to  his  stature .'"  These  other  may,  but  are  not :  and  thence  come 
all  those  headstrong  passions,  violent  perturbations  of  the  mind ;  and  many  times 
vicious  habits,  customs,  feral  diseases ;  because  we  give  so  much  way  to  our  appetite, 
and  follow  our  inclination,  like  so  many  beasts.  The  principal  habits  are  two  ia 
number,  virtue  and  vice,  whose  peculiar  definitions,  descriptions,  differences,  and 
kinds,  are  handled  at  large  in  the  ethics,  and  are,  indeed,  the  subject  of  moral  phi- 
losophy. 


MEMB.  III. 
SuBSECT.  I. — Definition  of  Melancholy,  JYame,  Difference. 

Havi.vg  thus  briefly  anatomized  the  body  and  soul  of  man,  as  a  preparative  to 
the  rest ;  I  may  now  freely  proceed  to  treat  of  my  intended  object,  to  most  men's 
capacity ;  and  after  many  ambages,  perspicuously  define  what  this  melancholy  is, 
show  his  name  and  differences.  The  name  is  imposed  from  the  matter,  and  disease 
denominated  from  the  material  cause :  as  Bruel  observes,  Mt'Ka.vxo'h.a  quasi  MfXatwi;i;"^»;, 
from  black  choler.  And  whether  it  be  a  cause  or  an  effect,  a  disease  or  symptom, 
let  Donatus  Altomarus  and  Salvianus  decitle ;  I  will  not  contend  about  it.  It  hath 
several  descriptions,  notations,  and  definitions.  ^Fracastorius,  in  his  second  book 
of  intellect,  calls  those  melancholy,  ''  wlnmi  abundance  of  that  same  depraved  humour 
of  black  choler  hath  so  misatfected,  that  they  become  mad  thence,  and  dote  in  most 
things,  or  in  all,  belonging  to  election,  will,  or  other  manifest  operations  of  the  un- 
derstanding." 'Melanelius  out  of  Galen,  Ruffus,  jEtius,  describe  it  to  be  '^  a  bad 
and  peevish  disease,  which  makes  men  degenerate  into  beasts  :"  Galen,  "  a  privation 
or  iiifection  of  the  middle  cell  of  the  head,  &.c."  defining  it  from  the  part  afiected, 
which  "Hercules  de  Saxonid  approves,  lib.  1.  cap.  16.  calling  it  ''a  depravation  of  the 
principal  function:"  Fuschius,  lib.  1.  cap.  23.  Arnoldus  Breviar.  lib.  I.  cap.  18. 
Guianerius,  and  others :  '^  By  reason  of  black  choler,"  Paulus  adds.  Halyabbas 
simply  calls  it  a  "  commotion  of  the  mind."  Aretajus,  ^''  a  perpetual  anguish  of  tln^ 
soul,  fastened  on  one  thing,  without  an  ague ;  which  definition  of  his,  Mercurialis 
de  affect,  cap.  lib.  1.  cap.  10.  taxeth :  but  ALlianus  Montaltus  defends,  lib.  de  morb. 
cap.  1.  de  Melon,  for  sufficient  and  good.  The  common  sort  define  it  to  be  ''a  kind 
of  dotage  without  a  fever,  having  for  his  ordinary  companions,  fear  and  sadness, 
without  any  apparent  occasion.  So  doth  Laurentius,  cap.  4.  Piso.  lib.  1.  cap.  43. 
Donatus  Altomarus,  cap.  7.  art.  medic.  Jacchinus,  in  com.  in  lib.  9.  Rhasis  ad  A\- 
mansor,  cap.  15.  Valesius,  exerc.  17.  Fuschius,  institut.  3.  sec.  1.  c.  11.  &i.c.  which 
common  definition,  howsoever  approved  by  most,  *  Hercules  de  Saxonid  will  not 
allow  of,  nor  David  Crucius,  Theat.  morb.  Herm.  lib.  2.  cap.  G.  he  holds  it  insuffi- 
cient :  as  '"rather  showing  what  it  is  not,  than  what  it  is :"  as  omitting  the  specific 
difference,  the  phantasy  and  brain  :  but  I  descend  to  particulars.  The  sum.mu7n  gciiiis 
is  "  dotage,  or  anguish  of  the  mind,"  saith  Areta?us  ;  *"•  of  the  principal  parts,"  Her- 
cules de  Saxonia  adds,  to  distinguish  it  from  cramp  and  palsy,  and  such  diseases  as 
belong  to  the  outward  sense  and  motions  [depraved]  "  to  distinguish  it  from  folly 
and  madness  (which  Montaltus  makes  angor  animi,  to  separate)  in  which  those 
functions  are  not  depraved,  but  rather  abolished ;  [without  an  ague]  is  added  by  all, 
to  sever  it  from  phrensy,  and  that  melancholy  which  is  in  a  pestilent  fever.     (Fear 

*  Seneca.  Hipp.  ^  MelanchoUcos  voeamug,  quos    animi    in    una    contentione    defixus,    absque    febre. 

eTuperantia  vel  pravitas  Melancholia  ita  male  habet,  I  »  Cap.  16. 1.  1.  '»  Eorum  detinitio  morhuri  quid  noo 

ut  iiide  insaniant  vel  in  omnibus,  vel  in  pluribus  iisque  I  sit  potiiis  quam  quid  sit,  explicit.  "  .\niiiis  fiinc- 

manifestis  sive  ad  rectam  ralianem,  voluntat6  perti-  1  tiones  imminuuntur  in  fatuitate,  tolluntur  in  mama, 
nent,    vel    elcctionem,    vel    intpllfetns    operationes.  I  depravanlur  solum   in   melancholia.    Ilerc.  de   Sai 
•  Pessimum  et  pertinacissim':n-  rm   -'um  qui  homines    cap.  1.  tract,  de  Mel*iwp>. 
inbrutadegeneraiecogit.        'rainii.Med.      ^  Angor 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  2.]  Of  the  Parts  affected,  S^c.  109 

and  sorrow)  make  it'  differ  from  madness :  [without  a  cause]  is  lastly  inserted,  to 
specify  it  from  all  other  ordinary  passions  of  [fear  and  sorrow.]  We  properly  call 
that  dotage,  as  '^Laurentius  interprets  it,  "when  some  one  principal  faculty  of  the 
mind,  as  imagination,  or  reason,  is  corrupted,  as  all  melancholy  persons  have."  It 
is  without  a  fever,  because  the  humour  is  most  part  cold  and  dry,  contrary  to  putre- 
faction. Fear  and  sorrow  are  the  true  characters  and  inseparable  companions  of  most 
melancholy,  not  all,  as  Her.  de  Saxonia,  Tract,  de  posthumo  de  MehmcJioUa,  cap.  2. 
well  excepts ;  for  to  some  it  is  most  pleasant,  as  to  such  as  laugh  most  part ;  some 
are  bold  again,  and  free  from  all  manner  of  fear  and  grief,  as  hereafter  shall  be 
declared. 

SuBSECT.  II.— 0/  the  part  affected.     Affection.     Parlies  affected. 

Some  difference  I  find  amongst  writers,  about  the  principal  part  affected  in  this 
disease,  whether  it  be  the  brain,  or  heart,  or  some  other  member.  Most  are  of 
opinion  that  it  is  the  brain :  for  being  a  kind  of  dotage,  it  cannot  otherwise  be  but 
tliat  the  brain  must  be  affected,  as  a  similar  part,  be  it  by  '='  consent  or  essence,  not 
in  his  ventricles,  or  any  obstructions  in  them,  for  then  it  would  be  an  apoplexy,  or 
epilepsy,  as  '^  Laurentius  well  observes,  but  in  a  cold,  diy  distemperature  of  it  in  his 
substance,  which  is  con-upt  and  become  too  cold,  or  too  dry,  or  else  too  hot,  as  in 
madmen,  and  such  as  are  inclined  to  it:  and  this  '^ Hippocrates  confirms,  Galen,  the 
Arabians,  and  most  of  our  new  writers.  Marcus  de  Oddis  (in  a  consultation  of  his, 
quoted  by  '<^Hildesheim)  and  five  others  there  cited  are  of  the  contrary  part;  be- 
cause fear  and  sorrow,  which  are  passions,  be  seated  in  the  heart.  But  this  objec- 
tion is  sufficiently  answered  by  "Montaltus,  who  doth  not  deny  that  the  heart  is 
affected  (as  '"Melanelius  proves  out  of  Galen)  by  reason  of  his  vicinity,  and  so  is 
the  midriff'  and  many  other  parts.  They  do  compati.,  and  have  a  fellow  feeling  by 
the  law  of  nature  :  but  forasmuch  as  this  malady  is  caused  by  precedent  imagination, 
with  the  appetite,  to  whom  spirits  obey,  and  are  subject  to  those  principal  parts,  the 
brain  must  needs  primarily  be  misaffected,  as  the  seat  of  reason;  and  then  the  heart, 
as  the  seat  of  affection.  '^  Cappivaccius  and  Mercurialis  have  copiously  discussed 
this  question,  and  both  conclude  the  subject  is  the  inner  brain,  and  from  thence  it  is 
communicated  to  the  heart  and  other  inferior  parts,  which  sympathize  and  are  much 
troubled,  especially  when  it  comes  by  consent,  and  is  caused  by  reason  of  the 
stomach,  or  myrach,  as  the  Arabians  term  it,  whole  body,  liver,  or  ^°  spleen,  which 
are  seldom  free,  pylorus,  meseraic  veins,  &c.  For  our  body  is  like  a  clock,  if  one 
wlieel  be  amiss,  all  the  rest  are  disordered ;  the  whole  fabric  suffers :  with  such  ad- 
mirable art  and  harmony  is  a  man  composed,  such  excellent  proportion,  as  Ludo- 
vicus  Vives  in  his  Fable  of  Man  hath  elegantly  declared. 

As  many  doubts  almost  arise  about  the  2' affection,  whether  it  be  imagination  or 
reason  alone,  or  both,  Hercules  de  Saxonia  proves  it  out  of  Galen,  ^tius,  and 
Altomarus,  that  the  sole  fault  is  in  ^^  imagination.  Bruel  is  of  the  same  mind  :  Mon- 
taltus  in  his  2  cap.  of  Melancholy  confutes  this  tenet  of  theirs,  and  illustrates  the 
contrary  by  many  examples :  as  of  him  that  thought  himself  a  shell-fish,  of  a  nun, 
and  of  a  desperate  monk  that  would  not  be  persuaded  but  that  he  was  damned  ; 
reason  was  in  fault  as  well  as  imagination,  which  did  not  correct  this  error :  they 
make  away  themselves  oftentimes,  and  suppose  many  absurd  and  ridiculous  things. 
Why  doth  not  reason  detect  the  ihllacy,  settle  and  persuade,  if  she  be  free  ?  ^Avi- 
cenna  therefore  holds  both  corrupt,  to  w^hom  most  Arabians  subscribe.  The  same 
is  maintained  by  ^^Areteus,  ^^Gorgonius,  Guianerius,  &C.  To  end  tlie  controversy,  no 
man  doubts  of  imagination,  but  that  it  is  hurt  and  misaffected  here ;  for  the  other  I 
determine  with  ^  Albertinus  Bottonus,  a  doctor  of  Padua,  that  it  is  first  in  "  imagi- 

I'^Cap.  4.  de  niel.  "Per  consensum  sivc  per  !  20  Rarb  qoisquam    tumorem   effugit  lienis.  qm    hoc 

e^•9entia^^.  >*Ca^.  t.  de  mel.  '^Sec.  7.  de  i  morbo  afficilur,  Piso.  Quis  affectus.  -'  ."^eo  Uonat. 

nior.  vulsar.  lib.  6.  "oSpirel.   de   melancholia.  1  ab  Altoinar.        -.Facultas  imaginandi.  non  cogiianai, 

1"  Cap.  3.  do  mel.    Pars  affoc  a  cerebrum  sive  per  con-    nee  memorandi  l<r.sa  hic.  '         J,t"\,i   (ran 

iensum.  sive  per   cerenrum  contingat,  et    proceriim    4.  cap.  8.  ^^  I,ib.  3.  cap.  5.  l-"?-  ™"-'"„i^j," 

aacioritate  et  ratione  stabilitur.  '"  Lib.  de  mel.    19.  part.  2.  Tract.  15.  cap.  2.         =«  Hildeshei ...  spiceU 

Gor  vero   vicinitatis  ratione  uni  afficitur,  acceptum    2  de  Melanc.  fol.  207,  et  fol.  127.     Quandoque  etiam 
transversum   ac   slomachus   cum  dorsali  spina,  &:c.  |  rationalis  si  affectus  inveteratus  eii. 
"*Lib.  1.  cap.  10.     Subjectum  est  cerebrum  interius 


'  10  Matter  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  1. 

nation,  and  afterwards  in  reason ;  if  the  disease  be  inveterate,  or  as  it  is  more  or 
less  of  continuance  ;"  but  by  accident,  as  ^''  Here,  de  Saxonia  adds  ;  "  faith,  opinion, 
discourse,  ratiocination,  are  all  accidentally  depraved  by  the  default  of  imagination." 
Parlies  affected.]  To  the  part  affected,  I  may  here  add  the  parties,  which  shall  be 
more  opportunely  spoken  of  elsewhere,  now  only  signified.  Such  as  have  the 
moon,  Saturn,  Mercury  misaffected  in  their  genitures,  such  as  live  in  over  cold  or 
over  hot  climes  :  such  as  are  born  of  melancholy  parents ;  as  olltind  in  those  six 
non-natural  things,  are  black,  or  of  a  high  sanguine  complexion,  ^'^  that  have  little 
heads,  that  have  a  hot  heart,  moist  brain,  hot  liver  and  cold  stomach,  have  been  long 
sick :  such  as  are  solitary  by  nature,  great  students,  given  to  much  contemplation, 
lead  a  life  out  of  action,  are  most  subject  to  melancholy.  Of  sexes  both,  but  men 
more  often ;  yet  ^  women  misaffected  are  far  more  violent,  and  grievously  troubled. 
Of  seasons  of  the  year,  the  autumn  is  most  melancholy.  Of  peculiar  times  :  old 
age,  from  which  natural  melancholy  is  almost  an  inseparable  accident ;  but  this  arti- 
ficial malady  is  more  frequent  in  such  as  are  of  a  ^  middle  age.  Some  assign  40 
years,  Gariopontus  30.  Jubertus  excepts  neither  young  nor  old  from  this  adventi- 
tious. Daniel  Sennertus  involves  all  of  all  sorts,  out  of  common  experience,  ^'  in 
omnilus  omnino  corporibus  cujuscunqite  constitutionis  dominatar.  ^Ctius  and  Aretius*'^ 
ascribe  into  the  number  "  not  only  '^  discontented,  passionate,  and  miserable  persons, 
swarthy,  black ;  but  such  as  are  most  merry  and  pleasant,  scoffers,  and  high  colour- 
ed." "  Generally,"  saith  Rhasis,  "  "  the  finest  wits  and  most  generous  spirits,  are 
before  other  obnoxious  to  it ;"  I  cannot  except  any  complexion,  any  condition,  sex, 
or  age,  but  "  fools  and  stoics,  which,  according  to  **  Syncsius,  are  never  troubled 
with  any  manner  of  passion,  but  as  Anacreon's  cicada.,  sine  sanguine  et  dolore  ; 
similes  fere  diis  sunt.  Erasmus  vindicates  fools  from  this  melancholy  catalogue, 
because  they  have  most  part  moist  brains  and  light  hearts ;  "  they  are  free  from  am- 
bition, envy,  shame  and  fear ;  they  are  neither  troubled  in  conscience,  nor  macerated 
with  cares,  to  which  our  whole  life  is  most  subject. 

SuBSECT.  HI. —  Of  the  Matter  of  Melancholy. 

Of  the  matter  of  melancholy,  there  is  much  question  betwixt  Avicen  and  Galen 
as  you  may  read  in  **  Cardan's  Contradictions,  ^^  V'alcsius'  Controversies,  Montanus, 
Prosper  Calenus,  Capivaccius,  ^''Briglit,  *' Ficinus,  that  have  written  either  whole 
tracts,  or  copiously  of  it,  in  their  several  treatises  of  this  subject.  "^"VVhat  this 
humour  is,  or  whence  it  proceeds,  how  it  is  engendered  in  the  body,  neither  Galen, 
nor  any  old  writer  hath  sufficiently  discussed,"  as  Jacchinus  thinks :  the  Neoterics 
cannot  agree.  Montanus,  in  his  Consultations,  holds  melancholy  to  be  material  or 
immaterial :  and  so  doth  Arculanus  :  the  material  is  one  of  the  four  humours  before 
mentioned,  and  natural.  The  immaterial  or  adventitous,  acquisite,  redundant,  unna- 
tural, artificial;  which  ■" Hercules  de  Saxonia  will  have  reside  in  the  spirits  alone, 
and  to  proceed  from  a  "  hot,  cold,  dry,  moist  distemperature,  which,  without  matter, 
alter  the  brain  and  functions  of  it."  Paracelsus  wholly  rejects  and  derides  this  divi- 
sion of  four  humours  and  complexions,  but  our  Galenists  generally  approve  of  it. 
subscribing  to  this  opinion  of  Montanus. 

This  material  melancholy  is  either  simple  or  mixed ;  offending  in  quantity  or 
quality,  varying  according  to  his  place,  where  it  seilleth,  as  brain,  spleen,  meseraic 
veins,  heart,  womb,  and  stomach ;  or  differing  according  to  the  mixture  of  those 
natural  humours  amongst  themselves,  or  four  unnatural  adust  humours,  u  ..hey  are 
diversely  tempered  and  mingled.     If  natural  melancholy  abound  in  the  body,  which 

« Lib.  posthumo  deMelanc.  edit.  16-20.     Deprivatur  laud,   calvit.  »^  Vacant   conscientiee   cariiinrina, 

fides,  disciiraus,  opinio,  &c.  per  vitium  Imaginationes,  nee  pudefiunt.  nee  verentiir,  nee  dilaeerantur  inillil;iia 

ex  Accident!.  ■^■' Qui  parvum  caput  liabent,  in-  curaruin,  quilius  tola  vita  obnoxia  e.'<t.  ^^  Lib.  1. 

sensati     plerique     sunt.      Arist.     in     physio^nomia.  tract.  3.  contradic.  18.       s'Lib.  1.  cont.  21.      «' Rriaht, 

*<  Areteus,  lib.  3.  cap.  5.  =»  Qui  propfe  statuui  sunt.  ca.  16.      <' Lib.  1.  cap.  6.  de  sinit.  tuenda.      "Quisve 

Aret.      Mediis   convenit   aeUtibus,    Piso.  3i  De  aut  qualis  sit  humor  aul  quie  istiusdiffereniiiE,  et  quo- 

quartano.  «Lib.  1.  pirt.  2.  cap.  11.  saprjn^yg  niodo  gignantur  in  corpore,  scrutanduni,  li^c  enim  re 

ad   iM.lancholiani    non   tain    mfflstus   sed  et   hilares,  multi  veteruni  laboraverunt,  nee  ficile  accipere  et 

jocnsi.   cactiinnantes,  irrisores,    et,    qui    plerumque  ;  Galeno   sententiam    ob    loquendi   varietatem.    Leon 

praerubri  sunt.  ^(.iwi  sunt   subtilis   infenii.  et  Jacch.  com.  in  9.  Rhasis,  cap.  15.  cap.  10.  in  9.  Rhasis. 

tnulti  perspicacitatis  de  facili  incidunt  in  Melancho.  *^h\b.  poatutn.  de  Melan.  edit.   Vem-tiis,  lfi20.  cap    7 

liam,  lib.  1.  cont.  tract.  9.  ^' Nuinjuain  aanitute  et  8.     Ab  inteinperie  calida,  bumida,  &c. 

mentis  escidit  aul  dulore  capitur.   Kragra.  >'Ini 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  4.]  Speeiea  of  Melancholy.  1 1 1 

is  cold  and  dry,  "  so  that  it  be  more  **  than  the  body  is  well  able  to  bear,  it  must 
needs  be  distempered,"  saith  Faventius,  "  and  diseased ;"  and  so  the  other,  if  it  be 
depraved,  whether  it  arise  from  that  other  melancholy  of  choler  adust,  or  from 
blood,  produceth  the  like  effects,  and  is,  as  Montaltus  contends,  if  it  come  by  adus- 
tion  of  humours,  most  part  hot  and  dry.  Some  difference  I  find,  whether  this  me- 
lancholy matter  may  be  engendered  of  all  four  humours,  about  the  colour  and 
temper  of  it.  Galen  holds  it  may  be  engendered  of  three  alone,  excluding  phlegm, 
or  pituita,  whose  true  assertion  *^  Valesius  and  Menardus  stiffly  maintain,  and  so  doth 
^Fuschius,  Montaltus,  '•''Montanus.  How  (say  they)  can  white  become  black? 
But  Hercules  de  SaxoniS,  Ub.  post,  de  mela.  c.  8,  and  ""^  Cardan  are  of  the  opposite 
part  (it  may  be  engendered  of  phlegm,  etsi  rarb  contingaf,  though  it  seldom  come  to 
pass),  so  is  ■'^Guianerius  and  Laurentius,  c.  1.  with  Melanct.  in  his  book  de  Anima,  and 
Chap,  of  Humours ;  he  calls  it  Asininam,  dull,  swinish  melancholy,  and  saith  that 
he  was  an  eye-witness  of  it:  so  is  ^Wecker.  From  melancholy  adust  ariseth  one 
kind ;  from  choler  another,  which  is  most  brutish ;  another  from  phlegm,  which  is 
dull ;  and  the  last  from  blood,  which  is  best.  Of  these  some  are  cold  and  dry, 
others  hot  and  dry,  ^'varying  according  to  their  mixtures,  as  thay  are  intended,  and 
remitted.  And  indeed  as  Rodericus  a  Fons.  cons.  12.  1.  determines,  ichors,  and 
those  serous  matters  being  thickened  become  phlegm,  and  phlegm  degenerates  into 
choler,  choler  adust  becomes  cBruginosa  melancholia.,  as  vinegar  out  of  purest  wine 
putrified  or  by  exhalation  of  purer  spirits  is  so  made,  and  becomes  sour  and  sharp ; 
and  from  the  sharpness  of  this  humour  proceeds  much  waking,  troublesome  thoughts 
and  dreams,  &.c.  so  that  I  conclude  as  before.  If  the  humour  be  cold,  it  is,  saith 
^^Faventinus,  "  a  cause  of  dotage,  and  produceth  milder  symptoms  :  if  hot,  they  are 
rash,  raving  mad,  or  inclining  to  it."  If  the  brain  be  hot,  the  animal  spirits  are 'hot; 
much  madness  follows,  with  violent  actions  :  if  cold,  fatuity  and  sottisliness,  *'Capi- 
vaccius.  ""The  colour  of  this  mixture  varies  likewise  according  to  the  mixture, 
be  it  hot  or  cold;  'tis  sometimes  black,  sometimes  not,  Altomarus.  The  same 
^^Melanelius  proves  out  of  Galen;  and  Hippocrates  in  his  Book  of  Melancholy  (if 
at  least  it  be  his),  giving  instance  in  a  burning  coal,  "  which  when  it  is  hot,  shines ; 
when  it  is  cold,  looks  black ;  and  so  doth  the  humour."  This  diversity  of  melan- 
choly matter  produceth  diversity  of  effects.  If  it  be  within  tht  **'body,  and  not 
putrified,  it  causeth  black  jaundice ;  if  putrified,  a  quartan  ague ;  if  it  break  out  to 
the  skin,  leprosy ;  if  to  parts.  Several  maladies,  as  scurvy,  &c.  If  it  trouble  the 
mind ;  as  it  is  diversly  mixed,  it  produceth  several  kinds  of  madness  and  dotage  • 
of  which  in  their  place. 

SuBSECT.  IV. —  Of  the  species  or  kinds  of  Melancholy. 

When  the  matter  is  divers  and  confiised,  how  should-  it  otherwise  be,  but  tliat  tlie 
species  sliould  be  divers  and  confused  ?  Many  new  and  old  writers  have  spoken  con- 
fusedly of  it,  confounding  melancholy  and  madness,  as  ^"Heurnius,Guianerius,  Gor- 
donius,  Salustius,  Salvianus,  Jason  Pratensis,  Savanarola,  that  Avill  have  madness  no 
other  than  melancholy  in  extent,  differing  (as  I  have  said)  in  degrees.  Some  make  two 
distinct  species,  as  Ruffus  Ephesius,  an  old  writer,  Constantinus  Africanus,  Areteeus, 
*®Aurelianus,  ^^Paulus  iEgineta  :  others  acknowledge  a  multitude  of  kinds,  and  leave 
them  indefinite,  as  ^tiiis  in  his  Tetrabiblos,  "^^Avicenna,  Zi/^.  3.  Fen.  1.  Trad.  4.  cap. 
18.  Arculanus,  cflp.  IG.  m  9.  Rasis.  Montanus,  me d.  part.  I.  ^'"  If  natural  me- 
lancholy be  adust,  it  makelh  one  kind ;  if  blood,  another;  if  choler,  a  third,  differ- 
ing from  the  first ;  and  so  many  several  opinions  there  are  about  the  kinds,  as  there 

■"Secundum  magis  aut  minus  si  in  corpore  fuerit,  1  pr.-pter  modiim  calefactus,  et  alias  refriseratus  evarfit : 


ad  intemperiem  plusquam  corpus  saluliriter  ferre 
poterit:  inde  corpus  morbosum  effitur.  •'^Lib.  1. 

controvers.    cap.   21.  i^Llb.   1.  sect.  4.  cap.   4. 

4'Concil.  26.         •"  Lib.  2.  contradic.  cap.  11.  "De 

feb.  tract,  ditf.  2.  cap.  1.  Non  est  negaiidum  exhac  fieri 
Melaneholicos.  '"In  Syntax.         si  Varie  aduritur, 

et  mi^cetur,  unde  varia-  amentium  species.  Melanct. 
M  Humor  fripidus  delirii  causa,  furoris  ralidus,  &c. 
^Lib.  1.  cap.  10.  de  affect,  cap.  '^  Nigrescit  hie 

humor,  aliquando  supercalefactus,  alicjando  super 
fngefactus,  ca.  7.  <*  Humor  hie  niger  aliquando 


nam  recenlihiis  carbonibus  ei  quid  simile  accidil,  qui 
durante  flanima  pellucidissime  candent,  e4  e.xtinrta 
prorsus  nigrescunt.  Hippocrates  «=Guianeriiis, 

diff.  2.  cap.  7.  57  j\on  est  mania,  nisi  exten.sa  me- 

lancholia. ^  Cap.  6.  lib.  1.  '"2  Ser.  2.  cap 

9.  Morbus  hie  est  omnifarius.  f  Species  indefinite 
sunt.  61  gj  aduratur  naturalis  melancholia,  alic 

fit  species,  si  sanguis,  alia,  si  flavihilis  alia,  diversa  i 
primis  :  maxima  est  inter  has  difTerentia,  et  tot  Doc- 
torum  sentenlis,  quot  ipsi  nuinero  sunt. 


112 


Species  of  Melancholy- 


[Part.  1.  Sec,  1. 


be  men  tliemselves."  ^^ Hercules  de  Saxonia  sets  down  two  kinds,  "material  and 
immaterial ;  one  from  spirits  alone,  the  other  from  humours  and  spirits."  Savana- 
rola.  Rub.  11.  Tract.  6.  cap.  1.  le  cegrilud.  capitis,  will  have  the  kinds  to  be  infi- 
nite ,  one  from  the  myracn,  called  myrachialis  of  the  Arabians  ;  another  stomachalis, 
irom  the  stomach  ;  another  from  the  liver,  heart,  womb,  hemrods,  ^"  one  beginning, 
another  consummate."  Melancthon  seconds  him,  *^"as  the  humour  is  diversly 
adust  and  mixed,  so  are  the  species  divers ;"  but  what  these  men  speak  of  species  I 
think  ought  to  be  understood  of  symptoms,  and  so  dotli  ^^Arculanus  interpret  him- 
self: infinite  species,  id  est,  symptoms  ;  and  in  that  sense,  as  Jo.  Gorrheus  acknow- 
ledgeth  in  his  medicinal  definitions,  tlie  species  are  infinite,  but  they  may  be  reduced 
to  three  kinds  by  reason  of  their  seat;  head,  body,  and  hypochrondries.  This 
threefold  division  is  approved  by  Hippocrates  in  his  Book  of  Melancholy,  (if  it  be 
his,  which  some  suspect)  by  Galen,  lib.  3.  de  loc.  affectis,  cap.  6.  by  Alexander,  lib. 
1.  cap.  16.  Rasis,  ///;.  1.  Continent.  Tract.  9.  lib.  1.  cap.  16.  Avicenna  and  most  of 
our  new  writers.  Th.  Erastus  makes  two  kinds ;  one  perpetual,  which  is  head  me- 
lancholy ;  the  other  interrupt,  which  comes  and  goes  by  lits,  which  he  subdivides 
into  the  other  two  "kinds,  so  that  all  comes  to  the  same  pass.  Some  again  make 
four  or  five  kinds,  with  Rodericus  a  Castro,  de  morbis  mulier.  lib.  2.  cap.  3.  and 
Lod.  Mercatus,  who  in  his  second  book  de  mulier.  affect,  cap.  4.  will  have  that  me- 
lancholy of  nuns,  widows,  and  more  ancient  maids,  to  be  a  pecidiar  species  of 
melancholy  diflfering  from  the  rest :  some  will  reduce  enthusiasts,  cxtatical  and  de- 
moniacal persons  to  this  rank,  adding  ^love  melancholy  to  the  first,  and  lycanthro- 
pia.  The  most  received  division  is  into  three  kinds.  The  first  proceeds  from  the 
sole  fault  of  the  brain,  and  is  called  head  melancholy ;  the  second  sympathetically 
proceeds  from  the  whole  body,  when  the  whole  temperature  is  melancholy  :  the 
tliird  ariselh  from  the  bowels,  liver,  spleen,  or  membrane,  called  mcseuterium,  named 
livjiochondriacal  or  windy  melancholy,  which  ''  Laurentius  subdivides  into  three 
parts,  from  those  three  members,  hepatic,  splenetic,  mescraic.  Love  melancholy, 
which  Avicenna  calls  llisha :  and  Lycanthropia,  which  he  calls  cucubuthe,  are  com- 
moidy  included  in  head  melancholy ;  but  of  this  last,  which  Gcrardus  de  Solo  calls 
amoreusi,  and  most  knight  melancholy,  with  that  of  religious  melancholy,  virginum 
et  viduarum,  maintained  by  Rod.  a  Castro  and  Mercatus,  and  the  other  kinds  of  love 
melancholy,  I  will  speak  of  apart  by  themplves  in  my  third  partition.  The  three 
precedent  species  are  the  subject  of  my  present  discourse,  which  I  will  anatomize 
and  treat  of  through  all  their  causes,  symptoms,  cures,  together  and  apart ;  that 
every  man  that  is  in  any  measure  afl"ected  with  this  malady,  may  know  how  to  ex- 
amine it  in  himself,  and  apply  remedies  unto  it. 

It  is  a  hard  matter,  I  confess,  to  distinguish  these  three  species  one  from  the  other, 
to  express  their  several  causes,  symptoms,  cures,  being  that  they  are  so  often  con- 
lou!ided  amongst  themselves,  having  such  afhnity,  that  they  can  scarce  be  discerned 
by  the  most  accurate  physicians ;  and  so  often  intermixed  with  other  diseases,  that 
the  best  experienced  have  been  plunged.  Montanus  consil.  26,  names  a  patient  that 
had  this  disease  of  melancholy  and  caninus  appetitus  both  together ;  and  consil.  23, 
with  vertigo,  *' Julius  Cssar  Claudinus  with  stone,  gout,  jaundice.  Trincavellius 
with  an  ague,  jaundice,  caninus  appetitus,  Stc.  "Paulus  Regcjline,  a  great  doctor  in 
his  time,  consulted  in  this  case,  was  so  confounded  with  a  confusion  of  symptoms, 
that  he  knew  not  to  what  kind  of  melancholy  to  refer  it.  '"Trincavellius,  Fallopius, 
and  FrancauTianus,  famous  doctors  in  Italy,  all  three  conferred  with  about  one  party, 
at  the  same  time,  gave  three  diflerent  opinions.  And  in  another  place,  Trincavellius 
being  demanded  what  he  thought  of  a  melancholy  young  man  to  whom  he  was 
sent  for,  ingenuously  confessed  that  he  was  indeed  melancholy,  but  he  knew  not 
to  what  kind  to  reduce  it.  In  his  seventeenth  consultation  there  is  the  like  dis- 
agreement about  a  melancholy  monk.  Those  symptoms,  which  others  ascribe  to 
misaffected  parts  and  humours,  '' Here,  de  Saxonia  attributes  wholly  to  distempered 
spirits,  and  tL^se  immaterial,  as  I  have  said.     Sometimes  they  cannot  well  discern 


«- Tract,  de  mel.  cap.  7.  "Quedam  incipicns 

quedam  consummata.  ^Cap.  de  humor,  lib.de 

aniina.  Vari6  adiirilur  et  miscetur  ipsa  melancholia, 
Jnde  varrtE  amentium  species.  «*  Cap.  16.  ia  9. 


Rasis.         "Laurentius,  cap.  4.  de  mel.         "^  Cap.  13. 
1^480.  et  116.  consult,  consil.  12.  "Mildeshelm. 

spicil.  2.  fol.  166.  '"Trincavellius,  torn.  2.  consU. 

15   et   16.  ^'CftP^  13.  tract,  posth.de  melao. 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  4.] 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


113 

ihis  disease  from  others.  In  Reinerus  Solinander's  counsels,  {Sect,  consil.  5,)  he 
and  Dr.  Brande  both  agreed,  that  the  patient's  disease  was  hypocondriacal  melancholy. 
Dr.  aiathoklus  said  it  was  asthma,  and  nothing  else.  '^Solinander  and  Guarionius, 
lately  sent  for  to  the  melancholy  Duke  of  Cleve,  Avith  others,  could  not  define  what 
species  it  was,  or  agree  amongst  themselves.  The  species  are  so  confounded,  as  in 
Caesar  Claudinus  his  forty-fourth  consultation  for  a  Polonian  Count,  in  his  judgment 
^^"he  laboured  of  head  melancholy,  and  that  which  proceeds  from  the  whole  tem- 
perature botli  at  once."  I  could  give  instance  of  some  that  have  had  all  three  kinds 
semel  etmnul,  and  some  successively.  So  that  I  conclude  of  our  melancholy  spe- 
cies, as  "many  politicians  do  of  their  pure  forms  of  commonwealths,  monarchies, 
aristocracies,  democracies,  are  most  famous  in  contemplation,  but  in  practice  they 
are  temperate  and  usually  mixed,  (so  ^^Polybius  informeth  us)  as  the  Lacedemonian, 
the  Roman  of  old,  German  now,  and  many  others.  What  physicians  say  of  distinct 
species  in  their  books  it  much  matters  not,  since  that  in  their  patients'  bodies  they 
are  commonly  mixed.  In  such  obscurity,  therefore,  variety  and  confused  mixture 
of  symptoms,  causes,  how  difficult  a  thing  is  it  to  treat  of  several  kinds  apart;  to 
make  any  certainty  or  distinction  among  so  many  casualties,  distractions,  when 
seldom  two  men  shall  be  like  effected  per  omnia  f  'Tis  hard,  I  confess,  yet  never- 
theless I  M'ill  adventure  through  the  midst  of  these  perplexities,  and,  led  by  the  clue 
or  thread  of  the  best  writers,  extricate  myself  out  of  a  labyrinth  of  doubts  and 
errors,  and  so  proceed  to  the  causes. 


SECT.  II.    MEMB.  I. 

SuBSECT.  I. —  Causes  of  Melancholy.     God  a  cause. 

"  It  is  in  vain  to  speak  of  cures,  or  think  of  remedies,  mitil  such  time  as  we  have 
considered  of  the  causes,"  so  '^  Galen  prescribes  Glauco  :  and  the  common  expe- 
rience of  others  confirms  that  those  cures  must  be  imperfect,  lame,  and  to  no  pur- 
pose, wherein  the  causes  have  not  first  been  searched,  as  "Prosper  Calenius  well 
observes  in  his  tract  de  atrc'i  Me  to  Cardinal  Csesius.  Insomuch  that  "^'Fernelius 
puts  a  kind  of  necessity  in  the  knowledge  of  the  causes,  and  witliout  which  it  is 
impossible  to  cure  or  prevent  any  manner  of  disease."  Empirics  may  ease,  and 
sometimes  help,  but  not  thoroughly  root  out ;  suhlatd  causa  toUitur  effexlus,  as  the 
saying  is,  if  the  cause  be  removed,  the  effect  is  likewise  vanquished.  It  is  a  most 
difficult  thing  (I  confess)  to  be  able  to  discern  these  causes  whence  they  are,  and  m 
such  '^'ariety  to  say  what  the  beginning  was.  ^°He  is  happy  that  can  perform  it 
aright.  I  will  adventure  to  guess  as  near  as  I  can,  and  rip  them  all  up,  from  the 
first  to  the  last,  general  and  particular,  to  every  species,  that  so  they  mav  the  better 
be  described.  ' 

General  causes,  are  either  supernatural,  or  natural.  "  Supernatural  are  from  God 
and  his  angels,  or  by  God's  permission  from  the  devil"  and  liis  ministers.  That  God 
hmiself  is  a  cause  for  the  punishment  of  sin,  and  satisfaction  of  his  justice,  many 
examples  and  testimonies  of  holy  Scriptures  make  evident  unto  us,  Ps.  cvii.  17. 
"■  Foolish  men  are  plagued  for  their  offence,  and  by  reason  of  their  wickedness." 
Gehazi  was  strucken  with  leprosy,  2  Reg.  v.  27.  Jehoram  with  dysentery  and  flux, 
and  great  diseases  of  the  bowels,  2  Chron.  xxi.  15.  David  plagued  for  numbering 
his  people,  1  Par.  21.  Sodom  and  Gomorrah  swallowed  up.  And  this  disease  is 
peculiarly  specified,  Psalm  cxxvii.  12.  "He  brought  down  their  heart  through 
heavmess."  Deut.  xxviii.  28.  "  He  struck  them  with  madness,  blmdness,  and  as- 
tonishment of  heart."     ^'"  An  evil  spirit  was  sent  by  the  Lord  upon  Saul,  to  vex 


"■-  Guarion.  cons.  med.  2.  "3  Laboravit  per  e?sen- 
tiam  et  a  toto  corpore.  '*  Machiavel,  &c.  Smithus 
de  rep.  Angl.  cap.  8:Ub.  1.  Buscoldus,  discur.  polit. 
ducurs.  5.  cap.  7.  Arist.  1.  3.  polit.  cap.  ult.  Keckerm. 
i'";  *-c.  '=Lib.  6.  "  Priiiio  artis  curiliva. 

"  Nostri  primum  sit  propositi  affectionum  c»usas  in- 
dagare;  res  ipsa  hortari  videtur.  nam  alioqui  earuni 
curatio,  tnanca  et  inutilis  .-^^.-t  '"TatK   lib.  1 

15 


cap.  11.  Rerum  cognoscere  causaa,  medicis  imprimis 
necessarium,  sine  qua  nee  morbum  curare,  nee  pr»- 
cavere   licet.  '"Tanta  enim  morbi  varietas  ac 

differentia  ut  non  facile  dignoscatur,  unde  initium 
morbus  sumpserit.  Melanelius  6  Galeno.  foFoilix. 
qui  potuit  rerum  cognoscere  caiteag.  ^'1  Saiu.- 

xvi.  14. 


1 14  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1,  Sec.  2. 

him."  ^Nebuchadnezzar  did  eat  grass  like  an  ox,  and  liis  "heart  was  made  like 
ihe  beasts  of  the  tield.'-  Heathen  stories  are  full  of  such  punishments.  Lycurgus, 
because  he  cut  down  the  vines  in  the  country,  was  by  Bacchus  driven  into  madness : 
so  was  Pentheus  and  his  mother  Agave  for  neglecting  tlieir  sacrifice.  "Censor  Fi.l- 
vius  ran  mad  for  untiling  Juno's  temple,  to  cover  a  new  one  of  his  own,  which  he 
had  dedicated  to  Fortune,  ^''and  was  confounded  to  death  with  grief  and  sorrow  of 
heart."  When  Xerxes  woidd  have  spoUed  ''ApoHo's  teuiple  at  Del])lK)s  of  those 
infinite  riclies  it  possessed,  a  terrible  tluuuler  came  from  heaven  and  struck  four 
thousand  men  dead,  the  rest  ran  mad.  ^^A  little  after,  the  like  liappened  to  Brennus, 
lightning,  thunder,  earthquakes,  upon  such  a  sacrikgious  occasion.  If  we  may  be- 
lieve our  pontifical  writers,  they  will  relate  unto  us  many  strange  and  prodigious 
punislmients  in  this  kind,  indicted  by  their  saints.  How  ^'Clodoveus,  sometime 
king  of  France,  the  son  of  Dagobert,  lost  his  wits  for  uncovering  the  body  of  St, 
Denis :  and  how  a  ■** sacrilegious  Frenchman,  tliat  would  have  stolen  a  silver  image 
of  St.  John,  at  Birgburge,  became  frantic  on  a  sudden,  raging,  and  tyrannising  over  his 
own  flesh  :  of  a  ^''Lord  of  Rhadnor,  that  coming  from  hunting  late  at  night,  put  his 
dogs  into  St.  Avau's  church,  (Llan  Avan  they  callctl  it)  and  rising  betimes  next 
morning,  as  hunters  use  to  do,  found  all  his  dog.s  mad,  himself  being  suddenly 
stricken  blind.  Of  Tyridates  an  ^Armenia»n  king,  for  violating  some  lioly  nuns, 
that  was  punished  in  like  sort,  with  loss  of  his  wits.  But  poets  and  papists  nuiy  go 
together  for  fabulous  tales;  let  them  free  their  own  credits:  howsoever  they  feign 
of  their  Nemesis,  and  of  their  saints,  or  by  the  devi^^s  means  may  be  deluded ;  we 
find  it  true,  that  ultor  a  tergo  Deus,  ""He  is  God  the  avenger,"  as  David  styles 
liim ;  and  that  it  is  our  crying  sins  that  pull  this  and  many  other  maladies  on  our 
own  heads.  That  he  can  by  his  angels,  which  are  his  ministers,  strike  and  heal 
(saith  ^-Dionysius)  whom  he  will;  that  he  can  plague  us  by  his  creatures,  sun, 
moon,  and  stars,  which  he  uselh  as  his  instruments,  as  a  husbandman  (sailh  Zan- 
chius)  doth  a  hatchet :  hail,  snow,  winds,  &.c.  **''  El  conjurali  veniunl  in  classira 
venti ;"  as  in  Joshua's  time,  as  in  Pharaoh's  reign  in  Egypt ;  they  are  but  as  so 
many  executioners  of  his  justice.  He  can  make  the  proudest  spirits  stoop,  and  cry 
out  with  Julian  the  Apostate,  Vicisti  Galiltre  :  or  with  Apollo's  priest  in  '"Chrysos- 
tom,  O  cceliim!  6  hrra!  unde  hoslis  hicf  What  an  enemy  is  this  .^  And  pray  with 
JDavid,  acknowledging  his  power,  "  1  am  weakened  and  sore  broken,  I  roar  for  the 
;grief  of  mine  heart,  mine  heart  panteth,  Stc."  Psalm  xxxviii.  8.  '••  O  Lord,  rebuke 
me  not  in  thine  anger,  neither  chastise  me  in  thy  wrath,"  Psalm  xxxviii.  1.  '"•  Make 
me  to  hear  joy  and  gladness,  that  the  bones  which  thou  hast  broken,  may  rejoice," 
Psalm  li.  8.  and  verse  12.  ^^  Restore  to  me  the  joy  of  thy  salvation,  ami  stablish 
me  with  thy  free  spirit."  For  these  causes  belike  ''Hippocrates  would  have  a  phy- 
sician take  special  notice  whether  the  disease  come  not  from  a  divine  supernatural 
cau.se,  or  whether  it  follow  the  course  of  nature.  But  this  is  farther  discussed  by 
Fran.  Valesiu!?,  de  sacr.  philos.  cap.  8.  '^Fernelius,  and  '^J.  Ca?sar  Claudinus,  to 
whom  I  refer  you,  how  tliis  place  of  Hippocrates  is  to  be  understood.  Paracelsus 
is  of  opinion,  that  such  spiritual  diseases  (for  so  he  calls  them")  are  spiritually  to  be 
cured,  and  not  otherwise.  Ordinary  means  in  such  cases  will  not  avail :  j^on  est 
reluclandum  cum  Deo  [we  must  not  struggle  with  God.)  When  that  monster-taming 
Hercules  overcame  all  in  the  Olympics,  Jupiter  at  last  in  an  unknown  shape  wrestled 
with  him  ;  the  victory  was  uncertain,  till  at  length  Jupiter  descried  himself,  and  Her- 
cides  yielded.  No  striving  with  supreme  powers.  .V/7  jtivat  immensos  Cra/ero 
promiltere  monies,  physicians  and  physic  can  do  no  good,  *''•*  we  must  submit  our- 
selves unto  the  mighty  hand  of  God,  acknowledge  our  oflTences,  call  to  him  for 
mercy.  If  he  strike  us  una  eademque  manus  vnlmis  opemque  feret,  as  it  is  with 
them  that  are  wounded  with  the  spear  of  Achilles,  he  alone  must  help ;  otherwise 
our  diseases  are  incurable,  and  we  not  to  be  relieved. 

*2Dan.  V.  21.  "-s  Lactam,  instil,  lib.  2    rap.  8.  versat,  nee  mora  sarriletius  mentis   inops,  atqne   in 

^  Menle  capius.  et  sumiiio  aninii  mcerore  consnniptus.  semet  insaniens  in  pro[irio3  arms  dcn^jvit.  "*  Gi- 

•^  Mu.isler  cosmos,  lil).  4.  c-ap.  43.    Ue  ccelo  sul)sti;riie-  raidus    Cambrensis,   lib   I.   c.    1.  Itinerar.    Cambrle. 

bantur,  tanquam    iii:-ani    de    saxis    pra-cipitati,   gee.  ■"  Delrio,  torn.  3.  lib.  6.  sect.  3.  qiifest.  3.  »■  Psal 

•"Liviiis  lib   36.        "•  Gaffuin.  I.  3.  c.  4.  Quod  Diotiy?ii  xlvi.  I.  »^  Lib.  8.  cap.  de  Ilierar.  »>  ciaudiat). 

corpus  dis<o<iperiier:^  ui  iii:^aiiam  iiicidlt.        ^''liKiii  >"  De  BabilA  Martyre.       i*^ Lib.  cap.  5.  prog.        "Lib 

lib.  y.  sub.  Car..i.,o.~»:trroriim  c.iiii.  ij,;,t,,r,  lempli  ton-  1    .!)•  Abiliiisicuifl^^sis.  "  Respons.  raed.  13 

bug  eMractis,  duui  D.  Jotaannis  ar^t-iii'.uin  dimulacrum  r>  -p 
rapere  conteBdi^^iM|MM^verda  I'acie  dorsiuu  ei 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.1 


JValure  of  Devils. 


115 


Sub  SECT.  II. — A  Digression  of  the  nature  of  Spirits,  bad  Angels,  or  Devils,  and 
how  they  cause  Melancholy. 

How  far  the  power  of  spirits  and  devils  doth  extend,  and  whether  they  can  cause 
this,  or  any  other  disease,  is  a  serious  question,  and  worthy  to  be  considered  :  for  the 
better  understanding  of  which,  I  will  make  a  brief  digression  of  the  nature  of  spirits. 
And  although  the  question  be  very  obscure,  according  to  '-''^Postellus,  "full  of  contro- 
versy and  ambiguity,"  beyond  the  reach  of  human  capacity,  y«/cor  excedere  vires 
inlentionis  mece,  sailh  '^'Austin,  I  confess  I  am  not  able  to  understand  i\.,fmilum  de 
infinito  non  potest  slatuere,  we  can  sooner  determine  with  Tully,  de  nat.  deorwiu  quid 
non  sint,  quam  quid  sint,  our  subtle  sclioolmen.  Cardans,  Scaligers,  profounil  Thom- 
ists,  Fracastoriana  and  Ferneliana  acies,  are  weak,  dry,  obscure,  defective  in  these 
mysteries,  and  all  our  quickest  wits,  as  an  owPs  eyes  at  the  sun's  light,  wax  dull, 
and  are  not  sufficient  to  apprehend  them ;  yet,  as  in  the  rest,  I  will  adventure  to  say 
something  to  this  point.  In  former  times,  as  we  read.  Acts  xxiii.,  the  Satkhicees  de- 
nied that  there  were  any  such  spirits,  devils,  or  angels.  So  did  Galen  the  physician, 
the  Peripatetics,  even  Aristotle  himself,  as  Pomponatius  stoutly  maintains,  anil  Scali- 
ger  in  some  sort  grants.  Though  Dandinus  the  Jesuit,  com.  in  lib.  2.  de  anima, 
stiffly  denies  it;  substantim  separatee  and  intelligences,  are  the  same  which  Chris- 
tians call  angels,  and  Platonists  devils,  for  they  name  all  the  spirits,  dcemnnes,  be 
they  good  or  bad  angels,  as  Julius  Pollux  Onomasticon,  lib.  1.  cap.  I.  observes.  Epi- 
cures and  atheists  are  of  the  same  mind  in  general,  because  they  never  saw  them. 
Plato,  Plotinus,  Porphyrins,  Jamblichus,  Proclus,  insisting  in  the  steps  of  Trisme- 
gistus,  Pythagoras  and  Socrates,  make  no  doubt  of  it :  nor  Stoics,  bivt  that  there  are 
such  spirits,  though  much  erring  from  the  truth.  Concerning  the  first  beginning  of 
them,  the  '  Talmudists  say  that  Adam  had  a  wife  called  Lilis,  before  he  married  Eve, 
and  of  her  he  begat  nothing  but  devils.  The  Turks'  "Alcoran  is  altogether  as  absurd 
and  ridiculous  in  this  point :  but  the  Scripture  informs  us  Christians,  how  Lucifer, 
the  chief  of  them,  with  his  associates,  'fell  from  heaven  for  his  pride  and  ambition; 
created  of  God,  placed  in  heaven,  and  sometimes  an  angel  of  light,  now  cast  down 
into  the  lower  aerial  sublunary  parts,  or  into  hell,  "•  and  delivered  into  chains  of 
darkness  (2  Pet.  ii.  4.)  to  be  kept  unto  damnation." 

JYafure  of  Devils.]  There  is  a  foolish  opinion  which  some  hold,  that  they  are 
the  souls  of  men  departed,  good  and  more  noble  were  deified,  the  baser  grovelled  on 
the  ground,  or  in  the  lower  parts,  and  were  devils,  the  which  with  TerluUian,  Por- 
phyrins the  philosopher,  M.  Tyrius,  ser.  27  maintains.  "•  These  spirits,"  he  ^saith, 
"which  we  call  angels  and  devils,  are  nought  but  souls  of  men  departed,  which 
either  through  love  and  pity  of  their  friends  yet  living,  help  and  assist  them,  or  else 
persecute  their  enemies,  whom  they  hated,"  as  Dido  threatened  to  persecute  iEneas: 

"Omnibus  umbra  locis  adero  :  dal)is  iniprobe  poBiias." 
"  My  anirry  ghost  arising  from  the  deep, 
Sliall  hrtuiit  thee  waking,  and  disturb  thy  sleep; 
At  least  my  shade  thy  punishment  shall  know. 
And  Fame  shall  spread  the  pleasing  news  below." 

They  are  (as  others  suppose)  appointed  by  those  higher  powers  to  keep  men  from 
their  nativity,  and  to  protect  or  punish  them  as  they  see  cause  :  and  are  called  boni 
et  mali  Genii  by  the  Romans.  Heroes,  lares,  if  good,  lemures  or  larvae  if  bad,  by 
the  stoics,  governors  of  countries,  men,  cities,  saith  ^Apuleius,  Deos  appellant  qui 
ex  hnminum  nuniero  iuste  ac  prudenter  vita;  curriculo  gubernato,  pro  nitmine^  poslea 
ab  honiinibus  prcedili  fanis  ct  ceremoniis  vulgo  admittuntur,  ut  in  JSgypto  Osijris,  &.c. 
Pro'stites,  Capella  calls  them,  "which  protected  particular  men  as  well  as  princes," 
Socrates  had  his  DcBmonium  Salurninum  et  igniiim,  which  of  all  spirits  is  best,  ad 
sublimes  cogitationes  animum  erigentem,  as  the  Platonists  supposed ;  Plotinus  his, 


»*Lib.  1.  c.  7.  de  orbis  contordia.  In  nulla  re  major 
fuit  altercatio,  major  obscnrilas,  minor  opinionum  Con- 
cordia, quim  de  da;monibus  et  substanliis  separatis. 
i*^Lib.  3.  de  Trinit.  cap.  1.  i  Pererius  in  Genesin. 

Ub.  4.  in  cap.  3.  v.  23.  2  gee  Slrozzius  Cicogna 

omnifarisB.   Mag.  lib.  2.  c.  15.  Jo.  Aubanus,  Bredenha- 
chius.  SAngelus  per  supt^gbtau'S^aAalus  i.  Deo, 

qui  in  verltate  non  stetit^^A'Tltill    i^a    ^  Nihil  aliud 


sunt  Dtemones  quam  nudre  animn;  qux  corpore  dcpo- 
sito  priorem  niiserati  vitani,  cognati?  succurriint  com- 
moti  misericordia,  &c.  °Ui!  Vcn  8ocratis.    All 

those  mortals  are  called  Gods,  wlm.  the  course  of  life 
being  prudently  guided  ajjd"o\  nrned.  are  honoured 
by  men  with  temples-aMTftwIU^fii  as  Osiris  i« 
.iiigypl,  &.C. 


il6  Mature  of  Devils.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  a, 

and  we  christians  our  assisting  angel,  as  Andreas  Victorellus,  a  copious  writer  of 
this  subject,  Lodovicus  de  La-Cerda,  the  Jesuit,  in  liis  voluminous  tract  de  Angela 
Custodc,  Zanchius,  and  some  divines  think.  But  this  absurd  tenet  of  Tyreus,  Pro- 
clus  confutes  at  large  in  his^book  de  Jinirnn  ct  dcemone. 

*Pse]lus,  a  christian,  and  sometimes  tutor  (saith  Cuspinian)  to  Michael  Parapina- 
tius.  Emperor  of  Greece,  a  great  observer  of  tlie  nature  of  devils,  holds  they  are 
'corpereal,  and  have  "aerial  bodies,  tliat  they  are  mortal,  live  and  die,"  (which 
Martianus  Capella  likewise  maintains,  but  our  christian  philosophers  explode)  "  that 
"they  are  nourished  and  have  excrements,  tliey  feel  pain  if  they  be  hurt  (wliich  Car- 
dan confirms,  and  Scaliger  justly  latighs  hiin  to  scorn  for;  Si  pasciintur  aerc^  cur 
non  jnignant  ob  puriorejn  acra  f  Slc.)  or  stroken  :"  and  if  their  bodies  be  cut,  witli 
admirable  celerity  they  come  together  again.  Austin,  in  Gen.  lib.  iii.  lib.  arbit., 
approves  as  much,  mutata  casu  corpora  in  dcteriorem  quaJitatem  aeris  spissioris.,  so 
doth  Hierome.  Comment,  in  epist.  ad  Ephes.  cap.  3,  Origen,  Tertullian,  Lactantius, 
and  many  ancient  Fathers  of  the  Church  :  tliat  in  their  fall  their  bodies  were  changed 
into  a  more  aerial  and  gross  substance.  Bodine,  lib.  4,  Theatri  Naturae  and  David 
Crusius,  Hermeticaj  Philosophia?,  lib.  i.  cap.  4,  by  several  arguments  proves  angg^ 
and  spirits  to  be  corporeal :  quicquid  contimlur  in  loco  Corporcum  est ;  Jit  spiritiis 
coiitinetur  iji  loco.,  ergo.'  Si  spiritus  sunt  qunnti^  eriint  Corporei :  At  sunt  quun'.i, 
ergo.  Hunt  Jiniti,  ergo  quant i,  &.c.  '"Bodine  goes  farther  yet,  and  will  have  these, 
Jlnimcc  separatee  genii,  spirits,  angels,  devils,  and  so  likewise  souls  of  men  departed, 
if  corporeal  (which  he  most  eagerly  contends)  to  he  of  some  sliape,  and  that  abso- 
lutely round,  like  Sun  and  3Ioon,  because  that  is  the  most  perfect  form,  qtut  niliil 
Imhet  asprritatis,  nihil  anguUs  incisuin,  nihil  anfractihus  ini'olutem.,  nihil  emin<  ns., 
s''d  inter  corpora  perficta  est  per  feci  issintum  ;  "  tlierefore  all  t^pirits  are  corporeal 
he  concludes,  and  in  their  proper  sliapes  round.  1'liat  they  can  assume  other  aerial 
bodies,  all  manner  of  shapes  at  their  pleasures,  appear  in  what  likeness  they  will 
themselves,  that  they  are  most  swift  in  motion,  can  j)a.ss  many  miles  in  an  instant, 
and  so  likewise  '■'transform  bodies  of  others  into  what  sliape  they  please,  and  with 
admirable  celerity  remove  them  from  place  to  place;  ^as  tiie  .\ngei  did  liabakkuk  to 
Daniel,  and  as  Philip  the  deacon  was  carried  away  by  the  Spirit,  when  he  had  ba[)- 
tised  tlie  eunuch ;  so  did  Pythagoras  and  Apollunius  remove  tht-tnselvt's  and  others, 
with  many  such  feats)  that  they  can  represent  castles  in  the  air,  palace's,  armies, 
spectrums,  progidies,  and  such  strange  objects  to  mortal  men's  eyes,  '*  cause  smells, 
savours,  &c.,  deceive  all  the  senses ;  most  writers  of  this  subject  credibly  believe  ; 
and  that  they  can  foretel  future  events,  and  do  many  strange  miracles.  Juno^s  image 
spake  to  Camillus,  and  Fortune''s  statue  to  the  Roman  matrons,  with  many  such. 
Zanchius,  Bodine,  Spondanus,  and  others,  are  of  opinion  tliat  they  cause  a  true  me- 
tamorphosis, as  Nebuchadnezzar  was  really  translated  into  a  beast.  Lot's  wife  into 
a  pillar  of  salt ;  Ulysses'  companions  into  hogs  and  dogs,  by  Circe's  charms ;  turn 
themselves  and  others,  as  they  do  witches  into  cats,  dogs,  hares,  crows,  &.c.  Stroz- 
ziiis  Cicogna  hath  many  examples,  lib.  iii.  omnif.  mag.  cap.  4  and  5,  which  he  there 
confutes,  as  Austin  likewise  doth,  de  civ.  Dei  lib.  xviii.  That  they  can  be  seen  when 
and  hi  what  shape,  and  to  whom  they  will,  saith  Psellus,  Tamelsi  nil  tale  viderim, 
nee  opt  em  videre,  though  he  himself  never  saw  them  nor  desired  it;  and  use  some- 
times carnal  copulation  (as  elsewhere  I  shall  "prove  more  at  large)  with  women  and 
men.  Many  will  not  believe  they  can  be  seen,  and  if  any  man  shall  say,  swear,  and 
stiffly  maintain,  though  he  be  discreet  and  wise,  judicious  and  learned,  that  he  hath 
seen  them,  they  account  liim  a  timorous  fool,  a  melancholy  dizard,  a  weak  fellow, 
a  dreamer,  a  sjck  or  a  mad  man,  they  contemn  hhn,  laugh  him  to  scorn,  and  yet 
Marcus  of  his  credit  told  Psellus  that  he  had  often  seen  them.  And  Leo  Siiaviiis,  a 
Frenchman,  c.  8,  in  Commentar.  1.  1.  Paracelsi  de  vita  lungci.  out  of  some  Plato- 


•  He  lived  500  years  since.  'Apuleius  :  spiritus 

animalia  sunt  aninio  pas^sibilia,  mente  rationalia,  cor- 
pore  aeria,  tempore  seinpiterna.  "  Nuiriuntur,  et 

ficrenienta  habent,  quod  pulsata  doleant  $:olido  per- 
cussa   corpore.  '  Whatever  occupies  space   is 

corporeal: — spirit  occupies  space,  tkerrfort,  ic.  itc. 
'«4lib.  4.    Theol.  nat.  fol.  53a.  "Which  has  no 

ro'ighnes'",  a 


in  Epist.  montes  etiam  et  animalia  transferri  posnuntl 
as  the  devil  did  Christ  to  the  top  of  the  pinnacle;  and 
witches  are  often  translated.  See  more  in  ."<lro7.zius 
Cicogna,  lib.  3.  cap.  4.  omnif.  mag.  I'er  atra  sulidu- 
cere  et  in  iiublime  corpora  ferre  possunt,  Oiarmaniii. 
Percu-isi  dolenl  et  uruntur  in  conspicuon  cin<fr)-<. 
-Asrippa,  lib.  3.  rap.  de  ocrul.  I'hiios.  "  Asnppa, 

cap.  l-i.         '«  Part.  3  Meet.  2. 


mujt  p^rfeci^^^^^^^^^Hdies  '^Cyprianud    Meii4^My|||d0BflM|(UDcboly. 


Mem.  I.  Subs.  2.]  Mature  of  Devils.  117 

nists,  Avill  have  the  air  to  be  as  full  of  them  as  snow  falling  in  the  skies,  and  that  they 
may  be  seen,  and  withal  sets  down  the  means  how  men  may  see  them ;  Si  irrever- 
beratus  ocidis  sole  splendente  versus  ccelum  contbiuaverbiL  obtutus,  &,c.,'^  and  saith 
moreover  he  tried  it,  prcBmissorum  feci  experimentunu  and  it  was  true,  that  the  Pla- 
tonists  said.  Paracelsus  confesseth  that  he  saw  them  divers  times,  and  conferred 
with  them,  and  so  doth  Alexander  ab  '^Alexandro,  "  that  he  so  found  it  by  expe- 
rience, when  as  before  he  doubted  of  it."  I\Iany  deny  it,  saith  Lavater,  de  spectris, 
'^rt  i.  c.  2,  and  part  ii.  c.  11,  "  because  they  never  saw  them  themselves  ;"  but  as  he 
reports  at  large  all  over  his  book,  especially  c.  19.  part  1,  they  are  often  seen  and 
heard,  and  familiarly  converse  with  men,  as  Lod.  Vives  assureth  us,  innumerable 
records,  histories,  and  testimonies  evince  in  all  ages,  times,  places,  and  ''  all  travel- 
lers besides  ;  in  the  West  Indies  and  our  northern  climes,  JVihil  fam'diarius  quam 
in  agris  et  urbibus  spiritus  videre,  audire  qui  veterif,  jubecmt,  &c.  Hieronimus  vita 
Pauli,  Basil  ser.  40,  Nicephorus,  Eusebius,  Socrates,  Sozomenus,  '^Jacobus  Boissar- 
dus  in  his  tract  de  spirilumn  apparitionibus^  Petrus  Loyerus  1.  de  spectris,  Wierus 
1.  1.  have  infinite  variety  of  such  examples  of  apparitions  of  spirits,  for  him  to  read 
that  farther  doubts,  to  his  ample  satisfaction.  One  alone  I  will  briefly  insert.  A 
nobleman  in  Gennany  was  sent  ambassador  to  the  King  of  Sweden  (for  his  name, 
the  time,  and  such  circumstances,  I  refer  you  to  Boissardus,  mine  '^Author).  After 
he  had  done  his  business,  he  sailed  to  Livonia,  on  set  purpose  to  see  those  familiar 
spirits,  which  are  there  said  to  be  conversant  with  men,  and  do  their  drudgery  works. 
Amongst  other  matters,  one  of  them  told  him  where  his  wife  was,  in  what  room,  in 
what  clothes,  M'hat  doing,  and  brought  him  a  ring  from  her,  which  at  his  return,  no7i 
sjne  omnium  adinirationCi  he  found  to  be  true ;  and  so  believed  that  ever  after,  which 
before  he  doubted  of.  Cardan,  1.  19.  de  subtil,  relates  of  his  father,  Facius  Cardan, 
that  after  the  accustomed  solemnities.  An.  1491,  13  August,  he  conjured  up  seven 
devils,  in  Greek  apparel,  about  forty  years  of  age,  some  ruddy  of  complexion,  and 
some  pale,  as  he  thought ;  he  asked  them  mauy  questions,  and  they  made  ready 
answer,  that  they  were  aerial  devils,  that  they  lived  and  died  as  men  did,  save  that 
they  were  far  longer  lived  (700  or  800  ^^ years);  they  did  as  much  excel  men  in 
dignity  as  we  do  juments,  and  were  as  far  excelled  again  of  those  that  were  above 
them ;  our  ^'  governors  and  keepers  they  are  moreover,  which  ^^  Plato  in  Critias  de- 
livered of  old,  and  subordinate  to  one  another,  Ut  enim  homo  homini,  sic  dcemon 
dcemoni  dominatur,  they  rule  themselves  as  well  as  us,  and  the  spirits  of  the  meaner 
sort  had  commonly  such  oflices,  as  we  make  horse-keepers,  neat-herds,  and  the 
basest  of  us,  overseers  of  our  cattle ;  and  that  we  can  no  more  apprehend  their  na- 
tures and  functions,  than  a  horse  a  man's.  They  knew  all  things,  but  might  not 
reveal  them  to  men ;  and  ruled  and  domineered  over  us,  as  we  do  over  our  horses ; 
the  best  kings  amongst  us,  and  the  most  generous  spirits,  were  not  comparable  to 
the  basest  of  them.  Sometimes  they  did  instruct  men,  and  communicate  their  skill, 
reward  and  cherish,  and  sometimes,  again,  teiTify  and  punish,  to  keep  them  in  awe, 
as  they  thought  fit,  J\''ihil  magis  cupicntes  (saith  Lysius,  Phis.  Stoicorum)  quam  ado- 
rationem  hominumP  The  same  Author,  Cardan,  in  his  Hyperchen,  out  of  the  doc- 
trine of  Stoics,  will  have  some  of  these  Genii  (for  so  he  calls  them)  to  be  -^  desirous 
of  men's  company,  very  affable  and  familiar  with  them,  as  dogs  are ;  others,  again, 
to  abhor  as  serpents,  and  care  not  for  them.  The  same  belike  Tritemius  calls  Ignios 
et  sublunares,  qui  nunquam  demergunt  ad  inferiora.,  aut  vix  ullum  liabcnt  in  terris 
commerciiim  :  ^Generally  they  far  excel  men  in  vv-orth,  as  a  man  the  meanest  worm  \ 
though  some  of  them  are  inferior  to  those  of  their  own  rank  in  worth,  as  the  black- 
guard in  a  prince's  court,  and  to  men  again,  as  some  degenerate,  base,  rational  crea- 
tures, are  excelled  of  brute  beasts." 
That  they  are  mortal,  besides  these  testimonies  of  Cardan,  Martianus,  &c.,  many 

15 "By  gazing  steadfastly  on  the   sun  illuminated  hominibiis,  quanto  hi  brutis  animantibus.          ^Ptx- 

wiih  his  brightest  rays."     "      "^Genial,  dieruiu.     Ita  sides  Pastores,  Gubernatores  homiriuin.  et  illi  aninia- 

Eibi  visum  et  compertum  quum  prius  an  essent  ambi-  lium.           -^  "  Coveting  nothing  more  than  the  admi- 

geret  Fidem  suain  liberet.        I'Lib.  1.  de  verit.  Fidei.  ration  of  mankind."         -■'Natura  familiares  ut  canes 

Benzo,   tc.                '"Lili.    de    Uivinatione   et  maciA.  liominibus  roiilti  aversantur  et  abhorrent.            -"Ab 

'a  Cap.   8.    Transportavjt  in  Livoniam  cupiditate  vi-  honiine  [iliis  dj^t.iM  i|iinrn  hcpiim  .ih  iL'ii'bilisslmo  ver- 

uendi,  &.C.            '-"Sic   Hesiodiis   de   Nymphis  vlvere  ne,  et  tanjen  (jm  i                                               -^  superantur 

iicit.   10.  iEtatea  phsenicum  vel.  9.  7.  20.           -' Cus-  ulJioiuiDes  4  lei  -    i-i  . 
.odes  booiinum  et  provinciaruiii^>4B«^tanto.-iB«liores  1 


lid 


JVature  of  Spirits. 


[Part.  I.  Sec.  2 


-)ther  divines  and  philosophers  hokl,  post  prolixum  iempus  moriuntur  omncs ;  The 
^  Platonists,  and  some  Rabbins,  Porphyrins  and  Phitarch,  as  appears  by  that  relatioa 
of  Thamus:  "'' The  great  God  Pan  is  dead  ;  ApoHo  Py  thins  ceased;  and  so  the 
rest.  St.  Hierome,  in  the  hfe  of  Panl  the  Hermit,  tells  a  story  how  one  of  them  ap- 
peared to  St.  Anthony  in  the  wilderness,  and  told  him  as  much.  ^  Paracelsus  of 
our  late  writers  stiffly  maintains  that  they  are  mortal,  live  and  die  as  other  creatures 
do.  ZoziiBUS,  1.  2,  farther  adds,  that  religion  and  policy  dies  and  alters  with  them. 
The  ^Gentiles'  gods,  he  saith,  were  expelled  by  Constantine,and  together  with  them. 
Imperii  Romani  majestas,  et  for  tuna  inter  iit^  et  jirnjligatu  est ;  The  fortune  and  ma- 
jesty of  the  Roman  Empire  decayed  and  vanished, as  that  heathen  in  ^Minutius  for- 
merly bragged,  when  the  Jews  were  overcome  by  tlie  R<  mans,  the  Jew's  God  was 
likewise  captivated  by  that  of  Rome ;  and  Rabsakeh  to  the  Israelites,  no  God  should 
deliver  them  out  of  the  haiuls  of  the  Assyrians.  But  these  paradoxes  of  their  power, 
corporeity,  mortality,  taking  of  shapes,  transposing  bodies,  and  carnal  copidations, 
are  sufficiently  confuted  by  Zanch.  c.  10,  1.4.  Pererius  in  his  connneiu,  and  Tos- 
tatus  questions  on  the  6th  of  Gen.  Th.  Aquin.,  St.  Austin,  Wierus,  Th.  Erastus, 
Delrio,  tom.  2,  I.  2,  qu.est.  29 ;  Sebastian  Michaelis,  c.  2,  de  spiritibus,  D.  Reinolds 
Lect.  47.  They  may  deceive  the  eyes  of  men,  yet  not  t;ike  true  bodies,  or  make  a 
real  metamorphosis;  but  as  Cicogna  proves  at  large,  tlity  are  ^'I/lusorice  et  prcpsti- 
giatrices  transformatimies,  omnif.  mng.  lih.  4,  cap.  4,  mere  illusions  aiul  cozenings, 
like  that  tale  of  Pasetis  obiilus  in  Suidas,  or  that  of  Autolicus,  Mercury's  son,  that 
dwelt  in  Parnassus,  who  got  so  much  treasure  l)y  cozenage  and  stealth.  Ilis  father 
Mercury,  because  he  could  leave  him  no  wealth,  tauglu  him  many  fine  tricks  to  get 
means,  ^^for  he  could  drive  away  men's  cattle,  and  if  any  pursued  him,  turn  them 
into  what  shapes  he  would,  aiul  so  did  mightily  enrich  himself,  hoc  astii  maximutn 
prcedam  <-st  adsecutus.  This,  no  doubt,  is  as  true  as  the  rest ;  yet  thus  much  in 
general.  Thomas,  Durand,  and  others,  grant  that  they  liave  understanding  far  be- 
yond men-,  can  probai)ly  conjecture  and  "foretel  many  things;  they  can  cause  and 
cure  most  diseases,  deceive  our  senses ;  they  have  excellent  skill  in  all  .Arts  ai>d 
Sciences ;  and  that  the  most  illiterate  devil  is  Quovis  homine  sciintior  (more  know- 
ing than  any  man),  as  "^Cicogna  nuiintains  out  of  others.  They  know  the  virtues 
of  herbs,  plants,  stones,  minerals,  kc. ;  of  all  creatures,  birds,  beasts,  the  four  ele- 
ments, stars,  planets,  can  aptly  apply  and  make  use  of  them  as  tlu-y  see  good;  per- 
ceiving the  causes  of  all  meteors,  and  the  like  :  Dant  se  culoribus  (as  ^Austin  liath 
\i)  accomnwdunt  se  figuris.,  adharent  sonis.,  suhjiciunt  se  odoribus,  infundunt  se  sapo- 
ribus,  omnes  sensus  etiam  ipsam  inlelligentiam  dcpinanesfullunt,  tliey  deceive  all  our 
senses,  even  our  understanding  itself  at  once.  *They  can  produce  miraculous  alter- 
ations in  the  air,  and  most  wonderful  effects,  conquer  armies,  give  victories,  help, 
further,  hurt,  cross  and  alter  human  attempts  and  projects  [Dei  permissu)  as  they  see 
good  themselves.  "When  Charles  the  Great  intended  to  make  a  channel  betwixt 
the  Rhine  and  the  Danube,  look  what  his  workmen  did  in  the  day,  these  spirits 
flung  down  in  the  night,  Ut  couatu  Rex  desisteret^  perviccre.  Such  feats  can  they 
do.  But  that  which  Bodine,  1.  4,  Theat.  nat.  thinks  (following  Tyrius  belike,  and 
the  Platonists.)  they  can  tell  the  secrets  of  a  man's  heart,  aut  cogitutiows  hmninum^ 
is  most  false  ;  his  reasons  are  weak,  and  sutficiently  confuted  by  Zanch.  lib.  4,  cap.  0. 
Hierom.  lib.  2,  com.  in  .Alat.  ad  cap.  15,  Athanasius  qua;st.  27,  ad  Antiochum  Prin- 
cipem,  and  others. 

Orders?^  As  for  those  orders  of  good  and  bad  devils,  which  the  Platonists  hold, 
is  altogether  erroneous,  and  those  Ethnics  honi  et  mali  Genii.,  are  to  be  exploded : 
these  heathen  writers  agreeiiot  in  this  point  among  themselves,  as  Dandinus  notes, 


•  Cibo  et  priiu  mi  et  venere  cum  hominibus  ac  tan- 
dem niori,  Cicogna.  1.  part.  lib.  2.  c.  3.  -'  Plutarch, 
de  defect,  orarulorum.  >  Lib.  de  Zilphis  et  Pist- 

mei3.  '^  Dii  eentium  a  Consiantio  proatieati  sunt, 

&c.  iOQctovian.  dial.   Juda^urum   deiiin   fuisse 

Romanoruni  numinibus  una  rum  gente  captivum. 
'  Omnia  spiritibus  plena,  et  ex  eorum  concordia  et 
dUeordia  nuioes  boni  et  mali  etfeclus  proiuanant.  om- 
nia liumana  reguntur:  paraduxa  veteruni  de  qu6  Ci- 
cogna. omnif.  mag.  1.  2.  c.  3.  "Oves  quad  abac- 
tur'j  era.  in  qua^u 
Iiy^iuut 


Lia^unqu^urmas  vertebat  Pau!<aniag, 
^i^^nAfirW  II  i».  de  Gen. -sd-iiMtftni 


cap.  17.  Partim  quia  gubtilioris  gensu8  acumine,  par- 
tiin  gcientia  calidiore  vigeni  et  e.xperienlia  propter 
magnam  longitudinem  vilx,  partim  ah  An^elij  dis- 
cunt,  let.  '•  I  ib.  3.  omnif.  mag.  cap  3.  ^J.  11. 
quest.  X  Quum  lanti  sit  et  tain  profunda  spiritiun 

Bcicntia,  mirum  non  est  tot  lantasque  rea  vi.tu  a<lmi- 
rabilei  ab  ipsia  palrari,  et  qjiidem  reriim  nHturalium 
ope  quas  multo  melius  iulcnigunl,  mnltoqiie  |M-riiiu« 
euis  iocis  et  lemporibus  applicare  norunt.  quam  h'>mo, 
Cicogna.  *'  Aventinus,  quirquid  inierdiu  exhau- 

rirbatur,    noctu    explebatur.     Inde    pavefatti    cura 
lores,  &.C. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  JVature  of  Spirits.  119 

^n  sint  ^mali  non  conveniunt,  some  will  have  all  spirits  good  or  bad  to  us  by  a 
mistake,  as  if  an  Ox  or  Horse  could  discourse,  he  would  say  the  Butcher  was  his 
enemy  because  he  killed  him,  the  Grazier  his  friend  because  he  fed  him ;  a  Hunter 
preserves  and  yet  kills  his  game,  and  is  hated  nevertheless  of  his  game ;  nee  pisca- 
torem  piscis  amare  potest,  &c.  But  Jamblichus,  Psellus,  Plutarch,  and  most  Plato- 
nists  acknowledge  bad,  et  ab  eorum  maleficiis  cavenduin,  and  we  should  beware  of 
their  wickedness,  for  they  are  enemies  of  mankind,  and  this  Plato  learned  in  Egypt, 
tliat  they  quarrelled  with  Jupiter,  and  were  driven  by  him  down  to  hell.^^  That 
which  ''"Apuleius,  Xenophon,  and  Plato  contend  of  Socrates  Daemonium,  is  most 
absurd  :  That  which  Plotinus  of  his,  that  he  had  likewise  Deum  pro  Damonio  ;  and 
that  which  Porphyry  concludes  of  them  all  in  general,  if  they  be  neglected  in  their 
.sacrifice  they  are  angry ;  nay  more,  as  Cardan  in  his  Hipperclien  will,  they  feed  on 
men's  souls,  Elementa  sunt  plantis  elementw7i,  miimalibus  jylania,  hominibus  unima- 
lia,  erunt  et  homines  aliis,  non  autem  diis,  nbnis  enim  remota  est  eorum  natura  a 
nostra,  quapropier  dcEmonibus  :  and  so  belike  that  we  have  so  many  battles  fought 
in  all  ages,  countries,  is  to  make  them  a  feast,  and  their  sole  delight :  but  to  return 
to  that  I  said  before,  if  displeased  they  fret  and  chafe,  (for  they  (eei  belike  on  the 
souls  of  beasts,  as  we  do  on  their  bodies)  and  send  many  plagues  amongst  us ;  but 
if  pleased,  then  they  do  much  good ;  is  as  vain  as  the  rest  and  confuted  by  Austin, 
1.  9.  c.  8.  de  Civ.  Dei.  Euseb.  1.  4.  prajpar.  Evang.  c.  6.  and  others.  Yet  thus  much 
I  find,  that  our  School-men  and  other  ■"  Divines  make  nine  kinds  of  bad  Spirits,  as 
Dionysius  hath  done  of  Angels.  In  the  first  rank  are  those  false  gods  of  the  Gen- 
tiles, which  were  adored  heretofore  in  several  Idols,  and  gave  Oracles  at  Delphos, 
and  elsewhere ;  whose  Prince  is  Beelzebub.  The  second  rank  is  of  Liars  and 
iEquivocators,  as  Apollo,  Pythius,  and  the  like.  The  third  are  those  vessels  of 
anger,  inventors  of  all  mischief;  as  that  Theutus  in  Plato  ;  Esay  calls  them  *^  vessels 
of  fury ;  their  Prince  is  Belial.  The  fourth  are  malicious  revenging  Devils ;  and 
their  Prince  is  Asmodaeus.  The  fifth  kind  are  cozeners,  such  as  belong  to  Magicians 
and  Witches  ;  their  Prince  is  Satan.  The  sixth  are  those  aerial  devils  that  ^'^  corrupt 
the  air  and  cause  plagues,  thunders,  fires,  &e. ;  spoken  of  in  the  Apocalypse,  and 
Paul  to  the  Ephesians  names  them  the  Princes  of  the  air ;  Meresin  is  their  Prince. 
The  seventh  is  a  destroyer,  Captain  of  the  Furies,  causing  wars,  tumults,  combus- 
tions, uproars,  mentioned  in  the  Apocalypse ;  and  called  Abaddon.  The  eighth  is 
that  accusing  or  calumniating  Devil,  whom  the  Greeks  call  AmiIjo.oj,  that  drives  men 
to  despair.  The  ninth  are  those  tempters  in  several  kinds,  and  their  Prince  is  Mam- 
mon. Psellus  makes  six  kinds,  yet  none  above  the  jMoon :  Wierus  in  his  Pseudo- 
monarchia  Daemonis,  out  of  an  old  book,  makes  many  more  divisions  and  subordi- 
nations, with  their  several  names,  numbers,  offices,  &c.,  but  Gazseus  cited  by  ''''Lip- 
sins  will  have  all  places  full  of  Angels,  Spirits,  and  Devils,  above  and  beneath  the 
Moon,^^  aetherial  and  aerial,  which  Austin  cites  out  of  Varro  1.  vii.  de  Civ.  Dei,  c.  6. 
'•■  The  celestial  Devils  above,  and  aerial  beneath,"  or,  as  some  will,  gods  above,  Se- 
midei  or  half  gods  beneath.  Lares,  Heroes,  Genii,  which  climb  higher,  if  they  lived 
well,  as  the  Stoics  held  ;  but  grovel  on  the  ground  as  they  were  baser  in  their  lives, 
nearer  to  the  earth  :  and  are  Manes,  Lemures,  Laniiae,  &c.  *^  They  will  have  no  place 
b\it  all  full  of  Spirits,  Devils,  or  some  other  inhabitants ;  Plenum  Cccluni,  aer,  aqua 
terra,  et  omnia  sub  terra,  saith  ■"  Gazaeus ;  though  Anthony  Rusca  in  his  book  de 
Inferno,  lib.  v.  cap.  7.  would  confine  them  to  the  middle  Region,  yet  they  will  have 
them  everywhere.  "  Not  so  much  as  a  hair-breadth  empty  in  heaven,  earth,  or 
waters,  above  or  under  the  earth."  The  air  is  not  so  fall  of  flies  in  summer,  as  it 
is  at  all  times  of  invisible  devils  :  this  ■**  Paracelsus  stiffly  maintains,  and  that  they 
have  ever}'  one  their  several  Chaos,  others  will  have  infinite  worlds,  and  each  world 
his  peculiar  Spirits,  Gods,  Angels,  and  Devils  to  govern  and  punish  it. 

" Singula  M  nonnulli  credunt  quoqiie  sidera  posse  I  "Some  persons  believe  each  star  to  he  a  world,  and 
Dici  orbes,  terraniqiie  appellant  sidus  opacum,  ,  this  earth  an  opaque  star,  over  which  the  least  of  the 
Cui  minimus  divum  prKsit." 1  gods  presides." 

^  In  lib.  2.  de  Anima  text  29.     Ilomerus  discrimina-  i  "  Vasa  irae.  c.  13.         «  Quibus  datum  est  nocere  terriB 
tim  omnes  spirilus  dieniunes  vocal.  -^^  A  Jove  ad  '  et  mari,  &c.  "  Physiol.  Stoicorum  6  Senec.  lib.  1. 

inferos  piilsi,  &,t.  <' Ue  Deo  Socratis  adest   mihi     cap.  28.  ■'^  Usque  ad  lunain  aninia.-s  esse  sthereas 

dniiia  sorte  D.-pmoninin  qnoddam  a.  prima  piieritia  me     vocuriqiie  heroas,  lares,  geni' ,-.  "    Marl.  Capella 

seciitum,  siepe  dissiiailei,  impellit  nonnunquam  instarl"  .Nihil  vacuum  ab  his  u&i  vel  capiUuij]  in  aere  vel 
ovis,  Plato.  ^' A<!rippa.lib..3/«B«dlBul.  ph:*8n9naqua  jaceas.  «"  IJIl.  ri«  Zilp.  ♦"Palingenius. 


Zancb.    Pictorus,    Pererius   Cicogna.  1.   3.    cap.   1. 


120  Digression  of  Spirits.  [Part.  1.  Sect.  3 

^Gregorius  Tholsanus  makes  seven  kinds  of  tctherial  Spirits  or  Angels,  according 
to  the  number  of  the  seven  Planets,  Saturnine,  Jovial,  Martial,  of  which  Cardan  dis- 
courseth  lib.  xx.  de  subtil,  he  calls  them  subsUintias  primas,  Ohjmpicos  damones 
Tritemius,  qui  prcesunl  Zodiaco,  &c.,  and  will  have  them  to  be  good  Angels  above, 
Devils  beneath  the  Moon,  their  several  names  and  offices  he  there  sets  down,  and 
which  Dionysius  of  Angels,  will  have  several  spirits  for  several  countries,  men, 
offices,  &.C.,  which  live  about  them,  and  as  so  many  assisting  powers  cause  their 
operations,  will  have  in  a  word,  innumerable,  as  many  of  them  as  there  be  Stars  in 
the  Skies.  ^'  Marcilius  Ficinus  seems  to  second  this  opinion,  out  of  Plato,  or  from 
himself,  I  know  not,  (still  ruling  their  inferiors,  as  they  do  those  under  them  again, 
all  subordinate,  and  the  nearest  to  the  earth  rule  us,  whom  we  subdivide  into  good 
and  bad  angels,  call  Gods  or  Devils,  as  they  help  or  hurt  us,  and  so  adore,  love  or 
hate)  but  it  is  most  likely  from  Plato,  for  he  relying  wholly  on  Socrates,  quern  mori 
potius  quam  menliri  voluisse  scribit^  whom  he  says  would  rather  die  than  tell  a  false- 
hood, out  of  Socrates'  authority  alone,  made  nine  kinds  of  them :  which  opinion  be- 
like Socrates  took  from  Pythagoras,  and  he  from  Trismegistus,  he  from  Zoroastes, 
first  God,  second  idea,  3.  hitelligcnces,  4.  Arch-Angels,  5.  Angels,  G.  Devils,  7.  He- 
roes, 8.  Principalities,  9.  Princes :  of  which  some  wore  absolutely  good,  as  God% 
some  bad,  some  indifferent  inter  dcos  ct  hominrs^as  heroes  and  (hemoiis,  which  ruled 
men,  and  were  called  genii,  or  as  "Proclus  and  Jamblicluis  will,  the  middh'  betwixj 
God  and  men.  Principalities  and  Princes,  which  commanded  and  swayed  Kings  and 
countries ;  and  had  several  places  in  the  Spheres  perliaps,  for  as  every  sphere  is 
higher,  so  hath  it  more  excellent  inhabitants  :  which  belike  is  that  Galihvus  a  Gali- 
leo and  Kepler  aims  at  in  his  nuncio  Syderio,  when  he  will  have  "Saturnine  and 
Jovial  inliabitants :  and  wliich  Tycho  Brahe  doth  in  some  sort  touch  or  insinuate 
in  one  of  his  Epistles :  but  these  things  *'  Zanchius  justly  explodes,  cap.  3.  lib.  4. 
P.  Martyr,  in  4.  Sam.  28. 

So  that  according  to  these  men  the  number  of  {Etherial  spirits  must  needs  be  infi- 
nite :  for  if  that  be  true  that  some  of  our  mathematicians  say  :  if  a  stone  couhl  fall 
from  the  starry  heaven,  or  eighth  sphere,  and  shoulil  pass  every  hour  an  hundred 
miles,  it  would  be  65  years,  or  more,  befi»re  it  would  come  to  ground,  by  reason  of 
the  great  distance  of  heaven  from  earth,  which  contains  as  some  say  170  miihons 
800  miles,  besides  those  other  heavens,  whether  they  be  crystalline  or  watery  which 
Maginus  adds,  which  penidventure  holds  as  nmch  more,  how  many  such  spirits  may 
it  contain  ?  And  yet  for  all  this  "  Thomas  Alberlus,  and  most  hold  that  there  be  far 
more  angels  than  devils. 

Sublunary  drcils^  and  their  kinds.\  But  be  they  more  or  less,  Quad  supra  nos 
nihil  ad  nos  (what  is  beyond  our  comprehension  does  not  concern  us).  Howsoever 
as  31artianus  foolishly  supposeth,  JEtherii  Damones  non  curant  res  huinanwi^  they 
care  not  for  us,  do  not  attend  our  actions,  or  look  for  us,  those  aitherial  spirits  have 
other  worlds  to  reign  in  belike  or  business  to  follow.  We  are  only  now  to  speak 
in  brief  of  these  sub[unar\-  spirits  or  devils  :  f<*r  the  rest,  our  divines  determine  that 
the  Devil  had  no  power  over  stars,  or  heavens  ;  '^ Carminibus  aclo  possunt  deducere 
lunam,  kc,  (by  tlieir  cliarms  (verses)  they  can  seduce  the  moon  from  the  heavens  u 
Those  are  poetical  fictions,  and  that  they  can  "  sislere  aquam  Jiuviis.,  et  vertere  sidcra 
retro,  &c., '(stop  rivers  and  turn  the  stars  backward  in  their  courses)  as  Canadia  in 
Horace,  'tis  all  false.  ^'Tliey  are  confined  until  the  day  of  judgment  to  this  sublu- 
nary world,  and  can  work  no  fariher  than  the  four  elements,  and  as  God  permits 
them.  Wherefore  of  these  sublunary  devils,  though  others  divide  them  otherwise 
according  to  their  several  places  and  offices,  Psellus  makes  six  kinds,  fiery,  aerial, 
terrestrial,  watery,  and  subterranean  devils,  besides  those  fairies,  satyrs,  nymphs,  kc. 

Fiery  spirits  or  devils  are  such  as  commonly  work  by  blazing  stars,  fire-drakes, 

to  Lib.  7.  cap.  31  et  5.  Syntax,  art.  mirab.        »' Com-    dicio    sene.aU  reservantur.  "q.   3fi    art.   9. 

ment  in  dial.  Plat,  de  amore,  cap.  5.     lit  sphaera  qiiie-  i  "■  Virp.  8.  Eg.  "  Mn.  4.  *  Austin  :  hoc  dill, 

libet  s\iper  nos,  ila  prsstantiores  habent  habilatori.-s     no  i|ui<i  exi>tiniet  babltare  it>iina1<i  dirninni.-i  iibi -Solem 
8UI  sphierte  consortes,  ut  habet  nostra.  "Lib.  de    <'t  Lunani  t-t  Stell.i.s  Deus  ordinavit,  ci  nlilii  nemo  «r- 

Amica.  et  dscmone  med.  inter  deos  et  homines,  dica  ad  |  hitraretiir  Dicmonem  cceli.'  habitnre  tiiiii  .Ansuli*  •«•• 
noa  et  nostra  jequaliter  n'   I-   -•  '  •'■•■It.  ''Salnrni-     unde  la(i«iim  crediniii«.     Idem.  Zanrh.  1.4.  c.  3.  dn 

nas  et  Joviales  accolas.  I  ica  detrusi  »iint    Angel,  malis.  Pererius  in  GeD.  cap.  0.  lib.  6.  Id  ver  1 

Infra  cselestes  orbeui^i.. ...  .  et  infra  ubi  Ju-  | 


Mem  X   Subs.  3.]  Digression  of  Spirits.  121 

or  ignes  fatui ;  which  lead  men  often  injlumina  atd  prcecipitia,  saith  Bodine,  lib.  2. 
Theat.  Naturae,  fol.  221.  Quos  inquit  arcere  si  volunt  viatores^  clara  voce  Deiim 
appellare  aut  jjronam  facie  ierram  contingenie  adorarc  ojwrict,  et  hoc  amuletum  ma- 
joribus  nostris  acceptum  ferre  dehemus,  &c.,  (whom  if  travellers  wish  to  keep  off 
they  must  pronounce  the  name  of  God  with  a  clear  voice,  or  adore  him  with  their 
faces  in  contact  with  the  ground,  &c.) ;  likewise  they  counterfeit  suns  and  moons, 
stars  oftentimes,  and  sit  on  ship  masts  :  In  navigiorum  summifatibus  visunfur  ;  and 
are  called  dioscuri,  as  Eusebius  1.  contra  PhilosophoS,  c.  xlviii.  informeth  us,  out  of 
the  authority  of  Zeno-phanes  ;  or  little  clouds,  ad  moium  nescio  quern  volanles  ;  which 
never  appear,  saith  Cardan,  but  they  signify  some  mischief  or  other  to  come  unto 
men,  though  some  again  will  have  them  to  pretend  good,  and  victory  to  that  side 
they  come  towards  in  sea  fights,  St.  Elmo's  fires  they  commonly  call  them,  and  they 
do  likely  appear  after  a  sea  storm ;  Radzivilius,  the  Polonian  duke,  calls  this  appari- 
tion, Sancti  Germani  sidus ;  and  saith  moreover  that  he  saw  the  same  after  in  a 
storm,  as  he  was  sailing,  1582,  from  Alexandria  to  Rhodes."'  Our  stories  are  full 
of  such  apparitions  in  all  kinds.  Some  think  they  keep  their  residence  in  that  Hecla, 
a  mountain  in  Iceland,  ^Etna  in  Sicily,  Lipari,  Vesuvius,  &.c.  These  devils  were 
worshipped  heretofore  by  that  superstitious  nupo^uavtEta  ^°  and  the  like. 

Aerial  spirits  or  devils,  are  such  as  keep  quarter  most  part  in  the  "^'air,  cause  many 
tempests,  thunder,  and  lightnings,  tear  oaks,  fire  steeples,  houses,  strike  men  and 
beasts,  make  it  rain  scones,  as  in  Livy's  time,  wool,  frogs,  &c.  Counterfeit  armies  iji 
the  air,  strange  noises,  swords,  &.C.,  as  at  Vienna  before  the  coming  of  the  Turks, 
and  many  times  in  Rome,  as  Scheretzius  1.  de  spect.  c.  1.  part  1.  Lavater  de  spect. 
part.  i.  c.  17.  Julius  Obsequens,  an  old  Roman,  in  his  book  of  prodigies,  ab  urb. 
cond.  505.  ^^Machiavel  hath  illustrated  by  many  examples,  and  Josephus,  in  his 
book  de  bello  Judaico,  before  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem.  All  which  Guil.  Postel- 
lus,  in  his  first  book,  c.  7,  de  orbis  concordia,  useth  as  an  efliectual  argument  (as  in- 
deed it  is)  to  persuade  them  that  will  not  believe  there  be  spirits  or  devils.  They 
cause  whirlwinds  on  a  sudden,  and  tempestuous  storms  ;  which  though  our  meteoro- 
logists geneially  refer  to  natural  causes,  yet  I  am  of  Bodine's  mind,  Theat.  Nat.  1.  2. 
they  are  more  often  caused  by  those  aerial  devils,  in  their  several  quarters ;  for  Tern- 
vestaiibus  se  ingerunt^  saith ''''Rich.  Argentine;  as  when  a  desperate  man  makes  away 
with  himself,  which  by  hanging  or  drowning  they  frequently  do,  as  Kornmanus  ob- 
serves, de  mirac.  mort.  part.  7,  c.  76.  tripudium  agentes,  dancing  and  rejoicing  at  the 
death  of  a  sinner.  These  can  corrupt  the  air,  and  cause  plagues,  sickness,  storms, 
shipwrecks,  fires,  inundations.  At  Mons  Draconis  in  Italy,  there  is  a  most  memor- 
able example  in  "Jovianus  Pontanus  :  and  nothing  so  familiar  (if  we  may  believe 
those  relations  of  Saxo  Grammaticus,  Olaus  Magnus,  Damianus  A.  Goes)  as  for 
witches  and  sorcerers,  in  Lapland,  Lithuania,  and  all  over  Scandia,  to  sell  winds  to 
mariners,  and  cause  tempests,  which  Marcus  Paulus  the  Venetian  relates  likewise  of 
the  Tartars.  These  kind  of  devils  are  much  ^^  delighted  in  sacrifices  (saith  Porphyry), 
held  all  the  world  in  awe,  and  had  several  names,  idols,  sacrifices,  in  Rome,  Greece, 
Egypt,  and  at  this  day  tyrannise  over,  and  deceive  those  Ethnics  and  Indians,  being 
adored  and  worshipped  for  ""^gods.  For  the  Gentiles'  gods  were  devils  (as  ^"Trisme- 
gistus  confesseth  in  his  Asclepius),  and  he  himself  could  make  them  come  to  their 
images  by  magic  spells  :  and  are  now  as  much  "  respected  by  our  papists  (saith 
^  Pictorius)  under  the  name  of  saints."  These  are  they  which  Cardan  thinks  desire 
so  much  carnal  copulation  with  witclies  (^Incubi  and  .S'i<cc?ii/),  transform  bodies,  and 
are  so  very  cold,  if  they  be  touched  ;  and  that  serve  magicians.  His  father  had  one 
of  them  (as  he  is  not  ashamed  to  relate), •"'  an  aerial  devil,  bound  to  him  for  twenty 
and  eight  years.  As  Agrippa's  dog  had  a  devil  tied  to  his  collar ;  some  think  that 
Paracelsus  (or  else  Erastus  belies  him)  had  one  confined  to  his  sword  pummel ; 
others  wear  them  in  rings.  Sec.  Jannes  and  Jambres  did  many  things  of  old  by 
their  help ;  Simon  Magus,  Cinops,  ApoUonius  Tianeus,  Jamblichus,  and  Tritemius 


soPerigram.  llieropol.  ^Tire  worship,  or  divi- 

nation liy  fire.  «i  Domus  Diruunt,  niiiros  dejiciiint, 
iniiiiisceiit  se  turbinibus  et  procellis  et  pulvereni  instar 
coliimiia;  evehunt.     Cicofftia  1.  5.  c.  5.  fi-(iuest. 

in  Liv.  <^3  De  pra;stigiis  dapnionum.  c  16.     Co 

velli  culmina  videmus,  rmjitBjni 

16 


bello  Neapolitano,  lib.  5.  es  s„ffitibus  gandent. 

Idem  .Tiist.  Mart.    Apol.  pro  Cliristianis.  "''In  Dei 

imitalioneni.  saith  F.iiscliiiis.  C7  Dji  centiura  Daemo- 
nia,  &c.  eL'o  in  (joraiu  startias«pt;Ue-\i.  "  tt  nunc 

>diVoruin  nomine  coluntur  i  PontifiCiii.         "Lib 

de  lerum  ver. 


122  Digression  of  Spirits.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2 

of  late,  that  showed  Maxmiilian  the  emperor  his  wife,  after  she  was  dead ;  Et  ve.r' 
rucam  in  coUo  ejus  (sailh  ™Godohnaii)  so  much  as  tlie  wart  in  her  neck.  Delrio, 
lib.  ii.  hath  divers  examples  of  their  feats  :  Cicogna,  lib.  iii.  cap.  3.  and  Wierus  in 
his  book  de  prcestig.  dcBmonum.     Boissardus  de  magis  et  veneficis. 

Water-devils  are  those  Naiads  or  water  nymphs  whicli  have  been  heretofore  con- 
versant about  waters  and  rivers.  Tiie  water  ( as  Paracelsus  thinks)  is  their  chaos, 
wherein  they  live;  some  call  them  fairies,  and  say  that  llabundia  is  their  queen; 
these  cause  inundations,  many  times  shipwrecks,  and  deceive  men  diveis  Avays,  as 
Succuba,  or  otherwise,  appearing  most  part  (saith  Tritemius)  in  women's  shapes. 
"Paracelsus  hath  several  stories  of  them  tliat  have  lived  and  been  married  to  mortal 
men,  and  so  continued  for  certain  years  with  them,  and  after,  upon  some  dislike, 
have  forsaken  ihem.  Such  a  one  as  iilgeria,  witli  whom  Numa  was  so  familiar, 
Diana,  Ceres,  &tc.  '^Olaus  Magnus  hath  a  long  narration  of  one  Hotlierus,  a  king 
of  Sweden,  that  having  lost  liis  company,  as  he  was  hunting  one  day,  met  with 
these  water  nymplis  or  fairies,  and  was  feasted  by  them;  and  Hector  Boethius,  or 
Macbeth,  and  Banquo,  two  Scottish  lords,  that  as  ihey  were  wandering  in  the  woods, 
had  their  fortunes  told  them  by  three  strange  women.  To  these,  heretofore,  they 
did  use  to  sacririce,  by  that  vSpo^cwTt'ia,  or  divination  by  waters. 

Terrestrial  devils  are  those  "  Lares,  Genii,  Fauns,  Satyrs,  "Wood-nymphs,  Foliots, 
Fairies,  Robin  Goodfellows,  TruUi,  &.C..  which  as  they  are  most  conversant  with 
men,  so  they  do  them  most  harm.  Some  think  it  was  they  alone  that  kept  the 
heathen  people  in  awe  of  old,  and  had  so  many  idols  and  temples  erected  to  them. 
Of  this  range  was  Dagon  amongst  the  Philistines,  Bel  amongst  the  Babylonians, 
Astarles  amongst  the  Sidoiiians,  Baal  amongst  the  Samaritans,  Isis  and  Osiris  amongst 
the  Egyptians,  itc. ;  some  put  our  '^laries  into  iliis  rank,  which  have  been  in  former 
limes  adored  with  much  su[)ersiition,  with  sweeping  their  houses,  and  setting  of  a 
pail  of  clean  water,  good  victuals,  and  the  like,  and  tlien  lliey  sliould  not  be  pinched, 
but  rind  money  in  their  shoes,  and  be  fortunate  in  their  enterprises.  These  are  they 
that  dance  on  heaths  and  greens,  as  ""Lavater  thinks  with  Tritemius,  and  as  "Olaus 
Magnus  adds,  leave  that  green  circle,  which  we  commonly  lind  in  plain  rields,  which 
others  hold  to  proceed  from  a  melec^r  falling,  or  some  accidenuil  rankness  of  the 
ground,  so  nature  sports  herself;  iliey  are  sometimes  seen  by  old  women  and  chil- 
dren, llierom.  Pauli,  in  his  description  of  the  city  of  Bercino  in  Spiin  relates  how 
they  have  been  familiarly  seen  near  that  town,  about  fountains  and  hills  ;  .Yannun- 
quam  (saith  Tritemius)  in  sua  latibula  monlium  simpliciores  homines  ducant.,  stu- 
penda  miranlibus  osttnles  miracula,  nolarum  sanitus.,  spectacula.,  fccc."  Giraldus 
Cambrensis  gives  instance  in  a  monk  of  Wales  that  was  so  deluded.  "Paracelsus 
reckons  up  many  places  in  Germany,  where  they  do  usually  walk  in  little  coats, 
some  two  feel  long.  A  bigger  kind  there  is  of  them  called  with  us  hobgoblins,  and 
Robin  Goodfellows,  that  would  in  those  superstiii<jus  times  grind  corn  for  a  mess  of 
milk,  cut  wood,  or  do  any  manner  of  drudgery  work.  They  would  mend  old  irons 
in  those  iEolian  isles  of  Lipari,  in  former  ages,  and  have  been  often  seen  and  heard- 
*'Tholosanu3  calls  them  TruUos  and  Getulos,  and  saith,  that  in  his  days  they  were 
common  in  many  places  of  France.  Dithmarus  Bleskenius,  in  his  description  of 
Iceland,  reports  for  a  certainty,  that  ahnost  in  every  family  they  have  yet  some  such 
familiar  spirits  ;  and  Ftelix  Malleolus,  in  his  book  de  crudtl.  dcemon.  ailu-ins  as  much, 
that  these  TroUi  or  Telchines  are  very  common  in  Norway,  ^' and  "'seen  to  do 
drudgery  work;"  to  draw  water,  saith  Wierus,  lib.  1.  cap.  22,  dress  meat,  or  any 
such  thing.  Another  sort  of  these  there  are,  which  frequent  forlorn  "houses,  which 
the  Italians  call  foliots,  most  part  innoxous,  "Cardan  holds;  '•'- They  will  make 
strange  noises  in  the  night,  howl  sometimes  pitifully,  and  then  laugh  again,  cause 
great  tlame  and  sudden  lights,  fling  stones,  rattle  chains,  shave  men,  open  doors  and 

■oLib  3.cap.  3.  De  magis  et  veneficis,  &c.  Nereides.  [  treau,  where  theyexhit.it  wonderful  si«ht«  to  their 
'  Lib.  de  Zilphis.  ''^Lib.  3.  "  Pro  salute  |  marrellins  eyes,  and  astonish  their  ears  by  th.?  sound 

hominum  excubare  se  simulant,  sed  in  eorum  perm-  ,  of  bells,  tec.  ""Lib   de  Zii|.h   et  ■'ieniriis  Olaus 

ciem  omnia  moliunlur.  Aust.  "«  Dryades,  Oriades,     lib.  3.  «  Lib.  7.  cap.  14.  Qui  h  in  famuliilo  virls 

Hamadryades.  'Elvas   Olaus   voc.   at    lib.    3.  |  et  fiminis  inserviunl,  cnnclavi.»  sropiji  purrant,  pali- 

•<  fart  Leap.   19.  ■    l.iU    ."?    t:i;i    II      Elvarum     nas  mundant,  lixna  porlant,  equoH  curanl.  &c.       "'Ad 

choreas  Olaii§  lib.  3    v..(.:u^^,„,   ;,  |..,,   prorun.le  in     iiiini,teria  ulunlur.  '-  Where  ireaxurp  is  nid  />• 

terras  irnprimufU-jM^»#«rn>rftiis<M.aik«f.uA  virnt^  ..r-     .,.„,■■   think)   or  some   murder,  or  such   like   villanf 


bicular.-  -.;,  of  gramen  non  pereat.  ^''  Sometimes faniaatitedai^^flHIi^UtedfrXerum  varietat. 

they  »t.Jjce 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Digression  of  Spirits.  123 

shut  them,  fling  clown  platters,  stools,  chests,  sometimes  appear  in  the  likeness  of 
hares,  crows,  black  dogs,  &.c."  of  which  read  ^^  Pet  Thyraeus  the  Jesuit,  in  his 
Tract,  de  locis  infest  is.,  part.  1.  et  cap.  4,  who  will  have  them  to  be  devils  or  the 
souls  of  damned  men  that  seek  revenge,  or  else  souls  out  of  purgatory  that  seek 
ease;  for  such  examples  peruse  ^"Sigismundus  Scheretzius,  lib.  de  spectris,  part  1. 
c.  1 .  wliicli  he  saith  he  took  out  of  Luther  most  part ;  there  be  many  instances.  "*  Pli- 
nius  Secundus  remembers  such  a  house  at  Athens,  which  Athenodoius  the  philoso- 
pher hired,  which  no  man  durst  inhabit  for  fear  of  devils.  Austin,  de  Civ.  Dei.  lib. 
22,  cap.  1.  relates  as  much  of  Hesperius  the  Tribune's  house,  at  Zubeda,  near  their 
city  of  Hippos,  vexed  with  evil  spirits,  to  his  great  hindrance,  Cu7n  ajflictione  anima- 
Jium  et  scrvorum  suorum.  Many  such  instances  are  to  be  read  in  Niderius  Formicar, 
lih.  5.  cap.  xii.  3.  Sec.  Whether  I  may  call  these  Zim  and  Ochim,  which  Isaiah,  cap. 
xiii.  21.  speaks  of,  I  make  a  doubt.  See  more  of  these  in  the  said  Scheretz.  lib.  1. 
de  sped.  cap.  4.  he  is  full  of  examples.  These  kind  of  devils  many  times  appear  to 
men,  and  afll-ight  them  out  of  their  wits,  sometimes  walking  at  ^'noon-day,  some- 
times at  nights,  counterfeiting  dead  men's  ghosts,  as  that  of  Caligula,  which  (saith 
Suetonius)  was  seen  to  walk  in  Lavinia's  garden,  where  his  body  was  buried,  spirits 
haunted,  and  the  house  where  he  died,  ^^JYulla  nox  sine  fcrrore  transacta.,  donee  in- 
cendio  cnnsumpta ;  every  night  this  happened,  there  was  no  quietness,  till  the  house 
was  burned.  About  Hecla,  in  Iceland,  ghosts  commonly  walk,  animas  mortuorum 
simuJantes,  saith  Joh.  Anan,  lib.  3.  de  nat.  deem.  Olaus.  lib.  2.  cap.  2.  JYatal  Tal- 
lopid.  lih.  de  apjmrit.  spir.  Kornmannus  de  mirac.  mart.  part.  1.  cap.  44.  such  sights 
are  frequently  seen  circa  sepulchra  et  monasteria,  saith  Lavat.  lib.  1.  cap.  19.  in 
monasteries  and  about  churchyards,  loca  paludinosa.,  ampla  cedificia.,  solitaria-j  et 
ca;de  hominum  notata,  &c.  (marshes,  great  buildings,  solitary  places,  or  remarkable 
as  the  scene  of  some  murder.)  Thyreus  adds,  ubi  gravius  peccatum  est  commissum., 
impii.,  pauperum  oppressores  et  nequiter  insignes  habitant  (where  some  very  henious 
crime  was  committed,  there  the  impious  and  infamous  generally  dwell).  These  spirits 
often  foretel  men's  deaths  by  several  signs,  as  knocking,  groanings,  &c.  ^^  though  Rich. 
Argentine,  c.  18.  de  prcEStigiis  d(s?nonuni,  will  ascribe  these  predictions  to  good  angels, 
out  of  the  authority  of  Ficinus  and  others  ;  prodigia  in  obitu  principum  scepius  cori- 
tingunt,  8tc.  (prodigies  frequently  occur  at  the  deaths  of  illustrious  men),  as  in  the 
Lateran  church  in  ^"Rome,  the  popes'  deaths  are  foretold  by  Sylvester's  tomb.  Near 
Rupes  Nova  in  Finland,  in  the  kingdom  of  Sweden,  there  is  a  lake,  in  which,  before 
the  governor  of  tlie  castle  dies,  a  spectrum,  in  the  habit  of  Arion  with  his  harp,  appears, 
and  makes  excellent  music,  like  those  blocks  in  Cheshire,  which  (they  say)  presage 
death  to  the  master  of  the  family ;  or  that  ^'  oak  in  Lanthadran  park  in  Cornwall,  which 
foresliows  as  much.  Many  families  in  Europe  are  so  put  in  mind  of  their  last  by  such 
predictions,  and  many  men  are  forewarned  (if  we  may  believe  Paracelsus)  by  familiar 
spirits  in  divers  shapes,  as  cocks,  crows,  owls,  which  often  hover  about  sick  men's 
chambers,  vel  quia  morientium  foeditatem  sentiunt.,  as  '-'^Baracellus  conjectures,  et  ideo 
super  tectum  infrmorum  crocitant,  because  they  smell  a  corse;  or  for  that  (as  ^^Ber- 
nardinus  de  Bustis  thinketh)  God  permits  the  devil  to  appear  in  the  form  of  crows,  and 
such  like  creatures,  to  scare  such  as  live  wickedly  here  on  earth.  A  little  before  Tully's 
death  (saith  Plutarch)  the  crows  made  a  mighty  noise  about  him,  tumultuose  perstre- 
pentes,  they  pulled  the  pillow  from  under  his  head.  Rob.  Gaguinus,  hist.  Franc,  lib 
8,  telleth  such  another  wonderful  story  at  the  death  of  Johannes  de  Monteforti,  a 
French  lord,  anno  1345,  tanta  corvorum  multitudo  (Edibus  morientis  insedit^  quantam 
esse  in  Gallia  nemo  judicasset  (a  multitude  of  crows  alighted  on  the  house  of  the 
dying  man,  such  as  no  one  imagined  existed  in  France).  Such  prodigies  are  very 
frequent  in  authors.  See  more  of  these  in  the  said  Lavater,  Thyreus  de  locis  irfesits, 
part  3,  cap.  58.  Pictorius,  Delrio,  Cicogna,  lib.  3,  cap.  9.  Necromancers  take 
upon  them  to  raise  and  lay  them  at  their  pleasures :  and  so  likewise,  those  which 
Mizaldus  calls  Ambulones,  that  walk  about  midnight   on  great  heaths  and  desert 

«Vel  spiritiis  sunt  hujusmodi  damnatoriim,  vel  d    ^■' Meridionales  Daemones  Cicogna  calls  them,  or  Alas- 
purgatorio,  vel  ipsi  daeiiiones,  c.  4.  "^Quidam  le-    tores,  1.  3.  cap.  9.  toSueton.  c.  69.  in  Caligula, 

mures  doniesticis  instrumentis  noctu  hidiint  :  patinas,  tsstrozzius  Cicogna.  lib.  3.  mag.  cap.  5.  «ildem.  c.  18. 
ollas,  cantharas,  et  alia  vasa  drjiciunt,  et  quidam  »' M.  Carew.  Smvrv  r.f  Coriiuiill.  lib.  2  folio  140. 
roces  emittunt,  ejulant,  risiiin  eiiiiuuiit.  &;c.  ut  canes  «- Horto  Geniali,'l'otio' 137T  '  «■>  Part  1.  c- I'J.  Abducunt 
nigri,  feles,  variis  formis,  &.c.  "^Ep^t.  lib.  7. ,  eos  k  recta  via,  et  viam  iter  facientibus  uitercludunt. 


124 


Digression  of  Spirits. 


[Part.  1.  Sect.  2 


places,  which  (saith  ^^Lavater)  "  draw  men  out  of  the  way,  and  lead  them  all  night 
a  hye-way,  or  quite  bar  them  of  their  way  ;"  these  have  several  names  in  several 
places ;  we  commonly  call  them  Pucks.  In  the  deserts  of  Lop,  in  Asia,  such 
illusions  of  walking  spirits  are  often  perceived,  as  you  may  read  in  M.  Paulas 
the  Venetian  his  travels ;  if  one  lose  his  company  by  chance,  these  devils  will 
call  him  by  his  name,  and  counterfeit  voices  of  his  companions  to  seduce  him^ 
Ilieronym.  Pauli,  in  his  book  of  the  hills  of  Spain,  relates  of  a  great  ^  mount  iii 
Cantabria,  where  such  spectrums  are  to  be  seen ;  Lavater  and  Cicogna  have  variety 
of  examples  of  spirits  and  walking  devils  in  this  kind.  Sometimes  they  sit  by  the 
liighway  side,  to  give  men  falls,  and  make  their  horses  stumble  and  start  as  they  ride 
(if  you  will  believe  the  relation  of  that  holy  man  Ketellus  in.*Nubrigensis),  tliat  had 
an  especial  grace  to  see  devils,  Gratiam  diviniliis  co//a/«;n,  and  talk  with  them,  Et  i/n- 
pavidus  cum  spiritibus  sermonem  miscere,  v.  ithoixt  offence,  and  if  a  man  curse  or  spur 
his  horse  for  stumbling,  they  do  heartily  rejoice  at  it;  with  many  such  pretty  feats. 

Subterranean  devils  are  as  common  as  the  rest,  and  do  as  much  barm.  Olaus 
Magnus,  Jib.  0,  cap.  19,  make  six  kinils  of  ihem ;  some  bigger,  some  less.  These 
(saith  ^Munster)  are  commonly -seen  about  mines  of  metals,  and  are  some  of  them 
noxious ;  some  again  do  no  harm.  The  metal-men  hi  many  places  account  it  good 
luck,  a  sign  of  treasure  and  rich  ore  when  they  see  tliem.  Georgius  Agricola,  in  his 
book  de  subterraneis  animantibus.  cap.  37,  reckons  two  more  notiible  kinds  of  them, 
which  he  calls  **Getuli  and  Cobali,  both  '^  are  clothed  after  the  manner  of  metal-men, 
and  will  many  times  imitate  their  works."  Their  office,  as  Pictorius  and  Paracelsus 
think,  is  to  keep  treasure  in  the  earth,  tliat  it  be  not  all  at  once  revealed ;  and  be- 
sides, *®  Cicogna  avers  that  they  are  the  frequent  causes  of  those  horrible  earthquakes 
"which  often  swallow  up,  not  only  houses,  but  whole  islands  and  cities;"  in  his 
third  book,  cap.  11,  he  gives  many  instances. 

The  last  are  conversant  about  the  centre  of  the  earth  to  torture  the  souls  of 
damned  men  to  the  day  of  judgment;  their  egress  and  regress  some  suppose  to  be 
about  iEtna,  Lipari,  Mons  llecla  in  Icelaiul,  \'esuvius,  Terra  del  Fuego,  Stc,  because 
many  shrieks  and  fearful  cries  are  continually  heard  thereabouts,  and  familiar  appa- 
ritions of  dead  men,  ghosts  and  goblins. 

Their  Offices.,  Operations.,  Study.]  Thus  the  devil  reigns,  and  in  a  thousand 
several  shapes,  "  as  a  roaring  lion  still  seeks  whom  he  may  devour,"  1  Pet.  v.,  by 
sea,  land,  air,  as  yet  unconfined,  though  "*9ome  will  have  his  proper  place  the  air; 
all  that  space  between  us  and  the  moon  for  them  that  transgressed  least,  and  hell  for 
the  wickedest  of  them,  Hie  velttt  in  carcere  ad  Jincm  mundi,tunc  in  locum  funestio^ 
rum  trudendi.,  as  Austin  holds  de  Civil  Dei.,  c.  22,  lib.  14,  cap.  3  ct  23;  I)ut  be 
where  he  wdl,  he  rageth  while  he  may  to  comfort  himself,  as  'Lactantius  thinks, 
with  other  men's  falls,  he  labours  all  he  can  to  bring  them  into  the  .same  pit  of  per- 
dition with  him.  '^  Foremen's  miseries,  calamities,  and  ruins  are  the  devil's  ban- 
queting dishes.  By  many  temptations  and  several  engines,  he  seeks  to  captivate  our 
souls.  The  Lord  of  Lies,  saith  'Austin,  "  as  he  was  deceived  himself,  he  seeks  to 
deceive  others,  the  ringleader  to  all  naughtiness,  as  he  did  by  Eve  and  Cain,  Sodom 
Siid  Gomorrah,  so  would  he  do  by  all  the  world.  Sometimes  he  tempts  by  covet- 
ousness,  drunkenness,  pleasure,  pride,  Stc,  errs,  dejects,  saves,  kills,  protects,  and 
rides  some  men,  as  they  do  iheir  horses.     He  studies  our  overthrow,  and  generally 


*>  Lib.  I.  cap.  44;  Dtemonum  cernuntiir  el  abdiantur 
ibi  t'requeiites  illusiones,  uiidu  viaioriliu*  cav^nilurn 
ne  ce  dijsocieni,  aut  &  lergo  niancant,  voces  eniiij 
fin^uTit  sQcioniiii,  lit  a  recto  iiinere  abducant,  &.c. 
»>  Mons  sterilis  et  nivosus,  ubi  intenipe^ta  nocte  um- 
brse  apparent.  i*  Lib.  2.  cap.  21.    Otfendicula  fa- 

riunt  transeiintibiie  in  via  et  petulaiiter  ridet  cum  vel 
bomineni  vel  jiir;ientuni  ejus  pedes-alterere  faciant, 
et  maxinid  si  liuDio  maledicius  et  calcaribus  ssvint. 
"  In    Cosmogr.  ^  Veslili   more   nietallicorum, 

gestiis  et  opera  eorum  imitantur.  "' Inuiiieso  in 

terrtR  carceres  vento  norribiles  terrip  motus  elBciunt, 
quibus  sa>pe  non  domus  modo  et  turres,  sed  civitates 
intesrie  et  insulic  liaustie  sunt.  I'^Hierom.  in  3. 

Ephes.  Idc-'tn  Michaelis.  c.  4.  de  spiritibus.  Idem 
Thyreus    de   Inri-i    infe.sn^^^  1  l..Trtaiiiiii«  2.   de 

errur'4^^^HH^^^HBBMHH||p|y^MjUem 
terrain  v ^aiX^^^Wwi^^^^^^^BJ^^Ifc^iei TOh -- 


I  dis  bominibus  operantur.  >  Mortalium  ralaml- 

I  tales    epiila:     aunt     maloruin    da-nionuin,    .S)n<-iiiua. 

'  I>aminu!i  mendacii  H  neipso  deceptus,  alios  de('ip«-re 
I  cupit,  adversarius  humani  eeneria.  Inventor  mnrtia, 
i  ituperbiie  inxtitutor,  radix  inaliiie,  8cel>:rum  caput, 
;  princeps  omnium  vitiorum,  fuit  inde  in  Dei  contume- 
I  iiam,  iiomiiium  perniciem  :    de    hornni   conatibui   et 

operalionibus  lege  Epiphanium.  2.  Tom.  lib.  2.  Dio- 
I  nysiuni.  c.  4.  Ambrog.  Epintol.  lib.  10.  ep.  et  M.  Au- 
'  KUBt.  de  civ.  Dei  lib.  5.  c.  U,  lib  H.  cap.  22.  lib.  0  18. 
:  lib  10  21.  Theophil.  in  12   .Mat.  Panil  ep.  111.  Leonem 

Her.  Theodoret.  in  11.  Cor.  ep.  22  (liryg.  horn.  53  Id 
>  12.  Gen.  Greg,  in  I.  c.  John.  Uarlhol.  de  prop.  1.  9.  e. 

20.  Zanch.  I.  4.  de  malia  anceliii.   Terer.  in  Gen.  I.  8. 

in  c.  6  2.  Orieen.  sa-pe  prvliiii  inierwunt,  llin^ra  ft 
I  negotia  nontra  quiccunique  dirii;uiil,  riandeittinii  «ah- 
I  nidii*  npt.-»to«  g»>pe   pr'*l>eni  «ucceit«u«,  Pel.  M<\r.  in 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Digression  of  Spirits.  125 

seeks  our  destruction ;  and  although  he  pretend  many  times  human  good,  and  vin- 
dicate himself  for  a  god  by  curing  of  several  diseases,  agris  sanitatcm,  et  ccecis 
luminis  iisum  resiiluendo,  as  Austin  declares,  lib.  10,  de  cioit  Dei,  cap.  6,  as  Apollo, 
iEsculapius,  Isis,  of  old  have  done ;  divert  plagues,  assist  them  in  wars,  pretend 
their,  happiness,  yet  nihil  Ms  impuriu^  scelestius,  nihil  hiwiano  gencri  infestius., 
nothing  so  impure,  nothing  so  pernicious,  as  may  well  appear  by  their  tyrannical 
and  bloody  sacrifices  of  men  to  gat  urn  and  Moloch,  which  are  still  in  use  among 
those  barbarous  Indians,  their  ^ey^yal  deceits  and  cozenings  to  keep  men  in  obe- 
dience, their  false  oracles,  sacrifices,  their  superstitious  impositions  of  fasts,  penury, 
&c.  Heresies,  superstitious  observations  of  meats,  times,  &c.,  by  which  tliey  ^cru- 
cify the  souls  of  mortal  men,  as  shall  be  showed  in  our  Treatise  of  Religious  ]Me- 
lancholy.  Modico  adhuc  tempore  sinitur  maligjiari,  as  ^Bernard  expresseth  it,  by 
God's  permission  he  rageth  a  while,  hereafter  to  be  confined  to  hell  and  darkness, 
"•  which  is  prepared  for  him  and  his  angels,"  Mat.  xxv. 

How  far  their  power  doth  extend  it  is  hard  to  determine ;  what  the  ancients  held 
of  their  effects,  force  and  operations,  I  will  briefly^  show  you :  Plato  in  Critias,  and 
after  him  his  followers,  gave  out  that  these  spirits  or  devils,  "  were  men's  governors 
and  keepers,  our  lords  and  masters,  as  we  are  of  our  cattle."  "^"They  govern  pro- 
vinces and  kingdoms  by  oracles,  auguries,"  drearns,  rewards  and  punishments,  pro- 
phecies, inspirations,  sacrifices,  and  religious  superstitions,  varied  in  as  many  forms 
as  there  be  diversity  of  spirits ;  they  send  wars,  plagues,  peace,  sickness,  health, 
dearth,  plenty,  \idstantes  hie  jam  nob^s,  spectantes,  et  arbitranfes,  &c.  as  appears  by 
those  histories  of  Thucydides,  Livius,  Dionysius  Halicarnassus,  with  many  others 
that  are  full  of  their  wonderful  stratagems,  and  were  therefore  by  those  Roman  and 
Greek  commonwealths  adored  and  worshipped  for  gods  with  prayers  and  sacrifices, 
&.C.  'In  a  word,  JVihil  magis  qucerunt  quam  metum  et  admirationem  hominum  ;  ^and 
as  another  hath  it,  Dici  non  potest,  quam  impotenfi  ardore  in  homines  dominium,  et 
Divinos  cultus  maligni  spiritus  ajfec1ent.'°  Tritemius  m  his  book  de  sej)tem  secun- 
dis,  assigns  names  to  such  angels  as  are  governors  of  particular  provinces,  by  what 
authority  I  know  not,  and  gives  them  several  jurisdictions.  Asclepiades  a  Grecian, 
Rabbi  Achiba  the  Jew,  Abraham  Avenezra,  and  Rabbi  Azariel,  Arabians,  (as  i  find 
them  cited  by  "Cicogna)  farther  add,  that  they  are  not  our  governors  only,  S^d  ex 
eoriwi  Concordia  et  discordid,  boni  et  mali  affectus  promanant,  but  as  they  agree,  so 
do  we  and  our  princes,  or  disagree  ;  stand  or  fall.  Juno  was  a  bitter  enemy  to  Troy, 
Apollo  a  good  friend,  Jupiter  indifferent,  JEqua  Venus  J'eucris,  Pallas  iniquafuii  . 
some  are  for  us  still,  some  against  us,  Premente  Deo,  fert  Dens  alter  opem.  Reli- 
gion, policy,  public  and  private  quarrels,  wars  are  procured  by  them,  and  they  are 
'-delighted  perhaps  to  see  men  fight,  as  men  are  with  cocks,  bulls  and  dogs,  bears, 
&c.,  plagues,  dearths  depend  on  them,  our  bene  and  male  esse,  and  almost  all  our 
other  peculiar  actions,  (for  as  Anthony  Rusea  contends,  lib.  5,  cap.  18,  every  mai? 
hath  a  good  and  a  bad  angel  attending  on  him  in  particular,  all  his  life  long,  which 
Jamlilichus  calls  dcemonem,)  preferments,  losses,  weddings,  deaths,  rewards  and 
punishments,  and  as  '^Proclus  will,  all  ofiices  whatsoever,  alii  genetricem,  alii 
opificem  jmtestatem  habent,  &c.  and  several  names  they  give  them  according  to  their 
offices,  as  Lares,  Indegites,  Preestites,  &c.  When  the  Arcades  in  that  battle  at  Che- 
ronae,  which  was  fought  against  King  Philip  for  the  liberty  of  Greece,  had  deceitfully 
carried  themselves,  long  after,  in  the  very  same  place,  Diis  Grcecice  ultoribus  (saith 
mine  author)  they  were  miserably  slain  by  Metellus  the  Roman :  so  likewise,  in 
smaller  matters,  they  will  have  things  fall  out,  as  these  boni  and  mali  genii  favour 
or  dislike  us  :  Saturni  non  conveniunt  Jovialibus,  &.c.  He  that  is  Saturninus  shall 
never  likely  be  preferred.  "That  base  fellows  are  often  advanced,  undeserving 
Gnathoes,  and  vicious  parasites,  whereas  discreet,  wise,  virtuous  and  worthy  men 

4  Et  velut  mancipia  circunifert  Psellus.  s  Lib.  de  thehonourof  being  divinely  worshipped."  "  Oninif. 
trans,  mut.  Malac.  ep.  «  Custodes  sunt  hominum,  mag.  lib.  2.  cap.  23.  i'^  Liidus  deorum  sunius. 
et  eorum,  ut  nos  animalium  :  turn  et  provinciis  praepo-  12  Lib.  de  anima  et  dsmone.  n  Quoiies  fit,  ut 
Bill  regunt  auguriis,  soinniis,  oraculis,  pramiis,  &c.  Principes  novitium  aulicum  divitiis  et  di2iiitatil)U3 
'  Lipsius,  Physiol.  .Stoic,  lib.  1.  cap.  19.  *  Leo  pene  obruant,  et  niultorum  annorum  ministriun,  qui 
Suavis.  idem  et  Tritemius.  ''  "They  srfk  nothiii?  non  seme!  pro  hero  peticulum  ^iibtit,  nn  teruiitio  do- 
more  earnestly  ihan  the  fear  and  adniir^lin  iC  n, n  "  ncut.'&c.  Ideiff.  Quod  Philosophi  rtton  lennin'-rentur, 
'""It  is  scarcely  possi^]^^|^l^cribu  tJ«»,'ampotent  |  cum  scurra  et  ineptus  ob^insulsunijocum  sapb  pne- 
ardour  with  which 


12fi 


Digression  of  Spirits. 


[Part.  1.  Sec.  1. 


are  neglected  and  unrewarded ;  they  refer  to  those  domineering  spirits,  or  subordi- 
nate Genii ;  as  they  are  inclined,  or  favour  men,  so  they  thrive,  are  ruled  and  over- 
come ;  for  as  '^Libanius  supposeth  in  our  ordinary  conflicts  and  contentions.  Genius 
Genio  ccdit  et  obtemperat,  one  genius  yields  and  is  overcome  by  another.  All  par- 
ticular events  almost  they  refer  to  these  private  spirits ;  and  (as  Paracelsus  adds) 
they  direct,  teach,  inspire,  and  instruct  men.  Never  was  any  man  extraordinary 
famous  in  any  art,  action,  or  great  commander,  tliat  had  not  familiarem  dccmonem 
to  inform  him,  as  Numa,  Socrates,  and  many  such,  as  Cardan  illustrates,  cap.  128, 
Arcanis  prudenlice  civdis.,  ^^Speciali  siquidcm  gratia.,  se  a  Deo  donari  asscrunt  magi^ 
a  Geniis  cmlcstibus  instrui,  ah  iis  doceri.  But  these  are  most  erroneous  paradoxes. 
ineptcR  et  fabulosce  nugcc,  rejected  by  our  divines  and  Christian  churches.  'Tis  true 
they  have,  by  God's  permission,  power  over  us,  and  we  find  by  experience,  that 
they  can  ''  hurt  not  our  fields  only,  cattle,  goods,  but  our  bodies  and  minds.  At 
Ilammel  in  Saxony,  Jin.  1484.  20  Junii,  the  devil,  in  likeness  of  a  pied  piper,  carried 
away  130  children  that  were  never  after  seen.  Many  times  men  are  '*  afVrighted  out 
of  tlicir  wits,  carried  away  quite,  as  Scheretzius  illustrates.  Jib.  1,  c.  iv.,  and  seve- 
rally molested  by  his  means,  Plotinus  the  Platonist,  lib.  14,  advers.  Gnos.  laughs 
them  to  scorn,  that  hold  the  devil  or  spirits  can  cause  any  such  diseases.  Many 
tliink  he  can  work  upon  the  body,  but  not  upon  the  mind.  But  experience  pro- 
nounceth  otlierwise,  that  he  can  work  both  upon  body  and  mind.  Tcrtullian  is 
of  this  opitiion,  c.  22.  "''  That  he  can  cause  both  sickness  and  health,"  and  that 
secretly.  '^  Taurellus  adds ''  by  clancular  poisons  he  can  infect  the  bodies,  and  hinder 
the  operations  of  the  bowels,  though  we  perceive  it  not,  closely  creeping  into 
them,"  sailh  ^'Lipsius,  and  so  crucify  our  souls:  Et  nociva  melancholia  furiosos 
efficit.  For  being  a  spiritual  body,  he  struggles  with  our  spirits,  saith  Rogers,  and 
suggests  (according  to  ^Cardan,  verba  sine  voce.,  species  sine  visti.,  envy,  lust,  anger 
&.C.)  as  he  sees  men  inclined. 

The  manner  how  he  performs  it,  Biarmannus  in  his  Oration  against  Bodine,  suffix 
ciently  declares.  **''  He  begins  first  with  the  phantasy,  and  moves  that  so  strongly, 
that  no  reason  is  able  to  resist.  Now  tl»e  phantasy  he  moves  by  mediation  of  hu- 
mours ;  although  many  physicians  are  of  opinion,  that  the  devil  can  alter  the  mind, 
and  produce  this  disease  i>f  himself.  Quihu.sdam  medicurum  visum.,  saith  ".Avicenna, 
quod  Melancholia  contingat  a  diemonio.  Of  the  same  mind  is  Psellus  and  lUiasis 
the  Arab.  lib.  1.  Tract.  9.  Cont.  ^'"That  this  disease  proceeds  especially  from  the 
devil,  and  from  him  alone."  Arculanus,  cap.  6.  in  9.  Rhasis,  iEIianus  Montahus,  in 
his  9.  cap.  Daniel  Sennertus,  lib.  1.  part.  2.  cap.  11.  confirm  as  much,  that  the  devil 
can  cause  this  disease;  by  reason  many  times  tiiat  the  parties  aflected  prophesy, 
speak  strange  language,  but  non  sine  inlerventu  humoris.,  not  without  the  humour,  as 
he  interprets  himself;  no  more  doth  Avicenna,  si  contingat  a  danionio,  sujjicit  nobis 
ut  convertat  complexionem  ad  choleram  nigrami,  et  sit  cmisa  ejus  propinqua  cholera 
nigra;  the  immediate  cause  is  choler  adust,  which  "Pomponatius  likewise  labours 
to  make  good :  Galgerandus  of  .Mantua,  a  famous  Physician,  so  cured  a  da^moniacal 
woman  in  his  time,  that  spake  all  languages,  by  purging  black  choler,  and  thereupon 
belike  this  humour  of  Melancholy  is  called  Balneum  Diaboli,  the  DeviPs  Bath;  the 
devil  spying  his  opportunity  of  such  humours  drives  them  many  times  to  despair, 
fury,  rage,  &c.,  mingling  himself  among  these  humours.  This  is  lliat  which  Tertid- 
lian  avers,  Corporibus  infligunt  aeerhos  casus.,  animaque  repentinos,  membra  distor- 
quent.,  occulte  repentes,  kc.  and  which  Lemnius  goes  about  to  prove,  Immisccnt  se 
mali  Genii  pravis  humorihus.,  atque  atrcE  bill,  Stc.     And  "Jason  Pratensis,  "  that  the 


'5  Lib.  de  cruelt.  Cadaver.  '«  BoissardHS.  c.  6 

maiia.  '■  Godelmanuj,  cap.  3.    lib.   1.  de  Maeis. 

idem  Zanchius,  lib.  4.  cap  10  et  11.  de  malis  aneelis. 
'■  .Nociva  Melancholia  fiirio-sos  efticii,  et  quandoque 
peniliis  interficit.  G.  Picoloniinens  Idemque  Zanch. 
cap.  10.  lib.  4.  si  Deus  permrttat,  corpora  nostra  mo- 
vere  pns^junt,  alterare,  quovis  murbdrum  et  nialorum 
genere  affirere,  imo  et  in  ipsa  penetrare  et  s*vire. 
'» Inducere  p^fn^t  mirhi<!  et  «TnirTtfs  -^^  Vi;.-,. . 

rum  action.  - 
bis  isnotis  > 
occultC)  ni'i 
ti>r.]Uf  riL^  Lijis.  I'lul    >loic.  1.  1.  c    IJ  -I). 


>^ 


r:  10.  c. 


nequit,  prirnum  movit  pbantasiam,  et  ita  obfirmat  va- 
nis  conceptibus  aul  ut  ne  queni  facultriii  s-glinutlvc 
ralioni  Inctim  rclinquat.  Spiritus  niaius  invadit  atii- 
inarn,  turbat  len^us,  in  Turorein  conjicit.  Austin,  de 
vit.  Beat.  ••<Lib.  3.  Fen.  1.  Tract.  4.  c.  1?.  *A 

Diinone  maxime  proflcisci,  et  sa-pe  solo.  '^  Lib. 

de  incant.  '."  C'a-p.  de  mania  lib.  dc  niorbit  cere- 

bri ;  Deinonea,  quiini  sint  tenues  et  iiicomprehenit- 
liiles  spiritus,  se  inainuare  corporibus  huinanit  pot- 
-iHit,  et  Difulle  in  visceribus  operti,  v.ileiudinem  vi- 
ir",  •■iiiiniis  aiiiinas  tprriTe  et  mentes  fiirnrihot 
boll'' "rum  penelralibui, 
intam^^^BHIhidilnrS^^^fehmjir  tanquim  in  re(l- 

inimum  furere. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  J^ature  of  Spirits.  '  127 

devil,  being  a  slender  incomprehensible  spirit,  can  easily  insinuate  and  wind  hmiself 
into  human  bodies,  and  cunningly  couched  in  our  bowels  vitiate  our  healths,  terrify 
our  souls  with  fearful  dreams,  and  shake  our  minds  with  furies."  And  in  another 
place,  "  These  unclean  spirits  settled  in  our  bodies,  and  now  mixed  with  our  melan- 
choly humours,  do  triumph  as  it  were,  and  sport  themselves  as  in  another  heaven." 
Thus  he  argues,  and  that  they  go  in  and  out  of  our  bodies,  as  bees  do  in  a  hive, 
and  so  provoke  and  tempt  us  as  they  perceive  our  temperature  inclined  of  itself,  and 
most  apt  to  be  deluded.  ^^Agrippa  and  ^Lavater  are  persuaded,  that  this  humour 
invites  the  devil  to  it,  wheresoever  it  is  in  extremity,  and  of  all  other,  melancholy 
persons  are  most  subject  to  diabolical  temptations  and  illusions,  and  most  apt  to  en- 
tertain them,  and  the  Devil  best  able  to  work  upon  them.  But  whether  by  obsession, 
or  possession,  or  otherwise,  I  will  not  determine ;  'tis  a  difficult  question.  Delrio 
the  Jesuit,  Tom.  3.  lib.  6.  Springer  and  his  colleague,  mall,  malcf.  Pet.  Th}Teus  the 
Jesuit,  lib.  de  dccmoniacis.,  de  locis  infestis,  de  Terrificationibus  nocfuriiis,  Hieroni- 
mus  Mengus  Flagel.  deem,  and  others  of  that  rank  of  pontifical  writers,  it  seems,  by 
their  exorcisms  and  conjurations  approve  of  it,  having  forged  many  stories  to  that 
purpose.  A  nun  did  eat  a  lettuce  ^"without  grace,  or  signing  it  with  the  sign  of  the 
cross,  and  was  instantly  possessed.  Durand.  lib.  6.  Rationall.  c.  8G.  numb.  8.  relates 
that  he  saw  a  wench  possessed  in  Bononia  with  two  devils,  by  eating  an  unhallowed 
pomegranate,  as  she  did  afterwards  confess,  when  she  Avas  cured  by  exorcisms.  And 
therefore  our  Papists  do  sign  themselves  so  often  with  the  sign  of  the  cross,  A*e  dce- 
mon  ingredi  ausit.,  and  exorcise  all  manner  of  meats,  as  being  unclean  or  accursed 
otherwise,  as  Bellarmine  defends.  Many  such  stories  I  find  amongst  pontifical  writ- 
ers, to  prove  their  assertions,  let  them  free  their  own  credits  ;  some  few  1  will  recite 
in  this  kind  out  of  most  approved  physicians.  Cornelius  Gemma,  lib.  2.  de  nat.  mi- 
rac.  c.  4.  relates  of  a  young  maid,  called  Katherine  Gualter,  a  cooper's  daughter.  .4/1. 
1571.  that  had  such  strange  passions  and  convulsions,  three  men  could  not  some- 
times hold  her;  she  purged  a  live  eel,  which  he  saw,  a  foot  and  a  half  long,  and 
touched  it  himself;  but  the  eel  afterwards  vanished  ;  she  vomited  some  twenty-four 
pounds  of  fulsome  stuff  of  all  colours,  twice  a  day  for  fourteen  days;  and  after  that 
she  voided  great  balls  of  hair,  peices  of  wood,  pigeon's  dung,  parchment,  goose  dung, 
coals ;  and  after  them  two  pounds  of  pure  blood,  and  then  again  coals  and  stones,  of 
which  some  had  inscriptions  bigger  than  a  walnut,  some  of  them  pieces  of  glass, 
brass,  &e.  besides  paroxysms  of  laughing,  weeping  and  ecstasies,  &c.  Et  hoc  (iriquif) 
cum  horore  vidi.,  this  I  saw  with  horror.  They  could  do  no  good  on  her  by  physic, 
but  left  her  to  the  clergy.  Marcellus  Donatus,  lib.  2.  c.  I.  de  med.  mirab.  hath  such 
another  story  of  a  country  fellow,  that  had  four  knives  in  his  belly,  Insfar  serrce  dcn- 
tatos.,  indented  like  a  saw,  every  one  a  span  long,  and  a  wreath  of  hair  like  a  globe, 
with  much  baggage  of  like  sort,  wonderful  to  behold  :  how  it  should  come  into  his 
guts,  he  concludes,  Certe  nan  alio  qiiam  dcemonis  astulid  ct  dolo,  (could  assuredly 
only  have  been  through  the  artifice  of  the  devil).  Langius,  Epist.  med.  lib.  1.  Epist. 
38.  hath  many  relations  to  this  eflect,  and  so  hath  Christopherus  a  Vega  :  Wierus, 
Skenkius,  Scribonius,  all  agree  that  they  are  done  by  the  subtilty  and  illusion  of  the 
devil.  If  you  shall  ask  a  reason  of  this,  'tis  to  exercise  our  patience ;  for  as  ^'  Ter- 
tullian  holds.  Virtus  non  est  virtus.,  nisi  comparem  liabet  aliquem,  in  quo  svperando 
vim  suam  ostendat  'tis  to  try  us  and  our  fauh,  'tis  for  our  offences,  and  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  our  sins,  by  God's  permission  they  da  it,  Carnijices  vindictcB  justcB  Dei., 
as  ^^Tolasanus  styles  them, Executioners  of  his  will ;  or  rather  as  David,  Ps.  78.  ver.49. 
"  He  cast  upon  them  the  fierceness  of  his  anger,  indignation,  wrath,  and  vexation, 
by  sending  out  of  evil  angels  :  so  did  he  afflict  Job,  Saul,  the  Lunatics  and  dc-enioniacal 
persons  whom  Christ  cured.  Mat.  iv.  8.  Luke  iv.  11.  Luke  xiii.  Mark  ix.  Tobit.  viii.  3 
&.C.  This,  I  say,  happeneth  for  a  punishment  of  sin,  for  their  want  of  faith,  incredu 
lity,  weakness,  distrust,  &c. 

=*Lib.  1.  cap.  6.  occult.  Philos.  part  1.  cap.   1.  de  I  dsemone  obsessa.  dial.  MGresr.  pas.  c.  9.         '■  Pe- 

»peclr)s.  ssSine  cruce   et  sanctificatione   sic   k  |  iiult.  de  pnific.  Dei.  «  Lib.  28.  cap.  26.  torn,  "i 


1 28  Nature  of  Devils.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

SuBSECT.  III. —  Of  Witches  and  Magicians^  hmc  th%y  cause  Melancholy. 

You  have  heard  what  the  devil  can  do  of  himself,  now  you  shall  hear^.^'^iat  he  can 
perform  by  his  instruments,  who  are  many  times  worse  (if  it  be  possible)  than  he 
himself,  and  to  satisfy  their  revenge  and  lust  cause  more  mischief,  Multa  e'jiim  mala 
non  egisset  dcBmon,  nisi  provocatus  a  sagis,  as  '"Erastus  thinks;  much  harm  had 
never  been  done,  ha'd  he  not  been  provoked  by  witches  to  it.  lie  had  not. appeared 
in  Samuel's  shape,  if  the  Witch  of  Eador  had  let  him  alone ;  or  representpd  those 
serpents  in  Pharaoh's  presence,  had  not  the  magicians  urged  him  unto  it ;  JVccmorbos 
vel  hominihiis,  vcl  hrutis  inftigeret  (Erastus  maintains)  si  sagcB  quicsccrcnt ;  men  and 
cattle  might  go  free,  if  the  witches  would  let  him  ahine.  Many  deny  witches  at  all, 
or  if  there  be  any  they  can  do  no  harm ;  of  this  opinion  is  Wierus,  lib.  3.  cap.  53.  dr 
pra:stig.  dam.  Austin  Lerchemer  a  Dutch  writer,  Biarmunus,  Ewichius,  Euwaldus, 
our  countryman  Scot ;  with  him  in  Horace, 


'  Somnia,  lerrores  Magicos,  miracula,  sasas, 
Noc(urno3  Leinures,  portentaque  Thes:iala  ridu 
Excipiunt. " 


Say,  can  you  laugh  indignant  at  the  schemes 
Of  magic  terrors,  visionary  dreams,     ^ 
PortiMiii>u8  wonders,  witciiing  impst^f  Ilt^ll, 
The  nightly  goblin,  and  enchanting .snull ) 


They  laugh  at  all  such  stories ;  but  on  the  contrary  are  most  lawyers,  divjines,  phy- 
sicians, philosophers,  Austin,  Hemingius,  Dananis,  Cliy trams,  Zanchiij.s^  Aretius, 
Jkr.  Delrio,  Springer,  **Niderius,  lib.  5.  Fornicar.  Guialius,  Bartolus,  comil^.Qt,  torn.  1. 
Bodinc,  diEmonianl.  lib  2.  cap.  8.  Godehnan,  Dainhoderius,  &c.  Paracelsus,  Erastus, 
Scribanius,  Camerarius,  &c.  The  parties  by  whom  tlie  devil  deals,  may  be  reduced 
to  these  two,  such  as  command  him  in  show  at  least,  a.s  conjurors,  and  magicians, 
whose  detestable  and  horrid  mysteries  are  contained  in  their  book  called  ^Arbatell ; 
dcemonis  enim  advocati  prasto  sunt.,  seque  cxorcismis  et  conjurutionibus  quasi  cogi 
patiiinfur.,  ut  miserum  magnnim  genus,  in  impietutc  detineant.  Or  such  as  are  coin- 
inaiuled,  as  witches,  that  deal  ex  parte  implicite,  or  explicite,  as  the  *king  hath  well 
defined  ;  many  subdivisions  there  are,  and  many  several  species  of  sorcerers,  witches, 
enchanters,  charmers,  kc.  They  have  been  tolerated  heretofore  some  of  them ;  and 
masfic  hath  been  publicly  professed  in  former  times,  in  '^Salamanca,  *  Cracow,  and 
other  places,  though  after  censured  by  several  ^'Universities,  and  now  generally  con- 
tradicted, though  practised  by  some  still,  maintained  and  excused,  Tanquam  res  se- 
creta  qua;  non  nisi  viris  magnis  et  pecitliari  bvw ficin  de  Cmlo  instructis  communicatnr 
(I  use  ^'^BiBsartus  his  words)  and  so  far  approved  by  some  princes,  Ut  nihil  aiisi  ug- 
gredi  in  poUlicis.,  in  sacris.,  in  consilii.'i,  sine  eoriim  arbitrio ;  they  consult  still  with 
them,  and  dare  indeed  do  nothing  without  their  advice.  Nero  and  Ileliogabalus, 
Maxentius,  and  Julianus  Apostaia,  were  never  so  much  addicted  to  magic  of  old,  as 
some  of  our  modern  princes  and  popes  themselves  are  now-a-days.  Erricus,  King 
of  Sweden,  had  an  ^'  enchanted  cap,  by  virtue  of  which,  and  some  magical  mur- 
mur or  whispering  terms,  he  could  command  spirits,  trouble  the  air,  and  make  the 
■wind  stand  which  way  he  would,  insomuch  that  when  there  was  any  great  wind  or 
storm,  the  common  people  were  wont  to  say,  the  king  now  had  on  his  conjuring  cap 
But  such  examples  are  infinite.  That  which  they  can  do,  is  as  much  almost  as  the 
devil  himself,  who  is  still  ready  to  satisfy  their  desires,  to  oblige  them  the  more  unto 
him.  They  can  cause  tempests,  stonns,  which  is  familiarly  practised  by  witches  in 
Norway,  Iceland,  as  I  have  proved.  They  can  make  friends  enemies,  and  enemies 
friends  by  philters;  *^Turprs  amores  conciliare,  enforce  love,  tell  any  man  where  his 
friends  are,  about  what  employed,  though  in  the  most  remote  places ;  and  if  they 
will.  *^"  bring  their  sweethearts  t,o  them  by  night,  upon  a  goat's  back  flying  in  the 
air."  Sigismund  Scheretzius,  part.  1.  cap.  9.  de  spect.  reports  confidently,  that  he 
conferred  with  sundry  such,  that  had  been  so  carried  many  miles,  and  that  he  heard 
witches  themselves  confess  as  much;  hurt  and  infect  men  and  beasts,  vines,  com, 
cattle,  plants,  make  women  abortive,  not  to  conceive,  *•  barren,  men  and  women  un- 

■^  De  Lamils.  "  Et  quomodo  venefici  liant  enar-  |  ficig.  «  Rotatum    Pileum   hat>ebat,   quo   ventoi 

rit  34  De  quo  plura  le^as  in  Boissardo,  lib.  1.  de     viulentoa  cieret,  aerem  turbarel,  et  in  quam  partem, 

prii-iti?.  ■'  u.  V     i,.,:i.M,     II.,,,,,    I     1     1     .      3      &c.  "Erastus  « Ministerio   hirci  noctorni. 

^  An  univpr  ;  he!"  8teril>-3  nnpifiS  et  inhabilci,  vi,|.>  Petrum  de  Pallude. 

chief  town  s«4By^4.uliJiiinct.  34    Paulum  Guiclandum 

!■■■■■?      }.■■■.:  -  --  


Mem,  1.  Subs.  3.j  Causes  of  Melancholy.  129 

apt  and  unable,  married  and  unmarried,  fifty  several  ways,  saith  Bodine,  lib.  2.  c.  2. 
fly  in  the  air,  meet  when  and  where  they  will,  as  Cicogna  proves,  and  Lavat.  de  spec. 
j)art.  2.  c.  17.  "steal  young  children  out  of  their  cradles,  minlst.erio  dcemonum^  and 
put  deformed  in  their  rooms,  which  we  call  changelings,"  saith  ''^Scheretzius,  part.  1, 
c.  6.  make  men  victorious,  fortunate,  eloquent ;  and  tlierefore  in  those  ancient  mono- 
machies  and  combats  they  were  searched  of  old,  ''^they  had  no  magical  charms ;  they 
can  make  ^' stick  frees,  such  as  shall  endure  a  rapier's  point,  musket  shot,  and  never 
be  wounded :  of  which  read  more  in  Boissardus,  cap.  6.  dc  Magid,  the  manner  of 
the  adjuration,  and  by  whom  'tis  made,  where  and  how  to  be  used  in  expcditionibus 
bellicis.,  prcBliis,  duelUs,  &c.,  with  many  peculiar  instances  and  examples  ;  they  can 
walk  in  fiery  furnaces,  make  men  feel  no  pain  on  the  rack,  aid  alias  torluras  sentire ; 
they  can  stanch  blood,  ■**  represent  dead  men's  shapes,  alter  and  turn  themselves  and 
others  into  several  forms,  at  their  pleasures.  ^^Agaberta,  a  famous  witch  in  Lapland, 
would  do  as  much  publicly  to  all  spectators,  Modo  Pusilla,  modo  anus.,  modb  proccra 
vt  quercus,  modo  vacca.,  avis,  coluber,  &.c.  Now  young,  now  old,  high,  low,  like  a 
cow,  like  a  bird,  a  snake,  and  what  not .''  She  could  represent  to  others  what  forms 
they  most  desired  to  see,  show  them  friends  absent,  reveal  secrets,  maxima  omnium 
admiratione,  &.c.  And  yet  for  all  this  subtilty  of  theirs,  as  Lipsius  well  observes, 
Physiol og.  Stoicor.  lib.  1.  cap.  17.  neither  these  magicians  nor  devils  themselves  can 
take  away  gold  or  letters  out  of  mine  or  Crassus'  chest,  et  CUentelis  suis  largiri,  for 
they  are  base,  poor,  contemptible  fellows  most  part;  as  ^"Bodine  notes,  they  can 
do  nothing  inJudicum  decreta  aut  pm7ias,  in  regum  concilia  vcl  arcana,  nihil  in  rem 
nummariam  aut  thesauros,  they  cannot  give  money  to  their  clients,  alter  judges'  de- 
crees, or  councils  of  kings,  these  minuti  Genii  cannot  do  it,  altiores  Genii  hoc  sihi 
adservarunt,  the  higher  powers  reserve  these  things  to  themselves.  Now  and  then 
peradventure  there  may  be  some  more  famous  magicians  like  Simon  Magus,  *'Apol- 
lonius  Tyaneus,  Pasetes,  Jamblicus,  ^^Odo  de  Stellis,  that  for  a  time  can  build  castles 
in  the  air,  represent  armies,  &c.,  as  they  are  ^'said  to  have  done,  command  wealth 
and  treasure,  feed  thousands  Avith  all  variety  of  meats  upon  a  sudden,  protect  them- 
selves and  tiieir  followers  from  all  princes'  persecutions,  by  removing  from  place  to 
place  in  an  instant,  reveal  secrets,  future  events,  tell  what  is  done  in  far  countries, 
make  them  appear  that  died  long  since,  and  do  many  such  miracles,  to  the  world's 
terror,  admiration  and  opinion  of  deity  to  themselves,  yet  the  devil  forsakes  them  at 
last,  they  come  to  wicked  ends,  and  raro  aut  nunquam  such  impostors  are  to  be 
found.  The  vulgar  sort  of  them  can  work  no  such  feats.  But  to  my  purpose,  they 
can,  last  of  all,  cure  and  cause  most  diseases  to  such  as  they  love  or  hate,  and  this 
of '^melancholy  amongst  the  rest.  Paracelsus,  Tom.  4.  de  morbis  amenfium,  Tract.  1. 
in  express  words  affirms;  MuUi  fascinantur  in  melancholiam,  many  are  bewitched 
into  melanclioly,  out  of  his  experience.  The  same  saith  Danaeus,  lib.  3.  de  sortiariis. 
Villi,  inquit,  qui  Melancholicos  morbos  gravissimos  induxerunt :  I  have  seen  those 
that  have  caused  melancholy  in  the  most  grievous  manner,  ^^  dried  up  women's  paps, 
cured  gout,  palsy ;  this  and  apoplexy,  falling  sickness,  which  no  physic  could  help, 
solu  tactu,  by  touch  alone.  Ruland  in  his  3  Cent.  Cura  91.  gives  an  instance  of  one 
David  Helde,  a  young  man,  who  by  eating  cakes  which  a  witch  gave  him,  max  deli- 
rare  ccepit,  began  to  dote  on  a  sudden,  and  was  instantly  mad :  F.  H.  D.  in  ^^Hildes- 
neim,  consulted  about  a  melancholy  man,  thought  his  disease  was  partly  magical,  and 
partly  natural,  because  he  vomited  pieces  of  iron  and  lead,  and  spake  such  languages 
as  he  had  never  been  taught;  but  such  examples  are  common  in  Scribanius,  Hercules 
de  Saxonia,  and  others.  The  means  by  which  they  work  are  usually  charms,  images, 
a.s  that  in  Hector  Boethius  of  King  Dufl^e ;  characters  stamped  of  sundry  metals,  and 
at  such  and  such  constellations,  knots,  amulets,  words,  phUters,  Slc,  which  generally 
make  the  parties  affected,  melancholy ;  as  ^' Monavius  discourseth  at  large  in  an  epistle 


♦'^Infantes  matribus  suffurantur,  aliis  suppositivis 
fn  locum  verorum  conjectis.  ^jijUes.  iij), 

Luther,  in  primum  priEceptum,  et  Leon.  Varius,  lib.  1. 
de  Fascino.  i"  Lavat.  Cicofi.  «  Boissardus  de 

Magis.  M  Daemon,  lib.  3.  cap.  3.  ^i  Vide  Phi- 

lostratum,  vita  ejus  ;  Boissardum  de  Mads.  ^Tiu- 
brigenses  lege  lib.  1.  c.  19.  Vide  Suidam  de  Pas.;t. 
De  Cruent.  Cadaver.  ^F.ra.stiis    ^^^^^^ 

i>aniu!i.  M  Virg^^^tflBcnMb^W^^^^^Sescri' 

17 


bens:  Hiec  se  carminibus  promittit  solvere  mentes. 
Quas  velit,  ast  aliis  duras  inimittere  curas.  '^^Go- 

delmannus,  cap.  7.  lib.  1.  Nutricum  mammas  prsesic- 
cant,  solo  tactu  podagram,  Apoplexiam,  Paralysin,  et 
alios  morbos,  quos  medicina  curare  non  poterat. 
^  Factus  inde  Maniacus,  spic.  2.  fol.  147.  "  Om- 

ryaiiiiilliaetsi  inter  se  differant,  hoc  habent  commune^ 
quod  faomiuem  efficiant  melancholicUulKepist.  231. 
Scbg 


130  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

of  his  to  Acolsius,  giving  instance  in  a  Bohemian  baron  that  was  so  troubled  by  a 
philter  taken.  Not  that  there  is  any  power  at  all  in  those  spells,  charms,  characters, 
and  barbarous  words ;  but  that  the  devil  doth  use  such  means  to  delude  them.  Ut 
fidehs  inde  magos  (saith  ^'^Libanius)  in  officio  rctineat,  turn  in  consortium  malefacto- 
Tum  vocet. 

SuBSECT.  IV. — Stars  a  cause.    Signs  from  Physiognomy.,  Metoposcopy.,  Chiromancy. 

Natural,  causes  are  either  primary  and  universal,  or  secondary  and  more  particii- 
lar.  Primary  causes  are  the  heavens,  planets,  stars,  Stc,  by  their  influence  (as  our 
astrologers  hold)  producing  this  and  such  like  eflects.  I  will  not  here  stand  to  dis- 
cuss obiter.,  whether  stars  be  causes,  or  signs ;  or  to  apologise  for  judical  astrology. 
If  either  Sextus  Empericus,  Picus  Mirandula,  Sextus  ab  Ileminga,  Pererius,  Erastus, 
Chambers,  kc,  have  so  far  prevailed  with  any  man,  that  he  will  attribute  no  virtue 
at  aii  to  the  heavens,  or  to  sun,  or  moon,  more  than  he  tioth  to  their  signs  at  an  inn- 
keeper''s  post,  or  tradesman"'s  shop,  or  generally  conilemn  all  such  astrological  apho- 
risms approved  by  experience:  I  refer  liim  to  Bellaiitius,  Pirovanus,  ^Maiascallerus, 
Gocieni\is,  Sir  Christopher  Heidon,  &c.  If  thou  shall  ask  me  what  I  think,  I  must 
answer,  nam  et  doctis  hisce  erroribus  vcrsaliis  siim.,  i^for  1  am  conversant  with  these 
learned  errors,)  they  do  incline,  but  not  compel ;  no  necessity  at  all :  """^agunt  non 
cogunt :  and  so  gently  incline,  tliat  a  wise  man  may  resist  them  ;  sapiens  dominnbitur 
astris  :  they  rule  us,  but  God  rules  them.  All  this  (methinks)  '^'Joh.  de  Indagine 
hath  comprised  in  brief,  Qu<zris  a  me  quantum  in  nobis  operuntur  asira  ?  Stc.  "  Wilt 
thou  know  how  far  the  stars  work  upon  us.''  I  say  they  do  but  incline,  and  that  so 
gently,  that  if  we  will  be  ruled  by  reason,  they  have  no  power  over  us  ;  but  if  we 
follow  our  own  nature,  and  be  led  by  sense,  they  do  as  much  in  us  as  in  brute  beasts, 
and  we  are  no  better."  So  that,  I  hope,  I  may  justly  conclude  with  *'  Cajetjui,  C(B- 
lum  est  vehirulnm  divin^B  virtiitis.,  &c.,  tfiat  the  heaven  is  God's  instrument,  by  me- 
diation of  whicli  he  governs  and  disposetli  these  elementary  bodies  ;  or  a  great  book, 
whose  letters  are  the  stars,  (as  one  calls  it,)  wherein  are  written  many  strange  things 
for  such  as  can  read,  ^^''^  or  an  excellent  harp,  made  by  an  eminent  workman,  on 
-which,  he  that  can  but  play,  will  make  most  admirable  music."    But  to  the  purpose. 

*•  Paracelsus  is  of  opinion,  "that  a  physician  without  the  knowledge  of  stars  can 
"neither  understand  the  cause  or  cure  of  any  disease,  either  of  this  or  gout,  not  so 
much  as  toothache ;  except  he  see  the  peculiar  geniture  and  scheme  of  the  party  ef- 
fected." And  for  this  proper  malady,  he  will  have  tlie  principal  and  primary  cause 
of  it  proceed  from  the  heaven,  ascribing  more  to  stars  than  humours,  "'-and  that  the 
•constellation  alone  many  times  produceth  melancholy,  all  other  causes  set  apart." 
He  gives  instance  in  lunatic  persons,  that  are  deprived  of  their  wits  by  the  moon's 
motion ;  and  in  another  place  refers  all  to  the  ascendant,  and  will  have  the  true  and 
chief  cause  of  it  to  be  sought  from  the  stars.  Neither  is  it  his  opinion  only,  but  of 
many  Galenists  and  philosophers,  though  they  do  not  so  peremptorily  maintain  as 
much.  "  Tliis  variety  of  melancholy  symptoms  proceeds  from  the  stars,"  saith 
**  Melancthon  :  tlie  most  generous  melancholy,  as  that  of  Augustus,  comes  from  the 
conjunction  of  Saturn  and  Jupiter  in  Libra  :  the  bad,  as  that  of  Catiline's,  from  the 
meeting  of  Saturn  and  the  moon  in  Scorpio.  Jovianus  PonUinus,  in  his  tenth  book, 
and  thirteenth  chapter  de  rebus  ccelestibus.,  discourseth  to  this  purpose  at  lame.  Ex 
atrd  bile  varii  generantur  rnorbi,  Stc,  ^'"manv  disea.ses  proceed  from  black  choler, 
as  it  sha:ll  be  hot  or  cold  ;  and  though  it  be  cold  in  its  own  nature,  yet  it  is  apt  to  be 
heated,  as  water  may  be  made  to  boil,  and  bum  as  bad  as  fire ;  or  made  cold  as  ice : 

WDe  cruent.     Cfirtavpr.  "  Astra  reeiint  homi- I  tantilliim  poterit   lib.  de  podsj.  "  Constellatio  in 

'UBS,  et  re^it  aslra  Ueus.  ««  fhirom.  lib.  QiiiEris  A  \  cau^a  est  ;  ei  influentia  rreli  nnorbnro  hunt  movel.  In- 

me  f|iiantuin  oporantiir  astra  1  dicn,  in  nos  nihil  astra  tenlum  oniiiilius  aliis  ainolis.  El  alitii.  Orign  i-jim  ft 
wrgere,  sed  aniinos  prpclives  trahere  :  qui  sic  tainen  '  C'ieIo  p.-tenda  est.    Tr.  de  morbis  ameiitium.  "Lib. 

liberi  sunt,  ut  si  diirem  j-equantiir  ralionem,  nihil  ef-  I  do  anima.  cap.  de  humorib.  Ka  variolas  in  Melancho- 
ficiant,  sin  vero  naluram,  id  aeere  quod  in  brutis  fere.  jlia.  habet  Cttlesfs  causae  (f  f^  ei  T|.  in  "T]  6  --^  et  <l 
«' CcBlum  veliiculum  (iivina;  virtnti?,  cujiis  medtante    in  V[.  «  Ex  atra  bile  varii  eenerantur  tnorbi  pe- 

inotu,lumineet  influpntia,  Deus  :  elementaria  r.irpora  lrii.de  ut  ipse  niiiltum  califll  nut  friiiili  in  se  habarrit. 
ordinat  et  dispnnit  ih  .1  ■  Vm  r  •:ii,.tM.iii-  n,  p.,  i..i  .I'luni  utriqiie  siisripifndo  quani  apiiisinia  sit.  tametii 
•-Mundus  iste  q  iniJlu  iiaiura  fripida  sit.     Atinon  aqua  lie  atliritur  m 

artiflce  concuin-j.  jjt£  ul  ardeal  ;  et  a  frigore.  ut   in  (rl'icieiu  conrre*- 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  4.]  Causes  of  Melanclioly.  131 

and  thence  proceed  such  variety  of  symptoms,  some  mad,  some  sohtar}-,  some  laugh, 
some  rage,"  &c.  The  cause  of  all  which  intemperance  he  will  have  chiefly  and  pri- 
marily proceed  from  the  heavens, "  "  from  the  position  of  Mars,  Saturn,  and  Mercury.'" 
His  aphorisms  be  these,  ''^"  Mercury  in  any  geniture,  if  he  shall  be  found  in  Virgo,  or 
Pisces  his  opposite  sign,  and  that  in  the  horoscope,  irradiated  by  those  quartile  aspects 
of  Saturn  or  Mars,  the  child  shall  be  mad  or  melancholy."  Again,  ^^"-He  that  shall 
have  Saturn  and  Mars,  the  one  culminating,  the  other  in  the  fourth  house,  when  he 
shall  be  born,  shall  be  melancholy,  of  which  he  shall  be  cured  in  time,  if  ]Mercury 
behold  them.  ™  If  the  moon  be  in  conjunction  or  opposition  at  the  birth  time  with 
the  sun,  Saturn  or  Mars,  or  in  a  quartile  aspect  with  them,  (e  malo  each  Zoco,  Leovitius 
adds,)  many  diseases  are  signified,  especially  the  head  and  brain  is  like  to  be  misaf- 
fected  with  pernicious  humours,  to  be  melancholy,  lunatic,  or  mad,"  Cardan  adds, 
quaria  hind  natos^  eclipses,  earthquakes.  Garcseus  and  Leovitius  will  have  the  chief 
judgment  to  be  taken  from  the  lord  of  the  geniture,  or  where  there  is  an  aspect  be- 
tween the  moon  and  Mercury,  and.  neither  behold  the  horoscope,  or  Saturn  and  Mars 
shall  be  lord  of  the  present  conjunction  or  opposition  in  Sagittarius  or  Pisces,  of  the 
sun  or  moon,  such  persons  are  commonly  epileptic,  dote,  da^moniacal,  melancholy . 
but  see  more  of  these  aphorisms  in  the  above-named  Pontanus.  Garcaeus,  cap.  23. 
de  Jud.  genitur.  Schoner.  lih.  1.  cap.  8,  which  he  hath  gathered  out  of  ''Ptolemy, 
Albubater,  and  some  other  Arabians,  Junctine,  Pianzovius,  Lindhout,  Origen.  Sec.  But 
these  men  you  will  reject  peradventure,  as  astrologers,  and  therefore  partial  judges ; 
then  liear  the  testimony  of  physicians,  Galenists  themselves.  '^Carto  confesseth  the 
influence  of  stars  to  have  a  great  hand  to  this  peculiar  disease,  so  doth  Jason  Praten- 
sis,  Lonicerius  prafat.  de  ApopUxid.,  Ficinus,  Fernelius,  &c.  '^P.  Cnemander  ac- 
knowledgeth  the  stars  an  universal  cause,  the  particular  from  parents,  and  the  use  of 
the  six  non-natural  things.  Baptista  Port.  mag.  Z.  1.  c.  10,  12,  15,  will  have  them 
causes  to  every  particular  individium.  Instances  and  examples,  to  evince  the  truth  of 
those  aphorisms,  are  common  amongst  those  astrologian  treatises.  Cardan,  in  his  thirty- 
seventh  geniture,  gives  instance  in  Matth.  Bolognius.  Camerar.  Iwr.  natalit.  cenlur.  7. 
genit.  6.  et  7.  of  Daniel  Gare,  and  others ;  but  see  Garctcus,  cap.  33.  Luc.  Gauricus, 
Tract.  6.  de  Azcmenis.,  &.c.  The  time  of  this  melancholy  is,  when  the  significators 
of  any  geniture  are  directed  according  to  art,  as  the  hor :  moon,  hylech,  &c.  to 
the  hostile  beams  or  terms  of  h  and  o^  especially,  or  any  fixed  star  of  their  nature, 
or  if  h  by  his  revolution  or  transitus,  shall  ofl^end  any  of  those  radical  promissors 
in  the  geniture. 

Otlier  signs  there  are  taken  from  physiognomy,  metoposcopy,  chiromancy,  which 
because  Job.  de  Indagine,  and  Rotman,  the  landgrave  of  Hesse  his  mathematician, 
not  long  since  in  his  Chiromancy ;  Baptista  Porta,  in  his  celestial  Physiognomy, 
have  proved  to  hold  great  affinity  with  astrology,  to  satisfy  the  curious,  I  am  the 
more  willing  to  insert. 

The  general  notions  '''  physiognomers  give,  be  these  ;  "  black  colour  argues  natural 
melancholy ;  so  doth  leanness,  hirsuteness,  broad  veins,  much  hair  on  the  brows," 
saith  '^Gratanarolus,  cap.  7,  and  a  little  head,  out  of  Aristotle,  high  sanguine,  red 
colour,  shows  head  melancholy ;  they  that  stutter  and  are  bald,  will  be  soonest  me- 
lancholy, (as  Avicenna  supposeth,)  by  reason  of  the  dryness  of  their  brains ;  but  he 
that  will  know  more  of  the  several  signs  of  humour  and  wits  out  of  physiognomy, 
let  him  consult  with  old  Adamantus  and  Polemus,  that  comment,  or  rather  para- 
phrase upon  Aristotle's  Physiognomy,  Baptista  Porta's  four  pleasant  books.  3IichaeI 
Scot  de  secrelis  nafiirce,  John  de  Indagine,  ^Montaltus,  Antony  Zara.  anaf.  ingeniorum, 
sect.  I.  memb.  13.  et  lib. 4. 

Chiromancy  hath  these  aphorisms  to  foretel  melancholy.     Tasneir.  lib.  5.  cap.  2, 

'^Ilanc   ad   intemperantiam    gisnendam    plurimum    nium  melancholicorum  symptoma  siderum  irfliienlis. 
confert  f^  et  I7  positiis,  &c.  <*  ^  Quoties  alicujug    "'^Arte   Medica.  acceduiit  ad   has   caiisas  affecliones 

genitiira  in  'il\  et  5^  adverso  signo  positus,  horosco-  siderum.  Plurimum  incitant  et  provocant  influentis 
piim  partiliter  tenueret  atque  etiam  a  (^  vel  T^  D  f^-    ciclestes.     Velcurio,  lib.  4.  rap.  15.  -^  Hildesheim, 

dio    percussus    fnerit,   natus    ab    insania  vexabitur.    spicel.   2.   de   mel.  '<Joh.   de   Tiidas.   cap.   9. 

o^ftui  1;|  et  r^  habet,  alteruni  in  culniine.  alterum  imo     Montaltus,  cap.  22.  "5  Caput  parriim  qui  habent 

coelo,  cum  itT  lucem  venerit,  mpjaiicholirns  i-rit,  a  qua  rprebrumets|iiritng  plerumque  ansustoj.  ficile  inci- 
sanebitur,   si    ^   illris  irradiaiit.  'IIic    cnnfigu- .  deiilWB'"W?1aTicho(nam  IHbicundi-    ^Enu:?    l.Jtrn  Mon- 

ratione    natus,    Ma^^m^na,   aut    nt«rtte   captus.    taltu^^^l.  6  Galeno.  '^^^ 

^'  Ptolomaius  cenyii^^^^^EuadripartitQ_Iribuit  om-  I    ...^B^Hh^^-^^^tfl^  v^ 


132  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

who  hath  comprehended  the  sum  of  John  de  Jndagine  :  Tricassus,  Corviniis,  and 
others  in  his  book,  thus  hath  it ;  ''^ "  The  Saturnine  line  going  from  the  rascetta 
through  the  hand,  to  Saturn's  mount,  and  there  intersected  by  certain  little  lines, 
argues  melancholy;  so  if  the  vital  and  natural  make  an  acute  angle,  Apliorism  100. 
The  saturnine,  epatic,  and  natural  lines,  making  a  gross  triangle  in  the  hand,  argue 
as  much  ;■"  which  Goclenius,  cap.  5.  Chiros.  repeats  verbatim  out  of  him.  In  general 
they  conclude  all,  that  if  Saturn's  mount  be  full  of  many  small  lines  and  intersec- 
tions, ^"'•'' such  men  are  most  part  melancholy,  miserable  and  full  of  disquietness, 
care  and  trouble,  continually  vexed  with  anxious  and  bitter  thoughts,  always  sor- 
rowful, fearful,  suspicious ;  they  deliglit  in  husl>andry,  buildings,  pools,  marshes, 
springs,  woods,  walks,"  &c.  Thaddirus  Hagu^esius,  in  his  Metoposcopia,  hatli  cer- 
tain aphorisms  derived  from  Saturn's  lines  in  the  foreliead,  by  which  he  collects  a 
melancholy  disposition;  and  "^Baptista  Porta  makes  observations  from  those  other 
parts  of  the  body,  as  if  a  spot  be  over  the  spleen ;  ^®^'  or  in  the  nails ;  if  it  appear 
black,  it  signifieth  much  care,  grief,  contention,  and  melancholy ;"  the  reason  he 
refers  to  the  liumours,  and  gives  instance  in  himself,  that  for  seven  years  space  he 
had  such  black  spots  in  his  nails,  and  all  that  while  was  in  perpetual  law-suits,  con- 
troversies for  his  inheritance,  fear,  loss  of  honour,  banishnu  nt,  grief,  care,  Stc.  and 
when  his  miseries  ended,  the  black  spots  vanished.  Cardan,  in  his  book  dc  lihrls 
propriis^  tells  such  a  story  of  his  own  person,  that  a  little  before  his  son's  death,  he 
had  a  black  spot,  which  appeared  in  one  of  his  nails ;  and  dilated  itself  as  he  came 
nearer  to  his  end.  But  1  am  over  tedious  in  these  toys,  which  howsoever,  in  some 
men's  too  severe  censures,  they  may  be  held  absurd  and  ridiculous,  I  am  the  bolder 
to  insert,  as  not  borrowed  from  circumforanean  rogues  and  gipsies,  but  out  of  the 
writings  of  worthy  philosophers  and  physicians,  yet  living  some  of  them,  and  reli- 
gious professors  in  famous  universities,  who  are  able  to  patronize  that  which  they 
have  said,  and  vindicate  themselves  from  all  cavillers  and  ignorant  persons. 

SuBSECT.  V. —  Old  age  a  cause. 

Secondary  peculiar  causes  efficient,  30  called  in  respect  of  the  other  precedent, 
are  either  congenita.,  internee.,  innatci,  as  they  term  them,  inward,  innate,  inbred ;  or 
else  outward  and  adventitious,  which  happen  to  us  after  we  are  born  :  congenite  or 
born  with  us,  are  either  natural,  as  old  age,  or  prater  naluram  (as  Ternelius  calls 
it")  that  distemperature,  which  we  have  from  our  parent's  seed,  it  being  an  hereditary 
disease.  The  first  of  these,  which  is  natural  to  all.  and  whicli  no  man  living  can 
avoid,  is  ®'old  age,  which  being  cold  and  dry,  and  of  the  .same  quality  as  melancholy 
is,  must  needs  cause  it,  bv  diminution  of  spirits  apd  substance,  and  increasinif  of 
adust  humours  ;  therefore  "Melancthon  avers  out  of  Aristotle,  as  an  undoubted  truth, 
Sews  phrunqtie  delirasse  in  senectd,  that  old  men  familiarly  dote,  ob  atram  bdem^ 
for  black  choler,  which  is  then  superabundant  in  them  :  and  Rhasis,  that  Arabian 
physician,  in  his  Cont.  lib.  1.  cap.  9,  calls  it  *^"a  necessary  and  inseparable  accident," 
to  all  old  and  decrepit  persons.  After  seventy  years  (as  the  P.salmist  saith)  **"  all  is 
trouble  and  sorrow ;"  and  common  experience  confirms  the  truth  of  it  in  weak  and 
old  persons,  especially  such  as  have  lived  in  action  all  their  lives,  had  great  employ- 
ment, much  business,  much  command,  and  many  servants  to  oversee,  and  leave  off 
ex  ahrupto;  as  ^'Charles  the  Fifth  did  to  King  Philip,  resign  up  all  on  a  sudden  ;  they 
are  overcome  with  melancholy  in  an  instant :  or  if  ifiey  do  continue  in  such  courses, 
they  dote  at  last,  (senex  bis  pxier.,)  and  are  not  able  to  manage  tlieir  estates  through 
common  infirmities  incident  in  their  age  ;  full  of  ache,  sorrow  and  grief,  children  again, 
dizzards,  they  carle  many  times  as  they  sit,  and  talk  to  themselves,  they  are  an^ry, 
waspish,  displeased  with  every  thing,  "  suspicious  of  all,  wayward,  coveitjtis,  liard 

■"Saturniiia  il  Rascetta  per  medram  manum  decur-  Idem  macule  in  ungulia  nierae,  lites,  rixai,  melancho- 

rens.  usque   ad   radicem    niontis    Salurni,    &    oarvis  liam  signiticanl,  ah  humnre  in  corite  tali.  «  Lib.  1 

lineis  inleisecia,  arsuit  melancholicog.     Aphoris.  7ft.  |  Hath.  cap.    11.  -' Venit  eniin   properata  ma'.u 

'^  Acitaniur  niiseriis,  rontinuis  iirquietudinihus,  neque  inopina  seni.>ctU8  :  et  dolor  statem  jusJil  inesse  mi-am 

unquriiii  a  -MluiKlin-'  li'.  ri  -int.  aniie  affi^untiir  .imi.  11...1  luu,    n.pi    1.  de  rontojl.    Philo^i.  "-Cap.  dd 

rissi'  inoe^^^^iyH^  '  1   dr  .\niiiia.  '^  Ncceaaariiim  acci 

men  i,yK^^^^^f%>i.  I.',  I'l  insi-p.irabile.  ••  ptal.  se    10 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  6.]  Causes  of  Melancholy.  133 

(saith  Tully,)  self-willed,  superstitious,  self-conceited,  braggers  and  admirers  of  them- 
selves," as  ^^Balthasar  Castalio  hath  truly  noted  of  them.*''  This  natural  infirmity  is 
most  eminent  in  old  women,  and  such  as  are  poor,  solitary,  live  in  most  base  esteem 
and  beggar}^,  or  such  as  are  witches ;  insomuch  that  Wierus,  Baptista  Porta,  Ulricus 
Molitor,  Edwicus,  do  refer  all  that  witches  are  said  to  do,  to  imagination  alone,  and 
this  humour  of  melancholy.  And  whereas  it  is  controverted,  whether  they  can  be- 
witch cattle  to  death,  ride  in  the  air  upon  a  coulstafT  out  of  a  chimney-top,  trans- 
form themselves  into  cats,  dogs.  Sec,  translate  bodies  from  place  to  place,  meet  in 
companies,^  and  dance,  as  they  do,  or  have  carnal  copulation  with  the  devil,  they 
ascribe  all  to  this  redundant  melancholy,  which  domineers  in  them,  to  **  somniferous 
potions,  and  natural  causes,  the  deviPs  policy.  JVon  Icediint  omninb  (saith  Wierus) 
aut  quid  mirum  fachmf,  [de  Lamiis^  lib.  3.  caj).  36),  ut  putatur.,  solam  viliatam  Jinbent 
phantasiam  ;  they  do  no  such  wonders  at  all,  only  their  ^^ brains  are  crazed.  '°'-^  They 
think  they  are  witches,  and  can  do  hurt,  but  do  not."  But  this  opinion  Bodine, 
Erastus,  Danasus,  Scribanius,  Sebastian  Michaelis,  Campanella  de  Sensu  rerum,  lib.  4. 
cap.  9.  ^'Dandinus  the  Jesuit,  lib.  2.  de  Jlnimd  explode  ;  ^''Cicogna  confutes  at  large. 
That  witches  are  melancholy,  they  deny  not,  but  not  out  of  corrupt  phantasy  alone, 
so  to  delude  themselves  and. others,  or  to  produce  such  effects. 

SuBSECT.  VI. — Parents  a  cause  hy  Propagation. 

That  other  inward  inbred  cause  of  Melancholy  is  our  temperature,  in  whole  or 
part,  which  we  receive  from  our  parents,  which  ^^Fernelius  calls  Prater  naturam^ 
or  unnatural,  it  being  an  hereditary  disease;  for  as  he  justifies  ^^ Quale  parcntum 
maxim'e  patris  semen  obtigerit.,  tales  evadunt  similares  sjjermaticceque  partes.,  quocun- 
que  etiam  morbo  Pater  quum  general  tenetur,  cum  semine  transfert  in  Prolem ;  such 
as  the  temperature  of  the  father  is,  such  is  the  son's,  and  look  what  disease  the 
father  had  when  he  begot  him,  his  son  will  have  after  him;  ®'"and  is  as  well  inhe- 
ritor of  his  infirmities,  as  of  his  lands.  And  where  the  complexion  and  constitution 
of  the  father»is  corrupt,  there  (°®  saith  Roger  Bacon)  the  complexion  and  constitution 
of  the  son  must  needs  be  corrupt,  and  so  the  corruption  is  derived  from  the  father 
to  the  son."  Now  this  doth  not  so  much  appear  in  the  composition  of  the  body, 
according  to  that  of  Hippocrates,  ^"'-  in  habit,  proportion,  scars,  and  other  lineaments  ; 
but  in  manners  and  conditions  of  the  mind,  Et  patrum  in  natos  abeunt  cum  semine 
mores. 

Seleucus  had  an  anchor  on  his  thigh,  so  had  his  posterity,  as  Trogus  records, 
1.  1  5.  Lepidus,  in  Pliny  1.  7.  c.  17,  was  purblind,  so  was  his  son.  That  famous  fimiily 
of  iEnobarbi  were  known  of  old,  and  so  surnamed  from  their  red  beards ;  the  Aus- 
trian lip,  and  those  Indian  flat  noses  are  propagated,  the  Bavarian  chin,  and  goggle 
eyes  amongst  the  Jews,  as  ^**  Buxtorfius  observes  ;  their  voice,  pace,  gesture,  looks,  are 
likewise  derived  with  all  the  rest  of  their  conditions  and  infirmities ;  such  a  mother, 
such  a  daughter;  their  very  ^''affections  Lemnius  contends  "•  to  follow  their  seed,  and 
the  malice  and  bad  conditions  of  children  are  many  times  AvhoUy  to  be  imputed  to 
their  parents ;"  I  need  not  therefore  make  any  doubt  of  Melancholy,  but  that  it  is 
an  hereditary  disease.  '""Paracelsus  in  express  words  affirms  it,  lib.  de  morb.  amtn- 
iium  to.  4.  tr.  1  ;  so  doth  'Crato  in  an  Epistle  of  his  to  Monavius.  So  doth  Bruno 
Seidelius  in  his  book  de  morbo  incur ab.  MontaUus  proves,  cap.  11,  out  of  Hippo- 
crates and  Plutarch,  that  such  hereditary  dispositions  are  frequent,  et  hanc  (inquit) 
fieri  reor  ob  participatam  melancholicam  iniemperantiam  (speaking  of  a  patient)  I 


f 8  Sunt  morosi  nnxii.  et  iracundi  et  difficiles  senes, 
si  quieriimis,  etiam  avari,  Tull.  de  senectute.  *■  Lib. 
2.  de  Aulico.  Senes  avari,  niornsi,  jactatmndi,  phi- 
lanti,  deliri,  snperstiliosi,  siispiciosi,  &c.  I.il).  3.  de 
Laniiis,  cap.  17.  et  18.  ^  Solanum,  opium  liipiadeps, 
lacr.  asiiii,  &c.  sanguis  infantum,  &c.  '"'■'  C'orrupta 

est  iis  ah  humore  Melanctiolico  phantasia.  Nynianus. 
«"  Putant  se  Iredere  quando  non  liedunt.  "•  Qui  lisc 
in  imaL'inationis  vim  referre  conati  sunt,  atrs  hilis, 
inaneilj  prorsus  laborein  .susceperunt.  "-Lih.  3. 

cap.  4.  oninif  mag.  »•  Lib.  1.  cap.  11.  path.  »■  Ut 
arlhritici  E|iilcp.  &c.  S'Ut  filii  nmi  tnm  po==es- 

sionum  quam  morborum  tjeredos  sint.  ■'  K|n.<t.  de 
gecretis  artis  et  natm^^lBiKani  in  hoc  Qifod  patres 


corrupt!  sunt,  generant  filios  corrupts  complexionis, 
et  compositinnis,  et  filii  eorum  eadem  de  causa  se 
corrunipunt,  et  sic  derivatur  corruptio  k  patribus  ad 
filios.  i^  Non  tarn  (inquit  Hippocrates)  gibbos  et 

cicatrices  oris  et  corporis  habitum  agnoscis  es  iis.sed 
veruir.  incessum  gestus,  mores,  niorbo.s,  &c.  *  Sy- 
nagog.  Jud.  >"  Affectus  parentuin  in  ftRtus  tran- 

seunt,  et  puerorum  malicia  parenlibus  imputanda,  lib. 
4.  cap.  3.  de  occult,  nat.  mirac.  i'«Ex  pituitosis 

pituitosi,  ex  biliosis  liiliosi,  c.\  lienosis  et  melancho- 
licis  melancholiri.         i  Epist.  174.  in  Scoltz.    Nascitur 
nobisciiHiJlli^jU'"r'l"s  et  uni  aim  parentibus  habe 
ic  assemr    Jo.  Pelesiii^^lili^.  de  cur» 
fectuum. 


134  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

think  he  became  so  by  participation  of  Melanclioly.  Daniel  Sennertus,  lib.  1.  part 
2.  cap.  9,  will  have  his  melancholy  constitution  derived  not  only  from  the  fatlier  to 
tlie  son,  but  to  the  whole  family  sometimes ;  Quandoque  totis  famil'iis  hercdUaii- 
varn,  ''■  Forestus,  in  his  medicinal  observations,  illustrates  this  point,  with  an  *>xample 
of  a  merchant,  his  patient,  that  had  this  infirmity  by  inheritance ;  so  doth  Rodericus 
a  Fonseca,  torn.  1.  consul.  69,  by  an  instance  of  a  young  man  that  was  so  aflected 
tx  maxrc  melanclwllca^  had  a  melancholy  mother,  H  victu  ?nelancJiolico,  and  bad  diet 
together.  Ludovicus  IVIercatus,  a  Spanish  physician,  in  that  excellent  Tract  which 
he  hath  lately  written  of  hereditary  diseases,  torn.  2.  oper.  lib.  5,  reckons  up  leprosy, 
as  those  ^Galbots  in  Gascony,  hereditary  lepers,  pox,  stone,  gont,  epilepsy,  Sic. 
Amongst  the  rest,  this  and  madness  after  a  set  time  comes  to  many,  which  he  calls 
a  miraculous  thing  in  nature,  and  sticks  for  ever  to  them  as  an  incurable  hal)it.  And 
tliat  whicli  is  more  to  be  wondered  at,  it  skip)s  in  some  families  the  father,  and  goes 
to  the  son,  '''•'or  takes  every  other,  and  sometimes  every  third  in  a  lineal  descent, 
and  doth  not  always  produce  the  same,  but  some  like,  and  a  symbolizing  disease." 
These  secondary  causes  hence  derived,  are  connnonly  so  powerful,  that  (as  ^Wol- 
phius  holds)  scepe  mutant  dccreta  sldcrum,  they  do  often  alter  the  primary  causes, 
and  decrees  of  the  heavens.  For  these  reasons,  belike,  the  Church  and  connnon- 
wealth,  human  and  Divine  laws,  have  conspired  to  avoid  hereditary  diseases,  forbid- 
ding such  marriages  as  are  any  whit  allied;  and  as  Mercatus  adviseth  all  families  to 
take  such,  si  fieri  possit  quce  maxime  distant  natura^  and  to  make  choice  of  those 
that  are  most  diflering  in  complexion  from  them  ;  if  they  love  their  own,  and  respect 
the  common  good.  And  sure,  I  think,  it  hath  been  orclered  by  God's  especial  pro- 
vidence, that  in  all  ages  there  should  be  (as  usually  there  is)  once  in  *G00  years,  a 
transmigration  of  nations,  to  amend  and  purify  their  blood,  as  we  alter  seed  upon 
our  land,  and  that  there  should  be  as  it  were  an  immdation  of  those  northern  Goths 
and  Vandals,  and  many  such  like  people  which  came  out  of  that  continent  of  Sian- 
dia  and  Sarniatia  (as  some  suppose)  and  over-ran,  as  a  deluge,  most  part  of  Europe 
and  Africa,  to  alter  for  our  good,  our  complexions,  which  were  imich  defaced  with 
hereditary  infirmities,  which  by  our  lust  and  intemperance  we  had  contracted.  A 
sound  generation  of  strong  and  able  men  were  sent  amongst  us,  as  those  northern 
men  usually  are,  innocuous,  free  from  riot,  and  free  from  diseases ;  to  qualify  and 
make  us  as  those  poor  naked  Indians  are  generally  at  this  day ;  and  tho.se  about 
Brazil  (_as  a  late  ^writer  observes),  in  the  Isle  of  Maragnan,  free  from  all  hereditary 
diseases,  or  other  contagion,  whereas  without  help  of  physic  they  live  commonly 
120  years  or  more,  as  in  the  Orcades  and  many  other  places.  Such  are  the  common 
effects  of  temperance  and  intemperance,  but  I  will  descend  to  particular,  and  show 
by  what  means,  and  by  whom  especially,  this  infirmity  is  derived  unto  us. 

Filii  ex  scnibus  nati,  rarb  sunt  firini  tcmperamcnli.^  old  men's  children  arc  seldom 
of  a  good  temperament,  as  Scoltzius  supposeth,  consult.  177,  and  therefore  most  apt 
to  this  disease;  and  as  ^Levinus  Lenmius  farther  adds,  old  men  beget  most  part 
wayward,  peevish,  sad,  melancholy  sons,  and  seldom  merry.  He  that  begets  a  cliild 
on  a  full  stomach,  will  either  hare  a  sick  child,  or  a  crazed  son  (as  ^Cardan  thinks), 
contradict,  mod.  lib.  1.  contradict.  18,  or  if  the  parents  be  sick,  or  have  any  great 
pain  of  the  head,  or  megrim,  headache,  (Ilieronimus  Wolfius  '"doth  instance  in  a 
child  of  Sebastian  Caslalio's) ;  if  a  drunken  man  get  a  child,  it  will  never  likely  have 
a  good  brain,  as  Gellius  argues,  lib.  12.  cap.  1.  Ebrii  gignunl  Ebrios.,  one  drunkard 
begets  another,  saith  "Plutarch,  symp.  lib.  I.  quest.  5,  whose  sentence  '^Lemnius 
approves,  1.1,  c.  4.  Alsarius  Crutius,  Gen.  de  qui  sit  med.  cent.  3.  fol.  182.  3Ia- 
crobius,  lib.  1.  Avicenna,  lib.  3.  Fen.  21.  Tract  1.  cap.  8,  and  Aristotle  himself, 
.vrct.  2.  prob.  4,  foolish,  drunken,  or  hair-brain  women,  most  part  bring  forth  children 
like  unto  themselves,  morosos  et  languidos,  and  so  likewise  he  that  lies  with  a  men- 


2  Lib.  10.  obsprvat.  15.       '  Maginus  Geog.      *  Sape  I  Damianus  ft  Ooes  de  Scandia.  •  Lib.  4.  c.  3.  de 

non  eundeni,  sed  similem  producit  »trectuni,  et  illajso     occult,  nat.  iiiir.  Tetricog  plerumque  filioa  genes  pro- 
parente  transit,  in  nepotem.  s  Dial,  prafix.  geni-  .  penerant  et  iristes,  rarios  eihilaratos.  »  (oitui 

turis  Leoviiii.      •  Bodin.  de  rep.  cap.  de  periodia  reip.  '  super  repletioiiem  pensinius,  ei  filii  qui  turn  eienuntiir, 
'  Claudiua  .\baville,  Capurhion,  in  his  voyase  to  Ma-  j  aut   tnorbogi   sunt,  nut  ctolidi.  '»  Dial,  pra-rn 

ragnan    I'"!',    cap.  !j    N.-iuc  ('■  rt  ■  jr  m^,  -  inn  omnes  |  Leovilo.  i' L  de  ed.  liberie.  "  De  occult.  na(. 

W  robu-.u  > -r^u^c  viVUni  unno^    iM,  140.  SfltaMl^^^nir.  teroulentie  et  sKdidi  iiiulieres  libero*  pleiuiuqu* 
cilia.    Iiii^j^Hector  Boetliius  de  insulis  Qi^^^^^^HBu^te^ribisniiili.-: 


Mem.  1.  Subs,  6.]  Causes  of  Melancholy.  135 

struous  Avoman.  Intemperantia  veneris,  quam  in  nautis  prcBsertim  insectatur  "Lem- 
iiius,  qui  uxores  incunt,  nulla,  menstrui  decursus  ratione  Jiahitd  nee  olscrvafo  inter- 
lunio,  prcEcipua  causa  est,  noxia,  pernitiosa,  concuhitum  hunc  cxitialem  ideo,  et  pes- 
tiferum  vocat.  "Rodoricus  a  Castro  Lucitanus,  dctestantur  ad  unum  omnes  mcdici, 
turn  ct  quartd  hind  co7iccpti,  infaslices  plerumque  et  amentes,  deliri,  stolidi,  morhosi, 
impuri,  invalidi,  tetra  lue  sordldi  ininbne  vltales,  omnlhus  bonis  corporis  atque  animi 
destituti :  ad  laborcm  nati,  si  scniorcs,inquitILustSLthms,ut  Hercules,  et  alii.  ^'"Judczl 
maxime  iiisectanlur  foidum  hunc,  ct  immundimi  apud  Christianos  Concuhitum,  id 
illicitum  abhorrent,  et  ajmd  suos  prohihent ;  et  quod  Christian!,  toties  lejjrosi,  aincntes, 
tot  morbili,  impetigines,  alphi,  psorce,  cutis  et  faciei  de color ationcs,  tarn  multi  morbi 
epidemici,  acerhi,  ct  venenosi  sint,  in  hunc  immundum  concuhitum  rejiciunt,  et  cru- 
deles  in  pignora  vacant,  qui  quartd  lund  projluente  hdc  viensium  illuvie  concuMturn 
hunc  non  perhorrescunt.  Damnavit  olim  divina  Lex  et  morte  viulctavit  hujucmodi 
homines,  Lev.  18,  20,  et  inde  nati,  siqui  deformcs  aid  mutili,  j^atcr  dilapjidatus,quod 
non  contineret  ah  '^  immundd  muliere.  Gregorius  Magnus,  petcnti  Augustino  nunquid 
apud  '"  Britannos  hujusmodi  concuhitum  toleraret,  severe  prohihuit  viris  suis  turn 
misceri  fceminas  in  consuetis  suis  menstruis,  £tc.  I  spare  to  English  this  which  I 
have  said.  Another  cause  some  give,  inordinate  diet,  as  if  a  man  eat  garlic,  onions, 
fast  overmuch,  study  too  hard,  be  over-sorrowful,  dull,  heavy,  dejected  in  mind, 
•  perplexed  in  his  thoughts,  fearful,  Stc,  "  their  children  (saith  '^Cardan  subtil,  lib.  18) 
will  be  much  subject  to  madness  and  melancholy ;  for  if  the  spirits  of  the  brain  be 
fusled,  or  misaffected  by  such  means,  at  such  a  time,  their  children  will  be  fusled  in 
tlie  brain :  they  will  be  dull,  heavy,  timorous,  discontented  all  their  lives."  Some 
are  of  opinion,  and  maintain  that  paradox  or  problem,  that  wise  men  beget  com- 
monly fpols ;  Suidas  gives  instance  in  Aristarchus  the  Grammarian,  duos  reliquit 
flios  Arislarchum  et  Aristachorum,  ambos  stultos ;  and  which  '^Erasmus  urgelh  in 
his  Moria,  fools  beget  wise  men.  Card.  suht.  I.  12,  gives  this  cause,  Quonium  spi- 
ritus  sapientujn  oh  studium  resolvuntur,  et  in  cerebrum  feruntur  a  corde  :  because 
their  natural  spirits  are  resolved  by  study,  and  turned  into  animal ;  drawn  from  the 
heart,  and  those  other  parts  to  the  brain.  Lemnius  subscribes  to  tliat  of  Cardan,  and 
assigns  this  reason,  Quod  persolvant  dehitum  languide,  et  obscitanter,  wide  fatus  a 
parentum  gencrositate  desciscit :  they  pay  their  debt  (as  Paul  calls  it)  to  their  wives 
remissly,  by  which  means  their  children  are  weaklings,  and  many  times  idiots  and 
fools. 

Some  other  causes  are  given,  which  properly  pertain,  and  do  proceed  from  the 
mother :  if  she  be  over-dull,  heavy,  angry,  peevish,  discontented,  and  melancholy, 
not  only  at  the  time  of  conception,  but  even  all  the  while  she  carries  the  child  in 
her  womb  (saith  Fernelius,  path.  1.  1,  11)  her  son  will  be  so  likewise  aflected,  and 
worse,  as  ^Lemnius  adds,  1.  4.  c.  7,  if  she  grieve  overmuch,  be  disquieted,  or  by 
aiiy  casualty  be  affrighted  and  terrified  by  some  fearful  object,  heard  or  seen,  she  en- 
dangers her  child,  and  spoils  the  temperature  of  it ;  for  the  strange  imagination  of  a 
woman  works  effectually  upon  her  infant,  that  as  Baptista  Porta  proves,  Physiog. 
ccelestis  1.  5.  c.  2,  she  leaves  a  mark  upon  it,  which  is  most  especially  seen  in  such 
as  prodigiously  long  for  such  and  such  meats,  the  child  will  love  those  meats,  saith 
Fernelius,  and  be  addicted  to  like  humours  :  ^'''  if  a  great-bellied  woman  see  a  hare, 
her  child  will  often  have  a  hare-lip,"  as  M'e  call  it.  GarccBUS,  de  Judiciis  genitura- 
rum,  cap.  33,  hath  a  memorable  example  of  one  Thomas  Nickell,  born  in  the  city 
of  Brandeburg,  1551,  -"'•'  that  went  reeling  and  staggering  all  the  days  of  his  life,  as 
if  he  would  fall  to  the  ground,  because  his  mother  being  great  with  child  saw  a 
drunken  man  reeling  in  the  street.  Such  another  I  find  in  Martin  Wenrichius,  com. 
de  orlu  monstrorum,  c.  17,  I  saw  (saith  he)  at  Wittenberg,  in  Germany,  a  citizen  that 
looked  like  a  carcass ;  I  asked  him  the  cause,  he  replied,^  "  His  mother,  w,heu  she 

"Lib.  2.  c.  8.  de  occult,  nat.  mir.     Good   Master'  129.    mer.    Socrates'    children    were    fools.     Sabel. 
Schoolmaster  do  not  Knslish  this.  '■*  De  nat.  niul.  I  ''"  De  occul.  nat.  mir.  Pica  morbus  mulierum      "^  Bap- 

lib.  3.  cap.  4.  I'lJu.xdorphius,  c.  31.    Synag.  Jud.  j  tista  Porta,  loco  prsd.     Ex  leporum  intuitu  plerique 

Ezek.  18.        "^Drusius  obs.  lib.  3.  cap.  20.        '' Bcda.  !  infantes  ednnt  bifido  superiore  labeH|>.  -'-Quasi 

Eccl.  hist.  lib.  1.  c.  27.  re.spons.  10.  '"Nam  spiritus  [  mox  in  terram  collapsurus,  per  oinne  vitam  incedebat 
i-erebri  si  turn  male  afficiantur,  tales  procreant,  et  cum  mater  gravia  ehrium  hominem  sic  incedentem 
Q'lales  fiierint  affectus.  tales  filioniin  :  ox  iri-tii.i.g  ^nljf -*-  ^  "-- CiveiifTSRlfWBflfttrQ^ifcaui  dixit,  &.C 
liistes,  ex  jucundi 


136  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  1, 

bore  him  in  her  womb,  saw  a  carcass  by  chance,  and  was  so  sore  affria^hted  with  it, 
that  ex  eo  foetus  ei  assimilaijis,  from  a  ghastly  impression  the  chikl  was  like  it." 

So  many  several  ways  are  we  plagued  and  punished  for  our  father's  defaults ;  in- 
somuch that  as  Fernelius  truly  saith,  ""  It  is  the  greatest  part  of  our  felicity  to  be 
well  born,  and  it  were  happy  for  human  kind,  if  only  such  parents  as  are  sound  of 
body  and  mind  should  be  suffered  to  marr}-."  An  husbandman  will  sow  none  but 
the  best  and  choicest  seed  upon  his  land,  he  will  not  rear  a  bull  or  a  horse,  except 
he  be  right  shapen  in  all  parts,  or  permit  him  to  cover  a  mare,  except  he  be  well 
assured  of  his  breed ;  we  make  choice  of  the  best  rams  for  our  sheep,  rear  the 
neatest  kine,  and  keep  the  best  dogs,  Quanto  id  dilii^entiufi  in  procrrandis  lihcris 
observandum  f  And  how  careful  then  should  we  be  in  begetting  of  our  children  ?  In 
former  times  some  ^  countries  have  been  so  chary  in  this  behalf,  so  stern,  that  if  a  child 
were  crooked  or  deformed  in  body  or  mind,  they  made  him  away ;  so  did  the  Indians 
of  old  by  the  relation  of  Curtius,  and  many  other  well-governed  commonwealths, 
according  to  the  discipline  of  those  times.  Heretofore  in  Scotland,  saith  *^llect. 
Boethius,  "  if  any  were  visited  with  the  falling  sickness,  ijiadness,  gout,  leprosy,  or 
any  such  dangerous  disease,  whicli  was  likely  to  be  propagated  from  the  father  to 
the  son,  he  was  instantly  gelded ;  a  woman  kept  from  all  company  of  men ;  and  if 
by  chance  having  some  such  disease,  she  were  found  to  be  with  child,  she  witli  her 
brood  were  buried  alive :  and  tliis  was  done  for  the  common  wood,  lest  the  whole 
nation  should  be  injured  or  corrupted.  A  severe  doom  you  will  say,  and  not  to  be 
used  amongst  Christians,  yet  more  to  be  looked  into  than  it  is.  For  now  by  our 
too  much  facility  in  this  kind,  in  giving  way  for  all  to  marry  that  will,  too  much 
liberty  and  indulgence  in  tolerating  all  sorts,  there  is  a  vast  confusion  uf  hereditary 
diseases,  no  family  secure,  no  man  almost  free  from  some  grievous  innriiiity  or  other, 
when  no  choice  is  had,  but  still  the  eldest  must  marry,  as  so  many  stidlions  of  the 
race ;  or  if  rich,  be  they  fools  or  dizzards,  lame  or  maimed,  unable,  intemperate, 
dissolute,  exhaust  through  riot,  as  he  said,  '^  jura  hiereditario  sapcre  jubentur ;  they 
must  be  wise  and  able  by  inheritance :  it  comes  to  pass  that  our  generation  is  cor- 
nipt,  we  have  many  weak  persons,  both  in  body  and  mind,  many  feral  diseases 
raging  amongst  us,  crazed  families,  parentes.,  peremptores ;  our  fathers  bad,  and  we 
are  like  to  be  worse. 


MEMB.  II. 
SuBSECT.  I. — Bad  Diet  a  cause.     Substance.     Quality  of  Meats. 

AccoRDiN-G  to  my  proposed  method,  having  opened  hitherto  these  secondary 
causes,  which  are  inbred  with  us,  1  must  now  proceed  to  the  outward  and  adventi- 
tious, which  happen  unto  us  after  we  are  born.  And  those  are  either  evident,  re- 
mote, or  inward,  antecedent,  and  the  nearest :  continent  causes  some  call  them. 
These  outward,  remote,  precedent  causes  are  subdivided  again  into  neces.sary  and  not 
necessary.  Necessary  (^because  we  cannot  avoid  them,  but  they  will  alter  us,  as 
they  are  used,  or  abused)  are  those  six  non-natural  things,  so  much  spoken  of 
amongst  physicians,  which  are  principal  causes  of  this  disease.  For  almost  in  every 
consuhation,  whereas  they  shall  come  to  speak  of  the  causes,  the  fault  is  found,  and 
this  most  part  objected  to  the  patient ;  Peccavit  circa  res  sex  non  nalurales :  he  hath 
still  offended  in  one  of  those  six.  Montanus,  consil.  22,  consulted  about  a  melan- 
choly Jew,  gives  that  sentence,  so  did  Frisemelica  in  the  same  place ;  and  in  his  244 
counsel,  censuring  a  melancholy  soldier,  assigns  that  reason  of  his  malady,  ^''he 

»«  Optimum  bene    nasci,  maxima    para    fselicitalis  in  prolem  transmiuilur,  laborantes  intor  eo§,  inKentl 

Dostrs   bene   nasci ;    quamobrem    praclere    humano  fnrta   indagine,  inventos,  ne   gen»   f»cl«   cnninsiooa 

generi  consultiiiii   videretur,  si   soli3   parentis    bene  Irderetiir,  ex  iis  naia,  castraverunt,  iiiulir-reii  liuju<- 

babiti  et  sani,  IfAris  operam  darent.             '"Infantes  modi  pri»cul  a  virorum  consortio  al>ie;':irunt.  quod  «l 

Intirrai  pr«cipitio  necali.   Bohtinu-!,  lib.  3  c.  3.    Apud  hirum    aliqiia   concepis-"'    iriv.tiieNriiiir,   »iniul    cum 

Lacones    olIm^Lips^^^l^l^i.^- ..   rmi^   ^  Helgag.  fo-tu  nondum  edit",  dHfodi.liatiir  viva.          J-  Kuphor- 

Dionysio   Ayji|^|M^^Kaliqna'iB«rtBBrdn^|fe|^^|iioSatyr.  ''  F>'<  it               <l>-li(ii  qiiir  hen  pos- 


iiiiitil 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  l.J  Causes  of  Melancholy.  137 

offended  in  all  those  six  non-natural  things,  which  were  the  outward  causes,  from 
which  came  those  inward  obstructions ;  and  so  in  the  rest. 

These  six  non-natural  things  are  diet,  retention  and  evacuation,  which  are  more 
material  than  the  other  because  they  make  new  matter,  or  else  are  conversant  in 
keeping  or  expellmg  of  it.  The  other  four  are  air,  exercise,  sleeping,  waking,  and 
perturbations  of  the  mind,  which  only  alter  the  matter.  The  first  of  these  is  diet, 
which  consists  in  meat  and  drink,  and  causeth  melancholy,  as  it  offends  in  substance, 
or  accidents,  that  is,  quantity,  quality,  or  the  like.  And  well  it  may  be  called  a  ma- 
terial cause,  since  that,  as  ^^  Fernelius  holds,  "it  hath  such  a  power  in  begetting  of 
diseases,  and  yields  the  matter  and  sustenance  of  them ;  for  neither  air,  nor  pertur- 
bations, nor  any  of  those  other  evident  causes  take  place,  or  work  this  eflect,  except 
the  constitution  of  body,  and  preparation  of  humours,  do  concur.  That  a  man  may  say, 
this  diet  is  the  mother  of  diseases,  let  the  father  be  what  he  will,  and  from  this  alone, 
melancholy  and  frequent  other  maladies  arise."  Many  physicians,  I  confess,  have 
written  copious  volumes  of  this  one  subject,  of  the  nature  and  qualities  of  all  manner 
of  meats ;  as  namely,  Galen,  Isaac  the  Jew,  Halyabbas,  Avicenna,  Mesue,  also  four 
Arabians,  Gordonius,  Villanovanus,  Wecker,  Johannes  Bruerinus,  sitoJogia  de  Escukn- 
tU  et  Poculcntis,  Michael  Savanarola,  Tract  2.  c.  8,  Anthony  Fumanellus,  lib.  de  regi- 
minc  sem<m.  Curio  in  his  comment  on.Schola  Salerna,  Godefridus  Steckius  arte  med.^ 
Marcilius  Cognatus,  Ficinus,  Ranzovius,  Fonseca,  Lessius,  Magninus,  rcgbn.  sanitatis., 
Frietagius,  Hugo  Fridevallius,  See,  besides  many  other  in  '^"English,  and  almost  every 
pecvdiar  physician,  discourseth  at  large  of  all  peculiar  meats  in  his  chapter  of  melan- 
choly :  yet  because  these  books  are  not  at  hand  to  every  man,  I  will  briefly  touch 
what  kind  of  meats  engender  this  humour,  through  their  several  species,  and  which 
are  to  be  avoided.  How  they  alter  and  change  the  matter,  spirits  first,  and  after  hu- 
mours, by  which  we  are  preserved,  and  the  constitution  of  our  body,  Fernclius  and 
others  will  show  you.  I  hasten  to  the  thing  itself:  and  first  of  such  diet  as  offends 
in  substance. 

Beef.]  Beef,  a  strong  and  hearty  meat  (cold  in  the  first  degree,  dry  in  the  second, 
saith  Gal.  I.  3.  c.  1.  de  alim.fac.)  is  condemned  by  him  and  all  succeeding  Authors, 
to  breed  gross  melancholy  blood  :  good  for  such  as  are  sound,  and  of  a  strong  con- 
stitution, for  labouring  men  if  ordered  aright,  corned,  young,  of  an  ox  (for  all  gelded 
meats  in  every  species  are  held  best),  or  if  old,  ^'  such  as  have  been  tired  out  with 
labour,  are  preferred.  Aubanus  and  Sabellicus  commend  Portugal  beef  to  be  the  most 
savoury,  best  and  easiest  of  digestion ;  we  commend  ours :  but  all  is  rejected,  and 
unfit  for  such  as  lead  a  resty  life,  any  ways  inclined  to  Melancholy,  or  dry  of  com- 
plexion :    Tales  (Galen  thinks)  de  facile  melancholic  is  ccgritudinihis  capiimtur. 

Pork.]  Fork,  of  all  meats,  is  most  nutritive  in  his  own  nature,  ^^but  altogether 
unfit  for  such  as  live  at  ease,  are  any  ways  unsound  of  body  or  mind :  too  moist, 
full  of  humours,  and  therefore  noxia  delicatis,  saith  Savanarola,  ex  carum  usu  ul 
duhitetur  an  febris  quarfana  genereiur  :  naught  for  queasy  stomachs,  insomucli  that 
frequent  use  of  it  may  breed  a  quartan  ague. 

Goat.]  Savanarola  discommends  goat's  flesh,  and  so  doth  ^Bruerinus,  7.  13.  c.  19, 
calling  it  a  filthy  beast,  and  rammish  :  and  therefore  supposeth  it  will  breed  rank  and 
filthy  substance  •,  yet  kid,  such  as  are  young  and  tender,  Isaac  accepts,  Bruerinus  and 
Galen,  7.  I.e.  1.  de  alimentorum  facxdtatibus. 

Hart.]  Hart  and  red  deer  "^hath  an  evil  name:  it  yields  gross  nutriment :  a  strong 
and  great  grained  meat,  next  unto  a  horse.  Which  althougli  some  countries  eat,  as 
Tartars,  and  they  of  China-,  yet  ''^Galen  condemns.  Young  foals  are  as  commonly 
eaten  in  Spain  as  red  deer,  and  to  furnish  their  navies,  about  Malaga  especially,  often 
used  5  but  such  meats  ask  long  baking,  or  seething,  to  qualify  them,  and  yet  all  will 
not  serve. 

Venison.)  Fallow  Deer.]     All  venison  is  melancholy,  and  begets  bad  blood ;  a 


'wPath.  1.  1.  c.  2.  Maximam  in  gignendis  morhis  vim 
obtinet,  pabulum,  materiamque  morbi  sugs-'erens  :  nam 
nee  ab  iiere,  nee  k  perturl)alionibus,  vel  aliis  evidenti- 
bus  causis  niorbi  sunt,  nisi  conseiitiat  cdrporis  prsepa- 


gula  est  omnium  mptfnS'riiiii  um 
genitor.    Ab  hat0atKbi  anoiite  ssp6  emanant,  nuUj 
19-"^ 


aUa  cogente  causa.  ^oCogan,  Eliot,  Vauhan, 

Vener.  3' Frietagius.  s- Isaac.  s..  Nob 

laudatur    quia    melancholicum     prsebet     alimentum. 
"Male  aljt  cervina  (immit  Frietagius)  crassissimum 


ratio,  et  humorum  coiistimtin      It  smi'l  dicaiii,  un^ri^MNnMlarium  suppeditat  alimeiuujii.  ^       -Lib.  de 
iiater,  clmnibi  aJifBa-CSt    aujillli^.  dieta.   Equina  caro  etatinina  eqmjjis  danda 


I  et  asio 


liu£is  uas 


138  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sect.  2. 

pleasant  meat  :  in  great  esteem  with  us  (for  we  liave  more  parks  in  England  than 
tliere  are  in  all  Europe  besides)  in  our  solemn  feasts.  'Tis  somewhat  belter  hunted 
tlian  otherwise,  and  well  prepared  by  cookery ;  but  generally  bad,  and  seldom  to  be 
used. 

Hare.]  Hare,  a  black  meat,  melancholy,  and  hard  of  digestion,  it  breeds  incubus^ 
often  eaten,  and  causeth  fearful  dreams,  so  doth  all  venison,  and  is  condemned  by  a 
jury  of  physicians.  3Iizaldus  and  some  others  say,  that  hare  is  a  merry  meat,  and 
that  it  will  make  one  fair,  as  MartiaPs  Epigram  teslities  to  Gellia;  but  this  is  per  ac- 
cidens,  because  of  the  good  sport  it  makes,  merry  company  and  good  discourse  that 
is  commonly  at  the  eating  of  it,  and  not  otherwise  to  be  understood. 

Conies.]  '^Conies  are  of  the  nature  of  hares.  Magninus  compares  them  to  beef, 
pig,  and  goat,  Reg.  sanit.  part.  3.  c.  17 ;  yet  young  rabbits  by  all  men  are  approved 
to  be  good. 

Generally,  all  such  meats  as  are  hard  of  digestion  breed  melancholy.  Areteus, 
lib.  7.  cap.  5,  reckons  up  heads  and  feet,  ''bowels,  brains,  entrails,  marrow,  fat,  blood, 
skins,  and  tliose  inward  parts,  as  heart,  lungs,  liver,  spleen,  &.c.  They  are  rejected 
b\  Isaac,  lib.  2.  part.  3,  JMagninus,  part.  3.  cap.  17,  13ruerinus,  lib.  12,  Savanarola, 
I'iub.  32.  Trad.  2. 

Mill:.]  Milk,  and  all  that  comes  of  milk,  as  butter  and  cheese,  curds,  &.C.,  increase" 
melancholy  (whey  oidy  excepted,  which  is  most  wholesome):  ^*some  except  asses' 
milk.  Tlie  rest,  to  such  as  are  sound,  is  nutritive  and  good,  especially  for  young 
children,  but  because  soon  turned  to  corruption,  ^not  good  for  tliose  that  have  un- 
clean stomachs,  are  subject  to  headache,  or  have  green  wounds,  stone,  &.c.  Of  all 
cheeses,  I  take  that  kind  which  we  call  Banbury  cheese  to  be  the  best,  ex  velnstis 
prssimus,  the  older,  stronger,  and  harder,  tlie  worst,  as  Langius  (h.scourselh  in  his 
Epistle  to  Melancthon,  cited  by  .Mizaldus,  Isaac,  p.  5.  Gal.  3.  de  cibis  honi  sttcci.,  &.c. 

Fowl.]  Amongst  fowl,  *°  peacocks  and  jjiifeons,  all  femiy  fowl  are  forbidden,  as 
ducks,  geese,  swans,  her«^ns,  cranes,  coots,  didappers,  waterhens,  with  all  those  teals, 
curs,  sheldrakes,  and  peckled  fowls,  that  come  hither  in  winter  «)Ut  of  Scandia,  .Mus- 
covy, Greeidand,  Friezland,  wliich  half  tlie  year  are  covered  all  over  with  snow,  and 
frozen  up.  Tliough  these  be  fair  in  feathers,  pleasant  in  taste,  and  have  a  good  out- 
side, like  hypocrites,  while  in  plumes,  and  sort,  their  llesh  is  hard,  idack,  unwhole- 
some, dangerous,  melancholy  meat ;  Gravant  it  pulrrfuciunt  slo/nachuPi.,  saith  Isaac, 
part.  5.  de  vol..,  their  young  ones  are  more  tolerable,  but  young  pigeons  he  cjuile  dis- 
approves. 

Fishea.]  Riiasis  and  ^'  .Magninus  discommend  all  fish,  and  say^  they  breed  visco- 
sities, slimy  nulrimenl,  little  and  humourous  nourishment.  Savanarola  achls,  cold, 
moist :  and  pldegmalic,  Isaac  ;  and  therefore  unwholesome  for  all  cold  and  melan- 
choly complexions  :  others  make  a  diflerence,  rejecting  only  amongst  fresh-water 
fish,  eel,  tench,  lamprey,  crawfish  (which  Bright  aj)proves,  cap.  G),  and  such  as  are 
bred  in  muddy  and  standing  waters,  and  have  a  taste  of  mud,  as  Franciscus  Bonsue- 
tus  poetically  defines.  Lib.  de  aquatilibus. 

"  N;un  pisct-'s  onines,  qui  sta!>na.  Ucusque  frcqueDtaiU,  I  "  All  fish,  that  etaailin^  pools,  and  lakes  frenuent, 
.Semper  plus  succi  deterioriri  lial>«nt."  |     Do  ever  yield  bad  juice  and  nouriHhiiieiit." 

Lampreys,  Paulus  Jovius,  c.  34.  de  piscibus  Jluvial.,  highly  magnifies,  and  saith, 
None  speak  against  them,  but  inepli  et  scrupulosi,  some  scrupulous  persons ;  but 
*^eels,  c.  33,  ''  he  abhorreth  in  all  phtces,  at  all  limes,  all  physicians  detest  them,  es- 
pecially about  the  solstice."  Gomesius,  lib.  1.  c.  22,  de  sale.,  doth  immoderately  extol 
sea-fisli,  wliich  others  as  much  vilify,  and  above  llie  rest,  dried,  soused,  iiuhirate  fish, 
as  ling,  fumados,  red-herrings,  sprats,  stock-fish,  haberdine,  poor-jolm,  all  shell-fish. 
"Tim.  Bright  excepts  lobster  and  crab.  Mes.sarius  commends  salmon,  which  Brue- 
rinus  contradicts,  lib.  22.  c.  17.  Magninus  rejects  conger,  sturgeon,  turbot,  mackarel, 
skate. 

Carp  is  a  fish  of  which  I  know  not  what  to  determine.      Franciscus  Bonsuetus 

*Parum  ohsunt  i  natura  Leponim.       Bruprinug,  ]  theor.   p.  2.      Isaac,    Bruer.   lib.   15.  cap.   30.   ei  31. 
I   13.  cap.  25.  pullorum  lenera  et  optima.        ^^  Ill.iiidi-     <■  Cap.  18.  part.  3.  «Omni  loco  el  oiiini  lemiw.r* 

bilis  succi  naiis-:im  provor:iTit  "  Piso    .Wn.nriT.  '  jn-iJiti    d.'t>-»taiiiur    anmiill.in  prn.,erliui  circa  »ol»l.- 

s--- Curio.  Fri'-t  i;:..j-.Ma^iiuiu»rt>art.  J.  cjp.  IT^'Mtmmtl^i.  hh.   D.imiiriniiir  mm  tini-  luiu  a-grin  «  Cap  6. 


riali«.  de  ang^mii.  1.  c.  10.  excepts  all  milk  memJa  jiAk^telLLvr  M 


Mtrwi.  2.  Subs.  1.]  Causes  of  Melancholy.  139 

accounts  it  a  muddy  fish.  Hippolitus  Salvianus,  in  his  Book  de  Piscium  nalura  et 
prceparatione,  which  was  printed  at  Rome  in  folio,  1.554,  with  nlost  elegant  pictures, 
esteems  carp  no  better  than  a  slimy  watery  meat.  Paulus  Jovius  on  the  other  side, 
disallowing  tench,  approves  of  it ;  so  doth  Dubravius  in  his  Books  of  Fisli^onds. 
Freitagius  ""^  extols  it  for  an  excellent  wholesome  meat,  and  puts  it  amongst  the  iishes 
of  the  best  rank ;  and  so  do  most  of  our  country  gentlemen,  that  store  their  ponds 
almost  with  no  other  fish.  But  this  controversy  is  easily  decided,  in  my  judgment, 
by  Bruerinus,  /.  22.  c.  13.  The, difference  riseth  frojn  the  site  and  nature  of  pools, 
■*'  sometimes  muddy,  sometimes  sweet ;  they  are  in  taste  as  the  place  is  from  whence 
they  be  taken.  In  like  manner  almost  we  may  conclude  of  other  fresh  fish.  But 
see  more  in  Rondoletius,  Bellonius,  Oribasius,  lib.  7.  caj).  22,  Isaac,  I.  1,  especially 
Hippolitus  Salvianus,  who  is  inslar  omnium  solus,  &c.  Howsoever  they  may  be 
wholesome  and  approved,  much  use  of  them  is  not  good ;  P.  Forestus,  in  his  medi- 
cinal observations,  ''^  relates,  that  Carthusian  friars,  whose  living  is  most  part  fish, 
are  more  subject  to  melancholy  than  any  other  order,  and  tliat  he  found  by  experi- 
ence, being  sometimes  their  physician  ordinary  at  Delft,  in  Holland.  He  exemplifies 
it  with  an  instance  of  one  Buscodnese,  a  Carthusian  of  a  ruddy  colour,  and  well 
liking,  that  by  solitary  living,  and  fish-eating,  became  so  misaffected. . 

Herbs.]  Amongst  herbs  to  be  eaten  I  find  gourds,  cucumbers,  coleworts,  melons, 
"disallowed,  but  especially  cabbage.  It  causeth  troublesome  dreams,  and  sends  up 
black  vapours  to  the  brain.  Galen,  he.  affect.  I.  3.  c.  6,  of  all  herljs  condemns  cab- 
bage ;  and  Isaac,  lib.  2.  c.  1.  Jlniince.  gravitalemfacit,  it  brings  heaviness  to  the  soul. 
Some  ^re  of  opinion  that  all  raw  herbs  and  salads  breed  melancholy  blood,  except 
bugloss  and  lettuce.  Crato,  consil.  21.  lib.  2,  speaks  against  all  herbs  and  worts, 
except  borage,  bugloss,  fennel,  parsley,  dill,  balm,  succory.  Magninus,  regim.  sani- 
tads,  pari.  3.  cap.  31.  Omnes  herbce.  simplicifer  mala,  via  cibi ;  all  herbs  are  simply 
evil  to  feed  on  (as  he  thinks).     So  did  that  scoffing  cook  in  "'''Plautus  hold : 


'  Non  ego  cccnam  condio  ut  alii  coqiii  soleiit, 
Qui  iiiilii  coiidita  prata  in  patinis  proferuiit, 
Loves  qui  convivas  faciuin,  li'erliasque.-iggerunt." 


"Likfi  othpr  cooks  I  tlo  not  supper  dress, 
Thai  put  vvliole  meadows  into  a  platter, 
And  make  no  better  of  their  guests  than  beeves, 
Willi  herbs  and  grass  to  feed  them  falter." 


Our  Italians  and  Spaniards  do  make  a  whole  dinner  of  herbs  and  salads  (which 
our  said  Plautus  calls  canas  terrestras,  Horace,  ccenas  sine  sanguine),  by  which 
means,  as  he  follows  it, 

1'  •'llic  homines  lam  brevem  vitain  colunt I  "Their  lives,  that  eat  such  herbs,  must  needs  be  short. 

Qui  herbas  hujusmodi  in  alvum  siium  congerunt,  1     And  'lis  a  fearful  thing  for  to  rejjort, 

Formidolosnm  diclu,  non  esu  mode),  1     That  men  should  feed  on  such  a  kind  of  meat, 

Qiuis  herbas  [jecudes  non  edunl,  homines  edunt."  |     Which  very  juments  would  refuse  to  eat." 

■''^Tliey  are  windy,  and  not  fit  therefore  to  be  eaten  of  all  men  raw,  though  quali- 
fied with  oil,  but  in  broths,  or  otherwise.  See  more  of  these  in  every  ''"husbandman 
and  herbalist. 

Roots.]  Hoots,  Etsi  quorundam  gentium  opes  sint,  saith  Bruerinus,  the  wealth  of 
some  countries,  and  sole  food,  are  windy  and  bad,  or  troublesome  to  the  head  :  as 
onions,  garlic,  scellions,  turnips,  carrots,  radishes,  parsnips  :  Crato,  lib.  2.  consil.  11, 
disallows  all  roots,  though  ''some  approve  of  parsnips  and  potatoes.  ^^ Magninus  is 
of  Crato's  opinion,  °^"  They  trouble  the  mind,  sending  gross  fumes  to  the  brain, 
make  men  mad,  especially  garlic,  onions,  if  a  man  liberally  feed  on  them  a  year  to- 
gether. Guianerius,  tract.  15.  caj>.  2,  complains  of  all  manner  of  roots,  and  so  doth 
Bruerinus,  even  parsnips  themselves,  which  are  the  best,  Lib.  9.  cap.  14. 

Fruits.]  Pustinacarujn  usus  succos  gignit  improbos.  Crato,  consil.  21.  lib.  1,  ut- 
terly forbids  all  manner  of  fruits,  as  pears,  apples,  plums,  cherries,  strawberries,  nuts, 
medlars,  serves,  &c.  Sanguinem  in/iciunt,  saith  Villanovanus,  they  infect  the  blood, 
and  putrefy  it,  Magninus  holds,  and  must  not  therefore  be  taken  via  cibi,  aut  quan- 
filate  magnd,  not  to  make  a  meal  of,  or  in  any  great  quantity.     "  Cardan  makes  that 


^■•Optime  nulrit  omnium  judicio  inter  prima;  noise 
pisces  gnstu  prsslanti.  ^^Non  est  dubium,  quin 

pro  variorum  situ,  ac  natura,  macnas  alimenlorum 
sortiantur  difTerentias,  alibi  suaviores,  alibi  luiulen- 
tiores.  «"  Observat.  16.  lib.  10.  i"  Pseudolus 


^In  Mizaldo  de  Ilorlo,  P.  Crescent.  Ilerbastein,  Sec. 
^' Cap.  13.  part.  3.  Brijiht,  in  his  Tract  of  Mel. 
s-Intelleclum  turbant,  producunt  insaniam.  kiau- 

divi  (inqnit  Magnin.)  quod  si  quis  ex  iis  per  annum 
continue  comedai,  in  insaniam  caderet.  cap.  13.     Im- 


acl.  3.  scen.2.  <*' Plautus,  ibid.  ^Quare  rec-     prohl   succi   sunt.  cap.  12.  *^De    rerum   varietal, 

litis  valedutini  su.t  (luij^qm-  coiisnii.'l,  q\ii  hipsu^:  [irio-^la><ilrthf  plerumque  morbosi,  quod  fructus  couiedant 
rum    parentum  m.  iimr,   eus-plauo-   vel    omisirit   vel,tcrindie 
parce  degusiarit^   KersleiuB,  cap.  4,  de  vero  usu  te  >d. 


140  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

a  cause  of  their  continual  sickness  at  Fessa  in  Africa,  "  because  they  live  so  much  on 
fruits,  eating  them  thrice  a  day."  Laurentius  approves  of  many  fruits,  in  liis  Tract 
of  Melancholy,  which  others  disallow,  and  amongst  the  rest  apples,  which  some 
likewise  commend,  sweetings,  pairmains,  pippins,  as  good  against  melancholy ;  but 
to  him  that  is  any  way  inclined  to,  or  touched  with  this  malady,  "BJTicliolas  Piso  in 
his  Practics,  forbids  all  fruits,  as  windy,  or  to  be  sparingly  eaten  at  least,  and  not 
raw.  Amongst  other  fruits,  ^Bruerinus,  out  of  Galen,  excepts  grapes  and  figs,  but  I 
find  them  likewise  rejected. 

Pulse]  All  pulse  are  naught,  beans,  peas,  vetches,  8tc.,  they  fill  the  brain  (saith 
Isaac)  with  gross  fumes,  breed  black  thick  blood,  and  cause  troublesome  dreams. 
And  therefore,  that  which  Pythagoras  said  to  his  scholars  of  old,  may  be  for  ever  ap- 
plied to  melancholy  men,  -4  fabis  ahslinete.,  eat  no  peas,  nor  beans ;  yet  to  such  as 
will  needs  eat  them,  I  would  give  this  counsel,  to  prepare  them  according  to  those 
rules  that  Arnoldus  Villanovanus,  and  Frietagius  prescribe,  for  eating,  and  dressing, 
fruits,  herbs,  roots,  pulse,  &c. 

Spices.]  Spices  cause  hot  and  head  melancholy^  nnd  are  for  that  cause  forbitldeu 
Dy  our  physicians  to  such  men  as  are  inclined  to  this  malady,  as  pepper,  ginger,  cin- 
namon, cloves,  mace,  dates,  &c.  honey  and  sugar.  "Some  except  honey;  to  those 
that  are  cold,  it  may  be  tolerable,  but  ^Didcia  se  in  bilem  ver/unfy  (sweets  turn  into 
bile,)  they  are  obstructive.  Crato  therefore  forbids  all  spice,  in  a  consultation  of  his, 
for  a  melancholy  schoolmaster.  Omnia  aromatica  et  quicquid  san^uinem  adurit :  so 
doth  Fcrnelius,  consil.  45.  Guianerius,  tract  15.  cap.  2.  Mercurialis,  cmis.  189.  To 
these  I  may  add  all  sharp  and  sour  things,  luscious  and  over-sweet,  or  fat,  as  oil, 
vinegar,  verjuice,  mustard,  salt;  as  sweet  things  are  obstructive,  so  these  are  cor- 
rosive. Gomesius,  in  his  books,  de  sale^  1.  1.  c.  21,  highly  commends  salt ;  so  doth 
Codronchus  in  his  tract,  de  sale  Msyntkii,  Lemn.  /.  3.  c.  1).  de  occult,  nal.  mir.  yet 
connnon  experience  finds  salt,  and  salt-meats,  to  be  great  procurers  of  this  disease. 
And  for  that  cause  belike  those  Egyptian  priests  abstained  from  salt,  even  so  mucli, 
as  in  their  bread,  ut  sine  perturbatione  anima  essct,  saith  mine  author,  that  their  souls 
might  be  free  from  perturbations. 

Bread.]  Bread  that  is  made  of  baser  grain,  as  peas,  beans,  oats,  rj'e,  or  ^'over-hard 
baked,  crusty,  and  black,  is  often  spoken  against,  as  causing  melancholy  juice  and 
wind.  Joh.  Mayor,  in  the  first  book  of  his  History  of  Scotland,  contends  much  for 
the  wholesomeness  of  oaten  bread :  it  was  objected  to  him  then  living  at  Paris  in 
France,  that  his  countrymen  fed  on  oats,  and  base  grain,  as  a  disgrace ;  but  he  doth 
ingenuously  confess,  Scotland,  Wales,  and  a  third  part  of  England,  did  most  part  use 
that  kind  of  bread,  that  it  was  as  wholesome  as  any  grain,  and  yielded  as  good  nou- 
rishment. And  yet  Wecker  out  of  Galen  calls  it  horse-meat,  and  fitter  for  juments 
than  men  to  feed  on.  But  read  Galen  himself,  Lib.  1.  Ve  cibis  boni  et  mali  siicci, 
more  largely  discoursing  of  corn  and  bread. 

IVine.]  All  black  wines,  over-lwn,  compound,  strong  thick  drinks,  as  Muscadine, 
Malmsey,  Alicant,  Rumney,  Brownbastard,  Metheglen,  and  the  like,  of  which  they 
have  thirty  several  kinds  in  Muscovy,  all  such  made  drinks  are  hurtful  in  this  case, 
to  such  as  are  hot,  or  of  a  sanguine  choleric  complexion,  young,  or  inclined  to  head- 
melancholy.  For  many  times  the  drinking  of  wine  alone  causeth  it.  Arculaiuis, 
c.  16.  in  9.  Rhasis,  puts  in  *wine  for  a  great  cause,  especially  if  it  be  immoderately 
used.  Guianerius,  tract.  15.  c.  2,  tells  a  story  of  two  Dutchmen,  to  whom  he  gave 
entertainment  in  his  house,  '•  that  *'  in  one  month's  space  were  both  melancholy  by 
drinking  of  wine,  one  did  nought  but  sing,  the  other  sigh.  Galen,  I.  de  camis  morb. 
c.  3.  Matthiolus  on  Dioscorides,  and  above  all  other  Andreas  Bachius,  I.  3.  18,  19, 
20,  have  reckoned  upon  those  inconveniences  that  come  by  wine :  yet  notwithstand- 
ing all  this,  to  such  as  are  cold,  or  sluggish  melancholy,  a  cup  of  wine  is  good  physic, 
and  so  doth  Mercurialis  grant,  consil.  25,  in  that  case',  if  the  temperature  be  cold,  as 
to  most  melancholy  men  it  is,  wine  is  much  commended,  if  it  be  moderately  used. 

Cider,  Perry.]  Cider  and  perry  are  both  cold  and  windy  drinks,  and  for  that 
cause  to  be  neglected,  and  so  are  all  tho«p  Imt  «piced  strong  drinks. 

»Cap.  d^.  Lib.  11.  c.  3.  wwfglr  it  adustam.    Sclml.  Sal.  «>  Vinum  lurbi. 

C    ^Jm^  I'  '^ '^'*!L^£''£^&riHyii*  I  "' K«iMiH|HMnikii)iiionL-,  duo  Alemaiv 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  1.1 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


141 


Beer.]  Beer,  if  it  be  over-new  or  over-stale,  over-strong,  or  not  sodden,  smell  of 
the  cask,  sharp,  or  sour,  is  most  unwholesome,  frets,  and  galls,  &.c.  Henricus  Avrf>- 
rus,  in  a  ^^consultation  of  his,  for  one  that  laboured  of  hypochondriacal  melancholy, 
discommends  beer.  So  doth  ^^ Crato  in  that  excellent  counsel  of  his,  Lib.  2.  co7isil.2l. 
as  too  windy,  because  of  the  hop.  But  he  means  belike  that  thick  black  Bohemian 
beer  used  in  some  other  parts  of  "Germany. 


"  nil  spissius  ilia 

Duni  bihitur,  nil  clariiis  est  duin  niingitur,  unde 
Constat,  quOd  multas  feces  in  corpore  linquat." 


"  Nothing  comes  in  so  thick, 
Nothing  goes  out  so  thin, 
It  must  needs  follow  then 
The  dregs  are  left  within. 


As  that  ^^  old  poet  scoffed,  calling  it  SfyglcB  monstrum  conforme  paludi,  a  monstrous 
drink,  like  the  river  Styx.  But  let  them  say  as  they  list,  to  such  as  are  accustomed 
unto  it,  "  'tis  a  most  wholesome  (so  "Polydor  Virgil  calleth  it)  and  a  pleasant  drink," 
it  is  more  subtile  and  better,  for  the  hop  that  rarefies  it,  hath  an  especial  virtue 
against  melancholy,  as  our  herbalists  confess,  Fuchsius  approves.  Lib.  2.  sec.  2.  instit. 
cap.  11,  and  many  others. 

Waters.]  Standing  waters,  thick  and  ill-coloured,  such  as  come  forth  of  pools, 
and  moats,  where  hemp  hath  been  steeped,  or  slimy  fislies  live,  are  most  unwhole- 
some, putrefied,  and  full  of  mites,  creepers,  slimy,  muddy,  unclean,  corrupt,  impure, 
■  by  reason  of  the  sun's  heat,  and  still-standing  ;  they  cause  foul  distemperatures  in  the 
body  and  mind  of  man,  are  unfit  to  make  drink  of,  to  dress  meat  with,  or  to  be*" used 
about  men  inwardly  or  outwardly.  They  are  good  for  many  domestic  uses,  to  wash 
horses,  water  cattle,  &c.,  or  in  time  of  necessity,  but  not  otherwise.  Some  are  of  opi- 
nion, that  such  fat  standing  waters  make  the  best  beer,  and  that  seething  doth  defecate 
it,  as  "'Cardan  holds.  Lib.  13.  suJjtil.  "  It  mends  the  substance,  and  savour  of  it,"  but 
it  is  a  paradox.  Such  beer  may  be  stronger,  but  not  so  wholesome  as  the  other,  as 
"^Tobertus  truly  justifieth  out  of  Galen,  Paradox,  dec.  1.  Paradox  5,  that  the  seething 
of  such  impure  waters  doth  not  purge  or  purify  them,  Pliny,  lib.  31.  c.  3,  is  of  the 
same  tenet,  and  P.  Crescentius,  agricult.  lib.  1.  et  lib.  4.  c.  U.  et  c.  45.  Pamphilius 
Herilachus,  7.  4.  de  nat.  aquariun,  such  waters  are  naught,  not  to  be  used,  and  by  the 
testimony  of  ™  Galen, "  breed  agues,  dropsies,  pleurisies,  splenetic  and  melancholv  pas- 
sions, hurt  the  eyes,  cause  a  bad  temperature,  and  ill  disposition  of  the  whole  "body, 
with  bad  colour."  This  Jobertus  stiffly  maintains,  Paradox,  lib.  1.  part.  5,  that 'it 
causeth  blear  eyes,  bad  colour,  and  many  loathsome  diseases  to  sucli  as  use  it :  this 
which  they  say,  stands  with  good  reason ;  for  as  geographers  relate,  the  water  of 
Aslracan  breeds  worms  in  such  as  drink  it.  "Axius,  or  as  now  called  Yerduri,  the 
fairest  river  in  Macedonia,  makes  all  cattle  black  that  taste  of  it.  Aleacman  now 
Peleca,  another  stream  in  Thessaly,  turns  cattle  most  part  white,  si  potui  ducas, 
L.  Aubanus  Rohemus  refers  that  '^  struma  or  poke  of  the  Bavarians  and  Styrians  to  the 
nature  of  their  waters,  as  '^Munster  doth  that  of  Valesians  in  the  Alps,  and  ''Bodine 
supposeth  the  stuttering  of  some  families  in  Aqnitania,  about  Labden,  to  proceed 
from  the  same  cause,  "and  that  the  filth  is  derived  from  the  water  to  their  bodies." 
So.  that  they  that  use  filthy,  standing,  ill-coloured,  thick,  muddy  water,  must  needs 
have  muddy,  ill-coloured,  impure,  and  infirm  bodies.  And  because  the  body  Avorks 
upon  the  mind,  they  shall  have  grosser  understandings,  dull,  foggj^,  melancholy  spi- 
rits, and  be  really  subject  to  all  manner  of  infirmities. 

To  these  noxious  simples,  we  may  reduce  an  infinite  number  of  compound,  artifi- 
cial, made  dishes,  of  which  our  cooks  afford  us  a  great  variety,  as  tailors  do  fashions 
in  our  apparel.  Such  are  "puddings  stuffed  with  blood,  or  otherwise  composed; 
baked,  meats,  soused  indurate  meats,  fried  and  broiled  buttered  meats  ;  condite,  pow- 
dered, and  over-dried,  "^all  cakes,  simnels,  buns,  cracknels  made  with  butter,  spice, 
&.C.,  fritters,  pancakes,  pies,  sausages,  and  those  several  sauces,  sharp,  or  over-sweet, 


^Hildesheim,  spice!,  fol.  273.  ^acrassum  gene-    rem 

rat  sanguinen-..  "About  Dantzic  in  Spruce,  Ilam- 

hiirgh,  Leips=-  ss Henricus  Abrincensis.         fe  Po- 

ms turn  salui-^s  turn  jucundus,  1.  1.  ^  Galen,  1.  1. 

de  san.  tuend      Cavendae   sunt  aquce  qua;  ex  stagnis 
haurnintur,   et  qua;  turbids  and   male   olentes,  &c 
*Inno.xiuMi  nddit  et  bene  olentum 
hffic  vitia  cnitiunr  noii  frru-nd-iri. 
tate  aqui.  Ii\(lifipeni  atJget,  febres  pulridus,  spMnem, 
•■■  ses,  noctt  oculis,  mjjB^Jiabitum  corporis  et 


"  Mag.  Nigritatem  inducit  si  pecora  bihe- 
rint.  "Aqua;  ex  nivibus  coacta"  strumnsns  fariunt. 

"  Cosmog.  1.  3.  cap.  36.  ''Method,  hist,  cap    5. 

Balbutiunt  Labdoni  in  Aquitania  ob  aquas,  atque  hi 
morbi  ab  acquis  in  corpora  derivantur.  '-'Edulia 

«x  sanguine  et  suffncato  paria.  Hildesheim.  "'-Cu- 

f^Contendit     nedia^ro,  placentiP,  btllaria,  cniriiiifntnfjiie  alia  cu- 
■"Lib.  de  b"ni^*nosf  pistorum  et  coquorum,  gusttfi  ser\i-i  ■.iuni  cone 


aorbos  turn  corpori  turn  animo  insanti 
----- 


Philo 


142  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2 

of  y,  Iiich  scienfia  popina,  as  Seneca  calls  it,  hath  served  those  "Apician  tricks,  and 
perfumed  dishes,  which  Adrian  the  sixth  Pope  so  much  admired  in  the  accounts  of 
his  predecessor  Leo  decimus ;  and  which  prodigious  riot  and  prodigality  have  in- 
vented in  this  age.  These  do  generally  engender  gross  humours,  fill  the  stomach 
with  crudities,  and  all  those  inward  parts  with  obstructions.  Montanus,  consil.  22. 
gives  instance,  in  a  melancholy  Jew,  that  by  eating  such  tart  sauces,  made  dishes 
and  salt  meats,  with  which  he  was  overmuch  dcliglited,  became  melancholy,  and  was 
evil  affected.     Such  examples  are  familiar  and  common. 

SuBSECT.  II. —  Quantity  of  Diet  a  Cause. 

There  is  not  so  much  harm  proceeding  from  the  substance  itself  of  meat,  am' 
quality  of  it,  in  ill-drcssinjf  and  preparing,  as  there  is  from  the  quantity,  disorder  of 
time  and  place,  unseasonable  use  of  it,  '-ijUcmperance,  overmuch,  or  overlittle  taking 
of  it.  A  true  saying  it  is,  Phircs  crapuJa  quam  ghtdiiis.  This  gluttony  kills  more 
than  the  sword,  this  otnnii'orantiact  homicida  gitlay  this  all-devouring  and  murdering 
gut.  And  that  of  "Pliny  is  truer,  "  Simple  diet  is  the  best;  heaping  up  of  several 
meats  is  pernicious,  and  sauces  worse  ;  many  dishes  bring  many  diseases."  '""Avicen 
cries  out,  ''That  nothing  is  worse  than  to  feed  on  many  dishes,  or  to  protract  the 
time  of  meats  longer  than  ordinary ;  from  thence  proceed  our  infirmities,  and  'tis  the 
fomitain  of  all  diseases,  which  arise  out  of  the  repugnancy  of  gross  humours." 
Thence,  sailh  ^''Fernelius,  come  crudities,  wind,  oppilalions,  cacochymia.  plethora, 
cachexia,  bradiopepsia,  ^Hinc  subitce  mortcs,  atqtie  intestata  senectus,  sudden  death. 
&.C.,  and  what  not. 

As  a  lamp  is  choked  with  a  multitude  of  oil,  or  a  little  fire  with  overmuch  wood 
quite  extinguished,  so  is  the  natural  heat  with  inunoderate  eating,  strangled  in  the 
body.  Pcrniliosa  scntinn  est  ahdomcn  insalurahile  :  one  saith,  An  insatial)le  paunch 
is  a  pernicious  sink,  and  the  fountain  of  all  diseases,  both  of  body  and  mind.  "^Mer- 
curialis  will  have  it  a  peculiar  cause  of  this  private  disease;  Solenander,  consil.  .5. 
sect.  3,  illustrates  this  of  .Mercurialis,  with  an  example  of  one  so  melancholy,  ah 
inteinpestiris  cotnmrssalionibus,  unseasonable  fi-astitig.  **Crato  confirms  as  much,  in 
that  often  cited  Counsel,  21.  lib.  2,  putting  superlluous  eating  for  a  main  cause.  But 
what  need  I  seek  farther  f<)r  proofs  .'  Hear  '^  llippDcnites  himself.  Lib.  2.  Aphor.  10. 
"  Impure  bodies  the  more  they  are  nourished,  the  uiore  they  are  hurt,  for  the  nouri'^h- 
ment  is  putrefied  with  vicious  humours." 

And  yet  for  all  this  harm,  which  apparently  follows  surfeiting  and  drunkennes:*, 
see  how  we  luxuriate  and  rage  in  this  kind ;  read  what  Johannes  Stuckius  hath 
written  lately  of  this  subject,  in  his  great  volume  De  Jintiquorum  Conviviis^  and  of 
our  present  age;  Quam  ^ portentosce  ccence^  prodigious  suppers,  *'' Qui  dum  inviiant 
ad  coenam  cfferunt  ad  srpulchrnm,  what  Fagos,  Epicures,  Apetios,  Heliogables,  our 
times  all'ord  ?  Lucullus'  ghost  walks  still,  and  every  man  desires  to  sup  in  .Apollo; 
iEsop''s  costly  dish  is  ordinarily  ser\'ed  up.  ^JMairis  ilia  juvant^  qua:  pluris  emun- 
tur.  The  dearest  cates  are  best,  and  'tis  an  ordinary  thing  to  bestow  twenty  or 
tiiirty  pounds  on  a  dish,  some  thousand  crowns  upon  a  dinner:  '*Mully-Hamet,  king 
of  Fez  and  Morocco,  spent  three  pounds  on  the  sauce  of  a  capon  :  it  is  nothinir  m 
our  tunes,  we  scorn  all  that  is  cheap.  ''  We  loathe  the  ver\'*' light  (some  of  us,  as 
Seneca  notes)  because  it  comes  free,  and  we  are  offended  with  the  sun's  heat,  and 
those  cool  blasts,  because  we  buy  them  not."  This  air  we  breathe  is  so  common, 
we  care  not  for  it ;  nothing  pleaseth  but  what  is  dear.  And  if  we  be  "  witty  in  any- 
thing, it  is  ad  gulam :  If  we  study  at  all,  it  is  erudite  luxu,  to  please  the  palate,  ant' 

"  As  lettuce  steeped  in  wine,  hirds  fed  with  fennel     titai  nimia.  »lnipura  corpora   quanio   mapiff 

and  sugar,  as  a  Pope's  conruhine  nsed  in  .\vi;;non.  I  niitris,  tanto  magis  ledis  :  puirefacit  eiiim  slitnentiin. 
Stephan.              '"  Anitnse  ne^otium  ilia  facessit,  et  de     vitiosus  humor.  "  Vul.  Goclen.  di--  portcntfwir 

tenipio  Dii  inimundiim  stabulum  farit.  Peleiiiis,  10.  c.     cwnii,  tec.  piiteani  Com.  "■"  Aiiih.  lih.  de  Jfju 

'»  Lib.  11.  c.  5'2.  Homini  cibtis  titilissimus  sirhplfx,  acer-  cap.  14.  "They  who  invite  us  to  a  Hupper,  only  cnn- 
Vatio  cirlinruin    pestifera.  et  coinliineiita   pernicinsa,     duct  us  to  our  tomb."  »  Juvenal.   ••  Th-'  hiiftie»i 

niultns   morbos  miilta  forcula  fernnt.  ^'31.  Dec.     priced     dishes     afford    the     greatMst     eralificaiion  ' 

2.  c.     Nihil   deteriiis  quam  si   tempiis  justo  lonsiiu    '•ttiiiccardin.  «>  Na.  quipxt.  4.  ra.  tilt,  fanliil'o  e«. 

coniedendo  ,)rotrahatnr,  I't  van  1  .'■•.•,,...,,,  r  ,  ,.,,,.  in^ien  gratultum,  dolet  quod  si'le,  quod  vpirituu. 
juneaiitui  :  indemuxljuruin  >>-  t^^^inere   non   p<i<t8imUH,   quo. I   lilr   a^r   non  enip'iii   "V 

naniia  hiUMMaBmur.      <'' 1>  i  'u^^fti^^&.r    ndeo   i|^u1|^k^^^iu1  quod   carum   •■'t 

Sat.s^^^HWfiili-repletiociij. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  2.]  Diet,  a  Cause.  143 

to  satisfy  the  gut.  "  A  cook  of  old  was  a  base  knave  (as  ^Livy  complains),  but  now 
a  great  man  in  request ;  cookery  is  become  an  art,  a  noble  science  :  cooks  are  gen- 
tlemen :"  Venter  Deus  :  They  wear  "  their  brains  in  their  bellies,  and  their  guts  in 
their  heads,"  as  ^''Agrippa  taxed  some  parasites  of  his  time,  rushing  on  their  own 
destruction,  as  if  a  man  should  run  upon  the  point  of  a  sword,  usque  dum  rumpaniur 
cdmedunt,  "  They  eat  till  they  burst  :*"  ®*A11  day,  all  night,  let  the  physician  say 
what  he  will,  imminent  danger,  and  feral  diseases  are  now  ready  to  seize  upon  them 
that  will  eat  till  they  vomit,  Edunt  ut  vomant.,  vomut  ut  edant,  saith  Seneca ;  which 
Dion  relates  of  Vitellius,  Solo  transitu  ciborum  nutriri  judicatus  :  His  meat  did 
pass  through  and  away,  or  till  they  burst  again.  ^Strage  animantium  ventrcm  one- 
raM/,  and  rake  over  all  the  world,  as  so  many  ^"slaves,  belly-gods,  and  land-serpents, 
Et  totus  orhis  ventri  nimis  angustus,  the  whole  world  cannot  satisfy  their  appetite. 
^"  Sea,  land,  rivers,  lakes,  &c.,  may  not  give  content  to  their  raging  guts."  To 
make  up  the  mess,  what  immoderate  drinking  in  every  place }  Senem  potiim  pota 
trahebat  anus^  how  they  flock  to  the  tavern :  as  if  they  were  fruges  consumere  nati.^ 
born  to  no  other  end  but  to  eat  and  drink,  like  Offellius  Bibulus,  that  famous  Roman 
parasite,  Qui  dum  vixit,  aut  bihit  aut  minxit ;  as  so  many  casks  to  hold  wine,  yea 
worse  than  a  cask,  that  mars  Avine,  and  itself  is  not  marred  by  it,  yet  these  are  brave 
men,  Silenus  Ebrius  was  no  braver.  Et  qucB  fuerunt  vitia.,  mores  sunt :  'tis  now  the 
fashion  of  our  times,  an  honour  :  JVi/nc  verb  res  isfa  eb  rediit  (as  Chrysost.  serm. 
30.  in  V.  Ephes.  comments)  Ut  effeminatce  ridendceque  ignavicB  loco  habeatur,  nolle 
inebriari ;  'tis  now  come  to  that  pass  that  he  is  no  gentleman,  a  very  milk-sop,  a 
clown,  of  no  bringing  up,  tliat  will  not  drink ;  fit  for  no  company ;  he  is  your  only 
gallant  that  plays  it  ofl^  finest,  no  disparagement  now  to  stagarer  in  the  streets,  reel., 
rave,  &c.,  but  much  to  his  fame  and  renown ;  as  in  like  case  Epidicus  told  Tliesprio 
his  fellow-servant,  in  the  ^*Poet.  Mdipol  facinus  improbum,  one  urged,  the  other 
replied,  Jit  jam  alii  fe cere  idem,  erit  illi  ilia  res  lionori.,  'tis  now  no  fault,  there  be  so 
many  brave  examples  to  bear  one  out ;  'tis  a  credit  to  have  a  strong  brain,  and  carry 
his  liquor  well ;  the  sole  contention  who  can  drink  most,  and  fox  his  fellow  the 
soonest.  'Tis  the  summu7n  bonum  of  our  tradesmen,  their  felicity,  life,  and  soul, 
Ta7ita  dulcedine  affectant,  saith  Pliny,  lib.  14.  cap.  12.  Ut  magna  pars  non  aliud 
vita;  prcBmium  intelligat.,  their  chief  comfort,  to  be  merry  together  in  an  alehouse  or 
tavern,  as  our  modern  Muscovites  do  in  their  mede-inns,  and  Turks  in  their  coffee- 
houses, which  much  resemble  our  taverns ;  they  will  labour  hard  all  day  long  to  be 
drunk  at  night,  and  spend  totius  anni  labores,  as  St.  Ambrose  adds,  in  a  tippling 
feast ;  convert  day  into  night,  as  Seneca  taxes  some  in  his  times,  Fervertunt  qfficia 
anoctis  et  lucis  ;  when  we  rise,  they  commonly  go  to  bed,  like  our  antipodes, 

"  Nosque  ubi  primvis  equis  oriens  afflavit  anhelis, 
lUis  sera  rubens  ascendit  lumina  vesper." 

So  did  Petronius  in  Tacitus,  Heliogabalus  in  Lampridius. 

«i> "Nodes  visilibat  ad  ipsum  I "He  drank  the  nisht  away 

Mane,  diem  totum  stertebal." |         Till  rising  dawn,  then  snored  out  all  the  day" 

Snymdiris  the  Sybarite  never  saw  the  sun  rise  or  set  so  much  as  once  in  twenty 
years.  Verres,  against  whom  Tully  so  much  inveighs,  in  Avinter  he  never  was  extra 
tectum  vix  extra  lectuvu  never  almost  out  of  bed,  "'° still  Avenching  and  drinking;  so 
did  he  spend  his  time,  and  so  do  myriads  in  our  days.  They  have  gi/mnasia  bibo- 
num,  schools  and  rendezvous ;  these  centaurs  and  lapitha;  toss  pots  and  boAvls  as  so 
many  balls;  invent  ucav  tricks,  as  sausages,  anchovies,  tobacco,  caviare,  pickled 
oysters,  herrings,  fumadoes,  kc. :  innumerable  salt  meats  to  increase  tlieir  appetite, 
and  study  how  to  hurt  themselves  by  taking  antidotes  '"to  carry  their  drink  the 
better;  *and  Avhen  nought  else  serves,  they  Avill  go  forth,  or  be  conveyed  out.  to 
empty  their  gorge,  that  they  may  return  to  drink  afresh."  They  make  laAVS,  insanas 
leges,  contra  bibcndi  fallacias,  and  *brag  of  it  Avhen  they  have  done,  crowning  that 

«  Olim  vile  mancipiiim,  nunc  in  omni  EBstimatione,  I  de  miser,  curial.  sspiautus.  sailor,  lib.  1. 

nunc  ars  haheri  oa-pta,  &c.      'J^  Epist.  28. 1.  7.  Quorum     Sat.  3.  '™  Diei  brevitas  convivils,  noctis  longi- 

in  ventre  ingenium,  in  patinis,  &c.  '^*  In  luceni    tudo  ptupris  conterebratur.  '  Et  quo  plus  capiant, 

cosiiat.    .Sertorius.  s^.Seiieca.  »"  Mancipia     irritanienta  excocitaiitur.  2  Fores  portartur  ut  ad 

gulae,  dapes  non  sapore  scd  sump''!  <F=tiniaiitps.  t-co^^JWni  reportPntut,..r%[»ta^y^^xliaiiriant,  et  ex- 
Seneca,  consol.  ad  Helvidium.  ^  Sc  \  itiuia  ^uiiuirf]  hauriri  ut  bibnnt.  Ambros.  ^^^^^^|^^sa  relut 
satiare  non  noBs^nt  flifvii  et  maria,  .<£neaB  Sylvius,  '  a^u^ntationem,  &c. 


\ 


144 


Diet^  a  Cause. 


[Part.  1.  Sect.  Z. 


man  that  is  soonest  gone,  as  their  drunken  predecessors  have  done, *quid  ego 

video?  Ps.      Cum  corona  PseudoJmn  ehrium  tuum .     And  when  they  are  dead, 

will  have  a  can  of  wine  with  *Maron's  old  woman  to  be  engraven  on  their  tombs. 
So  they  triumph  in  villany,  and  justify  their  wickedness ;  with  Rabelais,  that  French 
Lucian,  drunkenness  is  better  for  the  body  than  physic,  because  there  be  more  old 
drunkards  than  old  physicians.  IMany  such  frothy  arguments  they  have,  ®  inviting 
and  encouraging  others  to  do  as  they  do,  and  love  them  dearly  for  it  (no  glue  like 
to  that  of  good  fellowship).  So  did  Alcibiades  in  Greece ;  Nero,  Ronosus,  llelio- 
gabalus  in  Rome,  or  Alegabalus  rather,  as  he  was  styled  of  old  (as  '  Ignatius  proves 
out  of  some  old  coins).  So  do  many  great  men  still,  as  *  Ileresbacliius  observes. 
When  a  prince  drinks  till  his  eyes  stare,  like  Rilias  in  the  Poet, 


(.' 


-"ille  impi»er  bausit 


Spumantem  vino  pateram.") 


"a  thirsty  som  ; 

He  took  rhallenge  anil  iMiibriicM  the  bowl  : 

With  pU-asure  swill'd  the  eolil,  nor  censed  to  draw 

Till  he  the  bottoiu  of  the  hrinuiier  saw." 


and  comes  off  clearly,  sound  trumpets,  fife  and  drums,  the  spectators  will  applaud 
him,  "the  '"bishop  himself  (if  he  belie  them  not)  with  his  chaplain  will  stand  by 
and  do  as  much,"  O  dignum  principe  htaistum,\\\a^  done  like  a  prince.  ''Our 
Dutchmen  invite  all  comers  with  a  pail  and  a  dish,"  Velitt  infundihula  inlegras  ohbas 
exhauriunt,  ct  in  monstrosis  jjocttlis,  ipsi  monstrosi  tnonstrosius  vpolanl^  "  making 
barrels  of  their  bellies."  Incredihih'  dictu,  as  "one  of  their  own  countrymen  com- 
plains :  ^^ Quantum  Jiquoris  immodestissima  gens  capiat^  8lc.  "  How  they  love  a  man 
that  will  be  drunk,  crown  him  and  honour  him  for  it,"  hate  him  that  will  not  pledge 
him,  stab  liim,  kill  him:  a  most  intolerable  olfence,  and  not  to  be  forgiven.  '^"He 
is  a  mortal  enemy  that  will  not  drink  wilii  him,"  as  Munster  relates  of  the  Saxons. 
So  in  Poland,  he  is  the  best  servitor,  and  the  honestest  fellow,  sailh  Alexander  Ga- 
guinus,  ""that  drinketh  most  healths  to  the  honour  of  his  master,  he  shall  be 
rewarded  as  a  s^ood  servant,  and  held  the  bravest  ftllow  tliat  carries  his  liquor  best," 
when  a  brewer's  horse  will  bear  nmch  more  than  any  sturily  drinker,  yet  for  his 
noble  exploits  in  this  kind,  he  shall  be  accounted  a  most  valiant  man,  iOv  '^Tam  inter 
epuhis  furtis  vir  esse  potest  ac  in  bello.,  as  much  valour  is  to  be  found  in  fiasting  as 
in  tighting,  and  some  of  our  city  captains,  and  carpet  knights  will  make  this  gc^od,  and 
prove  it.  Thus  they  many  timeji  wilt'uUy  pervert  the  good  temperature  of  their 
bodies,  stitle  their  wits,  strangle  nature,  ant!  degenerate  into  beasts. 

Some  again  are  in  the  other  extreme,  and  draw  this  mischief  on  their  heads  by 
too  ceremonious  and  strict  diet,  being  over-precise,  cockney-Like,  and  curious  in  their 
observation  of  meats,  times,  as  that  Medicina  statica  prescribes,  just  so  many  ounces 
at  dinner,  which  Lessius  enjoins,  so  much  at  supper,  not  a  little  more,  nor  a  little 
less,  of  such  meat,  and  at  such  hours,  a  diet-drink  in  the  morning,  cock-broth,  China- 
broth,  at  dinner,  plum-broth,  a  chicken,  a  rabbit,  rib  of  a  rack  of  mutton,  wing  of  a 
capon,  the  merry-thought  of  a  hen,  kc. ;  to  sounder  bodies  this  is  too  nice  and  most 
absurd.  Others  olli-nd  in  over-much  fasting:  pining  adays,  saith  '"Guianerius,  and 
waking  anights,  as  many  Moors  and  Turks  in  these  our  times  do.  "  Anchorites, 
monks,  and  the  rest  of  that  superstitious  rank  (as  the  same  Guianerius  witnesseth, 
that  he  hath  often  seen  to  have  happened  in  his  time)  through  immoderate  fasting, 
have  been  frequently  mad."  Of  such  men  belike  Hippocrates  speaks,  1  Aphor.  5, 
when  as  he  saith,  '"''they  more  offend  in  too  sparing  diet,  and  are  worse  damnified, 
than  they  that  feed  liberally,  and  are  ready  to  surfeit. 


«  Plautus.  5  Lib.  3.  Antbol.  c.  20.  •  Gratiam 

conciliant  potando.  •  Notis  ad  C»»are9.  •  Lib.  de 
edurandis  principum  liberis.  »  Virg.  jE.  1.  i"  Idem 
Btrenui  potatoris  Episcopi  gacellanu.^,  cum  ingentem 
pateram  exiiaurit  princeps.  '•  Uohemus  in  8aioiiia. 
Adeo  immoderate  et  iiiiniodeste  ab  ipsis  bibiiur,  ut  in 
c«mpotationibu-i  suis  non  cyathis  solum  et  caiilhari:) 
sat  infundere  possinl,  sed  impletiim  miilclrale  appo- 
nant,  et  scutella  injecta  hortantiirquemlibet  ad  libitum 
potare.  '=  Dictu   incredibile,  quantum  hujusce 

liquorice  immodesta  eens  capiat,  plus  potanlem  ami- 
cisainium  taabent,  «t  eerto  coronant,  inimicissimum  6 


contra  qui  non  Tult,  et  csde  et  fustibug  expiant. 
"Qui  potare  recusat,  hoiiti.s  habetur,  et  cffde  nonnun- 
quam  rea  expiatur.  ■*  Qui  melius  bibit  pro  salute 

doiiiini,  nielior  habetur  minister.  ^'•liia-c.  Poela 

apud  Sloba-um,  ser.  18.  '"Qnlde  die  ji-junant,et 

nocte  vigilant,  facile  cadunt  in  n»elancholiam  ;  el  qui 
natune  inodtim  excedunt,  c.  5.  tract.  15.  c.  2.  Longa 
farais  toleraiiiia,  ut  iis  s^ppe  accidit  qui  tanto  cum 
fervore  Deo  sorvire  cupiunt  per  jejunium,  quod  roa- 
niaci  elliciantur,  ipse  vidi  s^pe.  ''  In  tenui  victa 

s-gri  delinquunt,  ex  quo  (it  ut  majori  afficianliir  delri- 
mento,  majorque  tit  error  tenui  quam  pleniure  viclu. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  3.]  Causes  of  Melancholy.  145 

SuBSECT.  III. — Custom  of  Diet,  Delight,  Appetite,  JVecessity,  how  they  cause  or 

hinder. 

No  rule  is  so  general,  which  admits  not  some  exception ;  to  this,  therefore,  which 
hath  been  hitherto  said,  (for  I  shall  otherwise  put  most  men  out  of  commons.)  and 
those  inconveniences  which  proceed  from  the  substance  of  meats,  an  intemperate  or 
unsieasonable  use  of  them,  custom  somewhat  detracts  and  qualifies,  according  to  that 
of  Hippocrates,  2  Aphoris.  50.  '^"  Such  things  as  we  have  been  long  accustomed  to, 
though  they  be  evil  in  their  own  nature,  yet  they  are  less  offensive."  Otherwise  it 
might  well  be  objected  that  it  were  a  mere  '^tyranny  to  live  after  those  strict  rules 
of  physic;  for  custom  ^doth  alter  nature  itself,  and  to  such  as  are  used  to  them  it 
makes  bad  meats  wholesome,  and  unseasonable  times  to  cause  no  disorder.  Cider 
and  perry  are  windy  drinks,  so  are  all  fruits  windy  in  themselves,  cold  most  part, 
yet  in  some  shires  of  ^'England,  Normandy  in  France,  Guipuscoa  in  Spain,  'tis  their 
'common  drink,  and  they  are  no  whit  offended  with  it.  In  Spain,  Italy,  and  Africa, 
they  live  most  on  roots,  raw  herbs,  camel's  ^milk,  artd  it  agrees  well  with  them  : 
which  to  a  stranger  will  cause  much  grievance.  In  Wales,  lactir.iniis  vescunfur.  as 
Humphrey  Llwyd  confesseth,  a  Carabro-Briton  himself,  in  his  elegant  epistle  to 
..  braham  Ortelius,^hey  live  most  on  white  meats  :  in  Holland  on  fish,  roots,  ^butter; 
and  so  at  this  day  in  Greece,  as  ^Bellonius  observes,  they  had  much  rather  feed  on 
fish  than  flesh.  With  us.  Maxima  pars  vic^is  in  came  consistit,  we  feed  on  flesh 
most  part,  saith  ^Polydor  Virgil,  as  all  northern  countries  do;  and  it  would  be  very 
offensive  to  us  to  live  after  their  diet,  or  they  to  live  after  ours.  We  drink  beer,  they 
wine ;  they  use  oil,  we  butter ;  we  in  the  north  are  ^  great  eaters  ;  they  most  sparing 
in  those  hotter  countries ;  and  yet  they  and  we  following  our  own  customs  are  well 
pleased.  An  Ethiopian  of  old  seeing  an  European  eat  bread,  wondered,  quomodo 
stercoribus  vescentes  viverimus,  how  we  could  eat  such  kind  of  meats :  so  much 
differed  his  coimtrj-men  from  ours  in  diet,  that  as  mine  "author  infers,  si  quis  illorum 
victum  apud  nos  aimulari  vellet ;  if  any  man  should  so  feed  with  us,  it  would  be  all 
one  to  nourish,  as  Cicuta,  Aconitum,  or  Hellebore  itself.  At  this  day  in  China  the 
common  people  live  in  a  manner  altogether  on  roots  and  herbs,  and  to  the  wealthiest, 
horse,  ass,  mule,  dogs,  cat-flesh,  is  as  delightsome  as  the  rest,  so  ^*  Mat.  Riccius  the 
Jesuit  relates,  who  lived  many  years  amongst  them.  The  Tartars  eat  raw  meat, 
and  most  commonly  ^horse-flesh,  drink  milk  and  blood,  as  the  Nomades  of  old.  Et 
lac  concretum  cum  sanguine  potat  equina.  They  scoff  at  our  Europeans  for  eating 
bread,  which  they  call  tops  of  weeds,  and  horse  meat,  not  fit  for  men ;  and  yet  Sca- 
liger  accounts  them  a  sound  and  witt)''  nation,  living  a  hundred  years ;  even  in  the 
civilest  country  of  them  they  do  thus,  as  Benedict  the  Jesuit  observed  in  his  travels, 
from  the  great  Mogul's  Court  by  land  to  Pekin,  which  Riccius  contends  to  be  the 
same  with  Cambulu  in  Cataia.  In  Scandia  their  bread  is  usually  dried  fisli,  and  so 
likewise  in  the  Shetland  Isles ;  and  their  other  fare,  as  in  Iceland,  saith  ^Dithmarus 
Bleskenius,  butter,  cheese,  and  fish  ;  their  drink  water,  their  lodging  on  the  ground. 
In  America  in  many  places  their  bread  is  roots,  their  meat  palmitos,  pinas.  potatoes, 
&.C.,  and  such  fruits.  There  be  of  them  too  that  familiarly  drink  ^'salt  sea-water  all 
their  lives,  eat  ''^raw  meat,  grass,  and  that  with  delight.  With  some,  fish,  serpents, 
.spiders :  and  in  divers  places  they  ^^eat  man's  flesh,  raw  and  roasted,  even  the  Em- 
peror **  Montezuma  himself.  In  some  coasts,  again,  *^one  tree  yields  them  cocoa- 
is  Quae  longo  tempore  consueta  sunt,  etiamsi  dete-  |  apud  nos  longe  frequentior  usus,  coniplures  quippe  de 
riora,  minus  in  assuetis  molestare  sclent.  "  Qui  !  vulgo  reperias  nulla  alia  re  vel  tenuitatis.  vel  reli- 

inedic6  vivit,  miserft  vivit.  '-»  Consuetude  altera  ;  pionis  causa  vescentes.     Equus,  Mulus,  Asellus,  Sec. 

natura.  ^ijiergfordshire,  Gloucestershire,  Wor-  !  aqu6  fer6  vescuntur  ac  pabula  omnia,  Mat.  Riccius, 


cestersiiire.  '-^Leo  Afer.  1.   1.  solo  camelorum 

lacte  contenti,  nil  prseterea  dellciarum  ambiunt. 
"Flandri  vinum  butyro  dilutum  bibunt  (nauseo  refe- 
rens)  ubique  butyrum  inter  omnia  fercula  et  bellaria 
locum  oblinet.  Steph.  prsfat.  Herod.  '<  Delec- 

tantur  Graeci  piscibus  magis  quam  carnibus.        ^^Lib. 


lib.  5.  cap.  12.  "Tartari  mulis.  equis  vescuntur 

et  crudis  carnibus,  et  fruges  contemnunt,  dicentes, 
hoc  jumentorum  pabulum  et  bonum,  non  hominum. 
-"Islandiae  descriptione  victus  corum  butyro,  lacte, 
caseo  consistit:  pisces  loco  panis  habent,  polus  aqua, 
aut  serum,  sic  vivunt  sine  medicina  multa  ad  anno» 


1.  hist.  Ang.  •«  P.  Jovius  descript.  Britonum.  They  |  200.  3i  Laet.  Occident.  Ind.  descrip.  lib.  11.  cap.  10. 
sit.  eat  and  drink  all  day  at  dinner  in  Iceland,  Mus-  I  Aquam  marinam  bibere  sueti  absque  noi4.  ^^D&- 
covy,  and  those  northern  parts.  2^  Siiidas,  vict.  '  vies  2.  voyage.  ^Patagflpp^  ^Benzoet 

Herod,  nihilo  cum  eo  melius  quam  fi  quis  Cicutam,  ,  Fer.'Cortesius,  lib.  novus  orbia  insert^  '^».  --' Lins- 
Aconitum,  &c.  -"  Eipedit.  in  Siiias.  lib.  1.  c.  3.    coften,  c.  56.    Palme  instar  totiua  orbU    arburibu* 

boreusium  hcrbarum  et  olemnw  apud  Sinas  quam  |  longMustantior. 

19  _-  ^ 


146  Retention  and  Evacuation^  Causes.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

nuts,  meat  and  drink,  fire,  fuel,  apparel ;  with  his  leaves,  oil,  vinegar,  cover  for 
houses,  &c.,  and  yet  these  men  going  naked,  feeding  coarse,  live  commonly  a  hun- 
dred years,  are  seldom  or  never  sick  ;  all  which  diet  our  physicians  forbid.  In  West- 
phalia they  feed  most  part  on  fat  meats  and  wourts,  Quickie  deep,  and  call  it  '^cere- 
hrum  lovis  :  in  the  Low  Countries  with  roots,  in  Italy  frogs  and  snails  are  used.  The 
Turks,  saith  Busbequius,  delight  most  in  fried  meats.  In  Muscovy,  garlic  and  onions 
are  ordinary  meat  and  sauce,  which  would  be  pernicious  to  such  as  are  unaccustomed 
to  them,  deliglitsome  to  others;  and  all  is  '^'because  tliey  have  been  brouglit  up  unto 
•t.,,  Husbandmen,  and  such  as  labour,  can  eat  fat  bacon,  salt  gross  meat,  hartl  clieese, 
kc,  (0  dura  mcssorum  ilia).,  coarse  bread  at  all  limes,  go  to  bed  and  labour  upon  a 
full  stomacli,  which  to  some  idle  persons  would  be  present  death,  and  is  against  the 
rules  of  physic,  so  that  custom  is  all  in  all.  Our  travellers  lind  tliis  by  common  ex- 
perience wlien  they  come  in  far  countries,  and  use  their  diet,  they  are  suddenly 
offended,^**  as  our  Hollanders  and  Englishmen  when  tliey  touch  upon  tlie  coasts  of 
Africa,  those  Indian  capes  and  islands,  arc  connnonly  molested  with  calentures, 
fluxes,  and  much  distempered  by  reason  of  their  fruits.  ^^Percffrina,  eisi  suaria^ 
Solent  vescentibus  perturbationes  insigncs  adfcrre,  strange  meats,  though  pleasant, 
cause  notable  alterations  and  distempers.  On  the  other  side,  use  or  custom  miti- 
gates or  makes  all  good  again.  JMithridates  by  often  use,  which  Pliny  wonders  at, 
was  able  to  drink  poison ;  and  a  maid,  as  Curtius  records,  sent  to  Alexander  from 
K.  Porus,  was  brought  up  with  poison  from  her  infancy.  The  Turks,  saith  Bello- 
nius,  lib.  3.  c.  15,  eat  opium  lamiliarl}-^  a  drachm  at  once,  which  we  dare  not  take  in 
grains.  ^"Garcius  ab  Horto  writes  of  one  whom  he  saw  at  Goa  in  the  &\Ht  Indies, 
that  took  ten  drachms  of  opium  in  three  days;  and  yet  consuUb  Joqufbulur^  spake 
understaiulingly,  so  jnuch  can  custom  do.  ^'Theoplirastus  speaks  of  a  shepherd 
that  could  eat  hellebore  in  substance.  And  therefore  Cardan  concludes  out  of  Galen. 
Conauetudinem  utcunque  fercndam^  nisi  ralde  rnahtm.  Custom  is  howsoever  to  be 
kept,  except  it  be  extremely  bad  :  he  adviselh  all  nien  to  keep  their  old  customs,  and 
that  by  the  authority  of  ^^Hippocrates  himself,  Dandum  aJiquid  tcmpori^  atati.,  re- 
gioni,  consuclndini^  and  therefore  to  "continue  as  they  began,  be  it  diet,  bath,  exer- 
cise, &c.,  or  whatsoever  else. 

Another  exceptiou  is  delight,  or  appetite,  to  such  and  such  meats  :  though  they 
be  hard  of  digestion,  melancholy  ;  yet  as  Fuchsius  excepts,  cap.  6.  lib.  2.  Instil,  sect.  2, 
"'^The  stomach  doth  readily  digest,  and  willingly  entertain  such  meats  we  love 

.most,  and  are  pleasing  to  us,  abhors  on  the  other  side  such  as  we  distaste."     \V'hich 
Hippocrates  CDiitirms,  Aphoris.  2.  38.     Some  cannot  endure  cheese,  out  of  a  secret 

.antipathy ;  or  to  see  a  roasted  duck,  which  to  others  is  a  ^delightsome  meat. 

The  last  exception  is  necessity,  poverty,  want,  hunger,  which  drives  men  many 
times  to  do  that  which  otherwise  they  are  loth,  cannot  endure,  and  thankfully  to 
accept  of  it :  as  beverage  in  ships,  and  in  sieges  of  great  cities,  to  feed  on  dogs,  cats. 
rats,  and  men  themselves.  Three  outlaws  hi  ^Hector  Boetliius,  being  driven  to  their 
shifts,  did  eat  raw  flesh,  and  flesh  of  such  fowl  as  they  could  catch,  in  one  of  the 
Hebrides  for  some  few  months.  These  things  do  mitigate  or  disannul  that  which 
hath  been  said  of  melancholy  meats,  and  make  it  more  tolerable ;  but  to  such  as  are 
wealthy,  live  plenteously,  at  ease,  may  take  their  choice,  and  refrain  if  they  will, 
these  viands  are  to  be  forborne,  if  they  be  inclined  to,  or  suspect  melancholy,  as 
they  tender  their  healths :  Otherwise  if  they  be  intemperate,  or  disordered  in  their 
diet,  at  theur  peril  be  it.     Qui  monet  amat,  Ave  et  cave. 

He  who  advise*  is  ynur  friend 
Farewell,  and  to  yuur  health  attend. 

SuBSECT.  IV. — Retention  and  Evacuation  a  cause,  and  hmc. 
Of  retention  and  evacuation,  there  be  divers  kinds,  which  are  either  concomitant, 
assisting,  or  sole  causes  many  times  of  melancholy.     '•'Galen  reduceth  defect  and 
abundance  to  this  head  ;  others  ^*'"  All  that  is  separated,  or  remains." 

Lips,  epist.  "'T'-rMris  ■.\<<\\,-<,-,-r-  iiiultiim.  I  perspveret.        <' Qui  f iim  voliiptat«  ai»iimonlur  eibi 

*Rep^ntii^       •■' .;    I  v>-ntriciilu8  avidius  rc>iii|i|iTiiiiir,  expeditiuitqiie  ror. 

Aphnri||^pi  ,   1.  j  ffiqiiit,  et  qua-  displlcent  avfrxatiir.  "Nothinc 

"Pi-MJK^^^^^  Miiii,  I  avaui.t  .1  pa««l4M«nMi.  a«  iIm'  n.-iyinir  ia.  "Lib 

'   ^.  e.  19.  D^^^^^^^     '- AiiUiHs.  17.     .^         In     ill-    ^     t  «'10.arti«.         «>Uue  eicernuntur  au' 

Jubiiif— ^'^ "^ —  *■'  — 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  4.]  Retention  and  Evacuation,  Causes.  147 

Costiveness.]  In  the  first  rank  of  these,  I  may  well  reckon  up  costiveness,  and 
keeping  in  of  our  ordinary  excrements,  which  as  it  often  causeth  other  diseases,  so  this 
of  melancholy  in  particular.  ""^Celsus,  lib.  1.  cap.  3,  saith,  "  It  produceth  inflamma- 
tion of  the  head,  dulness,  cloudiness,  headache,"  &c.  Prosper  Calenus,  Uh.  de  atra 
bile,  will  have  it  distemper  not  the  organ  only,  ^°"  but  the  mind  itself  by  troubling 
of  it :"  and  sometimes  it  is  a  sole  cause  of  madness,  as  you  may  read  in  the  lirst 
book  of  ^'  Skenkius's  jMedicinal  Observations.  A  young  merchant  going  to  Nordeling 
fair  in  Germany,  for  ten  days'  space  never  went  to  stool ;  at  his  return  he  was 
^grievously  melancholy,  thinking  that  he  was  robbed,  and  would  not  be  persuaded 
but  that  all  his  money  was  gone ;  his  friends  thought  he  had  some  philtrum  given 
him,  but  Cnelius,  a  physician,  being  sent  for,  found  his  ^^  costiveness  alone  to  be  the 
cause,  and  thereupon  gave  him  a  clyster,  by  Avhich  he  was  speedily  recovered. 
Trincavellius,  consult.  35.  lib.  1,  saith  as  much  of  a  melancholy  lawyer,  to  whom 
he  administered  physic,  and  Rodericus  a  Fonseca,  consult.  85.  tom.  2,  ^of  a  patient 
of  his,  that  for  eight  days  was  bound,  and  therefore  melancholy  affected.  Other 
retentions  and  evacuations  tliere  are,  not  simply  necessary,  but  at  some  times ;  as 
Fernelius  accounts  them.  Path.  lib.  1.  cap.  15,  as  suppression  of  haemorrhoids, 
monthly  issues  in  women,  bleeding  at  nose,  immoderate  or  no  use  at  all  of  Venus  : 
or  any  other  ordinary  issues. 

^'Detention  of  hfcmorrlioids,  or  monthly  issues,  Villanovanus  Breviar.  lib.  I.  cap. 
18.  Arculanus,  cap.  16.  in  9.  Rhasis,  Vittorius  Faventinus,  pract.  mag.  Tract.  2.  cap. 
15.  Bruel,  &.c.  put  for  ordinary  causes.  Fuchsius,  1.  2.  sect.  5.  c.  30,  goes  farther, 
and  saith,  ^^^  That  many  men  unseasonably  cured  of  the  haemorrhoids  have  been 
corrupted  with  melancholy,  seeking  to  avoid  Scylla,  they  fall  into  Charybdis.  Galen, 
I.  de  hum.  commen.  3.  ad  text.  26,  illustrates  this  by  an  example  of  Lucius  JIartius, 
whom  he  cured  of  madness,  contracted  by  this  means  :  And  "  Skenkius  hath  two 
other  instances  of  two  melancholy  and  mad  women,  so  caused  from  the  suppression 
of  their  months.  The  same  may  be  said  of  bleeding  at  the  nose,  if  it  be  suddenly 
stopped,  and  have  been  formerly  used,  as  °*  \^illanovanus  urgeth :  And  ^^  Fuchsius, 
lib.  2.  sect.  5.  cap.  33,  stilHy  maintains,  "  That  without  great  danger,  such  an  issue 
may  not  be  stayed." 

Venus  omitted  produceth  like  effects.  Mathiolus,  ejpist.  5. 1,  penult.,  ^^  <•' avoucheth 
of  his  knowledge,  that  some  through  bashfulness  abstained  from  venery,  and  there- 
upon became  very  heavy  and  dull ;  and  some  others  that  were  very  timorous,  me- 
lancholy, and  beyond  all  measure  sad."  Oribasius,  med.  collect.  I.  6.  c.  37,  speaks 
of  some,  ^' "  That  if  they  do  not  use  carnal  copulation,  are  continually  troubled 
with  heaviness  and  headache ;  and  some  in  the  same  case  by  intermission  of  it." 
Not  use  of  it  hurts  many,  Arculanus,  c.  6.  in  9.  Rhasis,  et  Magninus,  part.  3.  cap.  5, 
think,  because  it  ^^"  sends  up  poisoned  vapours  to  the  brain  and  heart."  And  so 
doth  Galen  himself  hold,  "  That  if  this  natural  seed  be  over-long  kept  (in  some 
parties)  it  turns  to  poison."  Hieronymus  jMercurialis,  in  his  chapter  of  ^Melancholy, 
cites  it  for  an  especial  cause  of  this  malady,  "Priapismus,  Satyriasis,  Stc.  Haliabbas, 
5.  Theor.  c.  36,  reckons  up  this  and  many  other  diseases.  Villanovanus  Breviar.  I.  1. 
c.  18,  .saith,  "He  knew  ^^many  monks  and  widows  grievously  troubled  with  melan- 
choly, and  tliat  from  this  sole  cause.  ''^Ludovicus  Mercatus,  I.  2.  de  mulierum  affect. 
cap.  4,  and  Rodericus  a  Castro,  de  morbis  nnilier.  I.  2.  c.  3,  treat  largely  of  this  sub- 
ject, and  will  have  it  produce  a  peculiar  kind  of  melancholy  in  stale  maids,  nuns, 
and  widows,  Ob  suppressioncm  mensium  et  venercm  omissam,  timidce,  moestiP.,  anxicp, 
verecund(2,  suspiciosce,  languentes,  consilii  inopes,  cum  summa  vitcp.  et  rerum  melio- 
rum  desperatione,  Stc,  they  are  melancholy  in  the  highest  degree,  and  all  for  want 

«Ex  ventre  suppresso,  inflamniationes,  capitis  do-  coitu  abstinentes,  turpidos,  pigrosque  factos  ;  nonnul- 
lores,   calisiiies  crescunt.  '"Excrementa   retpnta    I05  etiam  melancholicns,  prKter  tnoduni  ma??tos.  timi-, 

mentis  agitationem  parere  snient.  ''  Cap.  de  Mel.  ,  dnsque.  «■  Nonnulli   nisi   coeant   assidufi   capitis 

6i  Tani  delirus,  ut  vix  se  honiineni  acnosceret.        ^  Al-  ,  gravitate  infestantur.    Dicit  se  novisse  quosdam  tristes 


VMS  astrictus  causa.  sjper  octodies  alvum  siccum 

hahet,  et  nihil  reddit.  ^  Sive  per  nares,  sive  hae- 

morrlinides.  -e  Miilti  intempestive  ab  ha;niorrhoidi- 
bus  ciirati,  melancholia  corrupti  sunt.  Incidit  in  Scyl- 
latn,  &c.  s'  I,ib.  1.  de  Mania.  ■''■  Breviar.  1.  ~. 

c.  IS.  'ONon  sine   magno  iiioommndn  eju=,  cui 

sanenis  a  naribns  promanat,  noxii  sanguinis  vacuatio 
impediri  potest.  «>Nf,vi  quosdani  prEB  pudore  & 


el  ita  factos  ex  interinissione  Veneris.  '■-  Vapores 

venenatos  mittitsperma  ad  cor  et  cerebrum.  Spernia 
pill?  din  retentum,  transit  in  venenum.  '^  graves 

prodiicif  corporis  et  animi  cegritudines.  ^'  Ex  sper- 
niate  supra  modum  retento  monacbosxt  viduas  me- 
lancholicos  s*pe  fieri  vidi.  eeMelanch'-ln  firia  4 

yasis  seminariis  in  utero. 


Its  Retention  and  Evacuation^  Causes.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2 

of  husbands,  ^lianus  Montaltus,  cap.  37.  de  melanchol.^  confirms  as  much  out  of 
Galen;  so  doth  Wierus,  Christoferus  a  Vega  de  art.  med.  lib.  3.c.  14,  relates  many 
such  examples  of  men  and  women,  that  he  had  seen  so  melancholy.  Foelix  Plater 
jn  the  first  book  of  his  Observations,  *^"  tells  a  story  of  an  ancient  gentleman  in 
Alsatia,  that  married  a  young  wife,  and  Avas  not  able  to  pay  his  debts  in  that  kind 
for  a  long  time  together,  by  reason  of  his  several  infirmities  :  but  she,  because  of  this 
inhibition  of  Venus,  fell  into  a  horrible  fury,  and  desired  every  one  that  came  to  see 
lier,  by  words,  looks,  and  gestures,  to  have  to  do  with  her,  &.c."  "  Bernardus  Pater- 
nus,  a  physician,  saith,  "  He  knew  a  good  honest  godly  priest,  that  because  he  would 
neither  willingly  marry,  nor  make  use  of  the  stews,  fell  into  grievous  melancholy 
fits."  Hildesheim,  spicel.  2,  hath  such  another  example  of  an  Italian  melancholy 
priest,  in  a  consultation  had  Jlnno  1580.  Jason  Pratensis  gives  instance  in  a  married 
man,  that  from  his  wife's  death  abstaining,  ^^'  after  marriage,  became  exceeilingly  me- 
lancholy," Rodericus  a  Fonseca  in  a  young  man  so  misaffected,  Tom.  2.  consult.  85. 
To  these  you  may  add,  if  you  please,  that  conceited  tale  of  a  Jew,  so  visited  in  like 
sort,  and  so  cured,  out  of  Poggius  Florentinus. 

Intemperate  Venus  is  all  but  as  bad  in  the  other  extreme.  Galen,  /.  6.  de  mnrhis  popu- 
lar, sect.  a.  text.  26,  reckons  up  melancholy  amongst  those  diseases  which  are  ''*"  ex- 
asperated by  venery  :"  so  doth  Avicenna,  2,  3,  c.  11.  Oribasius,  loc.  citat.  Ficinus, 
lib.  2.  de  sanitate  tuendn.  Marsilius  Cognatus,  Montaltus,  cap.  27.  Gnianerin-^, 
Tract.  3.  cap.  2.  Magninus,  cap.  fi.  part.  3,  '"gives  the  reason,  because  "^'■it  infri- 
gidates  and  dries  up  the  body,  consumes  the  spirits ;  and  would  therefore  have  all 
such  as  are  cold  and  dry  to  take  heed  of  and  to  avoid  it  as  a  mortal  enemy."  Jac- 
chinus  in  9  Rhasis.,  cap.  15,  ascribes  the  same  cause,  and  instanceth  in  a  patient  of 
his,  that  married  a  young  wife  in  a  hot  summer,  '^''and  so  dried  himself  with  cham- 
ber-work, that  he  became  in  short  space  from  melancholy,  mad  :"  he  cured  him  by 
moistening  remedies.  The  like  example  I  find  in  Lfclius  a  Fonte  Engubinus,  consult. 
129,  of  a  gentleman  of  Venice,  that  upon  the  same  occasion  was  first  melancholy, 
afterwards  mad.     Read  in  him  the  story  at  large. 

Any  other  evacuation  stopped  will  cause  it,  as  well  as  these  above  named,  be  it 
bile,  "^  ulcer,  issue,  Stc,  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  lib.  I.e.  16,  and  Gordonius,  verify 
this  out  of  their  experience.  They  saw  one  wounded  in  the  head  who  as  long  as 
the  sore  was  open,  Lucida  habuit  mentis  intervalla.,  was  well ;  but  when  it  was 
stopped,  Rediit  melancholia.,  his  melancholy  fit  seized  on  him  again. 

Artificial  evacuations  are  much  like  in  effect,  as  hot  houses,  baths,  blood-letting, 
purging,  unseasonably  and  immoderately  used.  ''^  Baths  dry  too  much,  if  used  in  ex- 
cess, be  they  natural  or  artificial,  and  oflend  extreme  hot,  or  cold  \  '^  one  dries,  the 
other  refrigerates  overmuch.  Montanus,  consil.  137,  saith,  they  over-heat  the  liver. 
Job.  Struthius,  Stigmat.  artis.  I.  4.  c.  9,  contends,  "*'•'  that  if  one  stay  longer  than  or- 
dinary at  the  bath,  go  in  too  oft,  or  at  unseasonable  times,  he  putrefies  the  humours 
in  his  body."  To  this  purpose  writes  Magninus,  /.  3.  c.  5.  Guianerius,  Tract.  15. 
c.  21,  utterly  disallows  all  hot  baths  in  melancholy  adust.  ""I  saw  (saith  he)  a  man 
that  laboured  of  the  gout,  who  to  be  freed  of  this  malady  came  to  the  bath,  and  was 
instantly  cured  of  his  disease,  but  got  another  worse,  and  that  was  madness."  But 
this  judgment  varies  as  the  humour  doth,  in  hot  or  cold  :  baths  may  be  good  for  one 
melancholy  man,  bad  for  another;  that  which  will  cure  it  in  this  party,  may  cause 
it  in  a  second. 

Phlebotomy.]  Phlebotomy,  many  times  neglected,  may  do  much  harm  to  the  body, 
when  there  is  a  manifest  redundance  of  bad  humours,  and  melancholy  blood;  and 
when  these  humours  heat  and  boil,  if  this  be  not  used  in  time,  the  parties  afTected, 

«NobiIis  senex  Alsatus  juvenem  uxorem  duiit,  at  i  corpus,  gpiritus  consumit,  &c.  caveant  ab  hoc  sieci,  ve- 
ille  colico  dolore,  et  niultis  inorbis  correptus,  non  po-  i  lut  iniinico  niortali.  '-  Ita  exsiccatiis  ut  6  melancho- 
tuit  prrestare  offlciiiin  mariti,  vix  inito  matrimonio  lico  atatitn  fuerit  insanus,  ab  humectanlibus  ciiratiis. 
efrotus.     Ilia  in  horrendiim  furorum  incidit,  ob  Ve-  p^  Ex  cauterio  et  ulcere  exsiccato.  i*Gord.  c.  IOl 

Herein  cohibitam  ut  omnium  earn  invisentium  con-  I  lib.  1.  Discommends  cold  baths  as  noxious.  '■•  Sic- 
pressum,  voce,  vultii,  pestii  expeteret,  et  quum  non  'cum  reddunt  corpus.  ■=«  ^^i  quis  Inniilus  mori-tur 

ronsentirent,  molossos  Anslicanos  masno  expetiit  cla-  in  iia,  aut  nimis  frequenter,  aut  impurtun^  utainr, 
more.  c- Vidi  gacerdotem  optimum  et  pinm.  qui     hiimor<-«  piilreCirjt.  "  E20  anno  superiore.  qii 


i)iiod  nolI^ygliMH^M^ia  melancholica  s^yiuptumala    d  iin  L'iiti"-uiij  \  nli  ndui^tum,  qui  ut  llbt-rarelur  de  gut- 
incidil^^^^^^^^Bbienl|M^>  cuncubitu  incidit  in  1  i:i. 
mei^nR^^^^^^^B^tiK^  coitD  esacerbantur.  '  faciii^ 


incid_^^^^^^^^^^|^ld||^&  cuncubitu  incidit  in  1  i:i.  ml  Inlnfa  :ici.c:iAit,  el  de  gutta  liberatus,  inanlaciu 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  5.]  Bad  Air,  a  Cattse.  149 

so  inflamed,  are  in  great  danger  to  be  mad  ]  but  if  it  be  unadvisedly,  importunely, 
immoderately  used,  it  doth  as  much  harm  by  refrigerating  the  body,  dulling  the 
spirits,  and  consuming  them:  as  Joh.  "* Curio  in  his  10th  chapter  well  reprehends,  such 
kind  of  letting  blood  doth  more  hurt  than  good:  ™"The  humours  rage  much  more 
than  they  did  before,  and  is  so  far  from  avoiding  melancholy,  that  it  increaseth  it,  and 
weakeneth  the  sight."  ^Prosper  Calenus  observes  as  much  of  all  phlebotomy,  except 
they  keep  a  very  good  diet  after  it ;  yea,  and  as  *'  Leonartis  Jacchinus  speaks  out  of 
his  own  experience,  *'^''' The  blood  is  much  blacker  to  many  men  after  their  letting 
of  blood  tlian  it  was  at  first."  For  this  cause  belike  Salust.  Salvinianus,  Z.  2.  c.  1, 
will  admit  or  hear  of  no  blood-letting  at  all  in  this  disease,  except  it  be  manifest  it 
proceed  from  blood  :  he  was  (it  appears)  by  his  own  words  in  that  place,  master  of 
an  hospital  of  mad  men,  ^"and  found  by  long  experience,  that  this  kind  of  evacua- 
tion, either  in  head,  arm,  or  any  other  part,  did  more  harm  than  good."  To  this 
opinion  of  his,  ^■*Foelix  Plater  is  quite  opposite,  •■'  though  some  wink  at,  disallow  and 
quite  contradict  all  phlebotomy  in  melancholy,  yet  by  long  experience  I  have  found 
innumerable  so  saved,  after  they  had  been  twenty,  nay,  sixty  times  let  blood,  and  to 
live  happily  after  it.  It  was  an  ordinary  thing  of  old,  in  Galen's  time,  to  take  at  once 
from  such  men  six  pounds  of  blood,  which  now  we  dare  scarce  take  in  ounces :  scd 
vidcrint  medlc'i ;"  great  books  are  written  of  this  subject. 

Purging  upward  and  downward,  in  abundance  of  bad  humours  omitted,  may  be 
for  the  worst ;  so  likewise  as  in  the  precedent,  if  overmuch,  too  frequent  or  violent, 
it  ^^  weakeneth  their  strength,  saith  Fuchsius,  I.  2.  sect.  2  c.  17,  or  if  they  be  strong 
or  able  to  endure  physic,  yet  it  brings  them  to  an  ill  habit,  they  niake  their  bodies 
no  better  than  apothecaries'  shops,  this  and  such  like  iniirmities  must  needs  follow 

SuBSECT.  V. — Bad  Air,  a  cause  of  Melancholy. 

Air  is  a  cause  of  great  moment,  in  producing  this,  or  any  other  disease,  being  that 
it  is  still  taken  into  our  bodies  by  respiration,  and  our  more  inner  parts.  ^^-^  If  it  be 
impure  and  foggy,  it  dejects  the  spirits,  and  causeth  diseases  by  infection  of  the 
heart,"  as  Paulus  hath  it,  lib.  1.  c.  49.  Avicenna,  lib.  1.  Gal.  de  san.  tuendd.  Mer- 
curialis,  Montaltus,  &c.  ^'Fernelius  saith,  "A  thick  air  thickeneth  the  blood  and  hu- 
mours." ^^Lemnius  reckons  up  two  main  things  most  profitable,  and  most  pernicious 
to  our  bodies ;  air  and  diet :  and  this  peculiar  disease,  nothing  sooner  causeth  *^(  Jo- 
bertus  holds)  "  than  the  air  wherein  we  breathe  and  live."  ^^  Such  as  is  the  air,  such 
be  our  spirits ;  and  as  our  spirits,  such  are  our  humours.  It  offends  commonly  if  it 
be  too  ^'  hot  and  dry,  thick,  fuliginous,  cloudy,  blustering,  or  a  tempestuous  air. 
Bodine  in  his  fifth  Book,  De  rcjnih.  cap.  1,  5,  of  his  Method  of  History,  proves  that 
hot  countries  are  most  troubled  with  melancholy,  and  that  there  are  therefore  in 
Spain,  Africa,  and  Asia  Minor,  great  numbers  of  mad  men,  insomuch  that  they  are 
compelled  in  all  cities  of  note,  to  build  peculiar  hospitals  for  them.  Leo  ^^Afer,  lib.  3. 
de  Fessa  urbe,  Ortelius  and  Zuinger,  confirm  as  much  :  they  are  ordinarily  so  choleric 
in  their  speeches,  that  scarce  two  words  pass  without  railing  or  cliiding  in  common 
talk,  and  often  quan-elling  in  their  streets.  *^Gordonius  will  have  every  man  take 
notice  of  it :  "  Note  this  (saith  he)  that  in  hot  countries  it  is  far  more  familiar  than 
in  cold."  Although  this  we  have  now  said  be  not  continually  so,  for  as  ^'Acosia 
truly  saith,  under  the  Equator  itself,  is  a  most  temperate  habitation,  wholesome  air, 
a  paradise  of  pleasure  :  the  leaves  ever  green,  cooling  showers.  But  it  holds  in  such 
as  are  intemperately  hot,  as  ^^Johannes  a  Meggen  found  in  Cyprus,  others  in  Malta, 


''On  Schola  Salernitana.  "Calefactio  et  ebiil- 

litio  per  veiiie  incisionem,  ma^is  sa;pe  incitatur  et 
aiiiretur,  majore  impetu  liuiiinres  per  corpus  discur- 
riint.  *■"  Lib.  de  flatulenta  Melancholia.    Froqiiens 

sanguinis  missio  corpus  extenuat.  »'  In  9  Rliasis, 

airam   bilem  parit,  et  visum  dcbilitat.  '•-Miilto 

nigrior  spectalur  sanguis  post  dies  quosdani,  quim 
fuit  ab  initio.  '■3  Non  lando  eos  qui  in  desipientia 

dooent  secandam  esse  venani  froiitis,  quia  spiriius  de- 


hac  ratione  sanatos  longa  observatione  cognovi,  qui 
vigesies,  sexagies  venas  tundendo,  &c.  f^  Vires 

debilitat.  ''^Inipurus  aer  spiriius  dejicit,  infecto 

corde   gignit  niorbos.  >■' Sanguinem   densat,   et 

huniores,  P.  1.  c.  13.  f* Lib.  3.  cap.  3.  --'Lib. 

de  quartana.     Ex  acre  ambiente  contrabitnr  humor 
nielanchnlicus.  "'Qualis   aer,   talis   spiritus  •   et 

cujusmodi  spiritus,  huniores.  9'  jElianus  Montal- 

tus, c.  11.  calidus  et  siccus,  frigidus  et  siccii.?.  paludi- 


bilitatur  inde,  et  ego  \«u'n\.  e.xperientia  ohserva\'i  in  '  nosus,  crassns.  "-i  Mnlta  hie  in  Xenndochiis  fana- 

proprio  Xeiindochio,  qufpd  desJiiiiMites  cx  pbleboloinia  t  ticnrurn  niillia  qui  striclissim6  catenata  sf-rvantur 
niagis  KTdunlur,  et  niai;i.->  di>i|)iiiiit,  vi  iiu-lantluilici  I '•'■' Lib.  med.  part.  2.  c.  19.  Tntellige,  quod  in  raluiis 
sfepe  fiunt  inde  pejore^.— ♦•  *41)e  iiitiitis  aljenat.  regionibus,  frequenter  accidit  mania,  in  frigidi;  au- 
cap.  3.  eisi  in^j^s  boc  impiob^se  sciam,  innumerosi  tern  mJ|,  **  Lib.  ^  tyjMBfcJlii't  cap*." 


^ 
^ 


150 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  l.Sec.  2 


Aupulia,  and  the  *  Holy  Land,  where  at  some  seasons  of  the  year  is  nothing  but  dust, 
their  rivers  dried  up,  the  air  scorching  hot,  and  earth  inflamed ;  insomuch  that  many 
pilgrims  going  barefoot  for  devotion  sake,  from  Joppa  to  Jerusalem  upon  the  hot 
sands,  often  run  mad,  or  else  quite  overwhelmed  with  sand,  profimdis  arenis,  as  in 
many  parts  of  Africa,  Arabia  Deserta,  Bactriana,  now  Charassan,  when  the  west  wind 
blows  "'Involutl  arenis  Iranseunles  nccanlur.  ^  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  a  professor  in 
Venice,  gives  this  cause  why  so  many  Venetian  women  are  melancholy,  Quod  diu 
sub  sole  degant,  they  tarry  too  long  in  the  sun.  IMontanus,  consil.  21,  amongst  other 
causes  assigns  this  ;  Why  that  Jew  his  patient  was  mad.  Quod  tain  muUum  exposuit  se 
cnlori  et  f rigor i :  he  exposed  himself  so  much  to  heat  and  cold,  and  for  that  reason  in 
Venice,  there  is  little  stirring  in  those  brick  paved  streets  in  sunnner  about  noon,  they 
are  most  part  then  asleep  :  as  they  are  likewise  in  the  great  MogoPs  countries,  and  all 
over  the  East  Indies.  At  Aden  in  Arabia,  as^'Lodovicus  Vertomannus  relates  in  his  tra- 
vels, they  keep  their  markets  in  the  night,  to  avoid  extremity  of  heat ;  and  in  Ormus, 
like  cattle  in  a.  pasture,  people  of  all  sorts  lie  up  to  the  chin  in  water  all  day  long.  At 
Braga  in  Portugal ;  Burgos  in  Castile ;  Messina  in  Sicily,  all  over  Spain  and  Italy,  their 
streets  are  most  part  narrow,  to  avoid  the  sunbeams.  The  Turks  wear  great  turbans 
ud  fugandos  solis  radios,  to  refract  the  sunbeams  ;  and  much  inconvenience  that  hot 
air  of  Bantam  in  Java  yields  to  our  men,  that  sojourn  there  for  traffic ;  where  it  is 
so  hot,  '*'•'  that  they  that  are  sick  of  the  pox,  lie  commonly  bleaching  in  tlie  sun,  to 
dry  up  their  sores."  Such  a  complaint  I  read  of  those  isles  of  Cape  Verde,  fourteen  de- 
grees from  the  Equator,  they  do  male  andire  :  'One  calls  them  the  uidiealthiest  clime 
of  the  world,  for  (luxes,  fevers,  frenzies,  calentures,  which  commonly  seize  on  seafar- 
ing men  that  touch  at  them,  and  all  by  reason  of  a  hot  distemperature  of  the  air.  The 
hardiest  men  are  oflended  with  this  heat,  and  stillest  clowns  cannot  resist  it,  as  Con- 
stantine  affirms,  Agricull.  I.  2.  c.  45.  They  that  are  naturally  born  in  such  air,  may 
not  -endure  it,  as  Niger  records  of  some  part  of  .Mesopotamia,  now  called  Diarbecha 
Quihusdam  in  locisscBi-ieiiti  ceslui  adeo  subjecta  est^ut  pleruque  aninudia  fcrvore  solis 
el  cceli  extinguanlur,  'tis  so  hot  there  in  some  places,  that  men  of  the  country  and 
cattle  are  killed  with  it ;  and  '.Adricomius  of  Arabia  Felix,  by  reason  of  myrrh,  frank- 
incense, and  hot  spices  there  growing,  the  air  is  so  obnoxious  to  their  brains,  that 
the  very  inhabitants  at  some  times  cannot  abide  it,  much  less  weaklings  and  strangers. 
■•Amatus  Lusilanus,  cent.  1.  curat.  45,  reports  of  a  young  maid,  tiiat  was  one  V^incent 
a  currier'-s  daughter,  some  thirteen  years  of  age,  that  would  wash  her  hair  in  the  lieat 
of  the  day  (in  July)  and  so  let  it  dry  in  the  sun,  *"to  make  it  yellow,  but  by  that 
means  tarrying  too  long  in  the  heat,  she  inflamed  her  head,  and  made  herself  mad." 
Cold  air  in  the  other  extreme  is  almost  as  bad  as  hot,  and  so  doth  Montaltus  esteem 
of  it,  c.  1 1,  if  it  be  dry  withal.  In  those  northern  countries,,  the  people  are  therefore 
generally  dull,  heavy,  and  many  witches,  which  (as  I  have  before  quoted)  Saxo  Gram- 
maticus,  Olaus,  Baptista  Porta  ascribe  to  melancholy.  But  these  cold  climes  are 
more  subject  to  natural  melancholy  (not  this  artificial)  which  is  cold  and  dry  :  for 
which  cause  ^Mercurius  Britaimicus  belike  puts  melancholy  men  to  inhabit  just  un- 
der the  Pole.  The  worst  of  the  three  is  a  'thick,  cloudy,  misty,  foggy  air,  or  such 
as  come  from  fens,  moorish  grounds,  lakes,  muckhills,  draughts,  sinks,  where  any 
carcasses,  or  carrion  lies,  or  from  whence  any  stinking  fulsome  smell  comes  :  Galen, 
Avicenna,  Mercurialis,  new  and  old  physicians,  hold  that  such  air  is  unwholesome, 
and  engenders  melancholy,  plagues,  and  what  not  ?  ^Alexandretta,  an  haven-town  in 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  Saint  Juhn  de  Ulloa,  an  haven  in  Nova-Hispania,  are  much 
condemned  for  a  bad  air,  so  are  Durazzo  in  Albania,  Lithuania,  Ditmarsh,  Pomptinae 
PaUides  in  Italy,  the  territories  about  Pisa,  Ferrara,  &c.  Komney  Marsh  with  us ;  the. 
Hundreds  in  Essex,  the  fens  in  Lincolnshire.  Cardan,  de  rerwn  varietate.,  I.  17,  c.  'J6, 
finds  fault  Mith  the  sight  of  those  rich,  and  most  populous  cities  in  the  Low  Coun 


^  Apulia  ajslivo  calore   maxiind  fervet,  ita  ut  ante 
rineni   Mail  pene  exusl;i  sit.  '•••••  They  perish  in 

clouds  of  sand."     Maginus  Pers.  ^^  I'anllieo  scu 

Prart.  nied.  I.  1.  cap.  16.  Venetje  mulieres  qua?  diu 
BUb  sol-  viviint.  aliquando  iiiel.iiittiolica;  cv.uliir.i 
^Navi  4.  coiiiniercia  node,  lion 

6b    nil:  '  viuiit    intordiu    Kstus    ' 

borantes,  exponunt  ad  £< 


Observaiipns,  sect.  13.  'Hippocrates,  3.  .\phoris- 

morum   idem   ait.  *Ideni   Maginus   in    PerHia 

<  Descrip.  Ter.  sanctat!.  'Quurii  ad  t^olis  radios 

in  leone  longam  niorani  traheret,  ut  capillo:)  nlavos 
r'dderct,   in   nianiani  incidit.  <  Mundus  alter  et 

in,   seu   Terra  Auslralis   incn(»nila.  ^  CrasiiiM 

lurpidus  a»!r,  tri^lyiyillicit  aniinam.  "Com- 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  6.]  Bad  Air,  a  Cause.  15) 

tries,  as  Bniges,  Ghent,  Amsterdam,  Leyden,  Utrecht,  Sec.  the  air  is  bad ;  and  so  at 
Slockliohn  in  Sweden ;  Regium  in  lialy,  Salisbury  with  us,  Hull  and  Lynn :  they 
may  be  commodious  for  navigation,  this  new  kind  of  fortification,  and  many  oiher 
good  necessary  uses ;  but  are  they  so  wholesome }  Old  Rome  hath  descended  from 
the  hills  to  the  valley,  'tis  the  site  of  most  of  our  new  cities,  and  held  best  to  build 
in  plains,  to  take  the  opportunity  of  rivers.  Leander  Albertus  pleads  hard  for  the  air 
and  site  of  Venice,  though  the  black  moorish  lands  appear  at  every  low  water :  the 
sea,  fire,  and  smoke  (as  he  thinks)  qualify  the  air;  and  ^some  suppose,  that  a  thick 
foorgy  air  helps  the  memory,  as  in  them  of  Pisa  in  Italy ;  and  our  Camden,  out  of 
Plato,  commends  the  site  of  Cambridge,  because  it  is  so  near  the  fens.  But  let  the 
site  of  such  places  be  as  it  may,  how  can  they  be  excused  that  have  a  delicious  seat, 
a  pleasant  air,  and  all  that  nature  can  afford,  and  yet  through  their  own  nastiness, 
and  sluttishness,  immund  and  sordid  manner  of  life,  suffer  their  air  to  putrefy,  and 
themselves  to  be  chocked  up  ?  j\Iany  cities  in  Turkey  do  wiaZe  audire  in  this  kind  : 
Constantinople  itself,  where  commonly  carrion  lies  in  the  street.  Some  find  the  same 
fault  in  Spain,  even  in  jMadrid,  the  king's  seat,  a  most  excellent  air,  a  pleasant  site ; 
but  the  inliabitants  are  slovens,  and  the  streets  uncleanly  kept. 

A  troublesome  tempestuous  air  is  as  bad  as  impure,  rough  and  foul  weather,  im- 
petuous winds,  cloudy  dark  days,  as  it  is  commonly  with  us,  Cxliitu  visu  fccdwi^ 
'Tolydore  calls  it  a  filthy  sky,  et  in  quo  facile  generantur  nuhes  ;  as  Tully's  brother 
Quintus  wrote  to  him  in  Rome,  being  then  Quaestor  in  Britain.  "In  a  thick  and 
cloudy  air  (saith  Lemnius)  men  are  tetric,  sad,  and  peevish :  And  if  the  western 
Avinds  blow,  and  that  there  be  a  calm,  or  a  fair  sunshine  day,  there  is  a  kind  of 
alacrity  in  men's  minds ;  it  cheers  up  men  and  beasts  :  but  if  it  be  a  turbulent,  rough, 
cloudy,  stormy  weather,  men  are  sad,  lumpish,  and  much  dejected,  angry,  waspish, 
dull,  and  melancholy."     This  was  "Virgil's  experiment  of  old, 

Veruni  ubi  tempestas,  et  coeti  niobilis  humor  I  "  But  when  the  face  of  Heaven  changed  is 

Mutavore  vices,  et  Jupiter  humidus  Austro,  |  To  tempests,  rain,  from  season  fair; 

Vertuntur  species  animorum,  et  pectore  niotus  I  Our  minds  are  altered,  and  in  our  breasts 

Ck)ncipiunt  alios" I  Forthwith  some  new  conceits  appear." 

And  who  is  not  weather-wise  against  such  and  such  conjunctions  of  planets,  moved 
in  foul  weather,  dull  and  heavy  in  such  tempestuous  seasons  ?  ^^Gelidutn  conlrislat 
Aquarius  annum  :  the  time  requires,  and  the  autumn  breeds  it ;  winter  is  like  unto 
it,  ugly,  foul,  squalicf,  the  air  works  on  all  men,  more  or  less,  but  especially  on  such 
as  are'  melancholy,  or  inclined  to  it,  as  Lemnius  holds,  '^  "•  They  are  most  moved 
with  it,  and  those  which  are  already  mad,  rave  downright,  eitlier  in,  or  against  a 
tempest.  Besides,  the  devil  many  times  takes  his  opportunity  of  such  storms,  and 
when  the  humours  by  the  air  be  stirred,  he  goes  in  with  them,  exagitates  our  spirits, 
and  vexeth  our  souls ;  as  the  sea  waves,  so  are  the  spirits  and  humours  in  our  bodies 
tossed  with  tempestuous  winds  and  storms."  To  such  as  are  melancholy  therefore, 
Montanus,  consil.  24,  will  have  tempestuous  and  rough  air  to  be  avoided,  and  consil. 
27,  all  night  air,  and  would  not  have  them  to  walk  abroad,  but  in  a  pleasant  day. 
Lemnius,  I.  3.  c.  3,  discommends  the  south  and  eastern  winds,  commends  the  north. 
Montanus,  consil.  3L  '■"'  Will  not  any  windows  to  be  opened  in  the  night."  Consil. 
229.  et  consil.  230,  he  discommends  especially  the  south  wind,  and  nocturnal  air : 
So  doth  '^  Plutarch.  The  night  and  darkness  makes  men  sad,  the  like  do  all  sub- 
terranean vaults,  dark  houses  in  caves  and  rocks,  desert  places  cause  melancholy  in 
an  instant,  especially  such  as  have  not  been  used  to  it,  or  otherwise  accustomed. 
Read  more  of  air  in  Hippocrates,  jEtius,  I.  3.  a  c.  17L  ad  175.  Oribasius,  o  c.  1. 
ad  21.     Avicen.  I.  1.  can.  Fen.  2.  doc.  2.  Fen.  1.  c.  123  to  the  12,  kc. 

SuBSECT.  VI. — Immoderale  Exercise  a  cause,  and  1iow.     Solitariness,  Idleness. 

Nothing  so  good  but  it  may  be  abused  :  nothing  better  than  exercise  (if  oppor- 
tunely used)  for  the  preservation  of  the  body :  nothing  so  bad  if  it  be  unseasonable, 

9  Atlas  geographicus  memnria,  valent  Pisani,  quod  |  afire  citooffenduntur,  et  multi  insani  apud  Belgas  ante 
crassiore  fruantur  aere.  loLib.  1.  hist.  lib.  2.  cap.  41.  tempestates  sa;viunt,  aliter  quieti.  Spiritus  qtioque 
Aura  densa  ac  caliginosa  tetrici  homines  existunt,  et  i  agris  et  mali  cenii  aliquando  se  lenipestatibus  inge- 
Bubstristes,  et  cap'.  3.  stante  subsolano  et  Zc|ili\  ro,  runt,  et  nieiiti  huniana'  se  biierilT^^  in_<iniiant.  eamqiie 
maxima  in  mentibus  hominum  aUicritas  existit,  n.i  n-  i  vexant,  exagitant,  et  ut  fluctus  mafini,  liiKMarmm  cor- 
tisqne  erectio  ubi  te^jyjyjIlliiiBptondore  niiescit.     Ma- |  pus  ventis  agitatur.^  _     '■»  Aer  noctu  densaii^^t  cogit 

xiiiia  dejectiq  "  ''  "' "       '"" 

11  Geo 


t(^imyijl|ii*ptondore  niiescit.     Ma-    pus  ventis  agitatur.         HAer  noctu  densai 
ri^^^^^nando  auracaiiL'iiin^a  est.  I  mffi|^iani.  ''Lib.  de  Iside  e||Oufnd& 


■t^et  cogn 

KS 


152  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

violent,  or  ovennuch.  Femeliiis  out  of  Galen,  Path.  lib.  1.  c.  16,  saith,  '^"That 
much  exercise  and  weariness  consumes  the  spirits  and  substance,  refrigerates  the 
body ;  and  such  humours  which  Nature  would  have  otherwise  concocted  and  ex- 
pelled, it  stirs  up  and  makes  them  rage :  which  being  so  enraged,  diversely  aflect  and 
trouble  the  body  and  miiul."  So  doth  it,  if  it  be  unseasonably  used,  upon  a  full 
stomach,  or  wlien  the  body  is  full  of  crudities,  which  Fuchsius  so  much  inveighs 
against,  lib.  2.  inslit.  sec.  2.  c.  4,  giving  that  for  a  cause,  wliy  school-boys  in  Ger- 
many are  so  often  scabbed,  because  they  use  exercise  presently  after  meats.  "  Bayerus 
puts  in  a  caveat  against  such  exercise,  because  "  it  '*  corrupts  the  meat  in  the  stomach, 
and  carries  the  same  juice  raw,  and  as  yet  imdigested,  into  the  veins  (saith  Lemnius), 
whicli  there  putrefies  and  confounds  the  animal  spirits."  Crato,  consil.  21.  /.  2, 
'^protests  against  all  such  exercise  after  meat,  as  being  the  greatest  enemy  to  con- 
coction tliat  may  be,  and  cause  of  corruption  of  humours,  which  produce  this,  and 
many  other  diseases.  Not  without  good  reason  then  doth  Salust.  Salvianus,  /.  2.  c.  1, 
and  Leonartus  Jacchinus,  in  9.  Rhasis.,  Mercurialis,  Arcubanus,  and  many  other,  set 
down  ^"immoderate  exercise  as  a  most  forcible  cause  of  melancholy. 

Opposite  to  exercise  is  idleness  (the  badge  of  gentry)  or  want  of  exercise,  the 
bane  of  body  and  mind,  the  nurse  of  naughtiness,  stepmother  of  discipline,  the  chief 
author  of  all  mischief,  one  of  the  seven  deadly  sins,  and  a  sole  cause  of  this  and 
many  other  maladies,  the  devil's  cushion,  as  "'Giialter  calls  it,  his  pillow  and  chief 
reposal.  ''  For  the  mind  can  never  rest,  but  still  meditates  on  one  thing  or  other, 
except  it  be  occupied  about  some  honest  business,  of  his  own  accord  it  rusheth  into 
melancholy.  ^As  too  much  and  violent  exercise  olft-nds  on  tlie  one  side,  so  doth  an 
idle  life  on  the  other  (saith  Crato),  it  fills  the  body  full  of  phlegm,  gross  humours, 
and  all  numner  of  obstructions,  rheums,  catarrhs,"  &.c.  Khasis,  cont.  lib.  1.  tract.  9, 
accounts  of  it  as  the  greatest  cause  of  melancholy.  **"!  have  often  seen  (-saith  he) 
that  idleness  begets  this  humour  more  than  anything  else."  Montaltus,  c.  1,. seconds 
him  out  of  his  experience,  ■"  •»  They  that  are  idle  are  far  more  sul)ject  to  melancholy 
than  such  as  are  conversant  or  employed  about  any  otlice  or  business."  ^Plutarch 
reckons  up  idleness  for  a  sole  cause  of  the  sickness  of  the  soul :  "  There  are  they 
(saith  he)  troubled  in  mind,  that  have  no  other  cause  but  this."  Homer,  Iliad.  1, 
brings  in  Achilles  eating  of  his  own  heart  In  his  idleness,  because  he  might  not  fight. 
Mercurialis,  consil.  86,  for  a  melancholy  young  man  urgeth,^it  a§  a  chief  cau.se  ;  why 
was  he  melancholy }  because  idle.  Nothing  begets  it  sooner,  increaseth  and  conti- 
nueth  it  oftener  than  idleness."  A  disease  familiar  to  all  idle  persons,  an  inseparable 
companion  to  such  as  live  at  ease,  Pingiii  otio  dcsidiose  agentcs.,  a  life  out  of  action, 
and  have  no  calling  or  ordinary  employment  to  busy  themselves  about,  that  have  small 
occasions  ;  and  though  they  have,  such  is  their  laziness,  dulness,  they  will  not  compose 
themselves  to  do  aught ;  tliey  cannot  abide  work,  though  it  be  necessary ;  easy  as  to 
dress  tliemselves,  write  a  letter,  or  the  like ;  yet  as  he  that  is  benumbed  with  cold 
sits  still  shaking,  tiiat  might  relieve  himself  with  a  little  exercise  or  stirring,  do  they 
complain,  but  will  not  use  the  facile  and  ready  means  to  do  themselves  good ;  and 
so  are  still  tormented  with  melancholy.  Especially  if  they  have  been  formerly 
brought  up  to  business,  or  to  keep  much  company,  and  upon  a  sudden  come  to  lead 
a  sedentary  life;  it  crucifies  their  souls,  and  seizeth  on  them  in  an  instant;  forwhdst 
they  are  any  ways  employed,  in  action,  discourse,  about  any  business,  sport  or  re- 
creation, or  in  company  to  their  liking,  they  are  very  well ;  but  if  alone  or  idle, 
tormented  instantly  again ;  one  day's  solitariness,  one  hour's  sometimes,  doth  them 

"Multa  defatig;itio,  spiritus,  viriumque  substantiam  |  poris  exercitatio  nocet  corporibus,  ita  vita  deses.  t" 

exhaurit,  el  corpus  refrigerut.  liuiiinres  corruptos  qui  i  otioaa  :   otiuin,   animal   pituitoguin    redilit,   viscerum 

aliter  i  iiatura  concoqui  et  doniari  possint,  et  denium  obstructiones  et  cr<-bras  fluxlones,  et  iiiorbos  contitat 

blandd  extludi,  irritat,  et  quasi  in  furorem  agil,  qui  'O  Et  vide  quod  una  de  rebus  qua?  iiiasjis  Bt-ncral  mo 

postea  mota  camerina,  telro  vapore  corpus  varid  la-  lancholiam,  est  oliogitas.             '■"  Reponitiir  oiiuin  ak 

ce-isunt,  animumque.        '^  In  Veni  mecuin  :  I.ibro  sic  aliis  causa,  et  hoc  &  nobis  obscrvalum  e<>8  huic  uialo 

inscripto.             '^Instit.  ail  vit.   Christ,  cap.  44.  cibos  masis  obnoxios  qui   plane  oliosi   sunt,  quain  eo«  qij' 

crudos  in  venas  rapit,  qui  putrescsnles  illic  spiritus  aliquo  muoere  versanlur  exequendo.           ^  I)e  Tran- 

aninialis  infiriunl.            '•'Crudi  hacc  hiiinoris  copla  per  quil.  animiB.     Sunt  qua  ipsum  otiuin  in  aninii  rnnj'^'^ 

venas  affgrediiur,  unde  rnorbi  multiplices.            -olin-  a-gritudinein.             '«  Nihil  est  quod  s-qiit- inclanrholl- 

modicuin  exercitium.             -' Hoin.   31.    in   1    Cnr    vi.  uii  alal  ac  aueeat,  ac  otium  et  abstlneiitta  &  rorpon* 

Nam  qua  inen^^pUiiii<l"i»*;(:rc:  ■>■'»   I'  mimi  exercitationihiis.             '<   Nihil  niacin  excvcat 

linuo  circ^l^^^^Mitationes  disciirr  '  lltclUTn,  quam  otium_.   Gordoniug  de  obMrvat.  vit 

aliqiig^^^l^^HRtetur,  ad  melancii^  .auok  lib.  1.                ~     "' 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  6.]  Idleness  a  Cause.  153 

more  harm,  than  a  week's  physic,  labour,  and  company  can  do  good.  ^Melancholy 
seizeth  on  them  forthwith  being  alone,  and  is  such  a  torture,  that  as  wise  Seneca 
well  saith,  Malo  mihi  male  quam  mollitcr  esse,  I  had  rather  be  sick  than  idle.  This 
idleness  is  either  of  body  or  mind.  That  of  body  is  nothing  but  a  kind  of  benumb- 
ing laziness,  intermitting  exercise,  which,  if  we  may  believe  ^  Fernelius,  •'•  causeth 
crudities,  obstructions,  excremental  humours,  quencheth  the  natural  heat,  dulls  the 
spirits,  and  makes  them  unapt  to  do  any  thing  whatsoever." 

~,4,,,     ...  o    ^,-    ■  ■    ,,  I      "  for,  a  nejrlected  field 

ffl^Neglectis  urenda  filix  innascitur  agns."  |      g,,^,,  ^^  t„g  gj^jts  thorns  and  thisUes  yield." 

As  fern  grows  in  untilled  grounds,  and  all  manner  of  weeds,  so  do  gross  humours  in 
an  idle  body,  Ignavum  corrumpunt  otia  corpus.  A  horse  in  a  stable  tlwt  never  tra- 
vels, a  hawk  in  a  mew  that  seldom  flies,  are  both  subject  to  diseases ;  which  left  unto 
themselves,  are  most  free  from  any  such  incumbrances.  An  idle  dog  will  be  mangy, 
and  how  shall  an  idle  person  think  to  escape  ?  Idleness  of  the  mind  is  much  worse 
than  this  of  the  body ;  wit  without  employment  is  a  disease  ^j^riigo  cinimi,  ruhigo 
ingenii:  the  rust  of  the  soul,  ^'a  plague,  a  hell  itself,  Maxinmm  animi  nocumentum., 
Galen  calls  it.  ^^"  As  in  a  standing  pool,  worms  and  filthy  creepers  increase,  {et  vi- 
tium  capiunt  ni  moveantur  aqucE.,  the  water  itself  putrefies,  and  air  likewise,  if  it  be  not 
continually  stirred  by  the  wind)  so  do  evil  and  corrupt  thoughts  in  an  idle  person," 
the  soul  is  contaminated.  In  a  commonwealth,  where  is  no  public  enemy,  there  is 
likely  civil  wars,  and  they  rage  upon  themselves :  this  body  of  ours,  when  it  is  idle, 
and  knows  not  how  to  bestow  itself,  macerates  and  vexeth  itself  with  cares,  orriefs, 
false  fears,  discontents,  and  suspicions ;  it  tortures  and  preys  upon  his  own  bowels, 
and  is  never  at  rest.  Thus  much  I  dare  boldly  say,  "  He  or  she  that  is  idle,  be  they 
of  what  condition  they  will,  never  so  rich,  so  well  allied,  fortunate,  happv,  let  them 
have  all  things  in  abundance  and  felicity  that  heart  can  wish  and  desire,  all  content- 
ment, so  long  as  he  or  she  or  they  are  idle,  they  shall  never  be  pleased,  never  well 
in  body  and  mind,  but  weary  still,  sickly  still,  vexed  still,  loathing  still,  weeping,  sigh- 
hig,  grieving,  suspecting,  offended  with  the  world,  with  every  object,  wishing  them- 
selves gone  or  dead,  or  else  carried  away  with  some  foolish  phantasy  or  other.  And 
this  is  the  true  cause  that  so  many  great  men,  ladies,  and  gentlewomen,  labour  of 
tills  disease  in  country  and  city ;  for  idleness  is  an  appendix  to  nobility ;  they  count 
it  a  disgrace  to  work,  and  spend  all  their  days  in  sports,  recreations,  and  pastimes, 
and  will  therefore  take  no  pains ;  be  of  no  vocation :  they  feed  liberally,  fare  well, 
want  exercise,  action,  employment,  (for  to  work,  I  say,  they  may  not  abide,)  and 
company  to  their  desires,  and  thence  their  bodies  become  full  of  gross  humours, 
wind,  crudities ;  their  minds  disquieted,  dull,  hea\y,  &c.  care,  jealousy,  fear  of  some 
diseases,  sullen  fits,  weeping  fits  seize  too  ^familiarly  on  them.  For  what  will  not  fear 
and  phantasy  work  in  an  idle  body  ?  what  distempers  will  they  not  cause  ?  when  the 
children  of  ^Israel  murmured  against  Pharoah  in  Egypt,  he  commanded  his  officers 
to  double  their  task,  and  let  them  get  straw  themselves,  and  yet  make  their  full  num- 
ber of  bricks ;  for  the  sole  cause  why  they  mutiny,  and  are  evil  at  ease,  is,  '•  they 
are  idle."  When  you  shall  hear  and  see  so  many  discontented  persons  in  all  places 
where  you  come,  so  many  several  grievances,  unnecessary  complaints,  fears,  suspi- 
cions, ^^  the  best  means  to  redress  it  is  to  set  them  awork,  so  to  busy  their  minds ;  for 
for  the  truth  is,  they  are  idle.  Well  they  may  build  castles  m  the  air  for  a  time,  and 
sooth  up  themselves  with  phantastical  and  pleasant  humours,  but  in  the  end  they  will 
prove  as  bitter  as  gall,  they  shall  be  still  I  say  discontent,  suspicious,  ''^feartul,  jealous, 
sad,  fretting  and  vexing  of  themselves ;  so  long  as  they  be  idle,  it  is  impossible  to  please 
them,  Oiio  qui  nescit  uti.,  plus  hahet  negotii  quam  qui  negotium  in  negotio,  as  that 
"^Agellius  could  observe :  He  that  knows  not  how  to  spend  his  time,  hath  more  busi- 
ness, care,  grief,  anguish  of  mind,  than  he  that  is  most  busy  in  the  midst  of  all  his 
business      Oliosus  animus  nescit  quid  volet:  An  idle  person  (as  he  follows  it)  knows 

^  Patli.  lib.   1.  cap.  17.   exercitationis   intermissio,  1  Sen.  ss  Now  this  lesr,  now  that  arm,  now  their 

inertem  calorem,  languidos  spiritus,  et  ienavos,  et  ad  head,  heart,  &.c.  3<Exod.v.  2i(For  they  canno* 
omnes  aitiones  secninres  reddit,  cruditates,  obsructio-  |  well  tell  what  aileth  them,  or  what  they  would  have 
nes,  et   excrementoruin   proventus  facit.  ^j  fjnr.    themselves)  my  heart,  niy  head,  my  hujiiand,  my  son, 

Ser.  1.  .Sat.  3.  '*■  .St-ii.ca.  si  Moeroreni  animi.    iLCt        ^Prov.  sviii.     Pigrum  dejiciet  timor.     Heau- 

8t  maciem,  Plutarcl^  caito^it.  s- Sicut  in  .=t  uuo  ftontimorumer 

geneianturj^uuf^^ncat  otioEO  Zualx  cogitationes. 


J  54  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2 

not  when  he  is  well,  what  he  would  have,  or  whither  he  would  go,  Qmim  illue 
vcntum  es<,  illinc  lubet,  he  is  tired  out  with  everytliing,  displeased  with  all,  weary  of 
his  life  :  ^"£6  bene  domi.,.nec  milUice,  neitlier  at  home  nor  abroad,  errat,  et  prcBter  vi- 
tam  vivitur,  he  wanders  and  lives  besides  himself.  In  a  word.  What  the  mischievous 
effects  of  laziness  aud  idleness  are,  1  do  not  liiul  any  where  more  accurately  expres- 
sed, than  in  these  verses  of  Philolaches  in  the  '^^  Comical  Poet,  which  for  their 
fcicgancy  I  will  in  part  insert. 


"Novarum  jriliuin  esse  arbitror  similem  ego  honiinera, 
Quando  hie  natiis  est :  Ei  rei  argumenta  dicain. 
JEdes  quaiido  sum  ad  amussim  expolitce, 
Quisque  laudat  fdbruin,  at(iiie  exempluin  expctit,  &c. 
At  ubi  lUi)  iiiigrat  nequain  homo  indiligensque,  &c. 
Tempestas  veiiit,  confringit  tegulas,  iinbricesque, 
Putrilacit  aer  operain  fabri,  Sec. 
Dicain  ut  liuiiiines  similes  esse  tedium  arbitremini. 


Fabri  parentes  fuiidamentuin  substruunt  lilierorum. 
Expoliuiit,  doceiit  literas,  iiei-  pariuiit  suiiiplui. 
Ego  autein  sub  fabroruiii  poti-slate  frugi  I'ui, 
Postquam  autem  migravi  in  iiigeniuiii  meuin, 
Perdidi  uperam  t'abrorum  illic6  oppid6, 
Venil  ignavia,  ea  inihi  touipestas  fuit, 
Adveiiluque  suo  grandinerii  et  imbrem  attulit, 
Ilia  luihi  virtuleiii  deturbavit,  Stc. 


''A  young  man  is  like  a  fair  new  house,  the  carpenter  leaves  it  well  built,  in  good 
repair,  of  solid  stuff;  but  a  bad  tenant  lets  it  rain  in,  and  for  want  of  reparation,  fall 
to  decay,  &c.  Our  parents,  tutors,  friends,  spare  no  cost  to,  bring  us  up  in  our  youth, 
hi  all  manner  of  virtuous  education  ;  but  when  we  are  left  to  ourselves,  idleness  as  a 
tempest  drives  all  virtuous  motions  out  of  our  minds,  et  nihili  sP'mus,  on  a  sudden, 
by  slotli  and  such  bad  ways,  we  come  to  nought." 

Cousin  gennan  to  idleness,  and  a  concomitant  cause,  which  goes  hand  in  hand 
with  it,  is  '^^nimia  soUliido,  too  much  solitariness,  by  the  testimony  of  all  physicians, 
cause  and  symptom  both ;  but  as  it  is  here  put  for  a  cause,  it  is  either  coact,  en- 
forced, or  else  voluntary.  Enforced  solitariness  is  commonly  seen  in  students, 
monks,  friars,  anchorites,  that  by  their  order  and  course  of  life  must  abandon  all 
company,  society  of  other  men,  and  betake  themselves  to  a  private  cell :  Olio  super- 
stitioso  scclusi,  as  Bale  and  llospinian  well  term  it,  such  as  are  the  Carthusians  of 
our  time,  that  eat  no  desh  (by  their  order),  keep  perpetual  silence,  never  go  abroad- 
Such  as  live  in  prison,  or  some  desert  place,  and  cannot  liave  comj)any,  as  many  of 
our  country  gentlemen  do  in  solitary  houses,  tliey  must  either  be  alone  witliout 
companions,  or  live  beyond  their  means,  and  entertain  all  comers  as  so  many  hosts, 
or  else  converse  with  their  servants  and  hinds,  such  as  are  imetjual,  inferior  to  them, 
and  of  a  contrary  disposition  :  or  else  as  some  do,  to  avoid  solitariness,  spend  their 
time  witli  lewd  fellows  in  taverns,  and  in  alehouses,  and  thence  addict  themselves  to 
some  unlawful  disports,  or  dissolute  courses.  Divers  again  are  cast  upon  this  rock 
of  solitiiriness  for  want  of  means,  or  out  of  a  strong  apprehension  of  some  inlirmity, 
disgrace,  or  through  bashfidness,  rudeness,  simplicity,  they  cannot  apply  themselves 
to  others'  company.  JS^uUum  solum  infelici  gralius  soUtudhie,  ubi  nullus  sit  qui 
miseriain  exprobret ;  this  enforced  solitariness  takes  place,  and  produceth  his  eftect 
soonest  in  such  as  have  spent  their  time  jovially,  peradventure  in  all  honest  recrea- 
tions, in  good  company,  in  some  great  family  or  populous  city,  and  are  upon  a  sud- 
den confined  to  a  desert  country  cottiige  far  off,  restrained  of  their  liberty,  and  barred 
from  their  ordinary  associates ;  solitariness  is  very  irksome  to  such,  most  tedious, 
and  a  sudden  cause  of  great  inconvenience. 

Voluntary  solitariness  is  that  which  is  familiar  with  melancholy,  and  gently  brings 
on  like  a  syren,  a  shoeing-horn,  or  some  sphynx  to  this  irrevocable  gulf,  ^^  a  primary 
cause,  Piso  calls  it ;  most  pleasant  it  is  at  first,  to  such  as  are  melancholy  given,  to 
lie  in  bed  whole  days,  and  keep  their  cliarabcrs,  to  walk  alone  in  some  solitary  grove, 
betwixt  wood  and  water,  by  a  brook  side,  to  meditate  upon  some  delightsome  and 
pleasant  subject,  which  shall  affect  them  most ;  amabilis  insania,  et  mentis  gralissi- 
mus  error:  a  most  incomparable  delight  it  is  so  to  melancholize,  and  build  castles  in 
the  air,  to  go  smiling  to  themselves,  acting  an  infinite  variety  of  parts,  which  they  sup- 
pose and  strongly  imagine  they  represent,  or  that  they  see  acted  or  done :  Blanda 
quideni  ab  initio^  saith  Lemnius,  to  conceive  and  meditate  of  such  pleasant  things, 
sometimes,  '""present,  past,  or  to  come,"  as  Khasis  speaks.  So  delightsome  these 
toys  are  at  first,  they  could  spend  whole  days  and  nights  without  sleep,  even  whole 
years  alone  in  such  contemplations,  and  fantastical  meditations,  which  are  like  unto 
dreams,  and  they  will  hardly  be  drawn  f  '    n,  or  willingly  internipt,  so  pleasant 


I;  PtoI.  Mo9tel.       "Piso,  Montaltus,  9iei- 
f,itc. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  6.] 


Idleness^  a  Cause. 


155 


their  vain  conceits  are,  that  they  hinder  their  ordinary  tasks  and  necessary  business, 
they  cannot  address  themselves  to  them,  or  ahnost  to  any  study  or  employment, 
these  fantastical  and  bewitching  thoughts  so  covertly,  so  feelingly,  so  urgently,  so 
continually  set  upon,  creep  in,  insinuate,  possess,  overcome,  distract,  and  detain  them, 
they  cannot,  I  say,  go  about  their  more  necessary  business,  stave  off  or  extricate 
themselves,  but  are  ever  musing,  melancholizing,  and  carried  along,  as  he  (they  say) 
that  is  led  round  about  a  heath  with  a  Puck  in  the  night,  they  run  earnestly  on  in 
this  labyrinth  of  anxious  and  solicitous  melancholy  meditations,  and  cannot  well  or 
willingly  refrain,  or  easily  leave  off,  winding  and  unwinding  themselves,  as  so  many 
clocks,  and  still  pleasing  their  humours,  until  at  last  the  scene  is  turned  upon  a  sud- 
den, by  some  bad  object,  and  they  being  now  habituated  to  such  vain  meditations 
and  solitary  places,  can  endure  no  company,  can  ruminate  of  nothing  but  harsh  and 
distasteful  subjects.  Fear,  sorrow,  suspicion,  suhrusticus  pitdor^  discontent,  cares, 
and  weariness  of  life  surprise  them  in  a  moment,  and  they  can  think  of  nothing  else, 
continually  suspecting,  no  sooner  are  their  eyes  open,  but  this  infernal  plague  of 
melancholy  seizeth  on  them,  and  terrifies  their  souls,  representing  some  dismal  ob- 
ject to  their  minds,  wdrich  now  by  no  means,  no  labour,  no  persuasions  they  can 
avoid,  hceret  latcri  lethaUs  arimdo,  (the  arrow  of  death  still  remains  in  the  side),  they 
may  not  be  rid  of  it,  ''-they  cannot  resist.  I  may  not  deny  but  that  there  is  some 
prolltable  meditation,  contemplation,  and  kind  of  solitariness  to  be  embraced,  which 
the  fathers  so  highly  commended,  ""^Hierom,  Chrysostom,  Cyprian,  Austin,  in 
whole  tracts,  which  Petrarch,  Erasmus,  Stella,  and  others,  so  much  magnify  in  their 
books ;  a  paradise,  a  heaven  on  earth,  if  it  be  used  aright,  good  for  the  body,  and 
better  for  the  soul :  as  many  of  those  old  monks  used  it,  to  divine  contemplations, 
as  Sunulus,  a  courtier  in  Adrian's  time,  Dioclesian  the  emperor,  retired  themselves, 
&.C.,  in  that  sense,  Vatia  solus  sell  viverc,  Vatia  lives  alone,  which  the  Romans  were 
wont  to  say,  when  they  commended  a  country  life.  Or  to  the  bettering  of  their 
knowledge,  as  Democritus,  Cleanthes,  and  those  excellent  philosophers  have  ever 
done,  to  sequester  themselves  from  the  tumultuous  world,  or  as  in  Pliny's  villa  Lau- 
rentana,  Tully's  Tusculan,  Jovius'  study,  that  they  might  better  vacare  studiis  et  Dco^ 
serve  God,  and  follow  their  studies.  I\lethinks,  therefore,  our  too  zealous  innovators 
were  not  so  well  advised  in  that  general  subversion  of  abbeys  and  religious  houses, 
promiscuously  to  fling  down  all ;  they  might  have  taken  away  those  gross  abuses 
crept  in  amongst  them,  rectified  such  inconveniences,  and  not  so  far  to  have  raved 
and  raged  against  those  fair  buildings,  and  everlasting  monuments  of  our  forefathers' 
devotion,  consecrated  to  pious  uses ;  some  monasteries  and  collegiate  cells  might 
have  been  well  spared,  and  their  revenues  otherwise  employed,  here  and  there  one, 
in  good  towns  or  cities  at  least,  for  men  and  w^omen  of  all  sorts  and  conditions  to 
live  in,  to  sequester  themselves  from  the  cares  and  tumults  of  the  world,  that  w^ere 
not  desirous,  or  fit  to  marry ;  or  otherwise  willing  to  be  troubled  with  common 
aflairs,  and  know  not  well  where  to  bestow  themselves,  to  live  apart  in,  for  more  con- 
veniency,  good  education,  better  company  sake,  to  follow  their  studies  (I  say),  to  the 
perfection  of  arts  and  sciences,  common  good,  and  as  some  tioily  devoted  monks  of 
old  had  done,  freely  and  truly  to  serve  God.  For  these  men  are  neither  solitary, 
nor  idle,  as  the  poet  made  answer  to  the  husbandman  in  ^Esop,  that  objected  idle- 
ness to  him ;  he  was  never  so  idle  as  in  his  company ;  or  that  Scipio  Africanus  in 
^' Tally,  JS'unquam  minus  solus,  qiiam  cum  solus;  nunquam  minus  otiosus,  quam  quum 
csset  otiosus;  never  less  solitary,  than  when  he  was  alone,  never  more  busy,  than 
when  he  seemed  to  be  most  idle.  'It  is  reported  by  Plato  in  his  dialogue  de  Amore, 
in  that  prodigious  commendation  of  Socrates,  how  a  deep  meditation  coming  into 
Socrates'  mind  by  chance,  he  stood  still  musing,  eodem  vestigio  cogitahmdus,  from 
morning  to  noon,  and  when  as  then  he  had  not  yet  finished  his  meditation,  persfabat 
cogitans,  he  so  contiiiued  till  the  evening,  the  soldiers  (for  he  then  followed  the 
camp)  observed  him  w-ith  admiration,  and  on  set  purpose  w-atched  all  night,  but  he 
persevered  immoveable  ad  exhortim  solis,  till  the  sun  rose  in  the  morning,  and  then 


■"Facilis  descensus  Averni :  Sed  revocare  praduni, 
Biiperasque  evadere  aii  auras,  Hie  labor,  hoc  opus  est. 
^  ir"-  ^^HuMfflUh^^.  72.  duit  oppida  et  urbes 

"ieri  si^i^B^HQMMI^toMililiidlnein  Paradisum : 


soluq^  scQipioiiibus  infectum,  sacco  aniictus,  humi 
cnbans,  aqua  et  herbis  victitans,  &uiianis  pra;tulit 
ddUfiiia.  MOffic.  3. 


156 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  l.Sec.  2. 


salutiiig  the  sun,  went  his  ways.  In  what  liumour  constant  Socrates  did  thus.  I 
know  not,  or  how  he  miglit  be  affected,  but  tliis  woukl  be  pernicious  to  anotlicr 
man ;  what  intricate  business  might  so  really  possess  hhn,  I  cannot  easily  guess ;  but 
this  is  otiosum  otlum^  it  is  far  otherwise  with  these  men,  according  to  Seneca,  Omnia 
nobis  mala  solitudo  persuade t ;  this  solitude  undoeth  us,  jTW^'/iai  cum  vita  sociali ;  "'tis 
a  destructive  solitariness.  These  men  are  devils  alone,  as  the  saying  is.  Homo  solu$ 
aut  Deus.,  aut  Dtzmon:  a  man  alone,  is  either  a  saint  or  a  devil,  mens  ejus  aid  lan- 
guescitj  aut  tumescit ;  and  ^^Vcb  soli  in  this  sense,  woe  be  to  him  that  is  so  alone. 
These  wretches  do  frequently  degenerate  from  men,  and  of  sociable  creatures  be- 
come beasts,  monsters,  inhumane,  ugly  to  behold,  JMisanlhropi;  they  do  even  loathe 
themselves,  and  hate  the  company  of  men,  as  so  many  Timons,  Nebuchadnezzars, 
by  too  much  indulging  to  these  pleasing  humours,  and  through  their  own  defaidt. 
So  that  which  Mercurialis,  consil.  1 1,  sometimes  expostulated  with  his  mclancljoly 
patient,  may  be  justly  applied  to  every  solitary  and  idle  person  in  particular.  ^Wcj- 
tura  de  te  videiur  conqurri  posse.,  &.c.  '-Nature  may  justly  complain  of  tliee,  lliat 
whereas  she  gave  thee  a  good  wholesome  temperature,  a  sound  boiiy,  anil  God  hath 
given  thee  so  divine  and  excellent  a  soul,  so  many  good  parts,  and  profitable  gifts, 
tliou  hast  not  only  contemned  and  rejected,  but  hast  corrupted  them,  polluted  them, 
overthrown  their  temperature,  and  perverted  those  gifts  with  riot,  idleness,  solitari- 
ness, and  many  other  ways,  thou  art  a  traitor  to  God  and  nature,  an  enemy  to  thy- 
self and  to  the  world."  Perditio  tua  ex  te;  thou  hast  lost  thyself  wilfully,  cast 
away  thyself,  '•"  thou  thyself  art  the  etlicient  cause  of  thine  own  misery,  by  not  resjSit- 
ing  such  vain  cogitations,  but  giving  way  unto  them." 

SuBSECT.  VII. — Sleeping  and  Wakings  Causes. 

What  I  have  formerly  said  of  exercise,  I  may  now  repeat  of  sleep.  Nothing  betu-r 
than  moderate  sleep,  nothing  worse  than  it,  if  it  be  in  extremes,  or  unseasonably 
us€d.  It  is  a  received  opinion,  tliat  a  melancholy  man  cannot  sleep  overmuch ; 
Somnus  supra  modum  prodest,  as  an  only  antidote,  and  nothing  offends  them  mtjre, 
or  causeih  this  malady  sooner,  than  waking,  yet  in  some  cases  sleep  may  do  more 
harm  than  good,  in  that  phlegmatic,  swinish,  cold,  and  sluggish  melancholy  whicli 
Melancthon  speaks  of,  that  thinks  of  waters,  sighing  most  part,  8tc.  ''Mt  dulls  the 
spirits,  if  overmuch,  and  senses ;  fills  the  head  full  of  gross  humours ;  causeth  dis- 
tillations, rheums,  great  store  of  excrements  in  the  brain,  and  all  the  other  parts,  as 
*^Fuchsius  speaks  of  them,  that  sleep  like  so  many  dormice.  Or  if  it  be  used  in  the 
day-time,  upon  a  full  stomach,  the  body  ill-composed  to  rest,  or  after  hard  meats,  it 
increaseth  fearful  dreams,  incubus,  night  walking,  crying  out,  and  much  unquietness; 
such  sleep  prepares  the  body,  as  *'one  observes,  "  to  many  perilous  diseases."  But, 
as  I  have  said,  waking  overmuch,  is  both  a  symptom,  and  an  ordinary  cause.  It 
causeth  dryness  of  the  brain,  frenzy,  dotage,  and  makes  the  body  dry,  lean,  hard, 
and  ugly  to  behold,"  as  ^Lemnius  hath  it.  ''The  temperature  of  the  brain  is  cor- 
rupted by  it,  the  humours  adust,  the  eyes  made  to  sink  into  the  head,  choler  in- 
creased, and  the  whole  body  inflamed  :"  and,  as  may  be  added  out  of  Galen,  3.  de 
sanitate  iucndo,  Avicenna  3.  1.  ^'"It  overthrows  the  natural  heat,  it  causeth  crudi- 
ties, hurts  concoction,"  and  what  not }  Not  without  good  cause  therefore  Crato, 
consil.  21.  lib.  2;  Hildesheim,  spicel.  2.  de  delir.et  .Va/Ka,  Jacchinus,  Arculanus  on 
Rliasis,  Guianerius  and  Mercurialis,  reckon  up  this  overmuch  waking  as  a  principal 
cause. 


*s  Eccl.  4.  <«  Natura  de  te  videtjir  conqueri  posse, 

quod  cum  ab  ea  temperatissimum  corpus  adeplus  sis, 
tam  prafclarum  4  Ueo  ac  utile  donutn,  noii  contemp- 
eUli  mode,  veruin  corrupisti,  sedasti,  prudidisti.  opti- 
mam  teinperaturam  otio,  crapula,  et  aliis  vitx  errori- 
bns,   &c.  *'■  Path.  lib.  cap.    17.  Fernel.   corpus 

infrisidat,  onines  sensus,  ineiitisque  vires  torpore  de- 
bililat.  «Lib.  9..  sect.  2.  rap.  4.  Ma?nam  tirre- 

inenlorutn  vim  cerebro  t-t  aliis  partibus  conservat. 
•'Jo.  Btrtziud,  lib.  de  rebus  6  non  naiuralibus.     Pre- 


parat  corpus  talis  somnus  ad  multas  periculosas  iPicri- 
tudines.  'c  Instil,  ad  vitam  oplimam,  cap.  26.  cere- 

bro siccitatem  adfi-rt,  phrenesin  et  delirliirn,  ciirpu* 
aridum  facit,  squaliduin,  strigoiiiim,  humored  aduril, 
temperamentum  cerebri  corrunipit,  macl^m  Indiicit  : 
exsiccat  corpus,  bilem  accendit,  profundos  r^ddit  uro- 
los,  calorem  auglt.  "  Natiirrtlem  caloicm  diMipa^ 

la-sa  coiicoctiune  cruditates  facit.  Altenuunl  juvl-< 
num  vifUats  corpora  noctes. 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1.]  Perturbations  of  the  Mind.  1ST 

MEMB.  III. 

SuBSECT.  I. — Passions  and  Perturbations  of  the  Mind,  how  they  cause  Melancholy 

As  that  gymnosophist  in  ^^  Plutarch  made  answer  to  Alexander  (demanding  whic  h 
spake  best),  Every  one  of  his  fellows  did  speak  better  than  the  other :  so  may  I  say 
of  these  causes  ;  to  him  that  shall  require  which  is  the  greatest,  every  one  is  more 
grevious  than  other,  and  this  of  passion  the  greatest  of  all.  A  most  frequent  ami 
ordinary  cause  of  melancholy,  '^^fulmen  perturbationum  (Piccolomineus  calls  it)  this 
thunder  and  lightning  of  perturbation,  which  causeth  such  violent  and  speedy  altera- 
tions in  this  our  microcosm,  and  many  times  subverts  the  good  estate  and  tempera- 
ture of  it.  For  as  the  body  works  upon  the  mind  by  his  bad  humours,  troubling 
the  spirits,  sending  gross  fumes  into  the  brain,  and  so  per  consequens  disturbing  the 
soul,  and  all  the  faculties  of  it, 

-"Corpus  oiustum, 


Hesternis  vitiis  animum  quoque  pra?gravat  una," 

with  fear,  sorrow,  &c.,  which  are  ordinary  symptoms  of  this  disease  :  so  on  the  other 
side,  the  mind  most  effectually  works  upon  the  body,  producing  by  his  passions  and 
perturbations  miraculous  alterations,  as  melancholy,  despair,  cruel  diseases,  and 
sometimes  death  itself.  Insomuch  that  it  is  most  true  which  Plato  saith  in  his 
Charmides,  omnia  corporis  mala  ah  ani7na  procedere  ;  all  the  '■'mischiefs  of  the  body 
proceed  from  the  soul :  and  Democritus  in  ^Plutarch  urgeth,  Damnatam  iri  animarn 
a  corporc,  if  the  body  should  in  this  behalf  bring  an  action  against  the  soul,  surely 
the  soul  would  be  cast  and  convicted,  that  by  her  supine  negligence  had  caused  such 
inconveniences,  having  authority  over  the  body,  and  using  it  for  an  instrument,  as  a 
smith  doth  his  hammer  (saith  ^'Cyprian),  imputing  all  those  vices  and  maladies  to  the 
mind.  Even  so  doth  ^"Philostratus,  non  coinquinatur  corpus,  nisi  consensu animm  ; 
the  body  is  not  corrupted,  but  by  the  soul.  Lodovicus  Vives  will  have  such  turbu- 
lent commotions  proceed  from  ignorance  and  indiscretion.'^  All  philosophers  im- 
pute the  miseries  of  the  body  to  the  soul,  that  should  have  governed  it  better,  by 
command  of  reason,  and  hath  not  done  it.  The  Stoics  are  altogether  of  opinion  (as 
•^'Lipsius  and  ^'Piccolomineus  record),  that  a  wise  man  should  be  aTraG^;,  without  all 
manner  of  passions  and  perturbations  whatsoever,  as  *^  Seneca  reports  of  Cato,  the 
•■^Greeks  of  Socrates,  and  "lo.  Aubanus  of  a  nation  in  Africa,  so  free  from  passion, 
(jr  rather  so  stupid,  that  if  they  be  wounded  with  a  sword,  they  will  only  look  back. 
'''  Lactantius,  2  instit.,  will  exclude  "  fear  from  a  wise  man  :"  others  except  all,  some 
the  greatest  passions.  But  let  them  dispute  how  they  will,  set  down  in  Thesi,  give 
precepts  to  the  contrary  \  we  find  that  of  ^  Lemnitis  true  by  common  experience ; 
'••  No  mortal  man  is  free  from  these  perturbations  :  or  if  he  be  so,  sure  he  is  either  a 
god,  or  a  block.  They  are  born  and  bred  with  us,  we  have  them  from  our  parents 
by  inheritance.  Jl  parentibus  habemus  malum  kunc  assem,  saith  ^"Pelezius,  JVascitur 
una  nobiscum,  aliturque,  'tis  propagated  from  Adam,  Cain  was  melancholy,  ^''as 
Austin  hath  it,  and  who  is  not  ?  Good  discipline,  education,  philosophy,  divinity  (I 
cannot  deny),  may  mitigate  and  restrain  these  passions  in  some  few  men  at  some 
times,  but  most  part  they  domineer,  and  are  so  violent,  ^^that  as  a  torrent  {torrens  velut 
aggere  rupto)  bears  down  all  before,  and  overflows  his  banks,  sternit  agros,  sternit 
sala,  (lays  waste  the  fields,  prostrates  the  crops,)  they  overwhelm  reason,  judgment, 
and  pervert  the  temperature  of  the  body ;  Fertur  '°equis  auriga,  nee  audit  ciirrus 
habenas.  Now  such  a  man  (saith  "'Austin)  "  that  is  so  led,  in  a  wise  man's  eye,  is 
no  better  than  he  that  stands  upon  his  head.  It  is  doubted  by  some,  Gravioresne 
morbi  a  perturbationibus,  an  ab  humoribus,  whether  humours  or  perturbations  cause 

^■-Vita  Alexan.  sscrad.   1.  c.   14.  "  Ilor.  i  quisense  percusserit  eos,  tantumrespiciimt.        «-'Ter- 

"  The   body  oppressed  by  yesterday's  vices  weighs    ror  in  sapiente  esse  non  debet.  «  De  orcnlt  nat. 

down  the  spirit  also."  s'Perturbaliones  clavi    niir.  I.  1.  c.  16.  Nemo  mortalium  qui  affHCtlbus   non 

i>unt,  quibus  corpori  animus  seu  patibulo  affigitur.  ducatur  :  qui  non  movetur,  aut  sa.xum,  aut  Deus  est. 
Jamb,  de  mist.  «'Lib.  de  sanitat.  tuend.  ^"  Pro-  U:  Instit.  I.  2.  de  hunianorum  affect,  morborumque 
log  de  virtute  Christi ;  Qu;e  utitur  corpore,  ut  faber    curat.         cs  Epist.  105.         eacranatensis.  '"  Virg. 

malleo  s^  Vita  Apollonij.  lib.  1.  s^Lih.  de  hi  Pe   civitrDei.-l.   14.  c.  9.  qiiali?   in  orulis  hominum 


anini.  ab  inconsideraniia,  el  iuMioraiitia  onini-5  aiiiuiirraui  iriversis  pedibus  ambulat,  talis  in  ociilia  sapientum, 
lotus.  J^pVhvsiol.  StMR.  '   r;r.id    1.  i^f" 

>  EpistJJ^r^   <=.aaiaaii|^^       "l.ilf.  t.  cap.  6. 


fcX 


»58  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Pait.  1.  Sect.  2. 

the  more  grievous  maladies.  But  we  find  that  of  our  Saviour,  Mat.  xxvi.  41,  most 
true,  <■'  The  spirit  is  willing,  the  flesh  is  weak,"  we  cannot  resist ;  and  this  of  "Philo 
Judieus,  "  Perturbations  often  offend  the  body,  and  are  most  frequent  causes  of 
melancholy,  turning  it  out  of  the  hinges  of  his  health."  Vives  compares  them  to 
""Winds 'upon  the  sea,  some  only  move  as  those  great  gales,  but  others  turbulent 
quite  overturn  the  ship.  Those  which  are  light,  easy,  and  more  seldom,  to  our 
thinking,  do  us  little  harm,  and  are  therefore  contemned  of  us :  yet  if  tliey  be  re- 
iterated^ ''''as  the  rain  (saith  Austin)  doth  a  stone,  so  do  tlicse  perturbations  pene- 
trate the  mind  :  '^and  (as  one  observes)  "•  produce  a  habit  of  melancholy  at  the  last, 
which  having  gotten  the  mastery  in  bur  souls,  may  well  be  called  diseases. 

How  these  passions  produce  this  effect,  ""^Agrijipa  hath  handled  at  large,  Ocailt. 
Philos.  I  11.  c.  63.  Cardan,  I.  14.  suhtil.  Lemnius,  I.  1.  c.  12,  de  occult,  nal.  mir.  f/ 
lib.  1.  cap.  16.  Suarez,  Met.  dlsput.  18.  sect.  1.  art.  25.  T.  Bright,  cap.  12,  of  his 
Melancholy  Treatise.  Wright  the  Jesuit,  in  his  Book  of  tlie  Passions  of  the  Mind, 
&c.  Thus  in  brief,  to  our  imagination  cometh  by  the  outward  sense  or  memory, 
some  object  to  be  known  (residing  in  the  foremost  part  of  the  brain),  which  he  mis- 
conceiving or  amplifying  presently  communicates  to  the  lieart,  the  seat  of  all  allec- 
tions.  The  pure  spirits  forthwith  tlock  from  the  brain  to  the  heart,  by  certain  secret 
channels,  and  signify  what  good  or  bad  object  was  presented;  ''which  immediately 
bends  itself  to  prosecute,  or  avoid  it;  and  withal,  draweth  with  it  other  humours  to 
help  it :  so  in  pleasure,  concur  great  store  of  purer  spirits ;  in  sadness,  much  melan- 
choly blood  ;  in  ire,  choler.  If  the  imagination  be  very  apprehensive,  intent,  and 
violent,  it  sends  great  store  of  spirits  to,  or  from  the  heart,  and  makes  a  deeper  iiiv- 
pression,  and  greater  tumult,  as  the  humours  in  the  body  be  likewise  prepared,  and 
the  temperature  itself  ill  or  well  disposed,  the  passions  are  longer  and  .stronger ;  so 
that  the  first  step  and  fountain  of  all  our  grievances  in  this  kind,  is  '"  ia-sa  ima>^'inatio^ 
which  misinforming  the  heart,  causeth  all  these  distemperatures,  alteration  and  confu- 
sion of  spirits  ami  humours.  By  means  of  which,  so  disturbed,  concoction  is 
hindered,  and  the  principal  parts  are  much  debilitated  ;  as ''Dr.  Navarra  well  declared, 
being  consulted  by  Montanus  about  a  melancholy  Jew.  The  spirits  so  confounded, 
the  nourishment  must  needs  be  abated,  bad  humours  increased,  crudities  and  thick 
spirits  engendered  with  melancholy  blood.  The  other  parts  caimot  perform  their 
functions,  having  the  spirits  drawn  from  them  by  vehement  passion,  but  fail  in  sense 
and  motion ;  so  we  look  upon  a  thing,  and  see  it  not ;  hear,  and  observe  not ;  which 
otherwise  would  much  affect  us,  had  we  been  free.  I  may  therefore  conclude  with 
■  "Arnoldus,  Maxima  vis  est  phantasi(e.,  el  huic  uni  fere.,  non  aulem  corporis  inlem- 
periei.,  ornnis  melancholice  causa  est  ascribenda  :  "  Great  is  the  force  of  imagination, 
and  much  more  ouajht  the  cause  of  melancholy  to  be  ascribed  to  this  alone,  than  lo 
the  distemperature  of  the  body."  Of  Mhich  imagination,  because  it  hath  so  great 
a  stroke  in  producing  this  malady,  and  is  so  powerful  of  itself,  it  will  not  be  im- 
proper to  my  discourse,  to  make  a  brief  digression,  and  speak  of  the  force  of  it,  and 
how  |t  causeth  this  alteration.  Which  manner  of  digression,  howsoever  some  dis- 
like, as  frivolous  and  impertinent,  yet  I  am  of  ^'Beroaldus's  opinion,  "Such  digres- 
sions do  mightily  delight  and  refresh  a  weary  reader,  they  are  like  sauce  to  a  bad 
stomach,  and  I  do  therefore  most  willingly  use  them." 

SuBSECT.  II. —  Of  the  Force  of  Imagination. 

What  imagination  is,  I  have  sufficiently  declared  in  my  digression  of  the  anatomy 
of  the  soul.     1  will  only  now  point  at  the  wonderful  effects  and  power  of  it ;  which, 

'2  Lib.  de  Decal.  passiones  maxime  corpus  ofTendiint  1  the  countenance  to  good  or  evil,  and  dislraciion  of 
et  aniinam,  el  frtqiientissimiB  causx  nrjelancholia.  |  the  mind  causeth  distemperature  of  the  l)Mdy.'' 
ditnovente«  ah  inseiiio  et  sanitate  pristina,  I.  3.  de  i  "'tipiritus  et  sanzuis  4  Isesa  Imaginatione  contarninan- 
anima.  '^Frsenaet  stimuli  animi,  velut  in  mari  |  tur,  humore:)  enim  mutati   actlones  aiiinii  iinuiutanl, 

quBPdam  aurae  levcs,  quacdam  placida?.  quxdam  tur-    Piso.  ■"  Montani,  consil.  22.     Mk  vero  i)ii(im<id<i 

hiiU-nt.T  :  sic  in  corpnre  quzdam  alTectiones  excitant  '  rausent  melancholiam,  clarum  ;  et  quod  conro-tioncm 
I'lntum,  qua-darn  ita  movent,  ut  de  statu  judicii  depel-     iuipediant,  et  membra  principalia  dfldliient  •*  D-*- 

lant.  •<lltgulta  lapidem,  sic  paulatim  hae  pene-  [  viar.  1.  1.  cap.  H.  »■  Solent  hujusiii'idl  i.-ere»»ion'f 

trarit  animum.  "' f- i  \  i'  ut.  -  rerte  morbi  aiilini     :'n   -r  iliililer    oblectare,   et  lectorein   la.isuiu   jiicundr 

vni-antur.  "  I  '^^^■■ikftii.  ■  slomachunique  nau!>eantem,  c|iiiiilam  quuM 

in'<tum  excitjBfl'  ^s^^^^^B"  nio  relice 

•iteiiiur.^ 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  2.]  Of  the  Force  of  Imagination.  159 

as  it  is  eminent  in  all,  so  most  especially  it  rageth  in  melancholy  persons,  in  keep- 
ing the  species  of  objects  so  long,  mistaking,  amplifying  them  by  continual  and 
^strong  meditation,  until  at  length  it  produceth  in  some  parties  real  effects,  causeth 
this,  and  many  other  maladies.  And  although  this  phantasy  of  ours  be  a  subordi'.iate 
faculty  to  reason,  and  should  be  ruled  by  it,  yet  in  many  men,  through  inward  or 
outward  distemperatures,  defect  of  organs,  which  are  luiapt,  or  otherwise  contami- 
nated, it  is  likewise  xmapt,  or  hindered,  and  hurt.  This  we  see  verified  in  sleepers, 
which  by  reason  of  humours  and  concourse  of  vapours  troubling  the  phantasy,  ima- 
gine many  times  absurd  and  prodigious  things,  and  in  such  as  are  troubled  with 
incubus,  or  witch-ridden  (as  we  call  it),  if  they  lie  on  their  backs,  they  suppose  an 
old  woman  rides,  and  sits  so  hard  upon  them,  that  they  are  almost  stifled  for  want  of 
breath ;  when  there  is  nothing  offends,  but  a  concourse  of  bad  humours,  which 
trouble  the  phantasy.  This  is  likewise  evident  in  such  as  walk  in  the  night  in  their 
sleep,  and  do  strange  feats  :  ^^  these  vapours  move  the  phantasy,  the  phantasy  the' appe- 
tite, which  moving  the  animal  spirits  causeth  the  body  to  walk  up  and  down  as  if 
tliey  were  aw^ake.  Fracast.  I.  3.  de  intellect,  refers  all  ecstasies  to  this  force  of  imagi- 
nation, such  as  lie  whole  days  together  in  a  trance  :  as  that  priest  whom  ^^Celsus 
speaks  of,  that  could  separate  himself  from  his  senses  when  he  list,  and  lie  like 
a  dead  man,  void  of  life  and  sense.  Cardan  brags  of  himself,  that  he  could  do 
as  much,  and  that  when  he  list.  Many  times  such  men  when  they  come  to  them- 
selves, tell  strange  things  of  heaven  and  hell,  what  visions  they  have  seen ;  as  that 
St.  Owen,  in  Matthew  Paris,  that  went  into  St.  Patrick's  purgatory,  and  the  monk  o^ 
Evesham  in  the  same  author.  Those  common  apparitions  in  Bede  and  Gregory, 
Saint  Bridget's  revelations,  Wier.  I.  3.  de  lamiis^  c.  11.  Caesar  Vanninus,  in  his  Dia- 
logues, &c.  reduceth  (as  I  have  formerly  said),  Avith  all  those  tales  of  witches' 
progresses,  dancing,  riding,  transformations,  operations,  &c.  to  the  force  of  ^^imagi- 
nation, and  the  ^^  devil's  illusions.  The  like  effects  almost  are  to  be  seen  in  such  as 
are  awake :  how  many  chimasras,  antics,  golden  mountains  and  castles  in  the  air  do 
they  build  unto  themselves .-'  I  appeal  to  painters,  mechanicians,  mathematicians. 
Some  ascribe  all  vices  to  a  false  and  corrupt  imagination,  anger,  revenge,  lust,  am- 
bition, covetousness,  which  prefers  falsehood  before  that  which  is  right  and  good, 
deluding  the  soul  with  false  shows  and  suppositions.  ^'Bernardus  Penottus  will 
have  heresy  and  superstition  to  proceed  from  this  fountain ;  as  he  falsely  imagineth, 
so  he  believeth  ;  and  as  he  conceiveth  of  it,  so  it  must  be,  and  it  shall  be,  contra 
genfes^  he  will  have  it  so.  But  most  especially  in  passions  and  affections,  it  shows 
strange  and  evident  effects  :  what  will  not  a  fearful  man  conceive  in  the  dark  ?  What 
strange  forms  of  bugbears,  devils,  witches,  goblins  ?  Lavater  imputes  the  greatest 
cause  of  spectrums,  and  the  like  apparitions,  to  fear,  which  above  all  other  passions 
begets  the  strongest  imagination  (saith  ^'^Wierus),  and  so  likewise  love,  sorrow,  jov, 
&.C.  Some  die  suddenly,  as  she  that  saw'  her  son  come  from  the  battle  at  Canna?,  &c. 
.Jacob  the  patriarch,  by  force  of  imagination,  made  speckled  lambs,  laying  speckled 
rods  before  his  sheep.  Persina,  tliat  Ethiopian  queen  in  Heliodorus,  by  seeing  the 
picture  of  Persius  and  Andromeda,  instead  of  a  blackamoor,  \vas  brought  to  bed  of  a 
fair  white  child.  In  imitation  of  whom  belike,  a  hard-favoured  fellow  in  Greece,  be- 
cause he  and  his  wife  were  both  deformed,  to  get  a  good  brood  of  children,  Elegan- 
tissimas  imagines  in  thalamo  collocavit,  &c.  hung  the  fairest  pictures  he  could  buy  for 
money  in  liis  chamber,  "  That  his  wife  by  frequent  sight  of  them,  might  conceive  and 
bear  such  children."  And  if  we  may  believe  Bale,  one  of  Pope  Nicholas  the  Third's 
concubines  by  seeing  of  ^'a  bear  was  brought  to  bed  of  a  monster.  "•  ][  a  woman 
(saith  ^°  Lemnius),  at  the  time  of  her  conception  think  of  another  man  present  or  ab- 
sent, the  child  will  be  like  him."  Great-bellied  women,  when  they  long,  yield  us 
prodigious  examples  in  this  kind,  as  moles,  warts,  scars,  harelips,  monsters,  especially 

^- Ab  imasinatione  oriumur  affertiones,  qiiibus  ani-  vero  earum  sine  sensii  permanent,  qus  umbra  coopf- 

ma  romponitiir,  aiit  tiirbata  detiirbatur,  .To.  Sarisbiir.  rit  diabolus,  ut  nulli  sint  conspicua,  et  post,   umbra 

Malolog.  lib.  4.  c.  10.         >■■< Scalis.  exereit.            ■:<Qui  suhlata,  propriis  corporibus   eas  restituil,  1.  3.  c.  H. 

quotis  volebat,  mortuo  similis  jacehat  auferens  se  &  Wier.             t"  Denario   medico.             c?  Solet   timor, 

sensibus,   et  quum   pun«reretur  dolnrem   non   sensit.  pr.e  omnibus  affectibus,  fortes  imasinationes  gismere, 

''"Idem  Nymannii'f  nrat.    de   Imaginut.            *^Vcrlii.=  pr.>t__  auior,  >Scc.  I.  S.-c.  S.    "-    "  e.x  vir^o  ur?o,  talem 

cl   ifnctionil)iis   ?f   c  nsuciioi^temoni  pessimal   iiiii-  peperif.            '•*»  Lib.  1.  cap.  4.  de  occult,  nat.  niir.  si 

lieres  qui  iis  acLijjjus  suum  v^BflRiiiWini  phaiita=i-  inter  amplexus  et  suavia  cogitet  de  uno,  a^it  alio  ab- 

am  regit^duf^^e  ad  lofiuH^^^KSiafKtltcTt^rpora  gama^^smggggL^mgtm^Jim^g^  elucere.       "~ 


160 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  1.  Sec.  2 


caused  in  their  children  by  force  of  a  depraved  phantasy  in  them  :  Ipsam  speciem  quam 
animo  ejigiat.,fi£tui  inducit :  She  imprints  that  stamp  upon  her  child  which  she  "'con 
ceives  unto  herself.  And  therefore  Lodovicus  Vives,  lib.  2.  de  Christ,  fcem.,  gives  a 
special  caution  to  great-bellied  women,  "^  That  they  do  not  admit  such  absurd  con- 
ceits and  cogitations,  but  by  all  means  avoid  those  horrible  objects,  heard  oj-  seen, 
or  filthy  spectacles."  Some  will  laugh,  weep,  sigh,  groan,  blush,  tremble,  sweat,  at 
such  tilings  as  are  suggested  unto  them  by  their  imagination.  Avicenna  speaks  of 
one  that  could  cast  himself  into  a  palsy  when  he  list ;  and  some  can  imitate  the  tunes 
of  birds  and  beasts  that  they  can  hardly  be  discerned  :  Dagebertus'  and  Saint  Francis' 
scars  and  wouiuls,  like  those  of  Christ's  (if  at  the  least  any  such  were),  ^^Agrippa 
supposeth  to  have  happened  by  force  of  imagination  :  that  some  are  turned  to  wolves, 
from  men  to  women,  and  women  again  to  men  (which  is  constantly  believed)  to  the 
same  imagination;  or  from  men  to  asses,  dogs,  or  any  other  shapes.  ^Wierus  as- 
cribes all  those  famous  transformations  to  imagination ;  that  in  hydrophobia  they 
seem  to  see  the  picture  of  a  dog,  still  in  their  water,  "Hhat  melancholy  men  and  sick 
men  conceive  so  many  phantastical  visions,  apparitions  to  themselves,  and  have  such 
absurd  apparitions,  as  that  they  are  kings,  lords,  cocks,  bears,  apes,  owls ;  that  they 
are  heavy,  light,  transparent,  great  and  little,  senseless  and  dead  (as  shall  be  showed 
more  at  large,  in  our  **  sections  of  symptoms),  can  be  imputed  to  nought  else,  but  to 
a  corrupt,  false,  and  violent  imagination.  It  works  not  in  sick  and  melancholy  men 
only,  but  even  most  forcibly  sometimes  in  such  as  are  sound :  it  makes  them  sud- 
denly sick,  and  ''^alters  their  temperature  in  an  instant.  And  sometimes  a  strong 
conceit  or  apprehension,  as  "^  Valesius  proves,  will  take  away  diseases  :  in  both  kinds 
it  will  produce  real  effects.  Men,  if  they  see  but  another  man  tremlile,  giddy  or  sick 
of  some  fearful  disease,  their  apprehension  and  fear  is  so  strong  in  tliis  kiiul,  that  they 
will  have  the  same  disease.  Or  if  by  some  soothsayer,  wiseman,  fortune-teller,  or 
physician,  they  be  told  they  shall  have  such  a  disease,  they  will  so  seriously  appre- 
hend it,  that  they  will  instantly  labour  of  it.  A  tiling  familiar  in  China  (saith  Ric- 
cius  the  Jesuit),  ^^'  If  it  be  told  them  they  shall  be  sick  on  such  a  day,  when  that 
day  conies  they  will  surely  be  sick,  and  will  be  so  terribly  afflicted,  that  sometimes 
they  die  upon  it.  Dr.  Cotta  in  his  discovery  of  ignorant  practitioners  of  physic, 
cap.  8,  hath  two  strange  stories  to  this  purpose,  what  fancy  is  able  to  do.  The  one 
of  a  parson\s  wife  in  Northamptonshire,  ,^7i.  1007,  that  coming  to  a  physician,  and 
told  by  him  that  she  was  troubled  with  the  sciatica,  as  he  conjectured  (a  disease  she 
"wa*  free  from),  the  same  night  after  her  return,  upon  his  words,  fell  into  a  grievous 
fit  of  a  sciatica :  and  such  another  example  he  hath  of  another  good  wife,  that  was 
so  troubled  with  the  cramp,  after  the  same  manner  she  came  by  it,  because  her  phy- 
sician did  but  name  it.  Sometimes  death  itself  is  caused  by  force  of  phantasy.  I  have 
heard  of  one  that  coming  by  chance  in  company  of  him  that  was  thought  to  be  sick 
of  the  plague  ( which  was  not  so)  fell  down  suddenly  dead.  Another  was  sick  of 
tlie  plague  with  conceit.  One  seeing  his  fellow  let  blood  falls  down  in  a  swoon. 
Another  (saith  ""Cardan  out  of  Aristotle),  fell  down  dead  (which  is  familiar  to  wo- 
men at  any  ghastly  sight),  seeing  but  a  man  hanged.  A  Jew  in  France  (saith  '  Lo- 
dovicus Vives),  came  by  chance  over  a  dangerous  passage  or  plank,  that  lay  over  a 
brook  in  the  dark,  without  harm,  the  next  day  perceiving  what  danger  he  was  in, 
fell  down  dead.  Many  will  not  believe  such  stories  to  be  true,  but  laugh  commonly, 
and  deride  when  they  hear  of  them ;  but  let  these  men  consider  with  themselves,  as 
'  Peter  Byarus  illustrates  it.  If  they  were  set  to  walk  upon  a  plank  on  high,  they 
would  be  giddy,  upon  which  they  dare  securely  walk  upon  the  ground.  Many 
(saith  Agrippa),'"'  strong-hearted  men  otherwise,  tremble  at  such  sights,  dazzle,  and 


"  Quid  non  fstui  adhuc  matri  unito,  subita  spirituum 
vibratione  per  nervos,  quibiie  matrix  cerebro  con- 
juncta  est.  inipriiiiit  inipregnatte  imasinatiol  ut  si 
imaginetur  malum  sranatiini,  illiud  notas  secum  pro- 
feret  fetus  :  Si  leporero,  infans  editur  supremo  labcllo 
bitido,  et  dissecto  :  Veheiiiens  cogitatio  inovet  rerum 
species.     Wier.  lib.  3.  cap.  8.  •'- Ne  dum  uteruin 

gestent.  adiiiittant  absiirdas  cogitationes,  seil  et  visu, 
auditiii|ii>:   f:y(\:i   et  tiorreuJa  (l»vki:iit.  "O.  cuii, 

Philo*.  111'.  1   mp.  64.  "iLib.  3.  de  Lamii.'?,  cap.  Ju 

•«  Agni'pi,  lib.  1.  cap.  64.  «<  Sect.  3.  memb.  1.  sub- 

3     t   3.  v^ Malleus  malefic.  fqi^JOLcorfiwt  nu 

vj'.>:it,  in  diveii 


*Fr.  Vales.  I.  5.  cont.  6.  nonnunquam  etiam  morbi 
diuturiii  consequuntur,  quandoque  rurantur.  "»  Ex- 
pedit.  ill  Sinas,  I.  1.  c.  9.  tantum  pnrro  uiulti  pracdicto- 
ribug  hisce  tribuunt  ut  ipse  metus  (idem  faciat :  nam 
si  priedictum  lis  fuerit  tali  die  eos  morbo  corripiendo?, 
ii  ubi  dies  advenerit,  in  morbum  incidunt,  et  vi  metus 
afflicti,  cum  segritudlne,  aliquando  etiam  cum  morte 
colluctantur.  "»  Subtil.  18.  >  Lib.  3.  de  anima, 

cap.  de  mel.  'Lib.  de  Peste.  3  Lib.  1.  cap.  63, 

V.x  iilto  despiciente^^iau^rK  timure  contremUcunt, 
calizant,   ii\£jj|^m^^mi^%iy§||iLm,    febres,   morbl 

ue  reeeduBl. 


]\Icm.  3.  Subs.  3.]  Division  of  Perturbations.  16. 

are  sick,  if  they  look  but  down  from  a  high  place,  and  what  moves  them  but  con- 
ceit ?"  As  some  are  so  molested  by  phantasy ;  so  some  again,  by  fancy  alone,  and  a 
good  conceit,  are  as  easily  recovered.  We  see  commonly  the  tooth-ache,  gout,  fall- 
ing-sickness, biting  of  a  mad  dog,  and  many  such  maladies  cured  by  spells,  words, 
characters,  and  charms,  and  many  green  wounds  by  that  now  so  much  used  Ungwn- 
tum  Armarium.^  magnetically  cured,  which  Crollius  and  Goclenius  in  a  book  of  late 
hath  defended,  Libavius  in  a  just  tract  as  stiffly  contradicts,  and  most  men  controvert. 
All  the  world  knows  there  i^  no  virtue  in  such  charms  or  cures,  but  a  strong  conceit 
and  opinion  alone,  as  •*  Pomponatius  holds,  '•  which  forceth  a  motion  of  the  humours, 
spirits,  and  blood,  which  takes  away  the  cause  of  the  malady  from  the  parts  affected." 
The  like  we  may  say  of  our  magical  effects,  superstitious  cures,  and  such  as  are  done 
by  mountebanks  and  wizards.  "As  by  wicked  incredulity  many  men  are  hurt  (so 
saith  ^  ^V'ierus  of  charms,  spells,  &c.),  we  find  in  our  experience,  by  the  same  means 
many  are  relieved."  An  empiric  oftentimes,  and  a  silly  chirurgeon,  doth  more 
strange  cures  than  a  rational  physician^  Nymannus  gives  a  reason,  because  the  pa- 
tient puts  his  confidence  in  him,  ^  which  Avicenna  "  prefers  before  art,  precepts,  and 
all  remedies  whatsoever."  'Tis  opinion  alone  (sahh  'Cardan'),  that  makes  or  mars 
physicians,  and  he  doth  the  best  cures,  according  to  Hippocrates,  in  whom  most  trust. 
So  diversely  doth  this  phantasy  of  ours  affect,  turn,  and  wind,  so  imperiously  command 
our  bodies,  which  as  another  *"  Proteus,  or  a  chameleon,  can  take  all  shapes ;  and  is 
of  such  force  (as  Ficinus  adds),  that  it  can  work  upon  others,  as  well  as  ourselves." 
How  can  otherwise  blear  eyes  in  one  man  cause  the  like  affection  in  another  ?  ^^  hy 
doth  one  man's  yawning  ^make  another  yawn  i  One  man's  pissing  provoke  a  second 
many  times  to  do  the  like  .?  Why  doth  scraping  of  trenchers  offend  a  third,  or  hack- 
ing of  files  .?  Why  doth  a  carcass  bleed  when  tlie  murderer  is  brought  before  it,  some 
weeks  after  the  murder  hath  been  done .?  Why  do  witches  and  old  women  fascinate 
and  bewitch  children  :  but  as  Wierus,  Paracelsus,  Cardan,  Mizaldus,  Valleriola,  Cajsar 
Vanninus,  Campanella,  and  many  philosophers  think,  the  forcible  imagination  of  the 
one  party  moves  and  alters  the  spirits  of  the  other.  Nay  more,  they  can  cause  and 
cure  not  only  diseases,  maladies,  and  several  infirmities,  by  this  means,  as  Avicenna, 
de  anim.  I.  4.  sect.  4,  supposeth  in  parties  remote,  but  move  bodies  from  their  places, 
cause  thunder,  lightning,  tempests,  which  opinion  Alkindus,  Paracelsus,  and  some 
others,  approve  of.  So  that  I  may  certainly  conclude  this  strong  conceit  or  imagina- 
tion is  astrum  hominis.)  and  the  rudder  of  this  our  ship,  which  reason  should  steer, 
but,  overborne  by  phantasy,  cannot  manage,  and  so  suffers  itself,  and  this  whole  vessel 
of  ours  to  be  overruled,  and  often  overturned.  Read  more  of  this  in  Wierus,  Z.  3. 
dc  Lamiis,  c.  8,  9,  10.  Franciscus  Yalesius,  med.  controv.  Z.  5.  cont.  6.  Marcellus 
Donatus,  Z.  2.  c.  1.  de  hist.  med.  mirahil.  Levinus  Lemnius,  de  occiilf.  nat.  mir.  I.  1 
c.  12.  Cardan,  Z.  18.  de  rerum  var.  Com.  Agrippa,  de  occult,  philos.  cap.  04,  65 
Camerarius,  1  cent.  cap.  54.  horarum  subcis.  Nymannus,  viorat.  de  Imag.  Lauren 
tins,  and  him  that  is  instar  omnium^  Fienus,  a  famous  physician  of  Antwerp,  that 
wrote  three  books  de  viribus  imaginationis.  I  have  thus  far  digressed,  because  this 
imagination  is  the  medium  deferens  of  passions,  by  whose  means  they  work  and 
produce  many  times  prodigious  effects  :  and  as  the  phantasy  is  more  or  less  intended 
or  remitted,  and  their  humours  disposed,  so  do  perturbations  move,  more  or  less,  and 
take  deeper  impression. 

SuBSECT.  HI. — Division  of  Perturbations. 

Perturbatio.vs  and  passions,  which  trouble  the  phantasy,  though  they  dwell  be- 
tween tlie  confines  of  sense  and  reason,  yet  they  rather  follow  sense  than  reason,  be- 
cause they  are  drowned  in  corporeal  organs  of  sense.  They  are  commonly  '°  reduced 
into  two  inclinations,  irascible  and  concupiscible.    The  Thomists  subdivide  them  mto 

*  Lib.  de  Incantatione,Imaginatio  subitum  humorutn,  I  '  Plures  sanat  inquemplure3Confidunt.lib.de  sapi- 
et  spirituum  motum  infert,  unde  vario  atTectu  rapitur    entia.  i' Marcelius  Ficinus,  1.  13.  c.  1ft.  de  theolog. 

sanauis,   ac   uni  niorbificas  causas   partibus   affectis  [  Platonica.     Imaginatio  est  tanqu&ui  Proteus  vel  Cha- 
eripit.  'Lib.  3.  c.  18.de  pra;stis.     Ut  impia  ore-    niteleon,    corpus   proprium   et   alienum  nonnunquani 

dulilatequis  la-ditur, sic  et  levari  eundem  tredibile  est,    afficiens.  ,*CiitvQscitanUs    oscitcnt,    Wierus. 

usuque  observatum.  ".^gri  persuasio  et  fiducia,    "jJ^V./SMlit.  * 

Dinni  arti  et  consilio  eUMllMHkHfiUitLi''^^'  '^^''^£!L>''  ^^"^-^    « 


162  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

eleven,  six  in  flie  coveting,  and  five  in  tlie  invading.  Aristotle  rediiceth  all  to  plea- 
sure and  pain,  Plato  to  love  and  hatred,  "  Vives  to  good  and  bad.  If  good,  it  is  pre- 
sent, and  then  we  absolutely  joy  and  love;  or  to  come,  and  then  we  desire  and  hope 
for  it.  If  evil,  we  absolute  hate  it ;  if  present,  it  is  by  sorrow  ;  if  to  come  fear.  Tliese 
four  passions  '-  Bernard  compares  "  to  the  wheels  of  a  chariot,  by  which  we  are  car- 
ried in  this  world."  All  other  passions  are  subordinate  unto  tliese  four,  or  six,  as 
some  will :  love,  joy,  desire,  hatred,  sorrow,  fear;  the  rest,  as  anger,  envy,  emula- 
tion, pride,  jealousy,  anxiety,  mercy,  shame,  discontq^it,  despair,  ambition,  avarice, 
&.C.,  are  reducible  unto  the  first;  and  if  they  be  innnoderate,  tiiey  '^consume  the 
spirits,  and  melancholy  is  especially  caused  by  them.  Some  few  discreet  men  theri 
are,  that  can  govern  themselves,  and  curb  in  these  inordinate  atl'ections,  by  religion, 
philosophy,  and  such  divine  precepts,  of  meekness,  patience,  and  tlie  like;  but  mosi 
part  for  want  of  government,  out  of  indiscretion,  ignorance,  tluv  sulltn-  tlumselves 
wholly  to  be  led  by  sense,  and  are  so  far  from  repressing  rel)elli()iis  inclinations,  that 
they  give  all  encouragement  unto  them,  leaving  the  reins,  and  using  all  provocations 
to  further  them  :  bad  by  nature,  worse  by  art,  discipline,  '^custom,  education,  and  a 
perverse  will  of  their  own,  they  follow  on,  wheresoever  their  unbridled  alliictions 
will  transport  them,  and  do  more  out  of  custom,  self-will,  tiian  out  of  reason.  Con- 
tumax  voluntas.,  as  Melancthon  calls  it,  vialumfucil  :  this  stubborn  will  of  ours  per- 
verts judgment,  which  sees  and  knows  what  should  and  ought  to  be  done,  and  yet 
vail  not  do  it.  Mancipia  gulce.,  slaves  to  their  several  lusts  and  appetite,  they  pre- 
cipitate and  plunge  'themselves  into  a  labyrinth  of  cares,  blinded  with  lust,  blinded 
with  ambition  ;  '""They  seek  that  at  God^s  hands  which  they  may  give  unto  them- 
selves, if  they  could  but  refrain  from  those  cares  and  perturbations,  wherewith  they 
continually  macerate  their  minds."  But  giving  way  to  these  violent  passions  of  fear, 
grief,  shame,  revenge,  hatred,  malice,  Stc,  they  are  torn  in  pieces,  as  Acta^on  was 
with  his  dogs,  and  ''crucify  their  own  souls. 

SuBSECT.  IV. — Sorrow  a  Cause  of  Melancholy. 

Sorroxc.  Iiisanus  dolor.]  I.v  this  catalogue  of  passions,  which  so  much  torment 
:the  soul  of  man,  and  cause  this  malady,  (for  1  will  briefly  speak  of  them  all,  and  in  their 
order,)  the  first  place  in  this  irascible  appetite,  may  justly  be  challenged  by  sorroi^. 
An  inseparable  companion,  ''"Ttie  mother  and  daughter  of  melancholy,  her  epitome, 
symptom,  and  chief  cause  :"  as  Hippocrates  hath  it,  they  beget  one  another,  and  tread 
in  a  ring,  for  sorrow  is  both  cause  and  symptom  of  this  disease.  How  it  is  a  symp- 
tom shall  be  shown  in  its  place.  That  it  is  a  cause  all  the  world  acknowledgeth. 
Dolor  nonnuUis  Insanice  catisa  fuit.,et  aliorum  morhorum  insanabilium,  saith  Plutarch 
•  to  ApoUonius ;  a  cause  of  madness,  a  cause  of  many  other  diseases,  a  sole  cause  of 
this  miscliief,  "Lemnius  calls  it.  So  doth  Rha.sis,  cont.l.  I.  tract.  9.  Guinerius, 
TVact.  15.  c.  5.  And  if  it  take  root  once,  it  ends  in  despair,  as  ^Tcelix  Plater  ob- 
serves, and  as  in  ^'Cebes'  table,  may  well  be  coupled  with  it.  ^Chrysostom,  in  his 
seventeenth  epistle  to  Olympia,  describes  it  to  be  "  a  cruel  torture  of  the  soul,  a  most 
inexplicable  grief,  poisoned  worm,  consuming  body  and  soul,  and  gnawing  the  very 
heart,  a  perpetual  executioner,  continual  night,  profound  darkness,  a  whirlwind,  a 
tempest,  an  ague  not  appearing,  heating  worse  than  any  fire,  and  a  battle  tliat  hath  no 
end.    It  crucifies  worse  than  any  tyrant ;  no  torture,  no  strappado,  no  bodily  punish- 

"3.  deAnima.         "Ser.  35.   Hie  quatuor  passiones  boles  atri  humoris  sunt,  et  in  circqiiim  »e  procreant. 

Eunttanquam  rot!eincurru,quibus  vehiniiir  hoc  mundo.  Hip.  Apliori:^.  23.  1.  fi.     Idem  Monlaltus,  cap.  19.    Vjc- 

'^Ilariiiii  qiiippe  immoderatione,  spiritiis  marcescunt.  lorius  Faventinus,  pract.  iiiiag.         '»  M'llti  ux  inemre 

Fernel.  I.  1.  Path,  c  16.        "Mala  c<iiisuetiidine  depra-  et  rneiu   hue  delapsi   Biiiit.      Lenin.,   lib.    1.   cap.    16. 

vatur  ingeiiium  ne  bene,  faciat.    Prosper  Caleiius,  1.  de  ^'Mnltaciira  et  Iristilia  fuciunt  atcedere  nielanrho- 

«tra  bile.  Plura  faciunt  homines  6consuetudine  quam  liain  (cap.  3.  de  mentis  alien  )  si  alias   itdices  ajral,  in 

6  ratione.    A  tent-tis  assuescere  niultnm  est.    Video  veram  fi.xamqiie  degenerat  melancholjam  ot  in  de>pe- 

jneliora  proboqiie  deteriora  sequor.  Ovid.  '^  Nemo  raiionem  desiiiit.  -■  llle  luctng.  i-jus   ver6  «oror 

la^ditiir  nisi  4.s>-ipso.  '"  Miiiti  se  in  inqiiietudinem  desperatio  siniul   ponilur.  '^'' Aniinaium  crudele 

prsecipltant  amhiiione  et  cupiditalilius  exc.Tcati,  ni>n  torinentum,  dolor  inexplicabilis,  tinf;a  non  solum  ossa, 

intelligunt  se  illud  k  diis  petere,  quod  sibi  ipsis  si  ve-  sed  corda  pertineens,  perpetuus  carnifex,  vires  animc 

lint  prestare  possint,  si  curis  et  perturbaiionibus,  qui-  consumens,  juzis  nox.  et  tenebrip  profundiB,  tempestas 

bus  assidue  se  niacerant,  imperare  velleiit.        '■  Tarito  et  turbo  et  febris  non   apparena,  omni  igne  validius 

studi"  r.i-. n  ,  mill  causas.  et  j^linipnn  iji.inriu"  'I'l^ri-  ncendens  ;  lonirior.  el  pugnn.-  fineni  non  liabcnt 

inu>.  'C^feflMSflplTlCrn^luin     '        -' r:i-  Crucem   circunilVTl   dolor,  fuciemque   omni   lyrannc 

bil>  I  ^^^^^^mpeCat.  de  Ri^iiii'itii^m^.  crudeliorem  i 

''  Tii ^.til^^^^^^HHiaHeiit,  causa  et  «5»— 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  5. 


FeaVi)  a  Cause. 


163 


ment  is  like  unto  it.  'Tis  the  eagle  without  question  uhich  the  poets  feigned  to  gnaw 
^Prometheus'  heart,  and  "no  heaviness  is  like  unto  the  heaviness  of  the  heart," 
Eccles.  XXV.  15,  16.  ^'^  Every  perturbation  is  a  misery,  but  grief  a  cruel  torment," 
a  domineering  passion :  as  in  old  Rome,  when  the  Dictator  was  created,  all  inferior 
magistracies  ceased ;  when  grief  appears,  all  other  passions  vanish.  "  It  dries  up  the 
bones,"  saith  Solomon,  ch.  17.  Pro.,  "makes  them  hollow-eyed,  pale,  and  lean,  fur- 
row-faced, to  have  dead  looks,  wrinkled  brows,  shrivelled  clieeks,  dry  bodies,  and 
quite  perverts  their  temperature  tliat  are  misafi'ected  with  it.  As  Eleonara,  that  exiled 
mournful  duchess  (in  our  ^'^  English  Ovid),  laments  to  her  noble  husband  Humphrey, 
Duke  of  Gloucester, 


'  Sawest  tliou  those  eyes  in  whose  sweet  cheerful  look 
Duke  Humphrey  once  such  joy  and  pleasure  took, 


Sorrow  hath  so  despoil 'd  me  of  all  prace, 
Thou  couldst  not  say  this  was  my  Elnor's 
Like  a  foul  Gorgon,"  &;c. 


face. 


'^"it  hinders  concoction,  refrigerates  the  heart,  takes  away  stomach,  colour,  and 
sleep,  thickens  the  blood,  ^■'(Fernelius,  ?.  1.  c.  18.  de  morb.  causis,)  contaminates  the 
spirits."  2S(Piso.)  Overthrows  the  natural  heat,  perverts  the  good  estate  of  body 
and  mind,  and  makes  them  weary  of  their  lives,  cry  out,  howl  and  roar  for  very 
anguish  of  their  souls.  David  confessed  as  much.  Psalm  xxxviii.  8,  "  I  have  roared 
■for  the  very  disquietness  of  my  heart."  And  Psalm  cxix.  4,  part  4  v.  "  JMy  soul 
melteth  away  for  very  heaviness,"  v.  38.  "  I  am  like  a  bottle  in  the  siTioke."  An- 
tiochus  complained  tliat  he  could  not  sleep,  and  that  his  heart  fainted  for  grief, 
^^ Christ  himself,  Vir  dolorum,  out  of  an  apprehension  of  grief,  did  sweat  bloodi 
Mark  xiv.  "  His  soul  was  heavy  to  the  death,  and  no  sorovv  was  like  unto  his." 
Crato,  comil.  21.  ?.  2,  gives  instance  in  one  that  was  so  melancholy  by  reason  of 
^  grief ;  and  Montanus,  consil  30,  in  a  noble  matron,  ^'"  that  had  no  other  cause  of 
this  mischief"  I.  S.  D.  in  Hildesheim,  fully  cured  a  patient  of  liis  that  was  much 
troubled  witli  melanclioly,  and  for  many  years,  ''^but  afterwards,  by  a  little  occasion 
of  sorrow,  he  fell  into  his  former  fits,  and  was  tormented  as  before."  Examples  are 
common,  how  it  causeth  melancholy,  ^  desperation,  and  sometimes  death  itself; 
for  (Eccles.  xxxviii.  15,)  "Of  heaviness  comes  death;  worldly  sorrow  causeth 
death."  2  Cor.  vii.  10,  Psalm  xxxi.  10,  "My  life  is  wasted  with  heaviness,  and  my 
years  with  mourning."  Why  was  Hecuba  said  to  be  turned  to  a  dog  ?  Niobe  into 
a  stone  ?  but  that  for  grief  she  was  senseless  and  stupid.  Severus  the  Emperor  ^^ 
died  for  grief;  and  how  ^'many  myriads  besides  .^^  Tanfa  illi  est  fcrilas^  tanta  est 
insania  luclus?^  Melancthon  gives  a  reason  of  it,  '''"  the  gathering  of  much  melan- 
choly blood  about  the^heart,  which  collection  extinguisheth  the  good  spirits,  or  at 
least  duUeth  them,  sorrow  strikes  the  heart,  makes  it  tremble  and  pine  away,  with 
great  pain  ;  and  the  black  blood  drawn  from  the  spleen,  and  diffused  under  the  ribs, 
on  the  left  side,  makes  those  perilous  hypochondriacal  convulsions,  Avhich  happen 
to  them  that  are  troubled  with  sorrow." 

SuBSECT.  V. — Fear,  a  Cause. 

Cousin  german  to  sori'ow,  is  fear,  or  rather  a  sister,  Jidus  Achates^  and  continual 
companion,  an  assistant  and  a  principal  agent  in  procuring  of  this  mischief;  a  cause 
and  symptom  as  the  other.  In  a  word,  as  '^Virgil  of  tlie  Harpies,  I  may  justly  say 
of  them  both. 


"Tristius  haud  illis  monstrum,  nee  ssBvior  ulla 
Pestis  et  ira  Deum  stygiis  sese  extulit  undis." 


"A  sadder  monster,  or  more  cruel  plague  so  fell, 
Or  vengeance  of  the  gods,  ne'er  came  froni  Styx  or  Hell. 


This  foul  fiend  of  fear  was  worshipped  heretofore  as  a  god  by  the  liacedaerao- 
nians,  and  most  of  those  other  torturing ''^  affections,  and  so  was  sorrow   amongst 


5=  Nat.  Comes  Mythol.  1.  4.  c.  6.  s^Tully  3.  Tusc 
cmnis  perturbatio  miseria  et  carnificina  est  dolor. 
"^  .M.  Drayton  in  his  Her.  ep.  -''  Crato  consil.  21. 

lib.  2.  nioe.stiiia  universum  infripidat  corpus,  calorem 
iiinatuni  extinsult.  appetitum  deslruit.  -'"  Cor  re- 

frigerat  tristitia,  spiritus  exsiccat,  iiinatumqne  calorem 
oliruit,  vigilias  inducit,  concoctionem  laberfactat,  san- 
puinem  incrassat,  exageratque  melancliolicum  suc- 
cuni.  ■■'' Spiritus  et  sanguis  hoc  conlaniinatur. 

Piso.  -JJIaic.  vi.  10.  11.  ■<  Mnmre  niaceror, 

marcesco  et  cons(iii-..(  ,,  mi-,  r  pellis  sum 

misera  macritudl(  r      I'l  tut.  m  inceptum 

et  actum  a  tristiU^i  .-ola.  •  ii,    ,   -      iiii,-t,jiif(-L.9- 

de  melaiicliulia,  mxrore  ulMiMMfiiLJiccedente,  in 


priora  symptomata  incidit.  s^Vives,  3.  d.  anima, 

c.  de  ni.Trore.  Sahin.  in  Ovid.  aiHerodian.  1.  3. 

ma^rore  magis  quem  morbo  consumptus  est.  ^'■>  Both- 
wellius  atribilarius  oliiit  Brizarrus  Genuensis  hist.  (fee. 
""'So  great  is  the  fierceness  and  madness  of  melan- 
choly. 37  iMoestitia  cor  quasi  percussum  conslringi- 
tur,  tremit  et  languescit  cum  acri  sensu  doloris.  In 
tristitia  cor  fugiens  attrahit  ex  Splene  leutum  humo- 
rem  melanchollcuui,  qui  effusus  sub  costis  iti  sinistro 
latere  hypocoiidrlacos  flatus  facit,  quod  s.ipe  accidit 
iis  qui  diuturna  cura  e't  nioeslilia  conliKt.ininr.  Me- 
^ifCthon.  s-Lib.  3.  ai;ii.  4.  a^iEt  ruelum  ideo 

deam  sacrarunt  ut  bonam  mentem  conceUeict.  Varro, 
LaGjaiitiuSv  ' 


164  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

the  rest,  under  the  name  of  Angerona  Dea,  they  stood  in  such  awe  of  them,  as 
Austin,  dc  Civifat.  Dei,  Jib.  4.  cap.  8,  noteth  out  of  VaiTO,  fear  was  commonly 
*° adored  and  painted  in  their  temples  with  a  lion's  head ;  and  as  Macrobius  records, 
/.  10.  SdturnaTnim  ;  •"'•  In  the  calends  of  January,  Angerona  had  her  holy  day,  to 
whom  in  the  temple  of  Volupia,  or  goddess  of  pleasure,  their  augurs  and  bishops  did 
yearly  sacrifice ;  that,  being  propitious  to  them,  she  might  expel  all  cares,  anguish, 
and  vexation  of  the  mind  for  that  year  following."  jMany  lamentable  eflects  this 
fear  causeth  in  men,  as  to  be  red,  pale,  tremble,  sweat,  ^^it  makes  sudden  cold  and 
heat  to  come  over  all  the  body,  palpitation  of  the  heart,  syncope,  &c.  It  amazeth 
many  men  that  are  to  speak,  or  show  themselves  in  public  assemblies,  or  before 
some  great  personages,  as  Tully  confessed  of  himself,  that  he  trembled  still  at  the 
beginning  of  his  speech  ;  and  Demosthenes,  that  great  orator  of  Greece,  before 
Philippus.  It  confounds  voice  and  memory,  as  Lucian  wittily  brings  in  Jupiter 
Tragoedus,  so  much  afraid  of  his  auditory,  when  he  was  to  make  a  speech  to  the 
rest  of  the  Gods,  that  he  could  not  utter  a"  ready  word,  but  was  compelled  to  use 
Mercury's  help  in  prompting.  Many  men  are  so  amazed  and  astonished  with  fear, 
they  know  not  where  they  are,  what  they  say,  ''^  what  they  do,  and  that  which  is 
worst,  it  tortures  them  many  days  before  v.ith  continual  athiglits  and  suspicion.  It 
hinders  most  honourable  attempts,  and  makes  their  hearts  ache,  sad  and  heavy. 
Tliey  that  live  in  fear  are  never  free,  "resolute,  secure,  never  n:erry,  but  in  continual 
pain :  that,  as  Vives  truly  said,  JVulla  est.  miscria  major  quavi  mclua,  no  greater 
misery,  no  rack,  nor  torture  like  unto  it,  ever  suspicious,  anxious,  solicitous,  they 
are  childishly  drooping  without  reason,  without  judgment,  ''^"especially  if  some 
terrible  object  be  ofiered,"  as  Plutarch  hath  it.  It  causeth  oltentimes  sudden  mad- 
ness, and  almost  all  manner  of  diseases,  as  I  have  sullicicntly  illustrated  in  my 
■•* digression  of  the  force  of  imagination,  and  shall  do  more  at  large  in  my  section 
of  '"terrors.  Fear  makes  our  imagination  conceive  what  it  list,  invites  the  devil  to 
come  to  us,  as  *"  Agrippa  and  Cardan  avouch,  and  tyrannizelh  over  our  phantasy  more 
than  all  other  aflections,  especially  in  the  dark.  We  see  this  verified  in  most  men, 
as  ^'Lavater  saith.  Qua  meluunt,  Jinguni  ;  what  they  fear  tlvey  conceive,  and  feign 
unto  themselves ;  they  think  they  see  goblins,  hags,  devils,  and  many  times  beconif 
melancholy  thereby.  Cardan,  subtil,  lib.  18,  hatli  an  example  of  such  an  one,  so 
caused  to  be  melancholy  (by  sight  of  a  bugbear;  all  his  life  after.  Augustus  Cajsai 
durst  not  sit  in  the  dark,  nisi  aliquo  assidente,  saith  ^Suetonius,  jyunquam  tenebris 
r.vigilai'if.  And  'tis  strange  what  women  and  children  will  conceive  unto  them- 
selves, if  they  go  over  a  church-yard  in  the  nigiit,  lie,  or  be  alone  in  a  dark  room, 
how  they  sweat  and  tremble  on  a  sudden.  Many  men  are  troubled  willi  future 
events,  foreknowledge  of  their  fortunes,  destinies,  as  Severus  the  Emperor,  Adrian 
and  Domitian,  Quod  sciret  ullimum  vitcp  diem,  saith  Suetonius,  ralde  soUcilus,  much 
tortured  in  mind  because  he  foreknew  his  end ;  with  many  such,  of  which  I  shall 
speak  more  opportunely  in  another  place.''  Anxiety,  mercy,  pity,  indignation,  kc, 
and  such  fearful  branches  derived  from  these  two  stems  of  fear  and  sorrow,  I  volun- 
tarily omit;  read  more  of  them  in  "Carolus  Pascalius,  ^Dandinus,  &.c. 

SuBSECT.  VI. — Shame  and  Disgrace,  Causes. 

Shame  and  disgrace  cause  most  violent  passions  and  bitter  pangs.  Ob  pudorem 
el  dedecus  publicum,  ob  errorum  commissum  scBpe  move.ntur  generosi  aniini  (Ftelix 
Plater,  lib.  3.  de  alienat  mentis.)  Generous  minds  are  often  moved  with  shame,  to 
despair  for  some  public  disgrace.  And  he,  saith  Philo,  lib.  2.  de  provid.  dei,  ""  that 
subjects  himself  to  fear,  grief,  ambition,  shame,  is  not  happy,  but  altogether  miserable, 

*0LiliU3    Girald.    Syntag.    1.   de    diia    nilscellaniis.  I '''Lib.  de  forlitudiiie  et  virlule  .\lt-xan<lri,  iibi   propA 
■  Talendis  Jan.   feriie  sunt  divie  Anserona?,  ciii  pon-  Ires  adfuit  terribilis.  ^Hect.  2.  Mem    3.  (<ub«.  2. 


titices  in  s-acello  Volupis  sacra  faciunt,  quod  angores 
»'l  aninii  solicitiidines  propitiata  propellat.  ^^ Ti- 

mor Inducit  frigus.  cordis  palpitatlonem,  vocia  defec- 
tum atqii<;  pallorein.  Aijrippa,  lib.  1.  cap.  63.  I'itiiidi 
.xeniper  spiritus  Iwibent  frieidos.  Mont.  «  Effusas 

rernens  fugien^  agmiiiff  tuiuias  ;  <niii  in'  i  nunc 
intlat  coriuuB^pnus  aif!     Alciat.  '■''.Mtiua  non 


Sect.  2.  Menib.   4.  .Subs.  3.  ♦'Subtil,  l^.  lib. 

timor  attrahit  ad  se  Diemonas,  tinior  et  error  inullum 
in  hoininibus  possunt.  ^'Jl.lli.  2.  Sperlris  ca.  3. 

fortes  rar6  spectra  vident,quia  minus  timent.        «'  Vila 
ejus.  "  Sect.  2.  Meinb.  4.  Subs.  7.  «  De  virl. 

et  vitiis.  ""Com,  in  Arisl.  de  Anima.  "Qui 

mentem  8Ubjeu^^^|i|  domination!,  cupidilitiv .  d'>- 
^lum  memuriMt-coBsiernat,  ted  et  insiitiiium  anlltii  '  lori^,  amhujiMllPpiffinp,-4*-li«   f^n  >'<>i    "'d  ouinino 
C0DatunMiM|iit^    Thucidides.  Iflnfflf^nRInislintlU  torquctiiTei  '        ria. 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  6.]  Shame  and  Disgrace,  Causes.  1 65 

torturecf  with  continual  laDour,  care,  and  misery."  It  is  as  forcible  a  batterer  as  any 
of  the  rest :  ^^"Many  men  neglect  the  tumults  of  the  world,  and  care  not  for  sflorv, 
and  yet  they  are  afraid  of  infamy,  repulse,  disgrace,  (TuL  qffic.  I.  1,)  they  can  se- 
verely contemn  pleasure,  bear  grief  indifferently,  but  they  are  quite  ^battered  and 
broken  with  reproach  and  obloquy :"  [siquklem  vita  et  fama  pari  passu  arahulant) 
and  are  so  dejected  many  times  for  some  public  injury,  disgrace,  as  a  box  on  tlie  ear 
by  their  inferior,  to  be  overcome  of  their  adversary,  foiled  in  the  field,  to  be  out  in  a 
speech,  some  foul  fact  committed  or  disclosed,  Stc.  that  they  dare  not  come  abroad 
all  their  lives  after,  but  melancholize  in  corners,  and  keep  in  holes.  The  most 
generous  spirits  are  most  subject  to  it;  Spiritus  altos  frangit  et  generosos  :  Hiero- 
nymus.  Aristotle,  because  he  could  not  understand  the  motion  of  Euripus,  for  grief 
and  shame  drowned  himself:  Ccelius  Rodigirws  antiquar.  lee.  lib.  29.  cap.  8.  Home- 
rus  pudore  co7isiimptus,  was  swallowed  up  with  this  passion  of  shame  ^'"because 
he  could  not  unfold  the  fisherman's  riddle."  Sophocles  killed  himself,  ^'"  for  that  a 
tragedy  of  his  was  hissed  off  the  stage :"  Valer.  max.  lib.  9.  cap.  12.  Lucretia 
stabbed  herself,  and  so  did  *^  Cleopatra,  "when  she  saw  that  she  was  reserved  for  a 
triurtjph,  to  avoid  the  infamy."  Antonius  the  Roman,  ''"•'•after  he  was  overcome  of 
his  enemy,  for  three  days'  space  sat  solitary  in  the  fore-part  of  the  ship,  abstaining 
from  all  company,  even  of  Cleopatra  herself,  and  afterwards  for  very  shame  butchered 
himself,"  Plutarch,  vita  ejus.  "  Apollonius  Rhodius  ^' wilfully 'banished  himself, 
forsaking  his  country,  and  all  his  dear  friends,  because  he  was  out  in  recitinsr  his 
poems,"  Plinius,  lib.  7.  cap.  23.  Ajax  ran  mad,  because  his  arms  were  adjudged  to 
Ulysses.  In  China  'tis  an  ordinary  thing  for  such  as  are  excluded  in  those  famous 
trials  of  theirs,  or  should  take  degrees,  for  shame  and  grief  to  lose  their  wits,  ^\Mat 
Riccius  expedit.  ad  Sinas,  I.  3.  c.  9.  Hostratus  the  friar  took  that  book  which 
Reuclin  had  writ  against  him,  under  the  name  of  Epist.  obsciirorum  viroru?n,  so  to 
heart,  that  for  shame  and  grief  he  made  away  with  himself,  ''^Jovius  in  elosiis.  A 
grave  and  learned  minister,  and  an  ordinary  preacher  at  Alcmar  in  Holland,  was  ''one 
day  as  he  walked  in  the  fields  for  his  recreation)  suddenly  taken  with  a  lax  or  loose- 
ness, and  thereupon  compelled  to  retire  to  the  next  ditch ;  but  being  "  surprised  at 
unawares,  by  some  gentlewomen  of  his  parish  wandering  that  way,  was  so  abashed, 
that  he  did  never  after  show  his  head  in  public,  or  come  into  the  pulpit,  but  pined 
away  with  melancholy:  [Pet.  Forestus  med.  observat.  lib.  10.  observat.  12.)  So 
shame  amongst  other  passions  can  play  his  prize. 

I  know  there  be  many  base,  impudent,  JDrazen-faced  rogties,  that  will  '^\Xulld 
pallescere  culpa,  be  moved  with  nothing,  take  no  infamy  or  disgrace  to  heart,  laugh 
at  all ;  let  them  be  proved  perjured,  stigmatized,  convict  rogues,  thieves,  traitors, 
lose  their  ears,  be  whipped,  branded,  carted,  pointed  at,  hissed,  reviled,  and  derided 
with  ®*Ballio  the  Bawd  in  Plautus,  they  rejoice  at  it,  Cantores  probos ;  "babe  and 
Bombax,"  what  care  they  ?     We  have  too  many  such  in  our  times, 

"  Exclamat  Melicerta  perisse 

Frontera  de  rebus. "<>" 

Yet  a  modest  man,  one  that  hath  grace,  a  generous  spirit,  tender  of  his  reputation, 
will  be  deeply  wounded,  and  so  grievously  afiected  with  it,  that  he  had  rather  give 
myriads  of  crowns,  lose  his  life,  than  sufier  the  least  defamation  of  honour,  or  blot 
in  his  good  name.  And  if  so  be  that  he  cannot  avoid  it.  as  a  nightingale.  Que  can- 
tando  victa  raoritur,  (saith  "^^  Mizaldus,)  dies  for  shame  if  another  bird  sing  better,  he 
languisheth  and  pineth  away  in  the  anguish  of  his  spirit. 


''Mjlti  contemnunt  inundi  strepitum,  reputant  pro 
nitiilo  i;loriani..sed  tiinenl  infaniiain,  offensionem,  re- 
pulsain.  VoUiptaieraseverissini6  conteranuiit,  in  do- 
lore  sunt  molliores,  gloriam  neeliguiit,  fraiiguntiir 
intamia.  ^Gravius  contiinieliam  feriniiis  quain 

detrimentum,  ni  abjecto  niiiiis  aniiiio  simus.    I'lut.  in 
T'lnol.  1"  Quod  piscatoris  apni«n)a  scilvt;re  non 

po?spt.  s^  Ob  Trancediani  explosani,  niorism  sihi 

gladio  concivit.  "Cum  vidit  in  triuniphum  se 

servari,  causa  ejus  isnoniinix   vitanda  mortem  sibi 
concivit.  Plut.  f  Hello  vicliis.  per  tres  dies  sedit 

ii    prora   navis,  abstinent  ah  onini  coiisortio,  etiani 
CieopatiT,  porstea  se  intvr 
citasset  Argonautica,  (il>  : 
dam  prsB  verecundia  siim. 
duiit,  eo  quod  a-literalorum 


•'I  C'lim  male  re- 

^'ilavit.         "'-Qui- 

1.  le  li^Lnjaniajri  inci- 

Ldu^aeAaTbiQe  '«£xlu- 


'  duntur.  ^  Hostratus  cucullatus  adeo  sraviter  ob 

Reuclini  librum,  qui  inscribitur,  Epistoloe  obscurorura 
virorum,  dolore  simul  et  pudore  sairciatus,  ut  seipsum 
interfecerit.  "  Propter  ruborem  confiisus.  statim 

cepit  delirare,  &c.  ob  suspiiionem,  quod  vili  ilium 
criniine  accusarent.  t;  Herat.  f-«  Ps.  linpudice 
U.  Iia  psti  Ps.  sceleste.  B.  dicis  vera  Ps.  Verbero.  B. 
quippeni  Ps.  furciftr.  B.  factum  opiime.  Ps.  soci 
fraude.  B.  sunt  mea  istsec  Ps.  parricida  B.  perge  tu 

,  Ps.  sacrilege.  B.  fatenr.  Ps.  perjure  B.  vera  dicis.  Ps. 
pernilies  adolescentuin  B.  acerrime.  Ps.  fur.  B.  babe. 
Ps.  fugitive.  B.  bomlias.  Ps.  fraus  populi.  B.  Planis- 
>!nie.  Ps.  iii;[iuri-  1i.-ih>.  faniii}^  P,  i:n:\  f-  probos. 
P-.'udaios.  act.  1.  .Seen.  3.  "  ^^  ilei«.t -J  i  -Aclaims, 
'•all  shame  has  vanished  from  human  traMeactions." 
Persiua,  Sat.  V.  ^  Cent» 


166 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


Tart.  l.Sec.  2. 


SuBSECT.  VII. — Envy,  Malice,  Hatred,  Causes. 

EwY  and  malice  are  two  links  of  this  chain,  and  both,  as  Guianerius,  Tract.  15. 
cap.  2,  proves  out  of  Galen,  3  Aphorism,  corn.  22,  ®®"  cause  this  malady  by  them- 
selves, especially  if  their  bodies  be  otherwise  disposed  to  melancholy."  'Tis  Va- 
lescus  de  Taranta,  and  Foelix  Platerus'  observation,  ™''Envy  so  gnaws  many  men's 
hearts,  that  they  become  altogether  melancholy."  And  therefore  belike  Solomon, 
Prov.  xiv.  13,  calls  it,  '•  the  rotting  of  the  bones,"  Cyprian,  vulniis  occultum ; 

"1 "  Siculi  non  iiivenere  tyranni 

Mnjus  tornieiituni" 

The  Sicilian  tyrants  never  invented  the  like  torment.  It  crucifies  their  .souls,  withers 
their  bodies,  makes  them  hollow-eyed,  '-  pale,  lean,  and  ghastly  to  behold,  Cyprian, 
ser.  2.  dc  zelo  et  livore.  "^'  As  a  moth  gnaws  a  garment,  so,"  sailh  Chrysostom, 
'*  doth  envy  consume  a  man ;"  to  be  a  living  anatomy  :  a  "  skeleton,  to  be  a  lean, 
and  "^ pale  carcass,  quickened  with  a  "fiend,  Hall  in  Charact."  for  so  often  as  an 
envious  wretch  sees  anotlier  man  prosper,  to  be  enriched,  to  thrive,  and  be  fortunate 
in  the  world,  to  get  honours,  otHces,  or  the  like,  he  repines  and  grieves. 


-"  intabeucitqiie  videndo 


Suceessua  homiiiuiu suppliciuiiique  suuin  est." 

He  tortures  himself  if  his  e([ual,  friend,  neighbour,  be  preferred,  commended,  do 
well;  if  he  uiulerstand  of  it,  it  galls  him  afresli ;  and  no  greater  pain  can  come  to 
him  than  to  hear  of  another  man's  well-doing;  'tis  a  dagjrer  at  his  heart  every  such 
object.  He  looks  at  him  as  they  that  fell  down  in  Lucian's  rock  of  honour,  with  an 
envious  eye,  and  will  damage  himself^  to  do  another  a  miscliief :  Alquc  cadet  suhito, 
dum  super  Jiostc  cadat.  As  he  did  in  ./^Esop,  lose  one  eye  willingly,  that  his  fellow 
might  lose  both,  or  that  rich  man  in  "Quintiliun  that  poisoned  the  flowers  in  his 
garden,  because  his  neighbour's  bees  should  get  no  more  honey  from  them.  His 
whole  lilt'  is  sorrow,  and  every  word  he  speaks  a  satire:  notiiing  fats  him  but  other 
men's  ruins.  For  to  speak  in  a  woid,  envy  is  nouglit  else  but  Tristilia  de  bonis 
alients,  sorrow  for  other  men's  good,  be  it  present,  past,  or  to  come :  et  gaudium  de 
adversis.  and  '*joy  at  their  harms,  opposite  to  mercy,  '''which  grieves  at  otlier  men's 
mischances,  and  misallt-cls  tlie  body  in  another  kind  ;  so  Damascen  defines  it,  lib.  2. 
de  orthod.  fid.  Thomas,  2.  2.  qucest.  30.  art.  1.  Aristotle,  /.  2.  Rhet.  c.  4.  et  10. 
Plato  Pliihbo.  Tully,  3.  Tusc.  Greg.  J\'ic.  I.  de  virt.  animce,  c.  12.  Basil,  de  Invi- 
dia.  Pitidarus  Od.  1.  ser.  5,  and  we  find  it  true.  'Tis  a  connuon  disease,  and  almost 
natural  to  us,  as  ^Tacitus  holils,  to  envy  another  man's  prosperity.  And  'tis  in  most 
men  an  incurable  disease.  *'*'  I  have  read,"  saith  Marcus  Aurelius,  "Greek,  Hebrew, 
Chaldee  authors ;  1  have  consulted  with  many  wise  men  for  a  remedy  for  envy,  I 
could  find  none,  but  to  renounce  all  happiness,  and  to  be  a  wretch,  and  miserable 
for  ever."  'Tis  the  beginning  of  hell  in  this  life,  and  a  passion  not  to  be  excused. 
*^"  Every  other  sin  hath  some  pleasure  annexed  to  it,  or  will  admit  of  an  excuse*, 
envy  alone  wants  both.  Other  sins  last  but  for  awhile;  the  gut  may  be  .satisfied, 
anger  remits,  hatred  hath  an  end,  envy  never  ceaseth."  Cardan,  lib.  2.  de  sap. 
Divine  and  humane  examples  are  very  familiar;  you  may  nm  and  read  them, as  that 
of  Saul  and  David,  Cain  and  Abel,  angebat  ilium  non  proprium  peccntum,  sed  fratris 
prosperitas,  saith  Theodore!,  it  was  his  brother's  good  fortune  galled  him.  Hachcl 
envied  her  sister,  being  barren.  Gen.  xxx.  Joseph's  brethren  him,  Gen.  xxxvii. 
David  had  a  touch  of  this  vice,  as  he  confesseth,  "^Ps.  37.  *^  Jeremy  and  '^Habbakuk, 


«<  Multos  vide  mus  propter  invidiam  et  odium  in 
melaneholiaiii  incidisse  :  et  illos  poiissimuin  quorum 
corpora  ad  tianc  apia  suiit.  ^"liividia  afflizil  ho- 

mines adeo  et  corrndit,  ut  hi  nielancholici  peniius  tiant. 
'1  Hor.  '-His  vullus  miiiax,  torvus  aspectus,  pallor 
in  fticie,  in  labiis  tremor,  stridor  in  dentihus,  Sec. 
"-Ul  tinea  corri>dit  vestimentum  sic,  invidix  eun> 
qui  zelatur  consumit.  '^  I'allor  in  ore  sedet,  macies 
in  corpore  toto.  .Nusquam  recta  acies,  liveiit  rubizine 
denies.  ''■Diaboli  eipressa  Iniaso,  to.xicuni  clia- 

ritatis,  venenum  amicitia',  ahyssus  mentis,  nun  est  eo 
monsirosins  monstrnm,  daiiiiii>.<ius  daniniiin.  uni.  i.r- 
ret.  discruiiat   inacji#*«t  Miiiul'Ti-    ludticii 
Domin    prin^^jjAi^Dt.  ^'-Ovid.  He  ]n 

at  ily;^i;^iMBpMlM»'B  success— ^— it  ig  In-  -y 


in  venenum  mella  convertens.  '"  8tatui.<4   cereia 

Uasilius  eoH  cotiiparat,  qui  liquefiunt  ad  pra'^entiam 
soils,  qua  alii  saudcnt  et  ornaniur.  Mus<  i.s  alii,  que 
uU-eribus  gaudeiit,  aiiia-na  pra;iereiint  slNtunl  in  tVli- 
dis.  "J  Misericordia  etiam  qua;  trisiiiia  qua'dam 

est,  gspe  miserantis  corpus  male  athrit  Ai;rippa.  I.  1. 
cap.  f>3.  °"lnHitum  mortalibiis  a  ratuta  reiienlem 

aliorem  fielicitaleiu  ieifris  oculis  iniuirrl,  In^t.  I.  '2. 
Tacit.  ■'  Legi  Chuldipos,  Gra.ios,  Hebrtfos.  ron- 

gului  sapientes  pro  rrMnedio  invidiie.  Imc  eniiii  inveni, 
renunciarc  felicilali,  et  perpetu6  miser  e^je  ^•'Omne 
iinccatum  aut  excusationein  seciim  babel,  aiit  Tolup 
'^D-m,  sola  iiividia  utraque  caret,  rcliijua  villa  finem 
ibfiit,   ira   derenuy|0(,^^la   saliatur,   odium   tinem 


tt  iiiuiMltrprOpter 


wilt. 


Mem.  3  Subs.  8,]  Emulation,  Hatred,  Sfc.  167 

they  repined  at  others'  good,  but  in  the  end  they  corrected  themselves,  Ps.  75,  "  fret 
not  thyself,"  Sec.  Domitian  spited  Agricola  for  his  worth,  ^^"  that  a  private  man 
should'  be  so  much  glorified.  ^'Cecinna  AVas  envied  of  his  fellow-citizens,  because 
he  was  more  richly  adorned.  But  of  all  others,  **"  women  are  most  weak,  ob  pul- 
chritudlnem  invidcR  sunt  famincB  {Musceus)  aut  amat^  aut  odlt,  nihil  est  tertium 
( Granatensis.)  They  love  or  hate,  no  medium  amongst  them.  ImplacaUlcs  jile- 
rumque  IdscB  mulieres^  Agrippina  like,  ^^"  A  woman,  if  she  see  her  neighbour  more 
neat  or  elegant,  richer  in  tires,  jewels,  or  apparel,  is  enraged,  and  like  a  lioness  sets 
upon  her  husband,  rails  at  her,  scoffs  at  her,  and  cannot  abide  her ;"  so  the  Roman 
ladies  in  Tacitus  did  at  Solonina,  Cecinna's  wife,  ^'"■'  because  she  had  a  better  horse, 
and  better  furniture,  as  if  she  had  hurt  them  with  it ;  they  were  much  offended.^  In 
like  sort  our  gentlewomen  do  at  their  usual  meetings,  one  repines  or  scoffs  at 
another's  bravery  and  happiness.  Myrsine,  an  Attic  wench,  was  murdered  of  her 
fellows,  ^'"because  she  did  excel  the  rest  in  beauty,"  Constantine,  Agrlcult.  Z.  11. 
c.  7.     Every  village  will  yield  such  examples. 

SuBSECT.  VIII. — Emulation,  Hatred,  Faction,  Desire  of  Revenge,  Causes. 

■  Out  of  this  root  of  envy  ^spring  those  feral  branches  of  faction,  hatred,  livor, 
emulation,  which  cause  the  like  grievances,  and  are,  serrcB  animcB,  the  saws  of  the 
soul,  ^^ consternationis  pleni  affectus,  affections  full  of  desperate  amazement;  or  as 
Cyprian  describes  emulation,  it  is  ^""'a  moth  of  the  soul,  a  consumption,  to  make 
another  man's  happiness  his  misery,  to  torture,  crucify,  and  execute  himself,  to  eat 
his  own  heart.  Meat  and  drink  can  do  such  men  no  good,  they  do  always  grieve, 
sigh,  and  groan,  day  and  night  without  intermission,  their  breast  is  torn  asunder :" 
and  a  litde" after,  ^^^' Whomsoever  he  is  whom  thou  dost  emulate  and  envy,  he  may 
avoid  thee,  but  thou  canst  neither  avoid  him  nor  thyself;  wheresoever  thou  art  he  is 
with  thee,  thine  enemy  is  ever  in  thy  breast,  thy  destruction  is  within  thee,  tliou  art 
a  captive,  bound  hand  and  foot,  as  long  as  thou  art  malicious  and  envious,  and  canst 
r.ot  be  comforted.  It  was  the  devil's  overthrow ;"  and  whensoever  thou  art  thoroughly 
affected  with  this  passion,  it  will  be  thine.  Yet  no  perturbation  so  frequent,  no 
passion  so  common. 

I  A  potter  emulates  a  potter: 

^  Ka;  x«»at|</£(^K  Kie^y.i7 KoTiit  X.3.]  Tin-lovt  Tiidocv,      I  One  smiiti  envies  another  : 

Ka<  .trfavis  nlayg  f^ovki  »*<  uoi^og  ctciSm.            \  A.  beggar  emulates  a  beggar  ; 

^^           ^                                                        I  A  singing  man  bis  brother. 

Every  society,  corporation,  and  private  family  is  full  of  it,  it  takes  hold  almost  of 
all  sorts  of  men,  from  the  prince  to  the  ploughman,  even  amongst  gossips  it  is  to  be 
seen,  scarce  three  in  a  company  but  there  is  siding,  faction,  emulation,  between  two 
of  them,  some  sinmltas,  jar,  private  grudge,  heart-burning  in  the  midst  of  them. 
Scarce  two  gentlemen  dwell  togetlier  in  the  country,  (if  they  be  not  near  kin  or 
linked  in  marriage)  but  there  is  emulation  betwixt  them  and  their  servants,  some 
quarrel  or  some  grudge  betwixt  their  wives  or  children,  friends  and  followers,  some 
contention  about  wealth,  gentry,  precedency.  Sec,  by  means  of  which,  like  the  frog 
in  ^'^Esop,  "  that  would  swell  till  she  was  as  big  as  an  ox,  burst  herself  at  last ;" 
thev  will  stretch  beyond  their  fortunes,  callings,  and  strive  so  long  that  they  con- 
sume their  substance  in  law-suits,  or  otherwise  in  hospitality,  feasting,  fine  clothes, 
to  get  a  few  bombast  titles,  for  amhitiosd  paupertate  lahoramus  omnes,  to  outbrave 
one  another,  they  will  tire  their  bodies,  macerate  their  souls,  and  through  conten- 
tions or  mutual  invitations  beggar  themselves.     Scarce  two  great  scholars  in  an  age, 

"^Ins'idit  privati  nonien  supra  principis  attolli.  I  facere  miseriam,  et  velut  quosdam  pectori  siio  adtno- 
^  Tacit.  Ilist.  lib.  2.  part.  6.  <^"  Peritura;  dolore  et  \  vere  carnifices,  cogitationibiis  et  sensibus  siii.-5  adhi- 

uividia,  si  queiii  viderint  ornatiorem  se  in  publicum  ,  here  tortores,  qui  se  intestinis  cruciatibiis  laterent. 
prodiisse.  Platina  dial,  amorum.  "Ant.  Guianerius,  ,  Non  cibus  talibus  Irntus,  non  potus  potest  esse  jiicun- 
tib.  2.  cap.  8.  vim.  M.  Aurelii  )a;mina  vicinam  elegan-  '  dus ;  suspiratur  semper  et  gcmitur,  et  doletur  dies  et 
.ius  se  veslitam  vidcns,  lea;n!e  instar  in  virum  insur-  '  noctes,  pectus  sine  intermissione  laceratur.  ^^Quis- 
iit,  &c.  *■  Quod  insigni  equo  et  ostro  veheretur,     quis  est  ille  quern  aemularis,  cui  invides  is  te  subter- 

4uanquam  nullius  cum  injuria,  ornatum  ilium  tan-  j  fugere  potest,  ai  tu  non  te  ubicunque  fugeris  adversa- 
•juam  lesse  gravabanlur.  '•"  Quod  pulchritudine  |  rius  tuus  tecum  est,  hostis  tuus  semper  in  pectore  tiio 

.-mines  excelleret,  puellae  indignatffi  occiderunt.  I  est,  pernicies  intus  inclusa,  tigatus  es,  victus,  zelo  do- 
>  I,aie  patet  invidis  f-pcunda-  perniiies,  et  livor  radi-^t  '  minante  captivus  :  nee  solatia  tibi  ulla  subveniunt- 
nmnlum  malorum,  fo!i>  rladinm.  iiide  odium  surcit  hinc  diahnlu?  inier  iniTia  .Siatifli.miin'li.  •■!  periit  pri- 
i!lii!ilatio  Cyprian,  ser  -^   ili^J.^orL'.  '-'^Valerius,     miis,  et  perdidit,  Cyprian,  ser."^.  tit   " '■'<  el  livore. 

.  3   cap.  9"  ■■'^Qiiuli!!  est  animi  tinea,  qua;  tabes  ,  i*Hesiod  op  dies.  mRama  cupida  a;qua<)di  bovem, 

;ec'oris  z-lnrc  in  altcro  vel  aliorum  felititatem  auairi  1  se  distendebat,  &c. 


168  Cames  of  MelanchoJij.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2 

but  with  bitter  invectives  tliey  fall  foul  one  on  the  other-  and  their  adherents;  Scotists 
Thomists,  Reals,  Nominals,  Plato  and  Aristotle,  Galenists  and  Paracelsians,  Stc,  it 
holds  in  all  professions. 

Honest  *^  emulation  in  studies,  in  all  callings  is  not  to  be  disliked,  'tis  ingeniorum 
cos,  as  one  calls  it,  the  whetstone  of  wit,  the  nurse  of  wit  and  valour,  and  tliose 
noble  Romans  out  of  tliis  spirit  did  brave  exi)loits.  Tliere  is  a  modest  ambition,  as 
Themistocles  was  voused  up  with  the  glory  of  Miliiades;  Achilles'  trophies  moved 
Alexander, 

*«"  Ambire  semper  stiilta  confidentia  est, 
A)iil)irti  iiuni|iiuiii  descs  arrugiimiu  csi." 

'Tis  a  sluggisli  hunT^.r  not  to  emulate  or  to  sue  at  all,  to  witlidraw  himself,  neglect, 
refrain  from  such  places,  liononrs,  otlices,  through  sloth,  niggardliness,  fear,  !)aslifid- 
ness,  or  otherwise,  to  which  by  his  birth,  place,  fortunes,  education,  he  is  called,  apt, 
fit,  and  well  able  to  unilergo ;  but  when  it  is  inunoderate,  it  is  a  plague  and  a  miserable 
pain.  What  a  deal  of  money  did  Henry  VMIl.  and  Francis  I.  king  of  France,  spend 
at  that  '""famous  interview?  ami  how  many  vain  courtiers,  seeking  each  to  outbrave 
other,  spent  themselves,  their  livelihood  ami  fortunes,  and  died  begsjars  r*  '.Adrian 
the  Empercn*  was  so  galled  with  it,  that  he  killed  all  his  equals;  so  did  Nero.  This 
passion  made  ^Dionysius  the  tyrant  banish  Plato  and  Philo.xenus  the  poet,  because 
they  did  excel  and  eclipse  his  glory,  as  he  thought;  the  Romans  exile  Coriolanus, 
confine  Camillus,  murder  Scipio;  the  Greeks  by  ostracism  to  expel  Aristides,  Nicias, 
Alcibiades,  imprison  Theseus,  make  away  Phocion,  Stc.  \Vlien  Ricliard  1.  ami 
Philip  of  France  were  fellow  soldiers  together,  at  the  siege  of  Aeon  in  the  Holy 
Laud,  and  Richard  had  approved  himself  to  be  the  more  valiant  man,  insomuch  that 
all  men's  eyes  were  upon  him,  it  so  galled  Philip,  Francum  urchal  Regis  viclorin, 
sailli  mine  ^author, /rtm  cvgre  ferebal  Ricluirdi  gloriam^ul  carpfre  dichu  cnlumniari 
facta;  that  he  cavilled  at  all  his  proceedings,  and  fell  at  length  to  open  defiance;  he 
could  contain  no  longer,  but  hasting  home,  invaded  his  territories,  and  professed 
open  war.  ''Hatred  stirs  up  contention,"  Prov.  x.  12,  and  they  break  out  at  last 
into  immortal  enmity,  into  viridency,  and  more  than  Vatinian  hate  ami  rage;  ^tliey 
persecute  each  other,  their  friends,  followers,  and  all  their  posterity,  with  bitter  taunts, 
hostile  wars,  scurrile  invectives,  libels,  calumnies,  fire,  sword,  and  the  like,  and  will 
not  be  reconciled.  Witness  that  Guelph  and  Ghibelline  faction  in  Italy;  that  of  the 
Adurni  and  Fregosi  in  Genoa;  that  of  Cneius  Papirius,  and  Quintus  Fabius  in  Rome; 
Cjesar  and  Pompey ;  Orleans  and  Burgundy  in  FVance ;  York  and  Lancaster  in 
England:  yea,  this  passion  so  rageth^  many  times,  tliat  it  subverts  not  men  only, 
and  families,  but  even  populous  cities.  *  Carthage  and  Corinth  can  witness  as  mucli, 
nay,  fiourishing  kingdoms  are  brought  into  a  wilderness  by  it.  This  hatred,  malice, 
faction,  and  desire  of  revenge,  invented  first  all  those  racks  and  wheels,  strappadoes, 
brazen  bulls,  feral  engines,  prisons,  inquisitions,  severe  laws  to  macerate  and  torment 
one  another.  How  liappy  might  we  be,  and  end  our  time  with  blessed  days  and 
sweet  content,  if  we  could  contain  ourselves,  and,  as  we  ought  to  do,  put  up  injuries, 
learn  humility,  meekness,  patience,  forget  and  forgive,  as  in  "God's  word  we  are 
enjoined,  ."ompose  such  final  controversies  amongst  ourselves,  moderate  our  passions 
in  this  kind,  '-and  think  belter  of  others,"  as  *Paul  w(udd  have  us,  '•  than  of  our- 
selves: be  of  like  affection  one  towards  another,  and  not  avenge  ourselves,  but  have 
peace  with  all  men."  But  being  that  we  are  so  peevish  and  perverse,  insolent  and 
proud,  so  factious  and  seditious,  so  malicious  and  envious  ;  we  do  invicem  angariare^ 
maul  and  vex  one  another,  torture,  dis(iuiet,  and  precipitate  ourselves  into  that  gulf 
of  woes  and  cares,  aggravate  our  misery  and  melancholy,  heap  upon  us  hell  and 
eternal  damnation. 

^iEmuIatio  alit  ingenia  :    Paierculus  poster.  Vol.  |  desiit.  Paterculiis,  vol.  1.  » Ita  «a!vH  ha-c  «y»ia 

••Grolius.  E|iiq.  lib.  1.  "  Ambition  always  is  a  foolisli  j  niiiiisira  ut  urbes  subvcrtat  alii|iinnil(),  (iel»;at  popiil<>«, 
confidence,  never  a  slothful  arroL'ance."  '""Anno  |  provincias   alioqui    florenles   rcdiijat   in   soliludinen, 

1519.    between    Arde.s    and    (iniiie.  '  .Spartian.     inortalcs  vero  n\iseros  in  profiimla  ini.-'criariim  valle 

-  Plutarch.  3  Johannes  IIeraldu.«,  1.  2  t.  12.  de  '.  mi.-ierabililer  iniuiercal.  «  Cariha^'o  leniula  Ro- 

Uello  sac.  *  Nulla  dies  taniiiin  poinrii  leiiire  l"u-  i  niani  imperii  funditus  interiit.  SaJBsl.  Caul.       '  Paul, 

»orem.    ^Eteina.  bella.  p  -  .i.  --,t.     Jurat     3.  Col.  »  Rom.  12. 

odium,  nee  ant^^nBpfai   i  ,a<im  esi»e 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  9.]  Anger^  a  Cause.  169' 

Sub  SECT.  IX. — Anger,  a  Cause. 
AxGER,  a  perturbation,  which  carries  the  spirits  outwards,  preparing  the  bodv  to 
melancholy,  and  madness  itself:  Ira  furor  brevis  es/,  "anger  is  temporary  madness;" 
and  as  ^Piccolomineus  accounts  it,  one  of  the  three  most  violent  passions.  '°Areteus 
sets  it  down  for  an  especial  cause  (so  doth  Seneca,  ep.  18. 1.  1,)  of  this  malady.  "3Iag- 
ninus  gives  the  reason.  Ex  frequenli  ira  supra  modum  caJefiunt ;  it  overheats  their 
bodies,  and  if  it  be  too  frequent,  it  breaks  out  into  manifest  madness,  saith  St.  Ambrose. 
Tis  a  known  saying,  Furor  fit  Icesa  scep'ms  palienlia,  the  most  patient  spirit  that  is, 
if  he  be  often  provoked,  will  be  incensed  to  madness;  it  will  make  a  devil  of  a  saint : 
and  therefore  Basil  (belike)  in  his  Homily  de  Ira,  calls  it  tenebras  rationis,  morbum 
anhnce,  el  dcemonem  pessimum;  the  darkening  of  our  understanding,  and  a  bad  ano-el. 
'^Lucian,  in  Abdicalo,  torn.  1,  will  have  this  passion  to  work  this  effect,  especially  in 
old  men  and  women.  "Anger  and  calumny  (saith  he)  trouble  them  at  first,  and  after 
a  while  break  out  into  madness  :  many  things  cause  fury  in  women,  especially  if  they ' 
love  or  hate  overmuch,  or  envy,  be  much  grieved  or  angry ;  these  things  by  little  and 
little  lead  them  on  to  tiiis  malady."  From  a  disposition  they  proceed  to  an  habit, 
for  there  is  no  diflerence  between  a  mad  man,  and  an  angry  man,  in  the  time  of  his 
tit;  anger, as  Lactantius  describes  it,  L.de  Ira  Dei.  ad  Donatum,  c.  5,  is  '^sceva  anirai 
lempeslas,  Sec,  a  cruel  tempest  of  the  mind  ;  "  making  his  eye  sparkle  fire,  and  stare, 
teeth  gnash  in  his  head,  his  tongue  stutter,  his  face  pale,  or  red,  and  what  more  rilthy 
imitation  can  be  of  a  mad  man  .'" 

'•i"Or.i  tument  irn,  fervescunt  sanguine  vente, 
Luniina  Corgonio  ssevius  angue  micant." 

They  are  void  of  reason,  inexorable,  blind,  like  beasts  and  monsters  for  the  time,  sav 
and  do  they  know  not  what,  curse,  swear,  rail,  fight,  and  what  not  ?  How  can  a  mad 
man  do  more .'  as  he  said  in  the  comedy,  '^Irncundia  non  s^im  apud  me,  I  am  not 
mine  own  man.  If  these  fits  be  immoderate,  continue  long,  or  be  frequent,  without 
doubt  they  provoke  madness.  Montanus,  consiL  21,  had  a  melancholy  Jew  to  his 
patient,  he  ascribes  this  for  a  principal  cause :  Irascehalur  levibus  de  causis,  he  was 
easily  moved  to  anger.  Ajax  had  no  other  beginning  of  his  madness;  and  Charles 
the  Sixth,  that  lunatic  French  king,  fell  into  this  misery,  out  of  the  extremity  of  his 
passion,  desire  of  revenge  and  malice,  "^incensed  against  the  duke  of  Britain,  he  could 
neither  eat,  drink,  nor  sleep  for  some  days  together,  and  in  the  end,  about  the  calends 
of  Jidy,  1392,  he  became  mad  upon  his  horseback,  drawinsr  his  sword,  striking  such 
as  came  near  him  promiscuously,  and  so  continued  all  the  days  of  his  life,  ^mil,  Jib. 
10.  Gal.  hisl.  jEgesippus  de  exid.  urbis  Hieros,  /.I.e.  37,  hath  such  a  story  of  Herod, 
that  out  of  an  angry  fit,  became  mad,  ''leaping  out  of  his  bed,  he  killed' Jossippus^ 
and  played  many  such  beillam  pranks,  the  whole  court  could  not  rule  him  for  a  long 
time  after :  sometimes  he  was  sorry  and  repented,  much  grieved  for  that  he  had  done, 
Poslquam  drferbuil  ira,  by  and  by  outrageous  again.  In  hot  choleric  bodies,  nothing 
so  soon  causelh  madness,  as  this  passion  of  anger,  besides  many  other  diseases,  as 
Pelesius  observes,  cap.  21.  J.  1.  de  hum.  affect,  causis ;  Sanguinem  iimnimdU  fel  auget: 
and  as  '^Valesius  controverts,  Med.  conlrov.,  lib.  5.  contra.  8,  many  times  kills  them 
quite  out.  If  this  were  the  worst  of  this  passion,  it  were  more  tolerable,  '^"but  it 
ruins  and  subverts  whole  towns, ^'^ cities,  families,  and  kingdoms;"  .'\uUa  pesfis  Im- 
mano  generi  pluris  sletit,  saith  Seneca,  de  Ira,  lib.  1.  No  plague  hath  done  mankind 
so  mucii  harm.  Look  into  our  histories,  and  you  shall  almost  meet  with  no  other 
subject,  but  what  a  company  ^'  of  hare-brains  have  done  in  their  rage.  We  mav  do 
well  therefore  to  put  this  in  our  procession  amongst  the  rest ;  "  From  all  blindness 
of  Jieart,  from  pride,  vain-glory,  and  hypocrisy,  from  envy,  hatred  and  malice,  anger, 
and  all  such  pestiferous  perturbations,  good  Lord  deliver  us." 


s  Crad.  I.  c.  54.  '"Tra  et  in  niceror  et  inijcns  aninii 
c«nsternatio  inelancholicos  facit.  Areteiis.  Ira  Ininio- 
dlca  gtgnil  insaniaiii.  >'  Reg.  sanit.  pane  2.  c.  S.  in 
apertaiii  insaniam  mox  diiciter  iratus.  '■'f;iII)erto 

C'lL'nali)  inierprete.  Mulii:!,  et  pr<esertini  senilms  ira 
;n)pni(iis  insaniam  fftit,  ci  iiii|iortiina  cali'ninia,  Iikc 
iiiiilo  porinrhat  aniiiii:  ,.  vergit  ad  insaniam. 

I'lirro  iiuiUerum  cor  iilesiant,  et  in  liunc 

iwnrlium  adduciinia  pr^  lie  oderint  aiit  ig0p« 

d-.-antJjtc.  iixc  pauiatim  liungauiain  tandem  evadunt. 


"Srpva  aninii  tempestas  tantos  exeitans.  fluctiis  ul 
statini  ardescant  oculi  os  tremat,  Uiisua  titultet,  denies 
concrepant,  tc.         '■•  Ovid.  '» Terence.  ■' In- 

fensus  RritanniK  Duci,  et  in  ultionem  versus,  nee 
cilium  cepit,  nee  quietem.  ad  Calendas  .lulias  ]392. 
comites  ocridit.  '■  Indiirniitione  iiimia  fnrens,  ani- 

niiqup  im|ioleilB,  e.viiiit  lie  leilo,  i  ij^iiteni  non  capie- 
Lat  aula,  &c.  '"  An  ira  possit  hommem  interiniere. 
"Abernethy.  so  As  Troy,  sjevjEmemOTWoJunonis  ob 
iram.  iistuM^tUOL.tUtKI^Kttt^t^''^  coimi^i  asius. 


170  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2 

SuBSECT.  X. — Discontents,  Cares,  Miseries,  Sfc.  Causes. 

Discontents,  cares,  crosses,  miseries,  or  whatsoever  it  is,  that  shall  cause  aay 
molf'station  of  spirits,  grief,  anguish,  and  perplexity,  may  well  be  reduced  to  this 
head,  (preposterously  placed  here  in  some  meu''s  judgments  they  may  seem,)  yet  in 
that  Aristotle  in  his  ^  Rhetoric  defines  these  cares,  as  he  doth  envy,  emulation,  Stc. 
still  by  grief,  J  think  I  may  well  rank  them  in  this  irascible  row ;  being  that  they  are 
as  the  rest,  both  causes  and  symptoms  of  this  disease,  producing  the  like  inconveni 
ences,  and  are  most  pert  accompanied  with  anguish  and  pain.  The  common  etymo- 
logy will  evince  it,  Cura  quasi  cor  uro,  Dementes  cura,  iiisomnes  curcB,  damnosce  cura, 
tristes,  mprdaces,  carnijices,  Stc.  biting,  eating,  gnawing,  cruel,  bitter,  sick,  sad,  un- 
quiet, pale,  tetric,  miserable,  intolerable  cares,  as  the  poets  '"call  them,  worldly  cares 
and  are  as  many  in  number  as  the  sea  sands.  ^^  Galen,  Fernelius,  Fa-lix  Flaler,  Vales- 
cus  de  Taranta,  &.C.,  reckon  alHictions,  miseries,  even  all  these  contentious,  anc' 
vexations  of  the  mind,  as  principal  causes,  in  that  they  take  away  sleep,  hinder  con 
coction,  dry  up  the  body,  and  consume  the  substance  of  it.  They  are  not  so  man\ 
in  number,  but  their  causes  be  as  divers,  and  not  one  of  a  thousand  free  from  them, 
or  that  can  vindicate  himself,  whom  that  die  dea, 

2^'' Per  lioininiiin  capita  niolliti-r  ainliuluns,  I  "Over  men's  heads  walking  aloft, 

Phintas  puduni  tencras  lial>en!i :"  1  With  tender  feet  treadini;  so  soft," 

Homer's  Goddess  Ate  liath  not  involved  into  this  discontented  •^''rank,  or  plagued 
with  some  miserj'  or  other.  Hyginus,y*«i.  '^20,  to  this  purpose  hath  a  pleasant  tale. 
Dame  Cura  by  chance  went  over  a  brook,  and  taking  up  some  of  the  dirty  slime, 
made  an  image  of  it;  Jupiter  eflsoons  coming  by,  put  life  to  it,  but  Cura  and  Jupiter 
could  not  agree  what  name  to  give  him,  or  who  should  own  hun ;  ihe  matter  wa! 
referred  to  Saturn  as  judge;  he  gave  this  arbitrement :  his  name  shall  be  Homo  al 
humo,  Cura  euvi  possideat  (juamdiu  vivat.  Care  shall  have  him  whilst  he  lives,  Jupi- 
ter his  soul,  and  Tellus  his  body  when  he  dies.  B(it  tf»  leave  tales.  A  geueral  cause, 
a  continuate  cause,  an  inseparable  accident,  to  all  men,  is  discontent,  care,  misery; 
were  there  no  other  particular  affliction  (which  who  is  free  from  ?)  to  molest  a  man 
in  this  life,  the  very  cngitation  of  that  common  misery  were  enough  to  macerate,  and 
make  him  weary  of  his  life;  to  tliink  that  he  can  never  be  secure,  but  still  in  danger, 
sorrow,  grief,  and  persecution.  Vdv  to  begin  at  the  hour  of  his  birth,  as  ^"  Pliny  doth 
elegantly  describe  it,  '*■  he  is  born  naked,  and  falls  ^a  whining  at  the  very  lirst :  he 
is  swaildled,  and  bound  up  like  a  prisoner,  canmn  lielp  himself,  and  so  he  continues 
■  to  his  life's  end.''  Cujasquc  ferce  pabulum,  saith  ^Seneca,  impatient  of  heat  and  cold, 
impatient  of  labour,  impatient  of  idleness,  exposed  to  fortune's  contumelies.  To  a 
naked  mariner  Lucretius  compares  him,  cast  on  shore  by  shipwreck,  cold  and  com- 
fortless in  an  unknown  land  :  *  no  estate,  age,  sex,  can  secure  hhnself  from  tliis  com- 
mon misery.  '•'•  A  man  that  is  born  of  a  woman  is  of  short  continuance,  and  full  of 
trouble,"  Job  xiv.  1,  22.  '^  And  while  his  flesh  is  upon  him  he  shall  be  sorrowful, 
and  while  his  soul  is  in  him  it  shall  mourn.  All  his  days  are  sorrow  and  his  travels 
griefs:  hjs  heart  also  taketh  not  rest  in  the  night."  Eccles.  ii.  23,  and  ii.  11.  "All 
that  is  in  it  is  sorrow  and  vexation  of  spirit.  ''  Ingress,  progress,  regress,  egress, 
much  alike :  blindness  seizeth  on  us  in  the  beginning,  labour  in  the  middle,  grief  in 
the  end,  error  in  all.  AVhat  day  ariseth  to  us  without  some  grief,  care,  or  anguish  ? 
Or  what  so  secure  and  pleasing  a  morning  have  we  seen,  that  hath  not  been  overcast 
before  the  evening?"  One  is  miserable,  another  ridiculous,  a  third  odious.  One 
complains  of  this  grievance,  another  of  that.  Aliquando  nervi,  aliquando  pedes  rex- 
ant,  ^^ Seneca)  mmc  dislillatio,  nunc  epulis  morbus ;  nunc  deest,  nunc  supcrest  sangtiis  : 
now  the  head  aches,  then  the  feet,  now  the  lungs,  then  the  liver,  &.c.  IJuic  scnsus 
exuberat,  sed  est  pudori  degener  sanguis,  Stc.    He  is  rich,  but  base  born";  he  is  noble, 

"  Lib.  2.  Invidia  est  dolor  et  ambitio  est  dnior,  Ice.  i  hominem  nudum,  et  ad  vagitum  edit,  natura.   Flent  ab 

2=  Insonines  Claudianus.  Tristes,  Virg.  Mordaces,  Luc.    initio,  devinctus  jacet,  tic.  *  Aax^t/  ^Jcn  •^niun. 


Edanes,  Hor.  mcEsta!,  amara;,  Ovid  danunose,  inquietae,    ^^,  J-ljxPt/Tstt  fTid-jKr.Ka,  tu  ■Vf^oc  uv'7f»Ti/  TOviaK- 
.Mart.  I:  rentes,  Rodentes.  Mant.  &c.         =<  Galen,  I   .•».  I  >  -  •,  ,     '  ^ 

c.T.delocisaffectis,  ho,„in..<..,.,tn.axir, '■■    ■    -  '  f^''   "'"^"'f  ''!*i"''-      Lacl.rytnans  nalus  snm    e« 

liri,  quando  vigiliiMManc*,  et  sol.c.iuair.  larliryn.ans  n.orior.  tec.        -  \,\  .Marmum.  loe- 

rib.is,  et  curr^  UKlircumventi.  I  V",'"-  •*' Inilmni  c|jUag^rot:r..,.Mn  lutmr.  e.xiti.m 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  10.] 


Discontents,  Cures,  &,c. 


171 


but  poor ;  a  third  lialh  means,  but  he  Nvants  health  perad\  enture,  or  wit  to  manage 
his  estate;  children  vex  one,  wife  a  second,  &c.  JYcino facile  cum  condiliojie  sua 
concordat,  no  man  is  pleased  with  his  fortune,  a  pound  of  sorrow  is  familiarly  mixed 
with  a  aram  of  content,  little  or  no  joy,  little  comlbrt,  but  ^^ everywhere  danger,  con-  - 
tention,  anxiety,  in  all  places  :  go  where  thou  wilt,  and  thou  shalt  find  discontents, 
cares,  woes,  complaints,  sickness,  diseases,  incumbrances,  exclamations :  "■  If  thou 
look  into  the  market,  there  (saith  ^  Chrysostom)  is  brawling  and  contention ;  if  to 
the  court,  there  knavery  and  flattery,  &.c. ;  if  to  a  private  inan's  house,  there's  cark 
and  care,  heaviness,"  &c.  As  he  said  of  old,  '^JYil  hombie  in  terra  spiral  miserum 
rnagis  alma  ?  No  creature  so  miserable  as  man,  so  generally  molested,  ^^  in  mise- 
ries of  body,  in  miseries  of  mind,  miseries  of  heart,  in  miseries  asleep,  in  miseries 
awake,  in  miseries  wheresoever  he  turns,"  as  Bernard  found,  JYunquid  icnfatio  est  vita 
humana  super  terrain?  A  mere  temptation  is  our  life,  (Austin,  confess,  lib.  10.  cap. 
28,)  catena  perpetuorum  malormn,  ct  quis  potest  molestias  et  difpcullates  pali  f  Who 
can  endure  the  miseries  of  it  ?  ^^  '•'■  In  prosperity  we  are  insolent  and  intolerable,  de- 
jected in  adversity,  in  all  fortunes  foolish  and  miserable.  ^'  In  adversity  I  wish  for 
prosperity.,  and  in  prosperity  I  am  afraid  of  adversity.  What  mediocrity  may  be 
found  .^  Where  is  no  temptation  ?  What  condition  of  life  is  free?  '''^  Wisdom  hath 
labour  aimexed  to  it,  glory,  envy;  riches  and  cares,  children  and  incumbrances,  plea- 
sure and  diseases,  rest  and  beggary,  go  together :  as  if  a  man  were  therefore  born  (as 
the  Platonists  hold)  to  be  punished  in  this  life  for  some  precedent  sins."  Or  that,  as 
'"  Pliny  complains,  '•  Nature  may  be  rather  accounted  a  step-mother,  than  a  mother 
unto  us,  all  things  considered  :  no  creature's  life  so  brittle,  so  full  of  fear,  so  mad,  so 
furious ;  only  man  is  plagued  with  envy,  discontent,  griefs,  covetousness,  ambition, 
superstition."  Our  Avhole  life  is  an  Irish  sea,  wherein  there  is  nought  to  be  expected 
but  tempestuous  storms  and  troublesome  waves,  and  those  infinite, 

40"Tantuni  nialorum  pelaaus  aspicio, 
Ut  iioii  sit  iiide  eiiatandi  copia," 

no  halcyonian  times,  wherein  a  man  can  hold  himself  secure,  or  agree  with  his  pre- 
sent estate ;  but  as  Boethius  infers,  ■"  There  is  something  in  every  one  of  us  which 
before  trial  we  seek,  and  having  tried  abhor  :  '^Sve  earnestly  wish,  and  eagerly  covet, 
and  are  eftsoons  weary  of  it."  Thus  between  hope  and  fear,  suspicions,  angers, 
^^Inter  spcmque  meliimque,  timores  inter  et  iras,  betwixt  falling  in,  falling  out,  &.C.,  we 
bangle  away  our  best  days,  befool  out  our  times,  we  lead  a  contentious,  discontent, 
tumultuous,  melancholy,  miserable  life  ;  insomuch,  that  if  we  could  foretell  what  was 
to  come,  and  it  put  to  our  choice,  we  should  rather  refuse  than  accept  of  this  painful 
life.  In  a  word,  tlie  world  itself  is  a  maze,  a  labyrinth  of  errors,  a  desert,  a  wilder- 
ness, a  den  of  thieves,  cheaters,  &c.,  full  of  filthy  puddles,  horrid  rocks,  precipi- 
tiums,  an  ocean  of  adversity,  an  heavy  yoke,  wherein  infirmities  and  calamities  over- 
lake,  and  follow  one  another,  as  the  sea  waves ;  and  if  we  scape  Scylla,  we  fall  foul 
on  Charybdis,  and  so  in  perpetual  fear,  labour,  anguish,  we  run  from  one  plague,  one 
mischief,  one  burden  to  another,  duram  servientes  servitutcm,  and  you  may  as  soon 
separate  weight  from  lead,  heat  from  fire,  moistness  from  water,  brightness  from  the 
sun,  as  misery,  discontent,  care,  calamity,  danger,  from  a  man.  Our  towns  and  cities 
are  but  so  many  dwellings  of  human  misery.  "  In  which  grief  and  sorrow  ^\as  he 
right  well  observes  out  of  Solon)  innumerable  troubles,  labours  of  mortal  men,  and 
all  manner  of  vices,  are  included,  as  in  so  many  pens."  Our  villages  are  like  mole- 
hills, and  men  as  so  many  emmets,  busy,  busy  still,  going  to  and  fro,  in  and  out,  and 


3'-i;t)ique  periciilum,  ubique  dolor,  ubiqiie  naufra- 
giuiii,  in  hoc  anibitu  quocunque  ine  vertairi.  Lipsius. 
•^Honi.  10.  Si  in  tbruni  iveris,  ibi  rixae,  et  pugna? ;  si 
in  turiani,  ibi  fraus,  adulatio:  si  in  doniinn  priva- 
tum, &c.  3^  Homer.  s^Muitis  repletur  homo 
niiseriis,  corporis  miseriis,  aiiimi  miseriis,  diim  dor- 
mit.  diini  vigilat,  quocunque  se  vertil.  Lususque  re- 
rum.  teniporunique  nasciiiiur.  3'' In  blandiente 
fnrtuna  inioleraiidi,  in  calamitatibus  lugiibres,  semper 
slufti  et  niiseri.  Cardan.  s;  Prospera  iu  adversis 
desidero,  et  adversa  prosperis  timeo,  quis  inter  hcec 
niedius  locus,  ubi  iion  lit  humana;  Vila;  tentatiol 
•^  (^irdan.  consol.  SapienliiP  Labor  annexiis,  gloria"  in- 
vidia,  diviliis  curffi.  solioli  solicitudn,  voluplati  morbi, 
quieti  [laupertas,  ut  quasi fruendorum  scelerum  ^^lia 


nasci  hominem  possis  cum  Platonistis  agnoscere. 
^"Lib.  7.  cap.  1.  Non  satis  Kstiraare,  an  nielior  parens 
natura  honiini,  an  tristior  noverca  fuerit:  Nulli  fra- 
cilior  vita,  pavor,  confusio,  rabies  major,  uni  aiiiman- 
tium  ambitio  data,  luctus,  avaritia,  uni  superstiiio. 
■""Euripides.  "I  perceive  such  an  ocean  of  troubles 
before  me,  that  no  means  of  escape  remain."  ■"  De 
consol.  1.  2.  Nemo  facil6  cum  conditione  sua  concor- 
dat, inest  singulis  quod  imperiti  petant,  expert!  horre- 
ant.  -1- Esse  in  honore  juvat,  mox  dis|ilicfct.  ''^  Hor. 
"Borrheus  in  6.  Job.  Urbes  et  oppida  nihil  aliud  sunt 
quam  humanarum  a-ruinnarum  domicilia  quibus  luctua 
et  mcerdl-i'et  nicrialiuin 'vartl-iufinitiqiie  labores,  et 
■oAnls  generis  vitia,  quasi  septis  mi 


172 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  1.  Sect.  2. 


crossing  one  another's  projects,  as  the  lines  of  several  sea-cards  cut  each  other  in  a 
globe  or  map.  *"•  Now  light  and  merry,  but  '''(as  one  follows  it)  by-and-by  sorrowful 
and  heavy  ;  now  hoping,  then  distrusting ;  now  patient,  to-morrow  crying  out ;  now 
pale,  then  red  ;  running,  sitting,  sweating,  trembling,  halting,"  &c.  Some  few  amongst 
the  rest,  or  perhaps  one  of  a  thousand,  may  be  PuUus  Jovis,  in  the  world's  esteem, 
GalUncB  flius  albcE^i  an  happy  and  fortunate  man,  rtd  invidiam  filiv,  because  rich, 
fair,  wellallied,  in  honour  and  office;  yet  peradventure  ask  himself,  and  he  will  say. 
that  of  all  others  ■**  he  is  most  miserable  and  unliappy.  A  fair  shoe,  Hie  soccus  novus, 
clegans,  as  he  '"said,  sed  nrscis  ubi  urat,  but  thou  knowest  not  where  it  pincheth. 
It  is  not  another  man's  opinion  can  make  me  happy:  but  as  ^"^ Seneca  well  liatli  it, 
'•He  is  a  miserable  wretch  tliat  doth  not  account  himself  happy,  tliougli  he  be  sove- 
eign  lord  of  a  world  :  he  is  not  happy,  if  he  thiidv  liimself  not  to  be  so;  for  what 
availeth  it  what  thine  estate  is,  or  seem  to  others,  if  tliou  thyself  (hslike  it .'"  A  com- 
mon humour  it  is  of  all  men  to  think  well  of  other  men's  fortunes,  and  dislike  theii 
own:  '^^Cui  placet  alterius.,  sua  nimirum  est  odio  sors ;  but  "^(pii  Jit  Meccenas.,  kc, 
how  comes  it  to  pass,  what's  the  cause  of  it }  Many  men  are  of  such  a  perverse 
nature,  they  are  well  pleased  with  nothing,  (saith  *'  Theodoret,)  "  neither  with  riches 
nor  poverty,  they  complain  when  they  are  well  and  when  they  are  sick,  grumble  at 
all  fortunes,  prosperity  and  adversity ;  they  are  troubled  in  a  cheap  year,  in  a  ban-en, 
plenty  or  not  plenty,  nothing  pleaseth  them,  war  nor  peace,  witli  children,  nor  with- 
out." This  for  the  most  part  is  the  humour  of  us  all,  to  be  discontent,  miserable, 
and  most  unhappy,  as  we  think  at  least ;  and  show  me  him  that  is  not  so,  or  that 
ever  was  otherwise.  Ouintus  Metellus  his  felicity  is  iiiHnitely  admired  amongst  the 
Romans,  insomuch  that  as  "Paterculus  mentioneth  of  him,  you  can  scarce  find  of 
any  nation,  order,  age,  sex,  one  for  happiness  to  be  compared  unto  him  :  he  had,  in 
a  word,  Bona  (inimi,  corporis  et  fortuna-,  goods  of  mind,  body,  and  fortune,  so  had 
P.  Mutianus,  "^Crassus.  Li'mipsaca,  that  Ljicedemonian  lady,  was  sucli  anotiier  in 
*' Pliny's  conceit,  a  kinsj^s  wife,  a  king's  mother,  a  king's  daughter:  and  all  the  world 
esteemed  as  much  of  Polycnites  of  Samos.  The  Greeks  brag  of  their  Socrates, 
Phocion,  Aristides ;  the  Psophidians  in  particular  of  their  Asjlaus,  Omni  vitd  frlir., 
ah  omni periculo  immnnis  (which  by  the  way  Pausanias  held  impossible  ;)  the  Romans 
of  their  ""  Cato,  Curius,  Fabricius,  for  their  composed  fortunes,  and  retired  estates, 
government  of  passions,  and  contempt  of  the  world :  yet  none  of  all  these  were 
happy,  or  free  from  discontent,  neither  Metellus,  Crassus,  nor  Polycrates,  for  he  died 
a  violent  death,  and  so  did  Cato ;  and  how  much  evil  doth  Lactantius  and  Theodoret 
speak  of  Socrates,  a  weak  man,  and  so  of  the  rest.  There  is  no  content  in  this  life, 
but  as  "^he  said,  "AH  is  vanity  and  vexation  of  spirit;"  lame  and  imperfect.  Hadst 
tJiou  Sampson's  hair,  Milo's  strength,  Scanderbeg's  arm,  Solomon's  wisdom,  Absa- 
lom's beauty,  Crcesus'  wealth,  Pasetis  ohidum.,  Ctesar's  valour,  Alexander's  spirit, 
Tully's  or  Demosthenes'  eloquence,  Gyres'  ring,  Perseus'  Pegasus,  and  Gorgon's 
head,  Nestor's  years  to  come,  all  this  would  not  make  thee  absolute ;  give  thee  con- 
tent, and  true  happiness  in  this  life,  or  so  continue  it.  Even  in  the  midst  of  all  our 
mirth,  jollity,  and  laughter,  is  sorrow  and  grief,  or  if  there  be  true  happiness  amongst 
\  us,  'tis  but  io'-  a  time, 

6^  "  Desinat  in  piscem  mulier  formosa  supem6:"       ]  "  A  handsome  woman  with  a  fish'3  tail," 

a  fair  morning  turns  to  a  lowering  afternoon.  Brutus  and  Cassius.  once  renowned, 
both  eminently  happy,  yet  you  shall  scarce  find  two  (saith  Paterculus)  quos  fortuna 
mafurius  destilurit,  whom  fortune  sooner  forsook.  Hannibal,  a  conqueror  all  his 
life,  met  with  his  match,  and  was  subdued  at  last,  Occurrit  forti,  qui  mage  fortis 
crit.    One  is  brought  in  triumph,  as  Caesar  into  Rome,  Alcibiades  into  Athens,  coronis 

*'  Nat.  Chytreus  de  lit.  Europs".  Lstus  nunc,  mox  tris-  i  graviler  ferunt,  atque  ut  gemel  dicam,  nihil  eos  delec- 
tis  ;  nunc  sperans,  paulo  post  diffidens  ;  patiens  hodie,  |  tat,  fcc.  *■  Vix  ullius  gentia,  aftatis,  onlini:),  homi- 

cras  ejulans;  nunc  pallens,  rubens,  current,  sedens,  nem  invenies  cujus  felicitateni  fortiinip  Mt;l>;lli  com- 
claudicans,  tremens,  &c.  ^Sua  cuique  calamitas     pares.  Vol.  1.  "  P.  Crassus  Muti:inu<,  r)uin<|Uii 


prjpcipua.  <■  Cn.  Gfiecinus.  •«■  Epi.st.  9.  1.  7. 

Miser  est  qui  se  beatissimuin  non  jndirat,  licet  impe- 
ret  muiulo  non  est  beatus,  qui  se  non  putat:  quid 
eiiim  refert  qualis  status  tuus  sit,  ^i  tibi  videtur  ma- 
•  us.  «Hor.  ep.  1    UJ  .JI   r    S' r^l. -^  it    1. 

»'  Lib.  de  curat^»i*c7a  fleet,  cap.  0.  de  providei^l  seir 
Multis  nihil  j^jJB^tqtte  adeo  et  divitiaia  damnant,^^  Vyu^i 
pauper'.;    ^,  de  iQAifelHHMHllliiBk^hMMIialeiites 


habuisse  dicitur  rerum  bonarum  niaxiiiin,  quod  esse, 
ditisstinus,  quod  egset  nobitissiinu.s,  eloquLniisgimu*, 
JurisconsultissimuK,  Pontifex  maximus.  ^  I.ib.  7. 

Ri.-ai.s  filia.  Reels  uxor,  Rcjis  nntcr  "Qui  nihil 

uiiquam  mail  aut  di\  lut  iicnr  it,>qui  ben< 

semper  fecit,  quod  all  n  potuii         "  Solo- 

Eccleg.  1.  14.  -  ilur.  Ml  I'oet 

V 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  10.]  Discontents,  Cares,  Sfc.  173 

aureis  do7iatus,  crowned,  honoured,  admired ;  by-and-by  his  statues  demolished,  he 
hissed  out,  massacred,  Stc.  ^^ Magnus  Gonsalva,  that  famous  Spaniard,  was  ot'  the 
prince  and  people  at  first  honoured,  approved ;  forthwith  confined  and  banished. 
Admirandas  actioncs ;  graves  plerunque  scquuntur  invidicc,  et  acres  calumnice  :  'tia 
Polybius  his  observation,  grievous  enmities,  and  bitter  calumnies,  commonly  follow 
renowned  actions.  One  is  born  rich,  dies  a  beggar ;  sound  to-day,  sick  to-morrow ; 
now  in  most  flourishing  estate,  fortunate  and  happy,  by-and-by  deprived  of  his  goods 
by  foreign  enemies,  robbed  by  thieves,  spoiled,  captivated,  impoverished,  as  they  of 
'^^  Rabbah  put  under  iron  saws,  and  under  iron  harrows,  and  under  axes  of  iron,  and 
cast  into  the  tile  kiln," 

10  "  Quid  me  felicem  toties  jactastis  amici, 
Qui  cecidit,  stabili  non  erat  ille  gradu." 

lie  tliat  erst  marched  like  Xerxes  with  innmnerable  armies,  as  rich  as  Croesus,  now 
s!iil\s  for  himself  in  a  poor  cock-boat,  is  bound  in  iron  chains,  with  Bajazet  the 
Turk,  and  a  footstool  with  Aurelian,  for  a  tyrannising  conqueror  to  trample  on.  So 
many  casualties  there  are,  that  as  Seneca  said  of  a  city  consumed  with  fire,  U7ia  dies 
interest  inter  maximam  civifatem  et  nullam,  one  day  betwixt  a  great  citv  and  none  : 
so  many  grievances  from  outward  accidents,  and  from  ourselves,  our  own  indiscre- 
tion, inordinate  appetite,  one  day  betwixt  a  man  and  no  man.  And  which  is  worse, 
as  if  discontents  and  miseries  would  not  come  fast  enough  upon  us :  homo  homini 
dcpmon,  we  maul,  persecute,  and  study  how  to  sting,  gall,  and  vex  one  another  with 
mutual  hatred,  abuses,  injuries;  preying  upon  and  devouring  as  so  many  ®' ravenous 
birds  ;  and  as  jugglers,  panders,  bawds,  cozening  one  another  ;  or  raging  as  ^^  wolves, 
tigers,  and  devils,  we  take  a  delight  to  torment  one  another;  men  are  evil,  wicked, 
malicious,  treacherous,  and  ^'naught,  not  loving  one  another,  or  loving  themselves, 
not  hospitable,  charitable,  nor  sociable  as  they  ought  to  be,  but  counterfeit,  dissem- 
blers, ambidexters,  all  for  their  own  ends,  hard-hearted,  merciless,  pitiless,  and  to 
benefit  themselves,  they  care  not  what  mischief  they  procure  to  others.  "Praxinoe 
and  Gorgo  in  the  poet,  when  they  had  got  in  to  see  those  costly  sights,  they  then 
cried  bene  est,  and  would  thrust  out  all  the  rest :  when  they  are  rich  themselves,  in 
honour,  preferred,  full,  and  have  even  that  they  would,  they  debar  others  of  those 
pleasures  which  youth  requires,  and  they  formerly  have  enjoyed.  He  sits  at  table 
in  a  soft  chair  at  ease,  but  he  doth  remember  in  the  mean  time  that  a  tired  waiter 
stands  behind  him,  ''an  hungry  fellow  ministers  to  him  full,  he  is  athirst  that  gives 
liim  drink  (saith  ''^Epictetus)  and  is  silent  whilst  he  speaks  his  pleasure:  pensive, 
sad,  when  he  laughs."  Pleno  se  proluit  auro  :  he  feasts,  revels,  and  profusely 
spends,  hath  variety  of  robes,  sweet  music,  ease,  and  all  the  pleasure  the  world  can 
afford,  whilst  many  an  hunger-starved  poor  creature  pines  in  the  street,  wants  clothes 
to  cover  him,  labours  hard  all  day  long,  runs,  rides  for  a  trifle,  fights  peradventure 
from  sun  to  sun,  sick  and  ill,  weary,  full  of  pain  and  grief,  is  in  great  distress  and 
sorrow  of  heart.  He  loathes  and  scorns  his  inferior,  hates  or  emulates  his  equal, 
envies  his  superior,  insults  over  all  such  as  are  under  him,  as  if  he  were  of  another 
species,  a  demi-god,  not  subject  to  any  fall,  or  human  infirmities.  Generally  they 
love  not,  are  not  beloved  again :  they  tire  out  others'  bodies  with  continual  labour, 
they  themselves  living  at  ease,  caring  for  none  else,  sibi  nati ;  and  are  so  far  many 
times  from  putting  to  their  helping  hand,  that  they  seek  all  means  to  depress,  even 
most  worthy  and  well  deserving,  better  than  themselves,  those  whom  they  are  bv  the 
laws  of  nature  bound  to  relieve  and  help,  as  much  as  in  them  lies,  they  will  let 
them  caterwaul,  starve,  beg,  and  hang,  before  they  will  any  ways  (though  it  be  in 
their  power)  assist  or  ease  :  ^®  so  unnatural  are  they  for  the  most  part,  so  unregardful; 
so  hard-hearted,  so  churlish,  proud,  insolent,  so  dogged,  of  so  bad  a  disposition. 
And  being  so  brutish,  so  devilishly  bent  one  towards  another,  how  is  it  possible  but 
that  we  should  be  discontent  of  all  sides,  full  of  cares,  woes,  and  miseries  ? 

If  this  be  not  a  sufficient  proof  of  their  discontent  and  misery,  examine  every  con- 

s^.Ioviup,  vita,  ejus.  waSam.  xii.  31.  <»Boethius,  1  lum  inter  eos,  aut  belli  praeparatio,  aut  infida  pax, 
'ill.  1.  Met.  Met.  1.  ei  Qnines  hie  aut  captanlur,     idem  ego  de  mundi  accolis.         ''^  Theocritus  Edyll.  If). 

aui  raptrint  :  aut  cadavera  quie  lacerantur,  aut  corvi     SJiQui  sedet  in  mensa,  non  meniinit  sibi  otinso  minis- 

|ui  lacerant.  Petron.  e- jjonio  omne  monstrum  I  trare  negotiosos,  edentresuricntHS,  bibenti  sitientes, 

•  «t.  ille  nam  susperat  feras,  luposqiie  et  ursos  pectore  i  &c.  "Quando  in  adolescenlia.  sua  ipsi  vixerint, 

ohscuro  tPL'it.  Hens.         kiquoJ  paterculug  de  populo     laiiciua  et  liberius  v^iw^tes  suas  ejtpleverint,  illi 

Romatiu  durante  bellQJkH^o  per  annos  115,  aut  bel-  |  gii|M[|fettkH|M|ria|g^^Hb|M^B  leges. 


174  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2 

dition  and  calling  apart.  Kings,  pruices,  monarclis,  and  magistrates  seem  to  be  most 
happy,  but  look  into  their  estate,  you  shall  ^'tiud  them  to  be  most  encumbered  with 
cares,  in  perpetual  fear,  agony,  suspicion,  jealousy :  that,  as  ®^he  said  of  a  crown,  if 
they  knew  but  the  discontents  that  accompany  it,  they  would  not  stoop  to  take  it 
up.  Qucm  mihi  regcm  dahis  (saith  Chrysostom)  no7i  curis  pfcnimi?  What  king 
canst  thou  show  me,  not  full  of  cares.'  ^^"Look  not  on  his  crown,  but  consider 
his  afflictions  ,  attend  not  his  number  of  servants,  but  multitude  of  crosses.'"  J\^ihil 
allud  potestas  C7ihiinis,  quam  tempcstas  mentis^  as  Gregory  seconds  him  ;  sovereignty 
is  a  tempest  oi  the  soul :  Sylla  like  they  have  brave  titles,  but  terrible  fits  :  splen- 
dorem  tifulo.,  cruciahim  animo  :  which  made  '"Demosthenes  vow,  si  vel  ad  tnbtinal^ 
vel  ad  hilerilum  duccretur  :  if  to  be  a  judge,  or  to  be  condemned,  were  put  to  his 
choice,  lie  would  be  condemned.  Rich  men  are  in  the  same  predicament;  what 
their  pains  are,  sttilti  ncsciunt^  ipsi  scyiliimt :  they  feel,  fools  perceive  not,  as  I  shall 
prove  elsewhere,  and  their  wealth  is  brittle,  like  children's  rattles :  they  come  and 
go,  there  is  no  certainty  in  them:  those  whom  they  elevate,  they  do  as  suddenly 
depress,  and  leave  in  a  vale  of  misery.  The  middle  sort  of  men  are  as  so  many 
asses  to  bqar  burdens ;  or  if  they  be  free,  and  live  at  ease,  they  spend  themselvHS, 
and  constime  their  bodies  and  fortunes  with  luxury  and  riot,  contention,  emulation, 
&,c.     The  poor  I  reserve  for  another  "place  and  their  discontents. 

For  particular  professions,  I  hold  as  of  the  rest,  there's  no  content  or  security  in 
any;  on  what  course  will  you  pitch,  how  resolve  ?  to  be  a  divine,  'tis  contemptible 
in  the  world's  esteem;  to  be  a  lawyer,  'tis  to  be  a  wrangler;  to  be  a  physician, 
"'^pudct  lolii,  'tis  loathed ;  a  philosopher,  a  madman ;  an  alchymist,  a  beirgar ;  a  poet, 
pswri/,  an  hungry  jack;  a  musician,  a  player;  a  schoolmaster,  a  drudge;  an  hus- 
bandman, an  emmet ;  a  merchant,  his  gains  are  uncertain ;  a  mechanician,  base ;  a 
chirurgeon,  fidsome ;  a  tradesman,  a  '^liar;  a  tailor,  a  thief;  a  serving-man,  a  slave; 
a  soldier,  a  butcher;  a  smith,  or  a  metalman,  the  pot's  never  from  his  nose;  a  cour- 
tier a  parasite,  as  he  could  find  no  tree  in  the  wood  to  hang  himself;  I  can  show  no 
state  of  life  to  give  content.  The  like  you  may  say  of  all  ages ;  children  live  in  a 
perpetual  slavery,  still  under  that  tyrannical  government  of  masters ;  young  men, 
and  of  riper  years,  subject  to  labour,  and  a  thousand  cares  of  the  world,  to  treachery, 
falsehood,  and  cozenage, 

''"' "Ijjceitit  per  ignfg,  I  "you  incautious  tread 

Supposito«  ciiieri  doluso,"  |  On  fires,  with  faitlilesi  ashes  overhead." 

"old  are  full  of  aches  in  their  bones,  cramps  and  convulsions,  siliccrnia^  dull  of 
hearing,  weak  sighted,  hoary,  wrinkled,  harsh,  so  much  altered  as  that  they  cannot 
know  their  own  face  in  a  glass,  a  burthen  to  themselves  and  others,  after  70  years, 
"■  all  is  sorrow"  (as  David  hath  it),  they  do  not  live  but  linger.  If  they  be  sound, 
they  fear  diseases ;  if  sick,  wearj'  of  their  lives  :  jyon  esi  vivere,  sed  valere  vita. 
One  complains  of  want,  a  second  of  servitude, '® another  of  a  secret  or  incurable 
disease ;  of  some  deformity  of  body,  of  some  loss,  danger,  death  of  friends,  ship- 
wreck, persecution,  imprisonment,  disgrace,  repulse,  "contumely,  calumny,  abuse, 
i"jui"y?  contempt,  ingratitude,  unkindness,  scoffs,  flouts,  unfortunate  marriage,  single 
life,  too  many  children,  no  children,  false  servants,  unhappy  children,  barrenne.ss, 
banishment,  oppression,  frustrate  hopes  and  ill-success,  &.c. 

'8"Talia  de  gencre  hoc  adeo  sunt  multa,  loquacem  ut  I  "But,  cvory  various  instance  to  repeat, 

Delassare  valent  Faliium."^ |  Would  tire  even  Fabius  of  inccssiuil  prate." 

Talking  Fabius  will  be  tired  before  he  can  tell  lialf  of  them ;  they  are  the  subject 
of  whole  volumes,  and  shall  i  some  of  them)  be  more  opportunely  dilated  elsewhere. 
In  the  meantime  thus  much  I  may  say  of  them,  that  generally  they  crucify  the  soul 
of  man, '^ittenuate  our  bodies,  dry  them,  wither  them,  shrivel  them  up  like  old 
apples,  make  them  as  so  many  anatomies  ^[ossa  afque  pellis  est  totus.,  ita  curis  macct) 
they  cause  tempus  fa:du?n  et  squalidum,  cumbersome  days,  ingrafaque  tcmjutrc, 
slow,  dull,  and  heavy  times :  make  us  howl,  roar,  and  tear  our  hairs,  as  sorrow  did 

^  Lueubris  Ate  luctuqiie  fero  Regum  tumidas  ob«i-  I  et  urina,  medicorum  ferctila  prima.  'sNihH  lu- 

det  arces.   Res  e*l  inquiota  f;ilicitas.  t-  pi,,,;  aloos     cranlur,  nisi  adniodiim  nieiitiendo.  Tull.  OtVic.     "*Hor. 

<)uam    nii'llia    li;ibet.      .\on    Iniiiii   jarcnlem  tcillen/s.     1.  i.  od.  1.  ;i|!:.rii<  t,  hv  ui..,nqiie  seriex.  Sieneca 

\  aler.  I.  7.  c    -^  Jiiuii  di  id.iiri.  uspicii-,  sid  ,  in  Her.  n'teo.  ms,  exuleg,  mendicon, 

»iiani  afllicti    iiu  itlertani,  non  catervas   satellituiu,  .  riuo^  nemo  audet  !>  Card.  lib.  b.  c.  46.  de 

»ed  curaruiii  imiltitudinem.^  ''"  As  Plutart^h  r^- ^  r-r    \nr  "  Sjuc...  4..*.  ...jir  ji  I'TniK.  "  Hor. 

Utetb.       ;•  Sect.  2^mMriHi|u^mi^^^^l^^iertu3  | 'Ai' uuani  vigileBccaMMiKiubili' curs.    "Tlaato* 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  I].]  ^miition,  a  Cause.  175 

in  ^'Cebes'  table,  and  groan  for  the  very  anguish  of  our  souls.  Our  hearts  fail  us  as 
David's  did,  Psal.  xl.  12,  "  for  inniunerable  ti-oubles  that  compassed  him;"  and  we 
are  ready  to  confess  with  Hezekiah,  Isaiah  Iviii.  17,  "  behold,  for  felicity  I  had  bitter 
grief;"  to  weep  with  Heraclitus,  to  curse  the  day  of  our  birth  with  Jerem}-,  xx.  14, 
and  our  stars  with  Job :  to  hold  that  axiom  of  Silenus,  ^^"  better  never  to  have  been 
born,  and  the  best  next  of  all,  to  die  quickly  :"  or  if  we  must  live,  to  abandon  the 
world,  as  Timon  did ;  creep  into  caves  and  holes,  as  our  anchorites ;  cast  all  into 
the  sea,  as  Crates  Thebanus ;  or  as  Theombrotus  Ambrociato's  400  auditors,  preci- 
pitate ourselves  to  be  rid  of  these  miseries. 

SuBSECT.  XI. —  Concvpiscible  Appetite,  as  Desires,  Ambition,  Causes. 

These  concupiscible  and  irascible  appetites  are  as  the  two  twists  of  a  rope,  nnnu- 
ally  mixed  one  with  the  other,  and  both  twining  about  the  heart :  both  good,  as  Austin 
holds,  l.  14.  c.  9.  de  civ.  Dei,  ^3"  if  they  be  moderate;  both  pernicious  if  they  be 
exorbitant.  This  concupiscible  appetite,  howsoever  it  may  seem  to  carry  with  it  a 
show  of  pleasure  and  delight,  and  our  concupiscences  most  part  affect  us"  with  con- 
tent and  a  pleasing  object,  yet  if  they  be  in  extremes,  they  rack  and  wring  us  on  the 
other  side.  A  true  saying  it  is,  ''  Desire  hath  no  rest ;"  is  infinite  in  itself,  endless  ; 
and  as  "one  calls  it,  a  perpetual  rack,  ^ or  horse-mill,  according  to  Austin,  still 
going  round  as  in  a  ring.  They  are  not  so  continual,  as  divers, /t^Zfcms  alomos  dcnii- 
merare  possem,  saith  ^"^  Bernard,  qmm  motus  cordis ;  nunc  hcEC,  nunc  ilia  cogito,  you 
may  as  well  reckon  up  the  motes  in  the  sun  as  them.  ""  It  extends  itself  to  ever)-- 
thing,"  as  Guianerius  will  have  it,  "  that  is  superfluously  sought  after :"  or  to  any 
^^  fervent  desire,  as  Fernelius  interprets  it ;  be  it  in  what'  kind  soever,  it  tortures  if 
immoderate,  and  is  (according  to  -^  Plater  and  others)  an  especial  cause  of  melancholy. 
MuUuosis  concupiscentiis  dilanianfur  cogitationesmcLe,  ""Austin  confessed,  that  he  was 
torn  a  pieces  with  his  manifold  desires  :  and  so  doth  ®' Bernard  complain,  "  thai  he 
could  not  rest  for  them  a  minute  of  an  hour :  this  I  would  have,  and  that,  and  then 
I  desire  to-be  such  and  such."  'Tis  a  hard  matter  therefore  to  confine  them,  being 
they  are  so  various  and  many,  impossible  to  apprehend  all.  I  will  only  insist  upon 
some  few  of  the  chief,  and  most  noxious  in  their  kind,  as  that  exorbitant  appetite 
and  desire  of  honour,  which  we  commonly  call  ambition ;  love  of  money,  which  is 
covetousness,  and  that  greedy  desire  of  gain  :  self-love,  pride,  and  inordinate  desire 
of  vain-glory  or  applause,  love  of  study  in  excess ;  love  of  women  (which  will  re- 
quire a  just  volume  of  itself),  of  the  other  I  will  briefly  speak,  and  in  their  order. 

Ambition,  a  proud  covetousness,  or  a  dry  thirst  of  honour,  a  great  torture  of  the 
mind,  composed  of  envy,  pride,  and  covetousness,  a  gallant  madness,  one  ^-  defines 
it  a  pleasant  poison,  Ambrose,  ''a  canker  of  the  soul,  an  hidden  plague :"  '^Bernard, 
''  a  secret  poison,  the  father  of  livor,  and  mother  of  hypocrisy,  the  moth  of  lioliness, 
and  cause  of  madness,  crucifying  and  disquieting  all  that  it  takes  hold  of."  ^^  Seneca 
calls  it,  rem  solicitam,  timidara,  vanani,  vcniosam.,  a  windy  thing,  a  vain,  solicitous, 
and  fearful  thing.  For  commonly  they  that,  like  Sysiphus,  roll  this  restless  stone 
of  and)ition,  are  in  a  perpetual  agony,  still "'  perplexed,  semper  taciti,  fritcsque  recedunt 
(Lucretius),  doubtful,  timorous,  suspicious,  loath  to  offend  in  word  or  deed,  still  cou- 
ging  and  collogueing.  embracing,  capping,  cringing,  applauding,  flattering,  fleering, 
visiting,  waiting  at  men's  doors,  with  all  aflability,  counterfeit  honesty  and  humilitv.^ 
If  that  will  not  serve,  if  once  this  humour  (as  ^  Cyprian  describes  it)  possess  his 
thirsty  soul,  amhilionis  salsugo  ubi  bilulum  animam  possidci,  by  hook  and-  bv  crook 
he  will  obtain  it,  "  and  from  his  hole  he  will  climb  to  all  honours  and  offices,  if  it 

51  Ha-c  qii^  crines  evellit,  ieriinina.            "-  Optimum  molestiils  inqiiietat.  secretum  virus,  pestis  occulta.  &c. 

non   tiasci,  aut  cito  mori.            'SUoncB  si  rectain   ra-  epist.   126.           »^' Ep.  &8.            s^  Nihil   infeliciiis  his, 

tinnem   seqiiiintur,   mala?  si  exorliilant.             ^' Tlio.  qiiantus  iis  timor,  quanta  dubitatio.  quaittus  conatiis, 

Buovie.  Prob.  18.        e^i.Molam  asinnriam.          ^sTract.  quanta  soiicitudn.  nulla  illis  k  ninlesliis  vacna  hora. 

de  Inter,  c.  92.           ^'  Circa  qiiamlibet  rem  munili  h*c  ,  *  Semper  ationiius.  semper  pavidu.^  quid  ditat,  taci- 

passio  fieri  potest,  quje  superfliie  diliqatur.    Tract    15.  atve  :  ne  displiceat  humilitatem  siinulat.  honeslatr^tii 

c.  17.             '^Ferventhus  desiderium.            '^Imprimis  mentitur.            'J' Cypr.  Prolog,  ad  ser.  To.  2.  ciinctos 

veri)  Appetitus,  &c.  3.  de   alien,  nient.             ^ Conf.  honorat.   universis   indinal,  subsequiiur,  ohsequiiur. 


I.  c.  29.  "'Perdiversa  loca  vaeor.  nullo  temporis    frequentat  curias,  visilat,  opiimates  amplexatur.  np. 

momento  quirsro.  talis  et  t.ilis  esse  ciipio.  illud  atque 
iMu<".  haher..  .1. -I  '  Anjhros.  1.  3.  super  Lu- 

ca»   erufjo  ;•.:  i::.  Mliil  aninium  crucial,  nihi^f 


memento  quirsro.  talis  et  t.dis  esse  ciipio.  illud  atque    plaiidit^dulalUf^-paj^fas-eWn'-fas  d  latebris.  in  om- 
iMu*".  haher.'  .1.  -  .  Atuhros.  1.  3.  super  Lu-    uearigTadum  ubi  aditus  patet  Ee*ta{K£it,  discurrit. 


,v 


176  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

be  possible  for  him  to  get  up,  flattering  one,  bribing  another,  he  will  leave  no  means 
unessay'd  to  win  all."  ®^  It  is  a  wonder  to  see  how  slavislUy  these  kind  of  men  sub- 
ject themselves,  when  they  are  about  a  suit,  to  every  uiil-rior  person;  what  pains 
they  will  take,  run,  ride,  cast,  plot,  countermine,  protest  and  swear,  vow,  promise, 
"what  labours  undergo,  early  up,  down  late ;  how  obsequious  and  afl'able  they  are, 
how  popular  and  courteous,  how  they  grin  and  fleer  upon  every  man  they  meet ; 
^vith  what  feasting  and  inviting,  how  they  spend  themselves  and  their  fortunes,  in 
seeking,  that  many  times,  which  they  had  much  better  be  Avithout;  as  '^Cyneas  the 
orator  told  Pyrrhus :  with  wliat  waking  nights,  painful  hours,  anxious  thoughts,  and 
bitterness  of  mind,  infer  spcmque  metumque^  distracted  and  tired,  ihey  consume  the  in- 
terim of  their  time.  There  can  be  no  greater  plague  fur  tlie  present.  If  they  do  ob- 
tain their  suit,  whicli  with  such  cost  and  solicitude  they  have  sought,  they  are  not 
so  freed,  their  anxiety  is  anew  to  begin,  for  they  are  never  satisfied,  nildl  aliiid  7iisi 
imperium  spirant.,  their  thoughts,  actions,  endeavours  are  all  for  sovereignty  and  ho- 
nour, like  ^'^  Lues  Sforsia  tliat  hulflng  Duke  of  Milan,  '-a  man  of  singidar  wisdom, 
but  profound  ambition,  born  to  his  own,  and  to  the  destruction  of  Itidy,"  tliough  it 
be  to  their  own  ruin,  and  friends'  undoing,  they  will  contend,  they  may  not  cease, 
but  as  a  dog  in  a  wheel,  a  bird  in  a  cage,  or  a  squirrel  in  a  chain,  so  '  Buda»us  com- 
pares them;  ^tlrey  climb  and  climb  still,  with  much  labour,  but  never  make  an  end, 
never  at  the  top.  A  knight  would  be  a  baronet,  and  then  a  lord,  and  tiien  a  viscount, 
and  then  an  earl,  &.C.;  a  doctor,  a  dean,  and  then  a  bishop;  from  tribune  to  praHor ; 
from  bailifl'to  major;  first  this  oflice,  and  then  that;  as  Pyrrhus  in  *  Pfutarch,  they 
will  first  have  Greece,  then  Africa,  and  then  Asia,  and  swell  with  i^^sop's  frog  so 
lo7\g,  till  in  the  end  they  burst,  or  come  down  with  Sejanus,  ad  Gf  manias  scalas.,  and 
break  their  own  necks ;  or  as  Evangelus  the  piper  in  Lucian,  that  blew  his  pipe  so 
lomj,  till  he  fell  down  dead.  If  he  chance  to  miss,  and  have  a  canvass,  he  is  in  a 
liell  on  the  other  side ;  so  dejected,  that  he  is  ready  to  hang  himself,  turn  heretic, 
Turk,  or  traitor  in  an  instant.  Enniged  ajrainst  his  enemies,  he  rails,  swears,  fights, 
slanders,  detracts,  envies,  murders  :  and  for  his  own  part,  si  appclitum  explore  non 
potest.,  furore  cnrripitur;  if  he  cannot  satisfy  his  desire  (as  ^Bodine  writes)  he  runs 
mad.  So  that  both  ways,  hit  or  miss,  he  is  distracted  so  long  as  his  ambition  lasts, 
he  can  look  for  no  other  but  anxiety  and  care,  discontent  ami  grief  in  the  meantime, 
^madness  itself,  or  violent  death  in  the  end.  Thf  event  of  this  is  common  to  be  seen 
in  populous  cities,  or  in  princes'  courts,  for  a  courtier's  life  (as  Bud.eus  describes  it) 
'Ms  a  ''gallimaufry  of  ambition,  lust,  fraud,  imposture,  dissimulation,  detraction,  envy, 
pride  ;  ^  the  court,  a  common  conventicle  of  flatterers,  time-servers,  politicians,  &.c. ;" 
or  as  "Anthony  Perez  will,  '^  the  suburbs  of  hell  itself"  If  you  will  see  such  dis- 
contented persons,  there  you  shall  likely  find  them.  *And  which  he  observed  of  the 
markets  of  old  Rome, 

"Qui  perjurum  conveiiire  viilt  honiineit),  miitn  in  Comitium; 
Uui  rtiendarem  et  i;liiri(>duiii,  apiid  C'liiasiiis  i-acruni ; 
Dues,  daniii(is<)§  murilos,  tub  basilica  quarito,  Ice." 

Perjured  knaves,  knights  of  the  post,  liars,  crackers,  bad  husbands,  &c.  keep  their 
several  stations ;  they  do  still,  and  always  did  in  every  commonwealth. 

SiBSECT.  XII. — ^iXafyvfix,  Cnvctoiisness,  a  Cause. 

Plutarch,  in  his  '"book  whether  the  diseases  of  the  body  be  more  grievous  than 
those  of  the  soul,  is  of  opinion,  ^*  if  you  will  examine  all  the  causes  of  our  miseries 
in  this  life,  you  shall  find  them  most  part  to  have  had  their  beginning  from  stubborn 
anger,  that  furious  desire  of  contention,  or  some  unjust  or  immoderate  aflection, 

"^Turti^e  cosit  anibitio  reeem  inservire,  iit  Homenis  alirujus,  honesl*  vel  inlionestiE,  phantasiam  Isdunt  ; 

Ainmeiiinont'iii  qucreiitpiii  imliicit.           'J  Pluiarciina.  unde  niuiti  aiitbitiosi,  phiUuti,  irati,  avari,  iiiiiani,  ice. 

Quill  i-niiviveimir,  et  in  otio  nos  oblecteinur,  (|iioniam  Fwlix   I'lait-r,  I.  3.  de  mentis  aliiMi.             '  Aiilica  vita 

i'l  prompln  id  nobis  sit,  &c.              '""Jovius  liist.  1.  1.  colliivle.4  aiiibitionis,  tupiditatis.  simulationis,  impov- 

\ir   singulari   prudentia,  sed  profunda  ambitione,  ad  turte,  fraudis,  invidiae,  superbia' Titannica- divt-rciirium 

fxitium  Italia?  natu».             '  Ut  hedera  arbori  adba^ret,  aula,  el  eonitnune  conventiculuiu  aaaentandi  artiHruni, 

pii-   ainbiiio,  tec.             ^  I.ib.   3.  de   contemptu   reruin  4cc.    Buds-iis   de   asse.   lib.  5.                "In   his   Aphor. 

fortiiitariini.  Maeno  conalii  et  impetu  movenliir,  super  »  Plautus  Ciirrul.  Act.  4.  See.  1.                   ">Toni.  2.  Rt 

joiteni  rentro  r   ' 'li.  n  'm  |ir'.n<.iiuit.  lur   ul  fiii.  m  |i.r-  i-iamines,  ouines  niiseriie  causas  vel  a  fiirio«o  eootrn- 

VPniuni.  iidl  t>t>iilio,  vel  ab  injusta  cupidilate,origin6  tniti«se 

riiinfarilei!  i.-a.     Idem  fere  ChrMoalomua  com.  in  c.  6.  »&  H>- 

d-;  re^is  in^t                  !                       .         i     '                1  .n m    gpr.  11. 
primia 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  12.]  Covetousness,  a  Cause. 

as  covetousness,  &c."  From  whence  "  are  wars  and  contentions  amongst  you  ?" 
"St.  James  asks  :  I  will  add  usury,  fraud,  rapine,  simony,  oppression,  lymg,  swear- 
ing, bearing  false  witness,  &c.  are  they  not  from  this  fountain  of  covetousness,  tliat 
greediness  in  getting,  tenacity  in  keeping,  sordity  in  spending  ;  that  tliey  are  so  wicked, 
'^"unjust  against  God,  their  neighbour,  themselves;"  all  comes  hence.  "The  desire 
of  money  is  the  root  of  all  evil,  and  they  that  lust  after  it,  pierce  themselves  through 
with  many  sorrows,"  1  Tim.  vi.  10.  Hippocrates  therefore  in  his  Epistle  to  Crateva, 
an  herbalist,  gives  him  this  good  counsel,  that  if  it  were  possible,  '^amongst  other 
herbs,  he  should  cut  up  that  M^eed  of  covetousness  by  the  roots,  that  there  be  no  re- 
mainder left,  and  then  know  this  for  a  certainty,  that  together  with  their  bodies,  thou 
mayest  quickly  cure  all  the  diseases  of  their  miiids."  For  it  is  indeed  the  pattern, 
image,  epitome  of  all  melancholy,  the  fountain  of  many  miseries,  much  discontented 
care  and  woe ;  this  "  inordinate,  or  immoderate  desire  of  gain,  to  get  or  keep  money," 
ns  '*  Bonaventure  defines  it :  or,  as  Austin  describes  it,  a  madness  of  the  soul,  Gregory 
a  torture;  Chrysostom,  an  insatiable  drunkenness;  Cyprian,  blindness,  spcciosum 
supplicium.^  a  plague  subverting  kingdoms,  families,  an  '^incurable  disease  ;  Budffius, 
an  ill  habit,  '^"yielding  to  no  remedies  :"  neither  iEsculapius  nor  Plutus  can  cure 
them  :  a  continual  plague,  saith  Solomon,  and  vexation  of  spirit,  another  hell.  I  know 
there  be  some  of  opinion,  that  covetous  men  are  happy,  and  worldly,  wise,  that  there 
is  more  pleasure  in  getting  of  wealth  than  in  spending,  and  no  deliglit  in  the  world 
like  unto  it.  'Twas  '^Bias'  problem  of  old,  "With  what  art  thou  not  weary  ?  with 
getting  money.  What  is  most  delectable  .''  to  gain."  What  is  it,  trow  you,  that  makes 
a  poor  man  labour  all  his  lifetime,  carry  such  great  burdens,  fare  so  hardly,  macerate 
himself,  and  endure  so  much  misery,  undergo  s\ich  base  offices  with  so  great  patience, 
to  rise  up  early,  and  lie  down  late,  if  there  were  not  an  extraordinary  delight  in  get- 
ting and  keeping  of  money  ?  What  makes  a  merchant  that  hath  no  need,  satis  supcr- 
que  domi,  to  range  all  over  the  world,  through  all  those  intemperate  '*  Zones  of  heat 
and  cold ;  voluntarily  '  venture  his  life,  and  be  content  with  such  miserable  famine, 
nasty  usage,  in  a  stinkmg  ship ;  if  there  were  not  a  pleasure  and  hope  to  get  money, 
which  doth  season  the  rest,  and  mitigate  his  indefatigable  pains  .'  What  makes  them 
go  into  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  an  hundred  fathom  deep,  endangering  their  dearest 
lives,  enduring  damps  and  filthy  smells,  when  they  have  enough  already,  if  they  could 
be  content,  and  no  such  cause  to  labour,  but  an  extraordinary  delight  they  take  in 
riches.  This  may  seem  plausible  at  first  show,  a  popular  and  strong  argument ;  but 
let  him  that  so  thinks,  consider  better  of  it,  and  he  shall  soon  perceive,  that  it  is  far 
otherwise  than  he  supposeth ;  it  may  be  haply  pleasing  at  the  first,  as  most  part  all 
melancholy  is.  For  such  men  likely  have  some  lucida  intervaUa,  pleasant  symptoms 
intermixed ;  but  you  must  note  that  of  '^  Chrysostom,  "  'Tis  one  thing  to  be  rich, 
another  to  be  covetous  :  "generally  they  are  all  fools,  dizards,  mad-men,  ^°  miserable 
wretches,  living  besides  themselves,  sine  arte  fruendi^  in  perpetual  slavery,  fear, 
suspicion,  sorrow,  and  discontent,  plus  aloes  quam  mellis  hahent ;  and  are  indeed, 
"  rather  possessed  by  their  money,  than  possessors  :"  as  ^'  Cyprian  hath  it,  mancipati 
pecuniis ;  bound  prentice  to  their  goods,  as  ^  Pliny;  or  as  Chrysostom,  servi  diviti- 
arum,  slaves  and  drudges  to  their  substance  ;  and  we  may  conclude  of  them  all,  as 
^  Valerius  dotli  of  Ptolomseus  king  of  Cypras,  "  He  vi-as  in  title  a  king  of  that  island, 
but  in  his  mind,  a  miserable  drudge  of  money : 


"potiore  metallis 


libertate  carens' 

wanting  his  liberty,  which  is  better  than  gold.  Damasippus  the  Stoic,  in  Horace? 
proves  that  all  mortal  men  dote  by  fits,  some  one  way,  some  another,  but  that 
covetous  men  ^'are  madder  than  the  rest;  and  he  that  shall  truly  look  into  their 

"Cap.  4.  1.  i^xjt  sit  iniquus  in  ileum,  in  proxi-    currit  mercator  ad  Indos.  Hor.  '8 Qua  re  non  ea 

mum,  in  seipsum.  "Si  vero,  Crateva,  inter  caete-    lassusl   lucrum  faciendo  :  quid  maxime  delectabilel 

ras  herharum  radices,  avaritiffi  radicem  secare  posses   Uicrari.  '^Hom.  2.   aliud   avarus   aliiid   dives, 

amaram,  ut  nulla;  reiirjiiiEe  essent,  probe  scito,  &c.  |  20  Divitice  ut  spina;  animuni  hominis  timoribus,  solici- 
"  Cap.  6.  Diets  salutis  :  avaritia  est  amor  immoderatus  I  tudinibiis,  angoribus  mirifice  pungunt,  vexant,  cru- 
pecunis  vel  acquirenila',  vel  retiiienda;.  '^Ferum    ciant.  Greg,  in  hom.  -'  Epist.  ad  Donat.  cap.  2. 

profecto  dirunique  ulcus  aniuii,  romediis  non  redens  |  "-i  Lib.  9.  ep.  30.  ^Lib.  9.  cap.  4.  insute  rex  titulo, 

medendo  exasperatur.  '^  Mains  est  morbus  male-  1  spd  anipiopecunis  miserabile  mancipiiim.  24Hor. 

que  afficil  avariiia  siquiclem  ceii^^en.  &c.  avariiia  diffi-    10.  lib.  1.  siDanda  est  bellebori  multo  pars  maxi- 

cilius  curatur  quam  insania  :  q'u'oniam  bar    mnes  fere    ma  avi 


-^diri   laboraut.  Ilib.  «p.  Abderit.  '■■  GXtremosJ 

23 


\ 


178  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1 .  Sect.  2. 

estates,  and  examine  their  symptoms,  shall  find  no  better  of  them,  but  that  they  are 
all  -"^ fools,  as  Nabal  was,  Re  et  nomine  (1.  Reg.  15).  For  what  greater  folly  can 
there  be^  or  ^^  madness,  than  to  macerate  himself  when  he  need  not .-'  and  when,  as 
Cyprian  notes,  -^"he  may  be  freed  from,  his  burden,  and  eased  of  his  pains,  will  go 
on  still,  his  wealth  increasing,  when  he  hath  enough,  to  get  more,  to  live  besides 
himself,"  to  starve  his  genius,  keep  back  from  his  wile  ^"and  chikh-en,  neither  letting 
them  nor  other  friends  use  or  enjoy  that  which  is  theirs  by  right,  and  wliich  they 
much  need  perhaps ;  like  a  hog,  or  dog  in  the  manger,  he  doth  only  keep  it,  because 
it  shall  do  nobody  else  good,  Imrting  himself  and  others :  and  for  a  little  momentary 
pelf,  damn  his  own  soul }  They  are  commonly  sad  and  tetric  by  nature,  as  Achab'a 
spirit  was  because  he  could  not  get  Naboth's  vineyard,  (1.  Reg.  22.)  and  if  he  lay 
out  his  money  at  any  time,  though  it  be  to  necessary  uses,  to  his  own  chililren"'3 
good,  he  brawls  and  scolds,  liis  heart  is  heavy,  much  disquieted  he  is,  and  loath  to 
part  from  it :  Miser  ahstinet  el  timet  uli,  Ilor.  lie  is  of  a  wearish,  dry,  pale  consti- 
tution, and  cannot  sleep  for  cares  and  worldly  business;  his  riches,  saith  Solomon, 
will  not  let  him  sleep,  and  unnecessary  business  which  he  heapclli  on  himself;  or  if 
he  do  sleep,  'tis  a  very  unquiet,  internipt,  unpleasing  sleep :  with  his  bags  in  his 
arms, 

"cone;estis  iimliqiie  sacc 

Indormii  inhiaiid," 

And  though  he  be  at  a  banquet,  or  at  some  merry  feast,  "  he  sighs  for  grief  of  heart 
l^as  ^Cyprian  hath  it)  and  cannot  sleep  though  it  be  upon  a  down  bed;  his  weari-sh 
body  takes  no  rest,  ^'-troubled  in  his  abundance,  and  sorrowful  in  plenty,  imhappy 
for  the  present,  and  more  unhappy  in  the  life  to  come."  Basil,  lie  is  a  perpetual 
drudge,  ^^  restless  in  his  thouijhts,  and  never  satisfied,  a  slave,  a  wretch,  a  dust-worm, 
semper  quod  idolo  suo  itnmoht,  sedulns  observul.,  Cypr.  prolog,  ad  sermon,  still  seek- 
ing what  sacrifice  he  may  offer  to  his  golden  god, per  y^s  et  nefas,  he  cares  not  how, 
his  trouble  is  endless,  ^crescunt  divitiie,  tamen  curtce  nescio  quid  semper  abestrei : 
his  wealth  increaseth,  and  the  more  he  hath,  the  more  **  he  wants  :  like  Pharaoh'.s 
lean  kine,  wiiich  devoured  the  fat,  and  were  not  satisfied.  ^Austin  therefore  defines 
covetousness,  quarumlibet  rerum  inhoneslam  et  insatiabilem  cupiditatem,  a  dishon- 
est and  insatiable  desire  of  gain;  and  in  one  of  his  epistles  compares  it  to  hell; 
^•'wliich  devours  all,  and  yet  never  hath  enough,  a  bottomless  pit,"  an  endless 
misery ;  in  quern  scopulum  uvarilict  cadaverosi  senes  vtplurimum  impijtgunf.,  anil  that 
which  is  their  greatest  corrosive,  they  are  in  continual  suspicion,  fear,  and  chstrust. 
He  thinks  ids  own  wife  and  children  are  so  many  thieves,  and  go  about  to  cozen 
him,  his  ser\'ants  are  all  false  : 


"  Rem  suain  periisse,  seque  eradicarier, 
Et  divuni  at(|ue  hoiiiinuiii  claiuatcontinuO  fideoi, 

Ue  suo  tigilli)  si  qua  exit  foraa." 


'  If  his  doors  creek,  then  out  he  cri<>a  anon. 
His  gooda  are  gone,  and  be  is  quiie  undone." 


Timidus  Plutus,  an  old  proverb,  As  fearful  as  Plutus :  so  doth  Aristophanes  and 
Lucian  bring  him  in  fearful  still,  pale,  anxious,  suspicious,  and  trusting  no  man, 
'^"They  are  afraid  of  tempests  for  their  corn;  they  are  afraid  of  their  friends  lest 
they  should  ask  something  of  them,  beg  or  borrow ;  they  are  afraid  of  their  enemies 
lest  they  hurt  them,  thieves  lest  they  rob  them ;  they  are  afraid  of  war  and  afraid  of 
peace,  afraid  of  rich  and  afraid  of  poor ;  afraid  of  all."  Last  of  all,  they  are  afraid  of 
want,  that  they  shall  die  beggars,  which  makes  them  lay  up  still,  and  dare  not  use  that 
they  have :  what  if  a  dear  year  come,  or  dearth,  or  some  loss  ?  and  were  it  not  that 
they  are  loth  to  ^-lay  out  money  on  a  rope,  they  would  be  hanged  forthwith,  and 
sometimes  die  to  save  charges,  and  make  away  themselves,  if  their  corn  and  cattle 

9"Luke.  zii.  20.  Stnlie,  hac  nocte  eripiam  animam  t  cessat  qui  petunias  supplere  dili^unt.    Ouinner.  tract, 
luam.  KOpes  quidein  niorlalilius  sunt  dementia     15.  c.  17.  ^illor.  3.  Od.  24.  Qao  plus  sunt  poiae, 

Theog.  -"  Ed.  2.  lib.  2.  Exonerare  cum  se  possit     plus  gitiunter  aquae.  '**  liar.  I.  2.  8at.  fi,  O  ai  aii- 


el  relevare  ponderibus  pergit  iiwcis  fortiinis  augenti- 
bus  penuiaciter  Inrnbiire.  -'••N'on  amicis,  non  li- 

beris,  non  ipsi  ^ibi  quidquam  imperlit.  possidet  ad  hoc 
tantum,  ne  possidere  alteri  liceat,  &c.  Ilieron.  ad 
Paulin.  tarn  dt-est  quod  habet  quani  quod  non  habet. 
^  Epist.  2.  lib.  2.  Suspirat  in  convivio,  bibat  licet  pem- 
niid  et  I'lro  molliofp  marrirlum  corpus  condid^rit.  vi?i 


ulus  ille  proxinius  accedat,  qui  nunc  deformat  aeeU 
lum.  ^Lib.  3.  de  lib.  arbit.  Iniinoritur  studiis,  et 

aniore  senescit  habendi.  >*Avarug  vir  intVrno  p?t 

siniilis,  ice.  moduni  non  habet,  h^t  ntentior  quo  plura 
h.ibet.  y  Erasm.  Adag.  chil.  3.  cent.  7.  pro.  72 

Nulli  fidentes  omnium  forinidant  opt;i.  ideo  pavidiim 
malum  vocat  Euripides  :  metuunt  it'nipentateii  nb  Iru- 


iat  iniiluini  ' :' 1  \   ili'in!  1 -  ii-ntum,  amicos   ne  roL'<-nt,  inimicim  ne  ledani,  ftilf» 

trislamr  ^\  ,  ra;!ieiiiit)Ui>  raplant,  belluin   tiiii«'nt,   pacem  timent,  summni, 

fclicior  in  I  .  iim  cositatio  n  j<>dioii,  Infinos.  ''Ilall  Char. 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  13.]         '  Love  of  Gaming,  Sfc.  179 

miscarry ;  though  they  have  abundance  left,  as  ^'Agellius  notes.  ''^  Valerius  makes 
mention  of  one  that  in  a  famine  sold  a  mouse  for  200  pence,  and  famished  himself : 
such  are  their  cares, '"  griefs  and  perpetual  fears.  These  symptoms  are  elegantly  ex- 
pressed by  Theoplirastus  in  his  character  of  a  covetous  man  ;  '"^"  lying  in  bed,  he 
asked  his  wife  whether  she  shut  the  trunks  and  chests  fast,  the  capcase.  be  sealed, 
and  whether  the  hall  door  be  bolted  ;  and  though  she  say  all  is  well,  he  riseth  out 
of  his  bed  in  his  shirt,  barefoot  and  barelegged,  to  see  whether  it  be  so,  with  a  dark 
lanthorn  searching  every  corner,  scarce  sleepjng  a  wink  all  night."  Lucian  in  that 
pleasant  and  witty  dialogue  called  Gallus,  brings  in  Mycillus  the  cobler  disputing 
with  his  cock,  sometimes  Pythagoras ;  where  after  much  speech  pro  and  con,  to 
prove  the  happiness  of  a  mean  estate,  and  discontents  of  a  rich  man,  Pythagoras' 
cock  in  the  end,  to  illustrate  by  examples  that  which  he  had  said,  brings  him  to 
Gnyphon  the  usurer's  house  at  midnight,  and  after  that  to  Eucrates ;  whom  they 
found  both  awake,  casting  up  their  accounts,  and  telling  of  their  money,  *^  lean,  dry, 
pale  and  anxious,  still  suspecting  lest  somebody  should  make  a  hole  through  the 
wall,  and  so  get  in  ;  or  if  a  rat  or  mouse  did  but  stir,  starting  upon  a  sudden,  and  run- 
ning to  the  door  to  see  whether  all  were  fast.  Plaulus,  in  his  Aulularia,  makes  old 
Euclio  ''■'  commanding  Staphyla  his  wife  to  shut  the  doors  fast,  and  the  fire  to  be  put  out, 
lest  anybody  should  make  that  an  erraud  to  come  to  his  house  :  when  he  washed  his 
hands,  ■*'  he  was  loath  to  fling  away  the  foul  water,  complaining  that  he  was  undone, 
because  tlie  smoke  got  out  of  his  roof.  And  as  he  went  from  home,  seeing  a  crow 
scratch  upon  the  muck-hill,  returned  in  all  haste,  taking  it  for  malum  omen,  an  ill 
sign,  his  money  was  digged  up ;  with  many  such.  He  that  will  but  observe  their 
actions,  shall  find  these  and  many  such  passages  not  feigned  for  sport,  but  really  per- 
formed, verified  indeed  by  such  covetous  and  miserable  wretches,  and  that  it  is, 

^'5 "manifesta  plvretiesis 

Ut  locuples  niorlaris  egenti  vivere  fato." 

A  mere  madness,  to  live  like  a  wretch,  and  die  rich. 

SuBSECT.  XIII. — Love  of  Gaming,  &fc.  and  pleasures  immoderate  ;  Causes. 

It  is  a  wonder  to  see,  how  many  poor,  distressed,  miserable  wretches,  one  shall 
meet  almost  in  every  path  and  street,  begging  for  an  alms,  that  have  been  well  de- 
scended, and  sometimes  in  nourishing  estate,  now  ragged,  tattered,  and  ready  to  be 
starved,  lingering  out  a  painful  life,  in  discontent  and  grief  of  body  and  mind,  and 
all  through  iannoderate  lust,  gaming,  pleasure  and  riot.  'Tis  the  common  end  of 
all  sensual  epicures  and  brutish  prodigals,  that  are  stupified  and  carried  away  head- 
long with  their  several  pleasures  and  lusts.  Cebes  in  his  table,  St.  Ambrose  in  his 
second  book  of  Abel  and  Cain,  and  amongst  the  rest  Lucian  in  his  tract  de  Mercede 
conductis^  hath  excellent  well  deciphered  such  men's  proceedings  in  his  picture  of 
Opulentia,  whom  he  feigns  to  dwell  on  the  top  of  a  high  mount,  much  sought  after 
by  many  suitors ;  at  their  first  coming  they  are  generally  entertained  by  pleasiu-e 
and  dalliance,  and  have  all  the  content  that  possibly  may  be  given,  so  long  as  their 
money  lasts :  but  when  their  means  fail,  they  are  contemptibly  thrust  out  at  a  back 
door,  headlong,  and  there  left  to  shame,  reproach,  despair.  And  he  at  first  that  had 
so  many  attendants,  parasites,  and  followers,  young  and  lusty,  richly  arrayed,  and 
all  the  dainty  fare  that  might  be  had,  with  all  kind  of  welcome  and  good  respect, 
is  now  upon  a  sudden  stript  of  all,  ^'pale,  naked,  old,  diseased  and  forsaken,  cursing 
his  stars,  and  ready  to  strangle  himself;  having  no  other  company  but  repentance, 
sorrow,  grief,  derision,  beggary,  and  contempt,  which  are  his  daily  attendants  to  his 
life's  end.    As  the  ■**  prodigal  son  had  exquisite  music,  merry  company,  dainty  fare  at 


2"  Acellius,  lib.  3.  cap.  1.  interdum  po  sceleris  per- 
veniiinl  ob  liicriiin,  ul  vitani  piopriam  coinmuteiit. 
^"I.ib.  7.  cap.  6.  ■"  Oiiiiies  perpetuo  niorbo  agi- 

taiiiiir.  suspjcaiur  omiips  limidus,  sibique  ob  au/uin 
iiisidiari  putat,  nunquaiii  quiescens,  I'lin.  I'r<ifrni-  lib. 


gui  volo,  ne  causie  quidquam  sit  quod  te  quisqiiam 
quteritct.  Si  bona  fortuna  veniat  ne  intromiseris  ; 
Occlude  sis  fores  ambobus  pessulis.  Discrutior  aiiimi 
quia  domo  abeunduni  est  mihi :  Niniis  henule  invi- 
tus  abeo,  nee  quid  apani  scio.        ■"»  Floras  aqiiam  pro- 


14.  '-Cap.  18.  in  lecto  jacens  interrogai  u.vorem  |  fundere,  &c.  periit  dum  fuinus  de  tigillo  exit  foras. 

an  arcam  probe  clausit,  an  capsiila,  to.     E  lecto  sur-  j-""  Juv.  Sat.  1-1.  '"  Veiitrijcosus,  nudus,  paJlidug, 

gens  iiiidus  et  absque  calceis,  acceiisa  lucerna  omnia  lieva  pudotfm  occultaos,  da*li4  siepsuui  .strangulane, 
ohiens  ct  lustrans,  el  \\x  soinno  indul^ens.  *'^  Curia  '  occuiiTTratem  exeunti  pcenitentla^ns  Jiu  =  eruni  confi- 
extenuatus,  visilans  eji^MMMMupiU^ns.  ^^  Cave  ^  ciens,  &c.  <8 Luke  XV 

quequam  alienum  in  V^^^^^^^SnB.  *  Ignem  extin- 


180  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part  I.  Sect.  2. 

first ;  but  a  sorrowful  reckoning  in  the  end ;  so  have  all  such  vain  delights  and  their 
followers.  '^'Tristes  voluptahwi  exitus,  et  quisqxiis  vohiplalum  suarum  reminisci 
volet,  intelliget,  as  bitter  as  gall  and  wormwood  is  their  last ;  grief  of  mind,  madness 
itself.  The  ordinary  rocks  upon  which  such  men  do  impigne  and  precipitate  them- 
selves, are  cards,  dice,  hawks,  and  hounds,  Insanum  venandi  studiiim,  one  calls  it, 
insance  substructiones :  their  mad  structures,  disports,  plays,  &c.,  when  they  are  un- 
seasonably used,  imprudently  handled,  and  beyond  their  fortunes.  Some  men  are 
consumed  by  mad  fantastical  buildings,  by  making  galleries,  cloisters,  terraces,  walks, 
orchards,  gardens,  pools,  rillots,  bowers,  and  such  like  places  of  pleasure;  Iniitiles 
domos,  ^Xenophon  calls  them,  which  howsoever  they  be  delightsome  things  in 
tliemselves,  and  accept<ible  to  all  beholders,  an  ornament,  and  benefitting  some  great 
men  ;  yet  unprofitable  to  others,  and  the  sole  overthrow  of  their  estates.  Forestus 
in  his  observations  hath  an  example  of  such  a  one  that  became  melancholy  upon  the 
like  occasion,  having  consumed  his  substance  in  an  unprofitable  building,  wliich 
would  afterward  yield  him  no  advantage.  OtJiers,  I  say,  are  ^'overthrown  by  those 
mad  sports  of  hawking  and  hunting;  honest  recreations,  and  fit  lor  some  great  men, 
but  not  for  every  base  inferior  person;  whilst  they  will  maintain  tlieir  jidconers, 
dogs,  and  hunting  nags,  their  wealth,  sailh  ^Salmutze,  "runs  away  with  hounds, 
and  their  fortunes  fly  away  with  hawks."  They  persecute  beasts  so  long,  till  in 
the  end  they  themselves  degenerate  into  beasts,  as  *^Agrippa  taxeth  them,  ^^Actajon 
like,  for  as  he  was  eaten  to  death  by  his  own  dogs,  so  do  they  devour  themselves  and 
their  patrimonies,  in  such  idle  and  unnecessary  disports,  neglecting  in  the  mean  time 
their  more  necessary  business,  and  to  follow  their  vocations.  Over-mad  too  some- 
tunes  are  our  great  itk-u  in  delighting,  and  doting  too  much  on  it.  '^'^  When  they 
drive  poor  husbandmen  from  their  tillage,'"  as  ^"Sarisburiensis  objects,  PoJijcrat.  I.  1. 
c.  4,  "tling  down  country  farms,  and  whole  towns,  to  make  parks,  and  forests, 
starving  men  to  feed  beasts,  and  " punisliinij  in  the  mean  time  such  a  man  that  shall 
molest  their  game,  more  severely  than  him  that  is  otherwise  a  common  hacker,  or  a 
notorious  thief."  But  great  men  are  some  ways  to  be  excused,  the  meaner  sort 
have  no  evasion  why  they  should  not  be  counted  mad.  Poggius  the  Florentine  tells 
a  merry  story  to  this  purpose,  condemning  the  folly  and  impertinent  business  of 
such  kind  of  persons.  A  physician  of  Milan,  saith  he,  that  cured  mad  men,  had  a 
pit  of  water  in  his  house,  in  which  he  kt'pt  his  patients,  some  up  to  the  knees,  some 
to  the  girdle,  some  to  the  chin,  pro  modo  iiisanice,  as  they  were  more  or  less  atlected. 
One  of  them  by  chance,  that  was  well  recovered,  stood  in  the  door,  and  seeing  a  gal- 
lant ride  by  with  a  hawk  on  his  fist,  well  mounted,  with  his  spaniels  after  him,  would 
needs  know  to  what  use  all  this  preparaticm  served  ;  he  made  answer  to  kill  certain 
fowls ;  the  patient  demanded  again,  what  his  fowl  might  be  worth  which  he  killed 
in  a  year;  he  replied  5  or  lU  crowns;  and  when  he  urged  him  farther  what  his 
dogs,  horse,  and  hawks  stood  him  in,  he  told  him  400  crowns  ;  with  that  the  pa- 
tient bad  be  gone,  as  he  loved  his  life  and  welfare,  for  if  our  master  come  and  find 
thee  here,  he  will  put  thee  in  the  pit  amongst  mad  men  up  to  the  chin  :  taxinsr  the 
madness  and  tolly  of  such  vain  men  that  spend  themselves  in  those  idle  sports, 
neglectintr  their  business  and  necessary  affairs.  Leo  decimus,  that  huntintf  pope,  is 
much  di-^coinmendeil  by  ^Jovius  in  his  life,  for  his  inimoderate  desire  of  hawking 
and  hunting,  in  so  much  that  i  as  he  saith)  he  would  sometimes  live  about  Ostia 
weeks  and  months  together,  leave  suitors  '''unrespected,  bulls  and  pardons  unsigned, 
to  his  own  prejudice,  and  many  private  men's  loss.  ""And  if  he  had  been  by  chance 
crossed  in  his  sport,  or  his  game  not  so  good,  he  was  so  impatient,  that  he  would 

«>Boethius.  ^<' In  Oeconom.  Quid  si  nunc  oaten- '  toribus   ut  augeantur  pascua  feris.     Majeftatia 

dam  eos  qui   mngna  vi  arjienli  domug  inutjies  a>difl-'  reu§  agricola  si  eustarit  "A  novalihui  <iiia  ar- 

cant,  in<iuil  ."Joirates.  ^' Harlshuriensis  Polycrat. '  centur  agricol*,  dum   (ktie   >iab<faut  v.-il'sihIi  liht-ria- 

;    1.  e.  14.  vi'nalores  nmnes  adhuc  ingtituiionem  redo- |  tera  :  istis,  ut  pascua  augeantur   pra'dia  Kiiltirahuntur, 
lent  centaiiroriim.     Raro  invenitur  quisquam  eoriim  ^c.    ^arisburien:<i8  "Fens   qiiain    tiotiiinibiia 

modestiis  et  gravis,  raroconlinens,  el  ut  credo  gobrliis    e-quiores.     «Janibd-  de  Guil.  Conq    qui  36   Kcrlima* 
uiiquam.  ^- Pancirol.  Tit.  23.  avolant  opes  cum    matrices  depopiilatua  est  ad   forestnin   novain.     Mat. 

•iccipilre.  "Insi^nis  venatnruin  slullitia,  ct  siipi-r-    Pari*.  >  Tom.  2   de  vitis  illii^lrium,  I.  4   d<f  vit. 

vacant  i  f  ura  er>riiiii,  qili  dum  nimium  venalinni  in.ja-  I  Leon.  10.  «  Venalionibug  ad<-o  perdite  stud^bal 

.unt,  ipsi  ahjiM  i  ..    .rmii  liunrmil  it.-  in  T  r  i-  iI.-l.'.  ii.-r  int,    et  aucupiif.  "  Aut  infeliriter  vrnaliif  lam  Inipa  ■ 

ul   Actfiin,    •  -  r   I  tiens  inde,  ut  sumnms  «.Tpp  virus  rir<Tbi*'iml«  ei>ntu 

*■' Af  rippa  di    .  n,  |  nieliis  i>neraret.  et   inrr(><litiile  est  qiinli  vnltiK  anim.' 

dum  ii  ti   v  L^i^  .,a    >i'i^  hubiiu  d'>l>>r|aiMn^^^iie  prKf«rre»,  fcr. 

•  usiici-i.  *<ricoij,  "  ^^^^^^^ 


tic  IS.  ikifricoiijuu  1 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  13.]  Love  of  Gaming.  181 

revile  and  miscall  many  times  men  of  great  worth  with  most  bitter  taunts,  look  so 
sour,  be  so  angry  and  waspish,  so  grieved  and  molested,  that  it  is  incredible  to  relate 
it."  But  if  he  had  good  sport,  and  been  well  pleased,  on  the  other  side,  incredibill 
munijicentia,  with. unspeakable  bounty  and  munificence  he  would  reward  all  his  fel- 
low hunters,  and  deny  nothing  to  any  suitor  when  he  was  in  that  mood.  To  say 
truth,  'tis  the  common  humour  of  all  gamesters,  as  Galataeus  observes,  if  they  win, 
no  men  living  are  so  jovial  and  merry,  but  "''if  they  lose,  though  it  be  but  a  trifle, 
two  or  three  games  at  tables,  or  a  dealing  at  cards  for  two  pence  a  game,  they  are  so 
choleric  and  testy  that  no  man  may  speak  with  them,  and  break  many  times  into 
violent  passions,  oaths,  imprecations,  and  unbeseeming  speeches,  little  diifering  from 
mad  men  for  the  time.  Generally  of  all  gamesters  and  gaming,  if  it  be  excessive, 
thus  much  we  may  conclude,  that  whether  they  win  or  lose  for  the  present,  their 
winnings  are  not  Munera  fortunce.!  sed  insidicc,  as  that  wise  Seneca  determines,  not 
fortune's  gifts,  but  baits,  the  common  catastrophe  is  ®"  beggary,  ®^  Ut  pest  is  vitam.,  sic 
adiniit  aha  pecimiam,  as  the  plague  takes  away  life,  doth  gaming  goods,  for  ''^ornnes 
nudi.  inopes  el  egeni ; 

*5"Alea  Pcylla  vorar,  species  cerlissima  furti, 

Noil  contenta  bonis  animum  quoque  perfida  mergit, 
FujiJa,  furax,  infamis,  iuers,  furiosa,  ruiiia." 

For  a  little  pleasure  they  take,  and  some  small  gains  and  gettings  now  and  then,  their 
wives  and  children  are  ringed  in  the  meantime,  and  they  themselves  with  loss  of 
body  and  soul  rue  it  in  the  end.  I  will  say  nothing  of  those  prodigious  prodigals,  per- 
dendce  pecunice  genitos^  as  he  ®^  taxed  Anthony,  Qui  patrimonium  sine  ulla  fori  calum- 
nia  amittunt,  saith  ^''Cyprian,  and  ^^mad  Sybaritical  spendthrifts,  Quique  una  come- 
dunt  patrimonia  ccena ;  that  eat  up  all  at  a  breakfast,  at  a  supper,  or  amongst  bawds, 
parasites,  and  players,  consume  themselves  in  an  instant,  as  if  they  had  flung  it  into 
^  Tiber,  with  great  wages,  vain  and  idle  expenses,  Sic,  not  themselves  only,  but  even 
all  their  friends,  as  a  man  desperately  swimming  drowns  him  that  comes  to  help  him, 
by  suretyship  and  borrowing  they  will  willingly  undo  all  their  associates  and  allies. 
''^Irati  pecuniis,  as  he  saith,  angry  with  their  money:  ""what  with  a  wanton  eye,  a 
liquorish  tongue,  and  a  gamesome  hand,  when  they  have  indiscreetly  impoverished 
themselves,  mortgaged  their  wits,  together  with  their  lands,  and  entombed  their  ances- 
tors'' fair  possessions  in  their  bowels,  they  may  lead  the  rest  of  their  days  in  prison, 
as  many  times  they  do ;  they  repent  at  leisure ;  and  when  all  is  gone  begin  to  be 
thrifty :  but  Sera  est  in  fundo  parsinwnia,  'tis  then  too  late  to  look  about ;  their 
'^end  is  misery,  sorrow,  shame,  and  discontent.  And  well  they  deserve  to  be  infa- 
mous and  discontent.  '^Catamidiari  in  ^imphitheatro,  as  by  Adrian  the  emperor's  edict 
they  were  of  old,  decoctores  honorum  suoriim,  so  he  calls  them,  prodigal  fools,  to  be 
publicly  shamed,  and  hissed  out  of  all  societies,  rather  than  to  be  pitied  or  relieved.''' 
The  Tuscans  and  Boiitians  brought  their  bankrupts  into  the  market-place  in  a  bier 
with  an  empty  purse  carried  before  them,  all  the  boys  following,  where  they  sat  all 
day  circumstanle  plebe,  to  be  infamous  and  ridiculous.  At  "Padua  in  Italy  they  have 
a  stone  called  the  stone  of  turpitude,  near  the  senate-house,  where  spendthrifts,  and 
such  as  disclaim  non-payment  of  debts,  do  sit  with  their  hinder  parts  bare,  that  by 
that  note  of  disgrace  others  may  be  terrified  fi-om  all  such  vain  expense,  or  borrowing 
more  tlian  they  can  tell  how  to  p^y.  Tlie  '^civilians  of  old  set  guardians  over  such 
brain-sick  prodigals,  as  they  did  over  madmen,  to  moderate  their  expenses,  that  they 
should  not  so  loosely  consume  their  fortunes,  to  the  utter  undoing  of  their  lamdies. 
1  may  not  here  omit  those  two  main  plagues,  and  common  dotages  of  human  kind, 
wine  and  women,  which  have  infatuated  and  besotted  myriads  of  people ;  they  go 
commonly  together. 

""Qui  vino  indul^et,  quemque  alea  decoquit,  ille 
In  venerem  patrei" 


6'Unicuique  diiteni  hoc  a  natura  insitum  est,  ut  doleat 
sicubi  erraverit  aut  deceptus  sit.  ^ijuven.  Sat.  8. 

Nee  eiiini  loculis  comilau  tibus  itur,  ad  casuin  tahul», 
posita  sed  ludiliir  area  Lemnius  instit.  ca.  44.  icicnda- 
cioriim  qiiidem.ct  perjuriorum  et  paupertatis  mater  est 
alea,  nnllaiii  habens  piitrimonli  revereiiliaiii,  quiim 
illud  etTuderit,  sensiin  in  furta  delaliitur  et  rapinas. 
Saris,  polyciat.  I.  1.  c.  .i.  tis  pmilpodenis.         '-iDan. 

Souter.     '   '^I'etrar.  dial, -i3i-«r- OL.calii.-r  sTToni.  3. 

Ser.  de  Allca.  5opiutus  in  Arislop.  calls  all  such 

gamesters  madmen.  Si  iiy^ttk^^^iniuem  cuntigero. 


Sponlaneum  ad  se  trahunt  furorem,  et  ns,  et  nares  ; 
oculosrivosfaciunt  furoriset  diversorla.Chrys.hora.  j; 
6^  Pascasiiis  Justus  1.  1.  de  alea.  ™Seiieca.  ''Hall. 
"2  In  Sat.  II.  Sed  deficiente  crumena:  et  crescente  gula 
quis  te  manet  exitus  —  rebus  iu  ventrem  mersis 
^■'Spartiau.  Adriano.  "'Al-x   al).  Alex. lib.  6.  c.  10. 

Mem  Gerbelius,,lib.  r,.  Gra..  di.-c.  -Fines  Moris 

''Justinian  '^'DifeEtis.  "Per^iij?  Sat.  5.    "One 

inilulges  in  wine,  another  the  die  coIJSulll'-^,  i  Uiird  is 
decom^K 


182  Causes  of  Melancholy.  Tart.  1 .  Sec.  2. 

To  whom  is  sorrow,  saith  Solomon,  Pro.  xxiii.  39,  to  whom  is  woe,  but  to  such  a 
one  as  loves  drink?  it  causeth  torture,  (^vino  tortus  et  ird)  and  bitterness  of  mind, 
Sirac.  31.  21.  Vinum  furoris,  Jeremy  calls  it,  15.  cap.  wine  of  madness,  as  well  he 
may,  for  insanire  faclt  sanos,  it  makes  sound  men  sick  and  sad,  and  wise  men  '''mad, 
to  say  and  do  they  know  not  what.  Accidit  hodid  terribilis  casus  (siiilh  "S.  Austin) 
hear  a  miserable  accident;  Cyrillus'  son  this  day  in  his  drink,  Matrcm  pnrgnantem 
nequiter  oppressit.,  sororem  xnolare  voJuit.,  patrem  occidit  firi,  et  diias  alias  sorores 
ad  viort/^n  vulneravit.,  would  have  violated  his  sister,  killed  his  father,  8<,c.  A  true 
sayinw  it  was  of  him.  Vino  dari  Uvtitiam  et  dolorem,  drink  causeth  mirth,  and  drink 
causeth  sorrow,  drink  causeth  "poverty  and  want,"  (Prov.  xxi.)  shame  and  disgrace. 
Multi  ignobiles  evasere  oh  vini  potum.,  et  (Austin)  amissis  honoribus  profiigi  aberrH- 
runt :  many  men  have  made  shipwreck  of  their  fortunes,  and  go  like  rogues  and 
beggars,  having  turned  all  their  substance  into  aurum  potahile.,  that  otherwise  might 
have  lived  in  good  worship  and  happy  estate,  and  for  a  few  hours'  pleasure,  for  their 
Hi^ry  term's  but  short,  or  ^free  madness,  as  Seneca  calls  it,  purchase  unto  them- 
seBges  eternal  tediousness  and  trouble. 

That  other  madness  is  on  women,  .ipostatare  facit  cor.,  saith  the  wise  man,  ^^Atque 
hotnini  cerebrum  minuit.  Pleasant  at  first  she  is,  like  Dioscorides  Rhododaphne,  that 
fair  \y\mt  to  the  eye,  but  poison  to  the  taste,  the  rest  as  bitter  as  wormwood  in  the 
end  (Prov.  v.  4.)  and  sharp  as  a  two-edged  sword,  (vii.  27. ")  "  Her  house  is  the  way 
to  hell,  and  goes  down  to  the  chambers  of  death."  What  more  sorrowful  can  be 
said?  tliey  are  miserable  in  this  life,  mad,  beasts,  led  like  ''-"oxen  to  the  slaughter:" 
and  that  which  is  worse,  whoremaslers  and  drunkards  shall  be  judged,  amiltunt  gra~ 
tiam.,  saith  Austin,  perdunt  gloriam.,  incurrunt  damnationcm  ceternam.  They  lose 
grace  and  glory; 

« "  brevia  ilia  voluptas 

Abrogal  eteriiuiit  ca:li  cletua" 

they  gain  hell  and  eternal  damnation. 

Sl'Bsect.  \IX. — Philautia.,  or  Self-love,  Vain-glory,  Praise,  Honour,  Immoderate 
Applause,  Pride,  ootr^much  Joy,  ^-c,  Causes. 

Self-love,  pride,  and  vain-glory,  ^ccecus  amor  sui,  which  Chrysostom  calls  one  of 
the  devil's  three  great  nets;  *^" Bernard,  an  arrow  which  j)icrceth  the  soul  through, 
and  slays  it ;  a  sly,  insensible  enemy,  not  perceived,"  are  main  cau.ses.  Where 
neither  anger,  lust,  covetousness,  fear,  sorrow,  &.C.,  nor  any  other  perturbation  can 
lay  hold ;  this  will  slily  and  insensibly  pervert  us,  Quern  non  gula  vicit,  Philautia, 
superavit,  (saith  Cyprian)  whom  surfeiting  could  not  overtake,  self-love  hath  over- 
come. ^"He  hath  scorned  all  money,  bribes,  gifts,  upright  otherwise  and  sincere, 
hath  inserted  himself  to  no  fond  imagination,  and  sustaiuet!  all  tliose  tyrannical  con- 
cupiscences of  the  body,  hath  lost  all  his  honour,  captivated  by  vain-glory."  Chry- 
sostom, sup.  lo.  Tu  sola  unimum  menlemqne  pcruris,  gloria.  A  great  assault  and 
cause  of  our  present  malady,  although  we  do  most  part  neglect,  take  no  notice  of  it, 
yet  this  is  a  violent  batterer  of  our  souls,  causeth  melancholy  and  dotage.  This  pleas- 
ing humo'ir;  this  soft  and  whispering  popular  air,  Jimahilis  insunia  ;  thtt  delectable 
frenzy,  most  irrefracable  passion,  Mentis  gralissimus  error,  this  accejnable  disease, 
whicli  so  sweetly  sets  upon  us,  ravisheth  our  senses,  lulls  our  souls  asleep,  pufTs  up 
our  hearts  as  so  many  bladders,  and  that  without  all  feeling,  *' insomuch  as  "  tho.se 
that  are  misatlected  with  it,  never  so  much  as  once  perceive  it,  or  think  of  any  cure. 
We  commonly  love  him  best  in  this  *^  malady,  that  doth  us  most  harm,  and  are  very 
willing  to  be  hurt;  adulationibus  nostris  libcntur favemus  (saith  *"* Jerome)  we  love 
him,  we  love  him  for  it:  ^'O  Bonciari  suave,  suave  fuit  a  te  tali  hcec  trihui ;  'Twas 
sweet  to  hear  it.    And  as  ^' Pliny  doth  ingenuously  confess  to  his  dear  friend  Augu- 


T^Poculum  quasi  sinu;:  in  quo  ga>pe  iiaiifraciuin  fa- 
ciuiil,  jariura  tuni  peciiiiia-  tuoi  mentis  Erasni.  in  Prov. 
calicuui  romiges.  chil.  4.  cent.  7.  Pro.  4L  '"S«r.  33.  ad 
frat.  in  Eremo.  «>Lit)erK  unius  hora;  insaniam 

vltrnn    leinporis    twtio    (>»-n«;ipil  ei  >|„nniKlcr. 

w  Prov.  5.         "SMerIi 
sure  blots 
••  Hor. 


omneiD  pccuniarum  conlemptum  lia)K-nl,  n  iiulli  iina- 
ginationix  tntius  munili  ae  iiaiiii»cui-riut.  et  tyraiiuica* 
corporis  concupiscenli.ia  austiiiut-riiil.  tu  miiHotiea  capti 
a  vana  gloria  onniia  pvrdideruni.  ^  Mac  c<>rri?pli  non 
cogitant  du  rnedt?lH.  ""Iiii  lali-m  a  i>-rria  averliie 

p«-!>tem.  "Epad  Eii^lochniin,  d>;  cunlot]    vircin 

'"Lyp'.  Ep.  ad  Boiicianiiiu  '    Kp   lili.  'J.   Omnia  tua 

Triiita  piiirli-rriiyj^^^ai^^iuiiuie  lanieo  liU,  qua 


Mera.  3.  Subs.  14.J 


Philautia,  or  Self-love,  8fc. 


183 


rinus,  "  all  thy  writings  are  most  acceptable,  but  those  especially  that  speak  of  us." 
Again,  a  little  after  to  Slaximus,  °^^'I  cannot  express  how  pleasing  it  is  to  me  to  hear 
mysell  commendetl."  Though  we  smile  to  ourselves,  at  least  ironically,  when  para- 
sites bedaub  us  with  false  encomiums,  as  many  princes  cannot  choose  but  do,  Quum 
tale  quid  nihil  intra  se  repererint,  when  they  know  they  come  as  far  short,  as  a  mouse 
to  an  elephant,  of  any  such  virtues ;  yet  it  doth  us  good.  Though  we  seem  many 
times  to  be  angry,  ^''"and  blush  at  our  own  praises,  yet  our  souls  inwardly  rejoice, 
it  puffs  us  up;"  his  fallax  suavitas,  blandus  dcemon,  "makes  us  swell  beyond  our 
bounds,  and  forget  ourselves."  Her  two  daughters  are  lightness  of  mind,  immode- 
rate joy  and  pride,  not  excluding  those  other  concomitant  vices,  which  '"lodocus 
Lorichius  reckons  up ;  bragging,  hypocrisy,  peevishness,  and  curiosity. 

Now  the  common  cause  of  this  mischief,  ariseth  from  ourselves  or  others,  ^^we 
are  active  and  passive.  It  proceeds  inwardly  from  ourselves,  as  we  are  active  causes, 
from  an  overweening  conceit  we  have  of  our  good  parts,  own  worth,  (which  indeed 
ds  no  worth)  our  bounty,  favour,  grace,  valour,  strength,  wealth,  patience,  meekness, 
hospitality,  beauty,  temperance,  gentry,  knowledge,  wit,  science,  art,  learning,  our 
*  excellent  gifts  and  fortunes,  for  which,  Warcissus-like,  we  admire,  flatter,  and  ap- 
plaud ourselves,  and  think  all  the  world  esteems  so  of  us ;  and  as  deformed  women 
easily  believe  those  that  tell  them  they  be  fair,  we  are  too  credulous  of  our  own  good 
parts  and  praises,  too  well  persuaded  of  ourselves.  We  brag  and  venditate  our  '''own 
works,  and  scorn  all  others  in  respect  of  us;  Injati  scientia,  (saith  Paul)  our  Avis- 
dom,  ^^our  learning,  all  our  geese  are  swans,  and  we  as  basely  esteem  and  vilify  other 
men's,  as  we  do  over-highly  prize  and  value  our  own.  We  will  not  suffer  them  to 
be  in  secundis,  no,  not  in  tertiis ;  what,  Mecum  conferiur  Ulysses?  they  are  Mures, 
Musca:,  culices  pra>.  se,  nits  and  flies  compared  to  his  inexorable  and  supercilious, 
eminent  and  arrogant  worship :  though  indeed  they  be  far  before  him.  Only  wise, 
only  rich,  only  fortunate,  valorous,  and  fair,  pufted  "up  with  this  tympany  of  self-con- 
ceit; ^^as  that  proud  pharisee,  they  are  not  (as  they  suppose)  "  like  other  men,"  of 
a  purer  and  more  precious  metal :  '°°SoU  rei  gerendi  sunt  efficaces,  which  that  wise 
Periander  lield  of  such:  ^mcditanfur  omne  qui  prius  negotium,  &c.  JYovi  quendam 
saith  ^Erasmus)  I  knew  one  so  arrogant  that  he  thought  himself  inferior  to  no  man 
living,  like  ^Callisthenes  ,the  philosopher,  that  neither  held  Alexander's  acts,  or  any 
other  subject  worthy  of  his  pen,  such  was  his  insolency;  or  Seleucus  king  of  Syria, 
who  thought  none  fit  to  contend  with  him  but  the  Romans.  '^Eos  solos  dignos  ratus 
quihuscum  de  impcrio  certaret.  That  which  Tully  writ  to  Atticus  long  since,  is  still 
in  force.  ^ "  There  was  never  yet  true  poet  nor  orator,  that  thought  any  other  better 
than  himself."  And  such  for  the  most  part  are  your  princes,  potentates,  great  philo- 
sophers, historiographers,  authors  of  sects  or  heresies,  and  all  our  great  scholars,  as 
^Hierom  defines;  "a  natural  philosopher  is  a  glorious  creature,  and  a  very  slave  of 
rumour,  fame,  and  popular  opinion,"  and  though  they  write  de  conlemptu  gloria:,  yet  as 
he  observes,  they  will  put  their  names  to  their  books.  Vohis  etfamce  me  semper  dedi, 
saith  Trebellius  Pollio,  I  have  wholly  consecrated  myself  to  you  and  fame.  "'Tis  all 
my  desire,  night  and  day,  'tis  all  my  study  to  raise  my  name."  Proud  'Pliny  seconds 
him ;  Quamquam  O !  &c.  and  that  vain-glorious  ^  orator  is  not  ashamed  to  confess 
in  an  Epistle  of  his  to  Marcus  Lecceius,  Jlrdeo  incredihili  cupididate,  See.  "  I  burn 
with  an  incredible  desire  to  have  my  ^name  registered  in  thy  book.  Out  of  this  foun- 
tain proceed  all  those  cracks  and  brags, '°speramus  carminafingi  Posse  linenda 

eedro,  et  Icni  servanda  cupresso "Aon  usitata  nee  tenuiferarpenna. nee  in 

terra  morabor  longius.   JSll  parvum  aid  humili  modo,  nil  mortale  loquor.   Dicar  qua 
violens  obstrepit  Jiusidus. Exegi  monumentum  cere  perennius.    lamqiie  opus  exe'gi 


*'Exprimere  non  possum  quam  sit  jucundum,  &;c. 
*5  Hierom.  et  licet  nas  iinlignos  dicimus  et  calidiis  rubor 
era  perfundat,  attamen  ad  laudeni  suaiii  iiitritisecus 
aniiiio:  Ixlnntur.         "^Thesaur.  Then.  s^NeceniiTi 

niilii  oiriiea  fibra  est.  Per.  ^  E  manilius  illis,  Nascen- 
tur  violse.  Ters.  1.  Sat.  9"  Omnia  eiiiiii  nostra,  supra 
modum  pVacent.  a*  Fab.  1.  10.  c,  3.  Ridentur  mala 

componnnt  carmina,  verum  gaudent  scribentes,  et  se 
veneranttir,  et  ultra.  Si  taceas  landant,  qiiicquid  scrip- 
BHre  beati.  Hor.  ep.  2.  I.  ■.'.  »  Luke  xviii.  10.  looDe 
li.-'inre  luto  fiiixit  prrr-     i  !i,i  Titan.  i  Auson.  sap. 

t  iiil.  3.  cent.  10^  pri).  y?.  Uui  m'  crederot  nemiiiem  ulla 
B  re  prEestantiuriitn.  aranto  fastu  scripsit,  ut 


Alexandri  gesta  inferiora  scriptis  suis  existimaret,  lo 
Vossius  lib.  1.  cap.  9.  de  hist.  4  piutarcli.  vii.  Cato 

nis.  5  Nemo  unquam  Poeta  ant  Orator,  qui  quen 
qiiam  se  meliorem  arbitraretur.  s^'onsol.  ad  Pam 

machium  mundi  Philosophus,  gloria;  animal,  et  popula 
ris  aura;  et  rumorum  venale  mancipinm.  'Epist.  5, 

Capitoni  sue  Dii'bus  ac  nortibus,  hoc  solum  cogito  si 
qua  me  possum  Uxan-  liiiiiin.  [d  voto  meo  sufficit,  &c 
"Tullius.  a(jt  inriii,  n  m,  imi  scriptis,  tuis  illustretur 
Inquies  animus  stiiuio  uiierniiays,  noctes  et  dies  ange 
batur.  Uensius  forat.  uneb.  de  Seal.  '"  Hor.  art 

Pciet.  "  Od.  Vit.  Jjjfc,  Jamque  opus  exi;gi.  Vad« 
liber 


18*  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

quod  nee  Jovis  ira,  nee  ignis,  &.c.  cum  venit  ille  dies,  &c.  parte  tamen  mcliore  met 
super  alta  perennis  astra  fcrar,  nomenque  erit  indelebile  nostrum.  (This  of  Ovid  I 
have  paraphrased  in  English.) 

"  And  when  I  am  dead  and  gone,  I  And  I  shall  be  alive. 

My  corpse  laid  under  a  stone  I"  these  my  works  for  ever. 

My  fame  shall  yet  survive,  I  My  glory  shall  persever,"  &.c. 

And  that  of  Ennius, 

"  Xemo  nie  lachrymis  decoret,  neque  fiinera  Acta 
Faxit,  cur?  volito  docta  per  era  virum." 

"  Let  none  shed  tears  over  me,  or  adorn  my  bier  with  sorrow — because  I  am  eter- 
nally in  the  mouths  of  men."  With  many  such  proud  strains,  and  foolish  flashes 
too  common  with  writers.  Not  so  mucli  as  Democharis  on  the  '^Topics,  but  he 
will  be  immortal.    Typotius  de  famd,  shall  be  famous,  and  well  he  deserves,  because 

he  writ  of  fame;  and  every  trivial  poet  must  be  renowned. **  Plausuque  petit 

clarescere  vulgi.^^  '^  He  seeks  the  applause  of  the  public."  This  puthiig  humour  it 
is,  that  hath  produced  so  many  great  tomes,  built  sucli  famous  inc*iuiiu€4its,  strong 
castles,  and  Mausolean  tombs,  to  have  their  acts  eterilised,  *••  Digilo  monsLrari^  et 
dicier  hie  est;''''  ''to  be  pointed  at  with  tlie  linger,  and  to  have  it  said  'there  he 
goes,' "  to  see  their  names  inscribed,  as  Phryae  on  tlie  walls  of  Thebes,  Phryne 
fecit;  this  causeth  so  many  bloody  batUes,  >■' El  nodes  cogit  vigilure  serenas;'''' 
"and  induces  us  to  watch  during  calm  niglits."  Long  journeys,  '■'■JMagnum  iter  in- 
tendo,  std  dat  mihi  gloria  I'ires,''''  •'  I  contemplate  a  monstrous  journey,  but  llie  love 
of  glory  strengtliens  me  for  it,"  gaining  honour,  a  little  apj)lause,  pride,  self-love, 
vain-glory.  This  is  it  which  makes  them  t*\ke  such  pains,  and  break  out  into  those 
ridiculous  strains,  this  high  conceit  of  themselves,  to  "scorn  all  others;  ridiculo 
fastu  et  intolerando  contemptu;  as  '^Palajinou  the  grammarian  contemned  Varro. 
secufn  el  nutas  el  morituras  literas  jactans,  and  brings  them  to  that  height  of  inso- 
lency,  that  they  cannot  endure  to  be  contradicted,  '^or  hear  of  anything  but  their  own 
commendation,"  which  llierom  notes  of  such  kind  of  men.  And  as  "'Austin  well 
seconds  him,  '•  'tis  their  sole  study  day  and  night  to  be  commended  and  applauded." 
When  as  indeed,  in  all  wise  men's  judgments,  quibus  cor  sapit.,  they  are  ''mad,  empty 
vessels,  fungts,  beside  themselves,  derided,  et  ut  Camelus  in  provcrbio  qucerens  cor- 
nua^  etiam  quas  hubebat  aures  amisity  '"their  works  arc  toys,  as  an  almanac  out  of 
date,  ^^authuris  ptreunt  garrulitate  siti,  they  seek  fame  and  immortality,  but  reap  dis- 
honour and  mfamy,  they  are  a  common  obloquy,  insensuti,  and  come  far  short  of  that 
which  they  suppose  or  expect.    '"0  puer  ul  sis  vitalis  nietuo^ 

"How  much  I  dread 

Thy  days  are  eliorl,  some  lord  shall  strike  thee  dead." 

Of  SO  many  nmiads  of  poets,  rhetoricians,  philosophers,  sophisters,  as  "'Eusebius 
well  observes,  which  have  written  in  former  ages,  scarce  one  of  a  thousand's  works 
remains,  nomina  et  libri  simul  cum  corporibus  intericrunl,  their  books  and  bodies  are 
perished  together.  Jt  is  not  as  they  vainly  think,  they  shall  surely  be  admired  and 
immortal,  as  one  told  Philip  of  Macedon  insultingly,  after  a  victory,  that  his  shadow 
was  no  longer  tlian  before,  we  may  say  to  them, 

"  iVo3  deniiramur,  sed  non  cum  deside  vulgo,  I  "  We  marvel  too,  not  as  the  vulvar  we, 

Sed  veliil  Harpyas,  Gorgoiias,  et  Furias."  |  But  as  we  Gorgons,  Uurpi'.s,  or  Furies  see." 

Or  if  we  do  applaud,  honour  and  admire,  quota  pars^  how  small  a  part,  in  respect 
of  the  whole  world,  never  so  much  as  hears  our  names,  how  few  take  notice  of  us, 
how  slender  a  tract,  as  scant  as  Alcibiades'  land  in  a  map!  And  yet  every  man  must 
and  will  be  immortal,  as  he  hopes,  and  extend  his  fame  to  our  antipodes,  when  as 
half,  no  not  a  quarter  of  his  own  province  or  city,  neither  knows  nor  hears  of  him  • 
but  say  they  did,  what's  a  city  to  a  kingdom,  a  kingdom  to  Europe,  Europe  to  the 
world,  the  world  itself  that  must  have  an  end,  if  compared  to  the  least  visible  star  in 
the  firmament,  eighteen  times  bigger  than  it .'  and  then  if  those  stars  be  infinite,  and 
every  star  there  be  a  sun,  as  some  will,  and  as  this  sun  of  ours  hath  his  planets  about 
him, all  inhabited,  what  proportion  bear  we  to  them, and  where 's  our  glory.'    Orbem 

»  In  lib.  8.            "Dp  pmiie  lUjir.  r.v  '"  ?i.:ton.  I  quam  sic  ob  eloriam  rnn'i.ir]  ■>  In^aaniam  ialam  dooiine 

lib.  degram.              ^    \iiu»4i.»..                                      iles  |  lonee  fac  4  me.   Am-  in.  rip.  :C.         »"A« 

kuas.              •<  Egi*.  .:>r>    Nihil  ..                                         .:.'i.     Camelus  in  the  n  i'i!>  ears  while  he  was 

taut  nisi  u^f^udii^Jiy^la  .                                 i:<4-   I  Im.kiij/   f.  r  a  pdii  '  '  M  >n    i   j  Jl 


Mem  3.  Subs.  14.]  Vain-glory,  rnde,  Joy,  Praise.  185 

terrarum  victor  Rornanus  hahcbat,  as  he  cracked  in  Petronius,  all  the  world  was 
under  Augustus :  and  so  in  Constantine''s  time,  Eusebius  brags  he  governed  all  the 

^\  orld,  universiiin  mundum  prcBcIare  admodum  administravit, et  omnes  orhis  gentes 

Impcratori  subjecti :  so  of  Alexander  it  is  given  out,  the  four  monarchies.  See.  when 
as  neither  Greeks  nor  Romans  ever  had  the  fifteenth  part  of  the  now  known  world, 
nor  half  of  tliat  which  was  then  described.  What  braggadocioes  are  they  and  we 
then.?  quam  brevis  hie  de  nobis  sermo,  as  ^he  said,  '^^pudthit  audi  nominis,  how  short 
a  time,  how  little  a  while  doth  this  fame  of  ours  continue  ?  Every  private  province, 
every  small  territory  and  city,  when  we  have  all  done,  will  yield  as  generous  spirits, 
as  brave  examples  in  all  respects,  as  famous  as  ourselv.es,  Cadwallader  in  Wales, 
Rollo  in  Normandy,  Robin  Hood  and  Little  John,  are  as  much  renowned  in  Sher- 
wood, as  Caesar  in  Rome,  Alexander  in  Greece,  or  his  Hephestion,  ^^Omnis  cetas 
omnisque  populus  in  exemplum  et  admiralioneni  veniet,  every  town,  city,  book,  is  full 
of  brave  soldiers,  senators,  scholars;  and  though  ^Bracydas  was  a  worthy  captain, 
a  good  man,  and  as  they  thought,  not  to  be  matched  in  Lacedaemon,  yet  as  his  mother 
truly  said,  plures  habet  Sparta  Bracyda  meliores,  Sparta  had  many  better  men  than 
ever  he  was ;  and  howsoever  thou  admirest  thyself,  thy  friend,  many  an  obscure  fel- 
low the  world  never  took  notice  of,  had  he  been  in  place  or  action,  Avould  have  done 
much  better  than  he  or  he,  or  thou  thyself. 

Another  kind  of  mad  men  there  is  opposite  to  these,  that  are  insensibly  mad,  and 
know  not  of  it,  such  as  contemn  all  praise  and  glory,  think  themselves  most  free, 
when  as  indeed  they  are  most  mad  :  calcant  sed  aliofastu:  a  company  of  cynics, 
such  as  are  monks,  hermits,  anachorites,  that  contemn  the  world,  contemn  themselves, 
contemn  all  titles,  honours,  offices :  and  yet  in  that  contempt  are  more  proud  than 
any  man  living  whatsoever.  They  are  proud  in  humility,  proud  in  that  they  are  not 
proud,  scepe  homo  de  vance  glorice  contemptu,  vaniiis  gloriatur,  as  Austin  hath  it,  con- 
fess, lib.  10,  cap.  38,  like  Diogenes,  inlus  glorianiur,  they  brag  inwardly,  and  feed 
themselves  fat  with  a  self-conceit  of  sanctity,  which  is  no  better  than  hypocrisy. 
They  go  in  sheep's  russet,  many  great  men  that  might  maintain  themselves  in  cloth 
of  gold,  and  seem  to  be  dejected,  humble  by  their  outward  carriage,  when  as  in- 
wardly they  are  swoln  full  of  pride,  arrogancy,  and  self-conceit.  And  therefore 
Seneca  adviseth  his  friend  Lucilius,  ^*"in  his  attire  and  gesture,  outward  actions, 
especially  to  avoid  all  such  things  as  are  more  notable  in  themselves :  as  a  rugged 
attire,  hirsute  head,  horrid  beard,  contempt  of  money,  coarse  lodging,  and  whatso- 
ever leads  to  fame  that  opposite  way." 

All  this  madness  yet  proceeds  from  ourselves,  the  main  engine  which  batters  us  is 
from  others,  we  are  merely  passive  in  this  business :  from  a  company  of  parasites 
and  flatterers,  that  with  immoderate  praise,  and  bombast  epithets,  glosing  titles,  talse 
eulogiums,  so  bedaub  and  applaud,  gild  over  many  a  silly  and  undeserving  man,  that 
they  clap  him  quite  out  of  his  wits.  Res  imprimis  viole.nta  est,  as  Hierom  notes,  this 
common  applause  is  a  most  violent  thing,  laudum  placenta,  a  drum,  fife,  and  trumpet 
cannot  so  animate ;  that  fattens  men,  erects  and  dejects  them  in  an  instant.  -''Palma 
negata  macrum,  donata  reducit  opimum.  It  makes  them  fat  and  lean,  as  frost  doth 
conies.  ^*'''  And  who  is  that  mortal  man  that  can  so  contain  himself,  that  if  he  be  im- 
moderately commended  and  applauded,  will  not  be  moved  ?"  Let  him  be  what  he 
will,  those  parasites  will  overturn  him  :  if  he  be  a  king,  he  is  one  of  the  nine  worthies, 

more  than  a  man,  a  god  forthwith, ^^edictum  Domini  Deique  nostri :  and  they 

will  sacrifice  unto  him, 

30" divinos  si  tu  patiaris  honores, 

Ultro  ipsi  dabimus  meritasquc  sacrabirous  aras." 

If  he  be  a  soldier,  then  Theraistocles,  Epaminondas,  Hector,  Achilles,  duo  fulmina 
belli,  triumviri  terrarum,  &c.,  and  the  valour  of  both  Scipios  is  too  little  for  him,  he 
is  invictissimus,  sercnissimus,  multis  trophcEus  ornatissimus,  natures  dominus,  although 
he  be  lepus  galeatus,  indeed  a  very  coward,  a  milk-sop,"'  and  as  he  said  of  Xerxes, 


"Till.  som.  Scip.  23Boethius.  "Putean.Ci- 

salp.  hist.  lib.  I.  ss  Plutarch.  Lycurgo.  ^OEpist.  13. 
Illud  te  arfmoneo,  ne  eoruiii  more  facias,  qui  non  pro- 
ficere,  sed  conspici  cupiunt,  qux  in  habitu  tuo,  aut  genere 
fita;  nolabilia  sunt.  Asp^Miafli^UuiD  et  vitiosura  caput, 


bile  humi  positum,  et  quicquiit  ad  laudem  p.3rversa  via 
sequitur  evita.  ^i  p^r.  i^Cims  vero  taiu  bene  mo- 
dulo sno  metiri  ge  novit,  ut%um  a.<~i'liirE  et  iinmodicaj 
laudationes  non  moveant  ?    Hen.  Stepii.  -^  Alart. 

30  Stroza.    "  If  you  will  accept  divine  honours   '.\-wilI 


iegligeiitiorem  barbaiii,4i||Ka||||^ngento  odium,  cu-  |  u'illinglyeu|iM|^iOiua|MiMiKStoyou.''     -'Jusua 

24  ^^■K  q2  ,«^^..a.^^«B. 


186  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2, 

poslremus  i7i  pit g7id,  primus  i7ifugd,  and  such  a  one  as  never  durst  look  liis  enemy 
iu  the  face.  If  he  be  a  big  man,  then  is  he  a  Samson,  another  Hercules ;  if  he  pro- 
nounce a  speech,  another  Tully  or  Demosthenes;  as  of  llerod  in  the  Acts,  "the 
voice  of  God  and  not  of  man:"  if  he  can  make  a  verse,  Homer,  Virgil,  kc.  And 
then  my  silly  weak  patient  takes  all  these  eulogiums  to  himself;  if  he  be  a  scholar 
so  commended  for  liis  nmch  reading,  excellent  style,  method,  Stc,  he  will  eviscerate 
himself  like  a  spider,  study  to  death,  Laudalas  ostendit  avis  Junonia  pennas.,  pea- 
cock-like he  will  display  all  his  feathers.  If  he  be  a  soldier,  and  so  applauded,  his 
valour  extolled,  though  it  be  ivipar  congressus,  as  that  of  Troilus  and  Achilles,  Infe- 
lix  puer^  he  will  combat  with  a  giant,  run  tirst  upon  a  breach,  as  another  ^^Philippus, 
he  will  ride  into  the  thickest  of  his  enemies.  Commend  his  housekeeping,  and  he 
will  beggar  himself;  commend  his  temperance,  he  will  starve  himself. 

" laudataqiie  virtus 

Cri'scit,  et  iiiiiiiensuui  gloria  calcar  habet."" 

he  is  mad,  mad,  mad',  no  woe  with  him  : impatiens  consortis  crit,  he  will  over 

the  ^'Alps  to  be  talked  of,  or  to  maintain  his  credit.     Commend  an  ambitious  man, 
'some  proud  prince  or  potentate,  si  plus  aquo  laudctur  (saith  *' Erasmus)  cristas  eri- 
git^  ex'uit  hominem,  Deum  sc  putat,  he  sets  up  his  crest,  and  will  be  no  longer  a  man 
but  a  God. 

3«  " nihil  est  qiirul  credrrp  ile  se 

Noil  audt't  quuni  laudatur  diis  rqua  polestas."*' 

How  did  tliis  work  with  Alexander,  that  would  needs  be  Jupiter's  son,  and  go  like 
Hercules  in  a  lion's  skin  .'  Domitian  a  god,  **  ( Dominus  Veus  nosier  sic  fieri  jubet,) 
like  the  ^^  Persian  kings,  whose  ima^e  was  adored  by  all  that  came  into  the  city  of 
Babylon.  Commodus  the  emperor  was  so  gulled  by  his  flattering  parasites,  that  he 
must  be  called  Hercules.  ^"Antonius  the  Koinan  wouUl  be  crowned  with  ivy,  car- 
ried in  a  chariot,  and  adored  for  Bacchus.  Cotys,  king  of  Thrace,  was  married  to 
*' Minerva,  and  sent  three  several  messengers  one  after  another,  to  sec  if  she  were 
come  to  his  bed-charaber.  Such  a  one  was  "Jupiter  Menecrates,  Maximinus,  Jovia- 
nus,  Dioclesianus  Herculeus,  Sapor  the  Persian  kuig,  brother  of  the  sun  and  moon, 
and  our  modern  Turks,  that  will  be  go<ls  on  earili,  kings  of  kings,  God's  shadow, 
commanders  of  all  that  may  be  conunanded,  our  kings  of  China  and  Tartarv  in  this 
present  age.  Such  a  one  was  Xerxes,  that  would  whip  tfie  sea,  fetter  Neptune,  slultd 
jactanlid,  and  send  a  challenge  to  Mount  Atljos  ;  and  such  are  many  sottish  princes, 
brought  into  a  fool's  paradise  by  their  parasites,  'lis  a  common  humour,  incident  to 
all  men,  when  they  are  in  great  places,  or  come  to  the  solstice  of  honour,  have  done, 
or  deserved  well,  to  applaud  and  flatter  themselves.  StuUitiam  suam  produjif,  &c., 
(saith  "Platerus)  your  very  tradesmen  if  they  be  excellent,  will  crack  and  brag,  and 
show  their  folly  in  excess.  They  have  good  parts,  and  they  know  it,  you  need  not 
tell  them  of  it ;  out  of  a  conceit  of  their  worth,  they  go  smiling  to  themselves,  a 
perpetual  meditation  of  their  trophies  and  plaudits,  they  run  at  last  quite  mad,  and 
lose  their  wits."  Petrarch,  lib.  1  de  contetnplu  mundi,  confessed  as  much  of  himself, 
and  Cardan,  in  his  tifih  book  of  wisdom,  gives  an  instance  in  a  smith  of  Milan,  a  fel- 
low-citizen of  his,  ^one  Galeus  de  Kubcis,  that  being  commended  for  rerining  of  an 
instrument  of  Archimedes,  for  joy  ran  mad.  Plulurcli  in  the  life  of  Artaxerxes,  liath 
such  a  like  stor\-  of  one  Chamus,  a  soldier,  that  wounded  king  Cyrus  in  battle,  and 
'■•  grew  thereupon  so  ^^  arrogant,  that  in  a  short  space  after  he  lost  liis  wits."  So  many 
men,  if  any  new  honour,  office,  preferment,  booty,  treasure,  possession,  or  patrimony, 
ex  insperalo  fall  unto  them  for  immoderate  joy,  and  continual  meditation  of  it,  can- 
not sleep  *'  or  tell  what  they  say  or  do,  they  are  so  ravished  on  a  sudden ;  and  with 

«Livius.  Gloria  tantum  elatus,  non  ira,  in  medios  ,  Alexandrite.  Pater,  vol.  post.  «'  Minerv*  niipliaa 

bostesirruere,  qu<Ml  coinpletisniurisconspici  sepugnan-  '  ambit,  tanto  fiirore  |>erciliiii.  iit  iiat<>llitr-«  riiitt<-r>-t  ad 
i»  in,  a  Hiurosptctantibiis.egregiuiii  ducebat.  O'-Ap-  '  viilenduia  num  dt-a  in  ttialainis  veni!«el.&.c.  "/Julian, 
plauded  virtue  grows  apace,  and  glory  includes  within  '  li.  12.  *'  Do  mentii)  alienat.  c.-ip.  3.  "  Se<|ui. 

It  an  iniaiense  impulse."  ^I  deineng,  et  sxvaj>  curre  turque  superbia  forinam.  LivmihIi.  ]].  Orarulum  e»l, 
per  /l[»<'S.  Aude  Aliquid,  tic.  ut  pueri^  placeas,  et  de-  .  vivida  sa-pe  ingenia.  lu.xiiriare  har  ft  ovn;v*rerf  mul- 
clainatio  fi.-is.    Juv.  Sat.  10.  ^  In  moriiE  Encom.  I  tosque  sensuin  penitus  aniisirtie.    Hoiniii'ii  inluentiir. 

>"  Juvenal.  Sat.  4.  ^  "  There  is  nothing  which  over-     ac  »i  ipsi  iioii  esseiit  huniiiies.  u(;ali-ii»  di-  riib<-ic, 

lauded  power  will  not  presume  to  iiiiagiiie  of  itaclf."  civh  no»ter  ralxTfL-rrurius,  nb  iiivi-Mtioiioin  iimtriiinenli 
*-SilPton.  r.  !■:.  in  n.  inili.i'i'..  -' Hri-.  .nius.  t-.-Xn-  Cocle«  oliui  Arching  .ii-  ,;i.  ii  |.r  .•  l-iiiii  n-.MHit. 
ti'nius   ab  rt-m     «<  Incaiiia  p.^tmi)'!'.  "o- 

apellari  ju-  li^.     eantiaiii.  '  ^-^ 

d'-ra,etcnr  .'  ,,jr      (lor.   Forlmiam   rt 

»i5tiue  su^ii    La:i  cuui^ielu^^bcUMA^'tL^a-  liives  ab  exili 


]Mem.  3.  Subs.  15.] 


Study,  a  Cause. 


187 


vain  conceits  transported,  there  is  no  rule  with  them.  Epaminondas,  therefore,  the 
next  (lay  after  his  Leuctrian  victory,  *^  *•'  came  abroad  all  squalid  and  submiss,"  and 
gave  no  other  reason  to  his  friends  of  so  doing,  than  that  he  perceived  himself  the 
day  before,  by  reason  of  his  good  fortune,  to  be  too  insolent,  overmuch  joyed.  That 
wise  and  virtuous  lady,  ''^ Queen  Katherine,  Dowager  of  England,  in  private  talk, 
upon  like  occasion,  said,  "that  ^°she  would  not  willingly  endure  the  extremity  of 
either  fortune ;  but  if  it  were  so,  that  of  necessity  she  must  undergo  the  one,  she 
would  be  in  adversity,  because  comfort  was  never  wanting  in  it,  but  still  counsel  and 
government  were  defective  in  the  other:"  they  could  not  moderate  tlieraselves. 


SuBSECT.  XV. — 'Love  of  Learnings  or  overmuch  study.     With  a  Digression  of  the 
misery  of  Scholars,  and  why  the  Muses  are  Melancholy. 

Leoxartus  Fuchsius  Instil,  lib.  iii.  sect.  1.  cap.  1.  Faelix  Plater,  lib.  iii.  de  mentis 
alicnat.  Here,  de  Saxonia,  Tract,  post,  de  melanch.  cap.  3,  speak  of  a  ^'peculiar  fury, 
which  comes  by  overmuch  study.  Fernelius,  lib.  1,  cap.  18,  ^^puts  study,  contem- 
plation, and  continual  meditation,  as  an  especial  cause  of  madness :  and  in  his  86 
consul,  cites  the  same  words.  Jo.  Arciilanus,  in  lib.  9,  Rhasis  ad  JUnansorem.,  cap.  16, 
amongst  other  causes  reckons  up  studium  vehemens :  so  doth  Levinus  Lemnius,  lib. 
de  occul.  nat.  mirac.  lib.  1,  cap.  16.  ^''"Many  men  (saith  he)  come  to  this  malady 
by  continual  ^*  study,  and  night-waking,  and  of  all  other  men,  scholars  are  most  sub- 
ject to  it:'"  and  such  Rhasis  adds,  ^^'■'that  have  commonly  the  finest  wits."  Cont. 
lib.  1,  tract.  9,  Marsilius  Ficinus,  de  sanit.  tuenda,  lib.  I.  cap.  7,  puts  melancholy 
amongst  one  of  those  five  principal  plagues  of  students,  'tis  a  common  ]Maul  unto 
them  all,  and  almost  in  some  measure  an  inseparable  companion.  Varro  beUke  for 
tiiat  cause  calls  Tristes  Philosophos  et  severos,  severe,  sad,  dry,  tetric,  are  common 
epithets  to  scholars :  and  ^  Patritius  therefore,  in  the  institution  of  princes,  would 
not  have  them  to  be  great  students.  For  (as  Machiavel  holds)  study  weakens  their 
bodies,  dulls  the  spirits,  abates  their  strength  and  courage;  and  good  scholars  are 
never  good  soldiers,  which  a  certain  Goth  well  perceived,  for  when  his  countrymen 
came  into  Greece,  and  would  have  burned  all  their  books,  he  cried  out  against  it,  by 
no  means  they  should  do  it,  ^'"  leave  them  that  plague,  which  in  time  will  consume 
all  their  vigour,  and  martial  spirits."  The  ** Turks  abdicated  Cornutus  the  next  heir 
from  the  empire,  because  he  was  so  much  given  to  his  book :  and  'tis  the  common 
tenet  of  the  world,  that  learning  dulls  and  diminisheth  the  spirits,  and  so  per  conse- 
qiicns  produceth  melancholy.  

Two  main  reasons  may  be  given  of  it,  why  students  should  be  more  subject  to 
this  m.alady  than  others.  The  one  is,  they  live  a  sedentary,  solitary  life,  sibi  et  musis, 
free  from  bodily  exercise,  and  those  ordinary  disports  which  other  men  use :  and 
many  times  if  discontent  and  idleness  concur  with  it,  which  is  too  frequent,  they  are 
precipitated  into  this  gulf  on  a  sudden  :  but  the  common  cause  is  overmuch  study ; 
too  much  learning  (as  ^^Festus  told  Paul)  hath  made  thee  mad-,  'tis  that  other  extreme 
which  efl^ects  it.  So  did  Trincavelius,  lib.  1,  consil.  12  and  13,  find  by  his  experi- 
ence, in  two  of  his  patients,  a  young  baron,  and  another  that  contracted  this  malady 
bv  too  vehement  study.  So  Forestus,  obs^rvat.  I.  10,  observ.  13,  in  a  young  divine 
in  Louvaine,  that  was  mad,  and  said  ^° "  he  had  a  Bible  in  his  head  :"  Marsilius  Ficinus 
de  sanit.  tuc7id.  lib.  1,  cap.  1,  3,  4,  and  lib.  2,  cap.  16,  gives  many  reasons,  ^''•' why 
students  dote  more  often  than  others."     The  first  is  their  negligence;  ^"  other  men 


^"  Processit  squaliilus  et  submissug,  ut  hesterni  Diei 
gainiiiiiii  iiituinjierans  hodie  castigaret.  **Uxor 

Hen.  8.  m  jveutrius  se  fortuiiiE  extremum  libenter 

experturain  dixit:  sed  si  necessitas  alterius  subiiide 
iiiiponeretur,  optare  se  difiicilem  et  adversam  :  quod  in 
luic  nulli  miquani  defuit  solatium,  in  altera  iimltis  con- 
siliuni,  &(•..  Lod.  Vives.  ='  Peculiaris  furor,  qui  ex 

litfifis  fit.  52  Nihil  raagis  auget,  ac  assidua  studia, 

et  profiindDE  cogitationes.  ssfjon  desuut,  qui  ex 

juili  studio,  et  iiitempestiva  lucubratione,  hue  devene^ 
runt,  hi  praj  CiEtcris  enim  plerunque  melancholia  solent 
intestari.  »< Study  is  a  continual  and  earnest  medi- 

tation, applied  to  something  with  great  desire.  Tully. 
5JEt  illi  qui  sunt  suhtilis  iiigenii,  et  multa-  praemedita- 
ti'Oii-.  'in  r,ii  ill  iiMi.liiut  in  iMelancliiiliuui.  5«ob 

siuJi'jtuiii  ji/luylLiiiutjui  Ijb.  5.  Tit.  a.  ='Gaspar 


Ens  Thesaur  Polit.  Apoteles.  31.  Grxcis  banc  pestem 
relinquite  qua"  dubiuni  non  est,  quin  brevi  nniiicra  iis 
vigorem  ereptura  Maniusque  spiriius  exhaustura  sit; 
Ut  ad  arma  tractanda  plane  inhabiles  futuri  sint. 
^Knoles  'I'urk.  Hist.  =»  .'icts,  xxvi.  -24.  «"  Nimiis 
sludiis  melancliolicusevasit,riicensse  Biblium  incapite 
habere.  ^i  Cur  melancholia  assidua,  crebrisque  de- 

lirninentis  vexentur  eorum  aiiimi  ut  desipere  cogantur. 
^Solers  quilibet  artifex  instrunienta  sua  diligentissime 
curat,  penicellos  pictor ;  malleos  incudesque  faber  fer- 
rarius;  miles  cquos,  arma  venator,  auceps  aves,  et 
canes,  Cytliarain  ('\  lliaradiis.  i,c.  soli  musaruni  mystx 
tain  negligenli-.-  su  it.  nt  iii-tninientum  illud  quo  mun- 
dum  universum  melin  iulenl,  spinlum  scilicet,  penitus 
negligere  videaiitur. 


188  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

look  to  their  tools,  a  painter  will  wash  his  pencils,  a  smith  will  look  to  his  hammer 
anvil,  forge ;  a  husbandman  will  mend  his  plough-irons,  and  grind  his  hatchet  if  it 
be  dull ;  a  falconer  or  huntsman  will  have  an  especial  care  of  his  hawks,  hound?, 
horses,  dogs,  Sac. ;  a  musician  will  string  and  unstring  his  lute,  &.C. ;  only  scholars 
neglect  that  instrument,  their  brain  and  spirits  (I  mean)  which  they  daily  use,  and  by 
which  they  range  overall  the  world,  which  by  much  study  is  consumed."  Vide  (saith 
Lucian)  ne  funic  ulum  7iimis  iniendendo  aliquando  abrumpas :  "See  thou  twist  not 
the  rope  so  hard,  till  at  length  it  *^  break."  Facinus  in  his  fourth  chap,  gives  some 
other  reasons  ;  Saturn  and  Mercury,  the  patrons  of  learning,  they  are  both  dry  planets : 
and  Origanus  assigns  the  same  cause,  why  jMercurialists  are  so  poor,  and  most  part 
beggars ;  for  that  their  president  Mercury  had  no  better  fortune  himself.  The  desti- 
nies of  old  put  poverty  upon  him  as  a  punishment;  since  when,  poetry  and  beggary 
are  Gemelli,  twhi-born  brats,  inseparable  companions ; 

M  "And  to  this  liay  is  every  srhnlar  poor ; 

Gross  gold  from  them  runs  headlong  to  the  boor  :" 

Mercury  can  help  them  to  knowledge,  but  not  to  money.  The  second  is  contem- 
plation, ^^"  which  dries  the  brain  and  extinguisheth  natural  heat ;  for  whilst  the  spirits 
are  intent  to  meditation  above  in  the  head,  the  stomach  and  liver  are  left  destitute, 
and  thence  come  black  blood  and  crudities  by  defect  of  concoction,  and  for  want  of 
exercise  the  superfluous  vapours  cannot  exhale,"  &.c.  The  same  reasons  are  repeated 
by  Gomesius,  lib.  4,  cap.  l,(/e  sale  '^JVymannus  oral,  de  Imag.  Jo.  VoschiMs,  lib.  2, 
cap.  5,  de  pesle:  and  something  more  they  add,  that  hard  students  are  commonly 
troubled  with  gouts,  catarrhs,  rheums,  cachexia,  bradiojjepsia,  bad  eyes,  stone  and 
colic,  ^crudities,  oppilations,  vertigo,  winds,  consumptions,  and  all  such  diseases  as 
come  by  overmuch  sitting;  they  are  most  part  lean,  dry,  ill-coloured,  spend  their 
fortunes,  lose  their  wits,  and  many  times  their  lives,  and  all  through  inunoderate 
pains,  and  extraoixlinary  studies.  If  you  will  not  btlifve  tlie  truth  of  this,  look 
upon  great  Tostatus  and  Thomas  Afniiivas's  works,  and  tell  me  wiiether  those  men 
took  pains .'  peruse  Austin,  Ilierom,  &tc.^  vul  many  thousands  besides. 

"  Qui  ciipit  optatain  cursu  c<)ntiu);ere  metam,  I         "  ile  (hat  di.-sire«  this  wished  goal  to  gain, 

.Multa  tulit,  rccitt|ue  puer,  suduvit  et  alsit."  |  Must  sweat  and  freeze  before  he  can  attain," 

and  labour  hard  for  it.  So  did  Seneca,  by  his  own  confession,  ep.  8.  '^''Not  a  day 
that  I  spend  idle,  part  of  the  night  I  keep  mine  eyes  open,  tired  with  waking,  and 
now  slumbering  to  their  continual  task."  Hear  Tully  pro  ^rchia  Pocta:  "whilst 
others  loitered,  and  took  their  pleasures,  he  was  continually  at  his  book,"  so  they  do 
that  will  be  scholars,  and  that  to  the  hazard  (I  say)  of  their  healths,  fortunes,  wits, 
aud  lives.  How  much  did  Aristotle  and  Ptolemy  spend  }  unitis  rcgni  precium  they 
say,  more  than  a  king''s  ransom ;  how  nmny  crowns  per  annum,  to  perfect  arts,  the 
one  about  his  History  of  Creatures,  the  other  on  his  Almagest  i  How  much  tune 
did  Thebet  Benchorat  employ,  to  find  out  the  motion  of  the  eighth  .sphere .'  forty 
years  and  more, some  write:  how  many  poor  scholars  have  lost  their  wits,  or  become 
dizards,  neglecting  all  worldly  aflairs  and  their  own  health,  wealth,  esse  and  bene  esse.,  to 
gain  knowledge  for  whicli, alter  all  their  pains,  in  this  world's  esteem  they  are  accounted 
ridiculous  and  silly  fools,  idiots,  asses,  and  (^as  oft  they  are)  rejected,  contemned, 
derided,  doting,  and  mad.  Look  for  examples  in  Hildesheim  spied.  2,  de  mania  tt 
delirio:  read  Trincavellius,  l.',i,consil.  36,  et  c.  17.  3Iontanus,  consil.  233.  '''Garceus 
de  Judic.  gcnif.  cap.  33.  jMercurialis,  consil.  80,  cap.  25.  Prosper  ™Calenius  in  his 
Book  de  atrd  bile;  Go  to  Bedlam  and  ask.  Or  if  they  keep  their  wits,  yet  they  are 
esteemed  scrubs  and  fools  by  reason  of  their  carriage :  "  after  seven  years'  study" 

•'  staiud  taciturniui  exit, 

Plerunique  et  risum  populi  quatit." 


"  He  becomes  more  silent  than  a  statue,  and  generally  excites  people's  laughter." 


dinsi  sunt  Cacectici  et  nunquani  bene  colurati,  propter 
debilitalein  digestivie  farultati.t,  niultiplicantor  in  IM 
superttuitates.  Jo.  Voschius  parte  2.  cup.  .j.  lU-  ix-nte. 
*  Nullus  luihi  iierotium  dies  exit.  pan.  M  m* 

dedico,  nun  vero  gooino,  Bed  uculus  vi|;i  a- 


n  Arcus  et  arnia  tibi  non  sunt  iuiitanda  Diane  Si 
nunquani  cess«'8  tendere  mollis  erit.  Ovid.  **Ephemer. 
«*  Coiiteinplalio  cerebrum  exsiccat  et  exlinsuit  ealorein 
naturalem,  unde  cerebrum  frigidum  el  siccum  evadit 
qui^j  e:»<  inelaiichoiicuoi.     Accvdit  ad  hoc,  quod  natura 

in   coiiteiiiplatione,  rerebro   prorsus  curiii.iiL-    iut.jtila,  I  deiile«que,  in  i)i»  ram  Oi  ijn.-..  '^J 

Btoniachuiu  heparque  dea^^^^nd^«x  >  :;ile  |  chius  liuheniM- 

c<i''ti!i,  sanguis cruHMjM^^^HjjAp,  >  .  tio  |  Phreni'!<in  m 

nu-nibroruni  simiAuS^B^^^^H^^^IsijL  man  of  TuIo- >  < 

bruiu  ei8kMtijr,cor]>on4^|HHm^kMwt.  vi^iliam,  et  diuiutua  biudia  1>il'. 


.>Iem.  3.  Subs.  15.] 


Study,  a  Cause. 


ISO 


'  Obstipo  capite,  et  figentes  luinine  terram, 
Murmura  ciini  secuin,  et  rabiosa  silentia  rodunt, 
Alqiie  experrecto  Iriiliiiantur  verba  labello, 
^groti  veteris  meditantes  somnia,  gigni 
De  nihilo  niliiluiii ;  in  iiihiluiii  nil  posse  reverti." 


Because  they  cannot  ride  a  horse,  which  ever}--  clown  can  do ;  salute  and  court  a 
gentlewoman,  carve  at  table,  cringe  and  make  conges,  which  every  common  swasher 
can  do,  ''^hos  populus  riclet,  &.C.,  they  are  laughed  to  scorn,  and  accounted  silly  fools 
by  our  gallants.  Yea,  many  times,  such  is  their  misery,  they  deserve  it :  "a  mere 
scholar,  a  mere  ass. 

74  •'  who  do  lean  awry 

Their  heads,  piercing  the  earth  with  a  fiit  eye; 

When,  by  themselves,  they  gnaw  their  niurniuring, 

And  furious  silence,  as  'twere  balancing 

Each  word  upon  their  out-stretched  lip,  and  when 

They  meditate  the  dreams  of  old  sick  men, 

As,  '  Out  of  nothing,  nothing  can  be  brought ; 

And  that  which  is,  can  ne'er  be  turn'd  to  nought.'  " 

Thus  they  go  commonly  meditating  unto  themselves,  thus  they  sit,  such  is  their 
action  and  gesture.  Fulgosus,  I.  8,  c.  7,  makes  mention  how  Tli.  Aquinas  supping 
with  king  Lewis  of  France,  upon  a  sudden  knocked  his  fist  upon  the  table,  and 
cried,  conclusinn  est  contra  Manichceos,  his  wits  were  a  wool-gathering,  as  they  say, 
and  his  head  busied  about  other  matters,  when  he  perceived  his  error,  he  was  much 
^^abashed.  Such  a  story  there  is  of  Archimedes  in  Vitruvius,  that  having  found  out 
the  means  to  know  how  much  gold  was  mingled  with  the  silver  in  king  Hieron's 
crown,  ran  naked  forth  of  the  bath  and  cried  iv^r^xa.,  I  have  found:  "®"and  was  com- 
monly so  intent  to  his  studies,  that  he  never  perceived  what  was  done  about  him  : 
when  the  city  was  taken,  and  the  soldiers  now  ready  to  rifle  his  house,  he  took  no 
notice  of  it."  St.  Bernard  rode  all  day  long  by  the  Lemnian  lake,  and  asked  at  last 
where  he  was,  Marullus,  Uh.  2,  cap.  4.  It  was  Democritus's  carriage  alone  that 
made  the  Abderites  suppose  him  to  have  been  mad,  and  send  for  Hippocrates  to  cure 
him :  if  he  had  been  in  any  solemn  company,  he  would  upon  all  occasions  fall  a 
laughing.  Theophrastus  saith  as  much  of  Heraclitus,  for  that  he  continually  wept, 
and  Laertius  of  Menedemus  Lampsacus,  because  he  ran  like  a  madman, '''  saying, 
"•  he  came  from  hell  as  a  spy,  to  tell  the  devils  what  mortal  men  did."  Your  greatest 
students  are  commonly  no  better,  silly,  soft  fellows  in  their  outward  behaviour, 
absurd,  ridiculous  to  others,  and  no  whit  experienced  in  worldly  business ;  they  can 
measure  the  heavens,  range  over  the  world,  teach  others  wisdom,  and  yet  in  bargains 
and  contracts  they  are  circumvented  by  every  base  tradesman.  Are  not  these  men 
fools  .'  and  how  should  they  be  otherwise,  "  but  as  so  many  sots  in  schools,  when 
[diS  '* he  well  observed)  they  neither  hear  nor  see  such  things  as  are  commonly 
practised  abroad.^"  how  should  they  get  experience,  by  what  means.?  "'•' I  knew 
in  my  time  many  scholars,"  saith  .^neas  Sylvius  (in  an  epistle  of  his  to  Gasper 
Scitick,  chancellor  to  the  emperor),  "  excellent  well  learned,  but  so  rude,  so  silly,  that 
they  had  no  common  civility,  nor  knew  how  to  manage  their  domestic  or  public 
affairs."  "  Paglarensis  was  amazed,  and  said  his  farmer  had  surely  cozened  him, 
when  he  heard  him  tell  that  his  sow  had  eleven  pigs,  and  his  ass  had  but  one  foal." 
To  say  the  best  of  this  profession,  I  can  give  no  other  testimony  of  them  in  general, 
than  that  of  Pliny  of  Isasus ;  ^"  He  is  yet  a  scholar,  than  which  kind  of  raeii  there 
is  nothing  so  simple,  so  sincere,  none  better,  they  are  most  part  harmless,  honest, 
upright,  innocent,  plain-dealing  men." 

Now  because  they  are  commonly  subject  to  such  hazards  and  inconveniences  as 
dotage,  madness,  simplicity,  Stc.  Jo.  Voschius  would  have  good  scholars  to  be  highly 
rewarded,  and  had  in  some  extraordinary  respect  above  other  men,  '^  to  have  greater 
'*' privileges  than  the  rest,  that  adventure  themselves  and  abbreviate  their  lives  fqr_th£^ 
public  good."  But  our  patrons  of  learning  are  so  far  now-a-days  from  respecting 
the  muses,  and  giving  that  honour  to  scholars,  or  reward  which  they  deserve,  and 
are  allowed  by  those  indulgent  privileges  of  many  noble  princes,  that  after  all  their 


"Pers.  Sat.  3.  They  cannot  fiddle;  but,  as  Themisto- 
cles  said,  he  could  make  a  small  town  become  a  great 
city.        "pers.  Sat.  ''Ingenium    sibi  quod  vanas 

desumpsit  Athenas  et  septem  studiis  annos  dedit,  in- 
tenuilqiie.  Libris  et  curis  statua  taciturnius  exit, 
Plerunque  et  risu  populum  quatit,  Hor.  ep,  1.  lib.  2. 
"Translated  by  M.  B.  Holiday.  '^xhoinas  rubore 

cnnfusus  dixit  se  de  arguniento  cogitasse.  '^piutarch. 
Vila  Marcelli,  Nee  sensit  iirhem  captam.  nee  milites  in 
domum  irnientes,  adeo  intentus  studiis,  &c.  "Sub 

Furi:e  larva  eirciimi  vit  urben).  dictitans-oeexploratorem 
aD  inferis  V6uies0',d(ilaturumd£monibu8inorlaliuni  pec- 


cata.  'spetronius.  Ego  arbitror  in  grholis  stultis- 
simos  fieri,  quia  nihil  eorum  qus  in  usu  habemus  aut 
audiunt  aut  vident.  ™\ovi  meis  diebus,  piprosque 
studiis literarum de.litos, qui disciplinis admodum  abun- 
dahant,  sed  si  nihil  civilitatis  habent,  nee  rem  pubt.  nex 
domesticam  regere  norant.  Stupuit  Paglarensis  et 
furti  vilicum  accusavit,  qui  suem  foBtam  undecim  por^ 
cellos, asinam  unum  duntaxat  pullumenixam  relulerat. 
^Lib.  1.  Epist.  'i.  Adhuc  scholasticu?  tantum  est;  quo 
genere  hominum,  nihil  aut  e.st  finipliriiis,  ant  sinceriiis 
aut  melius.  *iJure  privilegiandi.  qui  ob  commune 
bonum  abbref 


190  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sect.  2. 

pains  taken  in  the  universities,  cost  and  charge,  expenses,  irksome  hours,  laborious 
tasks,  wearisome  days,  dangers,  hazards,  (barred  interim  from  all  pleasures  which 
other  men  liave,  mewed  up  like  hawks  all  their  lives)  if  they  chance  to  wade  through 
them,  thev  shall  in  the  end  be  rejected,  contemned,  and  which  is  their  greatest  misery, 
driven  to 'their  shifts,  exposed  to  want,  poverty,  and  beggary.  Their  famili;>-  attend- 
ants are, 

«"  Pallentps  morbi,  liirtus,  ciirsque  laborque  I  "Grief,  labour,  care,  pale  sickness,  miseries, 

Et  iiu'tus,  er  malpsi.a.la  fames,  et  turpis  egestas.  Fear,  filthy  poverty,  hunger  that  cnrs. 

Tern  biles  visu  foriniE" I  Terrible  monsters  to  be  seeu  with  eyes. 

If  there  were  nothing  else  to  trouble  them,  the  conceit  of  this  alone  were  enough 
to  make  them  all  melancholy.  Most  otlier  trades  and  professions,  after  some  seven 
years'  apprenticeship^  are  enabled  by  their  craft  to  live  of  themselves.  A  merchant 
adventures  his  goods  at  sea,  and  though  his  hazard  be  greit,  yet  if  one  ship  return 
of  four,  he  likely  makes  a  saving  voyage.  An  husbandm'<n's  gains  are  almost  cer- 
tain ;  guibiis  ipse  Jupiter  nocere  nan  potest  (whom  Jove  himself  can't  harm)  ('tis 
^Cato's  hyperbole,  a  great  husband  himSelf);  only  scholars  melhinks  are  most  un- 
certain, unrespected,  subject  to  all  casualties,  and  hazards.  For  tirst,  not  one  of  a 
many  proves  to  be  a  scholar,  all  are  not  capable  and  docile,  ^  ex  omndigno  nonjit 
Mcrcurius:  we  can  make  majors  and  otHcers  every  year,  but  not  scholars:  kings 
can  invest  knights  and  barons,  as  Sigismund  the  emperor. confessed ;  universities  can 
give  degrees;  and  Tu  quod  es,  e  populo  quilibet  esse  potest;  but  he  nor  they,  nor  all 
the  world,  can  give  learning',  make  philosophers,  artists,  orators,  poets ;  we  can  soon 
say,  as  Seneca  well  notes,  0  vinwi  bonum^  a  divitcm,  point  at  a  rich  man,  a  good,  a 
happy  man,  a  prosperous  man,  sumptuose  vestilum.,  Calainistratum^  bene  olentem^ 
magno  tempnris  impendio  constat  hccc  laudatio,  b  virum  literarum,  but  'tis  not  so 
easTlv  performed  to  find  out  a  learned  man.  Learning  is  not  so  quickly  got,  though 
they' may  be  willing  to  take  pains,  to  that  end  suthciently  informed,  and  liberally 
maintained  by  their  patrons  and  jiarcnts,  yet  few  can  compass  it.  Or  if  tliey  be 
docile,  yet  all  men's  wills  are  not  answerable  to  their  wits,  they  can  apprehend,  but 
will  not  take  pains ;  they  are  eitlier  seduced  by  bad  companions,  vd  in  puellam  ini- 
pingtint,  vcl  in  poculum  {ihey  fall  in  with  women  or  wine)  and  so  spend  their  time 
to  their  friends'  grief  and  their  own  undoings.  Or  put  case  they  be  studi<nis,  indus- 
trious, of  ripe  wits,  and  perhaps  good  capacities,  then  how  many  diseases  of  body 
and  mind  must  they  encounter  ?  No  labour  in  the  world  like  unto  study.  It  may 
be,tlieir  temperature  will  not  endure  it,  but  striving  to  be  excellent  to  know  all,  they  « 
lose  health,  wealth,  wit,  life  and  all.  Let  him  yet  happily  escape  all  these  hazards, 
ttreis  intcstinis,  with  a  body  of  brass,  and  is  now  consummate  and  ripe,  he  hath  pro- 
fited in  his  studies,  and  proceeded  with  all  applause :  after  many  expenses,  he  is  fit 
for  preferment,  where  shall  he  have  it?  he  is  as  far  to  seek  it  as  he  was  (alter  twenty 
vears'  standing)  at  tlie  tirst  day  of  his  coming  to  the  University.  For  what  course 
shall  he  take,  being  now  capable  and  ready  ?  The  most  parable  and  easy,  and  about 
which  many  are  employed,  is  to  teach  a  school,  Uirn  lecturer  or  gurate,  and  for  that 
he  shall  have  falconer's  wages,  ten  pound  per  annum,  and  his  diet,  or  some  small 
stipend,  so  long  as  he  can  please  his  patron  or  the  parish ;  if  they  approve  him  not 
(^for  usually  they  do  but  a  year  or  two)  as  inconstant,  as  '^  they  that  cried  "  Ilosanna'' 
one  day,  and  <-'  Caicify  him"  the  other ;  serving-man-like,  he  must  go  look  a  new 
master ;  if  they  do,  what  is  his  reward  ? 

sc  "  Hoc  quoque  te  manet  nt  pueros  elenienta  <k)centem  I      '*  At  last  thy  snow-white  age  in  suburb  sfhools. 
Oc<:upet  extremis  in  vicis  alba  seneclus."  |         Shall  toil  in  leaching  boys  their  grammar  rules. 

Like  an  ass,  he  wears  out  his  time  for  provender,  and  can  show  a  stum  roi],  togam 
tritam  et  laceram,  saith  "  llaedus,  an  old  torn  gown,  an  ensign  of  his  infelicity,  he 
hath  his  labour  for  his  pain,  a  modicum  to  keep  him  till  he  be  decrcpid,  and  that  is 
all.  Grammaticus  mm  cstfoelix,  S^-c.  If  he  be  a  trencher  chaplain  in  a  grntleman's 
house,  as  it  befel  ^Euphormio,  after  some  seven  years'  service,  he  may  perchance 
iiave  a  living  to  the  halves,  or  some  small  rectory  with  the  mother  of  the  maids  at 
length,  a  poor  kinswoman,  or  a  cracked  chambermaid,  to  have  and  to  hold  during 

"Virg.  r.    r.K.  "  Plutarch,  vita  eju».    C.riijm|citur.        "Mat.'Jl.        _"  ""''•.'P'*-  *>•  '•  ^  ''^''' 

azricolHti  :  .rrr.m.  Sec.  "t^aa^jtuii  t\nu\  ,  1.  de  contem.  amo^ 

•ul««  et  pri/<:ui.jtultt8^taM|^H^^^BWfDoii 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  15.] 

the  time  of  his  life. 
in  the  mean  time, 


Study,  a  Cause. 


191 


Bui  if  he  offend  his  good  patron,  or  displease  his  lady  mistress 


'  Diicetiir  Plantd  velut  ictus  ab  Hercule  Cacus, 
Ponetiirqiie  foras,  si  quid  teniaverit  unquam 


as  Hercules  did  by  Cacus,  he  shall  be  dragged  forth  of  doors  by  the  heels,  away  with 
him.  If  he  bend  his  forces  to  some  other  studies,  with  an  intent  to  be  a  secretis  to 
some  nobleman,  or  in  such  a  place  with  an  ambassador,  he  shall  find  that  these  per- 
sons rise  like  apprentices  one  imder  another,  and  in  so  many  tradesmen's  shops, 
when  the  master  is  dead,  the  foreman  of  the  shop  commonly  steps  in  his  place. 
Now  for  poets,  rhetoricians,  historians,  philosophers,  ^  mathematicians,  sophisters, 
&c. ;  they  are  like  grasshoppers,  sing  they  must  in  summer,  and  pine  in  the  winter, 
for  there  is  no  preferment  for  them.  Even  so  they  were  at  first,  if  you  will  believe 
that  pleasant  tale  of  Socrates,  which  he  told  fair  Phaedrus  under  a  plane-tree,  at  the 
banks  of  the  river  Isens ;  about  noon  when  it  was  hot,  and  the  grasshoppers  made 
a  noise,  he  took  that  sweet  occasion  to  tell  him  a  tale,  hovv  grasshoppers  were  once 
scholars,  musicians,  poets.  Sec,  before  the  Muses  were  born,  and  lived  without  meat 
and  drink,  and  for  that  cause  were  turned  by  Jupiter  into  grasshoppers.  And  may 
be  turned  again, /n  Tythoni  Cicadas,  aut  Lyciorum  ranas,  for  any  reward  I  see  they 
are  like  to  have:  or  else  in  the  mean  time,  I  would  they  could  live,  as  they  did, 
without  any  viaticum,  like  so  many  ^' manucodiatae,  those  Indian  birds  of  paradise, 
as  we  commonly  call  them,  those  I  mean  that  live  with  the  air  and  dew  of  heaven, 
and  need  no  other  food  ;  for  being  as  they  are,  their  *^ "  rhetoric  only  serves  th'em  to 
curse  their  bad  fortunes,"  and  many  of  them  for  want  of  means  are  driven  to  hard 
shifts ;  from  grasshoppers  they  turn  humble-bees  and  wasps,  plain  parasites,  and 
make  the  muses,  mules,  to  satisfy  their  hunger-starved  paunches,  and  get  a  meal's 
meat.  To  say  truth,  'tis  the  common  fortune  of  most  scholars,  to  be  servile  and 
poor,  to  complain  pitifully,  and  lay  open  their  wants  to  their  respectless  patrons,  as 
^^  Cardan  doth,  as  ^  Xilander  and  many  others  :  and  which  is  too  common  in  those 
dedicatory  epistles,  for  hope  of  gain,  to  lie,  flatter,  and  with  hyperbolical  eulogiums 
and  commendations,  to  magnify  and  extol  an  illiterate  unworthy  idiot,  for  his  excel- 
lent virtues,  whom  they  should  rather,  as  ^*  Machiavel  observes,  vilify,  and  rail  at 
downright  for  his  most  notorious  villanies  and  vices.  So  they  prostitute  themselves 
as  fiddlers,  or  mercenary  tradesmen,  to  serve  great  men's  turns  for  a  small  reward. 
They  are  like  ^^  Indians,  they  have  store  of  gold,  but  know  not  the  worth  of  it :  for 
I  am  of  Synesius's  opinion,  ^''"Kiiig  Hieron  got  more  by  Simonides'  acquaintance, 
than  Simonides  did  by  his ;"  they  have  their  best  education,  good  institution,  sole 
qualification  from  us,  and  when  they  have  done  well,  their  honour  and  immortality 
from  us :  we  are  the  living  tombs,  registers,  and  as  so  many  trumpeters  of  their 
fames  :  what  was  Achilles  without  Homer  ?  Alexander  without  Arian  and  Curtius  ? 
who  had  known  the  Caesars,  but  for  Suetonius  and  Dion  ? 


"Vixerunt  fnrtes  ante  Agamemnona 
Multi :  sed  omnes  lllachrymabiles 
llrgentur,  ignotique  longa 
Nocte,  carent  quia  vate  sacro." 


'Before  great  Agamemnon  reign'd, 

Reign'd  kings  as  great  as  he,  and  brave, 
Whose  huge  ambitioti's  now  contain'd 

III  the  small  compass  of  a  grave: 
In  endless  night  they  sleep,  unwept,  unknown. 
No  bard  they  had  to  make  all  time  their  own." 


they  are  more  beholden  to  scholars,  than  scholars  to  them ;  but  they  undervalue 
themselves,  and  so  by  those  great  men  are  kept  down.  Let  them  have  that  encyclo- 
paedian,  all  the  learning  in  the  world;  they  must  keep  it  to  themselves,  ^^"live  in 
base  esteem,  and  starve,  except  they  will  submit,"  as  Buda^us  well  hath  it,  '^  so  many 
good  parts,  so  many  ensigns  of  arts,  virtues,  be  slavishly  obnoxious  to  some  illiterate 
potentate,  and  live  under  his  insolent  worship,  or  honour,  like  parasites,"  Qui  tua- 
quam  mures  alienum  panem  comedunt.  For  to  say  truth,  artes  hce  non  sunt  Lucra- 
tiva:,  as  Guido  Bonat  that  great  astrologer  could  foresee,  they  be  not  gainful  arts 
these,  sed  esurientes  etfamellccc,  but  poor  and  hungry. 


69Juv.  Sat.  5.  «>  Ars  colit  astra.  9' Aldrovandus 
de  Avibus.  I.  12.  Gesner,  &c.  '-Literas  fiabent  queis 
Bibi  et  fortunsB  suae  maledicant.  Sat.  .Menip.  »3Ljb. 

de  libris  Prnpriis  fnl  24.  w  Pnfat  translat.  Plutarch. 
"  Polit.  (ii-  •  '-  '  ;  pxtollunt  ens  ac  si  virtutibus 
pollerent  ita   scelera    potius   vituperare 

oportsret.  .-t-'s  know  not  tiieireirength,  they 


consider  not  their  own  worth.  '"  Plura  ex  Simonidis 
faniiliaritate  Hieron  consequutusest,  quamex  Hinroiiig 
Simonides.  99  Hor.  lib.  4.  oil.  9.  9«  Inter  inertes  ft 
Plebeios  fere  jacpt,  ultiraum  locum  hahen'!.  ni«^!  tot  artis 
virtiiti?qiie  insiL'nia,  turpiter  obnoxii.  '''"'  '  '"> 

fascibussubjeceritproterva  insolentisqi'  &. 

U  de  contempt. 


192 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  l.Sec.  2 


"The  rich  physici<">n,  honoiir'd  lawyers  ride. 
Whilst  the  poor  scholar  foots  it  by  iheir  side." 


>••"  Dat  Galenus  opes,  dat  Justinianiis  honores, 
Sed  genus  et  species  cogitur  ire  pedes:" 

Poverty  is  the  muses'  patrimony,  and  as  that  poetical  divinity  teacheth  us,  when 
Jupiter's  daughters  were  each  of  them  married  to  the  gods,  the  muses  alone  wer« 
left  solitary,  Helicon  forsaken  of  all  suitors,  and  I  believe  it  was,  because  they  had 
no  portion. 


'Calliope  longum  etelebs  cur  viiit  in  tevum? 
Nenipe  nihil  dolis,  quod  nunierarct,  erat." 


"  Why  did  Calliope  live  so  long  a  maid  1 
Because  she  had  no  dowry  (u  be  paid." 


Ever  since  all  their  followers  are  poor,  forsaken  and  left  unto  themselves.  Insomuch, 
tliat  as  '  Petronius  argues,  you  shall  likely  know  thcra  by  their  clothes.  "  There 
came,"  sahh  he,  "  by  chance  into  my  company,  a  fellow  not  very  spruce  to  look  on, 
that  I  could  perceive  by  that  note  alone  he  was  a  scholar,  whom  commonly  rich 
men  hate :  I  asked  him  wliat  he  was,  he  answered,  a  poet :  I  demanded  again  why 
he  was  so  ragged,  he  told  me  this  kind  of  learning  never  made  any  man  rich." 


'"Qui  Pelago  credit,  inagno  se  fenore  tollit, 
Ciui  pugii.is  et  rnstra  petit,  pr^cingitur  auro: 
Vilis  adulator  picto  jncet  ebriu.s  ostro. 
Sola  pruinosis  hnrret  t'acundia  pauiiis." 


"  A  merchant's  gain  is  great,  thai  goes  to  sea; 
A  soldier  embossed  all  in  mM  ; 
A  rtallerer  lies  foxM  in  brave  array; 
A  scholar  only  ragged  to  behold." 


All  which  our  ordinary  students,  right  well  perceiving  in  the  universities,  how  unpro- 
fitable these  poetical,  mathematical,  and  philosophical  studies  are,  how  little  respect- 
ed, how  few  patrons ;  apply  themselves  in  all  haste  to  those  three  commodious 
professions  of  law,  physic,  and  divinity,  sharing  themselves  between  them,  "rejecting 
these  arts  in  the  mean  time,  history,  philosophy,  philology,  or  lightly  passing  them 
over,  as  pleasant  toys  fitting  only  table-tidk,  and  to  furnish  them  with  discourse. 
They  are  not  so  behoveful :  he  that  can  tell  his  money  hath  aritlimetic  enough  :  he 
is  a  true  geometrician,  can  measure  out  a  good  fortune  to  himself;  a  perfect  astrolo- 
ger, that  can  cast  the  rise  and  fall  of  others,  and  mark  their  errant  motions  to  his 
.)wn  use.  The  best  optics  are,  to  rellect  the  beams  of  some  great  mairs  favour  and 
grace  to  shine  upon  him.  He  is  a  good  engineer  that  alone  can  make  an  instrument 
to  get  preferment.  'I'his  was  the  common  tenet  and  practice  of  Polantl,  as  Cromerus 
observed  not  long  since,  in  the  first  book  of  his  history ;  their  universities  were 
g<^nerally  base,  not  a  philosopher,  a  mathematiciaik,  an  antiiiuary,  kc,  to  be  found 
of  any  note  amongst  them,  because  they  had  no  set  reward  or  stipend,  but  every,  man 
betook  himself  to  divinity,  hoc  solum  in  votis  habens^  opimum  saccrdolitim,  a  good 
parsonage  was  their  aim.  This  was  the  practice  of  some  of  our  near  neighbours,  as 
*  Lipsius  inveighs,  ''  they  thrust  their  children  to  the  study  of  law  and  divinity,  before 
they  be  informed  aright,  or  capable  of  such  studies."  Scilieel  omnibus  arlibus 
antistat  spts  lucri,  et  formosior  est  cumulus  auri,  quam  quicquid  Graci  Latinique 
delirantes  scripserunt.  Ex  hoc  numero  deinde  veniunt  ad  gubemacula  reipub.  inter- 
sunt  et  prasunt  consiliis  regum,  o  pater.,  o  patria  ?  so  he  complained,  and  so  may 
otherSi  For  even  so  we  find,  to  serve  a  great  man,  to  get  an  office  in  some  bishop's 
court  (to  practise  in  some  good  town)  or  compass  a  benefice,  is  the  mark  we  shoot 
at,  as  being  so  advantageous,  the  highway  to  preferment. 

Although  many  times,  for  aught  I  can  see,  these  men  fail  as  often  as  the  rest  in 
their  projects,  and  are  as  usually  frustrate  of  their  hopes.  For  let  him  be  a  doctor 
of  the  law,  an  excellent  civilian  of  good  worth,  where  shall  he  practise  and  expa- 
tiate .''  Their  fields  are  so  scant,  the  civil  law  with  us  so  contracted  with  prohibi- 
tions, so  few  causes,  by  reason  of  those  allnlevouring  municipal  laws,  quibus  nihil 
illiteratius,  saith  ^Erasmus,  an  illiterate  and  a  barbarous  study,  (for  thougli  they  be 
never  so  well  learned  in  it,  I  can  hardly  vouchsafe  them  the  name  of  scholars,  except 
they  be  otherwise  qualified)  and  so  few  courts  are  left  to  that  profession,  such  slender 
offices,  and  those  commonly  to  be  compassed  at  such  dear  rates,  that  I  know  not 
how  an  insrenious  man  should  thrive  amongst  them.  Now  for  physicians,  there  are 
in  every  village  so  many  mountebanks,  empirics,  quacksalvers,  paracelsians,  as  they 
rail  themselves,  Caucijici  et  sanicidcn,  so  ®  Clenard  terms  them,  wizards,  alchemists, 
poor  vicars,  cast  apothecaries,  physicians'  men,  barbers,  and  good  wives,  professing 

i""  Buchanan,  eleg.  lib.  i  In  Satyricon.  intrat  senex,  I  paiipcrtate  animui  nihil  eiiniium,  aut  sublimv  cngilar* 
•nl  enlta  non  ita  speciosus,  ut  facile  appareret  eum  hac  potest,  amnnitatea  literaruin,  aut  el)-gantiam,(]uoniam 
nota  literatum  esse,  quoa  divitesodisae  aolent.  Ego  nihil  prsfiidii  in  his  ad  vilip  coniniodum  vid>?t.  priioA 
inq'iit  Poeta  luiBj^Xui^eil^AKSato  restitua  esT     negligere,   mox   odiase   incipit.     Ileni.  <  Eptntol. 

Prop(.<r   hnr  jjn^R^ngipJn^^BjjI^^ein  unquam  |  quest,  lib.  4.  Ep  "I  >Cic«run.  dial, 

divitvm        1 1.  ■jrtUQUIiniHIk-        »Oppfe«eiiii  '  lib.  1. 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  15.]  Study,  a  Cause.  193 

great  skill,  that  I  make  great  doubt  how  they  shall  be  maintained,  or  who  shall  be 
their  patients.  Besides,  there  are  so  many  of  both  sorts,  and  some  of  them  such 
harpies,  so  covetous,  so  clamorous,  so  impudent ;  and  as  ''  he  said,  litigious  idiots, 


"dulbiis  loquacis  affatim  arrogantise  est, 

Peritiae  parurii  aiit  nihil, 
Ner.  ulla  mica  literarii  salis, 

Cruniermimlga  natio: 
Loquuteleia  turba,  litium  strophas, 

Mali>;na  litigaiitiiiin  cohors,  logati  vultures, 
Laveriise  alumni,  Agyrtse,"  &c. 


"  Which  have  no  skill  but  prating  arrogance. 
No  learning,  such  a  purse-milking  nation  ; 
Gown'd  vultures,  thieves,  and  a  litigious  rout 
Of  cozeners,  that  haunt  this  occupation," 
&;c. 


that  they  cannot  well  tell  how  to  live  one  by  another,  but  as  he  jested  in  the  Comedy 
of  Clocks,  they  were  so  many,  ^  major  pars  populi  aridd  reptant  fame,  they  are 
almost  starved  a  great  part  of  them,  and  ready  to  devour  their  fellows,  ^  Et  noxid 
calUditale  se  corripere,  such  a  multitude  of  pettifoggers  and  empirics,  such  impostors, 
that  an  honest  man  knows  not  in  what  sort  to  compose  and  behave  himself  in  their 
society,  to  carry  himself  with  credit  in  so  vile  a  rout,  scientm  nomen,  tot  smnptibus 
partum  et  vigiliis,  prqfileri  dispudeat,  postquam,  8^~c. 

Last  of  all  to  come  to  our  divines,  the  most  noble  profession  and  worthy  of  double 
honour,  but  of  all  others  the  most  distressed  and  miserable.  If  you  will  not  believe 
me,  hear  a  brief  of  it,  as  it  was  not  many  years  since  publicly  preached  at  Paul's 
cross,  '°  by  a  grave  minister  then,  and  now  a  reverend  bishop  of  this  land  :  "  We  that 
are  bred  up  in  learning,  and  destinated  by  our  parents  to  this  end,  we  sufler  our 
childhood  in  the  grammar-school,  which  Austin  calls  magnam  tyrannidem,  et  grave 
malum,  and  compares  it  to  the  torments  of  martyrdom ;  when  we  come  to  the  uni- 
versity, if  we  live  of  the  college  allowance,  as  Phalaris  objected  to  the  Leontines, 
rta.v  twv  ivbiis  Ttxrjv  uixov  xai  ^6^3ov,  needy  of  all  things  but  hunger  and  fear,  or  if  we  be 
maintained  but  partly  by  our  parents'  cost,  do  expend  in  unnecessary  maintenance, 
books'  and  degrees,  before  we  come  to  any  perfection,  five  hundred  pounds,  or  a 
thousand  marks.  If  by  this  price  of  the  expense  of  time,  our  bodies  and  spirits,  our 
substance  and  patrimonies,  we  cannot  purchase  those  small  rewards,  which  are  ours 
by  law,  and  the  right  of  inheritance,  a  poor  parsonage,  or  a  vicarage  of  50Z.  per 
annum,  but  we  must  pay  to  the  patron  for  the  lease  of  a  life  (a  spent  and  out-worn 
life)  either  in  annual  pension,  or  above  the  rate  of  a  copyhold,  and  that  with  the 
hazard  and  loss  of  our  souls,  by  simony  and  perjury,  and  the  forfeiture  of  all  our 
spiritual  preferments,  in  esse  and  posse,  both  present  and  to  come.  What  father  after 
a  while  will  be  so  improvident  to  bring  up  his  son  to  his  great  charge,  to  this  neces- 
sary beggary  .^  What  christian  will  be  so  irreligious,  to  bring  up  his  son  in  that 
course  of  life,  which  by  all  probability  and  necessity,  cogit  ad  turpia,  enforcing  to 
sin,  will  entangle  him  in  simony  and  perjury,"  when  as  the  poet  said,  Invitatus  ad 
hcec  aliquis  de  ponte  negahit :  "  a  beggar's  brat  taken  from  the  bridge  where  he  sits 
a  begging,  if  he  knew  the  inconvenience,  had  cause  to  refuse  it."  This  being  thus, 
have  not  we  fished  fair  all  this  while,  that  are  initiate  divines,  to  find  no  better  fruits 
of  our  labours,  "  hoc  est  cur  palles,  cur  quis  non  prandeat  hoc  est  ?  do  we  macerate 
ourselves  for  this  ^  Is  it  for  this  we  rise  so  early  all  the  year  long  .''  '^"  leaping  (as 
he  saith)  out  of  our  beds,  when  we  hear  the  bell  ring,  as  if  we  had  heard  a  thunder- 
clap." If  this  be  all  the  respect,  reward  and  honour  we  shall  have,  '^  frange  leves 
calamos,  et  scinde  Thalia  libeUos  :  let  us  give  over  our  books,  and  betake  ourselves 
to  some  other  course  of  life ;  to  what  end  should  we  study  ?  '"*  Quid  me  litterulas 
stulti  docuere  parentes,  what  did  our  parents  mean  to  make  us  scholars,  to  be  as  far 
to  seek  of  preferment  after  twenty  years'  study,  as  we  were  at  first :  why  do  we 
take  such  pains .?  Q^dd  tantum  insanis  jnvat  impallescere  chartis  ?  If  there  be  no 
more  hope  of  reward,  no  better  encouragement,  I  say  again,  Frange  leves  calamos^ 
et  scinde  Thalia  libellos ;  let 's  turn  soldiers,  sell  our  books,  and  buy  swords,  guns, 
and  pikes,  or  stop  bottles  with  them,  turn  our  philosopher's  gowns,  as  Cleanthes  once 
did,  into  millers'  coats,  leave  all  and  rather  betake  ourselves  to  anv  other  course  of 
life,  than  to  continue  longer  in  this  misery.  ''  PrcBStat  dentiscalpia  radere,  quam 
literariis  monumentis  magnatum  favorem  emendicare. 

Yea,  but  methinks  1  hear  some  man  except  at  these  words,  that  though  this  b« 

'Ja.Dniisa  Ejinrinn.  lib.  2.  car.  2.  »  Plautus.  j  "  Pers.  Sat;'3.        WE  lectoe^silientes,  ad  subitum  tin 

'  Hnrf    Ari'Dis  lib.  J.  '"  Joh.  Howson  4  Novembris  |  tinuabQIi  plausum^uaai  ftttmijie  territl.  1.  '^Marl 

loy?.   ihe    sermon    was  printed   by  Arnold   Hartfleld.  |  "Mart.  --  -    -  - 

R 


194  Causes  of  MelancJulij.  [Pan.  1.  Sec.  2. 

true  which  I  have  said  of  the  estate  of  scliolars,  and  especially  of  divines,  that  it  is 
miserable  and  distressed  at  tliis  lime,  that  tlie  church  suffers  shipwreck  of  her  goods, 
and  that  they  have  just  cause  to  complain;  there  is  a  fault,  but  whence  proceeds  it? 
If  the  cause  were  justly  examined,  it  would  be  retorted  upon  ourselves,  if  we  were 
cited  at  that  tribunal  of  truth,  we  should  be  found  guilty,  and  not  able  to  excuse  it 
That  there  is  a  fault  among  us,  I  confess,  and  were  there  not  a  buyer,  there  would 
not  be  a  seller;  but  to  him  that  will  eon.sider  better  of  it,  it  will  more  than  mani- 
festly appear,  that  the  fountain  of  these  miseries  proceeds  from  these  griping  patrons. 
In  accusing  them,  I  do  not  altogether  excuse  us ;  both  are  faulty,  they  and  we :  yet 
in  my  judgment,  theirs  is  the  greater  fault,  more  apparent  causes  and  much  to  be 
condemned.  For  my  part,  if  it  be  not  with  me  as  1  would,  or  as  it  should,  I  do 
ascribe  the  cause,  as  "'Cardan  did  in  the  like  case;  mco  hiforlumo  po/iiis  quam  illo- 
rum  scelf'rU  to  "mine  own  infelicity  ratlier  than  their  naughtuiess :  allliougli  I  have 
been  baiHed  in  my  time  by  st>me  of  them,  and  have  as  just  cause  to  conii)lain  as 
another :  or  rather  indeed  to  mine  own  negligence ;  for  I  was  ever  like  tliat  Alexan- 
der in  '"Plularch,  Crassus  his  tutor  in  philosophy,  who,  though  he  lived  many  years 
familiarly  with  rich  Crassus,  was  even  as  poor  when  from,  (which  many  wondered 
at)  as  wiien  he  came  first  to  him;  he  never  asked,  the  other  never  gave  him  any- 
thing; when  he  travelled  with  Crassus  he  borrowed  a  hat  of  him,  at  his  return 
restored  it  again,  I  have  had  some  such  noble  friends'  acquaintance  and  scholars, 
but  niost  part  (conmion  courtesies  and  ordinary  respects  excepted)  they  and  I  parted 
as  we  met,  they  gave  me  as  much  as  I  requested,  and  that  was — And  as  Alexander 
ab  Jllexundro  Genial,  dier.  I.  6.  c.  16.  made  answer  to  Hieronimus  jMassainus,  that 
wondered,  qunm  plures  ignavos  et  ignohiles  ad  dignilates  et  sacerdotia  promotos  quo- 
tidie  vidcret.,  when  other  men  rose,  still  he  was  in  the  same  state,  eodim  tcnore  et 
forluna  cui  mcrctdem  laburum  sludiarumque  debcri  pularet,  whonj  he  thought  to 
deserve  as  well  as  the  rest.  He  made  answer,  that  he  was  content  with  his  present 
estate,  was  not  ambitious,  and  although  objurgdbundus  suam  segniticm  accusaref,  cum 
obscurcE  sortis  homines  ad  sacerdotia  et  pontifical  us  evectos,  <^-c.,  he  chid  him  for  his 
backwardness,  yet  he  was  still  the  same  :  and  for  my  part  (though  I  be  not  worthy 
perhaps  to  carry  Alexander's  books)  yet  by  some  overweening  and  well-wishing 
friends,  the  like  speeches  have  been  used  to  me;  but  I  replied  still  with  Alexander, 
that  I  had  euonirh,  and  more  peradventure  than  I  deserved ;  and  with  Libanius  So- 
phista,  that  rather  chose  (^wheii  honours  and  offices  by  the  emperor  were  oflL-red  unto 
Jiim)  to  be  talis  Sophisia,  quam  talis  Magistratus.  I  had  as  lief  be  still  Democritus 
junior,  and  privus  prii-alus,  si  mihi  jam  daretur  optio,  quam  talis  forlasse  Doctor^ 

talis  Dominus. Sed  quorsum  hcec  ?     For  the  rest  'tis  on  both  sides  facinus 

detestandum,  to  buy  and  sell  livings,  to  detain  from  the  church,  that  which  God's  and 
men's  laws  have  bestowed  on  it ;  but  in  them  most,  and  that  from  the  covetousnegs 
vand  ignorance  of  such  as  are  interested  in  this  business ;  I  name  covetousness  in  the 
first  place,  as  the  root  of  all  these  mischiefs,  which,  Achan-like,  compels  them  to 
•  commit  sacrilege,  and  to  make  simoniacal  compacts,  (and  what  not)  to  their  own 
ends,  "  that  kindles  God's  wrath,  brings  a  plague,  vengeance,  and  a  heavy  visitation 
upon  themselves  and  others.  Some  out  of  that  insatiable  desire  of  filthy  lucre,  to  be 
enriched,  care  not  how  they  come  by  it  per  fas  et  nefas^  hook  or  crook,  so  they 
have  it.  And  others  when  they  have  with  riot  and  prodigality  eml)ezzled  their 
estates,  to  recover  themselves,  make  a  prey  of  the  church,  robbing  it,  as  ^^  Julian  the 
apostate  did,  spoil  parsons  of  their  revenues  (in  keeping  half  back,  '^' as  a  great  man 
amongst  us  observes:)  "and  that  maintenance  on  which  tliey  should  live:"  by 
means  whereof,  barbarism  is  increased,  and  a  great  decay  of  christian  professors:  for 
■who  will  apply  himself  to  these  divine  studies,  iiis  sou,  or  friend,  when  after  great 
pains  taken,  they  shall  have  nothing  whereupon  to  live  ?  But  with  what  event  do 
they  these  things  ? 

""Oppsque  tntis  viritius  venatnini. 
At  inde  nic8«ig  aceidit  niiiierriina." 

"Lib.  3.  de  eons.         •"  I  li.id  no  money,  I  wanti-d  im-  I  nc.c  facile  jiidicare   potest  utrum  paup<*rior  cum  priino 

piidencp,  I    could   not    scraniblo.  teuipi.ri-.-,  <Ii--.Mibl..-:  ad   CraMum,   itc.          I'Dcum    habeiil    iratuiii,   sibique 

non   prand<^'et  nlu^&c^i^^ujaa^a                        :i  et  |  mortem  xternam  ucquiriiiit    aliiH  iniMTabilctii  riiinam. 

•dul.indiini   peuAtB^^^^^H^B   i                         jam  I  S<^rrariU!)  in  Josiiain,  7.  Kiiripide*.         »  Nic<  plioru*  lib 

Kiiior  111  Mii|^^^^^^^^^^^^^K|(|ii                       il  HI  I  10.  c.'i|i   5.                        rii,,k,  ill  Jil«_Bepiiftii.  bccund  p«r 


Ucm.  3.  Subs.  15.] 


Study,  a  Cause. 


,95- 


They  toil  and  moil,  but  wliai  reap  they.'  They  are  commonly  unfortunate  families 
that  use  it,  accursed  in  their  progeny,  and,  as  common  experience  evinceth,  accursed 
themselves  in  all  their  proceedings.  "With  what  face  (as  ^he  quotes  out  of  Aust.) 
can  tliey  expect  a  blessing  or  inheritance  from  Christ  in  heaven,  that  defraud  Christ 
of  his  inheritance  here  on  earth .'"  I  would  all  our  simoniacal  patrons,  and  such  as 
detain  tithes,  would  read  tliose  judicious  tracts  of  Sir  Henry  Spelman,  and  Sir  James 
SempiU,  knights ;  those  late  elaborate  and  learned  treatises  of  Dr.  Tilflye,  and  3Ir. 
Montagufe,  wliich  they  have  written  of  that  subject.  But  though  they  should  read, 
it  would  be  to  small  purpose,  dames  licet  el  mare  cxlo  Confundas ;  thunder,  lighten, 
preach  hell  and  damnation,  tell  them  'tis  a  sin,  they  will  not  believe  it ;  denounce 
and  terrify,  they  have  ^'cauterised  consciences,  they  do  not  attend,  as  the  enchanted 
adder,  they  stop  their  ears.  Call  them  base,  irreligious,  profane,  barbarous,  pagans, ' 
atheists,  epicures,  (as  some  of  tliem  surely  are)  with  the  bawd  in  Plautus,  Euge, 
eptime,  they  cry  and  applaud  themselves  with  that  miser,  ^^si?nid  ac  nummos  con- 
templor  in  area  :  say  what  you  will,  quocunque  modo  rem :  as  a  dog  barks  at  the 
moon,  to  no  purpose  are  your  sayings  :  Take  your  heaven,  let  them  have  money.  A 
base,  profane,  epicurean,  hypocritical  rout :  for  my  part,  let  them  pretend  what  zeal 
they  will,  counterfeit  religion,  blear  the  world's  eyes,  bombast  themselves,  and  stuff 
out  their  greatness  with  church  spoils,  shine  like  so  many  peacocks;  so  cold  is  my 
charity,  so  defective  in  this  behalf,  that  I  shall  never  think  better  of  them,  than  that 
they  are  rotten  at  core,  their  bones  are  full  of  epicurean  hypocrisy,  and  allieistical 
marrow,  they  are  worse  than  heathens.  For  as  Dionysius  Halicarnasseus  observes, 
Antiq.  Rom.  lib.  7.  '^Primum  locAtm,  &c.  "  Greeks  and  Barbarians  observe  all  reli- 
gious rites,  and  dare  not  break  them  for  fear  of  offending  their  gods ;  but  our  simo- 
niacal contractors,  our  senseless  Achans,  our  stupified  patrons,  fear  neither  God  nor 
devil,  they  have  evasions  for  it,  it  is  no  sin,  or  not  due  jure  divino,  or  if  a  sin,  no 
great  sin,  &c.  And  though  they  be  daily  punished  for  it,  and  tiiey  do  manifestly  per- 
ceive, that  as  he  said,  frost  and  fraud  come  to  foul  ends  ;  yet  as  ^'  Chrysostoni  fol- 
lows it  JS'ulla  ex  poena  sit  correctio,  et  quasi  adversis  malitia  hominum  provocctur, 
crescit  quotidie  quod  puniatur :  they  are  rather  worse  than  better, — iram  atque  ani- 
mos  a  crimine  sumunt.,  and  the  more  they  are  corrected,  the  more  they  offend :  but 
let  them  take  their  course,  ^Rode  caper  vites,  go  on  still  as  they  begin,  'tis  no  sin, 
let  them  rejoice  secure,  God's  vengeance  will  overtake  them  in  the  end,  and  these 
ill-gotten  goods,  as  an  eagle's  feathers,  ^^will  consume  the  rest  of  their  substance; 
it  is  ^  aurum  Tholosanum,  and  will  produce  no  better  effects,  ^' "  Let  them  lay  it  up 
safe,  and  make  their  conveyances  never  so  close,  lock  and  shut  door,"  saith  Chry- 
sostoni, "  yet  fraud  and  covetousness,  two  most  violent  thieves  are  still  included, 
and  a  little  gain  evil  gotten  will  subvert  the  rest  of  their  goods.  The  eagle  in  iEsop, 
seeing  a  piece  of  flesh  now  ready  to  be  sacrificed,  swept  it  away  with  her  claws,  and 
carried  it  to  her  nest ;  but  there  was  a  burning  coal  stuck  to  it  by  chance,  which 
unawares  consumed  her  young  ones,  nest,  and  all  together.  Let  our  simoniacal 
church-chopping  patrons,  and  sacrilegious  harpies,  look  for  no  better  success. 

A  second  cause  is  ignorance,  and  from  thence  coirtempt,  successit  odium  in  Uterus  ab 
ignorantid  vulgi ;  which  "^Junius  well  perceived  :  this  hatred  and  contempt  of  learn- 
ing proceeds  out  of  ^^ ignorance;  as  they  are  themselves  barbarous,  idiots,  dull,  illiterate, 
and  proud,  so  they  esteem  of  others.  Sint  Meccenates,  non  dcerunt  Flacce  Marones: 
Let  tliere  be  bountiful  patrons,  and  there  will  be  painful  scholars  in  all  sciences.  BiU 
when  they  contemn  learning,  and  think  themselves  sufficiently  qualified,  if  they  can 
write  and  read,  scramble  at  a  piece  of  evidence,  or  have  so  much  Latin  as  that  em- 
peror had,  ^qui  nescit  dissimulare,  nescif  vicere,  they  are  unfit  to  do  their  country 
service,  to  perform  or  undertake  any  action  or  employment,  which  may  tend  to  the 
good  of  a  commonwealth,  except  it  be  to  fight,  or  to  do  country  justice,  with  com- 
mon sense,  which  every  yeoman  can  likewise  do.  And  so  they  bring  up  their  chil- 
dren, rude  as  they  are  themselves,  unqualified,  untaught,  uncivil  most  part.    ^'Quis  e 


23 Sir  Henry  Spelman,  de  non  temeraridis  Erclisiis. 
»•  I  Tim  4i.  '^  Hot.  '^  Prinrim  locum  apiid 

ornii'-s  piiilps  hahet  patritiiis  deoriiin  cultus,  ft  genio- 
rum,  nam  liunc  diiiti«irnf  rii^tridjiint.  lain  Gra-ri  quam 
Barliari,  &c.^.^,^-*T>>iir:  1.  ile  sttriJ.  irium  aiiiMiniin 
•■^Ovid.  Fast.  -■■' Ue  dial.' 

ilixres.  Mgtrabo.  lib.  4. 


Geng.  31  \,h 

et  fraiide  parr 
eiteriore 
frauilei 


=  opes  evcrtPt,  quain  avaritia 

[  •   -       iiim  seram  a'lilas  tali  area?  et 

uam^ommuiiias,  int!is  tamen 

iftuani.  die.  rn'9M(iriiilri  ^  Acad. 

^Ars  neminein  habet  iniin     'iiii  prater 

iioi  <lis5i-i..ii;e  cannut 

2i.  Lupaius. 


196  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

nostrd  jtwentute  legitime  instituitur  Uteris?  Quis  oratores  aut  Philosophos  tangit? 
quis  historiam  legit.,  illam  rerum  agendarnm  quasi  animam?  prcpcipitant  parcntes  vota 
sua.,  S)-c.  'twas  Lipsius'  complaint  to  his  illiterate  countrymen,  it  may  be  ours.  Now 
shall  these  men  judge  of  a  scholar's  worth,  that  have  no  worth,  that  know  not  what 
belongs  to  a  student's  labours,  that  cannot  distinguish  between  a  true  scholar  and  a 
drone  .''  or  him  that  by  reason  of  a  voluljle  tongue,  a  strong  voice,  a  pleasing  tone, 
and  some  trivially  polyanthean  helps,  steals  and  gleans  a  few  notes  from  other  men's 
harvests,  and  so  makes  a  fairer  show,  than  he  that  is  truly  learned  incfeed :  that 
thinks  it  no  more  to  preach,  than  to  speak,  ^'^''  or  to  run  away  with  an  empty  cart; 
as  a  grave  man  said  :  and  thereupon  vilil'y  us,  and  our  pains ;  scorn  us,  and  all  learn- 
ing. '^  Because  they  are  rich,  and  have  other  means  to  live,  they  think  it  concerns 
thein  not  to  know,  or  to  trouble  themselves  with  it ;  a  titter  task  for  younger  bro- 
thers, or  poor  men's  sons,  to  be  pen  and  inkhorn  men,  pedantical  slaves,  and  no  whit 
beseeming  the  calluig  of  a  gentleman,  as  Frenchmen  and  Germans  conunonly  do, 
neglect  therefore  all  human  learning,  what  have  they  to  do  with  it }  Let  mariners 
learn  astronomy ;  merchants,  factors  stuch' arithmetic  ;  surveyors  get  them  geometry  ; 
spectacle-makers  optics  ;  landleapers  geography  ;  town-clerks  rhetoric,  what  should 
he  do  with  a  spade,  that  hath  no  ground  to  dig;  or  they  with  learning,  that  have  no 
use  of  it  ?  thus  they  reason,  and  are  not  asliamed  to  let  mariners,  apprentices,  and 
the  basest  servants,  be  better  qualified  thati  themselves.  In  former  times,  kings, 
princes,  and  emperors,  were  the  only  scholars,  excellent  in  all  faculties. 
Julius  Caesar  mended  the  year,  aiul  writ  his  own  Commentaries, 

*  " media  inter  priplia  semper, 

Stellaruiii  ca;liqu>-  plagis,  supcrUque  vacavit." 

^Antonius,  Adrian,  Nero,  Seve.  Jul.  he.  ^"Michael  the  emperor,  and  Isacius,  were 
so  much  given  to  their  studies,  that  no  base  fellow  would  take  so  much  pains  :  Orion, 
Perseus,  Alphonsus,  Ptolomeus,  famous  astronomers;  Sabor,  Mithridates,  Lysima- 
chus,  admired  physicians  :  Plato's  kings  all :  Kvax,  that  Arabian  prince,  a  most  e.xpert 
jeweller,  and  an  excpiisite  philosopher ;  the  kings  of  Egypt  were  priests  of  old,  chosen 
and  from  thence, — Idem  rex  hominum,  Phiehique  sacerdos :  but  those  heroical  times 
are  past ;  the  Muses  are  now  banished  in  this  bastard  age,  ad  sordida  tuguriola;  to 
meaner  persons,  and  confined  alone  almost  to  universities.  In  those  days,  scholars 
were  highly  beloved,  ■"  honoured,  esteemed ;  as  old  Emiius  by  Scipio  Africanus,  Vir- 
gil by  Augustus  ;  Horace  by  Mecapnas  :  princes'  companions  ;  dear  to  them,  as  Ana^- 
rreon  to  Polycrates  ;  Philoxenus  to  Dionysius,  and  highly  rewarded.  Alexander  sent 
Xenocrates  the  philosopher  fifty  talents,  because  he  was  poor,  risM  rerum,,  aut  cru- 
ditione  f)rcestajites  r/r<,  viensis  ohm  regum  adhibili,  as  Philostratus  relates  of  Adrian 
and  Lampridius  of  Alexander  Severus :  famous  clerks  came  to  these  prhices'  courts, 
velut  in  Liicceum,  as  to  a  university,  and  were  admitted  to  their  tables,  quasi  dioum 
epulis  accnmbentes ;  Archilaus,  that  Macedt)nian  king,  would  not  willingly  sup  with- 
out Euripides,  (amongst  the  rest  he  drank  to  him  at  supper  one  night,  and  gave  him 
a  cup  of  gold  for  his  pains)  delectatus  poetce  suavi  sermone ;  and  it  was  fit  it  should 
be  so ;  because  as  *^  Plato  in  his  Protagoras  well  saith,  a  good  philosopher  as  much 
excels  other  men,  as  a  great  king  doth  the  commons  of  his  country ;  and  again, 
*^quoniam  illis  nihil  deest.,  et  minime  egere  sohnt.,  et  disciplinas  qiias  prflfitentur,  soli 
a  contemptu  vindicare  possunt,  they  needed  not  to  beg  so  basely,  as  they  compel 
"scholars  in  our  times  to  complain  of  poverty,  or  crouch  to  a  rich  chuff"  for  a  meal's 
meat,  but  could  vindicate  themselves,  and  those  arts  which  they  professed.  Now 
they  would  and  cannot :  for  it  is  held  by  some  of  them,  as  an  axiom,  that  to  keep 
them  poor,  will  make  them  study  ;  they  must  be  dieted,  as  horses  to  a  race,  not  pam- 
pered, ^Jllendos  volunt.,  non  saginandos,  ne  melioris  mentis  ftammula  extinguulur ;  a 
fat  bird  w  ill  not  sing,  a  fat  dog  cannot  hunt,  and  so  by  this  ilepression  of  theirs 
**  some  want  means,  others  will,  all  want  *''  encouragement,  as  being  forsaken  almost ; 


s^Dr.  Kiiie.  in  his  last  lectnre  on  Jonah,  sometime 
right  raverend  lord  l)ishop  of  London.  ^Quibus 

(ipes   el    oliiini,  hi   barbaro  f.isty    literas  rDnteriiiiiint. 

*■  Lncan.  lib,  h.  sh  j..-. <-  i,....  .•..  .  i  .,    .  j[„jg_ 

♦■  Nicet.   1      \:.  i!       i'ilii  int. 

•lOrwniiii.Uii  IS  i.liMi  et  i  ,.iri. 


bant  lieroas.  Erasin.  ep.  Jo.  Fabio  epis.  Vii-n.  «  Pro- 
bud  vir  et  Phili>!«^>phiJ!i  niai!i!<  prtL-Htat  inter  alios  homi- 
nes, quain  rex  inclitiis  inter  plebeioi>.  oHeiniiiii* 
prafat.  Poematum.  oArvile  noiiien  Schojarm  jam. 
"Seneca.  *'Haud  facile  eincrgnnl.  &r.  <' Media 
quod  noctid  ab  liora  !<cdir<y  qua  iijmiio  I'nber.  qua  neinu 

111:1  eruUii .i'.>ii3.^'  ....  tu.i.iii  di^iii'  '  sidi  h.nt.  qui  (lu«et%Wt«iu(^^li||^^^^^|^)(|^erro^rara 

UuiU||^B^jBH^|Mik.AMtW  oma-  .  luiiiMi  liK.rces.    Juv.  iSat.  7> , 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  15.]  Study,  a  Cause.  197 

and  generally  contemneJ.  'Tis  an  old  saying,  Sint  Mecanates,  non  deerunt  Flacce 
Marones,  and  'tis  a  true  saying  still.  Yet  oftentimes  I  may  not  deny  it  the  main 
fault  in  in  ourselves.  Our  academics  too  frequently  offend  in  neglecting  jiatrons.  as 
*' Erasmus  well  taxeth,  or  making  ill  choice  of  them ;  negligimus  oblatos  aid  amplec- 
timur  parum  aptos^  or  it  we  get  a  good  one,  non  studemus  mututs  nJjicUs.  far orem  ejus 
alere,  we  do  not  ply  and  follow  him  as  we  should.  Idem  mihi  accidit  Adolescenti 
(saith  Erasmus)  acknowledging  his  fault,  et  gravissime  peccavi,  and  so  may  ^^  I  say 
myself,  I  have  offended  in  this,  and  so  peradventure  have  many  others.  We  did  not 
spondere  magnatum  favor ilus,  qui  cczperunt  nos  amplecti,  apply  ourselves  with  that 
readiness  we  should  :  idleness,  love  of  liberty,  immodicus  amor  libertatis  ejfecit  ut 
dill  cum  pcrjidis  amicis,  as  he  confesseth,  et  pertinaci  pauperale  colluctarer,  bashful- 
ness,  melancholy,  timorousness,  cause  many  of  us  to  be  too  backward  and  remiss. 
So  some  offend  in  one  extreme,  but  too  many  on  the  other,  we  are  most  part  too 
forward,  too  solicitous,  too  ambitious,  too  impudent ;  we  commonly  complain  deesse 
J\Icecenates,  of  want  of  encouragement,  want  of  means,  when  as  the  true  defect  is  in 
our  own  want  of  worth,  our  insufficiency :  did  Maecenas  take  notice  of  Horace  or 
Virgil  till  they  had  shown  themselves  first }  or  had  Bavins  and  ilevius  any  patrons  ? 
.  Egregium  specimen  dent,  saith  Erasmus,  let  them  approve  themselves  worthy  first, 
sufficiently  qualified  for  learning  and  manners,  before  they  presume  or  impudently 
intrude  and  put  themselves  on  great  men  as  too  many  do,  with  such  base  flattery, 
parasitical  colloguing,  such  hyperbolical  elogies  they  do  usually  insinuate  that  it  is 
a  shame  to  hear  and  see.  ImmodlccB  iaiides  conciliant  invidiam,  pot ius  quam  laudem, 
and  vain  commendations  derogate  from  truth,  and  we  think  in  conclusion,  non  meliiis 
dc  laudato,  pejus  de  laudante,  ill  of  both,  the  commender  and  commended.  So  we 
offend,  but  the  main  fault  is  in  their  harshness,  defect  of  patrons.  How  beloved  of 
old,  and  how  much  respected  was  Plato  to  Dionysius }  How  dear  to  Alexander  was 
Aristotle,  Demeratus  to  Philip,  Solon  to  CroDsus,  Anexarcus  and  Trebatius  to  Augus- 
tus, Cassius  to  Vespatian,  Plutarch  to  Trajan,  Seneca  to  Nero,  Simonides  to  Hieron.^ 
how  honoured } 

'o  "  Sed  hffic  prius  fuere,  nunc  recondita 
Senent  quiete," 

those  days  are  gone ;  Et  spes,  et  ratio  stiidiorum  in  CoRsare  tantum :  ^'  as  he  said  of 
old,  we  may  truly  say  now,  he  is  our  amulet,  our  '^  sun,  our  sole  comfort  and  refuge, 
our  Ptolemy,  our  common  ]\I<Ecenas,  Jacohus  munijicus.  Jacobus  pacificus.  mi/sta  Mu- 
sarum,  Rex  Platonicus :  Grande  decus,  columenque  nostrum :  a  famous  scholar  him- 
self, and  the  sole  patron,  pillar,  and  suslainer  of  learning :  but  his  worth  in  this  kind 
is  so  well  known,  that  as  Paterculus  of  Cato,  Jam  ipsum  laudare  nefas  sit :  and 
which  ^  Pliny  to  Trajan.  Seria  te  carmina,  honorque  ceternus  annalium,  non  hcBC  bre- 
vis  et  pudenda  prcedicatio  colet.  But  he  is  now  gone,  the  sun  of  ours  set,  and  yet  no 
night  follows,  Sol  occubidl,  nox  nulla  sequuta  est.  We  have  such  another  in  his  room, 
^^  aureus  alter.  Avulsus,  simili  frondescit  virga  metallo,  and  long  may  he  reign  and 
flourish  amongst  us. 

Let  me  not  be  malicious,  and  lie  against  my  genius,  I  may  not  deny,  but  that  we 
have  a  sprinkling  of  our  gentry,  here  and  there  one.  excellently  well  learned,  like 
those  Fuffgeri  in  Germany;  Dubartus,  Du  Plessis,  Sadael,  in  France;  Picus  ^lii-an- 
dula,  Schottus,  Barotius,  in  Italy;  Apparent  rari  nantcs  in  gurgite  vasfo.  But  they 
are  but  few  in  respect  of  the  multitude,  the  major  part  (and  some  again  excepted, 
that  are  inditferent)  are  whoUv  bent  for  hawks  and  hounds,  and  carried  away  many 
times  with  intemperate  lust,  gaming  and  drinking.  If  they  read  a  book  at  any 
time  (s?'  quod  est  interim  olii  a  venatu,  poculis,  alea,  scortis)  'tis  an  English  Chroni- 
cl?  St.  Huon  of  Bordeaux,  Amadis  de  Gaul,  &.C.,  a  play-book,  or  some  pamphlet  of 
news,  and  that  at  such  seasons  only,  when  they  cannot  stir  abroad,  to  drive  away 
time,  "  their  sole  discourse  is  dogs,  hawks,  horses,  and  what  news  ?  If  some  one 
have  been  a  traveller  in  Italy,  or  as  far  as  the  emperor's  court,  wintered  in  Orleans, 
and  can  court  his  mistress  in  broken  French,  wear  his  clothes  neatly  in  the  newest 
fashion,  sirig  some  choice  outlandish  tunes,  discourse  of  lords,  ladies,  towns,  palaces, 

■•sCJIiil.  -1.  Cr-r.t,  1.  adag.  1.  *s  Flad  I  done  as  others  |  are  Cf>ntri>d  in  Caesar  aloi^^   •>  ,*'^>mn  fst  quern  non 

did,  1'  -        f  rward.  I  ifiiL'lit  havi;  liaply  I..-,  ii   a-     Phihu<   hic   poster,  solo   intuitu   lubenii   r  m   reddat. 

preai  -  luany  of  my  equals.  ■■  (':i;mII  i>.  |  -'    riiiiesyr.  ^Virgil..  as  Raru^  ■  inni  I'erine 

Jiy-""  --  All  our  hopes  and  iaducemenls  tu  <tiidv  |  ~<jusus  communiMBa|i^AHriH|i^^UV.  Sal.  c. 

r2 


x98  .  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

and  cities,  he  is  complete  and  to  be  admired:  ^  otiierwise  he  and  they  are  much  at 
one ;  no  difference  between  the  master  and  the  man,  but  worshipful  titles ;  wink  and 
choose  betwixt  him  that  sits  down  (clothes  excepted)  and  him  that  holds  the  trencher 
behind  him  :  yet  these  men  must  be  our  patrons,  our  governors  too  sometimes,  states- 
men, magistrates,  noble,  great,  and  wise  by  inheritance. 

Mistake  me  not  (I  say  again)  Vos  6  Patritius  sanguis,  you  that  are  worthy  sena- 
tors, gentlemen,  I  honour  your  names  and  persons,  and  with  all  submissiveness,  pros- 
trate myself  to  your  censirre  and  service.  There  are  amongst  you,  I  do  ingenuously 
confess,  many  well-deserving  patrons,  and  true  patriots,  of  my  knowledge,  besides 
many  hundreds  which  I  never  saw,  no  doubt,  or  heard  of,  pillars  of  our  common- 
wealth, ^' whose  worth,  bounty,  learning,  forwardness,  true  zeal  in  religion,  and  good 
esteem  of  all  scholars,  ought  to  be  consecrated  to  all  posterity;  but  of  your  rank, 
there  are  a  debauclied,  corrupt,  covetous,  illiterate  crew  again,  no  better  than  stocks, 
merum  pccus  (testor  Deum,  non  mihi  videri  dignas  ingenui  hominis  appellatione) 
barbarous  Tliracians,  et  quis  ille  Uirax  qui  hoc  negetf  a  sordid,  profane,  pernicious 
companv.  irreligious,  impudent  and  stupid,  I  know  not  what  epithets  to  give  them, 
enemies  to  learning,  confounders  of  the  church,  and  the  ruin  of  a  commonweahh  ; 
patrons  they  are  by  risrht  of  inheritance,  and  put  in  trust  freely  to  dispose  of  such» 
livings  to  the  church's  good ;  but  (hard  task-masters  they  prove)  they  lake  away 
their  straw,  and  compel  them  to  make  their  number  of  brick  :  they  commonly  respect 
their  own  eiulis,  conmiodity  is  the  steer  of  all  their  actions,  and  him  they  pre.-ent  in 
conclusion,  as  a  man  of  greatest  gifts,  tliat  will  give  most ;  no  penny,  ^^  no  pater- 
noster, as  the  saving  is.  JS''isi  preces  aiiro  fulcias,  amplius  irritas  :  xU  Cerhcrtis  ojf'a, 
their  attendants  and  officers  must  be  briljed,  feed,  and  made,  as  Cerberus  is  with  a 
sop  by  him  tliat  goes  to  hell.  It  was  an  old  saying.  Omnia  Roma  venalia,  (all  things 
are  venal  at  Home,)  'tis  a  rag  of  Popery,  whirli  will  never  be  rooted  out,  there  is  no 
hope,  iTo  good  to  be  done  witliout  money.  A  clerk  nuiy  offer  himself,  approve  his 
*® worth,  learning,  honesty,  religion,  zeal,  they  will  counuend  htm  for  it;  l)ut  ^pro~ 
hitas  hiudalur  et  uJgct.  If  he  be  a  man  of  extmordiuary  parts,  they  will  flock  afar 
off  to  hear  him,  a.s  they  ilid  in  Apuleius,  to  see  Psyche :  rnulti  morlahs  conjlurbunt 
ad  videndum  ftcpculi  decus,  speculum  gloriosum,  laudatur  ah  omnibus,  speclalur  oh  mn- 
nibus,  nee  quisquam  rum  rex,  nmi  rrgius,  cupidus  ejus  nuptiarinrti  pelitor  accedil;  miran- 
tur  qnid'tn  divinam  formam  omnes,sed  ut  simulacrum  fabre  polilum  mirantur ;  many 
mortal  men  came  to  see  fair  Psych'e  the  glory  of  her  age,  they  did  admire  her,  com- 
mend, desire  her  for  her  divine  beauty,  and  gaze  upon  her ;  but  as  on  a  picture  ;  none 
would  marry  her,  quod  indotata,  fair  Psyche  had  no  money.   *'So  they  do  by  learning; 

«" .lidir.it  jam  dives  avatus  |      "  "^"V/  7''  ""^"  "«''«  ""^v  l.-arnM  of  l.itl.r  days 

TanluM.  admirarf.  lantu.n  laodare  disertos.  ,„  \  «""""',•  ':""""b>"l;  a..d  come  ioK,Mher 

Ul  pueri  Juuoms  avein" T..  hear  and  «..•  a  w,,rthy  «  hola    .p.-ak. 

*^  I  As  children  do  a  peacock  s  feaUi^r." 

He  shall  have  all  the  good  words  that  may  b^  given,  "^'a  proper  man,  and  'tis  pity  he 
hath  no  preferment,  all  good  wishes,  but  inexorable,  indurate  as  he  is,  he  will  not 
prefer  him,  though  it  be  in  his  power,  because  he  is  indotalus,  he  hath  no  money 
Or  if  he  do  give  him  entertainment,  let  him  be  never  so  well  qualified,  plead  atlinity, 
consanguinity,  sufficiency,  he  shall  serve  seven  years,  as  Jacob  did  for  Rafhel,  before 
he  shall  have  it.  "  If  he  will  enter  at  first,  he  must  iret  in  at  that  Simoniacal  gate,  come 
off  soundly,  and  put  in  good  security  to  perform  all  covenants,  else  he  will  not  deal 
with,  or  admit  him.  But  if  some  poor  scholar,  some  parson  chaff,  will  oiler  himself; 
some  trencher  chaplain,  that  will  take  it  to  the  halves,  thirtls,  or  accepts  of  what  he 
will  give,  he  is  welcome;  be  conformable,  preach  as  he  will  have  him,  he  likes  him 
before  a  million  of  others;  for  the  best  is  always  best  cheap:  and  then  as  Ilierom 
said  to  Cromatius,  patella  dignum  operculum,  such  a  patron,  such  a  clerk ;  the  cure 
is  well  supplied,  and  all  parties  pleased.  So  that  is  still  verified  in  our  age,  which 
'^Chrysostom  complained  of  in  his  time,  Qui  opulent  Lores  sunt,  in  ordinem  parasito- 

"ftuis  enim  senerosum  dixerit  hunc  que  Indi»nu»-|  Sat.  ■?.  "Juvenal.  <•  Tu  vero  licet  Orphtru* 

eenere,  et  pra'claro  nomine  tantiim,  Insignis.  Juve.  8i»,  saxa  Bonu  tesludinisemntliens,  nisi  plumlM-a  coriim 
Sat.  8.  "I  have  often  met  with  myself,  and  con-  I  corda,   auri    vel   artrenti   malleo  eniolliaK,  4,c.    3aliii- 

ferred  with  divers  worthy  seiitUmcn  in  thf- coiiMlry,  no     huriensis  Pnli.ril.   lil..  .'».  c.   10.  «'Jiiven.  Hat    7. 

whit  inferior,  if  nol^o^,tirui.rriMl  i;,r  ilivr-*  kinds  of  ,  o  Euge  bent     -  I)   usa  e(md.  liti.-2.  —  dos  ipaa 

learning  to  mauSHKr  academics.  ~~  J; -licet  .  scieiitia   .sitii';  .:ii   e^t.  •^Uualnor   ad 

Musis  veniasjf^^^^^^Hpmere,  Nil  tamen  .iltui*  rl:4,  |  porla^  RrrN-  .uuca,  -^i  ,'yii.i-  ,•  it  .-'  uiMiia, 

ibis  Homere  I^^^^^^^^IMHM|ki||nricus  uucli>r<;.      .  r  ,  -  ,[^  uLqiie  1;' i.  •'Lib.< 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  15.]  Study,  a  Cause.  199 

rum  cogunt  eos^  et  rjjsos  tanquam  canes  ad  mensas  suas  enutriunf,  eorumquc  impudenfes 
Venires  iniquarmn  ccznarum  reJiquiis  differtiunt,  iisdem  pro  arhilro  abiUcntes :  Kick 
men  keep  these  lecturers,  and  fawning  parasites,  like  so  many  dogs  at  their  tables, 
and  filling  their  hungry  guts  with  the  offals  of  their  meat,  tiaey  abuse  them  at  their 
pleasure,  and  make  them  say  what  they  propose.  ^®"As  children  do  by  a  bird  or  a 
butterfly  in  a  string,  pull  in  and  let  him  ouf  as  they  list,  do  they  by  their  trencher 
chaplains,  prescribe,  command  their  wits,  let  in  and  out  as  to  them  it  seems  best.  If 
the  patron  be  precise,  so  must  his  chaplain  be ;  if  he  be  papistical,  his  clerk  must  be 
so  too,  or  else  be  turned  out.  These  are  those  clerks  which  serve'  the  turn,  whom 
they  commonly  entertain,  and  present  to  church  livings,  whilst  in  the  meantime  we 
that  are  University  men,  like  so  many  hide-bound  calves  in  a  pasture,  tarry  out  our 
time,  wither  away  as  a  flower  ungathered  in  a  garden,  and  are  never  used ;  or  as  so 
many  candles,  illuminate  ourselves  alone,  obscuring  one  another"'s  light,  and  are  not 
discerned  here  at  all,  the  least  of  which,  translated  to  a  dark  room,  or  to  some  coun- 
try benefice,  where  it  might  shine  apart,  would  give  a  fair  light,  and  be  seen  over  all. 
Whilst  we  lie  waiting  here  as  those  sick  men  did  at  the  Pool  of  ^"  Bethesda,  till  the 
Angel  stirred  the  water,  expecting  a  good  hour,  they  step  between,  and  beguile  us 
of  our  preferment.  I  have  not  yet  said,  if  after  long  expectation,  much  expense, 
travel,  earnest  suit  of  ourselves  and  friends,  we  obtain  a  small  benefice  at  last ;  our 
misery  begins  afresh,  we  are  suddenly  encountered  with  the  flesh,  world,  and  devil, 
with  a  new  onset ;  we  change  a  quiet  life  for  an  ocean  of  troubles,  we  come  to  a 
ruinous  house,  which  before  it  be  habitable,  must  be  necessarily  to  our  great  dajiiage 
repaired  ;  we  are  compelled  to  sue  for  dilapidations,  or  else  sued  ourselves,  and  scarce 
yet  settled,  we  are  called  upon  for  our  predecessor's  arrearages ;  first-fruits,  tenths, 
subsidies,  are  instantly  to  be  paid,  benevolence,  procurations,  &c.,  and  which  is  most 
to  be  feared,  we  light  upon  a  cracked  title,  as  it  befel  Clenard  of  Brabant,  for  his  rec- 
tory, and  charge  of  his  Begince ;  he  was  no  sooner  inducted,  but  instantly  sued,  cepi- 
musqtie  ^^(saith  he)  strenue  lUigare,  et  implacaiili  bcUo  conjtigere:  at  length  after  ten 
years'  suit,  as  long  as  Troy's  siege,  when  he  had  tired  himself,  and  spent  his  money, 
he  was  fain  to  leave  all  for  quietness'  sake,  and  give  it  up  to  his  adversary.  Or  else 
we  are  insulted  over,  and  trampled  on  by  domineering  officers,  fleeced  by  those  greedy 
harpies  to  get  more  fees ;  we  stand  in  fear  of  some  precedent  lapse ;  we  fall  amongst 
refractory,  seditious  sectaries,  peevish  puritans,  perverse  papists,  a  lascivious  rout  of 
atheistical  Epicures,  tliat  Avill  not  be  reformed,  or  some  litigious  people  (those  wild 
beasts  of  Ephesus  must  be  fought  with)  that  will  not  pay  their  dues  without  much 
repining,  or  compelled  by  long  suit ;  Laid  clericis  oppido  infesti,  an  old  axiom,  all 
they  think  well  gotten  that  is  had  from  the  church,  and  by  such  uncivil,  harsh  deal- 
ings, they  make  their  poor  minister  weary  of  his  place,  if  not  his  life ;  and  put  case 
tiiey  be  quiet  honest  men,  make  the  best  of  it,  as  often  it  falls  out,  from  a  polite 
and  tei-se  academic,  he  must  turn  rustic,  rude,  melancholise  alone,  learn  to  foi-get,  or 
else,  as  many  do,  become  maltstei-s,  graziers,  chapmen,  Stc.  (now  banished  from  t'ae 
academy,  all  commerce  of  the  muses,  and  confined  to  a  country  village,  as  Ovid  was 
from  Rome  to  Pontus),  and  daily  converse  with  a  company  of  idiots  and  clowns,,^ 
Nus  interim  quod  attinet  [nee  enim  imniunes  ah  Jinc  noxn  snrmis)  idem  reatus 
manet,  idem  nobis,  et  si  non  multo  gravius,  crimni  objici  potrst :  Jiostrd  rnim  culpa 
sit,  nostra  incurid,  nostra,  avaritid,  quod  tarn  frcquentes,  foedccque  Jiant  in  EcclesiA 
nundinationes,  (tempium  est  VEenale,  deusque)  tot  sordes  invehantur,  tanta  grnsse- 
tur  impietas,  tanta  ntquiiia,  tam  insanus  miscriarum  Euripus,  et  turbarum  cestuor 
rium^  nostra  inquam,  omnimn  {Academicorum  imprimis)  vilio  sit.  Quod  tot  Rfsp. 
malis  afficiatur,  a  nobis  seminarium;  ultrb  malum  hoc  accersimus,  et  qudvis  contu- 
melid,  qudvis  inti7-im  miseria  digni,  qui  pro  virili  non  occurrimus.  Quid  tnhn  fieri 
posse  speramus,  quum  tot  indies  sine  delectu  pauperes  alumni,  tcrrce  filii,  et  cvjus- 
cunque  ordinis  komunciones  ad  gradus  certatim  odmittantur  ?  qui  si  dcfinitionem, 
distinetionemrque  nnam  ant  altrram  memoriter  edidicf rint ,  rt  pro  more  tot  annos  in 
dialietira  posucrint,  non  rrftrt  quo  profectu,  quales  drmum  siiif,  idiotce,  nugatores 
otiatorcs,  alentores,  compotores,  indigni,  libidinis  voluptatumque  administri,  "  Sponsi 

rs  pr^.^criliiuit.  iin|ie.'niit.   in    nrdiruMii   cngunt,  inje-  [  cpnsent(a.'1fWMhft(W>|jHBBp>5.-  «*  Fpi^t.  lih.  ? 

11   iinsiriiin  iii'nul  )|>.~i^  videljilur,  abtrinnimt  et  re-  |  Jam  sum:c(us  mVi^Bll^^^^bi,  prntHiu.-  'vrtus  es 
.  .\aitt  lit  pnpiliuiieni  piieri  aiit  bruchuin  &lo  demit-     adversarius,  AMB^^^^^^^^Kes,  suiuptuf,  .kc 
tuui,  aut  atirahuat,  noa  a  libidine  sua  peudere  Kquum 


£00  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sect.  3 

Penelopes,  ncbulones,  Alcinoique,"  modo  tot  annos  in  academic  insumpserint,  et  se 
pro  togatis  vindilarint;  lucri  causa,  et  amicorum  interctssu  prcesenlantur;  addo 
ttiani  et  magnijicis  nonnu  iguam  elogiis  morum  et  scientice;  etjani  valedicturi  testi' 
monialibus  liisce  tltteris,  amplissime  conscn'ptis  in  eoruin  gratiam  hunorantur,  ab 
its,  qui  Jidei  Slue  et  existimationis  jactiiram  prociddubio  faeiunt.  Doctorea  eniin  et 
professores  {quod  ait  *^^ille)  id  unum  curant,  ut  ex  protessionibus  frequeiitibus,  et 
tumultuariispotius  quam  legitimis,  comnioda  sua  proinoverant,  et  ex  disueudio  pub- 
lico suuiii  faciant  increinentuiii.  Id  solum  in  votis  habent  annui  plerumque  iiuti^is- 
t7-otus,  ut  ab  incipieniium  numero  '°pecunias  emungant,  nee  multuin  interest  qui  sint, 
litrratores  an  literati,  modo  pingues,  nitidi,  ad  uspectuui  spn:iosi,  et  quod  verba 
dicain,peeuniosi  sint.  ''Philosupkastri  tieentieiiitur  in  urtibus,  urtem  qui  nun  habent,'^ 
Eosque  sapientes  esse  jubeiit,  qui  nulla  prajditi  sunt  sapientia,  et  iiiiiil  ad  graduin 
prajterquaui  velle  adferuut.  Theologastri  [soloant  mudo)  satis  superque  duUi,  per 
omnes  honorum  gradus  eve/iuntur  et  ascendunt.  Atque  Itinrjit  quod  tarn  viles  seurree, 
tot  passim  idiotce,  literarhm  crcpusculo  positi,  larvce  pastorum,  eireunifurunei,  vagi, 
harbi,  fungi,  erassi,  asini,  vierum  pecus  in  saerosanetos  theolugiw  aditus,  illotis 
pedibus  irrumpant,  proeter  inverecundani  frontem  adferentes  nihil,  vulgares  quas- 
dam  quisquilins,  et  scholarium  quccdeim  nut^amenta,  indigna  quee  vel  reeipiantur  in 
triviis.  Hoe  illud  indignum  genus  huminum  et  famelicum,  indigum,  vagum,  ventris 
maneipium,  ad  stivam  potius  relegeindum,  ad  haras  aptius  quam  ad  uras,  quod  divi- 
nas  hasce  Uterus  turpiter  prustituit ;  hi  sunt  qui  pulpita  coinplent,  in  cedes  nubiliuni 
irrepunt,  et  quum  reliquis  vitcc  destituuntur  subsidiis,  ob  corporis  et  animi  egesta- 
tem,  aliarum  in  repub.  partium  miniiiie  eapaees  suit;  ad  sacrani  hane  anchoram  con- 
fugiunt,  sacerdotiuni  qvoDisino<ld  cuptantes,  non  ex  sincerilate,  quod  "Paiilus  ait, 
sed  cauponantcs  verbum  Dt-i.  Ne  quis  interim  viris  bonis  detractum  quid  putet,  quos 
habet  ecclesta  Anglicana  quamplurimos,  eggregie  doctos,  illustres,  intactce  famte 
homines,  et  plures  forsan  quam  eiucevis  Europce  prorincia;  ne  quis  uforentisimis 
Academits,  qute  tiros  undiqudque  doctissimos,  omni  virtutum  gentre  suspicieiidos, 
abunde  producunt.  Et  multb  plures  utraque  habitura,  multo  splendidior  futura,  si 
non  hcB  sordts  splendidum  lumen  ejus  obfuscarent,  obstaret  corruplio,  et  cauponantes 
queedam  harpyce,  proletariique  bonum  hoc  nobis  non  inviderent.  Nemo  eniin  tarn 
ccecd  mente,  qui  non  hue  ipsum  videat:  nemo  tarn  stolido  ingenio,  qui  non  intelligat , 
tarn  per linaci  judicio,  qui  nonagnoscat,ab  hisidiotis  circumforaneis,  sacrum  poilui 
Theolugiam,  uc  calestes  Musas  qitasi  prophanum  quiddam  prostitui.  Viles  auinitfi 
et  etTronles  [sic  tnim  Lutlierus  ''^alicubi  vocat)  lucelli  causa,  ut  musca;  ad  muictra, 
ad  nobilium  et  herouni  meusas  advolaiit,  in  spem  sacerdotii,  cujuslibet  honoris,  officii, 

in  quami'is  aulam,  urbem  se  ingtrunt,  ad  quodcis  se  ministerium  compununt. 

*'  Lt  nereis  alienis  mobile  lignum Ducitur" Ilor.  Lib.  11.  *S'a/.  7.  "ollam 

sequeutes,  psitlacorum  more,  in  pritda;  spem  quidvis  effuliunt :  obsecundantes  Para- 
siti  "'(Erasmus  ait)  quidvis  docent,  dicunt,  scribunt,  suadent,  et  contra  conscientiam 
probant,  non  ut  salutarem  reddanl  gregem,  sed  ut  magnificam  sibi  parent  forlunam. 
'Opiniones  quasvis  et  decreta  contra  verbum  Dei  astruunt,  ne  non  ofTeiidant  patro- 
num,  sed  ut  retineanl  tavorem  procerum,  et  populi  piausum,  sibique  ipsib  opes  accu- 
mulent.  Eo  etenim  phrunque  animo  ad  Thtologiam  accedunt,  non  ut  rem  dicinam, 
sed  ut  suam  facient;  non  ad  Ecclesice  bonum  promovendum,  sed  expilandum;  qute- 
rentes,  quod  Paulus  ait,  non  qua;  Jesu  Chrisli,  sed  ([uai  sua,  non  domini  thtsaurum, 
sed  ut  sibi,  suisque  thesaurizent.  Nee  tantum  lis,  qui  vilirrie  fortune/',  et  abjectce, 
sortis  sunt,  hoc  in  vsu  est:  sed  et  medios,  suminos,  elatos,  ne  dictun  Episceqjos,  hoc 
malum  inoasit.  '^'■' Dicite  pontifices,  in  sacris  quidfacit  aurum?'^  "suniuios  sape 
viros  transvcrsos  agit  avaritia,  et  qui  reliquis  morum  probitate  prcelucereiit ;  hi  facem 
preeferunt  ad  Simoniam,  et  in  corruptionis  hunc  scopulum  impingentes,  non  tondent 
pecus,  sed  deglvbunt,  et  quocunque  se  conferunt,  expilant,  exhauriunt,  abradunt, 
magnum  famee  suee,  si  non  anima:  naufragiumfacientes;  ut  non  ab  injimis  ad  sum- 
mos,  sed  d  summis  ad  infmos  tnalum  promandsse  videatur,  et  illud  veruin  sit  quod 
tile  olim  lusit,  emerat  ille  prius,  vendere  jure  potest.    Simoniacus  enim  (quod  cum 

*Jun.  Aci  I        1.1.                                                           ,„,  I  jr,|7.  Feb.  K.            "Sat.  Monip.  "ssror.  vli.  17. 

deiiiittaiuu>  a^niuiii  ut  a|'                                               Ims  | 'M'luiiinent.  in  Gal.           't- Hi-iitavit.  '« t>r.U-ntai. 

ma  ii-  ••;tSin  pyrstritijti, , li.i  |  "■  LuMi.  in  GaJr  "•"•"Pers.-Bfils"*!-  "''■^H'Ujrt. 

latiiiu     ,ii   .^Me, 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  15.] 


Study,  a  Cause. 


201 


Leone  dicam)  gratiam  non  accepit,  si  non  accipit,  non  nabet,  et  si  non  habct,  nee 
gratus  potest  esse ;  tantuin  enim  ahsunt  istorum  nonnulli,  qui  ad  clavurn  sedent  d 
pro/novendo  reliqiios,  ut  penitus  impediant,  probt  sibi  conscii,  quibus  artibus  illic 
pervenerinf.  ^"Nam  qui  ob  Titeras  emersisse  illos  credat,  desipil;  qui  vero  ingenii, 
eruditionis,  experientite,  probitatis,  pietatis,  et  Musarum  id  esse  pretium  putat  {quod 
olim  revera  full,  hodie  jjromitlUur)  plaaissime  insanit.  Utcunque  vel  undecunque 
malum  hoc  originem  ducat,  non  tiltra  quceram,  ex  his  primordiis  coepit  vitiorum  col- 
luvies,  oinnis  calamitas,  omne  mlseriarum  agmen  in  Ecclesiam  invehitur.  Hinc  tarn 
frcqucns  slmonia,  hinc  ortce  querela,  fraudcs,  imposturcB,  ah  hoc  fonte  se  derivdrunt 
omncs  nequitice.  JYc  quid  obiter  dicam  de  ambllionc,  adulatione  plusquam  aulicd,  ne 
trisii  domicccnio  laborent,  de  luxu,  de  feado  nonnunquam  vitcB  exemph,  quo  nonnullos 
ojfendunt,  de  compotationc  Sybaritica,  Sac.  hinc  ille  squalor  academicus,  iristes  hac 
tempestate  Camenae,  quum  quivis  homunculus  ariium  ignarus,  hie  arlibus  assurgat, 
hunc  in  modum  promoveatur  et  ditescat,  ambitiosis  appellationibus  insignis,  et  multis 
dignitutibus  augustus  vulgi  oeulos  perstringat,  bene  se  habeat,  et  grandia  gradicns 
majestatem  quandam  ac  amplitudincm  prcz  se  ferens,  mlramque  solliciludinetn,  barba 
rcverendus,  toga  nitidus,  purpura  coruscus,  supellectllis  splendore,  et  famulorum 
numcro  maxime  conspicuus.  Quales  statuae  {quod  ait  ^'  ille)  quae  sacris  in  asdibus 
colunniis  imponuntur,  velut  oneri  cedentes  videntur,  ac  si  insudarent,  quum  revera 
sensu  sint  carentes,  et  nihil  saxeam  adjuvent  firraitatem  :  atlantes  videri  volunt,  quum 
sitit  slatucB  lapidccs,  umbratiles  revera  homunciones,  fungi,  forsan  et  bardi,  nihil  a 
saxo  difercntcs.  Quum  interem  docti  viri,  et  vitce  sanctioris  ornament  is  j^rcediti,  qui 
cestum  diei  sustinent,  his  iniqua  sorle  serviant,  minimo  forsan  salario  content  I,  pur  is 
nominibus  nuncupati,  humiles,  obscuri,  multoquc  digniores  licet,  egentcs,  inhonorati 
vitatn  privam  privatam  agant,  tcnuique  sepulti  sacerdotio,  vel  in  collcgiis  suis  in  cetcr- 
nuin  incarcerati,  inglorie  dclitescant.  Sed  nolo  diuiius  hanc  movcre  sentinam,  hinc 
illcz  lachrynur-,  lugubris  musarum  habitus,  ^^hinc  ipsa  religio  {quod  cum  Secellic 
dicam)  in  ludibrium  et  contemptum  adducitur,  abjectum  sacerdotium  (atque  hccc  uhi 
fiunt,  aiisim  dicere,  et  putidum  ^^putidi  diclerium  de  clero  usurpare)  putidum  %ulgus_ 
inops,  rude,  sordidum,  melancholicum,  miserum,  despicabile,  contemnendum.  ^"^ 


eoSat.  Menip.  8iBu(Ia>usde  Asse,  lib.  5.  ^Lib. 
de   rep.  Gallorutn.        MCaiiipian. 

^'i  As  for  ourselves  (for  neither  are  we  free  from  this 
fault)  the  same  guilt,  the  same  crime,  may  be  objected 
against  us :  for  it  is  throuL'h  our  fault,  negligence,  and 
avarice,  that  so  many  and  such  shameful  corruptions  oc- 
cur in  tlie  church  (both  the  temple  and  the  Deity  are  offer- 
ed for  sale),  that  such  sordidness  is  introduced,  such  im- 
piety committed,  such  wickedness,  such  a  mad  gulf  of 
wretchedness  and  irregularity — these  I  sayarise  from  all 
our  faults,  hut  more  particularly  from  ours  of  the  Univer- 
sity. We  are  the  nursery  in  which  those  ills  are  bred  with 
which  the  state  is  afflicted  ;  we  voluntarily  introduce 
them,  and  are  deserving  of  every  opprobrium  and  suf- 
furing,  since  we  do  not  afterwards  encounter  them  ac- 
cording to  our  strength.  For  what  better  can  we  ex- 
pect when  so  many  poor,  beggarly  fellows,  men  of 
every  order,  are  readily  and  without  election,  admitted 
to  degrees?  Who,  if  they  can  only  commit  to  memory 
a  few  dfcfinitions  and  divisions,  and  pass  the  customary 
period  in  the  study  of  logics,  no  matter  with  what 
etTect,  whatever  sort  they  prove  to  be,  idiots,  triflers, 
idlers,  gamblers,  sots,  sensualists, 

"  mere  ciphers  in  the  hook  of  life 

Like  those  who  boldly  woo'd  Ulysses'  wife ; 
IJorn  to  consume  the  fruits  of  earth:  in  truth, 
As  vain  and  idle  as  Pheacia's  youth  ;" 

only  let  them  have  passed  the  stipulated  period  in  the 
University,  and  professed  themselves  collegians:  either 
for  the  sake  of  profit,  or  through  the  influence  of  their 
friends,  they  obtain  a  presentation;  nay,  sometimes 
even  accompanied  by  brilliant  eulogies  upon  their 
morals  and  acquirements;  and  when  they  are  about  to 
take  leave,  they  are  honoured  with  the  most  flattering 
literary  testimonials  in  their  favour,  by  those  who  un- 
doubtedly sustain  a  loss  of  reputation  in  granting 
them.  For  doctors  and  professors  (as  an  author  says) 
are  anxious  about  one  thing  only,  viz.,  that  out  of  their 
various  callinss  they  may  promote  their  own  advantage, 

■' ....ri    ri,,.  piiiiii^  loss  into  their  prlv:ito  gains. 

l£Lc.  rs  wjsli  this  only,  llml   tli^-e   u  ho 

ther  they  are  taught  oruntauLht  is  of 

,.j   ...>^...v....  -uall  be  sleek,  fat,  pigeons,  worth  the 


plucking.  The  Philosoplvastic  are  admitted  to  a  degree 
in  Arts,  because  they  have  no  acquaintance  with  them. 
And  they  are  desired  to  be  wise  men,  because  they  are 
endowed  with  no  wisdom,  and  bring  no  qualificatioQ 
for  a  degree,  except  the  wish  to  have  it.  The  Theolo- 
gastic  (only  let  them  pay)  thrice  learned,  are  promoted 
to  every  academic  honour.  Hence  it  is  that  so  many 
vile  buifoons.  so  many  idiots  everywhere,  placed  in  the 
twilight  of  letters,  the  mere  ghosts  of  scholars,  wan- 
derers in  the  market  place,  vagrants,  barbels,  mush- 
rooms, dolts,  asses,  a  growling  herd,  with  unwashed 
feet,  break  into  the  sacred  precincts  of  theology,  bring- 
ing nothing  along  with  them  but  an  impudent  front, 
some  vulgar  trifles  and  foolish  scholastic  technicalities, 
unworthy  of  respect  even  at  the  crossing  of  the  high- 
ways. This  is  the  unworthy,  vagrant,  vohiptuous  race, 
fitter  for  the  hog  sty  (haram)  than  the  altar  (aram),  that 
basely  prostitute  divine  literature  :  these  are  they  who 
till  the  pulpits,  creep  into  the  palaces  of  our  nobility 
after  all  other  prospects  of  existence  fail  them,  owing 
to  their  imbecility  of  body  and  mind,  and  their  being 
incapable  of  sustaining  any  other  parts  in  the  common- 
wealth ;  to  this  sacred  refuge  they  fly,  undertaking  tlie 
office  of  the  ministry,  not  from  sincerity,  but  as  St. 
Paul  says,  huckstering  the  word  of  God.  Let  not  any 
one  suppose  that  it  is  here  intended  to  detract  from 
tliose  many  exemplary  men  of  which  the  Church  of 
England  may  boast,  learned,  eminent,  and  of  spotless 
fame,  for  they  are  more  numerous  in  that  than  in  fliiy 
other  church  of  Europe :  nor  from  those  most  learned 
universities  which  constantly  send  forth  men  endued 
with  every  form  of  virtue.  .-Vnd  these  seminaries  would 
produce  a  still  greater  number  of  inestimable  scholars 
hereafter  if  sordidness  did  not  obscure  the  splendid 
light,  corruption  interrupt,  and  certain  truckling  har 
pies  and  beggars  envy  them  their  usefulness.  Nor  can 
any  one  be  so  blind  as  not  to  perceive  this — anyso  Sto- 
lid as  not  to  understand  it— any  so  perverse  as  not  to 
acknowledge  how  sacred  Theology  has  been  contami- 
nated by  those  notorious  idiots,  arid  the  celestial  Mu«e 
treated  with  profan-ftyi«  Vrlfc  tfi»Wiaj"'d'ss  souls  (says 
Luther;  lor  the  sake  of  gain,  like  flies  it  a  milkpail, 
crowd  round  the  table|ka£^l^^£bility  in  tt.\pectation 
of  a  church  lisiiAMliMl^^^^Btepur,  and\luck  into 


202 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  1.  Sec.  2 


MEMB.  IV. 

Sl'bsect.  I. — J\"'on-necessary,  remote,  outward,  adventitious,  or  accidental  causes  :  as 

first  from  the  JVurse. 

Of  those  remote,  outward,  ambient,  necessary  causes,  Ihave  sufficiently  discoursed 
ia  the  precedent  member,  the  non-necessary  follow  ;  of  which,  saith  "^  Fuchsius,  no 
art  can  be  made,  by  reason  of  their  uncertainty,  casualty,  and  multitude ;  so  called 
'•  not  necessary"  because  according  to  **  Fernelius,  '^  they  jnay  be  avoided,  and  used 
without  necessity."  Many  of  these  accidental  causes,  whicli  I  shall  entreat  of  here, 
might  have  well  been  reduced  to  the  former,  because  they  cannot  be  avoided,  but 
fatally  happen  to  us,  though  accidentally,  and  unawares,  at  some  time  or  otlier ;  the 
rest  are  contingent  and  inevitable,  and  more  properly  inserted  in  this  rank  of  causes. 
To  reckon  up  all  is  a  thing  impossible ;  of  some  tlierefore  most  remarkable  of  these 
contingent  causes  which  produce  melancholy,  I  will  briedy  Rpeak  and  in  their  order. 

From  a  child's  nativity,  the  first  ill  accident  tlmt  can  likely  befall  him  in  this  kind 
is  a  bad  nurse,  by  whose  means  alone  he  may  be  tainted  with  this  ''^malady  from  his 
cradle,  Aulus  Gellius  /.  12.  c.  1.  brings  in  Phavorinus,  that  elo(iuent  j)hil()sopher, 
pnn'ing  this  at  large,  ^^»'that  there  is  the  same  virtue  and  property  in  the  milk  as  in 
tlie  seed,  and  not  in  men  alone,  but  in  all  other  creatures ;  he  gives  instance  in  a  kid 
and  lamb,  if  either  of  them  suck  of  the  other's  milk,  the  lamb  of  the  goat's,  or  the 
kid  of  the  ewe's,  the  wool  of  the  one  will  be  hard,  and  the  hair  of  the  other  soft." 
Girdldus  Camhrcnsis  Itinerar  Cambria',  I.  I.e.  2.  confirms  this  by  a  notable  example 
which  happened  in  his  time.  A  sow-pig  by  chance  sucked  a  brach,  and  when  she 
was  grown  '*^'-' would  miraculously  hunt  all  manner  of  deer,  and  that  as  well,  or 
rather  better,  than  any  ordinary  hound."     His  conclusion  is,  '"''•that  men  andbeasta 


any  piihlic  hall  or  city  ready  to  accepl  of  any  employ- 
Diciit  liial  may  otl'er. 

••\  (liiiig  uf  wood  and  wires  by  others  played." 

Ffillowing  tlie  paste  a.-"  the  parrot,  they  xtulter  out  any- 
tiiiriL'  in  iiopes  of  reward:  ohei-quious  para«ite8,  says 
I>iistiiiis,  tt-ach.  say,  write,  admire,  approve,  contrary 
I'l  tlii-ir  conviction.  aii>lliin;  you  pleanc,  not  to  ben>'tit 
the  pt'ople  hut  to  improve  their  own  fortuues.  They 
subscrilie  to  any  opinion!'  and  decisions  contrary  to  the 
word  of  Go<l,  that  they  may  not  otfend  their  patron, 
l.ut  retain  the  favour  of  the  great,  the  applauiie  of  the 
iimllitude,  and  thtreby  acquire  riche*  for  themselves; 
for  they  approach  Theology,  not  that  they  may  perform 
a  sacred  duty,  but  make  a  fortune:  nor  to  promote  the 
interests  of  the  church,  but  to  piHage  it:  seeking^  as 
I'aul  says,  not  the  things  which  are  of  Jesus  Christ,  but 
what  may  be  their  own:  not  the  treasure  of  their  Lord, 
bill  the  enrichiitent  of  themselves  and  their  followers. 
N<<r  does  this  evil  tielong  to  those  of  humbler  birth  and 
foriunes  only,  it  possesses  the  middle  and  higher  ranks, 
bUhops  excepted. 

"O  PontiJfs,  tell  the  ellicacy  of  gold  in  sacred  mat- 
ters I"  Avarice  often  leads  the  highest  men  astray,  and 
men.  admirable  in  all  other  respects :  these  tind  a  salvo 
for  simony  ;  and,  striking  against  this  rock  of  corrup- 
tion, they  do  not  shear  but  Hay  the  flock;  and.  wher- 
ever they  teem,  plunder,  exhaust,  raze,  making  ship- 
wreck of  their  reputation,  if  not  of  their  souls  also. 
Hence  it  appears  that  this  m.ilady  did  not  flow  from 
the  humblest  to  the  highest  classes,  but  vice  ctri,a,  so 
that  the  maxim  is  true  although  spoken  in  jest — "he 
bought  first,  therefore  has  the  best  right  to  s»;ll."  For 
a  Siinoninc  (that  I  may  use  the  phraseoUigy  of  Leo)  has 
not  rec-ived  a  favour;  since  he  has  not  received  one  be 
does  not  possess  one  ;  and  since  he  does  not  |iossessone 
he  cannot  confer  one.  So  far  indeed  are  some  of  those 
who  are  placed  at  the  helm  from  promoting  others,  that 
they  completely  obstruct  them,  from  a  consciousness  of 
the  means  by  which  themselves  obtained  the  honour. 
For  he  who  iniagines  that  they  emerged  from  their  ob- 
scurity through  their  learning,  is  deceived;  indeed, 
wnoever  supposes  promotion  to  be  the  reward  of  genius, 
erudition,  e.\perience,  probity,  piety,  and  poetry  (which 
formerly  was  the  ra.«e,  but  now-a-days  is  only  promised) 

is  evidently  deranged.     How  or  when  tlii-'  t-.-.i-.i.  ,. 

menced.  I  shall  no^^M^faitMi<ii(c ;  but  ii 
ginnings.  this  a(jf|^^^^HKof  vices,  all  Ij- 
and  misen  ■-i.ljWeflW^WBBht  upon  theCli 
such  freii  i  .lit 


impus 


tures— from  this  one  fountain  spring  all  its  conspicuous 
iiiMjiiities.  I  shall  not  press  the  question  of  ambition 
and  courtly  flattery,  lest  they  may  be  chagrined  alHiiit 
luxury,  base  examples  uf  life,  which  oHend  the  honest, 
wanton  drinking  parties,  Ace.  Yet;  hence  is  that  aca- 
demic squalor,  the  muses  now  look  sad,  since  every  low 
fellow  Ignorant  of  the  arts,  by  those  very  arts  rises,  is 
promoted,  and  grows  rich,  distingiiislied  by  ambitious 
titles,  and  pufled  up  by  liis  numerous  honours;  he  just 
shows  himseff  to  the  vulgar,  and  by  his  stalily  carriage 
displays  H  species  of  iiiaje.aty.  a  remarkable  s.ilicitude, 
letting  down  a  flowing  beard,  decked  in  a  brilliant  toga 
resplendent  with  purple,  and  respected  also  on  account 
of  the  splendour  of  his  household  and  nuinhcr  of  his 
servants.  Tliere  are  certain  statues  placed  in  sacred 
edifices  that  seem  to  sink  under  their  load,  and  almost 
to  perspire,  when  in  reality  they  are  void  of  sensation, 
and  do  not  contribute  to  the  stony  stability,  so  these 
men  would  wish  to  look  like  Atlases,  when  they  are  no 
belter  than  statues  of  stone,  insignificant  scrubs,  fun- 
guses, dolts,  little  diflerent  frohi  stone.  Meanwhile 
really  learned  men,  endowed  with  all  that  can  adorn  a 
holy  life,  men  who  have  endured  the  heat  of  miil-rlay, 
by  some  unjust  lot  obey  \hi:ff  dizzards,  content  prob- 
ably with  a  miserable  salary,  known  by  honest  appel- 
lations, humble,  obscure,  allhoueh  eminently  worthy, 
needy,  leading  a  private  life  without  honour,  buried 
alive  in  some  poor  benetice,  or  incarcerated  for  ever  in 
their  college  chambers,  lying  hid  ingloriously.  Hut  I 
am  unwilling  to  stir  this  sink  any  longnr  or  any  deeper  ; 
tirnce  those  tears,  this  melancholy  habit  of  (he  iiiiise.s; 
hence  (that  I  may  speak  with  Secellius)  is  it  thiit  reli- 
gion is  brought  into  disrepute  and  amtempl,  and  the 
priegtbi>od  abject;  (and  since  this  is  so,  I  must  spfak 
out  and  use  a  filthy  wilticisin  of  the  filthy;  a  fcelid 
crowd,  poor,  sordid,  melancholy,  miserable,  despicable, 
contemptible. 

»  Proem  lib.  2.     Nulla  ars  constitiii  posef  '••Lib. 

1.  c.  I<J.  de  morlH>ruin  causis.  Quas  decliiiare  licet  aut 
nulla  necessitate  utimur.  ^  Uuo  wmel  est  imbiiia 

recens  servabit  odorem  Testa  diu.  Hit.  "'Sicut 

valet  ad  fifig>-iidas  corporis  at^iue  aiiinii  similitudines 
vis  et  natura  seminis,  sic  qiioque  laclis  proprielas. 
\e^ue  id  in  hominihus  solum,  sed  in  p^'rinlibiiii  ani- 
madversum.  .Vain  si  oviiim  lacte  hredi  aut  raiirhrum 
aL'ni  alereiitur.  constat  fieri  in  his  lannni  diiriorem.  m 
illis  capilluin  gigiii  sevrriorein.  ''.Adulla  in  ferariiin 
pi-rseqiiiitione  ad   niirarulum  iisqu"  sa:.'rix  **  rai* 

.'iiiMfi.il  i;'i"iMih>jt  umiin  V.r.,..  ,1.  vMi^Miu^acls  IHIiri 
tiir.  iiaiiirain  contrahii. 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  1.]  JVurse,  a  Cause.  203 

participate  of  her  nature  and  conditions  by  whose  milk  they  are  fed."     Phavorinus 
urges  It  farther,  and  demonstrates  it  more  evidently,  that  if  a  nurse  be  «' "  misshapen 
unchaste,  dishonest,  impudent,  ^-' cruel,  or  the  like,  the  child  that  sucks  upon  her 
breast  wdl  be  so  too ;"  all  other  affections  of  the  mind  and  diseases  are  almost 
ingrafted,  as  it  were,  and  imprinted  into  the  temperature  of  the  infant,  by  the  nurse's 
milk ;  as  pox,  leprosy,  melancholy,  &c.     Cato  for  some  such  reason  would  mak^ 
his  servants'  chddren  suck  upon  his  wife's  breast,  because  by  that  means  they  would 
love  him   and  his  the  better,  and  in  all  likelihood  agree  with  them.     A  more  evi- 
dent example  that  the  minds    are  altered  by  milk  cannot  be  given,  than  that  of 
Dion,  which  he  relates  of  Caligula's  cruelty;  it  could  neither  be  imputed  to  father 
nor  mother,  but  .to  his  cruel  nurse  alone,  that  anointed  her  paps  with  blood  still  when 
he  sucked,  which  made  him  such  a  murderer,  and  to  express  her  cruelty  to  a  hair  • 
and  that  of  Tiberius,  who  was  a  common  drunkard,  because  his  nurse  was  such  a 
one      Ef.  SI  delirafuerit  {''  one  observes)  infantulum  dclirum  faciei,  if  she  be  a  fool 
or  colt,  the  child  she  nurseth  will  take  after  her,  or  otherwise  be  misaffected  ■  which 
Fi-anciscus  Barbarus  I  2.  c.  ult.  dc  re  uxorid  proves  at  full,  and  Ant.  Guivarra,  lib  2 
d>:  Marco  Aureho  :  the  child  will  surely  participate.     For  bodily  sickness  there  is 
•     no  doubt  to  be  made.     Titus,  Vespasian's  son,  was  therefore  sickly,  because  the 
nurse  was  so,  Lampridius.     And  if  we  may  believe  physicians,  many  times  chddren 
catch  the  pox  from  a  bad  nurse,  Botaldus  cap.  Gl.de  he  vener.     Besides  evil  attend 
ance,  negligence,  and  many  gross  inconveniences,  which  are  incident  to  nurses,  much 
danger  may  so  come  to  the  child.     ^^For  these  causes  Aristotle  Polit.  lib.  7.  c.  17. 
Phavoiunus  and  Marcus  Aurelius  would  not  have  a  child  put  to  nurse  at  all,  but  every 
mother  to  bring  up  her  own,  of  what  condition  soever  she  be ;  for  a  sound  and  able 
mother  to  put  out  her  child  to  nurse,  is  naturce  intcmperics,  so  ''^  Guatso  calls  it,  'tis 
fit  therefore  she  should  be  nurse  herself;  the  mother  will  be  more  careful,  loving 
and  attendant,  than  any  servile  woman,  or  such  hired  creatures ;  this  all  the  world 
acknowledgeth,  convenientissimum  est  (as  Rod.  a  Castro  de  nat.  mulierum.  lib.  4.  c 
12.  m  many  words  confesseth)  jnatrem  ipsam  lactare  infantcm,  "  It  is  most  fit  that 
tlie  mother  should  suckle  her  own  infant"— who  denies  that  it  should  be  so .?— and 
which  some  women  most  curiously  observe;   amongst  the  rest,  "that  queen   of 
France,  a  Spaniard  by  birth,  that  was  so  precise  and  zealous  in  this  behalf,  that  when 
111  her  absence  a  strange  nurse  had  suckled  her  child,  she  was  never  quiet  till  she 
had  made  the  infant  vomit  it  up  again.     But  she  was  too  jealous.     If  it  be  so,  as 
many  times  it  is,  they  must  be  put  forth,  the  mother  be  not  fit  or  well  able  to  be  a 
nurse,  I  would  then  advise  such  mothers,  as  »« Plutarch  doth  in  his  book  de  liberis 
cdacundis,  and  ^^S.  Ilierom,  li.  2.  episi.  27.  Lcptca  de  institut.  fil.  Mamiinus  part  2. 
Rr'g.  sand.  cap.  7.  and  the  said  Rodericus,  that  they  make  choice  of  a  sound  woman, 
of  a  good  complexion,  honest,  free  from  bodily  diseases,  if  it  be  possible,  all  pas- 
sions and  perturbations  of  the  mind,  as  sorrow,  fear,  grief,  '«>  folly,  melancholy.     For 
such  passions  corrupt  the  milk,  and  alter  the  temperature  of  the  child,  which  now 
being  '  Udum  et  molle  hitum,  "  a  moist  and  soft  clay,"  is  easily  seasoned  and  per- 
verted.^    And  if  such  a  nurse  may  be  found  out,  that  will  be  diligent  and  careful 
withal,  let  Phavorinus  and  M.  Aurelius  plead  how  they  can  against  it,  I  had  rather 
accept  of  her  in  some  cases  than  the  mother  herself,  and  which  Bonacialus  the  phy- 
sycian,  Nic.  Biesius  the  politician,  lib.  4.  de  repub.  cap.  8.  approves, '"  Some  nurses 
are  much  to  be  preferred   to  some  mothers."     For  why  may  not  the  mother  be 
naught,  a  peevish  drunken  flirt,  a  waspish  choleric  slut,  a  crazed  piece,  a  fool  (as 
many  mothers  are),  unsound  as  soon  as  the  nurse  .?     There  is  more  choice  of  nurses 
than  mothers ;  and  therefore  except  the  mother  be  most  virtuous,  staid,  a  woman  of 
excellent  good  parts,  and  of  a  sound  complexion,  1  would  have  all  children  in  such 
cases  committed  to  discreet  strangers.     And  'tis  the  only  way ;  as  by  marriao-e  they 
are  ingrafted  to  other  families   to  alter  the  breed,  or  "if  anything  be  amiss°in  the 
mother,  as  Ludovicus  Mercatus  contends,  Tom  2.  lib.  de  morb.  hcBved.  to  prevent 

"Iniproba,  inforniis  impiidica.teraulenta  nutrix,  &c.  1  *^Uh.  3.  de  civ.  convers.  STSteohaniH  ^To  2 

i'n   P  .       '   r     r  ,r  =  V     ^^W'u\  ?  H'/-^^"=Bq"e  |  «  \utrix  non  s.t  lasciva-aut  te.nulonta.  H,er.      >oo  Pro- 

■.^  \     1.  r.  '\'  ^•'-cK'''-  h'st.  »°Ne  ii.sitiv,.  lactis    iiiterdum  matribus  sunt  meliores 

alimeuto    d^geiicretcorpus,  et  animus    corruuipatur.  |  ^^^^y||c^u[» 


204 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  1.  See.  2. 


diseases  and  future  maladies,  to  correct  and  qualify  the  child's  ill-disposed  tempera- 
ture,  which  he  had  from  his  parents.  This  is  an  excellent  remedy,  if  good  choice 
be  made  of  such  a  nurse. 


Sub  SECT.  II. — Education  a  Cause  of  Melancholy. 

Education,  of  these  accidental  causes  of  Melancholy,  may  justly  challenge  the 
next  place,  for  if  a  man  escape  a  bad  nurse,  he  may  be  undone  by  evil  bringing  up. 
'Jason  Pratensis  puts  this  of  education  for  a  principal  cause;  bad  parents,  stop-mo- 
thers, tutors,  masters,  teachers,  too  rigorous,  too  severe,  too  remiss  or  indulgent  on 
the  other  side,  are  often  fountains  and  furtherers  of  this  disease.  Parents  and  such 
as  have  the  tuition  and  oversight  of  children,  oflend  many  times  in  that  they  are  too 
stern,  always  threatening,  chiding,  brawling,  wliipping,  or  striking;  by  moans  of 
which  their  poor  children  are  so  disheartened  and  cowed,  that  they  never  after  have 
any  courage,  a  merry  hour  in  their  lives,  or  take  pleasure  in  anything.  There  is  a 
great  moderation  to  be  had  in  such  things,  as  matters  of  so  great  moment  to  the 
making  or  marring  of  a  child.  Some  fright  their  children  with  beggars,  bugbears, 
and  hobgoblins,  if  they  cry,  or  be  otherwise  unruly :  but  they  are  much  to  blame  in 
it,  many  times,  saith  Lavater,  de  spectris,  part  1,  cap.  5.  ex  m^fu  in  morbos  graves 
incidunt  et  noctu  dormientes  clamant.,  for  fear  they  fall  into  many  diseases,  and  cry 
out  in  their  sleep,  and  are  much  the  worse  for  it  all  their  lives  :  these  things  ought 
not  at  all,  or  to  be  sparingly  done,  and  upon  just  occasion.  Tyrannical,  iinpatient, 
hair-brain  schoolmasters,  aridi  7twgistri,  so  *  Fabius  terms  them,  Ajaccs  fagrUfrri.^ 
are  in  this  kind  as  bad  as  hangmen  and  executioners,  they  make  many  children 
endure  a  martyrdom  all  the  while  they  are  at  school,  with  bad  diet,  if  they  board  in 
their  htiuses,  too  much  severity  and  ill-usage,  they  quite  pervert  their  temperature  of 
body  and  mind  :  still  chiding,  railing,  frowning,  lashing,  tasking,  keeping,  that  they 
arefracti  animis,  moped  many  times,  weary  of  their  lives,  ^  nimia  severilate  drficiitnt 
et  desperant,  and  think  no  slavery  in  the  world  (as  once  I  did  myself)  like  to  that 
of  a  grammar  scholar.  Praiceptomm  im^pliis  discruciantur  ingenia  purroritm,^sai\h 
Erasmus,  they  tremble  at  his  voice,  looks,  coming  in.  St.  Austin,  in  the  first  book 
of  his  confess,  et  4  ca.  calls  this  schooling  meliculosam  necessitatem.,  and  elsewhere 
a  martyrdom,  and  confesseth  of  himself,  how  cruelly  he  was  tortured  in  mind  for 
learning  Greek,  nulla  verba  noveram^  et  sctvis  tcrroribus  et  pcenis,  ut  nossem.,  insta- 
butur  mihi  vehcmenter.,  I  know  nothing,  and  with  cruel  terrors  and  punishment  1  was 
daily  compelled.  '  Beza  complains  in  like  case  of  a  rigorous  schoolmaster  in  Paris, 
that  made  him  by  his  continual  thunder  and  threats  once  in  a  mind  to  drown  him- 
self, had  he  not  met  by  the  way  with  an  uncle  of  his  that  vindicated  him  frcjm  that 
misery  for  the  time,  by  taking  him  to  his  house.  Trincavellius,  lib.  I.  crmsil.  16. 
had  a  patient  nineteen  years  of  age,  extremely  melancholy,  ob  nimium  stndiuin,  Tur- 
vitii  et  prcBceptoris  minas,  by  reason  of  ovemnich  study,  and  his  "  tutor's  threats. 
Many  masters  are  hard-hearted,  and  bitter  to  their  servants,  and  by  that  means  do  so 
deject,  with  terrible  speeches  ami  hard  useige  so  crucify  them,  that  tliey  become  des- 
perate, and  can  never  be  recalled. 

Others  again,  in  that  opposite  extreme,  do  as  great  harm  by  their  too  much  remiss- 
ness, they  give  them  no  bringing  up,  no  calling  to  busy  themselves  about,  or  to  live 
in,  teach  them  no  trade,  or  set  them  in  any  good  course  ;  by  means  of  which  their 
servants,  children,  scholars,  are  carried  away  with  that  stream  of  drunkenness,  idle- 
ness, gaming,  and  many  such  irregular  courses,  that  in  the  end  they  rue  it,  curse 
their  parents,  and  mischief  themselves.  Too  much  indulgence  causeth  the  like, 
^inepta  patris  lenitas  et  facilitas  prava^  when  as  Milio-like,  with  loo  much  liberty 
and  too  great  allowance,  they  feed  their  children's  humours,  let  them  revel,  weiich, 
riot,  swagger,  and  do  what  they  will  themselves,  and  then  punish  them  with  a  noise 
of  musicians ; 


3  Lib.  (Ic  morbid  capitis,  cap.  de  mania  ;  Baud  po$tre- 
ma  causa  siippiil;itiir  »"lii'a!i'>.  int'>r  liri'^  rri<*iitiJ  abalie- 
natioiiis  caiisas.     Injii.-.ia  iiuv..ri,a.  <i,i'.    J  cap.  4. 

*  Idem.  Ki  qiiuil   maxime  iiocet,  dum   in    tintTis   ita 
limenMiilii^iMantur.        c^^Jlh^Ullilil  faculties  are 


perverted  by  the  indiscretion  of  the  master."  '  Prrfat 
ad  Tcstam.  'Plus  mentis  pRdagopico  supercilio  ab- 
stulit,  quam  unquaiii  praiccptis  BUis  sapientiK  intlllla- 
vit.         'Ter.  Adel.  3.  4. 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  3.]    hrtucation, —  Terrors  and  AffrigJitSy  Causes.  206 

10"  Obsnnet,  potPt,  oleat  unguenta  dp  meo: 

Aiiiat?  dabilur  a  me  argentuni  ubi  erit  coramodum. 
F(ircs  effresjit  ?  restitueiitnr :  descidit 

Vestem  ?  resarcietur. Facial  quod  lubet, 

Suiiiat,  coiisuiiiat,  perdat,  decretum  est  pati." 

But  as  Demeo  told  him,  iu  ilium  corrumpi  sinis,  your  lenity  will  be  his  undoino 
prcevidere  vide  or  jam  diem  ilium,  quum  hie  egens  profugiet  aliquo  militatum,  I  fore 
see  his  ruin.  So  parents  often  err,  many  fond  mothers  especially,  doat  so  much  upon 
their  children,  like  "  ^Esop's  ape,  till  in  the  end  they  crush  them  to  death,  Corporum 
nutrices  animarum  noverccE.,  pampering  up  their  bodies  to  the  undoing  of  their  souls  : 
they  will  not  let  them  be  '^  corrected  or  controlled,  but  still  soothed  up  in  everything 
tliey  do,  that  in  conclusion  "  they  bring  sorrow,  shame,  heaviness  to  their  parents 
(^Ecclus.  cf/p.  XXX.  8,  9),  become  wanton,  stubborn,  wilful,  and  disobedient;  rude, 
untaught,  headstrong,  incorrigible,  and  graceless ;"  "  they  love  them  so  foolishly," 
saith  '^  Cardan,  "•  that  tliey  rather  seem  to  hate  them,  bringing  them  not  up  to  virtue 
but  injury,  not  to  learning  but  to  riot,  not  to  sober  life  and  conversation,  but  to  all 
pleasure  and  licentious  behaviour."  Who  is  he  of  so  little  experience  that  knows 
not  this  of  Fabius  to  be  true }  '"' "  Education  is  another  nature,  altering  the  mind 
and  will,  and  I  would  to  God  (saitli  he)  we  ourselves  did  not  spoil  our  children''s 
manners,  by  our  overmuch  cockering  and  nice  education,  and  weaken  the  strength 
of  their  bodies  and  minds,  that  causeth  custom,  custom  nature,"  &c.  For  these 
causes  Plutarch  in  his  book  de  lib.  educ.  and  Hierom.  epist.  lib.  1.  epist.  17.  to  L(eta 
d'  instilut.  Jilia.,  gives  a  most  especial  charge  to  all  parents,  and  many  good  cautions 
about  bringing  up  of  children,  that  they  be  not  committed  to  indiscreet,  passionate, 
bedlam  tutors,  light,  giddy-headed,  or  covetous  persons,  and  spare  for  no  cost,  that 
they  may  be  well  nurtured  and  taught,  it  being  a  matter  of  so  great  consequence. 
l''or  such  pareiits  as  do  otherwise,  Plutarch  esteems  of  them  '^"  that  are  more  careful 
of  their  shoes  than  of  their  feet,"  that  rate  their  wealth  above  their  children.  And 
he,  saith  '^ Cardan,  "that  leaves  his  son  to  a  covetous  schoolmaster  to  be  informed, 
or  to  a  close  Abbey  to  fast  and  learn  wisdom  together,  doth  no  other,  than  that  he 
be  a  learned  fool,  or  a  sickly  wise  man." 

SuBSECT.  III. —  Terrors  and  Affrights.,  Causes  of  Melancholy. 

TuLLV,  in  the  fourth  of  his  Tusculans,  distinguishes  these  terrors  which  arise 
from  the  apprehension  of  some  terrible  object  heard  or  seen,  from  other  fears,  and  so 
doili  Patritius  lib.  5.  Tit.  4.  dc  regis  institut.  Of  all  fears  they  are  most  pernicious 
and  violent,  and  so  suddenly  alter  the  whole  temperature  of  the  body,  move  the  soul 
and  spirits,  strike  such  a  deep  impression,  that  the  parties  can  never  be  recovered, 
causing  more  grievous  and  fiercer  melancholy,  as  Felix  Plater,  c.'S.  de  mentis  alienat. " 
speaks  out  of  his  experience,  than  any  inward  cause  whatsoever:  "and  imprints 
itself  so  forcibly  in  the  spirits,  brain,  humours,  that  if  all  the  mass  of  blood  were  let 
out  of  the  body,  it  could  hardly  be  extracted.  This  horrible  kind  of  melancholy 
(for  so  he  terms  it)  had  been  often  brought  before  him,  and  troubles  and  affrights 
C4)mmonly  men  and  women,  young  and  old  of  all  sorts."  '*  Hercules  de  Saxonia 
calls  this  kind  of  melancholy  [ab  agitatinnc  spiriluum)  by  a  peculiar  name,  it  comes 
from  the  agitation,  motion,  contraction,  dilatation  of  spirits,  not  from  any  distemper- 
ature  of  humours,  and  produceth  strong  eflects.     This  terror  is  most  usually  caused, 


w  Idem,  Ac.  I.  sc.  2.  "Let  liiiii  feast,  drinjt,  perfume 
himself  at  my  expense:  If  he  be  in  love,  I  shall  supply 
him  with  rncitiey.  Has  he  broken  in  the  gat«s?  they 
shall  be  rttpaired.  Has  he  torn  his  garments?  they  shall 
be  replaced.  Let  him  do  what  he  pleases,  take,  spend, 
waste,  I  .Tin  resolved  to  submit."  "Camerarius  em. 
77.  cent.  2.  hath  elegantly  expressed  it  anembleuK  per- 
(lit  aiiiaiido,  itc.  '*  Prov.  xiii.  24.  "  He  that  spareth 
llie  rod  hates  liis  son."  '3  Lib.  de  consol.  Tain  Stulle 
piieros  diligimns  iit  odisse  potius  videamur,  illos  non 
ad  virliitiiii  sell  ad  injuriani,  non  ad  eruditionem  sed 
a. I  iuxuiii,  non  ad  virlutem  sed  voluptatem  educantes. 
"  Lib.  1.  c.  :i.  Kducatio  altera  iiatura,  alterat  aminos  et 
viiliinlaicni.atfiiie  iitinam  (inquit)  liberoruin  nostrorum 

iii'ires  ]  \\>M  piTil'Tciniis,  (luiini  iiil'aiitj:im  .statnn  ili-- 

111  11.- :?uliiiuuii«ui<)niOr  isra  cducatio,  quam  linlui^. n- 
"'Voeamus,  itetKOs  uiuiies,  «(  mentis  ct  c 


frangit ;  fit  ex  his  consuetudo,  inde  natnra.  is  Perinde 
agit  ac  siquis  de  calceo  sit  sollicitiis,  pedem  nihil  cnret. 
Juven.  Nil  patri  minus  est  qiiam  filius.  i^Lib.  3.  de 
sapient:  qui  avans  pa>dagogis  pueros  alendos  dant,  vel 
clausosin  ccenohiis  jejunare  simul  et  sapere,  nihil  aliud 
agunt,  nisi  ul  siiit  vel  non  sine  stultitia  eruditi,  vel  non 
Integra  vita  supientes.  "Terror  et  metus  maxime 

ex  improviso  accedentes  ita  ajiiinum  commovent,  ut 
spiritiis  nunquain  recuperent,  gravioremque  melancho- 
liam  terror  facit.  quam  quie  ab  interna  causa  fit.  Im- 
pressio  tarn  fortis  in  spiritibus  humoribusque  cerebri, 
ut  extracta  tota  sanguinea  uiassa,  <egre  exprimatur,  et 
hjBc  horrenda  species  nielancholise  frequenter  oblata 
mihi,  omnes  exerci(«^jii^s,juvenes,  senes.  isTract. 
de  melaii.  cap.  7. et BTnpD §b intemperie, si'd  agitatione, 
lilatatione,  coutra^§|^^Bg{ji^  gpirituum. 


206  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

as  "Plutarch  will  have,  "from  some  imminent  danger,  when  a  terrible  object  is  ai 
hand,"  heard,  seen,  or  conceived,  ^°"  truly  appearing,  or  in  a  ^' dream :"  and  many 
times  the  more  sudden  the  accident,  it  is  the  more  violent. 

^"Stnt  terror  aiiiinis,  et  cor  altoiiituin  salit,  I      "Their  soul's  affrisjlit,  their  heart  arnazed  quakes, 

i'avidiiinqiie  trbjjidis  palpitut  veiiin  jecur."  |        The  trembling  liver  pants  i'  th'  veins,  and  achas." 

Arthemedorus  the  grammarian  1  >«t  his  wits  by  the  unexpected  sight  of  a  crocodile, 
Laurentius  7.  de  mclan.  ^The  massacre  at  Lyons,  1572,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  IX., 
was  so  terrible  and  fearful,  that  many  ran  mad,  some  died,  great-bellied  women  were 
brought  to  bed  before  their  time,  generally  all  affrighted  aghast.  Many  lose  their 
wits  ^* "  by  the  sudden  sight  of  some  spectrum  or  devil,  a  thing  wery  common  in  all 
ages,"  saiih  Lavater  jirtr/  1.  cap.  9.  as  Orestes  did  at  the  sight  of  the  Furies,  which 
appeared  to  him  in  black  (as  ^^Pausanias  records).  The  Greeks  call  themjno|j^o>.ij;tfM*' 
which  so  terrify  their  souls,  or  if  they  be  but  affrighted  by  some  counterfeit  devils 
in  jest, 

s" "  ut  pueri  trepidant,  atque  omnia  cse^is 

In  tencbris  nietuunl" 

as  children  in  the  dark  conceive  hobgoblins,  and  are  so  afraid,  they  are  the  worse  for 
it  all  their  lives.  Some  by  sudden  fires,  earthquakes,  inunilations,  or  any  such  di^^mal 
objects :  Themison  the  physician  fell  into  a  hydrophobia,  by  seeing  one  sick  of  that 
disease:  (^Dioscorides  I.  0.  c.  33.)  orby  the  sight  of  a  monater,  a  carcase,  they  are 
disquieted  many  months  following,  and  cannot  endure  the  room  where  a  corpse  hath 
been,  for  a  world  would  not  be  alone  with  a  dead  man,  or  lie  in  that  bed  many  years 
after  in  which  a  man  hath  died.  At  ^  Basil  many  little  children  in  the  spring-time 
went  to  g-ather  flowers  in  a  meadow  at  tlie  town's  end,  where  a  malefactor  hung  in 
gibbets ;  all  gazing  at  it,  one  by  chance  flung  a  stone,  and  made  it  stir,  by  w  liich 
accident,  the  children  affrighted  ran  away;  one  slower  than  the  rest^  looking  back, 
and  seeing  the  stirred  carcase  wag  toward.^  her,  cried  out  it  came  after,  and  was  so 
terribly  atfi-ighted,  that  for  many  days  she  could  not  rest,  eat,  or  sleep,  she  could  not 
be  pacified,  but  melancholy,  died.  *•  In  the  same  town  another  child,  beyond  the 
Rhine,  saw  a  grave  opened,  and  upon  the  sight  of  a  carcase,  was  so  troubled  in  mind 
that  she  could  not  be  comforted,  but  a  little  after  departed,  and  was  buried  by  it. 
Platerus  observat.  I.  I,  a  geiulewonian  of  the  same  city  saw  a  fat  hog  cut  up,  when 
the  entrails  were  opened,  and  a  noisome  savour  oifended  her  nose,  she  much  mis- 
liked,  and  would  not  longer  abide :  a  physician  in  presence,  told  her,  as  tfiat  hog,  so 
was  she,  tiiU  of  filthy  excrements,  and  aggravated  tlie  matter  by  some  other  loath- 
some instances,  insomuch,  this  nice  gentlewoman  apprehended  it  so  deeply,  that  she 
fell  forthwith  a-voraiting,  was  so  mightily  distempered  in  mind  and  body,  that  with 
all  his  art  and  persuasions,  for  some  months  after,  be  could  not  restore  her  to  her- 
self again,  she  could  not  forget  it,  or  remove  the  object  out  of  her  sight,  Idem. 
Many  cannot  endure  to  see  a  wound  opened,  but  they  are  offended  :  a  man  executed, 
or  labour  of  any  fearful  disease,  as  possession,  apoplexies,  one  bewitched;  *or  if 
they  read  by  chance  of  some  terrible  thing,  the  symptoms  alone  of  such  a  disease, 
or  that  which  they  dislike,  they  are  instantly  troubled  in  mind,  aghast,  ready  to  apjily 
it  to  themselves,  they  are  as  much  disquieted  as  if  they  had  seen  it,  or  were  so 
affected  tliemselves.  Hecatas  sibi  vidtntur  somniare.,  they  dream  and  continually 
think  of  it.  As  lamentable  effects  are  caused  by  such  terrible  objects  heard,  read,  or 
seen,  auditiis  maxhtios  motus  in  corpore  facit,  as  '"Plutarch  holds,  no  sense  makes 
greater  alteration  of  body  and  mind :  sudden  speech  sometimes,  unexpected  news, 
be  they  good  or  bad,  prcevisa  minius  oralio^  will  move  as  much,  animum  obrucn,  it 
de  sede  su,)  dejiccre^  as  a  *'  philosopher  obsen'es,  will  take  away  our  sleep  and  appe- 
tite, disturb  and  quite  overturn  us.  Let  them  bear  witness  that  have  heard  those 
tragical  alarms,  outcries,  hideous  noises,  which  are  many  times  suddenly  heard  in 

'"Lib.   de  fort,  et  virtnt.     Alex,   prsesertiin    inenntc  I  rentes,  &c.  mn-gta  et  melancholicadoniuin  ndiit  |x  r  die* 
pericMlo,  nhi  res  prope  a^l^^nnt  lerribilt-s.  *<  Fit  a  I  aliquot  ve.xata.  dum  rnorlua  e^t.  I'l.Tlcr.  "^  Aitera 

vitiinne  horrenda,  revera  apparente,  vel  (x-r  in^uninia,  trHiisRheiiana  iiigrecua  ccpuklirnni  receiif  ni«Tlum, 
I'latTus.  2' A  painter's  wife  in   Basil,  liAU.     Soru- I  VKlit  cadaver,  el  duiiiuiii  suhito    reverj^a    piitiivit   earn 

iiinvit  filinin  belln  niDrtinnn,  inde  Melancliolica  cmiiio-  |  vocare,  poi^t  paucos  dies  ubiil.  pro.iinin  s>  pnli  liro  rol- 
lari  nuliiit.  ■-■:<,,,,,■    llt.ri-    ii.i  -' U  '"•'  ■  "-irs     locata.     Altera   patii"'!"'"    '•■'■'    i>rn  iira-ii-.   iiM-(n>-tiai 

roiiimeiil.  (i'  ■!>   i.i  tial;;  'j.  I  ne  iirhe  exclusa  illi  mi'le    iii-l.iiii  Imhca 

\^7-i.         ^ 't  uMiiiiiii  aliqiii  .1- I  firta.  t>er  rniilto&^i.  rini.rn".         -"iJiibi. 


uiitiir    <"  eip    ■ .         :  ■  :.    tilili  eat.  *>  l,i:.^  '■■-  ■  ■  ■  •■CaU«"**Bp™"'  '  ■        ■  ^■■lUiit]'- JtJ^l 

aoLucr.c.  ^JiugUMMMMgg^iii  iir.li  1.  ProdrODKli  Ijb.  2.  Autoril~ 


'  rniilto&^ii. 


Ulem.  4.  Subs.  4.]     Terrors  and  Affrights^  Scoffs,  Sfc,  Causes.  207 

the  (lead  of  the  night  by  irruption  of  enemies  and  accidental  fires,  &lc.,  those  "^  panic 
fears,  which  often  drive  men  out  of  their  wits,  bereave  them  of  sense,  understanding 
and  all,  some  for  a  time,  some  for  their  whole  lives,  they  never  recover  it.  The 
^'Midianiles  were  so  affrighted  by  Gideon's  soldiers,  they  breaking  but  every  one  a 
pitcher ;  and  ^^  Hannibal's  army  by  such  a  panic  fear  was  discomfited  at  the  walls  of 
Rome.  Augusta  Livia  hearing  a  few  tragical  verses  recited  out  of  Virgil,  Tu  Mar- 
cellus  erls,  (^c,  fell  down  dead  in  a  swoon.  Edinus  king  of  Denmark,  by  a  sudden 
sound  which  he  heard,  ^^'' was  turned  into  fury  with  all  his  men,"  Cranzius,  /.  5, 
Dan.  hist,  et  Alexander  ah  Alexandro  I.  3.  c.  5.  Amatus  Lusitanus  had  a  patient, 
that  by  reason  of  bad  tidings  became  epilepticus,  cen.2.  cura  90,  Cardan  subtil.  1. 18, 
saw  one  that  lost  his  wits  by  mistaking  of  an  echo.  If  one  sense  alone  can  cause 
such  violent  commotions  of  the  mind,  what  may  we  think  when  hearuig,  sight,  and 
those  other  senses  are  all  troubled  at  once .''  as  by  some  earthquakes,  thunder,  light- 
ning, tempests,  Stc.  At  Bologna  in  Italy,  Anno  1504,  there  was  such  a  fearful  eartlt- 
quake  about  eleven  o'clock  in  the  night  (as  ^''Beroaldus  in  his  book  de  terrce  motu.,  hath 
commended  to  posterity)  that  all  the  city  trembled,  the  people  thought  the  world  was 
at  an  end,  actum  de  mortalibus.,  such  a  fearful  noise,  it  made  such  a  detestable  smell, 
the  inhabitajits  were  infinitely  affrighted,  and  some  ran  mad.  Audi  rem  afrocem,  ct 
annalihus  memorandam  (mine  author  adds),  hear  a  strange  story,  and  worthy  to  be 
chronicled :  I  had  a  servant  at  the  same  time  called  Fulco  Argelanus,  a  bold  and 
proper  man,  so  gi-ievously  terrified  with  it,  that  he  ^''  was  first  melancholy,  after  doted, 
at  last  mad,  and  made  away  hhnself.  At  ^  Fuscinura  in  Japona  "  there  was  sucli  an 
earthquake,  and  darkness  on  a  sudden,  that  many  men  were  ofl"ended  with  headache, 
many  overwhelmed  with  sorrow  and  melancholy.  At  Meacum  whole  streets  and 
goodly  palaces  were  overturned  at  the  same  time,  and  there  was  such  a  hideous  noise 
withal,  like  thunder,  and  filthy  smell,  that  their  hair  stared  for  fear,  and  their  hearts 
quaked,  men  and  beasts  were  incredibly  terrified.  In  Sacai,  another  city,  tlie  same 
earthquake  was  so  terrible  unto  them,  that  many  were  bereft  of  their  senses ;  and 
others  by  that  horrible  spectacle  so  much  amazed,  that  they  knew  not  what  they 
did."  Blasius  a  christian,  the  reporter  of  the  news,  was  so  affrighted  for  his  part, 
that  though  it  were  two  montiis  after,  he  was  scarce  his  own  man,  neither  could  he 
drive  the  remembrance  of  it  out  of  his  mind,  ftlany  times,  some  years  following, 
they  will  tremble  afresh  at  the  "^  remembrance  or  conceit  of  such  a  terrible  object, 
even  all  their  lives  long,  if  mention  be  made  of  it.  Cornelius  Agrippa  relates  out 
of  Guliehnus  Parisiensis,  a  story  of  one,  that  after  a  distasteful  purge  which  a  phy- 
sician had  prescribed  unto  him,  was  so  much  moved,  ''""'that  at  the  very  sight  of 
physic  he  would  be  distempered,"  though  he  never  so  much  as  smelled  to  it,  the  box 
of  physic  long  after  would  give  him  a  purge;  nay,  the  very  remembrance  of  it  did 
effect  it;  '""like  travellers  and  seamen,"  saith  Plutarch,  "that  when  thev  have  been 
sanded,  or  dashed  on  a  rock,  for  ever  after  fear  not  that  mischance  only,  but  all  such 
dangers  whatsoever." 

SuBSECT.  IV. — Scoffs,  Calumnies,  hitter  Jests,  hoto  they  cause  Melancholy. 

It  is  an  old  saying,  ''""A  blow  with  a  word  strikes  deeper  than  a  blow  with  a 
sword  :"  and  many  men  are  as  much  galled  with  a  calumny,  a  scurrilous  and  bitter 
jest,  a  libel,  a  pasquil,  satire,  apologue,  epigram,  stage-play  or  the  like,  as  with  any 
misfortune  whatsoever.  Princes  and  potentates,  that  are  otherwise  happy,  and  have 
all  at  command,  secure  and  free,  quihus  potent ia  sceleris  impiinitatcm  fecit,  are  griev- 
ously vexed  with  these  pasquilling  libels,  and  satires:  they  fear  a  railing  **Aretine. 
more  than  an  enemy  in  ihe  field,  which  made  most  princes  of  his  time  (as  soi;ie 
relate)  "  allow  him  a  liberal  pension,  that  he  should  not  tax  them  in  his  satires."  '^ 


^-  Effuso  cerneiis  fugieiites  agniine  tiirmas,  Qiiis  nva 
nunc  iiitlal  corniia  Fauriiis  ait.  Alciat.  eiiihl.  122. 
S3  Jii<i.  6.  19.  31  Pliitarclius  vita  ejus.  as  i,,  furorein 
rum  sotiis  versus,  so  gubjtarius  telra;  motus.  svt'a'pjt 
iiide  desipere  cum  dispeiidio  sanitatis,  hide  adeoileim-n- 
tan.-!,  ut  sibi  ipsi  ranrtem  iuferret.  s*  Historica  relutio 
de  rebus  Japoiiicis  Tract.  2.  de  leeat.  r^jris  Chinensis,  a 
Lodnvicn  Frnis  Jesnita.  A.  la'.ui.  Fuscini  di^rcpeute 
taiit.i  :uri,- nili::,.  I  t    tcTra-iuoIjis,  ut   inuUi   capitr  dull 


videretur,  tantanique,  &;c.  Ju  urbe  Sacai  tarn  horrificus 
fuit,  ut  hoiuiiiHS  VI X  sul  computes  cs.seiit  ii  ?e::si,'iiis 
ahalietiati,  mtBrore  oppress!  tarn  horriMido  >pectaculo, 
&.C.  3aQ^|,|,,„  subit  illius  tristissinia  noctis  liii^^n. 
'"(iui  sojo  aspectu  mediriiii  movehatur  ad  pur^anduin. 
"Situt  viatores  si  .ul  >.i\iiHi  impezerint.  aut  naut*. 
meiiiores  sul  casus  n  i  i  !  i  niipdo  qua;  otfi-ndiint,  sed 
et  similia  horrent  pii  |h  tio  (  t  iirmtuit.  *'  Levi  tor 

volant  cravitcr  vulneraiit.    lieruar.io.^.         <^Eusissau- 


pliM  Ml  n- cor  mocrore  et  iriclancliolia  oiiru<'rrtur.  !  cial  corpus,  11161116111  scrinp.  «S*;iatis  luui  es.se  qui 

Tantum  freuiituui^diibat.  ut  touitru  fragorebi  luiitan  1  a  neminefeiB.c»L8Ui<JMMhtaML0a  illuatre^ipeiidiuin 


208  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2 

The  Gods  had  their  Momus,  Homer  his  Zoihis,  Achilles  his  Thersites,  Philip  his 
Demades :  the  Caesars  themselves  in  Rome  were  commonly  taunted.  There  was 
never  wanting  a  Petronius,  a  Lucian  in  those  times,  nor  will  be  a  Rabelais,  an 
Fuphormio,  a  Boccalinus  in  ours.  Adrian  the  sixth  pope  *^  was  so  highly  offended, 
and  grievously  vexed  with  Pasquillers  at  Rome,  he  gave  command  that  his  statue 
should  be  demolished  and  burned,  the  ashes  flung  into  the  river  Tiber,  and  had  done 
it  forthwith,  had  not  Ludovicus  Suessanus,  a  facete  companion,  dissuaded  him  to  the 
contrary,  by  telling  him,  that  Pasquil's  ashes  wonld  turn  to  frogs  in  the  bottom  of 
the  river,  and  croak  worse  and  londer  than  before, — grntis  irritahdc  valwn,  and 
therefore  ■'^  Socrates  in  Plato  adviseth  all  his  friends,  "  that  respect  their  credits,  to 
stand  in  awe  of  poets,  for  they  are  terrible  fellows,  can  praise  and  dispraise  as  they 
see  cause."  Hinc  qtiavi  sit  calamus  sctvior  ense  patct.  The  propliet  David  com- 
plains. Psalm  cxxiii.  4.  "  that  his  soul  was  full  of  the  mocking  of  the  wealthy,  and 
of  the  dcspitefuhiess  of  the  proud,"  and  Psalm  Iv.  4.  "  for  the  voice  of  the  wicked, 
&.C.,  and  their  hate :  his  heart  trembled  within  him,  and  the  terrors  of  death  came 
upon  him  ;  fear  and  horrible  fear,"  &.C.,  and  Psal.  Ixix.  20.  "  Rebuke  hath  broken 
my  heart,  and  1  am  full  of  heaviness."  Who  hath  not  like  cause  to  complain,  and 
is  not  so  troubled,  that  shall  fall  into  the  mouth.s  of  such  men  ?  for  many  ar^  if  so 
*  petulant  a  spleen ;  and  have  that  figure  Sarcasmus  so  often  in  tlieir  moutr-s,  so 
bitter,  so  foolish,  as  ^^Baltasar  Castilio  notes  of  them,  that  "  they  cannot  speak,  but 
ihey  must  bite;"  they  had  rather  lose  a  friend  than  a  jest;  and  what  company  soever 
they  come  in,  they  will  be  scoffing,  insulting  over  their  inferiors,  especially  over  such 
as  any  way  depend  upon  them,  humouring,  misusing,  or  putting  gulleries  on  some 
or  other  till  they  have  made  l)y  tlieir  humouring  or  guWing  *'^  ex  stulto  iiisanum,  a 
mope  or  a  noddy,  and  all  to  make  themselves  merry : 

"• "(luinmodo  risum 

Exculiat  «ibi ;  nun  hie  cuiquam  parcit  aniico;" 

Friends,  neuters,  enemies,  all  are  as  one,  to  make  a  fool  a  madman,  is  their  sport, 
and  they  have  no  greater  felicity  than  to  scoff  and  deride  others;  they  must  sacrifice 
to  the'god  of  lauirhter,  with  them  in  *' Apuleius,  once  a  day,  or  else  they  shall  be 
melancholy  themselves ;  they  care  not  how  they  grind  and  misuse  others,  so  they 
may  exhilarate  their  own  persons.  Their  wits  indeed  serve  them  to  that  sole  pur- 
pose, to  make  sport,  to  break  a  scurrile  jest,  which  is  levissimus  ingeniifructus.,  the 
froth  of  wit,  as  ^^TuUy  holds,  and  for  this  they  are  often  applauded,  in  all  other  dis- 
course, dry,  barren,  straminious,  dull  and  heavy,  here  lies  their  genius,  in  this  they 
alone  excel,  please  tliemselves  and  others.  Leo  Decimus,  that  scoffing  pope,  as 
Jovius  hath  registered  in  the  Fourth  book  of  his  life,  took  an  extraordinary  delight  in 
humouring  of  silly  fellows,  and  to  put  gulleries  upon  them,  "  by  conmiending  some, 
persuading  others  to  this  or  that :  he  made  ex  stolidis  stuUissimos^  et  marime  ridiculos, 
ex  stultis  irisanos ;  soft  fellows,  stark  noddies ;  and  such  as  were  foolish,  quite  mad 
before  he  left  them.  One  memorable  example  he  recites  there,  of  Tarascomus  of 
Parma,  a  musician  that  was  so  humoured  by  Leo  Decimus,  and  Bibiena  his  second 
in  this  business,  that  he  thought  himself  to  be  a  man  of  most  excellent  skill,  (who 
was  indeed  a  ninny)  they  ^"  made  him  set  foolish  songs,  and  invent  new  ridiculous 
precepts,  which  they  did  highly  commend,"  as  to  tie  his  arm  that  played  on  the  lute, 
to  make  him  strike  a  sweeter  stroke,  "'•  and  to  pull  down  the  Arras  hangings,  becau.se 
the  voice  would  be  clearer,  by  reason  of  the  reverberation  of  the  wall."  In  the  like 
manner  they  persuaded  one  Baraballius  of  Caieta,  that  he  was  as  good  a  poet  as 
Petrarch;  would  have  him  to  be  made  a  laureate  poet,  and  invite  all  his  friends  to 
nis  instalment;  and  had  so  possessed  the  poor  man  with  a  conceit  of  his  excellent 
poetr\'.  tliat  when  some  of  his  more  discreet  friends  told  him  of  his  folly,  he  was 
very  angry  with  them,  and  said  ^  "  they  envied  his  honour,  and  prosperity :"  it  was 
strange  (saith  Jovius)  to  see  an  old  man  of  60  years,  a  venerable  and  grave  old  man, 


nabuit.  ne  mores  ipsnnim  Satyris  8uis  notaret.    Gasp. 
Iktrthiiis  prsfat.  parnndid. 

<i*  Jnvius  in  vita  pjiis,  eravjssime  tiilit  famnsia  libellit 
nr>!iien  suum  ad  Pai^quilli  staluam  fuis^se  lac<>ratiim, 
dccrevitqiie  iil^f)  'tKiiari 


toties  mordere  lic«?re  »ib«  potent.  "Ter.  Eunuch. 

••  Hor.  ser.  lib.  3.  Sal.  4.     "  Provided  he  can  only  excit« 
lauffhtf  r,  he  spares  nnt  his  beM  frit-rid."  »'  l.ib.  2. 

"Deorat.               ^  l>audando.  >-t  mira  iis  persuadendo, 
"El'Vana   in?*-'" ■■     ••■■  r.'flibilia   nr    riii«ndK 


n.    de    IfL'ihi-      'ill    e.xi  'as  qiiEPdam  .Mum  trir.-iiir,  &c.         "I't 

VHreantiir.  i|ui.i  iiia!!iiatii  et  vi>rp«  muiIi«  c  i  i"  ar  aciitiua  r»^ili- 

viiut>»'r '"dimi.     <'PelulaiiU.p.^,.  >.u^iiiii(i.y.     ^i..,fial  r-  -*«  1......  ■.  >u.,,.^..  •  .  ^loiW«a«  pfW* 

lib.  -J.     i,.i  (jiiOfU 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  4.]  Scoffs^  Calumnies^  hitter  Jests,  4-c.  209 

so  g-uUed.  But  what  cannot  such  scoffers  do,  especially  if  they  find  a  soft  creature 
on  whom  they  may  work  ?  nay,  to  say  truth,  who  is  so  wise,  or  so  discreet,  that 
may  not  be  humoured  in  this  kind,  especially  if  some  excellent  wits  shall  set  upon 
him;  he  that  mads  others,  if  he  were  so  humoured,  would  be  as  mad  himself,"as 
much  grieved  and  tormented ;  he  might  cry  with  him  in  the  comedy,  Proh  Jupiter, 
tu  homo  ?ne  adigas  ad  insaniam.  For  all  is  in  these  things  as  they  are  taken ;  if  he 
be  a  silly  soul,  and  do  not  perceive  it,  'tis  well,  he  may  haply  make  others  sport,  and 
be  no  whit  troubled  himself;  but  if  he  be  apprehensive  of  his  folly,  and  take  it  to 
heart,  then  it  torments  him  worse  than  any  lash  :  a  bitter  jest,  a  slander,  a  calumny, 
pierceth  deeper  than  any  loss,  danger,  bodily  pain,  or  injury  whatsoever;  leviler  enim 
volat,  (it  flies  swiftly)  as  Bernard  of  an  arrow,  sed  graviter  vulnerat,  (but  wounds 
deeply),  especially  if  it  shall  proceed  from  a  virulent  tongue,  "  it  cuts  (saith  David) 
like  a  two-edged  sword.  They  shoot  bitter  words  as  arrows,"  Psal,  Ixiv.  5.  "And 
they  smote  with  their  tongues,"  Jer.  xviii.  18,  and  that  so  hard,  that  they  leave  an 
mcurable  wound  behind  them.  Many  men  are  undone  by  this  means,  moped,  and 
so  dejected,  that. they  are  never  to  be  recovered;  and  of  all  other  men  living,  those 
which  are  actually  melancholy,  or  inclined  to  it,  are  most  sensible,  (as  being  suspi- 
cious, choleric,  apt  to  mistake)  and  impatient  of  an  injury  in  that  kind  :  they  aggra- 
vate, and  so  meditate  continually  of  it,  that  it  is  a  perpetual  corrosive,  not  to''  be 
removed,  till  time  wear  it  out.  Although  they  peradventure  that  so  scoff,  do  it  alone 
m  mirth  and  merriment,  and  hold  it  optimum  alienu  frui  insaiiid,  an  excellent  thing 
to  enjoy  another  man's  madness ;  yet  they  must  know,  that  it  is  a  mortal  sin  (as 
Thomas  holds)  and  as  the  prophet  =^  David  denounceth,  "  they  that  use  it,  shall 
never  dwell  in  God's  tabernacle." 

Such  scurrilous  jests,  flouts,  and  sarcasms,  therefore,  ought  not  at  all  to  be  used ; 
especially  to  our  betters,  to  those  that  are  in  misery,  or  any  way  distressed :  for  to 
such,  curumnarum  mcrementa  sunt,  they  multiply  grief,  and  as  '^  he  perceived,  In  mul- 
tis  pudor,  in  multis  iracundia,  c^-c,  many  are  ashamed,  many  vexed,  angered,  and  there 
IS  no  greater  cause  or  furtherer  of  melancholy.  Martin  Cromeriis,  in  the  Sixth  book 
of  his  history,  hath  a  pretty  story  to  this  purpose,  of  Uladislaus,  the  second  king  of 
Poland,  and  Peter  Dunnius,  earl  of  Shrine ;  they  had  been  hunting  late,  and  were 
enforced  to  lodge  in  a  poor  cottage.  When  they  went  to  bed,  Uladislaus  told  the 
earl  in  jest,  that  his  wife  lay  softer  with  the  abbot  of  Shrine;  he  not  able  to  contain, 
replied,  Et  tua  cum  Dabesso,  and  yours  with  Dabessus,  a  gallant  young  gentleman 
in  the  court,  whom  Christina  the  queen  loved.  Tetigit  id  dictum  Princfpts  animum, 
these  words  of  his  so  galled  the  prince,  that  he  was  long  after  tristis  et  cogitahundusy 
very  sad  and  melancholy  for  many  months ;  but  they  were  the  earl's  utter  undoing : 
for  when  Christina  heard  of  it,  she  persecuted  him  to  death.  Sophia  the  empress, 
Justinian's  wife,  broke  a  bitter  jest  upon  Narsetes  the  eunuch,  a  famous  captain  then 
disquieted  for  an  overthrow  which  he  lately  had :  that  he  was  fitter  for  a  distaff  and 
to  keep  women  company,  than  to  wield  a  sword,  or  to  be  general  of  an  army:  but 
it  cost  her  dear,  for  he  so  far  distasted  it,  that  he  went  forthwith  to  the  adverse  part, 
much  troubled  in  his  thoughts,  caused  the  Lombards  to  rebel,  and  thence  procured 
many  miseries  to  the  commonwealth.  Tiberius  the  emperor  withheld  a  legacy  from 
the  people  of  Rome,  which  his  predecessor  Augustus  had  lately  given,  and  perceiv- 
ing a  fellow  round  a  dead  corse  in  the  ear,  would  needs  know  wherefore  he  did  so ; 
the  fellow  replied,  that  he  wished  the  departed  soul  to  signify  to  Augustus,  the  com- 
mons of  Rome  were  yet  unpaid  :  for  this  bitter  jest  the  emperor  caused  him  forth- 
with to  be  slain,  and  carry  the  news  himself  For  this  reason,  all  those  that  other- 
wise approve  of  jests  in  some  cases,  and  facete  companions,  (as  who  doth  not  ?)  let 
them  laugh  and  be  merry,  rumpantur  et  ilia  Codro,  'tis  laudable  and  fit,  those  yet 
will  by  no  means  admit  them  in  their  companies,  that  are  any  way  inclined  to  this 
malady:  non  jocandum  cum  iis  qui  miscri  sunt,  et  cerumnosi,  no  jesting  with  a  discon- 
tented person.  'Tis  Castillo's  caveat,  ^  Jo.  Pontanus,  and  *'Galateus,  and  every  ffood 
man's.  '  -^  ^ 

"  Plajr  with  me,  but  hurt  me  not : 
Jest  with  me,  but  shame  me  not." 


210 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 


Comitas  is  a  virtue  between  rusticity  and  scurrility,  two  extremes,  as  afTability  is 
between  flattery  and  contention,  it  must  not  exceed ;  but  be  still  accompanied  with 
that  ^^d^Xtt^fta  or  innocency,  quce  nc/nini  nocet,  omnem  injurice  ohlutioncm  abhorrenSy 
nurts  no  man,  abhors  all  offer  of  injury.  Though  a  man  be  liable  to  sucli  a  jest  or 
obloquy,  have  been  overseen,  or  committed  a  foul  fact,  yet  it  is  no  good  manners  or 
humanity,  to  upbraid,  to  hit  him  in  the  teeth  with  his  offence,  or  to  scoff  at  .such  a 
one;  tis  an  old  axiom,  turpis  in  reum  omnis  exprohrutio.''^  1  speak  not  of  such  a.s 
generally  tax  vice,  Barclay,  Geutilis,  Erasmus,  Agrippa,  Fishcartus,  kc,  the  Varron- 
ists  and  Lucians  of  our  time,  satirists,  epigrammists,  comedians,  apologists,  Stc,  but 
such  as  personate,  rail,  scoff,  calumniate,  perstringe  by  name,  or  in  presence  oHend ; 

•*"  Ludit  qui  =tnll(la  procacitate 

Nun  est  Sestius  ille  sed  cabullus:" 

1'is  horse-play  this,  and  those  jests  (as  he  "saith)  "are  no  better  than  injuries," 
biting  jests,  mordcntes  et  aeuleati^  they  are  poisoned  jests,  leave  a  sting  behind  them, 
and  ought  not  to  be  used. 

••"Set  not  thy  foot  to  make  thehlind  to  fall; 
Nor  wilfully  ortend  ttiy  woaki-r  limtlier: 
Nor  wound  the  deail  with  thy  loiii;ii.'"s  Ititter  gall, 
Neither  rejoire  thou  in  the  fall  of  other." 

If  these  rules  could  be  kept,  we  should  have  much  more  ease  and  quietness  than  we 
have,  less  melancholy;  whereas  on  the  contrary,  we  study  to  misuse  each  other,  how 
to  sting  and  sfall,  like  two  fighting  boors,  bending  all  our  force  ant!  wit,  friends,  for- 
tune, to  crucify  "  one  anotlier's  souls  ;  by  means  of  which,  there  is  little  content  apd 
charity,  much  virulency,  hatred,  malice,  and  disquietness  among  us. 

SuBSECT.  V. — Loss  of  Liberty^  Servitude,  Imprisonment,  how  they  cause  Melancholy. 

To  this  catalogue  of  causes,  I  may  well  annex  loss  of  liberty,  servitude,  or  impri- 
sonment, which  to  some  persons  is  as  great  a  torture  as  any  of  the  rest.  Tiioiigli  they 
have  all  things  convenient,  sumptuous  houses  to  their  use,  fair  walks  and  gardens, 
delicious  bowers,  galleries,  good  fare  and  diet,  and  all  things  correspondent,  yet  they 
are  not  content,  because  they  are  confined,  may  not  come  and  go  at  their  pU^asure, 
have  and  do  what  they  wUl,  but  live  **  aliena  quadra,  at  another  man's  table  and 
■cammand.  As  it  is  **in  meats  so  it  is  in  all  other  things,  places,  societies,  sports; 
let  them  be  never  so  pleasant,  commodious,  wht)lesome,  so  good ;  yet  omnium  rcrum 
est  satietas,  there  is  a  loathing  satiety  of  all  things.  The  children  of  I.srael  were 
tired  with  manna,  it  is  irksome  to  them  so  to  live,  as  to  a  bird  in  his  cage,  or  a  dog 
in  his  kennel,  they  are  weary  of  it.  They  are  happy,  it  is  true,  and  have  all  things, 
to  another  man's  judgment,  that  heart  can  wish,  or  that  they  themselves  can  desire, 
bona  si  sua  nurint:  yet  they  loathe  it,  and  are  tired  with  the  present:  Est  natura 
hominum  novitatis  avida;  men's  nature  is  still  desirous  of  news,  variety,  delights; 
and  our  wandering  allectioiis  are  so  irregular  in  this  kind,  that  tliey  must  change, 
though  it  must  be  to  the  worst.  Bachelors  must  be  married,  and  married  men  would 
be  bachelors;  they  do  not  love  their  own  wives,  though  otherwise  fair,  wise,  vir- 
tuous, and  well  qualified,  because  they  are  theirs ;  our  present  estate  is  still  the 
■worst,  we  cannot  endure  one  course  of  life  long,  et  quod  modo  vovcrat,  odif,  one 
calling  long,  esse  in  honor e  juv at,  mox  displicet ;  one  place  long,  ™  Roma;  Tibur  amo, 
ventosus  Tybure  Romatn,  that  which  we  earnestly  sought,  we  now  contemn.  Hoc 
quosdam  ogit  ad  mor/em,  (saith '' Seneca)  quud  proposita  sape  mutando  in  eadem 
revolvuntur,  et  non  relinquunt  novitati  locum  :  Fastidio  capit  esse  vita,  et  ipsus  mun- 
•  dus,et  subit  illud  rapidissimarum  deliciarum.,Qtiousque  eadetii  ?  this  alone  kills  many 
a  man,  that  they  are  tied  to  the  same  still,  as  a  horse  in  a  mill,  a  dug  in  a  wheel, 
they  run  round,  without  alteration  or  news,  their  life  groweth  odious,  the  world 
loathsome,  and  that  which  crosseth  their  furious  dcligiits,  what .'  still  the  same.' 
Marcus  Aurelius  and  Solomon,  tliat  had  experience  of  all  worldly  deligiits  and  plea- 
sure, confessed  as  much  of  themselves ;  what  they  most  desired,  was  tedious  at 
last,  and  that  their  lust  could  never  be  satisfied,  all  was  vanity  and  aHliction  of  mind. 


"•  reproach  uttered 

pirileil." 

iiriiii  nnn 

iC  III  his 


Quadraint  37.  •'  Kgo  hiiju!<  niift-ra  fatuitale  pi  de- 

nieiiiia  conflictor.     Tijll.  ad  Atlic  li.  II  »"  Viwriiin 

e«t  aliena  viVer>' quadra.     Juv.        «»  L'ramt)*  tii<  ci.ct*. 
Vittt  nigjudcirfrfori.    •  *"  U*M^^^m4J^''Vul  nr;i;nr. 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  6.]  Poverty  and  Want,  Ceruses  211 

Now  if  it  be  death  itself,  another  hell,  to  be  glutted  with  one  kind  of  sport,  dieted 
with  one  dish,  tied  to  one  place ;  though  they  have  all  things  otherwise  as  they  can 
desire,  and  are  m  heaven  to  another  man's  opinion,  what  misery  and  discontent  shall 
they  have,  that  live  in  slavery,  or  in  prison  itself?  Quod  tristius  morte,  in  servitute 
viveiidum,  as  Hennolaus  told  Alexander  in  '^Curtius,  worse  than  death  is  bondage  : 
''hoc  animo  scito  omnes  fortes,  ut  mortem  servituti  anteponant,  All  brave  men  at  arms 
(Tully  holds)  are  so  affected.  '''^  Equidem  ego  is  sum,  qui  servitutem  extremum  om- 
nium malorum  esse  arbitror :  I  am  he  (saith  Boterus)  that  account  servitude  the 
extremity  of  misery.  And  what  calamity  do  they  endure,  that  live  with  those  hard 
taskmasters,  in  gold  mines  (like  those  30,000  '^Indian  slaves»at  Potosi, in  Peru),  tin- 
mines,  lead-mines,  stone-quarries,  coal-pits,  like  so  many  mouldwarps  under  ground, 
condemned  to  the  galleys,  to  perpetual  drudgery,  hunger,  thirst,  and  stripes,  without 
all  hope  of  delivery  i  How  are  those  women  in  Turkey  affected,  that  most  part  oi 
the  year  come  not  abroad;  those  Italian  and  Spanish  dames,  that  are  mewed  up  like 
hawks,  and  locked  up  by  their  jealous  husbands  ?  how  tedious  is  it  to  them  that  live 
in  stoves  and  caves  half  a  year  together.^  as  in  Iceland,  Muscovy,  or  under  the  '^pole 
itself,  where  they  have  six  months'  perpetual  night.  Nay,  what  misery  and  discon- 
tent d,o  they  endure,  that  are  in  prison  }  They  want  all  those  six  non-natural  things 
at  once,  good  air,  good  diet,  exercise,  company,  sleep,  rest,  ea-se,  &c.,  that  are  bound 
in  chains  all  day  long,  suffer  hunger,  and  (as  "  Lucian  describes  it)  "  must  abide  that 
filthy  stink,  and  rattling  of  chains,  bowlings,  pitiful  outcries,  that  prisoners  usually 
make ;  these  things  are  not  only  troublesome,  but  intolerable."  They  lie  nastily 
among  toads  and  frogs  in  a  dark  dungeon,  in  their  own  dung,  in  pain  of  body,  in 
pain  of  soul,  as  Joseph  did,  Psal.  cv.  18,  "They  hurt  his  feet  in  the  stocks,  tlie  iron 
entered  his  soul."  They  live  solitary,  alone,  sequestered  from  all  company  but  heart- 
eating  melancholy ;  and  for  want  of  meat,  must  cat  that  bread  of  affliction,  prey 
upon  themselves.  Well  might  "^Arculanus  put  long  imprisonment  for  a  cause,  espe- 
cially to  such  as  have  lived  jovially,  in  all  sensuality  and  lust,  upon  a  sudden  are 
estranged  and  debarred  from  all  manner  of  pleasures  :  as  were  Huniades,  Edward, 
and  Richard  II.,  Valerian  the  Emperor,  Bajazet  the  Turk.  If  it  be  irksome  to  miss 
our  ordinary  companions  and  repast  for  once  a  day,  or  an  hour,  what  shall  it  be  to 
lose  them  for  ever  .^  If  it  be  so  great  a  delight  to  live  at  liberty,  and  to  enjoy  that 
variety  of  objects  the  world  affords ;  what  misery  and  discontent  must  it  needs" bring 
to  him,  that  shall  now  be  cast  headlong  into  that  Spanish  inquisition,  to  fall  from 
heaven  to  hell,  to  be  cubbed  up  upon  a  sudden,  how  shall  he  be  perplexed,  what 
shall  become  of  him  ?  ™  Robert  Duke  of  Normandy  being  imprisoned  by  his 
youngest  brother  Henry  I.,  ab  illo  die  inconsolabill  doJore  in  carccre  contabuif,  saith 
Matthew  Paris,  from  that  day  forward  pined  away  with  grief.  ^°  Jugurtha  that  gene- 
rous captain,  "  brought  to  Rome  in  triumph,  and  after  imprisoned,  through  anguish 
of  his  soul,  and  melancholy,  died."  *'  Roger,  Bishop  of  Salisbury,  the  second  man 
from  King  Stephen  (he  tliat  built  that  famous  castle  of  *^  Devizes  in  Wiltshire,)  was 
so  tortured  in  prison  with  hunger,  and  all  those  calamities  accompanying  such  men, 
^  lif  vivere  noluerit,  mori  nescierit,  he  would  not  live,  and  could  not  die,  between 
fear  of  death,  and  torments  of  life.  Francis  King  of  France  was  taken  prisoner  by 
Charles  V.,  ad  mortem  fere  melancholicus,  saith  Guicciardini,  melancholy  almost  to 
death,  and  that  in  an  instant.  But  this  is  as  clear  as  the  sun,  and  needs  no  further 
illustration. 

SuBSECT.  VI. — Poverty  and  Want,  Causes  of  Melancholy. 

Poverty  and  w^ant  are  so  violent  oppugners,  so  unwelcome  guests,  so  much  ab- 
horred of  all  men,  that  I  may  not  omit  to  speak  of  them  apart.  Poverty,  although 
i'\i  considered  aright,  to  a  wise,  understanding,  truly  reofenerate,  and  contented  man) 
u  be  donum  Dei,  a  blessed  estate,  the  way  to  heaven,  as  ^''  Chrysostom  calls  it,  God's 


»  Lib.  8.        -aTulliUs  Lepirio  Fam.  10.  27.        '*  Bote 
rus  I,  1.  polit.  cap.  4.  '^L-iPt.  descrip.  America. 

"If  there  he  any  inliabit.ints.       "  In  Taxari.  Interdiu 
Quidein  collum  vinctiim  est,  et  manus  cnnstricta,  noctii 


™  William  the  Conqueror's  eldest  son.  ^JSalust.  Ro- 
mam  triiimpho  ductus  tandemqiie  in  carceretnconjectas, 
animi  dolore  periit.  ^i Camden  in  VViltsh.  iniserum 

senem  ita  fame  et  calamitatibus  incarcere  fregit,  inter 


vero  tcifiim  CMrims  vincitiir.  ad  lin=  niis('ria>'  accidit  cnr-  1  mortis  metum,  et  vitae  lormenta,  &c,  "^Vies  bodie 

P'lri?  fat'  r.  >t|;i4i»iub  ejuiaiitium,  souiai  brevita*.  ha'c    raggneca.        8«Com.  ad  Hebraos. 
omaia  plaiig  molesta  et  intolerabilia.      ""^ia  9  Rhs 


212  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

gift,  tlie  mother  of  modesty,  and  much  to  be  preferred  before  liches  (as  shall  be 
shown  in  his  ^  place),  yet  as  it  is  esteemed  in  the  world's  censure,  it  is  a  most  odious 
falling,  vile  and  base,  a  severe  torture,  summum  scelus.,  a  most  intolerable  burden  ;  we 
■^  shun  it  all,  cane  pejus  et  anguc  (worse  than  a  dog  or  a  snake),  we  abhor  the  name  of 
it,  "*'  Paupertas  fugltur^  totoque  arcessitiir  orhe.,  as  being  the  fountain  of  all  other  mise- 
ries, cares,  woes,  labours,  and  grievances  whatsoever.  To  avoid  which,  we  will  take 
any  pains, — extremos  currit  mercator  ad  Indos,  we  will  leave  no  haven,  no  coast,  no 
creek  of  the  world  unsearched,  though  it  be  to  the  hazard  of  our  lives,  we  will  dive 
to  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  to  the  bowels  of  the  earth,  ^^  five,  six,  seven,  eight,  nine 
hundred  fathom  deep,  through  all  five  zones,  and  both  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  : 
we  will  turn  parasites  and  slaves,  prostitute  ourselves,  swear  and  lie,  damn  our 
bodies  and  souls,  forsake  God,  abjure  religion,  steal,  rob,  murder,  rather  than  endure 
this  insufferable  yoke  of  poverty,  which  doth  so  tyrannise,  crucify,  and  generally 
depress  us. 

For  look  into  the  world,  and  you  shall  see  men  most  part  esteemed  according  to 
their  means,  and  happy  as  they  are  rich:  ^^Ubique  ttinti  qu'isquc  quantum  hahuit  fiiit. 
If  he  be  likely  to  thrive,  and  in  the  way  of  preferment,  who  but  he  ?  In  the  vulgar 
opinion,  if  a  man  be  wealthy,  no  matter  how  he  gets  it,  of  what  parentage,  hoAV 
qualified,  how  virtuously  endowed,  or  villanously  inclined ;  let  him  be  a  bawd,  a 
gripe,  an  usurer,  a  villain,  a  pagan,  a  barbarian,  a  wretch,  ^"Lucian's  tyrant,  "on 
whom  you  may  look  with  less  security  than  on  the  sun ;"  so  that  he  be  rich  (and 
liberal  withal)  he  shall  be  honoured,  admired,  adored,  reverenced,  and  highly  *'  mag- 
nified. "  The  rich  is  had  in  reputation  because  of  his  goods,"  Eccl.  x.  31.  He  shall 
be  befriended :  "  for  riches  gather  many  friends,"  Prov.  xix.  4, — multos  numerahit 
flffucos,  all  ^  happiness  el)bs  and  flows  with  his  money.  He  shall  be  accounted  a 
gracious  lord,  a  Meca?nas,  a  benefactor,  a  wise,  discreet,  a  proper,  a  valiant,  a  fortu- 
nate man,  of  a  generous  spirit,  Pullus  Jovis,et  guUincp  Jiinis  aV>ce:  a  hopeful,  a  good 
man,  a  virtuous,  honest  man.  Quundo  ego  le  Junonium  purrum^  el  matris  partum 
vert  aureum.,  as  ^'TuUy  .said  of  Octavianus,  while  he  was  adopted  Casar,  and  an 
heir  ^  apparent  of  so  great  a  monarchy,  he  was  a  golden  child.  All  ^  honour,  offices, 
applause,  grand  titles,  and  turgent  e])itliets  are  put  ypon  him,  omnes  omnia  bona 
dicere ;  all  men's  eyes  are  upon  him,  God  bless -his  good  worship,  his  honour; 
*  every  man  speaks  well  of  him,  every  man  presents  him,  seeks  and  sues  to  him  for 
his  love,  favour,  and  protection,  to  serve  him,  belong  unto  him,  every  man  riseth  to 
him,  as  to  Thcniistocles  in  the  Olympics,  if  he  speak,  as  of  Herod,  Vox  Dei,  non 
hominis,  the  voice  of  God,  not  of  man.  All  the  grapes.  Veneres,  pleasures,  elegances 
attend  him,  ^  golden  fortune  accompanies  and  lodgeth  with  him ;  and  as  to  those 
Roman  emperors,  is  placed  in  his  chamber. 


■  "Secura  navi^et  aura. 


Fortunamque  eiio  ijemperet  arbitrio;" 

he  may  sail  as  he  will  himself,  and  temper  his  estate  at  his  pleasure,  jovial  days, 
splendour  and  magnificence,  sweet  music,  dainty  fare,  the  good  things,  and  fat  of  the 
land,  fine  clothes,  rich  attires,  soft  beds,  down  pillows  are  at  his  command,  all  the 
world  labours  for  him,  thousands  of  artificers  are  his  slaves  to  drudge  for  him,  run, 
ride,  and  post  for  him  :  *®  Divines  (for  Pythia  Philippisal)  lawyers,  physicians,  phi- 
losophers, scholars  are  his,  wholly  devote  to  his  service.  Every  man  seeks  his 
"*"  acquaintance,  his  kindred,  to  match  with  him,  though  he  be  an  oaf,  a  ninny,  a 
monster,  a  goosecap,  uxorem  ducat  Danaen, '  when,  and  whom  he  will,  Jninc  optant 

generum  Rex  et  Regina he  is  an  excellent  ^  match  for  my  son,  my  daughter,  my 

niece,  &c.      Quicquid  calcaverit  hie,  Rosajiet,  let  him  go  whither  he  will,  trumpets 


*  Part.  2.  Sect.  3.  Memb.  3.  Mauem  ut  difficilem 

aiorbuni  piieris  trailere  fiirmidoniiis.    Pint.        ""Liican. 
11.  <**  As  in  the  silver  mines  at  Friburgh  in  Ger- 

many.    Fines  Morison.  WEiiripides.         <*Toin.  4. 

di.ll.  minore  periculo  Sniem  quum  hunc  dcfixis  oculis 


hopeful ;  why  ?  he  \»  lieir  apparent  to  the  right  wor- 
shipful, to  the  ri^ht  honourable.  &c.  •*Onutiiroi, 
nuinmi :  vobis  hunc  prsstat  honureni.  >"F^xinde 
sapere  euni  umne.s  liiciniua,  ac  (juisque  forlunam  habet. 
Plaut.  Pseud.        <"  Aurea  forluna,  principum  ruhirulit 


licet  intiieri.        »'Oninis  enim  res,  virtus,  fania.  decus,  reponi  sulita.  Julius  Capitolinus  Vila  .Antrxiini.     •"  Pe 

divina,  liunianaque  pulchris  Divitiis  parent.  Mor.  Ser.  I  tronius.        "Theologi  opulentis  adharcnt.  Juriaperili 

1.2.  Sat. 3.     Clariia   en*    t""rli><   jnstii--    -■■  ■  nam  pecuniosiB,    literati    nuninuisis,    libcralrliU!)    artifice*. 

rei.   Et  quicqui^ul -t.  Ilur.         «  tl  .  .iiii,  ><>'' .Multi  ilium  juvenes,  niulta:  petiere  puclli^          ' "  Mo 

regina  necuuj^BMat.    Money  add^   -,  '  isf.  •"■^"  hau^  ^TIIM  Vtt  wife."   ^          '•  Duromodo  «it  dive* 
*c.        'leP^Sl.  ad  Atticum.         "nj 
ter. 


)•  nanai;  ly.v 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  6.]  Poverty  and  Want,  Causes.  213 

gound,  bells  ring,  &c.,  all  happiness  attends  him,  every  man  is  willing  to  entertain 
him,  he  sups  in  ^Apollo  wheresoever  he  comes ;  what  preparation  is  made  for  his 
*  entertainment  ?  fish  and  fowl,  spices  and  perfumes,  all  that  sea  and  land  affords 
What  cookery,  masking,  mirth  to  exhilarate  his  person ; 

s"  Da  Trebio,  pone  ad  Trebium,  vis  frater  ab  illis 
llibus  ?" 

What  dish  wUl  your  good  worship  eat  of .'' 

* "  dulcia  poma,  I      "  Sweet  applea,  and  whate'er  thy  fields  afford, 

Et  quoscunque  feret  cultus  tibi  fundus  hnnores,  Before  thy  Gods  be  serv'd,  let  serve  thy  Lord." 

Ante  Larein,  guste'  venerabilior  Lare  dives."  | 

What  sport  will  }'our  honour  have  }  hawking,  hunting,  fishing,  fowling,  bulls,  bears 
cards,  dice,  cocks,  players,  tumblers,  fiddlers,  jesters,  Stc,  they  are  at  your  good  wor- 
ship's command.  Fair  houses,  gardens,  orchards,  terraces,  galleries,  cabinets,  plea- 
sant walks,  delightsome  places,  they  are  at  hand:  ''in  aureis  Idc^vlnum  in  argenteis, 
adahscenlulce  ad  7iutum  speciosce,  wine,  wenches,  &.c.  a  Turkish  paradise,  a  heaven 
upon  eartli.  Though  he  be  a  silly  soft  fellow,  and  scarce  have  common  sense,  yet 
if  he  be  borne  to  fortunes  (as  I  have  said)  ^jure  hcereditario  sapere  jubetur,  he  must 
have  honour  and  office  in  his  course:  ^ JVemo  nisi  dives  honore  dlgnus  (Ambros. 
offic.  21.)  none  so  worthy  as  hunself :  he  shall  have  it,  atque  esfo  quicquid  Servius 
aut  Labeo.  Getmoney  enough  and  command  '°  kingdoms,  provinces,  armies,  hearts, 
hands,  and  affections ;  thou  shalt  have  popes,  patriarchs  to  be  thy  chaplains  and 
parasites :  thou  shalt  have  (Tamerlane-like)  kings  to  draw  thy  coach,  queens  to  be 
thy  laundresses,  emperors  thy  footstools,  build  more  towns  and  cities  than  great 
Alexander,  Babel  towers,  pyramids  and  mausolean  tombs,  &c.  command  heaven  and 
earth,  and  tell  the  world  it  is  thy  vassal,  auro  emitur  diadema,  argento  caelum  pan- 
ditiir,  denarius  philosopJnmi  conduclt,  nummus  jus  cogit,  oholus  literatum  pjoscifj 
metallum  sanitatem  conciliate  ms  amicos  conglutinat. "  And  therefore  not  without 
good  cause,  John  de  Medicis,  that  rich  Florentine,  when  he  lay  upon  his  death-bed, 
calling  Iris  sons,  Cosmo  and  Laurence,  before  him,  amongst  other  sober  sayings, 
repeated  this,  animo  quieto  digrcdior,  quod  vos  sanos  et  divites  post  me  rellnquam, 
"  it  doth  me  good  to  think  yet,  though  I  be  dying,  that  I  shall  leave  you,  my  chil- 
dren, sound  and  rich :"  for  wealth  sways  all.  It  is  not  with  us,  as  amongst  those 
Lacedemonian  senators  of  Lycurgus  in  Plutarch,  "  He  preferred  that  deserved  best, 
was  most  virtuous  and  worthy  of  the  place,  '■^  not  swiftness,  or  strength,  or  wealth, 
or  friends  carried  it  in  those  days  :"  but  inter  optimos  opiimus.,  inter  temperantes  iera- 
perantissimus,  the  most  temperate  and  best.  We  have  no  aristocracies  but  in  con- 
templation, all  oligarchies,  wherein  a  few  rich  men  domineer,  do  what  they  list,  and 
are  privileged  by  their  greatness.  "^  They  may  freely  trespass,  and  do  as  they  please, 
no  man  dare  accuse  them,  no  not  so  much  as  mutter  against  them,  there  is  no  notice 
taken  of  it,  they  may  securely  do  it,  live  after  their  own  laws,  and  for  their  money 

get  pardons,  indulgences,  redeem  their  souls  from  purgatorj'  and  hell  itself, 

clausum  possidet  area  Jovem.  Let  them  be  epicures,  or  atheists,  libertines,  machia- 
velians,  (as  they  often  are)  '^  '■'Et  quamvis  perjuris  erit,  sine  gente,  cruentus,''''  thev 
may  go  to  heaven  througli  the  eye  of  a  needle,  if  they  will  themselves,  thev  may  be 
canonised  for  saints,  they  shall  be  '^  honourably  interred  in  mausolean  tombs,  com- 
mended by  poets,  registered  in  histories,  have  temples  and  statues  erected  to  their 

names, — ■ — e  manibus  illis — jiasctntur  violce. If  he  be  bountiful  in  his  life,  and 

liberal  at  his  death,  he  shall  have  one  to  swear,  as  he  did  by  Claudius  the  Emperor 
in  Tacitus,  he  saw  his  soul  go  to  heaven,  and  be  miserably  lamented  at  his  funeral. 
dinbubaiarum  collegia,  &;c.  Trimalcionis  topanta  in  Petronius  recta,  in  caelum  abiit, 
went  right  to  heaven:  a  base  quean,  '^''thou  wouldst  have  scorned  once  in  thy 
misery  to  have  a  penny  from  her ;"  and  why  r  modio  nummos  metiit,  she  measured 
her  money  by  the  bushel.     These  prerogatives  do  not  usually  belong  to  rich  men, 

'  Plut.  in  Lucullo,  a  rich  chamber  so  called.     <  Panis  i  a   man   of  letters;    precious   metal    procures    health; 
pane  nielior.        5  Juv.  Sat.  5.  «  fjor.  Sat.  5.  lib.  2.     v\ealth  attaches  friends."         "Non  fuit  apud  mortales 

'  Boheniiis  de  Tiirci.^et  Bredenbacb.  *  Enphormio.  i  ullum  excellentius  cerlamen,  non  inter  celeres  celerri- 

'  (iui  p'.'cuniani  habeiit,  elati  sunt  animis,  lofty  spirits,  1  mo,  non  inter  rftbu:;^?  rnhiistissimo,  &.C.       '^Quicquici 
brave  ineii  at  arms;  all  rich  men  are  generous,  courage-  I  II bet  licet.        n  Hor.  r^at.  5.  lib.  2.  '■'■Cum  morltur 

ous,  tc.  1"  NummiLs  ail  pro  me  nuhat  Cornnbia  1  dives  concurruai  iiihli<|iie  elves:  Pauperis  ad  funus  vji 

Hill,:,.  U-- A  .ii;i-i.....  .<  r„,r,.i,  ....  I  ,,-,.i,  .,,,1.1  •  <iiver  '  e-t  ex  milli^ti«  unus.  'a-I#m«<i»  qiii'l  t'lit  iirnoscat 

:  for    niihi  "mftlB  tttug.  noluisses  de  qanu  ejus-ij^ummos  ac 
-..iiy;  iijoiii}   -  -nes    cyiei^     ^ 


214  Cmises  of  Melancholy  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

but  to  such  as  are  most  part  seeming  rich, let  him  have  but  a  good  "outside,  he  car- 
ries it,  and  shall  be  adored  for  a  god,  as  '*  Cyrus  was  amongst  the  Persians,  oh  splcn- 
didum  apparatum,  for  his  gay  attires;  now  most  men  are  esteemed  according  to  their 
clothes.  In  our  guUish  times,  whom  you  peradventure  in  motlesty  would  give  place 
to,  as  being  deceived  by  his  habit,  and  presuming  him  some  great  worshipful  man, 
believe  it,  if  you  shall  examine  his  estate,  he  Mill  likely  be  proved  a  serving  man  of 
no  great  note,  my  lady's  tailor,  his  lordship's  barber,  or  some  such  gull,  a  Fastidius 
Brisk,  Sir  Petronel  Flash,  a  mere  outside.  Only  this  respect  is  given  him,  that 
wheresoever  he  comes,  he  may  call  for  what  he  will,  and  take  place  by  reason  of  his 
outward  habit. 

But  on  the  contrary,  if  he  be  poor,  Prov.  xv.  15,  ''all  his  days  are  miserable,"  he 
is  under  hatches,  dejected,  rejected  and  forsaken,  poor  in  purse,  poor  in  spirit;  ^^prout 
res  nobis  Jhiit,  ita  et  animus  se  habet ;  ^  money  gives  life  and  soul.  Though  he  be 
honest,  wise,  learned,  well-deserving,  noble  by  birth,  and  of  excellent  good  parts ; 
yet  in  that  he  is  poor,  unlikely  to  rise,  come  to  honour,  otlice,  or  good  means,  lie  is 
contenmed,  neglected,  frusira  sapit,  inter  literas  esurit,  amicus  moleslus.  ^'"If  he 
speak,  wliat  babbler  is  this .'  Ecclus,  his  nobilitv  without  wealth,  is  ^projecta  rilior 
algd,  and  he  not  esteemed :  nos  riles  puUi  nati  infelicibus  avis,  if  once  poor,  we  are 
metamorphosed  in  an  instant,  base  slaves,  villains,  and  vile  drudges;  ^  tor  to  be  poor, 
is  to  be  a  knave,  a  fool,  a  wretch,  a  wicked,  an  odious  fellow,  a  common  eye-sore, 
say  poor  and  say  all ;  they  are  born  to  labour,  to  misery,  to  carry  burdens  like 
jumenis,  pislum  stercus  comedere  with  Ulysses'  companions,  and  as  Chremilus 
objected  in  Aristophanes,  ^*salem  lingfre^  lick  salt,  to  empty  Jakes,  fay  channels, 
^^ carry  out  dirt  and  dunghills,  sweep  chimneys,  rub  horse-heels,  kc.  I  say  nothing 
of  Turks,  galley-slaves,  which  are  bought  *and  sold  like  jutnents,  or  those  African 
negroes,  or  poor  ^  Indian  drudges,  qui  indies  hinc  inde  drferendis  oneribus  occitm- 
bunt^  nam  quod  apud  nos  bores  et  usiui  vehunl^  trahunt^  6fc.  Id  omne  misellis  Indisj 
they  are  ugly  to  behold,  and  thouiih  erst  spruce,  now  rusty  and  squalid,  because 
poor,  ^ immundas  fortunas  lequum  est  squalorem  sequi,  it  is  ordinarily  so.  ^'"•Oiliers 
eat  to  live,  but  they  live  to  drudge,"  '^'servilis  et  miseru  gens  nihil  recusare  audef,  a 

servile  generation,  that  dare  refuse  no  task. '^"//fj/.s-  tu  Drama,  cape  hoc  Jlabellunu, 

ventuluin  hinc  facito  duni  lavamus,'''*  sirrah  blow  wind  upi)n  us  while  we  wash,  and 
bid  your  fellow  get  him  up  betimes  in  the  moriinifr,  be  it  fair  or  foul,  he  shall  run 
litty  miles  a-foot  to-morrow,  to  carr\'  me  a  letter  to  niv  n)istres.s,  Socia  ad  pistrinum^ 
Socia  shall  tarry  at  home  and  grind  malt  all  day  lonj^,  Tristan  thresh.  Thus  are  they 
commanded,  being  indeed  some  of  them  as  so  many  footstools  for  rich  men  to  tread 
on,  blocks  for  them  to  get  on  horseback,  or  as  ^"  walls  for  them  to  piss  on."  They 
are  commonly  such  people,  rude,  silly,  superstitious  idiots,  nasty,  unclean,  lousv, 
poor,  dejected,  slavishly  humble :  and  as  "  Leo  Afer  observes  of  the  commonalty  of 
Africa,  naturd  viliores  sunt,  nee  apud  suos  duces  majore  in  precioqudm  si  canes  essent : 
^base  by  nature,  and  no  more  esteemed  than  dogs,  miseram,  lahoriosam,  calamito- 
sam  ritam  agunt,  et  inopem,  infoelicem,  rudiores  asinis,  ut  e  brutis  plane  natos  dicas : 
no  learning,  no  knowledge,  no  civility,  scarce  common  sense,  nought  but  barbarism 
amongst  them,  belluino  more  virunt,  neque  calcens  gestant,  nerpie  vestes,  like  rojjues 
and  vagabonds,  t"hey  go  barefooted  and  barelegged,  the  soles  of  their  feet  beinif  as 
hard  as  horse-hoofs,  as  ^Radzivilus  observed  at  Damietta  in  Egypt,  leading  a  labo- 
rious, miserable,  wretched,  unhappy  lite,  *^'*like  beasts  and  juments,  if  not  worse:" 
(for  a  **  Spaniard  in  Incatan,  sold  three  Indian  boys  for  a  cheese,  and  a  hundred  negro 
slaves  for  a  horse)  their  discourse  is  scurrility,  their  summuin  bonum,  a  pot  of  ale. 
There  is  not  any  slavery'  which  these  villains  will  not  undergo,  inter  illos  plerique 
Idtrinas  evacuant,  alii  culinariam  curant,  alii  stabularios  agimt,  urinalores,  et  id 

"■■He  that  wears  silk,  satin,  velvet,  and  gold  lace,     the  load*  which  oxen  and   ass<«  fi)riui.rl)   uued,  ice." 
must  needs  be  a  genllenian.  >°  E$t  $angui.-<  atque  ,  *Plautu».  »>  Iasj.  .^fer.  ca.  ult.  I.  I.  edunt  non 

•piritus  pecunia  iiiortalibus.  >» Euripides.  ••"'Xeno-  ut  bene  vivaiit,  serf  ut  furtiter  lalH>rerit.  lleinKiu*. 
pbon.  Cyropid.  I.  8.  '-'  lo  leiiui  rara  est  facuiidia  '  "  Munster  de  ru^tticiK  Oerniania:.  Co^iiniig.  cap  'JT.  lib.  1 

panno.  Juv.  »Hor.  "more  worthle»s  than  r.-ji-cled  j  "Ter.  Eunuch.  "PaufM.r  parus  lactiii,  queui  raiu- 

wceos."        ^  Ejcro  r=t  ofTendere,  et  indigere  scelesluin    culit  couiniingant.  ="  Lib.  I.  ca>    ull.  '•IVo* 

esae.  Sat.  >!•  I'laut.  act.  4.  ^Nullum     oiuiics  illi^i  mrinsi.s  dii<r.-5:  tain  pannoiti,  faiucrracti, 

taui  b.-lrbar^  ii<ii^&M|n|^|^^  lubentis- |  tot  a.-i«iilue   iiiuli:^  .illi' inniiir,  tanqiiam  pi'C'>ra  (juibut 

siuie  rihiT'    \  .  i.-si^B^S^^^^^^I^^at  r^iiUi^MMfHUU^^^.    _' IV-rrKnii.  Hicro*. 

daily 
carr 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  6.j  Poverty  and  Want,  Causes.  215 

genus  similia  exercent,  8fc.  like  those  people  that  dwell  in  the  "^Alps,  chimney- 
sweepers, jakes-farmers,  dirt-daubers,  vagrant  rogues,  they  labour  hard  some,  and  yet 
cannot  get  clothes  to  put  on,  or  bread  to  eat.  For  what  can  filthy  poverty  give  else, 
but  ^  beggary,  fulsome  nastiness,  squalor,  contempt,  drudgery,  labour,  ugliness,  hun- 
ger and  thirst;  pedicuIoru/Uj  et  pulicuin  numerum?  as  ^' he  well  followed  it  in  Aris- 
tophanes, fleas  and  lice,  pro  paUi.o  vestem  laceram,  et  pro  puhinari  lapidem  bene 
magnum  ad  caput.,  rags  for  his  raiment,  and  a  stone  for  his  pillow,  pro  cathedra, 
ruptce  caput  urnce,  he  sits  in  a  broken  pitcher,  or  on  a  block  for  a  chair,  et  malucR 
ramos  pro  panibus  comedit,  he  drinks  water,  and  lives  on  wort  leaves,  pulse,  like  a 
hog,  or  scraps  like  a  dog,  ut  nunc  nobis  vita  afficitur,  quis  non  pittabit  insaniam  esse, 
inf elicit atemquef  as  Chremilus  concludes  his  speech,  as  we  poor  men  live  now-a- 
days,  who  will  not  take  our  life  to  be  ""^  infelicity,  misery,  and  madness  ? 

If  they  be  of  little  better  condition  than  those  base  villains,  hunger-starved  beggars, 
wandering  rogues,  those  ordinary  slaves,  and  day-labouring  drudges;  yet  they  are 
commonly  so  preyed  upon  by  **^  polling  officers  for  breaking  the  laws,  by  their  tyran- 
nising landlords,  so  flayed  and  fleeced  by  perpetual  *"*  exactions,  that  though  they  do 
drudge,  fare  hard,  and  starve  their  genius,  they  cannot  live  in  "'^some  countries ;  but 
what  they  have  is  instantly  taken  from  them,  the  very  care  they  take  to  live,  to  be 
drudges,  to  maintain  their  poor  families,  their  trouble  and  anxiety  "  takes  away  their 
sleep,"  Sirac.  xxxi.  1,  it  makes  them. weary  of  their  lives:  when  they  have  taken 
all  pains,  done  their  utmost  and  honest  endeavours,  if  they  be  cast  behind  by  sick- 
ness, or  overtaken  with  years,  no  man  pities  them,  hard-hearted  and  merciless,  uncha- 
ritable as  they  are,  they  leave  them  so  distressed,  to  beg,  steal,  murmur,  and  ""  rebel, 
or  else  starve.  The  feeling  and  fear  of  this  misery  compelled  those  old  Romans, 
whom  Menenius  Agrippa  pacified,  to  resist  their  governors  :  outlaws,  and  rebels  in 
most  places,  to  take  up  seditious  arms,  and  in  all  ages  hath  caused  uproars,  murmur- 
ings,  seditions,  rebellions,  thefts,  murders,  mutinies,  jars  and  contentions  in  every 
commonwealth  :  grudging,  repining,  complaining,  (hscontent  in  each  private  family, 
because  they  want  means  to  live  according  to  their  callings,  bring  up  their  children, 
it  breaks  their  hearts,  they  cannot  do  as  they  would.  No  greater  misery  than  for  a 
lord  to  have  a  knight's  living,  a  gentleman  a  yeoman's,  not  to  be  able  to  live  as  his  birth 
and  place  require.  Poverty  and  want  are  generally  corrosives  to  all  kinds  of  men, 
especially  to  such  as  have  been  in  good  and  flourishing  estate,  are  suddenly  distressed, 
*''  nobly  born,  hberally  brought  up,  and  by  some  disaster  ami  casualty  miserably 
dejected.  For  the  rest,  as  they  have  base  fortunes,  so  have  they  base  minds  coi-re- 
spondent,  like  beetles,  e  stercore  orti,  e  stercore  viclus,  in  stercore  delicium^  as  they 
were  obscurely  born  and  bred,  so  they  delight  in  obscenity;  they  are  not  thoroughly 
touched  with  it.  Jlngustas  animas  angusto  in  pectore  versant."^^  Yet,  that  which  is 
no  small  cause  of  their  torments,  if  once  they  come  to  be  in  distress,  they  are  for- 
saken of  their  fellows,  most  part  neglected,  and  left  unto  themselves;  as  poor 
*^  Terence  in  Rome  was  by  Scipio,  Laelius,  and  Furius,  his  great  and  noble  friends. 

"  Nil  Piibliiis  Scipio  profuit,  nil  ei  Lrelius.  nil  Furius, 
Tres  per  idem  Icmpus  qui  agitabant  nobiles  facillinie, 
Hiiruni  ille  opera  ne  donium  quidem  habuit  conductitiain."5o 

'Tis  generally  so,  Tempora  si  fuerint  nubita,  solus  eris,  he  is  left  cold  and  comfortless, 
nullas  ad  a7nissas  ibit  amicus  opes,  all  flee  from  him  as  from  a  rotten  wall,  now  ready  to 
fall  on  their  heads.  Prov.  xix.  4.   "  Poverty  separates  them  from  their  ^'  neighbours." 

"  "  niiiii  fortiina  favct  vultuin  servatis  amici,  I    "  Whilst  fortune  favour'd,  friends,  you  sniil'd  on  me. 

Cum  cecidit,  turpi  vertitis  era  fuga."  |        But  when  she  tied,  a  friend  I  could  not  see." 

Which  is  worse  yet,  if  he  be  poor  ^'  every  man  contemns  him,  insults  over  him, 
oppresseth  him,  seoffs  at,  aggravates  his  misery. 

s^Ortelius  in  Helvetia.  Qui  habitant  in  Cffisia  valle  try,  wondered  how  a  few  rich  men  could  keep  so  many 
ut  plurimuni  latonii,  in  Oscelia  valle  cultrorum  fabri  poor  men  in  subjection,  that  Ihey  did  not  cut  theii 
fumarii,  in  Viiietia   sordidum   genus  hominum,   quod     throats."  <"  Augustas  animas  aniinoso  in  pectore 

repurgandis  caminis  victum  parat.  ^^  I  write  not  '  versans.  4S"  a  narrow  breast  conceals  a  narrow 

this  any  ways  to  upbraid,  or  scoff  at,  or  misuse  poor     soul."  ^9  Donatus  vit.  ejus.  so  ■■  Puhiius  Scipio, 

men,  but  rather  to  condole  and  pity  iliem  by  express-  L.-elius  and  Furius,  three  of  the  most  distinguished 
ing,  &c.  <' Chremilus,  act.  4.  Plant.  <- Pau-     noblemen  at  that  day  in  Rome,  were  of  so  little  service 

pertas  durum  onus  miseris  mortalibus.  ■'^  Vexat     to  him,  that  he  could  scarcely  procure  a  lodging  through 

Tpnsiira  columbas.  •"Deux  ace  non  possunt,  et     Iheir  patronase."  ^i  prov.  xix.  T.    "Though  he  be 

c. -,.;.., J.,..  <,,i,,.r„  ,..,1.,,,,.  i-...,,|j|,„5  p.;,  rinttim  quater     instant,  yet  they  will  not. ".^Bj^jl^etroniiis.        «  Non 
an'clia'.'AlTica.  l,ltu:uila,  jest   qui  tloleat  vicem,  ut  F^^^^Q^^n,  juraiit 
rtaii>  Jiiiliaiis  I  hominem  i 
coun- 


216 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  1    Sect.  2 


""Guiinp  'ffpit  quassata  domus  subsidere,  partes 
lu  proclinatas  omne  recumbit  onus." 


'  When  once  the  totterinis;  house  begins  to  s^hrink, 
Tliither  conies  all  the  weight  by  an  instinct." 


Nay  they  are  odious  to  their  own  brethren,  and  dearest  friends,  Pro.  xix.  7.  "  Hia 
brethren  hate  him  if  he  be  poor,"  ^omnesvicini  odemnt,  "  his  neighbours  hate  him," 
Pro.  xiv.  20,  ^omnes  me  noti  ac  ignotl  desenmf^'diS  he  complained  in  the  comedy, 
friends  and  strangers,  all  forsake  me.  Which  is  most  grievous,  poverty  makes  men 
ridiculous,  JVil  habet  infelix  paupertas  diirius  in  se,  quam  quod  ridlculos  homines 
facit^  they  must  endure  ^'jests,  taunts,  tiouts,  blows  of  their  betters,  and  take  all  ip 
good  part  to  get  a  meal's  meat:  ^ mognum  pauperies  opprobrium^ jubcl.  quidvis  et 
facere  et  pati.  He  must  turn  parasite,  jester,  fool,  cum  desipicntibus  dcsipcre ;  saith 
*' Euripides,  slave,  villain,  drudge  to  get  a  poor  living,  apply  himself  to  each  man's 
humours,  to  win  and  please,  &c.,  and  be  buffeted  when  he  hath  all  done,  as  Ulysses 
was  by  Melanthius  ^°in  Homer,  be  reviled,  ballled,  insulted  over,  i'or '^^ potent iorum 
stultitia  perferend-a  est,  and  may  not  so  much  as  mutter  against  it.  He  must  turn 
rogue  and  villain;  for  as  the  saying  is,  JS^ecessitas  cogit  ad  turpia,  poverty  alone 
makes  men  thieves,  rebels,  murderers,  traitors,  assassins,  '•'•  because  of  poverty  we 
have  sinned,"  Ecclus  xxvii.  1,  swear  and  forswear,  bear  false  witness,  lie,  dissemble, 
anything,  as  I  say,  to  advantage  themselves,  and  to  relieve  their  necessities :  ''^  Culpa 
scelerisque  magistra  est,  when  a  man  is  driven  to  his  shifts,  what  will  he  not  do.-" 

B3" si  miserum  fortuna  Sinonem 

Finjtit,  vanuiii  etiani  menilaceniquc  improba  finget." 

he  will  betray  his  father,  prince,  and  country,  turn  Turk,  forsake  religion,  abjure 
God  and  all,  nulla  tarn  horrenda  proditin^  quam  illi  lucri  causa  (saith  '''Leo  Afer) 
perpetrare  nolint.  *^ Plato,  therefore,  calls  poverty,  "■thievish,  sacrilegious,  filthy, 
wicked,  and  mischievous:"  and  well  he  might.  For  it  makes  many  an  upright  man 
otherwise,  had  he  not  been  hi  want,  to  take  bribes,  to  be  corrupt,  to  do  against  his 
conscience,  to  sell  his  tongue,  heart,  hand,  Stc,  to  be  churlish,  hard,  unmerciful, 
uncivil,  to  use  indirect  means  to  help  his  present  estate.  It  makes  princes  to  exact 
upon  their  subjects,  great  men  tyrannise,  landlords  oppress,  justice  mercenary,  lawyers 
Tultures,  physicians  harpies,  friends  importunate,  tradesmen  liars,  honest  men  thieves, 
devout  assassins,  great  pien  to  prostitute  their  wives,  daughters,  and  themselves, 
middle  sort  to  repine,  commons  to  mutiny,  all  to  grudge,  murmur,  and  complain.  A 
great  temptation  to  all  mischief,  it  compels  some  miserable  wretches  to  counterfeit 
several  diseases,  to  dismember,  make  themselves  blind,  lame,  to  have  a  more  plausible 
cause  to  beg,  and  lose  their  limbs  to  recover  their  present  wants.  Jodocus  Damho- 
derius,  a  lawyer  of  Bruges,  praxi  rerum  criminal,  c.  1 12.  hath  some  notable  examples 
of  such  counterfeit  cranks,  and  every  village  almost  will  yield  abundant  testimonies 
amongst  us ;  we  have  dummerers,  Abraham  men,  &C.  And  that  which  is  the  extent 
of  misery,  it  enforceth  them  through  anguish  and  wearisomeness  of  their  lives,  to 
make  away  themselves;  they  had  rather  be  hanged,  drowned,  Slc,  than  to  live  with- 
out means. 


«"  In  mare  esetiferum,  ne  te  preinat  aspera  egestas, 
Desili,  et  a  celsis  corrue  Cernc  jugis." 


'  Much  better  'tis  to  break  thy  nerk, 

Or  drown  thyself  i"  the  sea. 
Than  suffer  irksome  poverty  ; 
Go  make  thyself  away." 


A  Sybarite  of  old,  as  I  find  it  registered  in  "Athenajus,  supping  in  Phiditiis  in  Sparta, 
and  observing  their  hard  fare,  said  it  was  no  marvel  if  the  Lacedaemonians  were 
valiant  men;  '•'for  his  part,  he  would  rather  run  upon  a  sword  point  (and  so  would 
any  man  in  his  wits,)  than  live  with  such  base  diet,  or  lead  so  wretched  a  life."  ^In 
Japonia,  'tis  a  common  thing  to  stifle  their  children  if  they  be  poor,  or  to  make  an 
abortion,  which  Aristotle  commends.  In  that  civil  commonwealth  of  China,  *®the 
mother  strangles  her  child,  if  she  be  not  able  to  bring  it  up,  and  had  rallier  lose,  than 
sell  it,  or  have  it  endure  such  misery  as  poor  men  do.  Arnobius,  lib.  7,  adversus 
gentes,  ™Lactantius,  lib.  5.  cap.  9.  objects  as  much  to  those  ancient  Greeks  and 


MOvid.  in  Trist.  "  Horat.  sexer.  Eunuchus,  I  "Theognis.  ffi  Dipnosophist  lib.  12.  .Millief>  p^iliug 
act.  2.  ^'Uuid  qiioJ  materiam  prsbet  causainque  ,  monturuin  (si  qiiis  sibi  niente  co^^'lu^el)  (piaiii  tarn 
jocandi :  Si  toca  sordida  ?it.  J'lv.  Pat  2  ^  Hor.        "       "       '"' '   '  "'    " 


••In  Phanii! 
•  "Since  c 
made  hnn 
lib.  ]  . 
Mcrilc.' 


eoQdyss 
fgOH^Ii. 


vilis  et  terumnnsi  victus  coiiiinunioneni  lialu-rc.    "'Uas. 

per  Vilela  Jesuita  epist.  J;ii">ii.  Ii''.  <«.M,il.  Riccujt 

ex|M'ilit    in  Siiias  lib.  I.  r.  t.  ''Vris  Kiniiaiii  prr 

rrr.itd?  &iia^am^t^^amlm^uumiiilijS.uuiir.  i!lraii''U 


Mem.    4.  Sub.  6.]  Poverty  and  Want,  Causes.  217 

Romans,  "  they  did  expose  their  children  to  wild  beasts,  strangle,  or  knock  out  their 
brains  against  a  stone,  in  such  cases."  If  we  may  give  credit  to  "  Munster,  amongst 
us  Christians  in  Lithuania,  they  voluntarily  mancipate  and  sell  themselves,  theii 
wives  and  children  to  rich  men,  to  avoid  hunger  and  beggary;  '^^niany  make  away 
themselves  in  this  extremity.  Apicius  the  Roman,  when  he  cast  up  his  accounts, 
and  found  but  100,000  crowns  left,  murdered  himself  for  fear  he  should  be  famished 
to  death.  P.  Forestus,  in  his  medicinal  observations,  hath  a  memorable  example  of 
two  brothers  of  Louvain  that,  being  destitute  of  means,  became  both  melancholy, 
and  in  a  discontented  humour  massacred  themselves.  Another  of  a  merchant,  learned, 
wise  otherwise  and  discreet,  but  out  of  a  deep  apprehension  he  had  of  a  loss  at  seas, 
would  not  be  persuaded  but  as  "Ventidius  in  the  poet,  he  should  die  a  beggar.  In  a 
word,  thus  much  I  may  conclude  of  poor  men,  that  though  they  have  good  ''^  parts 
they  cannot  show  or  make  use  of  them:  "fl&  inopid  ad  virtutem  obsepta  est  via,  'tis 
hard  for  a  poor  man  to  '*  rise,  hand  facile  emergant,  quorum  virtutihus  obstat  res 
angusta  domi.''''  "  The  wisdom  of  the  poor  is  despised,  and  his  words  are  not  heard." 
Eccles.  vi.  19.  His  works  are  rejected,  contemned,  for  the  baseness  and  obscurity  of 
the  author,  though  laudable  and  good  in  themselves,  they  will  not  likely  take. 

"  Nulla  placere  did,  neque  vivere  carmina  possunt, 
Q,u«  scribuntur  atqus  potoribus." 

"  No  verses  can  please  men  or  live  long  that  are  written  by  water-drinkers."  Poor 
men  cannot  please,  their  actions,  counsels,  consultations,  projects,  are  vilified  in  the 
world's  esteem,  amittunt  consilium  in  re,  which  Gnatho  long  since  observed. 
™  Sapiens  crepidas  sibi  nunquam  nee  soleas  fecit,  a  wise  man  never  cobbled  shoes , 
as  he  said  of  old,  but  how  doth  he  prove  it .?  I  am  sure  we  find  it  otherwise  in  our 
days,  ''^pruinosis  horrct  ftcundia  pannis.  Homer  himself  must  beg  if  he  want 
means,  and  as  by  report  sometimes  he  did  ^''"  go  from  door  to  door,  and  sing  ballads, 
with  a  company  of  boys  about  him."  This  common  misery  of  theirs  must  needs 
distract,  make  them  discontent  and  melancholy,  as  ordinarily  they  are,  wayward, 
peevish,  like  a  weary  traveller,  for  ^^ Fames  et  mora  bilem  in  nares  conciunt,  still 
murmuring  and  repining  :  Ob  inopiam  morosi  sunt,  quibus  est  male,  as  Plutarch  quotes 
out  of  Euripides,  and  that  comical  poet  well  seconds, 

82  "  Omnps  quibus  res  sunt  miniis  secnnds,  nescio  qiiomodo 
Suspitiosi,  ad  contumeliam  omnia  accipiunt  magis, 
Propter  suam  iaipotentiam  se  credunt  negligi." 

"  If  they  be  in  adversity,  they  are  more  suspicious  and  apt  to  mistake :  they  think 
themselves  scorned  by  reason  of  their  misery :"  and  therefore  many  generous  spirits 
in  such  cases  withdraw  themselves  from  all  company,  as  that  comedian  ^Terence  is 
said  to  have  done ;  when  he  perceived  himself  to  be  forsaken  and  poor,  he  volun- 
tarily banished  himself  to  Stymphalus,  a  base  town  in  Arcadia,  and  there  miserably 
died. 

^ "ad  summam  inopiam  redactus, 

Itaque  e  conspectu  omnium  abiit  Gra-ciaj  in  terram  ultimam." 

Neither  is  it  without  cause,  for  we  see  men  commonly  respected  according  to  their 
means,  (^an  dives  sit  omnes  qucerimt,  nemo  an  bo7U(s)  and  vilified  if  they  be  in  bad 
clothes.  ^  Philophaemen  the  orator  was  set  to  cut  wood,  because  he  was  so  homely 
attired,  ^'Terentius  was  placed  at  the  lower  end  of  Cecilius'  table,  because  of  his 
homely  outside.  ^*Dante,  that  famous  Italian  poet,  by  reason  his  clotlies  were  but 
mean,  could  not  be  admitted  to  sit  down  at  a  feast.  Gnatho  scorned  his  old  familiar 
friend  because  of  his  apparel,  ^^  Hominem  video  pannis,  annisque  obsitu?n,  hie  ego 
ilium  conlempsi  prcB  me.  King  Persius  overcome  sent  a  letter  to  ^''Paulus  ^Emilius, 
the  Roman  general ;  Persius  P.  Consuli.  S.  but  he  scorned  him  any  answer,  tacite 
exprohrans  fortunam  suam  (saith  mine  author)  upbraiding  him  with  a  present  fortune. 
"Carolus  Pugnax,  that  great  duke  of  Burgundy,  made  H.  Holland,  late  duke  of 

'"(Josmog.4.  lib.  cap. 22.  vendunt  liberosvictu  carentes  I  poet.     Polentiorum  sdes  ostratim  adiens.  aliquid  arci- 

tanquain  pecora  interdum  et  seipsos;  ut  apud  divites    piebat.  canens  carmina  sua.  concomiiante  eum  puero- 

Baturentur  cibis.  "  Vel  tionoruin  desperatione  vel  I  rum  choro.         «' Plautus  Ampl.        «Ter.Act.4  Seen. 

malorum  perpepsione  fracti  et  fatigati,  plures  violentas  |  3.  Adelph.  Hegio.      ''S  Donat.  vita  ejus.       ^^"  Reduced 

manus  sib*  inferuiit.  "3  Hor.  ."  Ingenio  pote-     to  the  greatest  necessity,  he  withdrew  from  the  saze  of 

ram  =M|>»'ra<:  volitarc  per  arrest  tJt  me  plmm  iivnr.  sir  '  fh>>   public    to   the    niost   remote   village    in   Greece"' 

-   „         "" 'Ji-uaa-.  -  !  M  Ua."    '     «'Pliiiarch.^'»^a^ij»ji^         '"VitaTer 

V  cnnnot  easil>  risi  ■  ^ius   ib.  3.  c.  il.  de  sale.        fSTw,^:  i  inch.  Act. 

.    vertj  at  bOMJI^  -2.    _^l,iv.  dec.  9.  I. 


;r  111 


218 


Causes  of  Melancholy. 


[Fart.  1.  Sec.  2. 


Exeter,  exiled,  run  after  his  horse  like  a  lackey,  and  would  take  no  notice  of  him  ; 
^""tis  the  comaion  fashion  of  the  world.  So  that  such  men  as  are  poor  may  justly 
be  discontent,  melancholy,  and  complain  of  their  present  misery,  and  all  may  pray 
with  ^^ Solomon,  ''•Give  me,  O  Lord,  neither  riches  nor  poverty;  feed  me  with  food 
convenient  for  me." 


SuBSECT.  VII. — .yj  heap  of  other  Accidents  causing  Melancholy.,  Death  of  Friends^ 

Losses,  Sfc. 

In  this  labyrinth  of  accidental  causes,  the  farther  I  wander,  the  more  intricate  I 
find  the  passage,  multce  ambages,  and  new  causes  as  so  many  by-paths  ofl'er  them- 
selves to  be  discussed :  to  search  out  all,  were  an  Herculean  work,  and  fitter  for 
Theseus:  I  will  follow  mine  intended  thread;  and  point  only  at  some  few  of  the 
chiefest. 

Death  of  Friends.]  Amongst  which,  loss  and  death  of  friends  may  challenge  a 
first  place,  multi  tristantur,  as  *^Vives  well  observes, ^os<  deUcias,  convivia,  dies  feslos, 
many  are  melancholy  after  a  feast,  holiday,  nierry  meeting,  or  some  pleasing  sport, 
if  they  be  solitary  by  chance,  left  alone  to  themselves,  without  employment,  sport, 
or  \v  ant  their  ordinary  companions,  some  at  the  departure  of  friends  only  whom  they 
shall  shortly  see  again,  weep  and  howl,  and  look  after  them  as  a  cow  lows  after  her 
calf,  or  a  child  takes  on  that  goes  to  school  after  holidays.  Ut  me  hvdrat  tuns 
adventus,  sic  discessus  afflixit,  (which  "^Tully  writ  to  Atticus)  thy  coming  was  not 
so  welcome  to  me,  as  thy  departure  was  harsh.  Montanus,  consil.  132.  makes  men- 
tion of  a  country  woman  that  parting  with  her  friends  and  native  place,  became 
grievously  melancholy  for  many  years ;  and  Trallianu3  of  another,  so  caused  for 
the  absence  of  her  husband :  which  is  an  ordinary  passion  amongst  our  good  wives, 
if  their  husband  tarry  out  a  day  longer  than  his  appointed  time,  or  break  his  hour, 
they  take  on  presently  with  sighs  and  tears,  he  is  either  robbed,  or,  dead,  some  mis- 
chance or  other  is  surely  befallen  him,  they  cannot  eat,  drink,  sleep,  or  be  quiet  in 
mind,  till  they  see  him  again.  If  parting  of  friends,  absence  alone  can  work  such 
violent  effects,  what  shall  death  do,  when  they  must  eternally  be  separated,  never  in 
this  world  to  meet  again .''  •  This  is  so  grievous  a  torment  for  the  tune,  that  it  takes 
away  their  appetite,  desire  of  life,  extinguisheth  all  delights,  it  causeth  deep  sighs 
and  groans,  tears,  exclamations, 

("  O  dulce  ^erinen  matrix,  6  sanguis  ineuti, 
Ehen  te|n;nt<is,  tc. 6  flos  tciier.")  »* 

howling,  roaring,  many  bitter  pangs,  ^  lamentis  gemituque  et  famineo  ululatu  Tecta 
fremunt)  and  by  frequent  medilation  extends  so  far  sometimes,  **"they  tbink  they 
see  their  dead  friends  continually  in  their  eyes,"  ohservantes  imagines,  an  ConcilimoT 
confesseth  he  saw  his  mother's  ghost  presenting  herself  still  before  him.  Quod 
nimis  miseri  volunt,  hoc  facile  credunt,  still,  still,  still,  that  good  father,  that  good 
son,  that  good  wife,  that  dear  friend  runs  in  their  minds :  Totiis  animus  hac  und 
cogitutione  defixus  est,  all  the  year  long,  as  ^  Pliny  complains  to  Romanus,  "  me- 
thinks  I  see  Virginius,  I  hear  Virginiusj  I  talk  with  Virginias,  &.c." 

loo-'Te  sine,  vs  misero  riiihi.  lilia  nigra  videntiir, 
Pallenlesque  rusv,  iit-c  diilcv  rubeiis  hyacinthus, 
Nullos  iifc  niyrtus,  iiec  laurud  spiral  odores." 

They  that  are  most  staid  and  patient,  are  so  furiously  carried  headlong  by  the  pas- 
sion of  sorrow  in  this  case,  that  brave  discreet  men  otherwise,  oftentimes  forget 
themselves,  and  weep  like  children  many  months  together,  '"as  if  that  they  to 
water  would,"  and  will  not  be  comforted.  They  are  gone,  they  are  gone ;  what 
shall  I  do .? 

"  Abstulit  atra  dies  et  fnnere  mersit  acerbo, 
Qiiis  dabit  in  lachryinas  fontein  milii  ?  quissatia  altos 
Accendet  geniitus,  et  acerbo  verba  dolori  ? 
Ezhaurit  pietas  uculos,  et  hiantia  frangit 
Peclora,  nee  plenos  avido  sinit  edere  questus, 
Magna  adeo  jactura  premit,"  tec. 


'  Fountains  of  tears  who  eives.  who  lends  me  groans. 
Deep  siKhii  sufficient  to  express  my  moans  ? 
Mine  eyes  are  dry,  my  breast  in  piece.,  torn, 
My  loss  so  great,  I  cannot  cooufh  mourn." 


&^  He  that  hath  5/.  per  annum  comini;  in  more  than  I  **  Epist.  lib. 2.  Vireiniiim  video  andio  defuiiclutn  coirHo 

■"  (.'iilpliciriiins  Gr;ec'is.     ••  Williout  lh«re 
their  wliiteiie.-x.    lof 
hiJWu»n 

retains  its'MOlkik * 


others,  scorns  him  that 
n  Prov.  .XIX.  p.     M/^ 

latli  li^s.  anil  la  a  l":it.-r  man. 
■la.'cap.  de  msroiM^   "=' Lib. 
Kflbpriiig;  obmy  VOT)^H<i' .1 
^■Vir.  4.    .Aa^^wpatr 

alloqiior. 
ah !  wretc 

uio  r  I  u  o  :^b^^^^^^l 

^^^Bihri^^^^^MBAlu  > 

Mem.  4.  Subs.  7.  Other  Accidents  and  Grievances.  219 

So  Stroza  Filius,  that  elegant  Italian  poet,  in  his  Epicedium,  bewails  his  father's  death, 
he  could  moderate  his  passions  in  other  matters,  (as  he  confesseth)  but  not  in  this, 
he  yields  wliolly  to  sorrow, 

"Nunc  fatenr  do  terga  malis,  mens  ilia  fati.-cit, 
ludoniitus  quondam  vigor  et  constantia  mentis." 

How  doth  "Quintilian  complain  for  the  loss  of  his  son,  to  despair  almost:  Cardan 
lament  liis  only  cliild  in  his  book  de  libris  propriis,  and  elsewhere  in  many  of  his 
tracts,  ^  St.  Ambrose  his  brother's  death  .''  an  ego  possum  non  cogitare  de  te,  aut  sine 
lachrymis  cogitare  ?  O  amari  dies,  o  flehiles  noctes,  Sfc.  "  Can  I  ever  cease  to  think 
of  thee,  and  to  think  with  sorrow  ?  O  bitter  days,  O  nights  of  sorrow,"  &c.  Gre- 
gory Nazianzen,  that  noble  Pulcheria !  O  decorem,  Sfc.Jlos  reccns,  pullulans,  Sfc. 
Alexander,  a  man  of  most  invincible  courage,  after  Hephestion's  death,  as  Curtius 
relates,  triduum  jaciiit  ad  moriendum  obstinatus.)  lay  three  days  together  upon  the 
ground,  obstinate,  to  die  with  him,  and  would  neither  eat,  drink,  nor  sleep.  The 
woman  that  communed  with  Esdras  [lib.  2.  cap.  10.)  when  her  son  fell  down  dead. 
"•  fled  into  the  field,  and  would  not  return  into  tlie  city,  but  there  resolved  to  remain, 
neither  to  eat  nor  drink,  but  mourn  and  fast  until  she  died."  "Rachael  wept  for  her 
.children,  and  would  not  be  comforted  because  they  were  not."  Matt.  ii.  18.  So  did 
Adrian  the  emperor  bewail'  his  Antinous ;  Hercules,  Hylas ;  Orpheus,  Eurydice ; 
David,  Absalom ;  (O  my  dear  son  Absalom)  Austin  his  mother  Monica,  Niobe  her 
children,  insomuch  that  the  ^  poets  feigned  her  to  be  turned  into  a  stone,  as  being 
stupitied  til  rough  the  extremity  of  grief  '^  jEgeas,  signo  lugubri  jilii  consternatus., 
in  mare  se  prcccipitatem  dedit,  impatient  of  sorrow  for  his  son's  death,  drowned 
himself  Our  late  physicians  are  full  of  such  examples.  Montanus  const/.  242.  ^ had 
a  patient  troubled  with  this  infirmity,  by  reason  of  her  husband's  death,  many  years 
together.  Trincavellius,  I.  I.e.  14.  hath  such  another,  almost  in  despair,  after  his 
"mother's  departure,  ut  seferme  jjrcecipitatcm  dartt ;  and  ready  through  distraction 
to  make  away  himself:  and  in  his  Fifteenth  counsel,  tells  a  story  of  one  fifty  years 
of  age,  ''  that  grew  desperate  upon  his  mother's  death ;"  and  cured  by  Fallopius,  fell 
many  years  after  into  a  relapse,  by  the  sudden  death  of  a  daughter  which  he  had, 
and  could  never  after  be  recovered.  The  fury  of  this  passion  is  so  violent  some- 
times, that  it  daunts  whole  kingdoms  and  cities.  Vespasian''s  death  was  pitifully 
lamented  all  over  the  Roman  empire,  totus  orbis  lugebat.,  saith  Aurelius  ^^ictor. 
Alexander  commanded  the  battlements  of  houses  to  be  pulled  down,  mules  and 
horses  to  have  their  manes  shorn  off",  and  many  common  soldiers  to  be  slain,  to 
accompany  his  dear  Hephestion's  death ;  which  is  now  practised  amongst  tlie  Tar- 
tars, when  ^  a  great  Cham  dieth,  ten  or  twelve  thousand  must  be  slain,  men  and 
horses,  all  they  meet ;  and  among  those  the  ^  Pagan  Indians,  their  wives  and  servants 
voluntarily  die  with  them.  Leo  Decimus  was  so  much  bewailed  in  Rome  after  his 
departure,  that  as  Jovius  gives  out,  ^°  commu7iis  saliis,  publica  hilaritas,  the  common 
safety  of  all  good  fellowship,  peace,  mirth,  and  plenty  died  with  him,  tanquam  eodem 
sepulchro  cum  Leone  condita  lugebantur:  for  it  was  a  golden  age  whilst  he  lived, 
"  but  after  his  decease  an  iron  season  succeeded,  barbara  vis  etfceda  vaslitas.,  et  dira 
malorum  omnium  incomriioda,  wars,  plagues,  vastity,  discontent.  When  Augustus 
Caesar  died,  saith  Paterculus,  orbis  ruinam  timuerajnus,  we  were  all  afraid,  as  if  hea- 
ven had  fallen  upon  our  heads.  '^  Budaeus  records,  how  that,  at  Lewis  the  Twelfth 
his  death,  tarn  subila  mutatio,  ut  qui  prius  digilo  cxlum  atlingere  videbantur,  nunc 
hiimi  dcfepenle  serpere.,  sideratos  esse  diceres.,  they  that  were  erst  in  heaven,  upon  a 
sudden,  as  if  they  had  been  planet-strucken,  lay  grovelling  on  the  ground  ] 

W"Concu?sis  cecidere  animis,  s€u  frondibus  Liigens 
Sylva  dolet  lapsis" 

they  looked  like  cropped  trees.  "At  Nancy  in  Lorraine,  when  Claudia  Valesia, 
Henry  the  Second  French  king's  sister,  and  the  duke's  wife  deceased,  the  temples  for 

2  Prafat.  lib.  6.  s  Lib.  de  obitu  Satyri  fratris.    ejus.        "Lib.  4.  vitas  ejus, auream  a;tatera  condiderat 


«  Ovid.  Met.        5  Plut.  vita  ejus.  «  Nobilis  matrona 

niKlanclinlica  i>b mortem  mariti.  '  Ex  niatri.^  obitu 

in  desperirtionem  iiicidit.      «  Maihias  a  Michou.  Boter. 
An^'hillifiii.        9  Lo  Vertoman.  .M.  Polus  Venelus  lib. 


ad  humani  generis  salutem  quum  nos  ^tatinl  ab  optimi 

principis  exct-ssu,  vere  ferream  palereniur,  famem,  pes- 

tern,  &c.        i2Lib.  5.  de  asse.  is  .\rapl).  '  They  be- 

c.inie  fallen  in  feelings,  as  the  great  forest  laments  its 

11-     f.ill.ii  liuvis."  "OrfeliufTWimario:  ob  annum 

rum  a  cantu,  tripudiis  et  s%Uationl|fe^otacivilaa 

Vita    uoatiuere  jut] 


220  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  bee.  2 

fortv  days  were  all  shut  up,  no  prayers  nor  masses,  but  in  that  room  where  she  was. 
The  senators  all  seen  in  black,  "  and  for  a  twelvemonth's  space  throughout  the  city, 
they  were  forbid  to  sing  or  dance.*' 

The  swains  forgol  their  sheep,  nor  near  the  brink 
Of  running  waters  brought  their  henls  lo  drink; 
The  thirsty  cattle,  of  themselves,  ahstaineU 


W"  Non  ulli  pastos  illis  egre  diebus 

Frigida   (Uapliue)   boves   ad  flumina,   nulla   nee 

aniuein 
Libavit  qiiadrupes,  nee  graniinis  attigit  herbam." 


From  water,  and  their  grassy  fare  dibdain'd." 


How  were  we  affected  here  in  England  for  our  Titus,  delicicB  humani  generis,  Prince 
Henry's  immature  death,  as  if  all  our  dearest  friends'  lives  had  exhaled  with  his  ? 
'^  Scanderbeg's  death  was  not  so  much  lamented  in  Epirus.  In  a  word,  as  '■  he  Saith 
of  Edward  the  First  at  the  news  of  Edward  of  Caernarvon  his  song's  birth,  immor- 
talifer  gavisiis,  he  was  immortally  glad,  may  we  say  on  the  contrary  of  liiends' 
deaths,  immortaliter  gementes,  we  are  diverse  of  us  as  so  many  turtles,  eternally 
dejected  with  it. 

There  is  another  sorrow,  which  arises  from  the  loss  of  temporal  goods  and  for- 
tunes, which  equally  alHicts,  and  may  go  hand  in  hand  with  the  preceding ;  loss  of 
time,  loss  of  honour,  office,  of  good  name,  of  labour,  frustrate  hopes,  will  much 
torment;  but  in  my  judgment,  there  is  no  torture  like  unto  it,  or  that  sooner  pro- 
cureth  this  malady  and  mischief: 

18"  Ploratuf  lachryniis  amissa  pecunia  veris  :"  |         "  Lost  money  is  bewailed  with  grief  sincere." 

it  wrings  true  tears  from  our  eyes,  many  sighs,  nUich  ^orrow  from  our  hearts,  and 
often  causes  habitual  melancholy  itself,  Guianerius  trad.  15.  5.  repeats  this  for  an 
especial  cause:  "''Loss  of  friends,  and  loss  of  goods,  make  many  men  melanclioly, 
as  I  have  often  seen  by  continual  meditation  of  such  things."  The  same  causes 
Arnoldus  Villanovanus  inculcates,  Breviar.  I.  I.e.  18.  ex  rerum  amissione,  damno, 
amicorum  morte,  S^-c.  Want  alone  will  make  a  man  mad,  to  be  Sans  argent  will 
cause  a  deep  and  grievous  melancholy.  Many  persons  are  affected  like  ^  Irishmen 
in  this  behalf,  who  if  they  have  a  good  scimitar,  had  nillier  have  a  blow  on  their 
arm,  than  their  weapon  hurt :  they  will  sooner  lose  their  life,  than  their  goods :  and 
the  grief  that  cometh  hence,  continuelh  long  (saith  *'  Plater)  "  anjj  out  of  many  dis- 
positions, procureth  an  habit."  ^'Montanus  and  Frisemelica  cured  a  young  man  of 
22  years  of  age,  that  so  became  melancholy,  ah  amissam  pecuniam,  for  a  sum  of 
money  which  he  had  unhappily  lost.  Sckenkius  hath  such  another  story  of  one 
melancholy,  because  he  overshot  himself,  and  spent  his  stock  in  unnecessary  build- 
ing. "  Roger  that  rich  bishop  of  Salisbur)',  emitus  opibiis  et  castris  a  Rege  Stepfiano^ 
spoiled  of  his  goods  by  king  Stephen,  ri  doloris  absorptus.,  afqiic  in  amentiam  versus^ 
indeccntia  fecit.,  through  grief  ran  mad,  spoke  and  did  he  knew  not  wliat.  Nothing 
so  familiar,  as  for  men  in  such  cases,  through  anguish  of  mind  to  make  away  them- 
selves. A  poor  fellow  went  to  hang  himself,  (which  Ausonius  hath  elejfanily 
expressed  in  a  neat  '"Epigram)  but  rinding  by  chance  a  pot  of  money,  tlimg  away 
the  rope,  and  went  merrily  home,  but  he  that  hid  the  gold,  when  he  missed  it,  hanged 
himself  with  that  rope  which  the  other  man  had  left,  in  a  discontented  humour. 

"  At  qui  condiderat,  poetguam  non  repent  aurum, 
Aptavit  collo,  quein  reperii  laqueum." 

Such  feral  accidents  can  want  and  penury  produce.  Be  it  by  suretyship,  shipwreck, 
fire,  spod  and  pillage  of  soldiers,  or  what  loss  soever,  it  boots  not,  it  will  work  the 
like  effect,  the  same  desolation  in  provinces  and  cities,  as  well  as  private  persons. 
The  Romans  were  miserably  dejected  after  the  battle  of  Cannae,  the  men  amazed  for 
fear,  the  stupid  women  tore  their  hair  and  cried.  The  Hungarians,  when  their  king 
Ladislaus  and  bravest  soldiers  were  slain  by  the  Turks,  Luctus  publicus,  <^c.  The 
Venetians  when  their  forces  were  overcome  by  the  French  king  Lewis,  the  French 
and  Spanish  kings,  pope,  emperor,  all  conspired  against  them,  at  Cambray,  the  French 
herald  denounced  open  war  in  the  senate :  Lauredane  Venetorum  dux.,  ^-c,  and  they 
had  lost  Padua,  Brixia,  Verona,  Forum  Julii,  their  territories  in  the  continent,  and 
had  now  nothing  left,  but  the  city  of  Venice  itself,  et  urbi  quoque  ipsi  (sailh  '"Bern- 
bus)  timendum  putarent,  and  the  loss  of  that  was  likewise  to  be  feared,  tantus  repcnte 

1*  Virt.        '«  S<-.-  i;,irl.  tills  de  vita  et  ob.  Scanderbeg.  I  Hi«t.  ^'Cap.  3.  Melanrh.ilia  i>emp>-r  v i     i.    •..•.. 

lib.  13.  hist.  •'.       >^  Jiurenalig.      '".Mulli  |  ram   pecuinB'.   victuria-.  r.  |  iij.ain.  iin.ii 

qui  rrs  aniai  ' '^SMi^Bl^tSlfi  ^("eran-  I  quibus  lonKn  p<ist^i|imju/^aiiiiiiiis  txriji 

tesrcciii).  r  L^jfl  ..lii^^^^^^^^S^t. -'— '"'^^^^^^1       ai    ... 

Belani. 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  7.]  Oilier  Accidents  and  Grievances.  221 

dolor  omnes  tenuity  ut  nunquam,  alias.,  <Sfc.,  they  were  pitifully  plunged,  never  before 
in  such  lamentable  distress.  Anno  1527,  when  Rome  was  sacked  by  Burbonius,  the 
common  soldiers  made  such  spoil,  that  fair  "''  churches  were  turned  to  stables,  old 
monuments  and  books  made  horse-litter,  or  burned  like  straw ;  relics,  costly  pictures 
defaced  ;  altars  demolished,  rich  hangings,  carpets,  &C.,  trampled  in  the  dirt.  ^"  Their 
wives  and  loveliest  daughters  constuprated  by  every  base  cuUion,  as  Sejanus'  daughter 
was  by  the  hangman  in  public,  before  their  fathers  and  husbands'  faces.  Noblemen's 
children,  and  of  tbe  wealthiest  citizens,  reserved  for  princes'  beds,  were  prostitute  to 
every  common  soldier,  and  kept  for  concubines ;  senators  and  cardinals  themselves 
dragged  along  the  streets,  and  put  to  exquisite  torments,  to  confess  where  their 
money  was  hid ;  the  rest,  murdered  on  heaps,  lay  stinking  in  the  streets ;  infants' 
brains  dashed  out  before  their  mothers'  eyes.  A  lamentable  sight  it  was  to  see  so 
goodly  a  city  so  suddenly  defaced,  rich  citizens  sent  a  begging  to  Venice,  Naples, 
Ancona,  &c.,  that  erst  lived  in  all  manner  of  delights.  ^  "  Those  proud  palaces  that 
even  now  vaunted  their  tops  up  to  heaven,  were  dejected  as  low  as  hell  in  an  instant." 
Whom  will  not  such  misery  make  discontent  ?  Terence  the  poet  drowned  himself 
(some  say)  for  the  loss  of  his  comedies,  which  suffered  shipwreck.  When  a  poor 
.  man  hath  made  many  hungry  meals,  got  together  a  small  sum,  which  he  loseth  in 
an  instant ;  a  scholar  spent  many  an  hour's  study  to  no  purpose,  his  labours  lost, 
&c.,  how  should  it  otherwise  be .''  I  may  conclude  with  Gregory,  temporalium 
amor.,  quantum  ajicit.,  cum  hceret  possessio,  tantum  quum  subtrahitur,  urit  dolor; 
riches  do  not  so  much  exhilarate  us  with  their  possession,  as  they  torment  us  with 
their  loss. 

Next  to  sorrow  still  I  may  annex  such  accidents  as  procure  fear  •,  for  besides  those 
terrors  which  I  have  ^^  before  touched,  and  many  other  fears  (which  are  infinite)  there 
is  a  superstitious  fear,  one  of  the  three  great  causes  of  fear  in  Aristotle,  commonly 
caused  by  prodigies  and  dismal  accidents,  which  nmch  trouble  many  of  us.  ( JVcscfo 
quid  animus  mild  prcesagit  mali.)  As  if  a  hare  cross  the  way  at  our  going  forth,  or 
a  mouse  gnaw  our  clothes  :  if  they  bleed  three  drops  at  nose,  the  salt  falls  towards 
them,  a  black  spot  appear  in  their  nails,  &c.,  with  many  such,  which  Delrio  Tom. 
2.  I.  3.  sect.  4.  Austin  Niphus  in  his  book  de  Auguriis.  Polydore  Virg.  /.  3.  de 
Prodigiis.  Sarisburiensis  Polycrat.  l.l.c.  13. discuss  at  large.  They  are  so  much 
affected,  that  with  the  very  strength  of  imagination,  fear,  and  the  devil's  craft,  ''""they 
pull  those  misfortunes  they  suspect,  upon  their  own  heads,  and  that  which  they  fear, 
shall  come  upon  them,"  as  Solomon  fortelleth,  Prov.  x.  24.  and  Isaiah  denounceth, 
Ixvi.  4.  which  if  ^^ "  they  could  neglect  and  contemn,  would  not  come  to  pass,  Eorum 
vires  nostra  resident  opinione,  ut  morbi  gravitas  cegrotantium  cogitatione.,  they  are 
intended  and  remitted,  as  our  opinion  is  fixed,  more  or  less.  N.  N.  dat  poenas.,  saith 
^  Crato  of  such  a  one,  utinam  non  attraheret :  he  is  punished,  and  is  the  cause  of  it 
"'himself: 

^Dum  fata  fugimus  fata  stulti  incurrimus,  the  thing  that  I  feared,  saith  Job,  is 
fallen  upon  me. 

As  much  we  may  say  of  them  that  are  troubled  with  their  fortunes ;  or  ill  desti- 
nies foreseen  :  multos  angit  prcescientia  maloru7n:  The  foreknowledge  of  what  shall 
come  to  pass,  crucifies  many  men :  foretold  by  astrologers,  or  wizards,  iratum  ob 
coelum,.,  be  it  ill  accident,  or  death  itself:  which  often  falls  out  by  God's  permission; 
quia  dcEmonem  liment  (saith  Chrysostom)  Deus  ideo  pennittit  accidere.  Severus, 
Adrian,  Domitian,  can  testify  as  much,  of  whose  fear  and  suspicion,  Sueton,  Hero- 
dian,  and  the  rest  of  those  writers,  tell  strange  stories  in  this  behalf.  ^^lAIontanus 
consil.  31.  hath  one  example  of  a  young  man,  exceeding  melancholy  upon  this  occa- 
sion. Such  fears  have  still  tormented  mortal  men  in  all  ages,  by  reason  of  those 
lying  oracles,  and  juggling  priests.  '^^  There  was  a  fountain  in  Greece,  near  Ceres' 
temple  in  Achaia,  where  the  event  of  such  diseases  was  to  be  known ;  '-A  glass  let 


»«Templa  ornanientis  nudata,  spoliata,  in  stabula 
equoruin  et  asinorum  versa,  &c.  Insulte  hunii  conciil- 
cats,  pedita-,  <fcc.  "In  oculis  maritorum  dilectissimie 
coiijuges  ab  Hispanorum  lixis  constuprats  sunt.  Filiie 
raajjnatuin  llmris  dystinatae,  &;c.  "^Ita  fastu  ante 

uiiuin  nii-iisiMii  lurL'iilaciv/yyjMt,.«acurninit)Oj  cecluin 
;M!sa^.Vi^a,  ad  inferOdM^^^^^is  dietius  dejecta. 
"Sect.  2.  Memb.  4.  Si^^^^BHbia  ominous  acci- 


dents, destinies  foretold.  so  Accersunt  sibi  maluto, 

"Si  non  observeiiiijs,  nihil  valent.  Polidor.  33(_;onsil. 
26.  1.  2.  23  Harm  watch  harm  catch.  ^  Geor.  Bucha. 
35  Juvenis  solicitus  de  futuris  frustra,  factus  niclancho- 
licus.  36  paiisanius  in  Achaicis  lib.  7.     Ubi  omnium 

eveiitus  dignoscuntur.  Speculum  iciitji  suspensum  funi- 
culcwdemittunt:  et  ad  Cyaaeaa  petras  ad.  Lycite  hn'et 


222  Causes  of  Melancholy.  l^Part.  1 .  Sec.  2, 

down  by  a  thread,  &c."  Amongst  those  Cyanean  rocks  at  the  springs  of  Lycia,  was 
the  oracle  of  Thrixeus  Apollo,  *••  where  all  fortunes  were  foretold,  sickness,  health, 
or  what  they  would  besides  :"  so  common  people  have  been  always  deluded  with 
future  events.  At  this  day^Melusfuturoriim  maxime  torquet  Sinas^  this  foolish  fear, 
mightily  crucifies  them  in  China :  as  *'  Matthew  Riccius  the  Jesuit  informeth  us,  in 
his  commentaries  of  those  countries,  of  all  nations  they  are  most  superstitious,  and 
much  tormented  in  this  kind,  attributing  so  much  to  their  divinators,  ut  ipse  metus 
Jidem  facial,  that  fear  itself  and  conceit,  cause  it  to  **fall  out:  If  he  foretell  sickness 
such  a  day,  that  very  time  they  will  be  sick,  vi  metiis  ajjlicti  in  cpgriludincm  cadunt ; 
and  many  times  die  as  it  is  foretold.  A  true  saying,  Timor  7norlis,  mortc  pejor,  the 
fear  of  death  is  Avorse  than  deatli  itself,  and  the  memory  of  that  sad  hour,  to  some 
fortunate  and  rich  men, '•' is  as  bitter  as  gall,"  Ecd.  xli.  1.  Inqidctam  nobis  vit am 
facit  mortis  metus,  a  worse  plague  cannot  happen  to  a  man,  than  to  be  so  troubled 
in  his  mind  ;  'tis  triste  divortium,  a  heavy  separation,  to  leave  their  goods,  with  so 
much  labour  got,  pleasures  of  the  world,  which  they  have  so  deliciously  enjoyed, 
friends  and  companions  whom  they  so  dearly  loved,  all  at  once.  Axicchus  the  phi- 
losopher was  bold  and  courageous  all  his  life,  and  gave  good  precepts  t/c  contemnenda 
morte^  and  against  the  vanity  of  the  world,  to  others ;  but  being  now  ready  to  die 
himself,  he  was  mightily  dejected,  hdc  luce  privahorf  his  orhahor  bonis f'^^  he 
lamented  like  a  child,  &.c.  And  though  Socrates  himself  was  there  to  comfort  him, 
ubi  prislina  virtutum  jaclalio  O  jlxioche  f  '•^  where  is  all  your  boasted  virtue  now, 
my  friend  r"  yet  he  was  very  timorous  and  impatient  of  death,  much  troubled  in  his 
mind,  Imbcllis  pavor  et  impaticntia,  6fc.  "  O  Clotho,"  Megapetus  the  tyrant  in 
Lueian  exclaims,  now  ready  to  depart,  ''  let  me  live  a  while  longer.  ^^  I  will  give 
thee  a  thousand  talents  of  gold,  and  two  boles  besides,  which  I  took  from  Cleocritus, 
worth  a  hundred  talents  apiece."  •■'  Woe's  me,"  ■"  saith  another,^'  what  goodly  manors 
shall  I  leave  !  what  fertile  fields  I  what  a  line  house  I  what  pretty  cliildren !  how 
many  servants !  who  shall  gather  my  grapes,  my  corn .''  Must  1  now  die  so  well 
settled  i  Leave  all,  so  richly  and  well  provided  .'  Woe's  me,  what  shall  1  do  ?" 
*^JinimuJa  rugula,  blandula,  qua  nunc  ubibis  in  loca  ? 

To  these  tortures  of  fear  and  sorrow,  may  well  be  annexed  curiosity,  that  irksome, 
that  tyrannising  care,  nimia  i't»/ic/7u(/o,  "'^'"  superfluous  industry  about  unproiitable 
things,  and  their  qualities,"  as  Thomas  defines  it:  an  itcliitig  humour  or  a  kind  of 
longing  to  see  that  which  is  not  to  be  seen,  to  do  that  which  ought  not  to  lie  done, 
to  know  that  ''•' secret  which  should  not  be  known,  to  eat  of  the  forbidden  fruit. 
We  commonly  molest  and  tire  ourselves  about  things  unfit  and  unnecessary,  as 
Martha  troubled  herself  to  little  purpose.  Be  it  in  religion,  humanity,  magic,  philo- 
sophy, policy,  any  action  or  study,  'tis  a  needless  trouble,  a  mere  torment.  For  what 
else  is  school  divinity,  how  many  doth  it  puzzle  ?  what  fruitless  questions  about  the 
Trinity,  resurrection,  election,  predestination,  reprobation,  hell-fire,  Sec,  how  many 
shall  be  saved,  damned  i  What  else  is  all  superstition,  but  an  endless  observation 
of  idle  ceremonies,  traditions  }  What  is  most  of  our  philosophy  but  a  labyrinth  of 
opmions,  idle  questions,  propositions,  metapliysical  terms  i  Socrates,  therefore,  held 
all  philo.supners,  cavillers,  and  mad  men,  circa  sublilia  Cacillatorcs  pro  insaiiis 
hahuit,  palum  eos  arguens,  saith  ^*  Eusebius,  because  they  commonly  sought  after 
such  things  qute  ncc  pcrcipi  a  nobis  nrque  comprehcndi  posset,  or  put  case  they  did 
understand,  yet  they  were  altogether  unprofitable.  For  .what  matter  is  it  for  us  to 
know  how  high  the  Pleiades  are,  how  far  distant  Perseus  and  Cassiopea  from  us, 
how  deep  the  sea,  &c.,  we  are  neither  wiser,  as  he  follows  it,  nor  modester,  nor 
better,  nor  richer,  nor  stronger  for  the  knowledge  of  it.  Quod  supra  nos  nihil  ad 
nos,  I  may  say  the  same  of  those  genethliacal  studies,  what  is  astrology  but  vain 
elections,  predictions  ?  all  magic,  but  a  troublesome  error,  a  -pernicious  foppery  r 
physic,  but  intricate  rules  and  prescriptions  ?  philology,  but  vain  criticisms .'  logic, 
needless  sophisms .'  metaphysics  themselves,  but  intricate  subtilties,  and  fruitless 
abstractions  }  alchemy,  but  a  bundle  of  errors  ?  to  what  end  are  such  great  tomes  ? 

^  Expi'ilii.  in  Siiias,  lih.  I.  c.  :i  3  'I'n.if.ndo  pra-oc-  I  talenta.  nii- I11..I1..  1  il.i  u.iiiiriim  proniitto,  Ar,     <    Ihiilfm. 

c«p.-it,  qmxl   vilat,  iiltr..  lugil.  pau-  Hfi  iiiilii  '|''                           '  [irnilia?  cjnaiii  f.-rlilc*  «f ri ! 

detqiie  iiiajroiis  etl^yi.-  •■<  Austriar.  |  &c.         "A                              islria  siiixrliiia  cirra  re»  inn 

■"Musi    I    l>ua<l«pBU   <<r  l!i  :    ItlOoJ-    jp,.«,.-  I  l|l..a           <*1ju.-            ...j  >*wi«M*-ai  H'I'-'i'   Ai»l;iur^.». 

•ions'  •Toa|i||dUl.  3(Jatap)o^Auri  pun  I.  ■        M.t.  2.    ^M^a^^^^Va.  cap.  CI.     — ~-*^ 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  7.]  Other  Accidents  and  Grievances.  223 

why  do  we  spend  so  many  years  in  their  studies  ?  Much  better  to  know  nothino-  at 
all,  as  those  barbarous  Indians  are  wholly  ignorant,  than  as  some  of  us,  to  be  so 
sore  vexed  about  unprofitable  toys :  stultus  labor  est  ineptiarum,  to  build  a  house 
without  pins,  make  a  rope  of  sand,  to  what  end  ?  cui  bono  ?  He  studies  on,  but  as 
the  boy  told  St.  Austin,  when  I  have  laved  the  sea  dry,  thou  shalt  understand  the 
mystery  of  the  Trinity.  He  makes  observations,  keeps  times  and  seasons ;  and  as 
*^Conradus  the  emperor  would  not  touch  his  new  bride,  till  an  astrologer  had  told 
him  a  masculine  hour,  but  with  what  success  ?  He  travels  into  Europe,  Africa,  Asia, 
searcheth  every  creek,  sea,  city,  mountain,  gulf,  to  what  end  ?  See  one  promontory 
(said  Socrates  of  old),  one  mountain,  one  sea,  one  river,  and  see  all.  An  alchemist 
spends  his  fortunes  to  find  out  the  philosopher's  stone  forsooth,  cure  all  diseases, 
make  men  long-lived,  victorious,  fortunate,  invisible,  and  beggars  himself,  misled  by 
those  seducing  impostors  (which  he  shall  never  attain)  to  make  gold ;  an  antiquary 
consumes  his  treasure  and  time  to  scrape  up  a  company  of  old  coins,  statues,  rules, 
edicts,  manuscripts,  &c.,  he  must  know  what  was  done  of  old  in  Athens,  Rome, 
what  lodging,  diet,  houses  they  had,  and  have  all  the  present  news  at  first,  though 
never  so  remote,  before  all  others,  what  projects,  counsels,  consultations,  &c.,  quid 
Juno  in  aurem  insusurret  Jovi,  wiiat's  now  decreed  in  France,  what  in  Italy  :  who 
was  he,  whence  comes  he,  Avhich  way,  whither  goes  he,  &.c.  Aristotle  must  find 
out  the  motion  of  Euripus ;  Pliny  must  needs  see  Vesuvius,  but  how  sped  they  ? 
One  loseth  goods,  another  his  life  ;  Pyrrhus  will  conquer  Africa  first,  and  then  Asia  : 
he  will  be  a  sole  monarch,  a  second  immortal,  a  third  rich ;  a  fourth  commands. 
*' Turbine  magno  spes  solicitce  in  urbihus  errant;  we  run,  ride,  take  indefatigable 
pams,  all  up  early,  down  late,  striving  to  get  that  which  we  had  better  be  without, 
(Ardelion's  busy-bodies  as  we  are)  it  were  much  fitter  for  us  to  be  quiet,  sit  still,  and 

take  our  ease.     His  sole  study  is  for  words,  that  they  be Lepidce.  lexeis  com- 

postcR  ut  tesserulee  ovmcs^  not  a  syllable  misplaced,  to  set  out  a  stramineous  subject: 
as  thine  is  about  apparel,  to  follow  the  fashion,  to  be  terse  and  polite,  'tis  thy  sole 
business  :  both  with  like  profit.  His  only  delight  is  building,  he  spends  himself  to 
get  curious  pictures,  intricate  models  and  plots,  another  is  wholly  ceremonious  about 
titles,  degrees,  inscriptions  :  a  third  is  over-solicitous  about  his  diet,  he  must  have 
such  and  such  exquisite  sauces,  meat  so  dressed,  so  far-fetched,  peregrini  aeris  volu- 
cres,  so  cooked,  &c.,  something  to  provoke  thirst,  something  anon  to  quench  his 
thirst.  Thus  he  redeems  his  appetite  with  extraordinary  charge  to  his  purse,  is  sel- 
dom pleased  with  any  meal,  whilst  a  trivial  stomach  useth  all  with  delight  and  is 
never  offended.  Another  must  have  roses  in  winter,  alieni  temporis  flores^  snow- 
water in  summer,  fruits  before  they  can  be  or  are  usually  ripe,  artificial  gardens  and 
fish-ponds  on  the  tops  of  houses,  all  things  opposite  to  the  vulgar  sort,  intricate  and 
rare,  or  else  they  are  nothing  worth.  So  busy,  nice,  curious  wits,  make  that  insup- 
portable in  all  vocations,  trades,  actions,  employments,  which  to  duller  apprehensions 
is  not  offensive,  earnestly  seeking  that  which  others  so  scornfully  neo-lect.  Thus 
through  our  foolish  curiosity  do  we  macerate  ourselves,  tire  our  souls,  and  run  head- 
long, through  our  indiscretion,  perverse  will,  and  want  of  government,  into  many 
needless  cares,  and  troubles,  vain  expenses,  tedious  journeys,  painful  hours ;  and 
when  ail  is  done,  quorsum  hcec?  cui  bono?  to  what  end  ? 

46"  Xescire  velle  qua;  Masrister  raaximus 
Bocere  non  vult,  erudita  inscitia  est." 

Unfortunate  marriage.]  Amongst  these  passions  and  irksome  accidents,  unfortu- 
nate marriage  may  be  ranked :  a  condition  of  life  appointed  by  God  himself  in  Para- 
dise, an  honourable  and  happy  estate,  and  as  great  a  felicity  as  can  befall  a  man  in 
this  world,  ^^if  the  parties  can  agree  as  they  ought,  and  live  as  ^Seneca  lived  with 
his  Paulina ;  but  if  they  be  unequally  matched,  or  at  discord,  a  greater  misery  cannot 
be  expected,  to  have  a  scold,  a  slut,  a  harlot,  a  fool,  a  fury  or  a  fiend,  there  can  be 
no  such  plague.  Eccles.  xxvi.  14,  "  He  that  hath  her  is  as  if  he  held  a  scorpion, 
&c."  xxvi.  25,  "  a  wicked  wife  makes  a  sorry  countenance,  a  heavy  heart,  and  he  had 
rather  dwell  with  a  lion  than  keep  house  with  sucji  a  wife.".  Her  °'  properties  Jovianus 

i^Afnt,  I'nrii,  5"  >•  !  .  i  n .  -1=  Jo~.  Scaliger  in  M^  "A  virtuous  woman  is  th"  rr  .  ■.  ,      f  ii   r  husb-iiid." 

'^■'"  '^'i'  I  -■  :i  ..i.-inclinalimi  Imt  luar   know-     Prov.  .\]i.  4.  •■  bul  slu',' 'ic.  iSc.:.  i.-    .  .  T.  ejiist.  ]Ui. 

IcJye  vviiitii   s  b..}    iid  our  reach,  is  j>eclanuc  i^Mijraiice."  |  °^[|litioiiatur,  candelabratur,  &.c. 


224  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

Pontanus  hath  described  at  large,  ^nt.  dial.  Tom.  2,  under  the  name  of  Euphorbia. 
Or  if  they  be  not  equal  in  years,  tlie  like  mischief  happens.  Cecilius  in  JigcUius 
lib.  2.  cap.  23,  complains  much  of  an  old  wife,  dam  ejus  morli  iiihio,  egomet  niortuus 
vivo  inter  vivos^  whilst  I  gape  after  her  death,  I  live  a  dead  man  amongst  the  living, 
or  if  they  dishke  upon  any  occasion, 

""Judge  who  that  are  unfortunately  wed 
What  'tis  to  come  into  a  loathed  bed." 

The  same  inconvenience  befals  women. 

M"  At  vos  6  duri  miseram  lugete  parentes,  I         ..  p^^j  hearted  parents  both  lament  my  fate. 

Si  ferro  aui  laqueo  leva  hac  me  essolvere  Borte  jj.     ,f  £  ^,„  ^;  ^  (^  ^  ^'  „ 

Sustineo:" I  "  ' 

"A  young  gentlewoman  in  Basil  was  married,  saith  Felix  Plater,  ohservat.  Z.  1,  to  an 
ancient  man  against  her  will,  whom  she  could  not  affect ;  she  was  continually  melan- 
choly, and  pined  away  for  grief;  and  though  her  husband  did  all  he  could  possibly 
to  give  her  content,  in  a  discontented  humour  at  length  she  hanged  herself.  Many 
other  stories  he  relates  in  this  kind.  Thus  men  are  plagued  with  women  ;  they  again 
with  men,  when  tliey  are  of  divers  humours  and  conditions ;  he  a  spendtlirift,  she 
sparing;  one  honest,  the  other  dishonest,  kc.  Parents  many  times  disquiet  their 
cluldren,  and  tliey  their  parents.  **'*A  foolish  son  is  an  heaviness  to  his  mother." 
Irijusta  noverca :  a  stepmotlier  often  vexeth  a  whole  family,  is  matter  of  repentance, 
exercise  of  patience,  fuel  of  dissension,  which  made  Cato's  son  e.\postulate  with  his 
father,  why  he  should  offer  to  marry  his  client  Solinius'  daughter,  a  young  wench, 
Cttjus  causa  novercam  induceret;  what  offence  had  he  done,  that  he  should  marry 
again  ? 

Unkind,  unnatural  friends,  evil  neighbours,  bad  servants,  debts  and  debates,  &c., 
'twas  Chilon's  sentence,  comes  cfris  alieni  ct  litis  est  miseria.,  misery  and  usury  do 
commonly  together;  suretyship  is  the  bane  of  many  families,  Sponde^  prastu  noxa 
est :  '•'  he  shall  be  sore  vexed  that  is  surety  for  a  stranger,"  Prov.  xi.  15,  "  and  he  that 
hateth  suretyship  is  sure."    Contention,  brawling,  lawsuits,  falling  out  of  neiglibours 

and  friends. discordia  dfmens  (  Virg.  jfjU.  G,)  are  equal  to  tiie  first,  grieve  many 

a  man,  and  vex  his  soul,  \ihil  sane  miserabdius  eurum  mrntibus^  (as  ^Koter  holds) 
"  nolliing  so  miserable  as  such  men,  full  of  cares,  griefs,  anxieties,  as  if  they  were 
stabbed  with  a  sharp  sword,  fear,  suspicion,  desperation,  sorrow,  are  their  ordinary 
companions.'"'  Our  Welshmen  are  noted  by  some  of  their  "  own  writers,  to  con- 
sume one  another  in  this  kind ;  but  whosoever  they  are  that  use  it,  these  are  their 
common  symptoms,  especially  if  they  be  convict  or  overcome,  **cast  in  a  suit. 
Arius  put  out  of  a  bishopric  by  Eustathius,  turned  heretic,  and  lived  after  discon- 
tented all  his  life.  ''Every  repulse  is  of  like  nature  ;  heu  quanta  de  spe  decidi !  Dis- 
grace, infamy,  detraction,  will  almost  effect  as  much,  and  that  a  long  time  after. 
Hipponax,  a  satirical  poet,  so  viliiied  and  lashed  two  painters  in  his  iambics,  ut  ambo 
laqueo  se  suffocarent.,  ^  Pliny  saith,  both  hange<l  themselves.  All  oppositions,  dan- 
gers, perplexities,  discontents,  "to  live  in  any  suspense,  are  of  the  same  rank:  pates 
hic  sub  casu  d  tier  re  somnos?  Who  can  be  secure  in  such  cases .'  lU-bestowed  bene- 
fits, ingratitude,  unthankful  friends,  muchtlisquiet  and  molest  some.  Unkind  speeches 
trouble  as  many;  uncivil  carriage  or  dogged  answers,  weak  women  above  the  rest, 
if  they  proceed  from  their  surly  husbands,  are  as  bitter  as  gall,  and  not  to  be  digested. 
A  glassman''s  wit'e  in  Basil  became  melanclioly  because  her  husband  said  he  would 
marry  again  if  she  died.  "  No  cut  to  unkindness,"  as  the  saying  is,  a  frown  and 
hard  speech,  ill  respect,  a  brow-beating,  or  bad  look,  especially  to  courtiers,  or  such 
as  attend  upon  great  persons,  is  present  death :  Ingcnium  vullu  staique  caditque  suo^ 
they  ebb  and  flow  with  their  masters'  favours.  Some  persons  are  at  their  wits'  ends, 
if  by  chance  they  overshoot  themselves,  in  their  ordinary  speeches,  or  actions,  which 
may  after  turn  to  their  disadvantage  or  disgrace,  or  have  any  secret  disclosed.  Runseus 
epist.  miscel.  2,  reports  of  a  gentlewoman  25  years  old,  that  falling  foul  with  one  of 


*>  Daniel  in  Rosamund.  ^^chalinorus  lib.  9.  de 

rniiub.  Ariel.  **  Klegans  virgo  invita  cuidam  6  nog- 

irnlitxie  hupsit.  &c.  **  Prov.  "Pe  increm. 

iirlj.  lili.  :<.  c.  :i.  tHTi<|iiaiii   diro  mucrone   confossi,  hia 
nulla    requi' -  i         ■  <latio,  solicitudine.   gemitu, 

furore,  ilexp'  -  i  're,  tanquam   ad   perp<^tuara 

erumnafii  i    i   .i^ie'-r  r.j|>u.  ^'.Haiulredud  LIuvd  I  Plater  obaer 

aput..  I      \.>>rahaii|uai  Urlelium.    M.  Vaugbaa   in 


Golden  Fleece.  Litibus  et  controversiis  usque  ad  om- 
nium bonorum  consuniptioneni  contendunl.  **  Spre- 
tcque  injuria  forme  i^Uua-qiie  repuUa  gravii, 

'^i  Lib.  3U.  c.  5.  "■  Nihil  a'quu  amoruui,  quMn  diu 

pcMiilere :  quidam  cquiore  ammo  fcrunt  prcciii  <l*em 
Duam  quam  trahi-    Heneca  cap.  3.  lib.  j.  da  I>«a.    Virg 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  7.]  Other  Accidents  and  Grievances.  225 

her  gossips,  was  upbraided  with  a  secret  infirmity  (no  matter  what)  in  public,  and 
so  much  grieved  with  it,  that  she  did  thereupon  solitudines  qua;rere,  omnes  ab  se 
oMcgare,  ac  tandem  in  gravissimam  incidens  melanchoUam,  contabcscere,  forsake  all 
company,  quite  moped,  and  in  a  melancholy  humour  pine  away.  Others  are  as  much 
tortured  to  see  themselves  rejected,  contemned,  scorned,  disabled,  defamed,  detracted, 
undervalued,  or  ""  left  behind  their  fellows."  Lucian  brings  in  ^tamacles,  a  philo- 
sopher in  his  Lapith.  convivio,  much  discontented  that  he' was  not  invited  amongst 
the  rest,  expostulating  the  matter,  in  a  long  epistle,  with  Aristenetus  their  host. 
Praetextatus,  a  robed  gentleman  in  Plutarch,  would  not  sit  down  at  a  feast,  because 
he  might  not  sit  highest,  but  went  his  ways  all  in  a  chafe.  We  see  the  common 
quarrel ings,  that  are  ordinary  with  us,  for  "taking  of  the  wall,  precedency,  and  the 
like,  which  though  toys  in  themselves,  and  things  of  no  moment,  yet  they  cause 
many  distempers,  much  heart-burning  amongst  us.  Nothing  pierceth  deeper  than  a 
contempt  or  disgrace,  '^especially  if  they  be  generous  spirits,  scarce  anything  affects 
them  more  than  to.be  despised  or  vilified.  Crato,  consil.  16,  7.  2,  exemplifies  it,  and 
common  experience  confirms  it.  Of  the  same  nature  is  oppression,  Ecclus.  77, 
"surely  oppression  makes  a  man  mad,"  loss  of  liberty,  which  made  Brutus  venture 
his  hfe,  Cato  kill  himself,  and  ''^  Tully  complain,  Omnem  hiJaritalcm  in  perpetmim 
amisi,  mine  heart's  broken,  I  shall  never  look  up,  or  be  merry  aganiy^^hcec  jactura 
tntolerabilis,  to  some  parties  'tis  a  most  intolerable  loss.  Banishment  a  great  miser\', 
as  Tyrteus  describes  it  in  an  epigram  of  his, 

■•  Nam  tniserum  est  patria  amissa,  laribusque  vagari  I  "  A  miserable  thing  'tis  so  to  wander, 

Mendicum,  fit  timida  voce  rogare  cibns :  |  And  like  a  begcar  for  to  wliine  at  door 

Omnibus  invisus,  quocunque  accesserit  exul  I  Cnntemn'd  of  all  the  world,  an  exile  is 

teeniper  erit,  semper  spretus  egensque  jucet,"  &c.  |  Hated,  rejected,  needy  still  and  poor." 

Polynices  in  his  conference  with  Jocasta  in  ^^  Euripides,  reckons  up  five  miseries  of 
a  banished  man,  the  least  of  which  alone  were  enough  to  deject  some  pusillanimous 
creatures.  Oftentimes  a  too  great  feeling  of  our  own  infirmities  or  imperfections  of 
body  or  mind,  will  shrivel  us  up ;  as  if  we  be  long  sick  : 

"  O  beata  sanitas,  te  pr^sente,  amsnum 
Ver  fiorit  gratiis,  absque  te  nemo  beatus:" 

O  blessed  health!  "thou  art  above  all  gold  and  treasure,"  Ecclus.  xxx.  15,  the  poor 
man's  riches,  the  rich  man's  bliss,  without  thee  there  can  be  no  happiness :  or  visited 
with  some  loathsome  disease,  offensive  to  others,  or  troublesome  to  ourselves;  as  a 
stinking  breath,  deformity  of  our  limbs,  crookedness,  loss  of  an  eye,  leg,  hand,  pale- 
ness, leanness,  redness,  baldness,  loss  or  want  of  hair.  &.C.,  hie  ub'i  fluere  ccFpit,  diros 
ictus  cordi  infer t,  saith  ^'Synesius,  he  himself  troubled  not  a  little  oh  coma>  defectum^ 
the  loss  of  hair  alone,  strikes  a  cruel  stroke  to  the  heart.  Acco,  an  old  woman, 
seeing  by  chance  her  face  in  a  true  glass  i^for  she  used  false  flattering  glasses  belike  at 
other  times,  as  most  gentlewomen  do,)  animi  dolore  in  insaniam  delapsa  est,  (Cselius 
Rhodiginus  /.  17,  c.  2,)  ran  mad.  ^^Brotheus,  the  son  of  Vulcan,  because  he  was 
ridiculous  for  his  imperfections,  flung  himself  into  the  fire.  Lais  of  Corinth,  now 
grown  old,  gave  up  her  glass  to  Venus,  for  she  could  not  abide  to  look  upon  it. 
^'^Qualis  sum  nolo,  qualis  cram  nequeo.  Generally  to  fair  nice  pieces,  old  age  and 
foul  linen  are  two  most  odious  things,  a  torment  of  torments,  thev  may  not  abide 
the  thought  of  it,  *  " 

'"" 6  deoriim  I  .  .1 

Quisquis  ha;c  audis,  utinam  inter  errem  ,    ^"^  "'"•  ^""""^  eracious  heavenly  power, 

Niida  leones  ^'  nous  dire  this  naked  corse  devour. 

Antequam  turpis  macies  decentes  I  ^'^  cheeks  ere  hollow  wrinkles  seize, 

Occupet  malas,  tenera;quesuccus  Ere  yet  their  rosy  bloom  decays  : 

Defluat  pra;d<e,  speciosa  qu*rro  y/\\\\e  youth  yet  rolls  its  vital  flood, 

Pascere  tigres."  '-'*^  tigers  friendly  riot  in  my  blood  " 

To  be  foul,  ugly,  and  deformed,  much  better  be  buried  alive.  Some  are  fair  but 
barren,  and  that  galls  them.  "  Hannah  wept  sore,  did  not  eat,  and  was  troubled  ir. 
spirit,  and  all  for  her  barrenness,"  1  Sara.  1.  and  Gen.  30.  Rachel  said  "in  the 
anguish  of  her  soul,  give  me  a  child,  or  I  shall  die :"  another  hath  too  many .  one 
was  never  married,  and  that's  his  hell,  another  is,  and  that's  his  plague.  Some  are 
troubled  in  that  they  are  obscure ;  others  by  being  traduced,  slandered,  abused,  dis- 

«Tiirperelinquiesl,  Hor.  o  Scimus  enim  gene-  I  epist.  lib.  12.        "Epist.  ad  Brutuin.        c-InPhffinis& 

ro-a-i  r.ntiiras,  nulla  re  citius  moveri,au.t  eravius  aliici     e;  III  laiidem  calvit.         esOvid         tj  £  Cr.t  "»  He  • 

quam  ccmemplu  ac  despiciehtia  M'Ad  Atticum  '  Car^labTs.  Ode.  27 

29 


226  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

graced,  vilifled,  or  any  way  injured  :  minime  miror  eos  (as  he  said)  qui  insanire  occi- 
piunt  ex  injuria^  I  marvel  not  at  all  if  offences  make  men  mad.  Seventeen  particular 
causes  of  anger  and  offence  Aristotle  reckons  them  up,  Avhich  for  brevity's  sake  I 
must  omit.  No  tidings  troubles  one  ;  ill  reports,  rumours,  bad  tidings  or  news,  hard 
liap,  ill  success,  cast  in  a  suit,  vain  hopes,  or  hope  deferred,  anodier :  exp«ctation, 
adeo  omnibus  in  rebus  molesta  semper  est  expectatio,  as  "  Polybius  observes;  one  is 
too  eminent,  another  too  base  born,  and  that  alone  '.ortures  him  as  nuich  as  the  rest : 
one  is  out  of  action,  company,  employment ;  another  overcome  and  tormented  with 
worldly  cares,  and  onerous  business.  But  what  '■tongue  can  suffice  to  speak  of  all? 
Many  men  catch  this  malady  by  eating  certain  meats,  herbs,  roots,  at  unawares; 
as  henbane,  nightsiiade,  cicuta,  mandrakes,  &.c.  "  A  company  of  young  men  at 
Affrigenlum  in  Sicily,  came  into  a  tavern ;  where  after  they  had  frei'ly  taken  their 
liquor,  whether  it  were  the  wine  itself,  or  something  mixed  with  it  'tis  not  yet  known, 
'*but  upon  a  sudden  they  began  to  be  so  troubled  in  their  brains,  and  their  phantasy 
go  erased,  that  they  thought  they  were  in  a  ship  at  .sea,  and  now  ready  to  be  cast 
away  bv  reason  of  a  tempest.  Wherefore  to  avoid  shipwreck  and  present  drowning, 
they  dung  all  the  goods  in  the  house  out  at  tlie  windows  into  the  street,  or  into  the 
sea,  as  they  supposed ;  thus  they  continued  mad  a  pretty  season,  and  being  brought 
before  the  magistrate  to  give  an  account  of  this  their  fact,  they  told  him  (not  yet 
recovered  of  tlieir  madness)  that  what  was  done  they  did  for  fear  of  death,  aiul  to 
avoid  imminent  danger :  the  spectators  were  all  amazed  at  this  their  stupidity,  and 
gazed  on  them  still,  whilst  one  of  the  ancientest  of  the  company,  in  a  grave  tone, 
excused  himself  to  the  magistrate  upon  his  knees,  O  viri  Tritoncs,  ego  in  into  jacui., 
1  beseech  your  deities,  Slc.  for  I  was  in  the  bottom  of  the  ship  all  the  wliile :  another 
besought  them  as  so  many  sea  gods  to  be  good  unto  them,  and  if  ever  he  and  his 
fellows  came  to  land  again,  "he  would  build  an  altar  to  their  service.  The  magis- 
trate could  not  sufficiently  laugh  at  this  their  madness,  bid  them  sleep  it  out,  and  so 
went  his  ways.  Many  such  accidents  frecjuently  happen,  upon  these  unknown  occa- 
sions. Some  are  so  caused  by  philters,  wandering  in  the  sun,  biting  of  a  mad  dog, 
a  blow  on  the  head,  stinging  with  that  kind  of  spider  called  tarantula,  an  ordiiuuy 
Tching  if  we  may  believe  Skenck.  /.  6.  de  Venrnis,  in  Calabria  and  Apulia  in  Italy, 
'Cardan,  subtil.  I.  9.  Sculigcr  exercitat.  185.  Tlieir  symptoms  are  merrily  described 
bv  Jovianus  Ponftmus,  »4n/.  dial,  how  they  dance  altogether,  and  are  cured  by  nuisic. 
"■'Cardan  speaks  of  certain  stones,  if  they  be  carried  about  one,  which  will  cause 
melancholv  and  madness;  he  calls  them  uidiappy,  as  an  ''' adamanl^  selenites.,  iifc. 
'■•  which  dry  up  the  body,  increase  cares,  diminish  sleep:"  Ctesias  in  Persicis,  makes 
mention  of  a  well  in  those  parts,  of  which  if  any  man  drink,  ''*'•'-  he  is  mad  for  24 
hours."  Some  lose  their  wits  by  terrible  objects  (as  elsewhere  I  have  more  '"copi- 
ously dilated)  aiul  life  itself  many  times,  as  Hippolitus  atfrighted  by  Neptune's  sea- 
horses, Athemas  by  Juno's  furies  :  but  these  relations  are  common  in  all  writers. 

„..  „„      ,.  .    ,  L       .  .1  •' Many  such  causes,  murh  more  could  I  say, 

»"  Hic  al.as  poteram,  et  plurea  subnectere  cansas.  „,„  ,',,.„  ,,,^  .„„y^„,^,,  „„  catil-  slay : 

Sea  j.iiner.ta  v,«:ant.  tt  Sol  n.clii.at.  Eundiim  est.      |  .j.,,^  ^^^  declines,  and  I  niusl  needs  away." 

These  causes  if  they  be  coiisidered,  and  come  alor^,  I  do  easily  yield,  can  do  little 
of  themselves,  seldom,  or  apart  (an  old  oak  is  not  felled  at  a  blow)  thougli  many 
times  they  are  all  sufficient  every  one :  yet  if  they  concur,  as  often  they  do,  vis 
unita  fortior;  et  quce  non  obsunl  singula,  multa  nocent,  they  may  batter  a  strong  con- 
stitution; as  ^'Austin  said,  ^' many  grains  and  small  sanils  sink  a  ship,  many  small 
drops  make  a  flood,"  &.C.,  often  reiterated ;  many  dispositions  produce  an  habit. 


'1  Hist.  lib.  6.  '-Nun  mihi  si  centum  lin?ua>  siiit,  '  ciiras  a'ts^nLcnrpii"!  "iccant^aomnnm  minuunt.     ^  Ad 


nraque  cenluin.  Omnia  cauaaruin  pcrcurri-Te  nomina 
p.issrra.  "3(Ji-lius  I.  17.  cap.  -2.  '' Iia  inente  eiajji- 
tali  siinl.ut  in  irirenii  seconstitutos  piitarenl,  manque 
vadabuiulo  teinpesiaie  jactatos,  proiinle  naurragiuiii 
veriti,  egeslis  undique  rebus  vasa  nmnia  in  viara  6 
fene>tris,  seu  in  tnare  pr^cipitarunl :  poslridie,  Ac 
li  .Aram  vobis  g-rvalipribus  iliis  crisemus.  '•  l.ib.  de 

geaiinis.      "Quie  gestaise  infelicem  el  iristem  re<Munt, 


anuuidie  mpnte  alicnatiiiL,  "Part.  I.  S'ti.  i.  Sut»- 

Heel.  J.  *  Juven.  Sal.  .'i.  ''i  Intus  tM'niiii- fiiiniii* 

multa-  nerant.  Numijuid  minulis-iinia  sunt  irrana 
areniE?  std  si  arena  ainpliii«  in  nnvcin  rniltatur,  uK-rKit 
inum  ;  qunm  luinutce  |;utta>.  pluvia?  ct  taun-n  iniulcnt 
flurnina.  dnmus  ejiciunt,  tinienda  ergo  ruina  iiiuHitu. 
dims,  SI  nun  luagnitudiiiig. 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  1.]  Continent,  inward  Causes,  4'c-  227 

MEMB.  V. 

SuBSECT.  I. —  Continent,  imoard^  antecedent,  next  ca        ,  ,jrfid  how  the  Body  works  on 

the  Mind. 

As  a  purly  hunter,  I  have  hitherto  beaten  ab  .i  the  circuit  of  the  forest  of  this 
microcosm,  and  foHowed  only  those  outward  ai,  cntitious  causes.  I  will  now  break 
into  the  inner  rooms,  and  rip  up  the  antecedent  immediate  causes  which  are  there  to 
be  found.  For  as  the  distraction  of  the  mind,  amongst  other  outward  causes  and 
perturbations,  alters  the  temperature  of  the  body,  so  the  distraction  and  distemper 
of  the  body  will  cause  a  distemperature  of  tJie  soul,  and  'tis  hard  to  decide  which 
of  these  two  do  more  harm  to  the  other.  Plato,  Cyprian,  and  some  others,  as  I 
have  formerly  said,  lay  the  greatest  fault  upon  the  soul,  excusing  the  body ;  others 
again  accusing  the  body,  excuse  the  soul,  as  a  principal  agent.  Their  reasons  are, 
because  ^^^  the  manners  do  follow  the  temperature  of  the  body,"  as  Galen  proves  in 
his  book  of  that  subject,  Prospef'  Calenius  de  Jltra  hile,  Jason  Pratensis  c.  de  Mania, 
Lcmnius  I.  4.  c.  10.  and  many  others.  And  that  which  Gualter  hath  commented, 
horn.  1 0.  in  cjnst.  Johannis,  is  most  true,  concupiscence  and  originals  in,  inclinations, 
and  bad  humours,  are  ^^  radical  in  every  one  of  us,  causing  these  perturbations,  affec- 
tions, and  several  distempers,  offering  many  times  violence  unto  the  soul.  "  Every 
man  is  tempted  by  his  own  concupiscence  (James  i.  14),  the  spirit  is  willing  but  the 
tiesh  is  weak,  and  rebelleth  against  the  spirit,"  as  our  ''■■  apostle  teachcth  us :  that 
methinks  the  soul  hath  the  better  plea  against  the  body,  which  so  forcibly  inclines 
us,  that  we  cannot  resist,  JYcc  nos  oiniti  contra,  nee  tendere  taciturn  sujficimus.  How 
the  body  being  material,  worketh  upon  the  immaterial  soul,  by  mediation  of  humours 
and  spirits,  which  participate  of  botli,  and  ill-disposed  organs,  Cornelius  Agrippa  hath 
discoursed  lib.  1.  de  occult.  Philos.  cap.  63,  64,  65.  Levinus  Lemnius  lib.  1.  de 
occult,  nat.  niir.  cap.  \2.  et  16.  et  21.  institut.  ad  opt.  vit.  Perkins  lib.  1.  Cases  of 
Cons.  cap.  12.  T.  Bright  c.  10,  11,  12.  "in  his  treatise  of  melancholy,"  for  as 
*"  anger,  fear,  sorrow,  obtrectation,  emulation,  &c.  si  mentis  intimos  recessus  occupa- 
rint,  saith  ^^  Lemnius,  corpori  quoque  infesta  sunt,  et  illi  teterrimos  morhos  inferunf, 
cause  grievous  diseases  ia  the  body,  so  bodily  diseases  affect  the  soul  by  consent. 
Now  the  chiefest  causes  proceed  from  the  *''  heart,  humours,  spirits :  as  they  are 
purtr,  or  impurer,  so  is  the  mind,  and  equally  suffers,  as  a  lute  out  of  tune,  if  one 
string  or  one  organ  be  distempered,  all  the  rest  miscarry,  ^'  corpus  onuslum  hesfcrnis 
vitiis,  animum  quoque  prcegravat  una.  The  body  is  domicilium  animoi,  her  house, 
abode,  and  stay;  and  as  a  torch  gives  a  better  light,  a  sweeter  smell,  accordino-  to 
the  matter  it  is  made  of;  so  doth  our  soul  perform  all  her  actions,  better  or  worse, 
as  her  organs  are  disposed;  or  as  wine  savours  of  the  cask  wherein  it  is  kept;  the 
soul  receives  a  tincture  from  the  body,  through  which  it  works.  We  sec  this  in  old 
men,  children,  Europeans  ;  Asians,  hot  and  cold  climes ;  sanguine  are  merry,  melan- 
choly sad,  phlegmatic  dull,  by  reason  of  abundance  of  those  humours,  and  they 
cannot  resist  such  passions  wl^^ich  are  inflicted  by  them.  For  in  this  infirmity  of 
Iiuman  nature,  as  Melancthon  declares,  the  understanding  is  so  tied  to.  and  captivated 
by  his  inferior  senses,  that  Avithout  their  help  he  cannot  exercise  his  functions,  and 
the  will  being  weakened,  hath  but  a  small  power  to  restrain  those  outvvard  parts,  bvit 
sutlers  herself  to  be  overruled  by  them ;  that  ]  must  needs  conclude  with  Lemnius, 
spiritus  et  humores  maximum  nocumcntum  uhtimnf,  spirits  and  humours  do  most  harm 
in  ''■*  troubling  the  soul.  How  should  a  man  choose  but  be  choleric  and  angry,  that 
hath  his  body  so  clogged  with  abundance  of  gross  humours  ?  or  melancholy,  tliat  is 
so  inwardly  disposed  .?  That  thence  comes  then  this  malady,  madness,  apoplexies, 
lethargies,  &.c.  it  may  not  be  denied. 

Now  this  body  of  ours  is  most  part  distempered  by  some  precedent  diseases, 
which  molest  his  inward  organs  and  instruments,  and  so  per  consequens  cause  melan- 

s- Mores  sequuntur  tfimperaturam  corporis.       ^^Scin- 1  itidem  morbi  animam  per  consenpiim,  a  lese  coiisortii 

tilliE  latent  in  corporibus.  -'C  ,1    -,,  fisgjcut  ex     afficiunt,  et  nuaiiqiiain  ohj<'cta  niultos  motus  turbtilen- 

animi  affection i bus  corpus  I;     ,  -ic  ex  corporis     tos  in  honiiiie  coiicittt.  pracipua  tniu.ii  causa  in  corde 

vitiis.et  ma|hMM#t>lerisipi<'  criiLKUibua  animiiin  vide-  |  et  hiinpHfeus  spiritibusque  consisut.  &,c.  se  Hor 

•  ^nTaTieSetafnTQalenus.      ^Lib^||M^       s^  Corporis  I  ViJe  anie.^^^J^umores  pravi  meutum  obnubilani. 


228  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

choly,  according  to  tlie  consent  of  tlie  most  approved  physicians.  '""This  humour 
(as  Avicenna  /.  3.  Fc7i.  1.  Tract.  4.  c.  18.  ArnoUlus  breviar.  1.  1.  c.  18.  Jacchinus 
covimenl.  in  9  Rhasis,  c.  15.  Montaltiis,  c.  10.  Nicholas  Piso  c.  de  Melan.  dye.  sup- 
oose)  is  beg-otten  by  the  distemperavure  of  some  inward  part,  innate,  or  h^ft  after 
ome  inflammation,  or  cl.^e  included  in  the  blood  after  an  "  ague,  or  some  other  ma- 
.ignant  disease."  This  opinion  of  theirs  concurs  witli  that  of  Galen,  /.  ;}.  c.  6.  de 
locis  afect.  Guianerius  gives  an  instance  in  one  so  caused  by  a  quartan  ague,  and 
Montainis  consiJ.^2.'m  a  young  man  of  twenty-eight  years  of  age,  so  distempered  after 
a  quartan,  which  had  molested  him  five  years  together;  Ilildeshcim  spied.  2.  de 
Mania,  relates  of  a  Dutch  baron,  grievously  tormented  with  melancholy  after  a  long 
'^ague:  Galen,  I.  de  atra  bile,  c.4.  puts  the  plague  a  cause.  Botaldus  in  his  book. 
de  hie  verier,  c.  2.  the  French  pox  for  a  cause,  others,  phrensy,  epilepsy,  apoplexy, 
because  those  diseases  do  often  degenerate  into  this.  Of  suppression  of  hemorrh<iids, 
haemorogia,  or  bleeding  at  the  nose,  menstruous  retentions,  (althoi.gh  they  deserve 
a  larger  explication,  as  being  the  sole  cause  of  a  proper  kind  of  melancholy,  in  more 
ancient  maids,  nuns  and  widows,  handled  apart  by  Hodericus  d  Castro,  and  Mer- 
catus,  as  I  have  elsewhere  signified,)  or  any  other  evacuation  stopped,  I  have  already 
spoken.  Only  this  I  will  add,  that  this  melancholy  whicli  shall  be  caused  by  such 
infirmities,  deserves  to  be  pitied  of  all  men,  and  to  be  respected  with  a  more  tender 
compassion,  according  to  I^urentius,  as  coming  from  a  more  inevitable  cause. 

Slbsect.  II. — Distcmperulure  of  particular  Paris,  causes. 

Tur.p.E  is  almost  no  part  of  the  body,  which  being  distempered,  doth  not  cause 
this  malady,  as  the  brain  and  his  parts,  heart,  liver,  spleen,  stomach,  matrix  or  womb, 
jiylorus,  mirache,  mesenterv.  hvpochondries.  nieseraic  veins ;  and  in  a  word,  saith 
""Arculanus, ''  there  is  no  part  which  causeth  not  melancholy,  either  because  it  is 
dust,  or  doth  not  expel  the  snpedluity  of  the  nutriment."  Savanarola  Pract.  major, 
rubric.  11.  Tract.  6.  cap.  1.  is  of  the  same  opinion,  that  melancholy  is  engendered 
m  each  particular  part,  and  "Crato  in  conril.  17.  lib.  2.  Gordoiiius,  wiio  is  instar 
nmnium,  lib.  med.  partic.  2.  cap.  19.  confinns  as  much,  putting  the  **"  matter  of 
melancholy,  sometimes  in  the  stomach.  liver,  heart,  brain,  spleen,  mirach,  hypochon- 
dries,  when  as  the  melancholy  humour  resides  there,  or  the  liver  is  not  well  cleansed 
from  melancholy  blood." 

The  brain  is  a  familiar  and  frequent  cause,  too  hot,  or  too  cold,  "  "  through  adust 
blood  so  caused,"  as  Mercurialis  will  have  it,  "■  within  or  without  the  head,"  the 
brain  itself  being  distempered.  Those  are  most  apt  to  this  disease,  ""that  have  a 
hot  heart  and  moist  brain,"  which  Montaltus  cap.  II.  de  Melanch.  approves  out  of 
Halyabbas,  Rhasis,  and  Aviceima.  Mercurialis  cnnsil.  11.  assigns  the  coldness  of  the 
brain  a  cause,  and  Salustius  Salvianus  nvd.  lect.  I.  2.  c  1.  *  will  have  it  ''arise  from 
a  cold  and  dr\'  distemperature  of  the  brain."  Piso,  Benedictus  Victorius  Faventinus, 
will  have  it  proceed  from  a  ""hot  distemperature  of  the  brain;"  and  "*Montaltus 
cap.  10.  from  the  brain's  heat,  scorching  the  biood.  The  brain  is  still  distempered 
by  himself,  or  by  consent :  by  himself  or  his  proper  affection,  as  Faventinus  calls  it, 
"  or  by  vapours  which  arise  from  the  other  parts,  and  fume  up  into  the  head,  alter- 
ing the  animal  faculties." 

Hildesheim  spied.  2.  de  Mania,  thinks  it  may  be  caused  from  a  '"  distemperature 
ot  the  heart ;  sometimes  hot ;  sometimes  cold."  A  hot  liver,  and  a  cold  stomach, 
are  put  for  usual  causes  of  melancholv :  Mercurialis  consil.  II.  et  con.vl.  f5.  ronsil. 
86.  assigns  a  hot  liver  and   cold  stomach  for  ordinary  causes.     '  Monavius,  in  an 

*>Hic  humor  vel  a  pariis  intemperie  generatur  vel  I  gtomacho.  hf-pati;.  ab   hypornndriiM,  niyrache,   vplfne, 
r-liii«{uilur  post  iiifl.-iniiiiationes,  vel  cras^ior  in  venin    cum  ibi  reniarit-l  humor  inr-luncliolicuii.  "  Y.%  wan- 

roiiclu.'<ii!«  v.-l  torpuliis  iiialioiiam  qunlitatem  conlrahit.     guirie  adurto,  intra  vel  pxlra  caput.  •^  fim  rHlnl'im 

"  Sa-jie  coiislut  in  ffbre  houiiiiein  Melancholicum  vel  [  ror  habeiit.  Crreliriiiii  huniiiium,  facile  iiii-liiiu  h..lii  i. 
j>o.«l  lebreni  n-ciji,  aut  aliuni  niorbuni.  Caliila  inl'-m-  '  "■Sequiliir  melancholia  aialnni  intimixTieiri  fri;;i»^nni 
penes  iniiata.  vel  a  febre  contracta.  ""Raro  quiB  i  Pt  Biccam  ip»iui«  cerebri.         "Sa-pe  fit  ei  cali<lii>re  Cffr- 

iliuturiio  iiiorbo  laborat.  qui  non  8it  melaiicholicus,  bro,  aul  corf>ore  coiliijenle  melaiirh'-liain.  Puto.  i*  Vel 
.Mercuriali*  de  affect.  ra(Mti3  lib.  I.  c.  JO.  ilc  Melanc.  per  prcpnain  nfferiiomni.  vel  per  luiiM-iinum,  cum 
**  \A  noiiuiii  lib.  Rhasis  ail  Almaiijior.  c.  10.  Uiiivenia.  vapores  eilialant  in  rerehriim.  .<Vloiil«li.  cap.  14.  ■  Aut 
liter  A  quacunqiie  parte  potest  tieri  inelanrholicuK.  Vel  \  ibi  sieiiitur,  melanrholicus  fumus,  aul  aliunde  vehilur, 
quia  adiiritur.  vel  quia  ikju  eipeiJiL  ipttftluiLUnn  ex-  '  alteranilo  .<riiiiMla*i*iKu'<  >i'  -  '  .^b  intemperie  oinli*, 
cremeuti.  '*'  A^^ae,  jecinore,  utero,  et  aliis  |  ■•  .ug  ,  modo  ralidioreg 
oritur.      ^^I^^^HllHllll^^^^Hlgi^  curuc,  in  I  Scoluii. 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  3.]  Causes  of  Head-Melancholy.  229 

tpistle  of  his  to  Crato  in  Scoltzius,  is  of  opinion,  that  hypochondriacal  melancholy 
nidy  proceed  from  a  cold  liver ;  the  question  is  there  discussed.  Most  a<Tree  that  a 
hot  hver  IS  in  fault;  ^"the  liver  is  the  shop  of  humours,  and  especially  causeth 
melaiicholy  by  his  hot  and  dry  distemperature.  ^The  stomach  and  meseraic  veins 
do  often  concur,  by  reason  of  their  obstructions,  and  thence  their  heat  cannot  be 
avoided,  and  many  times  the  matter  is  so  adust  and  inflamed  in  those  parts,  that  it 
degenerates  into  hypochondriacal  melancholy."  Guianerius  c.  2.  Tract.  15.  holds 
the  meseraic  veins  to  be  a  sufficient  « cause  alone.  The  spleen  concurs  to  this 
malady,  by  all  their  consents,  and  suppression  of  hemorrhoids,  dum  nan  expur<ret 
alter  a  causa  hen,  saith  Montaltus,  if  it  be  ^"  too  cold  and  dry,  and  do  not  purge 
the  other  parts  as  it  ought,"  consil.  23.  Montanus  puts  the  «"  spleen  stopped"  for  a 
great  cause.  '  Chnstopherus  a  Vega  reports  of  his  knowledge,  that  he  hath  known 
melancholy  caused  from  putrefied  blood  in  those  seed-veins  and  womb ;  '"'^Arculanus, 
from  that  menstruous  blood  turned  into  melancholy,  and  seed  too  lon'o-  detained  (as 
I  have  already  declared)  by  putrefaction  or  adustion."  " 

The  mesenterium,  or  midriff;  diaphragma,  is  a  cause  which  the  "  Greeks  called 
tpamt:  because  by  his  inflammation,  the  mind  is  much  troubled  with  convulsions 
and  dotage.  All  these,  most  part,  off'end  by  inflammation,  corrupting  humours  and 
spirits,  in  this  non-natural  melancholy  :  for  from  these  are  engendered  fuliginous  and 
black  spirits.     And  for  that  reason  '^Montaltus  cap.  10.  de  causis  melan.  will  have 

the  efficient  cause  of  melancholy  to  be  hot  and  dry,  not  a  cold  and  dry  distemper- 
ature, as  some  hold,  from  the  heat  of  the  brain,  roasting  the  blood,  immoderate  lieat 
m  the  liver  and  bowels,  and  inffammation  of  the  pylorus.  And  so  much  the  rather, 
because  that,"  as  Galen  holds,  "  all  spices  inflame  the  blood,  solitariness,  waking, 
agues,  study,  meditation,  all  which  heat:  and  therefore  he  concludes  that  this  dit 
temperature  causing  adventitious  melancholy  is  not  cold  and  dry,  but  hot  and  dry  " 
But  of  this  I  have  sufficiently  treated  in  the  matter  of  melancholy,  and  hold  that  this 
may  be  true  in  non-natural  melanclioly,  which  produceth  madness,  but  not  in  that 
natural,  which  is   more   cold,  and   being  immoderate,  produceth  a  gentle   dotaae. 

Which  opinion  Geraldus  de  Solo  maintains  in  his  comment  upon  Rhasis.  " 

SuBs.EcT.  III. — Causes  of  Head-Melancholy. 

After  a  tedious  discourse  of  the  general  causes  of  melancholy,  I  am  now  returned 
at  last  to  treat  in  brief  of  the  three  particular  species,  and  such  causes  as  properly 
appertain  unto  them.  Although  these  causes  promiscuously  concur  to  each  and 
every  particular  kind,  and  commonly  produce  their  effects  in  that  part  which  is  mo'^t 
Ill-disposed,  and  least  able  to  resist,  and  so  cause  all  three  species,  yet  many  of  them 
are  proper  to  some  one  kind,  and  seldom  found  in  the  rest.  As  for  example,  head- 
nielancholy  IS  commonly  caused  by  a  cold  or  hot  distemperature  of  the  brain,  accord- 
ing to  Laurentuis  cap.  5  de  melan.  but  as  '^  Hercules  de  SaxoniS  contends,  from  that 
agitation  or  distemperature  of  the  animal  spirits  alone.  Salust.  Salvianus,  before 
mentioned,  lib.  2.  cap.  3.  de  re  med.  will  have  it  proceed  from  cold :  but  that  I  take 
ot  natural  melancholy,  such  as  are  fools  and  dote  :  for  as  Galen  writes  lib.  4  de  puis 
8.  and  Avicenna,  '^''a  cold  and  moist  brain  is  an  inseparable  companion  of  folly" 
But  this  adventitious  melancholy  which  is  here  meant,  is  caused  of  a  hot  and  dry 
distemperature,  as  '^Damascen  the  Arabian  lib.  3.  cap.  22.  thinks,  and  most  writer/- 
Altomarus  and  Piso  call  it  '"'an  innate  burning  intemperateness,  turnino-  blood  and' 
choler  into  melancholy."  Both  these  opinions  may  stand  good,  as  Bruel  maintains 
and  Capivaccius,  si  cerebrum  sit  calidius,  '^''if  the  brain  be  hot.  the  animal  spirits 
willjjejiot,  and  thence  comes  madness;  if  cold,  folly."     David  Crusius    Theat. 

culii°'w"l^.,' »"""'""'  ^''P'"'  '^"'"^'""'■'t-  &<:•  °  Ventri-  &o.  turn  quod  aromata  sangiiiiinm  incendunl  solitudo 
Ob  tr„c=r\  u  '£^^'^'-'>"^'^  pC"'"^"--^"»t.  T'od  ha.  partes  v,,il,a-,  iihris  pra.cedeMs/„,ed..atirsl^ur;  n'°eM.1ec 
'Lie     r,'Li  7  r.r  '^'^  «»"!-''"'"■"'  adurentes.     omnia  calefaciu.it.  erpo  ratum  sit,  &c.         i3  Lib   ]  can 

in  vasi'  s^  ;  nar  .v.,  ?r  ,       ,     ^  sa  .suii.is  putrediue    i*  a  fatuitate  inseparabiUs  cerebri  fiiL'iditas.  is  Ab 

diu   rettMU     "TiLl     "  •  "'  1u.-.n,loqu«  a  spermate     u.tcrno  calore  assatur.  n  i„tnmpVries  innata  exu 

v4rs,  pe  p 'tXtToncm  viri'^^^  '"  "'^l^''^'*"*"'  '«•"«■  flava.n  bilem  ac  sanguine,.,  ,n  .m.|a.„h.,l,a,..  con- 
i-Er".;  ,.Z.    n       ,  ad.istiu.ie,,,.      "  Magin.s.     vertons.         i«  Si  cerrbruin  si.  rali.ln.s,  liet  .sp.ritus  ani- 

i,,i, .,■;,,,.,,.       ,      ,   'i        '''••■'"<  "■•'^■':   1-1  c:ilida  et  sicca  ,  males  calidiur,  L-t  ililinuin  niaiiiacuin ;  =,  fn-Mdior  fiei 

■    '  .    '   ■■'-•'y      t    -n    .1.  4iiud  jiiulti  opinali  i  fatuita  =  . 

«uut,  ..niur  ei,.m  a  ca:oru  celelifi  assante  sangumeni,  I 


230  Causes  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  2. 

morh.  Hermel.  lib.  2.  cap.  6.  de  atra  hile^  grants  melancholy  to  be  a  disease  of  an 
intlametl  brain,  but  cold  notwithstanding  of  itself:  calida  per  accidens., fr'i^kla  per 
se,  hot  by  accident  only  ;  I  am  of  Capivacciiis'  mind  for  my  part.  Now  tliis  Innnour, 
according  to  Salvianus,  is  sometimes  in  the  substance  of  the  brain,  sometimes  con- 
tained in  the  membranes  and  tunicles  that  cover  the  brain,  sometimes  in  the  passages 
of  the  ventricles  of  the  brain,  or  veins  of  those  ventricles.  It  follows  many  times 
'^"phrensv,  long  diseases,  agues,  long  abode  in  hot  places,  or  under  the  sun,  a  blow 
on  tlie  head,"  as  Rhasis  informeth  us  :  Piso  adds  solitariness,  waking,  intlammations 
of  the  head,  proceeding  most  part  '^°  from  much  use  of  apices,  hot  wines,  hot  meats : 
all  which  Montanus  reckons  up  consil.  22.  for  a  melancholy  Jew ;  and  Ileurnius 
repeats  cap.  12.  dc  Mania  :  hot  baths,  garlic,  onions,  saith  Guianerius,  bad  air,  cor- 
rupt, much  ^'  waking,  kc,  retention  of  seed  or  abundance,  stopping  of  luemorrogia, 
the  miihifl"  misatlecled;  and  accorchng  to  TrdUianus  /.  1.  1(5.  inunoderate  cares,  trou- 
bles, griefs,  discontent,  study,  meditation,  and,  in  a  word,  the  abuse  of  all  those  six 
non-natural  tilings.  Hercules  de  Saxoiiia,  cap.  16.  lib.  1.  will  have  it  caused  from  a 
■^cautery,  or  boil  dried  up,  or  an  issue.  Amatus  I.usitaiius  rc/i/.  2.  r«r«.  67.  gives 
instance  in  a  fellow  that  had  a  hole  in  his  arm,  ^"  after  that  was  healed,  ran  mad, 
and  when  the  wound  was  open,  he  was  cured  again."  Triiuavellins  consil.  13.  lib. 
1.  hath  an  example  of  a  melancholy  man  so  caused  by  overmuch  continuance  in  the 
.sun,  frequent  use  of  venery,  and  immoderate  exercise :  and  in  his  cons.  41).  lib.  3. 
from  a  ^*  headpiece  overheated,  which  caused  head-melancholy.  Prosper  Caleiius 
brings  in  Cardinal  Cssius  for  a  pattern  of  such  as  are  so  melancholy  by  long  study; 
but  examples  are  infinite. 

Sl'Bsect.  IV. —  Causes  of  Hypochondriacal^  or  Windy  Melancholy. 

I.v  repeating  of  these  causes,  I  must  crambem  bis  coclam  apponcre,  say  that  again 
whidi  I  have  formerly  said,  in  applying  them  to  their  proper  8j>ecies.  IIyp(jchon- 
driacal  or  tlatuous  melancholy,  is  tliat  which  the  Arabians  call  myrachial,  and  is  in 
my  judgment  the  most  grievous  and  freijuenl,  though  Bruel  and  I^urentius  make  it 
least  dangerous,  and  not  so  hard  to  be  known  or  cured.  His  cause*)  are  inward  or 
outward.  Inward  from  divers  ports  or  organs,  as  midriff,  spleen,  stomach,  liver, 
pylorus,  womb,  diaphragnia,  meseraic  veins,  slopping  of  issues,  itc.  Montaltus  cap. 
15.  out  of  Galen  reciu-s,  "^  •*  heat  and  obstruction  of  those  meseraic  veins,  as  an 
immediate  cause,  by  which  means  the  passage  of  the  cliilus  to  the  lii'cr  is  detained, 
slopped  or  corrupted,  and  turned  into  rumbling  and  wind."  Montanus,  consil.  233, 
hath  an  evident  demonstration,  Trincavelius  another,  lib.  1,  cap.  12,  and  Plater  a 
third,  observat.  lib.  1,  for  a  doctor  of  the  law  visited  with  this  infirmity,  from  the 
said  obstniction  and  heat  of  these  meseraic  veins,  and  bowels ;  quoniam  inter  venlri- 
culum  et  jecur  veme  ejf e re escunlj  the  \eh\s  are  intlanied  about  the  liver  and  stomach. 
Sometimes  those  other  parts  are  together  misafl'ected  ;  and  concur  to  tlie  production 
of  this  malady  :  a  hot  liver  and  cold  stomach,  or  cold  belly  :  look  for  instances  in 
IloUerius,  Victor  Trincavelius,  cojisil.  35,  /.  3,  Hildesheim  Spicel.  2, /o/.  132,  Sole- 
nander  consil.  9,  pro  cive  Lu^dunensi,  Montanus  con$il.  229,  for  the  Earl  of  Mont- 
lort  in  Germany,  1549,  and  Frisimelica  in  the  233  consultation  of  the  said  Montanus. 
I.  Caesar  Clau(Hnus  gives  instance  of  a  cold  stomach  and  over-hot  liver,  almost  in 
every  consultation,  con.  89,  for  a  certain  count;  and  con.  106,  for  a  Poh^nian  baron, 
by  reason  of  heat  the  blood  is  inflamed,  and  gross  vapours  sent  to  the  heart  and 
brain.  Mercurialis  subscribes  to  them,  c^ns.  89,  **"the  stomach  being  misatlected," 
which  he  calls  the  king  of  the  belly,  because  if  he  be  distempered,  all  the  rest  suffer 
with  him,  as  being  deprived  of  their  nutriment,  or  fed  with  bad  nourishment,  by 
means  of  which  come  crudities,  obstructions,  wind,  rumbling,  griping,  &c.  Hercules 
de  Saxonia,  besides  heat,  will  have  the  weakness  of  the  liver  and  his  obstruction  a 
cause,  fitcultalem  debilem  jecinoris,  which  he  calls  the  mineral  of  melanchnly. 
Laurentius  assigns  this  reason,  because  the  liver  over-hot  draws  the  meat  undigested 

>*  Melancholia  capilii  accedit    post   phrenesim   ant  i  tor.      m  A  r«l*a  nimis  calefaeta.      *  Etiiriiur  aanruta 

'on(|am  muram  iub  sole,  aul  (wrcus^ionfm  in  capt:      '    -  -. > — ......   ..........,_. 

cap.  13.  lib.  1.        *'Qui  bihunl   vma  itxli-uln.  -i  >.  .• 

<unt  aub  sole.  *'Curx  valuta-.  Uigiori*  vim  el  :i  -  r, 

ulcere  curato  iocidi^^^^^^^BB^^^^^^BKuni-  i 


Mem.  o.  Subs.  5.]  The  ivhole  Body.  2Si 

out  of  the  stomach,  and  burneth  the  humours.  Montaiius,  co7is.  244,  proves  t!\-xt 
sometimes  a  cokl  hver  may  be  a  cause.  Laurentius  c.  12,Trmcavclius  lib.  12,  cojisil, 
and  Guaher  Bruel,  seems  to  lay  the  greatest  fliult  upon  the  spleen,  that  doth  not  his 
duty  m  purging  the  liver  as  he  ought,  being  too  great,  or  too  little,  in  drawing  too 
much  blood  sometimes  to  it,  and  not  expelling  it,  as  P.  Cnemiandrus  in  a  ^'consulta- 
tion oi'  his  noted  tumorem  Uenis.,  he  names  it,  and  the  fountain  of  melancholy. 
Diodes  supposed  the  ground  of  this  kind  of  melancholy  to  proceed  from  the  inflam- 
mation of  the  pylorus,  which  is  the  nether  mouth  of  the  ventricle.  Others  assign 
the  mesenterium  or  midriff  distempered  by  heat,  the  womb  misaffected,  stopping  of 
hemorrhoids,  with  many  such.  All  which  Laurentius,  ca.]}.  12,  reduceth  to  three, 
mesentery,  liver,  and  spleen,  from  whence  he  denominates  hepatic,  splenetic,  and 
meseraic  melancholy.  Outward  causes,  are  bad  diet,  care,  griefs,  discontents,  and  in 
a  word  all  those  six  non-natural  things,  as  jVIontanus  found  by  his  experience,  consil. 
244.  Solenander  consil  9,  for  a  citizen  of  Lyons,  in  France,  gives  his  reader  tq 
understand,  that  he  knew  this  mischief  procured  by  a  medicine  of  cantharides,  which 
an  unskilful  physician  ministered  his  patient  to  drink  ad  venerem  cxcltandam.  But 
most  commonly  fear,  grief,  and  some  sudden  commotion,  or  perturbation  of  the  mind, 
■  begin  It,  in  such  bodies  especially  as  are  ill-disposed.  Melancthon,  tract.  14,  cap.  2, 
dc  animu,  will  have  it  as  common  to  men,  as  the  mother  to  women,  upon  some 
grievous  trouble,  dislike,  passion,  or  discontent.  For  as  Camerarius  records  in  his 
lite,  JMelancthon  himself  was  much  troubled  with  it,  and  tiierefore  could  speak  out 
ot  experience.  Montanus,  consil.  22,  pro  delirante  Judao,  confirms  it,  ^^^  grievous 
symptoms  of  the  mind  brought  him  to  it.  Randolotius  relates  of  himself,  that  being 
dne  day  very  intent  to  write  out  a  physician's  notes,  molested  by  an  occasion,  he  fell 
into  a  hN-pochondriacal  fit,  to  avoid  which  he  drank  the  decoction  of  wormwood,  and 
was  freed.  '^Melancthon  ("  being  the  disease  is  so  troublesome  and  frequent)  holds 
it  a  most  necessary  and  profitable  study,  for  every  man  to  know  the  accidents  of  it, 
and  a  dangerous  thing  to  be  ignorant,"  and  would  therefore  have  all  men  in  some 
sort  to  understand  the  causes,  symptoms,  and  cures  of  it. 

Sub  SECT.  Y.— Causes  of  Melancholy  from  the  ivhole  Body. 

^  As  before,  the  cause  of  this  kind  of  melancholy  is  inward  or  outward.  Inward, 
^'^when  the  liver  is  apt  to  engender  such  a  humour,  or  the  spleen  weak  by  nature, 
and  not  able  to  discharge  his  office."  A  melancholy  temperature,  retention  of  hasmor- 
rhoids,  monthly  issues,  bleeding  at  nose,  long  diseases,  agues,  and  all  those  six  non- 
naturaj  things  increase  it.  But  especially  «'  bad  diet,  as  Piso  thinks,  pulse,  salt  meat, 
shell-fish,  cheese,  black  wine,  &c.  Mercurialis  out  of  Averroes  and  Avicenna  con- 
demns all  herbs  :  Galen,  lib.  3,  de  loc.  affect,  cap.  7,  especially  cabbage.  So  likewise 
fear,  sorrow,  discontents,  &c.,  but  of  these  before.  And  thus  in  brief  you  have  had 
the  general  and  particular  causes  of  melancholy. 

Now  go  and  brag  of  thy  present  happiness,  whosoever  thou  art,  brag  of  thy  tem- 
perature, of  thy  good  parts,  insult,  triumph,  and  boast;  thou  seest  in  what  a  brittle 
state  thou  art,  how  soon  thou  mayest  be  dejected,  how  many  several  ways,  by  bad 
diet,  bad  air,  a  small  loss,  a  little  sorrow  or  discontent,  an  ague,  &c.;  how  many 
sudden  accidents  may  procure  thy  ruin,  what  a  small  tenure  of  happiness  thou  hast 
in  this  life,  how  weak  and  silly  a  creature  thou  art.  "  Humble  thyself,  therefore, 
under  the  mighty  hand  of  God,"  1  Peter,  v.  6,  know  thyself,  acknowledge  thy  pre- 
sent misery,  and  make  right  use  of  it.  Qui  stat  vidcat  ne  cadat.  Thou  dost  now 
flourish,  and  hast  bona  animi,  corporis^  etfortuna;,  goods  of  bodv,  mind,  and  fortune, 
nescis  quid  serus  sccum  vesj)er  feral,  thou  knowest  not  what  s'torms  and  tempests 
the  late  evening  may  bring  with  it.  Be  not  secure  tlien,  '^be  sober  and  watch," 
fortunam  revcrentcr  habc,  if  fortunate  and  rich ;  if  sick  and  poor,  moderate  thyself 
I  have  said. 


^  Flildeslieim.  =«  Habuit  sieva  animi  svmptomata 

qus  iiiipediunt  concoctionem,  &c.  2'J  Usitatissimus 

morbus  cum  sit,  utile  ost  liujus  visceris  accidentia  con- 
siderare,  iiL'C  leve  pt-iirMiinn   hiijiis  causiis  inorhi   icno- 

'•ui:!!f)us.         i'' J,  .■,,,■  ;,    .  ,,,,    -d 'i'choraiHliim   t.;lt.'ra'hu- 


morem,  splen  nattira  imbecillior.  Piso,  Altomarus 
Guianeriiis.  3i  Melancholiani,  (june  fit  a  redundantii 
humoris  in  toto  corpore,  victiis  imprimis  general  qUi 
euiu  hiimnrep.i  ivirit.        s^Ausonius. 


232  Symptoms  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  3 

SECT.  III.    MEMB.  I. 
SuBSECT.  I. — Symptoms.^  or  Signs  of  Melancholy  in  the  Body. 

Parrhasius,  a  painter  of  Athens,  amongst  those  Olynthian  captives  Philip  ol 
Macedon  brought  home  to  sell,  **  bought  one  very  old  man ;  and  when  he  had  him 
at  Athens,  put  him  to  extreme  torture  and  torment,  the  belter  by  his  example  tc 
express  the  pains  and  passions  of  his  Prometheus,  whom  he  was  then  about  to  paint 
I  need  not  be  so  barbarous,  inhuman,  curious,  or  cruel,  for  this  purpose  to  torture 
any  poor  melancholy  man,  their  symptoms  are  plain,  obvious  and  familiar,  there 
needs  no  such  accurate  observation  or  far-fetched  object,  they  delineate  themselves, 
they  voluntarily  betray  themselves,  they  are  too  frequent  in  all  places,  I  meet  tliem 
still  as  I  go,  tliey  cannot  conceal  it,  their  grievances  are  too  well  known,  I  need  not 
seek  far  to  describe  them. 

Symptoms  therefore  are  either  ^  universal  or  particular,  saith  Gordonius,  lib.  vied, 
cap.  19,  part.  2,  to  persons,  to  species ;  '*  some  signs  are  secret,  some  manifest,  some 
in  the  body,  some  in  the  mind,  and  diversely  vary,  according  to  the  inward  or  out- 
ward causes,"  Cappivaccius:  or  from  stars,  according  to  Jovianus  Pontanus,  de  reb. 
rahst.  lib.  10,  crtp.  13,  and  celestial  influences,  or  from  the  humours  diversely  mixed, 
Ficinus,  lib.  1,  cap.  4,  de  sanit.  tuendd :  as  they  are  hot,  cold,  natund,  unnatural, 
intended,  or  remitted,  so  will  ,'I'^tius  have  vwlancholica  deliria  tnultiformia.,  diversity 
of  melancholy  signs.  Laureutius  ascribes  them  to  their  several  temperatures,  delights, 
natures,  inclinations,  continuance  of  time,  as  they  are  simple  or  mixed  with  other 
diseases,  as  the  causes  are  divers,  so  must  the  signs  be,  almost  infinite,  Altoniarus 
tap.  7,  art.  med.  And  as  wine  produceth  divers  eflects,  or  that  herb  Tortocolla  iu 
"Laureutius,  "which  makes  some  laugh,  some  weep,  some  sleep,  some  dance,  some 
sing,  some  howl,  some  drink,  Stc."  so  doth  this  our  melancholy  humour  work  several 
signs  in  several  parties. 

But  to  confine  them,  these  general  sjinptoms  may  be  reduced  to  those  of  the  body 
or  the  mind.  Those  usual  signs  ap|)earing  in  the  bodies  of  such  as  are  melartcholy, 
be  these  cold  and  dry,  or  they  are  hot  and  dry,  as  the  humour  is  more  or  less  adust. 
From  *  these  first  qualities  arise  many  other  second,  as  that  of  '^  colour,  black, 
swarthy,  pale,  ruddy,  &.C.,  some  are  impensi  rubri.,  as  Montaltus  cap.  16  observes  out 
of  Galen,  lib.  3,  de  locis  ajfectis,  verj'  red  and  high  coloured.  Hippocrates  in  his 
book  ^de  insania  et  me  Ian.  reckons  up  these  signs,  that  they  are  *  "  lean,  withered, 
hollow-eyed,  look  old,  wrinkled,  harsh,  much  troubled  with  wind,  and  a  griping  in 
their  bellies,  or  belly-ache,  belch  often,  dry  bellies  and  hard,  dejected  looks,  flaggy 
beards,  singing  of  the  ears,  vertigo,  light-headed,  little  or  no  sleep,  and  that  mterrupt, 
terrible  and  fearful  dreams,"  ^Anna  soror,  qua  me  suspensam  insomnia  lerrenlf  The 
tame  symptoms  are  repeated  by  Melanelius  in  his  book  of  melancholy  collected  out 
of  Galen,  Kufliis,  /!!^.tius,  by  Khasis,  Gordonius,  and  all  the  juniors,  *'conlitmal,  sharp, 
and  stinking  bclchings,  as  if  their  meat  in  their  stomachs  were  putrefied,  or  that  they 
had  eaten  fish,  dry  bellies,  aljsurd  and  inteiTupt  dreams,  and  many  fantastical  visions 
about  tlieir  eyes,  vertiginous,  apt  to  tremble, and  prone  to  venerj'."  "Some  add  pal- 
pitation of  the  heart,  cold  sweat,  as  usual  symptonis,  and  a  leaping  in  many  parts  of 
the  body,  saltum  in  multis  corporis  partibus.,  a  kind  of  itching,  saith  Laureutius,  on 
the  superficies  of  the  skin,  like  a  flea-biting  sometimes.  "Montaltus  cap.  2L  puts 
fixed  eyes  and  much  twinkling  of  their  eyes  for  a  sign,  and  so  doth  .Avicenna,  ocu/oa 
habentts  palpitantes,  trauli.,  vehementer  rubicundi^  i^-c,  lib.  3.  Fen.  1.  Trad.  4.  cap.  18. 
They  stut  most  pari,  which  he  took  out  of  Hippocrates'  aphorisms.    **  Khasis  makes 

"Seneca  cont.  lib.  10.  cont.  5.  *<Qiix<lam  uiii-  i  Romni  pusilli,  «>aiiiia  terribilia  el  iiilerrupls.     «  Virf 

veraalia,  particulariiP,  quaeiliiii  inanire«ta,  quadam  in  |  ^n.  «•  .^oiduc  esrque   aculc   rucialionea  quar 

C'-rpore,  quxdain  in  co»it.iliiine  el  aiiiiu>i,  qufiiaw  a  '  cibum  virul»'Uluin  ciileiiluinque  iiidnrein.  el  >i  nil  talr 
•lellis,  qiiir.laiii  ab  huini>ribus,  quie  ul  viniiin  Ci.rpus  iiiee<tiiin  «il.  referaiil  ob  crmlilalfni.  Venires  hiare 
vanj  iti^poiiil,  tc.  Diversa  pliaiila!«iiiala  pr.i  varielale  amli.  uniiinui  pleninique  parciK  j-I  if.l.  rru;  'n-  r..iiiiiia 
cause  eiiernx,  inleriix.  ^^  Lib    I.  de  riiiu.  Tol.  17.  .  aU«iirili>itiiiia.  lurbiilenta,  r.orp<iri'<  i  , 


Ad  ejiii>  eiiuin  alii  siidant,  alii  voiniinl.  ^leiil,  bib>inl, 
saltanl,  alii  rideul,  treniiinl,  doriniunt,  tic.  »T. 

Bright,  cap.  30.  ^  \i»re-u-it  hie  hiiiiier  aliqiiando 

tupercalelaclii*.   aliquamlu   tiiip<Tfrigefaclu».    .Melmiel. 
4  Gal.  "Inlerprete  F.  r.ilv...        ^    "(>,   ,|,   i,,, 

eiravanlur,  renti  giC^B|^cnt..iiii  pfactAiia  li     ihiiikii*  .<  .^mh*.  aiyili*  craretio,  iiii3U« 

iicci   fer&^^^^^^HMtic^^|B|Uu   ai       <>,  '  excava 


Vedo,  <itrepiti|g  circa  aure»  et  vif 
venereni  priMlisi.  <•  AIImmi 

laltui.  "  Kr 

aliqiii  laraen  ti\ 
lib.  I.  Tract  'I 


Uem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Symptoms  in  the  Mind.  233 

'  head-ache  and  a  binding  heaviness  for  a  principal  token,  much  leaping  of  wind 
about  the  skin,  as  well  as  slutting,  or  tripping  in  speech,  &c.,  hollow  eyes,  gross 
veins,  and  broad  lips."  To  some  too,  if  they  be  far  gone,  mimical  gestures  are  too 
familiar,  laughing,  grinning,  fleering,  murmuring,  talking  to  themselves,  with  strange 
mouths  and  faces,  inarticulate  voices,  exclamations,  &c.  And  although  they  be  com- 
monly lean,  hirsute,  uncheerful  in  countenance,  withered,  and  not  so  pleasant  to 
behold,  by  reason  of  those  continual  fears,  griefs,  and  vexations,  dull,  heavy,  lazy, 
restless,  unapt  to  go  about  any  business ;  yet  their  memories  are  most  part  good, 
they  have  happy  wits,  and  excellent  apprehensions.  Their  hot  and  dry  brains  make 
them  they  cannot  sleep,  Ingentcs  habent  et  crebras  viglUas  (Arteus)  mighty  and  often 
watchings,  sometimes  waking  for  a  month,  a  year  together.  ^^  Hercules  de  Saxonia 
faithfully  averreth,  that  he  hath  heard  Ms  mother  swear,  she  slept  not  for  seven 
months  together:  Trincavelius,  Tom.  2.  cons.  IG.  speaks  of  one  that  waked  50  days, 
and  Skenkius  hath  examples  of  two  years,  and  all  without  offence.  In  natural 
actions  their  appetite  is  greater  than  their  concoction,  nmlta  appetimt.,  paiica  digerunt, 
as  Rhasis  hath  it.  they  covet  to  eat,  but  cannot  digest.  And  although  they  ^^  <■'■  do  eat 
much,  yet  they  are  lean,  ill-liking,"  saith  Areteus,  "withered  and  hard,  much  troubled 
with  costiveness,"  crudities,  oppilations,  spitting,  belching,  &c.  Their  pulse  is  rare 
and  slow,  except  it  be  of  the  ^'Carotides,  which  is  very  strong;  but  that  varies 
according  to  their  intended  passions  or  perturbations,  as  Struthius  hath  proved  at 
large,  Spigmatlccz  artls  I.  4.  c.  13.  To  say  truth,  in  such  chronic  diseases  the  pulse 
is  not  much  to  be  respected,  there  being  so  much  superstition  in  it,  as  ''^  Crato  notes, 
and  so  many  difi*erences  in  Galen,  that  he  dares  say  they  may  not  be  observed,  or 
understood  of  any  man. 

Their  urine  is  most  part  pale,  and  low  coloured,  urina  pmica,  acris,  biJiosa, 
(Areteus),  not  much  in  quantity;  but  this,  in  my  judgment,  is  all  out  as  uncertain  as 
the  other,  varying  so  often  according  to  several  persons,  habits,  and  other  occasions 
not  to  be  respected  in  chronic  diseases.  "^ "  Their  melancholy  excrements  in  some 
ver}^  much,  in  others  little,  as  the  spleen  plays  his  "part,"  and  thence  proceeds  wind, 
palpitation  of  the  heart,  short  breath,  plenty  of  humidity  in  the  stomach,  heaviness 
of  heart  and  heartache,  and  intolerable  stupidity  and  dullness  of  spirits.  Their 
excrements  or  stool  hard,  black  to  some  and  little.  If  the  heart,  brain,  liver,  spleen, 
be  misaffected,  as  usually  they  are,  many  inconveniences  proceed  from  them,  many 
diseases  accompany,  as  incubus,  '"apoplexy,  epilepsy,  vertigo,  those  frequent  wakino-s 
and  terrible  dreams,  ^'  intempestive  laughing,  weeping,  sighing,  sobbing,  bashfulnes's, 
blushing,  trembling,  sweating,  swooning,  &c.  ^^  All  their  senses  are  troubled,  they 
think  they  see,  hear,  smell,  and  touch  that  which  they  do  not,  as  shall  be  proved  in 
the  following  discourse. 

Sub  SECT.  II. — Symptoms  or  Sigiis  in  the  Mind. 

Fear.]  Arculanus  in  9.  Rhdsis  ad  Almansor.  cap.  16.  will  have  these  symptoms 
to  be  iv^flnite,  as  indeed  they  are,  varying  according  to  the  parties, "  for  scarce  is  there 
one  of  a  Uiousand  that  dotes  alike,"  ^^Laurentius  c.  16.  Some  lew  of  oreater  note  I 
will  point  at;  and  amongst  the  rest,  fear  and  sorrow,  which  as  they  are  frequent 
causes,  so  if  they  persevere  long,  according  to  Hippocrates  ^'  and  Galen's  aphorisms, 
they  are  most  assured  signs,  inseparable  companions,  and  characters  of  melancholy; 
of  present  melancholy  and  habituated,  saith  Montaltus  cap.  11.  and  common  to  them 
all,  as  the  said  Hippocrates,  Galen,  Avicenna,  and  all  Neoterics  hold.  But  as  hounds 
many  times  run  away  with  a  false  cry,  never  perceiving  themselves  to  be  at  a  fault, 
so  do  they.  For  Diodes  of  old,  (whom  Galen  confutes,)  and  amongst  the  juniors, 
^*  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  with  Lod.  Mercatus  cap.  17.  1. 1,  de  melan.  takes  just  excep- 
tions, at  this  aphorism  of  Hippocrates,  'tis  not  ahvays   true,  or  so  generally  to  be 

•js  In  Pantheon  cap.  de  Melancholia.        ic  aIvus  arida  I  cons.  17.  "Gordonius,  modo  rident,  modo  flent 

niiiil    riejiciens   cibi   cajiaces,    nihilciminus   tainen    e.\-    silent,  &c.  '2  pemelius  consii   43  el  4.5      Monta- 

tenuati  sunt.  4?  njc  piso  I„flatio  carotiduni,  &c.     mis  consil.  230.     Galen  de  locis  aflfectis^  lib.'  3.  cap.  6. 

<8  Andreas  Dndith  Rahamo.ep.  lib.  3.  Crat.  epist.  niiilta    "  Apliorism  et  lib.  de  Melan.  sj  j,ji,.  -y,  can.  6.  de 


in   piilsihiis  siiperslitio,  ausim  etiam  dicere,  tot  diffe 

renliasquic  desnjlmntiir  a   Galeno.   neque   intelligi   i 

'■ '<■■'■'<<>  •<•'<■    iii-irvari  iiossp.      ^   WT.  Urifiht.  cap.  20 

"'i'  -I-  I"    '  uit--a*MMm»t<saTWftfacc11ltejji^jj  15.  9.  Rha 
Bii.  IdciJi.  M.  ■■^■..-i-i:-  "Tinai>g||i|l|||M|i|mjimtlln  Tun  2 


locis  affect,  tinior  et  mocsiitia,  si  diutius  perseverent, 
"Stc.  66'j'ract.  posthuMio  de  M>-lan.  edit.  Venetiis 

IG-.'O.  per  P,olzettaiii  Bihliop  .Mihi  dilijentius  banc  rem 
consideranti,  patft  quu=daiii  esse,  qui  nou  laborant 
ma^rore  et  timoj' 

u3 


2^4  Symptoms  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  3. 

understood,  "  fear  and  sorrow  are  no  common  symptoms  to  all  melancholy ;  upon 
moie  serious  consideration,  I  find  some  (saith  he)  that  are  not  so  at  all.  Some  indeed 
are  sad,  -and  not  fearful ;  some  fearful  and  not  sad ;  some  neither  fearful  nor  sad ; 
some  both."  Four  kinds  he  excepts,  fanatical  persons,  such  as  were  Cassandra, 
Nanto,  Nicostrata,  Mopsus,  Proteus,  the  Sybils,  whom  ^Aristotle  confesseth  to  have 
been  deeply  melancholy.  Baptista  Porta  seconds  him,  Physiog.  lib.  1,  cap.  8,  they 
were  atrct  bile  perciti:  da;moniacal  persons,  and  such  as  speak  strange  languages, 
are  of  this  rank  :  some  poets,  such  as  laugh  always,  and  think  themselves  kings, 
cardinals,  &.C.,  sanguuie  they  are,  pleasantly  disposed  most  part,  and  so  continue. 
^'  Baptista  Portia  confines  fear  and  sorrow  to  them  that  are  cold ;  but  lovers,  sybils, 
enthusiasts,  he  wholly  excludes.  So  that  I  think  I  may  truly  conclude,  they  are  not 
always  sad  and  fearful,  but  usually  so :  and  that  ^  without  a  cause,  timenl  clc  nan 
timendis^  (Gordonius,)  qucpquc  momcnli  non  sunt.,  "although  not  all  alike  (saith  Alto- 
niarus),  ^^  yet  all  likely  fear,  ^  some  with  an  extraor(Unary  and  a  miglity  fear,"  Areteus. 
^''^Many  fear  death,  and  yet  in  a  contrary  humour,  make  away  themselves,"  Galen, 
lib.  3.  de  Joe.  ajfcc.  cap.  7.  Some  are  afraid  that  lieaven  Mill  fall  on  their  heads : 
some  they  are  damned,  or  shall  be.  ""They  are  troubled  with  scruples  of  con- 
sciences, distrusting  God's  mercies,  think  they  shall  go  certainly  to  hell,  the  devil  will 
have  them,  and  make  great  lamentation,"  Jason  Pratensis.  Fear  of  devils,  death, 
that  they  shall  be  so  sick,  of  some  such  or  such  disease,  ready  to  tremble  at  every 
object,  they  shall  die  themselves  forthwitli,  or  that  some  of  their  dear  friends  or  near 
allies  are  certainly  dead ;  imminent  danger,  loss,  disgrace  still  torment  others,  Stc. ; 
that  they  are  all  glass,  and  therefore  will  suffer  no  man  to  come  near  them  :  that 
they  arc  all  cork,  as  light  as  feathers ;  others  as  heavy  as  lead  ;  some  arc  afraid  their 
heads  will  fall  off  their  shoulders,  that  they  have  frogs  in  their  bellies,  &.c.  '*•'  Mon- 
Uiuus  consil.  23,  speaks  of  one  '•  that  durst  not  walk  alone  from  home,  for  fear  he 
should  swoon  or  die."  A  second  *^"  fears  every  man  he  meets  will  rob  him,  quarrel 
with  him,  or  kill  him."  A  third  dares  not  venture  to  walk  alone,  for  fear  he  should 
meet  the  devil,  a  thief,  be  sick ;  fears  all  old  women  as  witches,  and  every  black  dog 
or  cat  he  sees  he  suspecteth  to  be  a  devil,  every  person  comes  near  him  is  malifi- 
ciated,  every  creature,  all  intend  to  hurt  him,  seek  his  ruin ;  another  dares  not  go 
over  a  bridge,  come  near  a  pool,  rock,  steep  hill,  lie  in  a  chamber  where  cross  beams 
are,  for  fear  he  be  tempted  to  hang,  drown,  or  precipitate  himself  If  he  be  in  a 
silent  auditory,  as  at  a  sermon,  he  is  afraid  he  shall  speak  aloud  at  unawares,  some- 
thing indecent,  unfit  to  be  said.  If  he  be  locked  in  a  close  room,  he  is  afraid  of 
being  stilled  for  want  of  air,  and  still  carries  biscuit,  aquavita;,  or  some  strong  waters 
about  him,  for  fear  of  dcliquiums,  or  being  sick  ;  or  if  he  be  in  a  throng,  middle  of 
a  church,  multitude,  where  he  may  not  well  get  out,  though  he  sit  at  ease,  he  is  so 
misaffected.  He  will  freely  promise,  undertake  any  business  beforeliand,  but  when 
it  comes  to  be  perl'onued,  he  dare  not  adventure,  but  fears  an  infinite  number  of 
dangers,  disasters,  &.c.  Some  are  ^^"  afraid  to  be  burned,  or  that  the  Aground  will 
sink  under  them,  or  *'  swallow  them  quick,  or  that  the  king  will  call  them  in  ques- 
tion for  some  tact  they  never  did  (^Rhasis  cont.)  and  that  they  shall  surely  be  exe- 
cuted." The  terror  of  such  a  deatli  troubles  them,  and  they  fear  as  much  and  are 
equally  tormented  in  mind,  *•  "  as  they  that  have  committed  a  murder,  and  are  pensive 
without  a  cause,  as  if  they  were  now  presently  to  be  put  to  death."  Plater,  cap.  3. 
Je  mentis  aJicnat.  They  are  afraid  of  some  loss,  danger  that  they  shall  surely  lose 
their  lives,  goods,  and  all  they  have,  but  why  they  kfiuw  not.  Trincavelius,  consil. 
13.  lib.  1.  had  a  patient  that  would  needs  make  away  himself,  for  fear  of  being 
hanged,  and  could  not  be  persuaded  for  three  years  together,  but  that  he  had  killed 
a  man.  Plater,  observat.  lib.  1.  hath  two  other  examples  of  such  as  feared  to  be 
executed  witliout  a  cause.     If  they  come  in  a  place  where  a  robbery,  theft,  or  e.ny 


t^  Pjob.  lib.  3.  "  Physiog  lib.  1.  c.  8.  Quibus  multa 
fri^ida  bilis  atra,  stnlidi  ct  tiniiJi,  at  qui  calidi,  inge- 
oiosi.  amasii,  ilivinosi,  spiritu  insti<;ali,  &c.  ^  Oiii- 
nes  exerceiit  metuset  tristitia,  el  sine  causa.  ''•'Oin- 
tiinent   licet   non  omnibus  idem   tinicndi    mrHhis 


ricordic  diffidentes,  Oreo  se  detitinant  fcBda   lamriila- 
tione  deplorantps.  «>  Non  aM!>ug  e^rcdi  d'lmj  ne 

deficeret.  •*>fnl(j  (]xmoiir-!i  tinnMit.  lalrniu-ii.  iniii. 

dias,  Aviccnna.      '^Alii  cornburi.  alii  de  Rege,  Rliaam. 
"  Ne  terra  absorbeantur.  Fonstns.  •''■  Ne  terra 


^.ims  Telrab.  lib.  2.  sect.  c.  U.  *•  Ingenli  pavure    doliis<-at.  G^irdon.  *"  .\  "u  tiuinre  mnriix  litni-ntui 

trepidant.  "  Multi  mortem  tin\^nt,  el  tamen  sibi     et  niala  eratia  princ^yjy^^^Unl^se  aliquid  cuniiniiiia 

ip»ig   mortem    con-"i"'in'    alii   <iiij   luinniu   timffii.     et  ad  8u 
■  Affligit  eod  plena  -<  ;  i^ulis  coascienti^jdivinu.  iniAe-  . 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.j  Symptoms  in  the  Mind.  235 

such  offence  hath  been  done,  they  presently  fear  they  are  suspected,  and  many  times 
betray  themselves  without  a  cause.  Lewis  XI.,  the  French  king,  suspected  every 
man  a  traitor  that  came  about  him,  durst  trust  no  officer.  Alii  formklolosl  omnium, 
alii  quorundam  (Fracatorius  lib.  2.  de  Intellect.)  ^^"  some  fear  all  alike,  some  certain 
men,  and  cannot  endure  their  companies,  arc  sick  in  them,  or  if  they  be  from  home." 
Some  suspect  ™  treason  still,  others  "  are  afraid  of  their"  dearest  and  nearest  friends." 
{Mclanclius  e  Galcno,  Rulfo,  jEtio,)  and  dare  not  be  alone  in  the  dark  for  fear  of 
hobgoblins  and  devils :  he  suspects  everything  he  hears  or  sees  to  be  a  devil,  or 
enchanted,  and  imagineth  a  thousand  chimeras  and  visions,  which  to  his  thinking  he 
certainly  sees,  bugbears,  talks  with  black  men,  ghosts,  goblins,  Stc,  ''^Omncs  se  ier- 
rent  aurce.,  somis  excitat  omnis.  Another  through  bashfulness,  suspicion,  and  timo- 
rousness  will  not  be  seen  abroad,  ''^ "  loves  darkness  as  life,  and  cannot  endure  the 
light,"  or  to  sit  in  lightsome  places,  his  hat  still  in  his  eyes,  he  will  neither  see  nor 
be  seen  by  his  goodwill,  Hippocrates,  lib.  de  Insania  et  Melancholia.  He  dare  not 
come  in  company  for  fear  he  should  be  misused,  disgraced,  overshoot  himself  in 
gesture  or  speeches,  or  be  sick ;  he  thinks  every  man  observes  him,  aims  at  him, 
derides  him,  owes  him  malice.  Most  part  ^^ "  they  are  afraid  they  are  bewitched, 
possessed,  or  poisoned  by  their  enemies,  and  sometimes  they  suspect  their  nearest 
friends :  he  thinks  something  speaks  or  talks  within  him,  and  he  belcheth  of  the 
poison."  Christopherus  a  Vega,  lib.  2.  cap.  1.  had  a  patient  so  troubled,  that  by  no 
persuasion  or  physic  he  could  be  reclaimed.  Some  are  afraid  that  they  shall  have 
every  fearful  disease  they  see  others  have,  hear  of,  or  read,  and  dare  not  therefore 
hear  or  read  of  any  such  subject,  no  not  of  melancholy  itself,  lest  by  applying  to 
themselves  that  which  they  hear  or  read,  tliey  should  aggravate  and  increase  it.  If 
they  see  one  possessed,  bewitched,  an  epileptic  paroxysm,  a  man  shaking  with  the 
palsy,  or  giddy-headed,  reeling  or  standing  in  a  dangerous  place.  Sec,  for  many  days 
after  it  runs  in  their  minds,  they  are  afraid  they  sliall  be  so  too,  they  are  in  like  dan- 
ger, as  Perk.  c.  12.  sc.  12.  well  observes  in  his  Cases  of  Consc.  and  many  times  by 
violence  of  imagination  they  produce  it.  Tliey  cannot  endure  to  see  any  terrible 
object,  as  a  monster,  a  man  executed,  a  carcase,  hear  the  devil  named,  or  any  tragical 
relation  seen,  but  they  quake  for  fear,  Hecatas  somniare  sibi  videntur  (Lucian)  they 
dream  of  hobgoblins,  and  may  not  get  it  out  of  their  minds  a  long  time  after :  they 
apply  (as  I  have  said)  all  they  hear,  see,  read,  to  themselves ;  as  "^  Felix  Plater  notes 
of  some  young  physicians,  that  study  to  cure  diseases,  catch  them  themselves,  will 
be  sick,  and  appropriate  all  symptoms  they  find  related  of  others,  to  their  own  per- 
sons. And  therefore  [quod  iterum  moneo,  licet  nauseam  paret  lectori,  malo  decern 
potius  verba,  decies  repetita  licet  abundare,  quam  unum  desiderari)  I  would  advise 
him  tliat  is  actually  melancholy  not  to  read  this  tract  of  Symptoms,  lest  he  disquiet 
or  make  himself  for  a  time  worse,  and  more  melancholy  than  he  was  before.  Gene- 
rally of  them  all  take  this,  do  inanibus  semper  conqucriintur  et  tiraent,  saith  Aretius; 
they  complain  of  toys,  and  fear  '^  without  a  cause,  and  still  think  their  melancholy 
to  be  most  grievous,  none  so  bad  as  they  are,  though  it  be  nothing  in  respect,  yet 
never  any  man  sure  was  so  troubled,  or  in  this  sort.  As  really  tormented  and  per- 
plexed, in  as  great  an  agony  for  toys  and  triffes  (such  things  as  thev  will  after  laugh 
ai  themselves)  as  if  they  were  most  material  and  essential  matters  indeed,  worthy  to 
be  feared,  and  will  not  be  satisfied.  Pacify  them  for  one,  they  are  instantly  trouljled 
with  some  other  fear ;  always  afraid  of  something  whicli  they  foolishly  imagine  or 
conceive  to  themselves,  which  never  peradventure  was,  never  can  be,  never  likely 
will  be  ;  troubled  in  mind  upon  every  small  occasion,  unquiet,  still  complaining, 
grieving,  vexing,  suspecting,  grudging,  discontent,  and  cannot  be  freed  so  long  as 
melancholy  continues.  Or  if  their  minds  be  more  quiet  for  the  present,  and  they 
free  from  foreign  fears,  outward  accidents,  yet  their  bodies  are  out  of  tune,  they  sus- 
pect some  part  or  other  to  be  amiss,  now  their  head  aches,  heart,  stomach,  spleen, 


M  Alius  fiomesticos  timet,  alius  omnes.  ^tins.    '"Alii  tiniiem  se  veneficam  siimpsisse  piitat,  et  de  hac  ructare 

timent  insidias.     Aurel.  lib.  I.  ile  morb.  Chron.  cap.  0.  sibi  crebro  videtur.  Idem  Moiitaltuscap.  -2].  ^tius  lib. 

">[  Ille  charissimos,  hie  omnes  homines  citra  discrimen  2.  et  alii.  Trallianus  1.  1.  cap.  16.  "=Observat.  1.  1. 

timet.  '2  Virgil.  "  Hie  in  lucem  prodire  timet,  Quando  iis  nil  nocet,  nisi  quod  mulieribus  melanchu 

tenehra?quequa;rit, contra, ille cali2inofafuf.'it.    '^Clui-  licis.  "S— tinieo  tanien  metusque  cai'«E  nesciu> 

dam  larvas.  et  inalos  spiritus  ab  inimicis  veneficius  et  causa  est  m<.tu.>.     Ilemsius  Austriaco. 
iiicantationibu^ib^u^^|>^^^l^iini)ucrate«,  po- , 


236  Symptoms  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sect.  3 

See.  is  niisaffected,  they  shall  surely  have  this  or  that  dis<:ase;  still  troubled  in  body, 
mind,  or  both,  and  through  wind,  corrupt  fantasy,  some  accidental  distemper,  conti- 
nually molested.  Yet  for  all  this,  as  "  Jacchinus  notes,  "  in  all  other  things  they  are 
wise,  staid,  discreet,  and  do  nothing  unbeseeming  their  dignity,  person,  or  place,  this 
foolish,  ridiculous,  and  childish  fear  excepted ;  which  so  much,  so  continually  tor- 
tures and  crucifies  their  souls,  like  a  barking  dog  tliat  always  bawls,  but  sekhmi  bites, 
this  fear  ever  molesteth,  and  so  long  as  melancholy  lasteth,  cannot  be  avoided." 

Sorrow  is  that  other  character,  and  inseparable  companion,  as  individual  as  Saint 
Cosmus  and  Damian,  fidus  Achates.,  as  all  writers  witness,  a  common  symptom,  a 
continual,  and  still  without  any  evident  cause,  '*  mccrent  omnes,  et  si  roges  cos  redder^ 
catisam.,  non  possunt:  grieving  still,  but  why  they  cannot  tell :  Jlgelasti^  viastii  cogi- 
tabimdi^  they  look  as  if  they  had  newly  come  forth  of  Trophonius'  den.  And  though 
they  laugh  many  times,  and  seem  to  be  extraordinary  merry  (as  they  will  by  tits), 
yet  extreme  lumpish  again  in  an  instant,  dull  and  heavy,  sernel  et  simul,  merry  and 
sad,  but  most  part  sad :  '^Si  qua  placcnl,  abcunt;  inimica  tenacius  hcerent:  sorrow 
sticks  by  them  still  continually,  gnawing  as  the  vulture  did  ^Titius'  bowels,  and 
they  cannot  avoid  it.  No  sooner  are  their  eyes  open,  but  after  terrible  and  trouble- 
some dreams  their  heavy  hearts  begin  to  sigh:  they  are  still  fretting,  cliafing,  sighing, 
grieving,  complaining,  finding  faults,  repining,  grudging,  weeping,  Heanlonlimnrume- 
Tioi,  vexing  themselves,  *' disquieted  in  mind,  with  restless,  unquiet  thoughts,  discon- 
tent, either  for  their  own,  other  men"'s  or  public  afliiirs,  such  as  concern  them  not ; 
things  past,  present,  or  to  come,  the  remembrance  of  some  disgrace,  loss,  injury, 
abuses,  &c.  troubles  them  now  being  idle  afresh,  as  if  it  were  new  done ;  they  are 
afflicted  otherwise  for  some  danger,  loss,  want,  shame,  misery,  that  will  certainly 
come,  as  they  suspect  and  mistrust.  Lugubris  Ate  frowns  upon  them,  insomuch  that 
Areteus  well  calls  it  angorem  animi,  a  vexation  of  the  mind,  a  perpetual  agony. 
They  can  hardly  be  pleased,  or  eased,  though  in  other  men's  opinion  most  happy, 

go,  tarry,  run,  ride,  " post  equitem  sedct  atra  cura:  they  cannot  avoid  this  icral 

plague,  let  them  come  in  what  company  they  will,  ^hceret  leteri  lethalis  arundo,  as 
to  a  deer  that  is  struck,  whether  he  run,  go,  rest  with  the  herd,  or  alone,  this  grief 
remains  :  irresolution,  inconstancy,  vanity  of  mind,  their  fear,  torture,  care,  jealousy, 
suspicion,  Stc,  continues,  and  they  cannot  be  relieved.  So  "he  complained  in  the 
poet, 


"Domum  revnrtor  mcestiis,  atque  animo  feri 
Perliirbalo.  atque  iiicerto  pr»  irgritijiline, 
Assido,  accurniiil  servi :  buccos  dt^trabuiit. 


Video  alios  festinare,  lectos  giornere, 
Conam  apparare,  pro  se  qui8t|tie  ^cdiilo 
Facifbaiit,  quo  illaiii  mihi  leiiirent  uiiscriain. 


"  He  came  home  sorrowful,  and  troubled  in  his  mind,  his  servants  did  all  they  pos- 
sibly could  to  please  him;  one  pulled  otT  his  socks,  another  made  ready  his  bed,  a 
third  his  supper,  all  did  their  utmost  endeavours  to  ease  his  grief,  and  exiiilarate  his 
person,  he  was  profoundly  melancholy,  he  had  lost  his  son,  illud  angcbat,  that  was 
his  Cordolium,  his  pain,  his  agony  which  could  not  be  removed." 

Tcedium  vitiE.]  Hence  it  proceeds  many  times,  that  they  are  weary  of  their  lives, 
and  feral  thoughts  to  olfer  violence  to  their  own  persons  come  into  their  minds, 
tcedium  vitcc  is  a  common  symptom,  tarda  Jluunl,  ingrataque  tempora,  they  are  soon 
tired  with  all  things ;  they  will  now  tarry,  now  be  gone ;  now  in  bed  they  will  rise, 
now  up,  then  go  to  bed,  now  pleased,  then  again  displeased ;  now  they  like,  by  and 
by  dislike  all,  weary  of  all,  scquitur  nunc  vivendi.,  nunc  moriendi  cupido,  saiih  Aure- 
lianus,  lib.  1.  cap.  6,  but  most  part  ^^vitam  damnant.,  discontent,  disquieted,  perplexed 
upon  every  light,  or  no  occasion,  object :  often  tempted,  I  say,  to  make  away  them- 
selves :  ^  Viccre  nolunt,  mori  nesciunt :  they  cannot  die,  they  will  not  live :  they 
complain,  weep,  lament,  and  think  they  lead  a  most  miserable  life,  never  was  any 
man  so  bad,  or  so  before,  every  poor  man  they  see  is  most  fortunate  in  respect  of 
them,  every  beggar  that  comes  to  the  door  is  happier  than  they  are,  they  could  be 
contented  to  change  lives  with  them,  especially  if  they  be  alone,  idle,  and  parted 
from  their  ordinary  company,  molested,  displeased,  or  provoked :  grief,  fear,  agony, 
discontent,  wearisomeness,  laziness,  suspicion,  or  some  such  passion  forcibly  seizeth 

■"Cap.  15.  in9.  Rhasis,  in  multls  vidi.pritter  rationem  I  Eel.  1.  •■oovid.  Mot.  4.  ">  Inquips  animut. 

semper  aliquid  timent,  in  cceteris  tamen  optiiiie  se  |  "J  Hor.  1.  3.  Od.  1.  "Dark  care  ridcj  behind  him." 
gerunt,  neque  aliquid  praeler  dignitatem  coiuniittunt.  |»3Virg.  M  Mene^meautoiit.  An  1.  «r.  ].  "•Alto 
""  AJlomarus  cap  7.    Areleua^risiej^^^^  "Mant.  |  marus. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Symptoms  in  the  Mind.  23* 

on  them.  Tet  by  and  by  when  they  come  in  company  again,  which  they  like,  or 
be  pleased,  siiani  sententiam  ntrsus  damnant,  et  vita;  solatia  delectantur^  as  Octavius 
Horatianus  observes,  lib.  2.  cap.  5,  they  condemn  their  former  mislike,  and  are  well 
pleased  to  live.  And  so  they  continue,  till  with  some  fresh  discontent  they  ie 
molested  again,  and  then  they  are  weary  of  their  lives,  weary  of  all,  they  will  die, 
and  show  rather  a  necessity  to  live,  than  a  desire.  Claudius  the  emperor,  as  "Sueton 
describes  him,  had  a  spice  of  this  disease,  for  when  he  was  tormented  with  the  pain 
of  his  stomach,  he  had  a  conceit  to  make  away  himself.  Julius  Cassar  Claudinus, 
consil.  8  4.  had  a  Polonian  to  his  patient,  so  affected,  that  through  **fear  and  sorrow, 
with  which  he  was  still  disquieted,  hated  his  own  life,  wished  for  death  every 
moment,  and  to  be  freed  of  his  misery.  Mercurialis  another,  and  another  that  was 
often  minded  to  despatch  himself,  and  so  continued  for  many  years. 

Suspicion.,  Jealousy.]  Suspicion,  and  jealousy,  are  general  symptoms:  they  are 
commonly  distrustful,  apt  to  mistake,  and  amplify, _/ac//e  irascibiles,  ^^  testy,  pettish, 
peevish,  and  ready  to  snarl  upon  every  '"'  small  occasion,  cum  amicissimis,  and  with- 
out a  cause,  datum  vel  non  datum.,  it  will  be  scandalum  acceptum.  If  they  speak  in 
jest,  he  takes  it  in  good  earnest.  If  they  be  not  saluted,  invited,  consulted  with, 
called  to  counsel,  &c.,  or  that  any  respect,  small  compliment,  or  ceremony  be  omitted, 
they  think  themselves  neglected,  and  contemned ;  for  a  time  that  tortures  them.  If 
two  talk  together,  discourse,  whisper,  jest,  or  tell  a  tale  in  general,  he  thinks  pre- 
sently they  mean  him,  applies  all  to  himself,  de  se  putat  omnia  did.  Or  if  they  talk 
with  him,  he  is  ready  to  misconstrue  every  word  they  speak,  and  interpret  it  to  the 
worst ;  he  cannot  endure  any  man  to  look  steadily  on  him,  speak  to  him  almost, 
laugh,  jest,  or  be  familiar,  or  hem,  or  point,  cough,  or  spit,  or  make  a  noise  some- 
times, &c.  ^'  He  thinks  they  laugh  or  point  at  him,  or  do  it  in  disgrace  of  him,  cir- 
cumvent him,  contemn  him ;  every  man  looks  at  him,  he  is  pale,  red,  sweats  for 
fear  and  anger,  lest  somebody  should  observe  hnn.  He  works  upon  it,  and  long 
after  this  false  conceit  of  an  abuse  troubles  him.  Montanus  consil.  22.  gives  instance 
in  a  melancholy  Jew,  that  was  Iracundior  Mria,  so  waspish  and  suspicious,  tarn 
facile  iratus,  that  no  man  could  tell  how  to  carry  himself  in  his  company. 

Inconstancy.]  Inconstant  they  are  in  all  their  actions,  vertiginous,  restless,  unapt 
to  resolve  of  any  business,  they  will  and  will  not,  persuaded  to  and  fro  upon  every 
small  occasion,  or  word  spoken  :  and  yet  if  once  they  be  resolved,  obstinate,  hard 
to  be  reconciled.  If  they  abhor,  dislike,  or  distaste,  once  settled,  though  to  the  better 
by  odds,  by  no  counsel,  or  persuasion,  to  be  removed.  Yet  in  most  things  wavering, 
irresolute,  unable  to  deliberate,  through  fear,  faciunt,  et  moxfacti  pcenitent  [Areteus) 
awari,  et  paulo  post  prodigi.  Now  prodigal,  and  then  covetous,  they  do,  and  by-and- 
by  repent  them  of  that  which  they  have  done,  so  that  both  ways  they  are  troubled, 
whether  they  do  or  do  not,  want  or  have,  hit  or  miss,  disquieted  of  all  hands,  soon 
weary,  and  still  seeking  change,  restless,  I  say,  fickle,  fugitive,  they  may  not  abide 
to  tarry  in  one  place  long. 

w  Roms  rus  optans,  absentem  rusticus  urbera 
Tollit  ad  astra" 

lo  company  long,  or  to  persevere  in  any  action  or  business. 

93 "Et  similis  regiim  pueris,  pappare  minutum 
Poscit,  et  iratus  inammae  lallare  recusal," 

"ftsoons  pleased,  and  anon  displeased,  as  a  man  that's  bitten  with  fleas,  or  that  can 
not  sleep  turns  to  and  fro  in  his  bed,  their  restless  minds  are  tossed  and  vary,  they 
nave  no  patience  to  read  out  a  book,  to  play  out  a  game  or  two,  walk  a  mile,  sit 
an  hour,  &.c.,  erected  and  dejected  in  an  instant;  animated  to  undertake,  and  upon  a 
word  spoken  again  discouraged. 

Passionate.]  Extreme  passionate,  Quicquid  volunt  valde  volunt ;  and  what  they 
desire,  they  do  most  furiously  seek ;  anxious  ever,  and  very  solicitous,  distrustful, 


""Cap.  31.  ftuo  stnmachi  dolore  correptum  se,  etiara 

de  consciscenda  morte  cogitasse  dixit,  *  Lucet  et 

semper  tristatur,  solitudlnem  anidt,  mortem  sihi  preca- 

■MT.  vitam  propriam  ndio  habet.  's  Facile  in  iram 

9"  Ira  sine  causa,  velocitas  irs. 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^    ?niim.    Avi- 


*iSuspicio,  diffidentia,  symptomata.  Crato  Ep.  Ju.io 
Alexandrine  cons.  185  Scoltzii.  »2  Hor.    "At  Rome, 

wishing  for  tile  fields,  in  the  country,  extolling  the  city 
lo  the  skies."  w  pers.  Sat.  3.    "And  like  the  chil- 

dren of  nobility,  require  to  eat  papi,  and,  angry  at  the 
nurse,  refuse  her  to  sing  lullaby." 


238 


Symptoms  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  l.Sec.  3. 


and  timorous,  pnvious,  malicious,  profuse  one  while,  sparing  another,  but  most  part 
covetous,  muttering,  repining,  discontent,  and  still  complaining,  grudging,  peevish, 
injuriarum  tcnaces,  prone  to  revenge,  soon  troubled,  and  most  violent  in  all  their 
imaginations,  not  affiible  in  speech,  or  apt  to  vulgar  compliment,  but  surly,  dull,  sail, 
austere;  cogitabundi  still,  very  intent,  and  as  ^^Albertus  Durer  paints  melancholy, 
like  a  sad  woman  leaning  on  her  ann  with  fixed  looks,  neglected  habit,  &.C.,  held 
tlierelbre  by  some  proud,  soft,  sottish,  or  hall-mad,  as  the  Abderites  esteemed  of 
Democritus:  and  yet  of  a  deep  reach,  excellent  apprehension,  judicious,  wise,  and 
witty:  for  I  am  of  that  ^^ nobleman's  mind,  ".Melancholy  advanceth  men's  conceits, 
more  than  any  humour  whatsoever,"  improves  their  meditations  more  than  any  strong 
drink  or  sack.  They  are  of  profound  judgment  in  some  things,  although  in  others 
non  rede  judicant  inquieti.,  saith  Fracastorius,  lib.  2.  de  Intell.  And  as  Arculanus, 
c.  16.  in  9.  Rhasis,  terms  it.  Judicium  plerumque  pen'crsum,  corrupt i,  cum  judicant 
honesta  inhonesta,  ct  amicitiam  haheni  pro  inimicitia  :  they  count  honesty  dishonesty, 
*riends  as  enemies,  they  will  abuse  their  best  friends,  and  dare  not  oflend  their  ene- 
mies. Cowards  most  part  et  ad  iiiferendam  injuriam  timidissimi.,  saith  Cardan,  lib.  8. 
cap.  4.  de  rcrum  varictate :  loth  to  ollend,  and  if  they  chance  to  overshoot  them- 
selves in  word  or  deed  :  or  any  small  business  or  circumstance  be  omitted,  forgotten, 
they  are  miserably  tormenteil,  and  frame  a  thousand  dangers  and  inconveniences 
to  themselves,  ex  musca  elephantem.,  if  once  they  conceit  it :  overjoyed  with  every 
good  rumor,  tale,  or  prosperous  event,  transported  beyond  themselves  :  with  every 
small  cross  again,  bad  news,  misconceived  injury,  loss,  danger,  alHictcd  beyond 
measure,  in  great  axony,  perplexed,  dejected,  astonished,  impatient,  utterly  undone : 
fearful,  suspicious  of  all.  Yet  again,  many  of  them  desperate  hairl)rains,  rash,  care- 
less, ill  to  be  assassins,  as  being  void  of  all  fear  and  sorrow,  according  to  '■*  Hercules 
de  Saxonid,  "  Most  audacious,  and  such  as  dare  walk  alone  in  the  night,  through 
deserts  and  dangerous  places,  fearing  none." 

Amorous.]  '•  They  are  prone  to  love,"  and  ^easy  to  be  taken;  Propensi  ad  amorem 
et  excandcsccnliam  [MuntaUus  cap.  21.^  quickly  enamoured,  and  dote  upon  all,  love 
one  dearly,  till  they  see  another,  and  then  dote  on  her,  Et  hanc,  et  hanc,  et  illam,  et 
omncs,  the  present  moves  most,  and  the  last  commonly  they  love  best.  Yet  some 
again  Anterotes.  cannot  endure  the  sight  of  a  woman,  abhor  the  sex,  as  that  same 
melancholy  ^  duke  of  Muscovy,  that  was  instantly  sick,  if  he  came  but  in  sight  of 
them  ;  and  that  ^Anchorite,  that  fell  into  a  cold  palsy,  when  a  woman  was  brought 
bei'bre  him. 

Humorous.]  Humorous  they  are  beyond  all  measure,  sometimes  profusely  laughing, 
extraordinarily  merry,  and  then  again  weeping  without  a  cause,  (which  is  familiar 
with  many  gentlewomen,)  groaning,  sighing,  pensive,  sad,  almost  distracted,  mulla 
ahsurdajingunt,  et  a  ratione  uliena  (^ saith  '^Frambesarius),  they  feign  many  absurdi- 
ties, vain,  void  of  reason :  one  supposeth  himself  to  be  a  dog,  cock,  bear,  horse, 
glass,  butter,  Stc.  He  is  a  giant,  a  dwarf,  as  strong  as  an  hundred  men,  a  lord,  duke, 
prince,  Sec.  And  if  he  be  told  he  hath  a  stinking  breath,  a  great  nose,  that  he  is  sick, 
or  inclined  to  such  or  such  a  disease,  he  believes  it  eftsoons,  and  peradventure  by 
force  of  in>agination  will  work  it  out.  Many  of  them  are  immovable,  and  fixed  in 
their  conceits,  others  vary  upon  every  object,  heard  or  seen.  If  they  sec  a  stage- 
play,  they  run  upon  that  a  week  after ;  if  they  hear  music,  or  see  dancing,  they  have 
nought  but  bag-pipes  in  their  brain  :  if  they  see  a  combat,  they  are  all  for  arms.  '  If 
abused,  an  abuse  tix)ubles  them  long  after ;  if  crossed,  that  cross,  &.c.  Restless  in 
dieir  thoughts  and  actions,  continually  meditating,  Velut  <Tgn  somnia.,  vana:  fins^vn- 
tur  species;  more  like  dreams,  than  men  awake,  they  fain  a  company  of  antic,  fantas- 
tical conceits,  they  have  most  frivolous  thoughts,  impossible  to  be  effected ;  and 
sometimes  think  verily  they  hear  and  see  present  before  their  eyes  such  phantasms 
or  goblins,  they  fear,  suspect,  or  conceive,  they  still  talk  with,  and  follow  them.  Ir. 
fine,  cogitationes  somniantibus  similes.,  id  vigilant,  quod  alii  somniant  cngilahundi . 
still,  saith  Avicenna,  they  wake,  as  others  dream,  and  such  for  the  most  part  are  their 


»•  In  his  Outch  work  picture.  »  Howard  c.ip.  7. 

!itr>'r.  *Tracl.  <ie  intl.  cap.  2.  Noctu  aiiiliiilaiit  por 
>"lvas,  ct  loca  periculosa,  nt-iiiinem  timcrit.  "^  Facile 
amant.  Alton).  *Bo<line.  •'' lo.  Major  vititi 

patrum  r<il.-2U-2.  P.iiilna  Alilias  F.fpmiiaOnLayoliliiiliiii 


perseverat,  ut  nee  vestem,  m-c  viillutii  iniilicriji  frrre 
posHit.  tc.  ""(■(•riMill.  iili.  1.  17.  Colli.  'Oencrally 
ail  they  are  plea«eil  or  ili<plen?<''il,  »o  are  their  cuntinual 
cogitaii" 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Symptoms  in  the  Mind.  239 

imaginations  and  conceits,  ^  absurd,  vain,  foolish  toys,  yet  they  are  '  most  curious  and 
solicitous,  continual,  et  supra  modujn,  Rhasis  cont.  lib.  1.  cap.  9.  prcBmeditanfur  de 
aliqua  re.  As  serious  in  a  toy,  as  if  it  were  a  most  necessary  business,  of  great 
moment,  importance,  and  still,  still,  still  thinking  of  it :  saxnunt  in  se,  macerating  them- 
selves. Though  they  do  talk  with  you,  and  seem  to  be  otherwise  employed,  and  to 
your  thinking  very  intent  and  busy,  still  that  toy  runs  in  their  mind,  that  fear,  that 
suspicion,  that  abuse,  that  jealousy,  that  agony,  that  vexation,  that  cross,  that  castle 
in  the  air,  that  crotchet,  that  whimsy,  that  fiction,  that  pleasant  waking  dream,  what- 
soever it  is.  JVec  interrogant  (saith  ■*  Fracastorius)  nee  interrogatis  recte  respondent 
They  do  not  much  heed  what  you  say,  their  mind  is  on  another  matter ;  ask  what 
you  will,  they  do  not  attend,  or  much  intend  that  business  they  are  about,  but  forget 
themselves  what  they  are  saying,  doing,  or  should  otherwise  say  or  do,  whither  they 
are  going,  distracted  with  their  own  melancholy  thoughts.  One  laughs  upon  a 
sudden,  another  smiles  to  himself,  a  third  frowns,  calls,  his  lips  go  still,  he  acts  with 
his  hand  as  he  Avalks,  &c.  'Tis  proper  to  all  melancholy  men,  saith  ^Mercurialis, 
con.  11.  "What  conceit  they  have  once  entertained,  to  be  most  intent,  violent,  and 
continually  about  it."  Invitas  occurrit,  do  what  they  may  they  cannot  be  rid  of 
it,  against  their  wills  they  must  think  of  it  a  thousand  times  over,  Perpetuo  moles- 
tanlur  nee  ohlivisci  possunt,  they  are  continually  troubled  with  it,  in  company,  out 
of  company;  at  meat,  at  exercise,  at  all  times  and  places,  ^7ion  desinunt  ea,  quce 
minime  volunt,  cogitare,  if  it  be  offensive  especially,  they  cannot  forget  it,  they  may 
not  rest  or  sleep  for  it,  but  still  tormenting  themselves,  Sysiphi  saxum  volvunt  sibi 
ipsis,  as  ^Brunner  observes,  Ferpetua  calamitas  et  miserahiJe  fiagellum. 

Bashfulness.]  ^Crato,  ^Laurentius,  and  Fernelius,  put  bashfulness  for  an  ordinary 
symptom,  sabruslicus  pudor.,  or  vitiosus  pudor.,  is  a  thing  which  much  haunts  and  tor- 
ments them.  If  they  have  been  misused,  derided,  disgraced,  chidden.  Sec,  or  by  any 
perturbation  of  mind,  misaffected,  it  so  far  troubles  them,  that  they  become  quite  moped 
many  times,  and  so  disheartened,  dejected,  they  dare  not  come  abroad,  into  strange 
companies  especially,  or  manage  their  ordinary  affairs,  so  childish,  timorous,  and  bash- 
ful, they  can  look  no  man  in  the  face ;  some  are  more  disquieted  in  this  kind,  some 
less,  longer  some,  others  shorter,  by  fits,  &c.,  though  some  on  the  other  side  (according 
to  '"Fracastorius)  be  inverecundi  et  pcrtinaces.,  impudent  and  peevish.  But  most  part 
they  are  very  shamefaced,  and  that  makes  them  witli  Pet.  Blesensis,  Christopher  Urs- 
H'ick,  and  many  such,  to  refuse  honours,  offices,  and  preferments,  which  sometimes  tall 
mto  their  mouths,  they  cannot  speak,  or  put  forth  themselves  as  others  can,  timor  hos., 
pudor  impcdit  illos,  timorousness  and  bashfulness  hinder  their  proceedings,  they  are 
contented  with  their  present  estate,  unwilling  to  undertake  any  office,  and  therefore 
never  likely  to  rise.  For  that  cause  they  seldom  visit  their  friends,  except  some  fami- 
liars :  pauciloqui,  of  few  words,  and  oftentimes  wholly  silent.  "  Frambeserius,  a 
Frenchman,  had  two  such  patients,  omnino  taciturnos,  their  friends  could  not  get  them 
to  speak :  Rodericus  a  Fonesca  consult,  torn.  2.  85.  consil.  gives  instance  in  a  young 
man,  of  twenty-seven  years  of  age,  that  was  frequently  silent,  bashful,  moped,  soli- 
tary, that  would  not  eat  his  meat,  or  sleep,  and  yet  again  by  fits  apt  to  be  angry,  Stc. 

Solitariness.]  Most  part  they  are,  as  Plater  notes,  desides.,  taciturni.,  cegre  impulsi^ 
nee  nisi  coacti  proccdutit,  Sfc.  they  will  scarce  be  compelled  to  do  that  which  concerns 
tJiem,  though  it  be  for  their  Sfood,  so  diffident,  so  dull,  of  small  or  no  compliment, 
unsociable,  hard  to  be  acquainted  with,  especially  of  strangers;  they  had  rather  write 
their  minds  than  speak,  and  above  all  things  love  solitariness.  Ob  volnpfalem.,  an  ob 
limorem  soli  sunt?  Are  they  so  solitary  for  pleasure  (one  asks)  or  pain  ?  for  both  ; 
yet  I  rather  think  for  fear  and  sorrow,  Stc. 

""  Hinc  metuunt  ciipiunlque,  dolent  fugiiintque,  nee  I      "  Hftice  'tis  they  grieve  and  fear,  avoidinii  light, 
auras  And  shut  themselves  in  prison  dark  from  sight. " 

Respiciunt,  clausi  tenebris,  et  carcere  ca:co."  | 

As  Bellerophon  in  ''Homer, 

•■  Qui  miser  in  sylvis  mferens crrahat  opacis,  I         "That  wandered  in  the  woods  sad  all  alone, 

Jpse  suuui  cor  edens,  honiinum  vestigia  vitans."        |  Forsaking  men's  society,  making  great  moan.' 

20mne3  excercent  vans  intensxque  animi   cogita- I  etiam  vel  invitis  semper  occurrant.  ^Xulliusde 

tiones,  (N.  Piso  Bruel)  et  assiduae.  sCuriosi  de  rebus  I  sen.  'Consil.  med.  pro  Hvpochondriaco.  »  Con 
minimis.   Areteus.  *Lih.  2.  de  Intoll.  5Hoc|sil.43.  !»Cap.5.  l»Li'b.  2.  de  Intell.  iiCo« 

me  ancholicis  omnihu^i^^^M|||ui^ssemel  imasi-  |  suit.  1.^.  et  1(3.  lib.  1.        i^Virg.  JEn.  6.        "Hiad. .). 
"jtf^IPP^  valduiMli^i^^^^^^^^^MfcjBnt.  sed  hs 


840  ,  Symptoms  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  3. 

They  delight  in  floods  and  waters,  desert  places,  to  walk  alone  in  orchards,  gardens, 
private  walks,  back  lanes,  averse  from  company,  as  Diogenes  in  his  tub,  or  Timon 
Misanthropus,  '^  they  abhor  all  companions  at  last,  even  their  nearest  acquaintances 
and  most  familiar  friends,  for  they  have  a  conceit  (I  say)  every  man  observes  them, 
will  deride,  laugh  to  scorn,  or  misuse  them,  confining  themselves  therefore  wholly 
to  their  private  houses  or  chambers.,  fug iunt  homines  sine  causa  (saith  Rhasis)  et  odio 
hnhent.,  cont.  I.  I.e.  9.  they  will  diet  themselves,  feed  and  live  alone.  It  was  one  of 
the  chiefest  reasons  why  the  citizens  of  Abdera  suspected  Dcmocritus  to  be  melan- 
choly and  mad,  because  that,  as  Hippocrates  related  in  his  Epistle  to  Philopa'nienes, 
''"he  forsook  the  city,  lived  in  groves  and  hollow  trees,  upon  a  green  bank  by  a 
brook  side,  or  confluence  of  waters  all  day  long,  and  all  night."  Quce  quidem  (saith 
ht)  plurimum  atra  bile  vexatis  et  mclancholicis  eveniunl.,  descrta  frequc7itant,  homi- 
numquc  congressum  aversantur;  '*  which  is  an  ordinary  thing  with  melancholy  men. 
The  Egyptians  therefore  in  their  hieroglyphics  expressed  a  melancholy  man  by  a 
hare  silting  in  her  form,  as  being  a  most  timorous  and  solitary  creature,  Pierius  Hie- 
roglyph. 1.  12.  But  this,  and  all  precedent  symptoms,  are  more  or  less  apparent,  as 
the  humour  is  intended  or  remitted,  hardly  perceived  in  some,  or  not  all,  most  mani- 
fest in  others.  Childish  in  some,  terrible  in  others ;  to  be  derided  in  one,  pitied  or 
admired  in  another ;  to  him  by  fits,  to  a  second  continuate :  and  howsoever  these 
.symptoms  be  common  and  incident  to  all  persons,  yet  they  are  the  more  remarkable, 
frequent,  furious  and  violent  in  melancholy  men.  To  speak  in  a  word,  there  is 
nothing  so  vain,  absurd,  ridiculous,  extravagant,  impossible,  incredible,  so  monstrous 
a  chinirera,  so  prodigious  and  strange,  "  such  as  painters  and  poets  durst  not  attempt, 
which  they  will  not  really  fear,  feign,  suspect  and  imagine  unto  themselves:  and  that 
which  '*Lod.  Viv.  said  in  a  jest  of  a  silly  country  fellow,  that  killed  his  ass  for  drink- 
ing up  the  moon,  «/  lunam  mundo  redderet.,  you  may  truly  say  of  them  in  earnest ; 
they  will  act,  conceive  all  extremes,  contrarieties,  and  contradictions,  and  that  in  in- 
finite varieties.  JMelanchoUci  plane  incredibilia  sibi  persuadent.,  ul  vix  omnibus  swculis 
diM  reperli  sint.,  qui  idem  imaginati  sint  [Erastus  de  Lamiis).,  scarce  two  of  two 
thousand  that  concur  in  the  same  symptoms.  The  tower  of  Babel  never  yielded 
such  confusion  of  tongues,  as  the  chaos  of  melancholy  doth  variety  of  symptoms. 
There  is  in  all  melancholy  similitudo  dissimilis.,  like  men's  faces,  a  disagreeing  like- 
ness still ;  and  as  in  a  river  we  swim  in  the  same  place,  though  not  in  the  same 
numerical  water;  as  the  same  instrument  affords  several  lessons,  so  the  same  disease 
yields  diversity  of  symptoms.  Which  howsoever  they  be  diverse,  intricate,  and  hard 
to  be  confined,  1  will  adventure  yet  in  such  a  vast  confusion  and  generality  to  bring 
them  into  some  order;  and  so  descend  to  particulars. 

SuBSECT.  III. — Particular  Symptoms  from  the  influence  of  Stars.,  parts  of  the  Body., 

ami  Humours. 

Some  men  have  pecidiar  symptoms,  according  to  their  temperament  and  crisis, 
which  they  had  from  the  stars  and  those  celestial  influences,  variety  of  wits  and  dis- 
positions, as  Anthony  Zara  contends,  ^^na/.  ingen.  sect.  1.  memb.  11,  12,  1.3,  \A.plu- 
rimum  irritant  influentice  ccelesles.,  unde  cientur  animi  cegritudines  et  morbi  corporum. 
'"One  saith,  diverse  diseases  of  the  body  and  mind  proceed  from  their  influences, 
"as  I  have  already  proved  out  of  Ptolemy,  Pontanus,  Lemnius,  Cardan,  and  others 
as  they  are  principal  significators  of  manners,  diseases,  mutually  irradiated,  or  lords 
of  the  geniture,  &c.  Ptolomeus  in  his  centiloquy,  Hermes,  or  whosoever  else  the 
author  of  that  tract,  attributes  all  these  symptoms,  which  are  in  melancholy  men, 
to  celestial  influences:  which  opinion  Mercurialis  de  affect,  lib.  cap.  10.  rejects; 
but,  as  I  say,  ^' Jovianus  Pontanus  and  others  stiffly  defend.  That  some  are  solitary, 
dull,  heavy,  churlish ;  some  again  blithe,  buxom,  light,  and  merry,  they  ascribe 
wholly  to  the  stars.     As  if  Saturn  be  predominant  in  his  nativity,  and  cause  melan- 

MSi  malum  exasperanlur,  hnmines  odio  habent  et  I  et  factus  sum  velut  nycticoraz  in  domirilio,  panerioli 
«otitaria  petunt.  '^  Democritus  solet  noctes  et  dies     tarius  in  lemplo.        "  Et  quae  vix  audcl  Tabula,  monttra 

Vipud   ce   dt-eere,  pleruinqiie   autem   in   gpelunri?,  8iib    parit.  '"In  cap.  18.  I.  10.  de  civ.  dei,  Lunam  ab 

■  iiiaini.-t  arboruin  uinlirls  vel  in  tenebris.  et  inollibus     Afino  epotam  videna.  "  Vel.  1.  4.  c.  5.  ••fleev, 

herbia,  vel  ad  aquaruin  crebra  et  quieta  fluenta.  &c.  '  2.  Memb.  1.  Suba.  4.  *' D,;  reb.  ealeft   '■►'   !"  '    13 

••Gaudet  tenebris,  aliturque  dolor.     Ps.  Uii.  Vigilavi  i  " 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  3.J  Symptoms  of  the  Stars,  Humours,  Sfc.  241 

oholy  in  his  temperature,  then  ^he  shall  be  very  austere,  sullen,  churlish,  black  of 
colour,  profound  in  his  cogitations,  full  of  cares,  miseries,  and  discontents,  sad  and 
feaiiul,  always  silent,  solitary,  still  delighting  in  husbandry,  in  woods,  orchards,  gar- 
dens, rivers,  ponds,  pools,  dark  walks  and  close :  Cogitationes  sunt  velle  cedi/icare, 
velle  arhorcs  planfnre,  agros  colere,  <^r.  To  catcli  birds,  fishes,  &c.  still  contriving 
and  musing  of  such  matters.  If  Jupiter  domineers,  they  are  more  ambitious,  still 
meditating  of  kingdoms,  magistracies,  offices,  honours,  or  that  they  are  princes, 
potentates,  and  how  they  would  carry  themselves,  &c.  If  Rlars,  they  are  all  for  wars, 
brave  combats,  monomachies,  testy,  choleric,  harebrain,  rash,  furious,  and  violent  in 
their  actions.  They  will  feign  themselves  victors,  commanders,  are  passionate  and 
satirical  in  their  speeches,  great  braggers,  ruddy  of  colour.  And  though  they  be 
poor  in  shew,  vile  and  base,  yet  like  Telephus  and  Peleus  in  the  ^^  poet,  JlmpuUas 
jnrjant  ct  scsquipedalia  verba,  "forget  their  swelling  and  gigantic  words,"  their 
mouths  are  full  of  myriads,  and  tetrarchs  at  their  tongues'  end.  If  the  sun,  thev  will 
be  lords,  emperors,  in  conceit  at  least,  and  monarchs,  give  offices,  honours,  &c.  If 
Venus,  they  are  still  courting  of  their  mistresses,  and  most  apt  to  love,  amorously 
given,  they  seem  to  hear  music,  plays,  see  fine  pictures,  dancers,  merriments,  and  the 
like.  Ever  in  love,  and  dote  on  all  they  see.  Blercurialists  are  solitary,  much  in 
contemplation,  subtile,  poets,  philosophers,  and  musing  most  part  about  such  matters. 
If  the  moon  have  a  hand,  they  are  all  for  peregrinations,  sea  voyages,  much  affected 
with  travels,  to  discourse,  read,  meditate  of  such  things  ;  wandering  in  their  thoughts, 
(hverse,  much  delighting  in  waters,  to  fish,  fowl,  &c. 

But  the  most  innnediate  symptoms  proceed  from  the  temperature  itself,  and  the 
organical  parts,  as  head,  liver,  spleen,  meseraic  veins,  heart,  womb,  stomach.  Sec, 
and  most  especially  from  distemperature  of  spirits  (which,  as  -^Hercules  de  Saxonia. 
contends,  are  wholly  immaterial),  or  from  the  four  liumours  in  those  seats,  whether 
they  be  hot  or  cold,  natural,  unnatural,  innate  or  adventitious,  intended  or  remitted, 
simple  or  mixed,  their  diverse  mixtures,  and  several  adustions,  combinations,  which 
may  be  as  diversely  varied,  as  those^^  fotn- first  qualities  in  ^''Clavius,  and  produce  as 
many  several  symptoms  and  monstrous  fictions  as  wine  doth  effect,  which  as  Andreas 
Bachius  observes,  lib.  3.  dc  vino,  cap.  20.  are  infinite.     Of  greater  note  be  these. 

If  it  l)e  natural  melancholy,  as  Lod.  Mcrcatus,  lib.  1.  cap.  17.  de  melan.  T.  Bright, 
c.  16.  hath  largely  described,  either  of  the  spleen,  or  of  the  veins,  faulty  by  excess 
of  quantity,  or  thickness  of  substance,  it  is  a  cold  and  dry  humour,  as  Montanus 
affirms,  consil.  26.  the  parties  are  sad,  timorous  and  fearful.  Prosper  Calenus,  in  his 
book  de  atra  bile,  will  have  them  to  be  more  stupid  than  ordinarj',  cold,  heavy,  soli- 
tary, sluggish.  Si  multam  atram  bilem  et  frigidam  habcnf.  Hercules  de  Saxonia,. 
c.  19.  I.  7.  "'"  holds  these  that  are  naturally  melancholy,  to  be  of  a  leaden  colour  or 
black,"  and  so  doth  Guianerius,  c.  3.  tract.  15.  and  such  as  think  themselves  dead 
many  times,  or  that  they  see,  talk  with  black  men,  dead  men,  spirits  and  goblins 
frequently,  if  it  be  in  excess.  These  symptoms  vary  according  to  tlie  mixture  of 
those  four  humours  adust,  which  is  unnatural  melancholy.  For  as  Trallianus  hath 
written,  cajj.  16.  I.  7.  ^^"  There  is  not  one  cause  of  this  melancholy,  nor  one 
humour  which  begets,  but  divers  diversely  intermixed,  from  whence  proceeds  this 
variety  of  symptoms:"  and  those  varying  again  as  they  are  hot  or  cold.  ^^"Cold 
melancholy  (saith  Benedic.  Vittorius  Faventinus  pract.  mag.)  is  a  cause  of  dotage, 
and  more  mild  symptoms,  if  hot  or  more  adust,  of  more  violent  passions,  and  furies." 
Fracastoriu'5,  I.  2.  de  intellect,  will  have  us  to  consider  well  of  it,  ^"  with  what  kind 
of  melanclioly  every  one  is  troubled,  for  it  much  avails  to  know  it ;  one  is  enraged 
by  fervent  heal,  another  is  possessed  by  sad  and  cold ;  one  is  fearful,  shamefaced ; 
the  other  impudent  and  bold  ;  as  Ajax,  Arma  rapit  superosque  furens  in  prcelia  pos- 
cit:  quite  mad  or  tending  to  madness.  JWnc  Iws,  nunc  impetit  illos.  Eellerophon 
on  the  other  side,  solis  errat  male  sanus  in  agris,  wanders  alone  in  the  woods ;  one 
despairs,  weeps,  and  is  weary  of  his  life,  another  laughs,  &c.     All  which  variety  is 

22  I.  de  Indagine  Goclenius.  »  Hor.  de  art.  poet,  i  rens,  sed  plures,  et  alius  aliter  mutatus,  unde  non  oin- 

**  Tract.  7.  do  Melan.  *»Humiduni,  calidum,  frigi-    nes  eadem  sentiunt  syniutomata.  2* Humor  frigidua 

dum,  siccum.  MCom.  in  1  c.  Johannis  do  Sacro-  |  delirii  causa,  humor  calidiis  furoris.  *  Multum. 

bosrx).  ifSi  resjdet  melancholia  naturalis,  tales  j  refert  qua  quisque  melancholia  teneatur,  hunc  ferveni, 

pliiinbei  coloris  nut  nigri,  stupidi.  solitarii.  26>fon    et  accensa  agitat,  ilium  tristis  et  frigens  occupat:  lu 

una  melancholia  causa  esMMuiMwiflbymprvitii  pa-  '  timidi.  illi  inverecundi,  intrepidi,  Sec. 

V 


242  Symptoms  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  3. 

produced  from  the  several  degrees  of  heat  and  cold,  which  ''  Hercules  de  *^axonia 
will  liave  wholly  proceed  from  the  distemperature  of  spirits  alone,  animal  especially, 
and  those  immaterial,  the  next  and  immediate  causes  of  melancholy,  as  they  are  hot, 
cold,  dry,  moist,  and  from  their  agitation  proceeds  tliat  diversity  of  symptoms,  wiiicli 
he  reckons  up,  in  the  ^-'thirteenth  chap,  of  his  Tract  of  Melancholy,  and  that  larirely 
through  every  part.  Otiiers  will  have  them  come  from  the  diverse  adustion  of  the 
four  humours,  which  in  this  unnatural  melancholy,  hy  corruption  of  blood,  adust 
choler,  or  melancholy  natural,  ^^ "  by  excessive  distemper  of  heat  turned,  in  com- 
parison of  the  natural,  into  a  sharp  lye  by  force  of  ailustion,  cause,  according  to  the 
diversity  of  their  matter,  diverse  and  strange  symptoms,"  which  T.  Bright  reckons 
up  in  his  following  chapter.  So  doth  ^  Arculanus,  according  to  the  four  principal 
humours  adust,  and  many  others. 

For  example,  if  it  proceed  from  phlegm,  (which  is  seldom  and  not  so  frequently 
as  the  rest)  '^it  stirs  up  dull  symptoms,  and  a  kind  of  stupidity,  or  impassionate 
hurt:  they  are  sleepy,  saith  ''*' Savanarola,  dull,  slo\v,  cold,  blockish,  ass-like,  ^J.s/»/- 
nam  ync/anc/ioliam.,  ^' .Melancthon  calls  it, '■'■  they  are  much  given  to  weeping,  and 
delight  in  waters,  [)onds,  pools,  rivers,  fishing,  fowling,  kc."  i^Jlrnoldus  hrcciar.  I. 
cap.  18.)  They  are  ^"^pale  of  colour,  slothful,  apt  to  sleep,  heavy;  ""much  troubled 
with  head-ache,  continual  meditation,  and  muttering  to  themselves;  they  dream  of 
waters,  '"  that  they  are  in  danger  of  drowning,  and  fear  such  things,  Rhasis.  They 
are  fatter  tlian  otliers  that  are  melancholy,  of  a  muddy  complexion,  apter  to  spit, 
^' sleep,  more  troubled  with  rheum  than  the  rest,  and  have  their  eyes  still  fixed  on 
the  ground.  Such  a  patient  had  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  a  widow  in  Venice,  that  was 
fat  and  very  sleepy  still ;  Christophorus  a  Vega  another  atlected  in  the  same  sort. 
If  it  be  inveterate  or  violent,  the  symptoms  are  more  evident,  they  plainly  denote 
and  are  ridiculous  to  others,  in  all  their  gestures,  actions,  speeches ;  imagining  im- 
])ossibilitics,  as  he  in  Christophorus  ii  Vega,  that  thought  he  was  a  tun  of  wine, 
^^and  that  Siennois,  tiiat  resulveil  within  himself  not  to  piss,  for  fear  he  should  drown 
all  the  town. 

If  it  proceed  from  blood  adust,  or  that  there  be  a  mixture  of  blood  in  it,  '^'"  such 
are  commonly  riuldy  of  complexion,  and  high-coloured,"  according  to  Salust  Salvi- 
anus,  and  Hercules  de  Saxonia.  And  as  Savanarola,  Vittorius  Faventinus  Emper. 
iarther  adds,  ^' "  the  veins  of  their  eyes  be  red,  as  well  as  their  faces."  They  are 
much  inclined  to  laughter,  witty  and  merry,  conceited  in  discourse,  pleasant,  if  they 
be  not  far  gone,  much  given  to  music,  dancing,  and  to  be  in  women's  company. 
They  meditate  wholly  on  such  things,  and  think.  ■'^"  they  see  or  hear  plays,  dancing, 
•and  such-like  sports  (free  from  all  fear  and  sorrow,  as  '"'Hercules  de  Saxonia  sup- 
posetli.)  If  they  be  more  strongly  possessed  with  this  kind  of  melancholy,  Arnol- 
dus  adds,  BrcLuar.  lib.  1.  cap.  18.  Like  him  of  Argos  in  the  Poet,  that  sate  lautrh- 
ing  ^^  all  day  long,  as  if  he  had  been  at  a  theatre.  Such  another  is  mentioned  liy 
"■^ Aristotle,  living  at  Abydos,  a  town  of  Asia  Minor,  that  would  sit  after  the  same 
fashion,  as  if  he  had*been  upon  a  stage,  and  sometimes  act  himself;  now  clap  his 
hands,  and  laiigh,  as  if  he  had  been  well  pleased  with  the  sight.  VV' oltius  relates  of 
a  country  fellow  cidled  Brunsellius,  subject  to  this  humour,  ^'*"  that  being  by  clumce 
at  a  sermon,  saw  a  woman  fall  olF  from  a  form  half  asleep,  at  which  oiiject  most  <>f 
the  company  laughed,  but  he  for  his  part  was  so  much  moved,  that  for  three  whole 
days  after  he  (hd  nothing  but  laugh,  by  which  means  he  was  nuicb  weakened,  and 
worse  a  long  time  following."  Such  a  one  was  old  Sophocles,  and  Democritus  him- 
self had  Itilare  delirium.,  much  in  this  vein.  Lxiurentius  cap.  3.  de  inclnn.  thinks  this 
kind  of  melancholy,  which  is  a  little  adust  with  some  mixture  of  blood,  to  be  that 
which  Aristotle  meant,  when  he  said  melancholy  men  of  all  others  are  most  witty, 

"Cap.  7.  fit  8.  Trar-r.  de  Mel.  '^Sisna  mtlancholiae  i  rentius.  ■•'Ca.  6.  ile  mcl.  Si  d  sanguine,  vcnit  ruh«iln 
ei  iiitemporif  et  aL'italiono  spirituiiin  sine  materia,  oculoriim  et  faciei,  pl'irirniis  ri*ii«.  <•  Veiim  ncnlnriiin 
'3T.  Bright  cap.  10.  'I'reat.  Mel.  '*(.'ap.  Hi.  in  9.  |  .^unt  ruhriH,  vide  an  pru'ceo«erit  vini  et  nroiriatiiiii  ii»ii*, 

Khasis.  '-'  Brit'ht,  c.  10.  *Prnct.  niajnr.  Som-  I  el  frqnens  halncuiii.  Trallinn.  liti.  I.  Hi.  nn  prr'-'cssi-rit 

nians,  piser.  friiiidiis.  "  De  ariiina  cap.  de  humor.  I  mora  sub  sole.  *■  Riilit  palienn  si  a  •'atitiiiiiie.  piiiat 

si  a  Plileemale  semper  in  aqiiis  fere  sunt,  et  eirc.i  tlnvios  '  fc  videre  thoreaf.  miisiiwiin  and  ire.  Iinlni'.  &r.  •'Cap. 
pliirant  innlliiiri.  *  I'lijra  nascitiirex  colore  pallido    2.  Tract,  de  Melan.  ^'Mor.  ep.  lib.  2.  quidani  hand 

et  alho.  Her.  di- Sa.Toii         ~   "favanarola.        wMnros    ijrnobilia  Areis.  &c.  <"  l,ib.  ile  reh  iiiir.         «Cnin 

C:i<iere  in  m-,  iint  unlniierL'i  tinient,  cum  torpore  et  seg-  inter  concionandnin  mnlierdorniientid  »nl>ii»-lliocaderet, 
liilie,  el  fliivio>  .nmant  lat-s.  .Me.xand.  c.  10  lib.  7.  et  oinin-n  relimj^pu  ntjtjerent,  riilerent,  tribu*  pfnt 
•' Semper  fere  doriiiit  somnolent  a  c.  10.  I.  7.         <*Lau-    diebus,  ^" 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  3.]  Symptoms  of  the  Stars,  Humours,  8fc.  24S 

which  causeth  many  times  a  divhie  ravishment,  and  a  kind  of  enfJiusiasmus,  which 
stirreth  them  up  to  be  excellent  philosophers,  poets,  prophets,  &c.  3Iercurialis, 
consil.  110.  gives  instance  in  a  young  man  his  patient,  sanguine  melancholy,  ^•-  of  a 
great  wit,  and  excellently  learned." 

If  it  arise  from  choler  adust,  they  are  bold  and  impudent,  and  of  a  more  hairbrair^ 
disposition,  apt  to  quarrel,  and  think  of  such  things,  battles,  combats,  and  their  man- 
hood, furious;  impatient  in  discourse,  stiff,  irrefragable  and  prodigious  in  their  tenets; 
and  if  they  be  moved,  most  violent,  outrageous,  ^'  ready  to  disgrace,  provoke  any, 
to  kill  themselves  and  others  ;  Arnoldus  adds,  stark  mad  by  fits,  '^'■'  they  sleep  little, 
their  urine  is  subtile  and  fiery.  (Guianerius.)  In  their  fits  you  shall  hear  tlieni 
speak  all  manner  of  languages,  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin,  that  never  were  taught  or 
knew  them  before."  Apponensis  in  com.  in  Pro.  sec.  30.  speaks  of  a  mad  woman 
that  spake  excellent  good  Latin :  and  Rhasis  knew  another,  that  could  prophecy  in 
her  fit,  and  fortel  things  truly  to  come.  ^''Guianerius  had  a  patient  could  make 
Latin  verses  when  the  moon  was  combust,  otherwise  illiterate.  Avicenna  aiul  some 
of  his  adherents  will  have  these  symptoms,  when  they  happen,  to  proceed  from  the 
devil,  and  that  they  are  rather  demoniaci,  possessed,  than  mad  or  melancholy,  or 
both  together,  as  Jason  Pratensis  thinks,  Immiscent  se  mali  genii,  Sec.  but  most 
ascribe  it  to  the  humour,  which  opinion  Montaltus  cap.  21.  stifilv  maintains,  con- 
futing Avicenna  and  the  rest,  referring  it  wholly  to  the  quality  and  disposition  of  the 
humour  and  subject.  Cardan  de  rerum  var.  lib.  8.  cap.  10.  holds  these  men  of  all 
others  fit  to  be  assassins,  bold,  hardy,  fierce,  and  adventurous,  to  undertake  anything 
by  reason  of  their  choler  adust.  ^*'-'  This  humour,  saith  he,  prepares  them  to  endure 
death  itself,  and  all  manner  of  torments  with  invincible  courage,  and  'tis  a  wonder 
to  see  with  what  alacrity  they  will  undergo  such  tortures,"  ut  supra  naturam  res 
videatur:  he  ascribes  this  generosity,  fur\%  or  rather  stupidity,  to  this  adustion  of 
choler  and  melancholy :  but  I  take  these  rather  to  be  mad  or  desperate,  than  pro- 
perly melancholy ;  for  commonly  this  humour  so  adust  and  hot,  degenerates  into 
madness. 

If  it  come  from  melancholy  itself  adust,  those  men,  saith  Avicenna,  ^"are  usually 
sad  and  solitary,  and  that  continually,  and  in  excess,  more  than  ordinarily  suspicious 
more  fearful,  and  have  long,  sore,  and  most  corrupt  imaginations ;"  cold  and  black, 
bashful,  and  so  solitary,  tliat  as  ^^Arnoldus  writes,  '•  they  v/ill  endure  no  company.  t!iey 
(h-eam  of  graves  still,  and  dead  men,  and  think  themselves  bewitched  or  dead  :"'  if  it 
be  extreme,  they  think  they  hear  hideous  noises,  see  and  talk  ^'"with  black  men, 
and  converse  familiarly  with  devils,  and  such  strange  chimeras  and  visions,"  (Gordo- 
nius)  or  that  they  are  possessed  b'y  them,  tliat  somebody  talks  to  them,  or  witiiin 
them.  Tales  mclancholici  pier  unique  dccmoniaci,  Montaltus  consil.  26.  ex  Aviceniui. 
Valescus  de  Taranta  had  such  a  woman  in  cure,  ^' "  that  thought  she  had  to  do  with 
the  devil :"  and  Gentilis  Fulgosus  quoist.  55.  writes  that  he  had  a  melanclioly  friend, 
that  ^^'■'  had  a  black  man  in  the  likeness  of  a  soldier"  still  following  him  wheresoever 
he  was..  Laurentius  cap.  7.  hath  many  stories  of  such  as  have  thought  themselve.-? 
bewitched  by  their  enemies  ;  and  some  that  would  eat  no  meat  as  being  dead.  *''-inn(i 
1550  an  advocate  of  Paris  fell  into  such  a  .melancholy  fit,  that  he  believed  verily  he 
was  dead,  he  could  not  be  persuaded  otherwise,  or  to  eat  or  drink,  till  a  kinsman  oi 
his,  a  scholar  of  Bourges,  did  eat  before  him  dressed  like  a  corse.  The  stor\%  saith 
Serres,  was  acted  in  a  comedy  before  Charles  the  Ninth.  Some  think  they  are 
beasts,  wolves,  hogs,  and  cry  like  dogs,  foxes,  bray  like  asses,  and  low  like  kine.  a.s 
King  Praetus'  daughter.s.  ^'  Hddesheim  spicel.  2.  de  mania,  hath  an  example  of  a 
Dutch  baron  so  afiected,  and  Trincavelius  lib.  1.  consil.  11.  another  of  a  nobleman 
in  his  country,  ^-"  that  thought  he  was  certainly  a  beast,  and  would  imitate  most  of 


iojiivenis  et  non  viiljraris  erutlitionis.  ''iSi  a;  a  melancholia  adiista.  tristes,  de  sepulchris  somniaiit, 

chol.ra,  ftiribiiiidi,  inlr-rficinrit,  se  ct  alios,  piitaiil  se  timeiit  lie  fascineiitiir,  putant  se  iiioriiios.  aspici  no- 
viilere  pugiias.  s^Urina  subtilis  et  ipnea,  partim    luiit.  s'yidf-ntur  sibi  videre  monachos  nigros  et 

(lormiiiiit.  53Tract.  1.5.  c.  4.  5*  Ad  h.Tc  perpe- [  damonos,  et  suspenses  et  ninrtuos.  ^-Quavis  nocte 

tramla  fiirnre  rapti  diicuiitur,  criiciatLis  qiiosvis  tole- I  se  cum  daeraoiie  coire  putavit.  °3S<.rnper  fere  vidisst 
rant,  et  iiirvriorn.  et  furore  exacerbato  audent  ct  ad  sup-  '  militeni  nigrum  pra;sentein.  «>  Anthony  di:  Verdeur 
.)licia  plus  irritantiir,  inirum  est  quantain  habeant  in  "Quidam  musitus  bourn  smulaniur,  et  pecora  se  pu 
tormentis  pationtiain.  ssT-gies  plus  r;rteris  liment,  :  tant,  ut  Prceti  filis.  ^Uaro  quidam  mugitus  bourn 

et  continue  tristantnr,  valde  suspiciosi,  solitudinem  di-  \  et  rucitus  asinorum,  et  aliorum  animalium  vocet 
'igunt,  corruptissimashabcjit  imayiuationes,  &c.      *«Si     effingft. 


244  Symploms  of  MelancJioJy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  3. 

ilieir  voices,'"  with  many  sucli  symptoms,  which  may  properly  be  reduced  to  tliis 
kiiul 

If  it  proceed  from  the  several  combinations  of  these  four  humours,  or  spirit?. 
Here,  de  Saxon,  adds  hot,  cold,  dry,  moist,  dark,  confused,  settled,  constringed,  as  it 
participates  of  matter,  or  is  without  matter,  the  symptoms  are  likewise  mixed.  One 
thinks  himself  a  giant,  another  a  dwarf.  One  is  heavy  as  lead,  another  is  as  light  as 
a  feather.  Marcellus  Donatus  7.  2.  cap.4\.  makes  mention  out  of  Seneca,  of  one 
Seneccio,  a  rich  man,  ""  that  thought  himself  and  everything  else  he  had,  great: 
ffreat  wife,  great  horses,  could  not  abide  little  thing?,  but  would  have  great  pots  to 
drink  in,  great  hose,  and  great  shoes  bigger  than  his  feet."  Like  her  in  ''' Trallianus, 
that  supposed  she  "could  shake  all  the  world  with  her  finger,"  and  was  afraid  to 
clinch  her  liand  toorethcr, lest  she  should  crush  the  world  like  an  apple  in  pieces:  or 
liini  in  Galen,  that  thought  he  was  "Atlas,  and  sustained  heaven  with  his  shoulders. 
Anotlier  thinks  himself  so  little,  that  he  can  creep  into  a  mouse-hole :  one  fears 
heaven  will  fall  on  his  head  :  a  second  is  a  cock  ;  and  such  a  one,  ^^Guianerius  saith 
he  saw  at  Padua,  that  would  clap  his  hands  together  and  crow.  ^^Another  thinks  lie 
is  a  nightiniiale,  and  therefore  sings  all  the  night  long;  another  he  is  all  glass,  a 
pitcher,  and  will  therefore  let  nobody  come  near  him,  and  such  a  one  '''  Laurentius 
gives  out  upon  his  credit,  that  he  knew  in  France.  Christophorus  a  Vega  cap.  3.  Jib. 
14.  Skenkius  and  Marcellus  Donatus  /.  2.  cap.  1.  have  many  such  examples,  and  one 
amongst  the  rest  of  a  baker  in  Ferrara  that  thought  he  was  composed  of  butter,  and 
durst  not  sit  in  the  sun,  or  come  near  the  fire  for  fear  of  being  melted :  of  another 
that  thought  he  was  a  case  of  leather,  stuffed  with  wind.  Some  laugh,  weep;  some 
are  mad,  some  dejected,  moped,  in  much  agony,  some  by  fits,  others  contiiuiate,  SiC. 
Some  have  a  corrupt  ear,  they  think  they  hear  music,  or  some  hideous  noise  as  their 
phantasy  conceives,  corrupt  eyes,  some  smelling,  some  one  sense,  some  another. 
^^  Lewis  the  Eleventh  had  a  conceit  everything  did  stink  about  him,  all  the  odorife- 
rous perfumes  they  could  get,  would  not  ease  him,  but  still  he  smelled  a  filthy  stink. 
A  melancholy  French  poet  in  ™  Laurentius.  being  sick  of  a  fever,  and  troubled  witli 
waking,  by  his  physicians  was  appointed  to  use  ungiicnliim  j)opuhum  to  anoint  iiis 
temples ;  but  he  so  distasted  the  smell  of  it,  tliat  for  many  years  after,  all  that  came 
near  him  he  imagined  to  scent  of  it,  and  would  let  no  man  talk  with  him  but  aloof 
ofli  or  wear  any  new  clothes,  because  he  thought  still  they  smelled  of  it ;  in  all  other 
things  wise  and  discreet,  he  would  talk  sensibly,  save  only  in  this.  A  gentleman  in 
Limousin,  saith  Anthony  Verdeur,  was  persuaded  he  had  but  one  leg,  aflVighted  by  a 
wild  boar,  that  by  chance  struck  him  on  the  leg ;  he  could  not  be  satified  \\\i  leg 
was  sound  (in  all  other  things  well)  until  two  Franciscans  by  chance  coming  that 
way.  fully  removed  him  from  the  conceit.  Sed  aliunde  fahularum  audivimiis. — 
enough  of  story-telling. 


SuBSECT.  IV. — Symptoms  from  Education.,  Custom,  continuance  of  Time,  our  Con- 
dition, mixed  with  other  Diseases,  by  Fits,  Inclination,  6fc. 

Another  great  occasion  of  the  variety  of  these  symptoms  proceeds  from  custom, 
discipline,  education,  and  several  inclinations,  ""this  humour  will  imprint  in  melan- 
choly men  the  objects  most  answerable  to  their  condition  of  life,  and  ordinary 
actions,  and  dispose  men  according  to  their  several  studies  and  callings."  Jf  an 
ambitious  man  become  melancholy,  he  forthwith  thinks  he  is  a  king,  an  emperor, 
a  monarch,  and  walks  alone,  pleasing  himself  with  a  vain  hope  of  some  future  pre- 
ferment, or  present  as  he  supposeth,  and  withal  acts  a  lord's  part,  takes  upon  him  to 
be  some  statesman  or  magnifico,  makes  conges,  gives  entertainment,  looks  big,  kc 
Francisco  Sansovino  records  of  a  melancholy  man  in  Cremona,  that  would  not  be 
induced  to  believe  but  that  he  was  pope,  gave  pardons,  made  cardinals.  Sec.  '-Chris- 
tophorus a  Vega  makes  mention  of  another  of  his  acquaintance,  that  thought  he  was 
a  king,  driven  from  his  kingdom,  and  was  very  anxious  to  recover  his  estate.     A 


''->  Omnia  magna  putabat,  uxoreni  niagnam,  granrles 
eqiids.  abhorruil  omnia  parva,  magna  piiciila,  et  calcen- 
em-iita  p»'()ihu3  majora.  "Lib.  1.  cap.  16.  putavit 

«e  lino  ilinito  po!>se  totum  muniliini  cunterere.        "'  Sus- 
tinet  hiiiicrid  cceltun  cum  Atlante.    Alii  cceii  ruinam 


timent.  "Cap.  1.  Tract.  15.  alius  ae  gallum  puint 

alius  lusciniam.  '^Trallianus.  "('ap.  7.  dc 

mel.  >*  .Anthony  <le  Verdeur.  '*Cap.  T   df 

luf.].  "  Laurentius  cap.  fj.  "Lib.  3.  cap 

14.  qui  ae  regem  putavit  reui|^«ipuUum. 


]\Ieni.  1.  Subs.  4.]  Symptoms  from  Custom.  245 

covetous  person  is  still  conversant  about  purchasing  of  lands  and  tenements,  plotting 
in  his  mild  how  to  compass  such  and  such  manors,  as  if  he  were  already  lord  of^ 
and  able  to  go  through  with  it ;  all  he  sees  is  his,  re  or  spe.,  he  hath  devoured  it  in 
hope,  or  else  in  conceit  esteems  it  his  own :  like  him  in  '^Athenaeus,  that  thought  all 
the  ships  in  the  haven  to  be  bis  own.  A  lascivious  inamorato  plots  all  the  day  long  to 
please  his  mistress,  acts  and  struts,  and  carries  himself  as  if  she  were  in  presence,  still 
dreaming  of  her,  as  Pamphilus  of  his  Glycerium,  or  as  some  do  in  their  morning 
sleep.  "Marcellus  Dcyiaius  knew  such  a  gentlewoman  in  Mantua,  called  Elionora 
Meliorina,  that  constantly  believed  she  was  married  to  a  king,  and  "  "  would  kneel 
down  and  talk  with  him,  as  if  he  had  been  there  present  with  his  associates ;  and 
if  she  had  found  by  chance  a  piece  of  glass  in  a  muck-hill  or  in  the  street,  she  would 
say  that  it  was  a  jewel  sent  from  her  lord  and  husband."  If  devout  and  religious, 
he  is  all  for  fasting,  prayer,  ceremonies,  alms,  interpretations,  visions,  prophecies, 
revelations,  '®  he  is  inspired  by  the  Holy  Ghost,  full  of  the  spirit :  one  while  he  is 
saved,  another  while  damned,  or  still  troubled  in  mind  for  his  sins,  the  devil  will 
surely  have  him,  Stc.  more  of  these  in  the  third  partition  of  love-melancholy.  "A 
scholar's  mind  is  busied  about  his  studies,  he  applauds  himself  for  that  he  hath  done, 
or  hopes  to  do,  one  while  fearing  to  be  out  in  his  next  exercise,  another  while  con- 
temning all  censures ;  envies  one,  emulates  another ;  or  else  with  indefatigable  pains 
and  meditation,  consumes  himself.  So  of  the  rest,  all  which  vary  according  to  the 
more  remiss  and  violent  impression  of  the  object,  or  as  the  humour  itself  is  intended 
or  remitted.  For  some  are  so  gently  melancholy,  that  in  all  their  carriage,  and  to 
the  outward  apprehension  of  otlieis  it  can  hardly  be  discerned,  yet  to  them  an  into- 
lerable burden,  and  not  to  be  endured.  '^Qutsdam  occulta  qucedam  manifcsta.,  some 
signs  are  manifest  and  obvious  to  all  at  all  times,  some  to  few,  or  seldom,  or  hardly 
perceived ;  let  them  keep  their  own  council,  none  will  take  notice  or  suspect  them. 
'"•  They  do  not  express  in  outward  show  their  depraved  imaginations,"  as  ™  Hercules 
de  Saxonia  observes,  "  but  conceal  them  wholly  to  themselves,  and  are  very  wise 
men,  as  1  have  often  seen ;  some  fear,  some  do  not  fear  at  all,  as  such  as  think  them- 
selves kings  or  dead,  some  have  more  signs,  some  fewer,  some  great,  some  less,  some 
vex,  fret,  still  fear^  grieve,  lament,  suspect,  laugh,  sing,  weep,  chafe,  &c.  by  fits  (as  1 
have  said)  or  more  during  and  permanent."  Some  dote  in  one  thing,  are  most  child- 
ish, and  ridiculous,  and  to  be  wondered  at  in  that,  and  yet  for  all  other  matters  most 
discreet  and  wise.  To  some  it  is  in  disposition,  to  another  in  habit;  and  as  they 
write  of  heat  and  cold,  we  may  say  of  this  humour,  one  is  melancJwllcus  ad  octo,  a 
second  two  degrees  less,  a  third  half-way.  'Tis  superparticular,  sesqidaltera,  scsqui- 
tcrtia,  and  superhiparliens  tertias^  qulntas  Melancholia;,  £yc.  all  those  geometrical 
proportions  are  too  little  to  express  it.  ^*"'  It  comes  to  many  by  fits,  and  goes;  to 
others  it  is  continuate  :  many  [sahh  ^'  Faventinus)  in  spring  and  fall  only  are  mo- 
lested, some  once  a  year,  as  that  Roman  ^^  Galen  speaks  of:  -'one,  at  the  conjunction 
of  the  moon  alone,  or  some  unfortunate  aspects,  at  such  and  such  set  hours  and 
times,  like  the  sea-tides,  to  some  women  when  they  be  with  child,  as  ''^Plater  notes, 
never  otherwise :  to  others  'tis  settled  and  fixed ;  to  one  led  about  and  variable  still 
by  that  ignis  fatuus  of  phantasy,  like  an  arthritis  or  running  gout,  'tis  here  and  there, 
and  in  every  joint,  always  molesting  some  part  or  other;  or  if  the  body  be  free,  in 
a  niyiad  of  forms  exercising  the  mind.  A  second  once  peradventure  in  his  life  hath 
a  most  grievous  fit,  once  in  seven  years,  once  in  five  years,  even  to  the  extremity  of 
madness,  death,  or  dotage,  and  that  upon  some  feral  accident  or  perturbation,  terrible 
object,  and  for  a  time,  never  perhaps  so  before,  never  after.  A  third  is  moved  upon 
all  such  troublesome  objects,  cross  fortune,  disaster,  and  violent  passions,  otherwise 
free,  once  troubled  in  three  or  four  years.  A  fourth,  if  tilings  be  to  his  mind,  or  he 
in  action,  well  pleased,  in  good  company,  is  most  jocund,  and  of  a  good  complexion: 


"^Dipnosophist.  lib.  Thrasilaus  piitavit  mimes  naves 
in  Pircuin  piirtiim  appellaiites  suas  esse  •*  De 

hist.  Meil.  iiiir^ih   lil>.  2.  cap.  1.  '^Genilms  fle.xis 

loqui  cum  illo  voluit,  et  adstare  jam  tiiin  putavit,  &c. 
"■: Gordon i us,  quihl  sit  piopheta,  et  intlatns  a  spirilu 
sanctc).  "  Q,ui  fn^,•ll^^illlls  caiisis  insudat,  nil  nisi 

arresta  cogital,  et  supplices  libi-lios,  alius  non  msi  ver- 
sus facit.  P.  Foreslus.  >Gordonius.  •^Verbo 
non  exprimunr,  ncc  opere,  sed  alta  meiite  recuiidunt, 

v2 


et  sunt  viri  pruientissimi,  quos  egosa^pe  nnvi.  cum  mult: 
suit  sine  tiinure,  ut  qui  se  reges  el  niortuns  putant 
plura  siijna  quidani  habent,  pauciora,  majora,  minora. 
=<>  I'rallianus,  lib.  i.  10.  alii  intervalla  quaidam  habenl, 
ut  etiam  consueta  adminislrent.alii  in  cDiitinno  delirio 
sunt,  &.<:.  <•'  Prat.  ma^j.  Vere  tantuin  et  autumno 

^'-^  Lib.  de  liumeriliiis.  toGuianerius.  •■' Dt 

mentis  alienat.  cap.  3. 


246  Symp(07ns  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  d 

if  idlp,  or  alone,  a  la  mort,  or  carried  away  wholly  ^vith  pleasant  dreams  anv.  .  'wdn- 
tasies.  but  if  once  crossed  and  displeased, 

"  Pectore  coiifipict  nil  nisi  triple  suo;"  |  "  He  will  imagine  naiiijht  save  saiinc??  in  his  heart ;" 

his  countenance  is  altered  on  a  sudden,  his  heart  heavy,  irksome  thoujrhts  crucify  his 
soul,  and  in  an  instant  he  is  moped  or  weary  of  his  life,  he  will  kill  himself.,  A  fifth 
complains  in  his  youth,  a  sixth  in  his  middle  age,  the  last  in  his  old  age. 

Generally  thus  much  we  may  conclude  of  melancholy ;  that  it  is  '*^'  most  pleasant 
at  first,  I  say,  mentis  gratissimus  error,  ^  a  most  delightsome  humour,  to  be  alone, 
dwell  alone,  walk  alone,  meditate,  lie  in  bed  whole  days,  dreaming  awake  as  it  were, 
and  frame  a  thousand  phantastical  imaginations  unto  themselves.  They  are  never 
better  pleased  tlian  when  they  are  so  doing,  they  are  in  paradise  for  the  time,  and 
cannot  well  endure  to  be  interrupt;  with  him  in  the  poet,  ''' pol  me  occidislis  «7«/c/, 
non  scrvdstis  aitf  you  have  undone  him,  he  complains,  if  you  trouble  him  :  tell  him 
what  inconvenience  will  follow,  what  will  be  the  event,  all  is  one,  can'is  ad  vomilum, 
"''tis  so  pleasant  he  cannot  relrain.  He  may  thus  continue  peradventure  many  years 
by  reason  of  a  strong  temperature,  or  some  mixture  of  business,  which  may  (hverl 
his  cogitations:  but  at  the  last  hesa  imaginalio,  his  phantasy  is  crazed,  and  now 
habituated  to  such  toys,  cannot  but  work  still  like  a  fate,  the  scene  alters  upon  a 
sudden,  fear  and  sorrow  supplant  those  pleasing  thoughts,  suspicion,  discontent,  and 
perpetual  anxiety  succeed  in  their  places;  so  by  little  and  little,  by  that  shoeing-honi 
of  idleness,  and  voluntary  soJitarinLss,  melancholy  this  feral  fiend  is  drawn  on,  '^et 
quantum  vcrtice  ad  auras  jSlhereas,  tantum  radice  in  Tartara  tendit,  "  extending 
up,  by  its  branches,  so  far  towards  Heaven,  as,  by  its  roots,  it  does  down  towards 
Tariarus ;"  it  was  not  so  delicious  at  first,  as  now  it  is  bitter  and  harsh ;  a  cankered 
s^oul  macerated  with  cares  and  discontents,  tadium  vita",  impatience,  agony,  incon- 
stancy, irresolution,  precipitate  them  unto  unspeakable  miseries.  They  cannot  endure 
company,  light,  or  life  itself,  some  unfit  for  action,  and  the  like.  '^  Their  bodies  are 
lean  and  drietl  up,  withered,  ugly,  llieir  looks  liarsb,  very  dull,  and  tlieir  souls  tor- 
mented, as  iliey  are  more  or  less  entangled,  as  the  humour  hath  been  intended,  or 
according  to  the  continuance  of  lime  tijey  have  been  troubled. 

To  discern  all  whicli  symptoms  the  better,  *'  Khasis  the  Arabian  makes  tliree 
degrees  of  them.  Tlie  firsi  i^^fulsa  cogitatioy  false  conceits  and  idle  tiiouglits:  to 
misconstrue  and  amplify,  aggravating  everything  they  conceive  or  fear ;  tlie  second 
U.  fulsu  cogi/ata  hxjui,  to  talk  to  themselves,  or  to  use  inarticulate  incondite  voices, 
speeches,  obsolete  gestures,  and  plainly  to  utter  their  minds  and  conceits  of  their 
hearts,  by  their  words  and  actions,  as  to  laugh,  weep,  to  be  silent,  not  to  sleep,  eat 
their  meat,  kc:  the  third  is  to  put  in  practice  -^  that  which  they  think  or  speak. 
Savanarola,  Rub.  11.  tract.  8.  cap.  1.  de  agriludine,  confirms  as  much,  "^"when  he 
begins  to  express  that  in  words,  which  he  conceives  in  his  heart,  or  talks  idly,  or 
goes  from  one  thing  to  another,"  which  *'Gordonius  calls  ncc  caput  hahcnlia^  ntc 
cuudam,  ["  having  neither  head  nor  tail,";  he  is  in  the  middle  way:  '*"  but  when  he 
begins  to  act  it  likewise,  and  to  put  his  fopperies  in  execution,  he  is  then  in  the  extent 
of  melancholy,  or  madness  itsellV  This  progress  of  melaucljoly  you  shall  easily 
observe  in  them  that  have  been  so  affected,  they  go  smiling  to  tiiemselves  at  first,  at 
length  they  laugh  out;  at  first  solitary,  at  last  they  can  endure  no  company:  or  if 
they  do,  they  are  now  dizzards,  past  sense  and  shame,  (juite  moped,  they  care  not 
what  iliey  say  or  do,  all  their  actions,  words,  gestures,  are  furious  or  ridiculous.  A I 
first  his  mind  is  troubled,  he  doth  not  attend  what  is  said,  if  you  tell  him  a  tale,  he 
cries  at  last,  wiiat  said  you .-  but  in  the  end  he  mutters  to  himself,  as  old  women  do 
many  times,  or  old  men  when  they  sit  alone,  upon  a  sudden  they  laugh,  wlioop, 
halloo,  or  run  away,  and  swear  they  see  or  hear  players,  *  devils,  lujbgoblins,  ghosts 
strike,  or  strut.  Sec,  grow  humorous  in  the  end;  like  him  in  the  poet,  s^pe  duccntos^ 
sape  decern  servos,  ("  at  one  time  followed  by  two  hundred  servants,  at  anoliier  only 

'^  L.i-vinu«  Lemniiis,  Jason  Pratensid,  hianda  ab  initio,  incipit   nperari    quiE    loquitur,   in   sutnnin  grv\u  est. 

'"■■■.\   uiorl   asreeable   mental  delusion."  "  Hur.  ""Cap.  I'J.  Panic.  2.    Loquitur  stciim  i-t  ad  ali<>«.  nc  m 

Tacilis  descensus  averiii.  t»Virg.  "Corpus  vere    prirsentes.    Aup.  cap.  11.  li    de  cura   pro    nmrlui* 

cadaverosum.  Fsa.  Ixvii.cariosaest  faciesinea  prx  B-;;ri-  gtrenda.  Khusis.  '^Uuuui  r>.-s  ad  lii>c  devpint    i:l 

ludiiie  aiiimx  *■  Lib.  9.  ad  .-Muiansoreni.        <"  Hrac-  ea  qu£  co^'iture  cx-perit.orc  prninal.  alque  artii  i  '         • 

tica  inajiire.  MQuum  ore  loquitur  qu«  corde  con-  ceat,  tiini  |*-rlectn  nii'Innclioliu  i-nt.  »»  >!, 

r-pil,  •|iiiim  suhito  de  una  re  ad  aliud  transit,  neigue  '  licus  »«;  vnUre  et  auutn-  p'ltat  damonc*.   l.av.i. 

ruiioMi-ui  de  ali'iuo  reddil,  tunc  est  in  medio,  at  quuni  epertriM,  jinrt.  3.  cap.  .i. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  1.]  Symptoms  of  Head-Melancholy.  247 

by  ten")  he  will  dress  himself,  and  undress,  careless  at  last,  groves  insensible,  stupid, 
or  mad.  ^'He  howls  like  a  wolf,  barks  like  a  dog,  and  raves  like  Ajax  and  Orestes, 
hears  music  and  outcries,  which  no  man  else  hears.  As  ^Mie  did  whom  Amatus 
Lusitanus  mentioneth  cent.  3,  cur  a.  55,  or  that  woman  in  ^^  Springer,  that  spake  many 
languages,  and  said  she  was  possessed  :  that  farmer  in  '°°Prosper  Calenius,  that  dis- 
puted antl  discoursed  learnedly  in  philosophy  and  astronomy,  with  Alexander  Achilles 
his  master,  at  Bologna,  in  Italy.     But  of  these  I  have  already  spoken. 

Who  can  sufficiently  speak  of  these  symptoms,  or  prescribe  rules  to  comprehend 
them  ?  as  Echo  to  the  painter  in  Ausonius,  vane  quid  affcclas,  &.c.,  foolish  fellow; 
what  wilt  ?  if  you  must  needs  paint  me,  paint  a  voice,  et  simllem  si  vis  pingere.,  piMge 
sonum ;  if  you  will  describe  melancholy,  describe  a  fantastical  conceit,  a  corrupt  ima- 
gination, vain  thoughts  and  different,  which  Avho  can  do  ?  The  four  and  twenty 
letters  make  no  more  variety  of  words  in  diverse  languages,  than  melancholy  con- 
ceits produce  diversity  of  symptoms  in  several  persons.  They  are  irregular,  obscure, 
various,  so  infinite,  Proteus  himself  is  not  so  diverse,  you  may  as  well  make  the 
moon  a  new  coat,  as  a  true  character  of  a  melancholy  man ;  as  soon  find  the  motion 
of  a  bird  in  the  air,  as  the  heart  of  man,  a  melancholy  man.  They  are  so  confused, 
I  say,  diverse,  intermixed  with  other  diseases.  As  the  species  be  confounded  (which 
'  I  have  showed)  so  are  the  symptoms ;  sometimes  with  headache,  cachexia,  dropsy, 
stone ;  as  you  may  perceive  by  those  several  examples  and  illustrations,  collected  by 
'^Hildesheim  spicel.  2.  Mercurialis  co7isil  1 18.  cap.  6  and  11.  with  headache,  epilepsy, 
priapismus.  Trincavelius  consil.  12.  lib.  1.  coiisil.  49.  with  gout:  caninus  appetitus. 
Montanus  consil.  26,  &c.  23,  234,  249,  with  falling-sickness,  headache,  vertigo,  lycan- 
thropia,  &c.  J.  Cajsar  Claudinus  consult.  4.  consult.  89  and  116.  with  gout,  agues, 
hsemorrhoids,  stone,  &c.,  Avho  can  distinguish  these  melancholy  symptoms  so  inter- 
mixed with  others,  or  apply  them  to  their  several  kinds,  confine  them  into  method  ^ 
'Tis  hard  I  confess,  yet  1  have  disposed  of  them  as  I  could,  and  will  descend  to  par- 
ticularise them  according  to  their  species.  For  hitherto  I  have  expatiated  in  more 
general  lists  or  terms,  speaking  promiscuously  of  such  ordinary  signs,  which  occur 
amongst  writers.  Not  that  they  are  all  to  be  found  in  one  man,  for  that  were  to 
paint  a  monster  or  chimera,  not  a  man :  but  some  in  one,  some  in  another,  and  that 
successively  or  at  several  times. 

Which  I  have  been  the  more  curious  to  express  and  report ;  not  to  upbraid  any 
miserable  man,  or  by  way  of  derision,  (I  rather  pity  them,)  but  the  better  to  discern, 
to  apply  remedies  unto  them ;  and  to  show  that  the  best  and  soundest  of  us  all  is  in 
great  danger;  how  much  we  ought  to  fear  our  own  fickle  estates,  remember  on 
miseries  and  vanities,  examine  and  humiliate  ourselves,  seek  to  God,  and  call  to  llim 
for  mercy,  that  needs  not  look  for  any  rods  to  scourge  ourselves,  since  we  carry 
them  in  our  bowels,  and  that  our  souls  are  in  a  miserable  captivity,  if  the  light  of 
grace  and  heavenly  truth  doth  not  shine  continually  upon  us  :  and  by  our  discretion  to 
moderate  ourselves,  to  be  more  circumspect  and  wary  in  the  midst  of  these  dangers.' 


MEMB.  II. 

SuBSECT.  I. —  Sym2)toms  of  Head-Melancholy. 

*"■  If  ^  no  symptoms  appear  about  the  stomach,  nor  the  blood  be  misailected,  and  fear 
and  sorrow  continue,  it  is  to  be  thought  the  brain  itself  is  troubled,  by  reason  of  a 
melancholy  juice  bred  in  it,  or  otherwise  conveyed  into  it,  and  that  evil  juice  is  from 
the  dislemperature  of  the  part,  or  left  after  some  inflammation,"  thus  far  Piso.  But 
this  is  not  always  true,  for  blood  and  hypochondries  both  are  often  afl'ected  even  in 
head-melancholy.  ■*  Hercules  de  Saxonia  differs  here  from  the  common  current  of 
writers,  putting  peculiar  signs  of  head-melancholy,  from  the  sole  distemperalure  of 
spirits  in  the  brain,  as  they  are  hot,  cold,  dry,  moist,  "  all  without  matter  from  the 

5^  Wierus,  lib.  3.  cap.  31.  o^  Michael  a  musian.  |  rent  nee  saiiijuis  male  affectiis,  et  adsunt  tiiiior  et  m(F.s- 

9  Miilleo  lualef.  ""  l>ih.  de  alra  hile.  '  Part.  1.  I  titia,rerel)riiiii  ipsiun  existimaniluiii  est,  &;c.       ^ 'I'racl. 

K'jbs.-2  Meuib.  2.       2  De  delirio,  melancholia  et  mania,    de  mel.  cap.  II?,  &c.    Ex  intL'mperie  spirituum.et  cerebr" 
•  Nidiolas  Plso.   Si  si^na  circa  venlriculum  non  appa-  |  mctu,  teuebrositate. 


218  Symptoms  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sect.  3. 

motion  alone,  and   tenebrosity  of  spirits;"    of  melancholy  which   proceeds  from 
humours  by  adustion,  lie  treats  apart,  with  their  several  symptoms  and  cures.     The 
common  signs,  if  it  be  by  essence  in  the  head,  "  are  ruddiness  of  face,  high  sanguine 
complexion,  most  part  ruhore  satnrato^''''  ^  one  calls  it  a  blucish,  and  sometimes  fuh 
of  pimples,  with  red  eyes.    Avicenna  I.  3,  Fen.  2,  JVact.  4,  c.  18.    Duretus  and  others 
out  of  Galen,  de  affect.  I.  3,  c.  6.    *^  Hercules  de  Saxonia  to  this  of  redness  of  iwce, 
adds  "  heaviness  of  the  head,  fixed  and  hollow  eyes.    '  If  it  proceed  from  dryness  of 
the  brain,  then  their  heads  will  be  light,  vertiginous,  and  they  most  apt  to  wake,  and 
lo  continue  whole  months  together  without  sleep.     Few  excrements  in  their  eyes 
and  nostrils,  and  often  bald  by  reason  of  excess  of  dryness,"  Montaltus  adds,  c.  17. 
If  it  proceed  from  moisture :  dulness,  drowsiness,  headache  follows ;  and  as  Sahist. 
Salvianus,  c.  1,  Z.  2,  out  of  his  own  experience  found,  epileptical,  with  a  multitude 
of  humours  in  the  head.     They  are  very  bashful,  if  ruddy,  apt  to  blush,  and  to  be 
red  upon  all  occasions,  prcescrtiin  si  metus  acccsscrit.    But  the  chiefest  symptom  to 
discern  tliis  species,  as  I  have  said,  is  this,  that  there  be  no  notable  signs  in  the  sto- 
mach, hypochondries,  or  elsewhere,  digna.,  as  ^Montaltus  terms  them,  or  of  greater 
note,  because  oftentimes  the  passions  of  the  stomach  concur  with  them.    Wind  is 
common  to  all  three  species,  and  is  not  excluded,  only  that  of  the  hypochondries  is 
'more  windy  than  the  rest,  saith  IloUerius.    iEtius  tctrah.  I.  2,  sc.  2,  c.  9  and  10, 
maintains  the  same,  '"  if  there  be  more  signs,  and  more  evident  in  the  head  than  else- 
where, the  brain  is  primarily  aflected,  and  prescribes  head-melancholy  to  be  cured 
by  meats  amongst  the  rest,  void  of  wind,  and  good  juice,  not  excluding  wind,  or 
corrupt  blood,  even  in  head-melancholy  itself:  but  these  species  are  often  confounded, 
and  so  are  their  symptoms,  as  I  have  already  proved.    The  symptoms  of  the  mind  are 
superfluous  and  continual  cogitations;  "''•for  when  the  head  is  healed,  it  scorchelh 
the  blood,  and  from  thence  proceed  melancholy  fumes,  which  troul)le  the  mind," 
Avicenna.     They  are  very  choleric,  and  soon  hot,  solitary,  sad,  often  silent,  watch- 
ful, discontent,  Montallu.s,  cup.  24.    If  anything  trouble  them,  they  cannot  sleep,  but 
fret  themselves  still,  till  another  object  mitigate,  or  lime  wear  it  out.     They  have 
grievous  passions,  and  immoderate  perturbations  of  the  mind,  fear,  sorrow,  Stc,  yet 
not  so  continuate,  but  that  they  are  sometimes  merry,  apt  to  profuse  laughter,  which 
is  more  to  be  wondered  at,  and  that  by  the  authority  of  '^  Galen  himself,  by  reason  of 
mixture  of  blood,  prarubri  jocosis  dtlectantur,  ct  irrisorcs  plcrumque  sunt,  if  they  be 
ruddy,  they  are  delighted  in  jests,  and  oftentimes  scotTers  themselves,  conceited  :  and 
as  Hhodcricus  a  Vega  comments  on  that  place  of  Galen,  merry,  witty,  of  a  pleasant 
disposition,  and  yet  grievously  melancholy  anon  after :  omnia  discunt  sine  doctore^ 
saith  Areius,  tliey  learn  without  a  teacher  :  and  as  '^Laurentius  supposeth,  those  feral 
passions  and  symptoms  of  such  as  think  themselves  glass,  pitchers,  ^fathers,  &.c., 
speak  strange  languages,  a  colore  cerebri  (if  it  be  in  excess)  from  the  brain's  distem- 
pered heat. 

Slbsect.  II. — Symptoms  of  icindy  Hypochondriacal  Melancholy. 

"  I.v  this  hypochondriacal  or  flatuous  melancholy,  the  symptoms  are  so  ambigu- 
ous," saith  "  Crato  in  a  counsel  of  his  for  a  noblewoman,  '•  that  the  most  exquisite 
physicians  cannot  determine  of  the  part  aflected."  Matthew  Flaccius,  consulted 
about  a  noble  matron,  confessed  as  much,  that  in  this  malady  he  witii  IloUerius, 
Fracastorius,  Falopius,  and  others,  being  to  give  their  sentence  of  a  party  labouring 
of  hypochondriacal  melancholy,  could  not  find  out  by  the  symptoms  which  part  was 
most  especially  aflected  ;  some  said  the  womb,  some  heart,  some  stomach,  ice,  and 
therefore  Cralo,  consil.  2i.  lib.  1.  boldly  avers,  that  in  this  diversity  of  symptoms, 
which  commonly  accompany  this  disease,  "^'^no  physician  can  truly  say  what  part 

*  Facie  sunt  rubente  et  livescpnte.  quihiis  etiain  all-  |  ii«  cerehrum  primnrio  afficitur,  et  curare  oportei  hupc 
quando  attsunt  pustulx.  <  Jn.  Panthcnii.  cap.  de     atfectuin,  per  ciIkm  flatus  exrirtcs,  et  Imxic  coiiccjctiunii, 

Mt-I.     Si   cerebrum  primario  afficiatiir  adeuiit   capiii«    tc.  raroo-rKhruni  alTiciuir  »iiif  veutriciln.  ■>  ?an- 

graviia^,  lixi  (iculi,  &c.  '  Laurent,  cap.  o.  si  a    giiineni  ailunt  caput  calidius.et  indu  ruiiii  nidnnch'iliei 

rerel<ri>  ex  $>iccilale.  turn  capitis  crit  levitns.  sutis,  vigi-     adu!«ti,  aiiiiiiuni  L'xaL'itant.  ■''  I..1I1.  di-  l<>c.  alfrrt. 

Iia,  paucitasi  siiperfliiitatuiii  in  <^>culi!i  et  naribus.      »  Si     cap.ti.  »C.'ip.6.  ><  HildcBh  ■iiii  xpicel.  i.  de 

nulla  digiia  liKsio,  vmitriculo,  ipioniarn  in  li»c  inelan-  iiiel.  in  Hypoclniiidriaca  m.Mancholid  aik-iianihisua  (unt 
cliolia  rapiris,  exieua  noiinuii(|uam  VHiitriciili  pathe-  :>>iiipl<>iii.ita,  ut  ftiain  •'XiTritatisaiiiii  iii>-dici  de  liico 
mala  rni-uiil,  dun  eiiiin  lia;c  uienibra  sibi  invicein  atfec-     atr-clu  8iatiit*re  iioii  pusoiiit.  '^.Mi-dici  dv  loco 

tioiit-m  transmittunt.  '  Postrema  inasi?  flatuo:<a.    atfcclu  nequeunt  istatue 

>'  Si  iiiiii;ij  luniestiae  circa  veniriculuin  aut  ventrein,  in  ! 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  2.]  Symptoms  of  Head-Melancliohj.  24l> 

is  affected."  Galen  lib.  3.  de  he.  affect,  reckons  up  these  ordinary  symptoms,  whicli 
all  the  Neoterics  repeat  of  Diodes ;  only  this  fault  he  finds  with  him,  that  he  puts 
not  fear  and  sorrow  amongst  the  other  signs.  Trincavelius  excuseth  Diodes,  lib.  3. 
consil.  35.  because  that  oftentimes  in  a  strong  head  and  constitution,  a  generous 
spirit,  and  a  valiant,  these  symptoms  appear  not,  by  reason  of  his  valour  and  cou- 
rage. '^Hercules  de  Saxonia  (to  whom  I  subscribe)  is  of  the  same  mind  (which  I 
have  before  touched)  that  fear  and  sorrow  are  not  general  symptoms  ;  some  fear  and 
are  not  sad  ;  some  be  sad  and  fear  not ;  some  neither  fear  nor  grieve.  The  rest  are 
these,  beside  fear  and  sorrow,  '"'sharp  belchings,  fulsome  crudities,  heat  in  the 
bowels,  wind  and  rumbling  in  the  guts,  vehement  gripings,  pain  in  the  belly  and 
stomach  sometimes,  after  meat  that  is  hard  of  concoction,  much  watering  of  the 
stomach,  and  moist  spittle,  cold  sweat,  imjiortunus  sudor.,  unseasonable  sweat  all  over 
the  body,"  as  Octavius  Horatianus  lib. '2.  cap.  5.  calls  it;  "-cold  joints,  indigestion, 
"*  they  cannot  endure  their  own  fulsome  belchings,  continual  wind  about  their  liypo- 
chondries,  heat  and  griping  in  their  bowels,  pr(2Cordia  siirsiim  convelluniur.,  midriff 
and  bowels  are  pulled  up,  the  veins  about  their  eyes  look  red,  and  swell  from  vapours 
and  wind."  Their  ears  sing  now  and  then,  vertigo  and  giddiness  come  by  fits,  tur- 
bulent dreams,  dryness,  leanness,  apt  they  are  to  sweat  upon  all  occasions,  of  all 
colours  and  complexions.  Many  of  them  are  high-coloured  especially  after  meals, 
which  symptom  Cardinal  Cajcius  was  much  troubled  with,  and  of  which  he  com- 
plained to  Prosper  Calenus  his  physician,  he  could  not  eat,  or  drink  a  cup  of  wine, 
but  he  was  as  red  in  the  face  as  if  he  had  been  at  a  mayor's  feast.  That  symptom 
alone  vexeth  many.  '^  Some  again  are  black,  pale,  ruddy,  sometimes  their  shoulders 
and  shoulder  blades  ache,  there  is  a  leaping  all  over  their  bodies,  sudden  trembling, 
a  palpitation  of  the  heart,  and  that  cardiaca  passio,  grief  in  the  mouth  of  the  sto- 
mach, which  maketh  tlie  patient  tliink  his  heart  itself  acheth,  and  sometimes  suffo- 
cation, diJicuUas  anhelitus,  short  breath,  hard  wind,  strong  pulse,  swooning..  Mon- 
tanus  consil.  55.  Trincavelius  lib.  3.  consil.  36.  et  37.  Fernelius  cons.  43.  Fram- 
besarius  consult,  lib.  1.  consil.  17.  Hildesheim,  Claudinus,  &c.,  give  instance  of 
every  particular.  The  peculiar  sygiptoms  which  properly  belong  to  each  part  be 
these.  If  it  proceed  from  the  stomach,  saith  ^^  Savanarola,  'tis  full  of  pain  wind. 
Guianerius  adds,  vertigo,  nausea,  much  spitting,  &c.  If  from  the  myrach,  a  swelling 
and  wind  in  the  hypochondries,  a  loathing,  and  appetite  to  vomit,  pulling  upward. 
If  from  the  heart,  aching  and  trembling  of  it,  much  heaviness.  If  from  the  liver, 
there  is  usually  a  pain  in  the  right  hypochondrie.  If  from  the  spleen,  hardness  and 
grief  in  the  left  hypochondrie,  a  rumbling,  much  appetite  and  small  digestion,  Avi- 
cenna.  If  from  the  meseraic  veins  and  liver  on  the  other  side,  little  or  no  appetite. 
Here,  de  Saxonia.  If  from  the  hypochondries,  a  rumbling  inflation,  concoction  is 
hindered,  often  belching,  &c.  And  from  these  crudities,  windy  vapours  ascend  up 
to  the  brain  which  trouble  the  imagination,  and  cause  fear,  sorrow,  dulness,  heavi- 
ness, many  terrible  conceits  and  chimeras,  as  Lemnius  well  observes,  I.  I.e.  16.  "as 
^'  a  black  and  thick  cloud  covers  the  sun,  and  intercepts  his  beam.s  and  light,  so  doth 
this  melancholy  vapour  obnubilate  the  mind,  enforce  it  to  many  absurd  thoughts  and 
imaginations,"  and  compel  good,  wise,  honest,  discreet  men  (arising  to  the  brain 
from  the  ^^  lower  parts,  "  as  smoke  out  of  a  chimney")  to  dote,  speak,  and  do  that 
which  becomes  them  not,  their  persons,  callings,  wisdoms.  One  by  reason  of  tho?;e 
ascending  vapours  and  gripings,  rumbling  beneath,  will  not  be  persuaded  but  that  he 
hath  a  serpent  in  his  guts,  a  viper,  another  frogs.  Trallianus  relates  a  storv  of  a 
woman,  that  imagined  she  had  swallowed  an  eel,  or  a  serpent,  and  Felix  Platerus, 
obscrvat.  lib.  1.  hath  a  most  memorable  example  of  a  countryman  of  his,  that  by 
chance,  falling  into  a  pit  where  frogs  and  frogs-spawn  was,  and  a  little  of  that  water 
swallowed,  began  to  suspect  that  he  had  likewise  swallowed  frogs-spawn,  and  with 
that  conceit  and  fear,  his  phantasy  wrought  so  far,  that  he  verily  thought  he  had 


16  Tract,  posthumo  de  mel.  Patavii  edit.  16-20.  per  Bo- 
zettum  Bihliop.  cap.  2.  "  Acidi  ructus,  cruditates, 

Rstus  in  pra'cnrdiis,  flatus,  interdum  ventricnli  dolores 
veliemeiites,  smnptuqiie  cibo  concnctu  ditficili,  sputum 
hiiiiiiduui  iilqiie  multum  sequetur,  ikc.  Hip.  lib.  de  mel. 
GaleiiuF,  Melaiielius  e  Ruflb  ct  ^tio,  Altoiiiarus,  Piso, 
Montaltus,  Bruel,  Weclvf  r,  &c.  le  circa  pra'cordia 

de  assidua  in  tlatione  queruntur,  et  cum  sudore  totius 

32 


corporis  importuno,  frigidos  articulos  s.Tpt;  patiuMt;ii 
iudigestione  lahorant,  ructus  suos  iusuaves  p<>rhorrf-s 
Clint,  visceruin  dolores  liabent.  i^  Montaltu?.  c.  1.3 

Wecker,  Fuchsiiis  c.  13.  Altomarus  c.  7.  Lflureiilius 
c.  73.     Bruel,  Gordon.  so  pract.  major:  dolor  in  ec 

et  ventositas,  nausea.  ^i  ut  atra  densaque  nubos 

soli  olfusa,  radio.s  et  lumen  ejus  intercipit  et  otfiiscai- 
sic,  etc.  ^  Ut  fumus  e  camino. 


250  Symptoms  of  Melancholy.  [pArt.  1.  Sec.  3 

young  live  frogs  in  his  belly,  qui  vivchanf  ex  alimcnto  siio,  that  lived  by  his  nourish- 
ment, and  was  so  certainly  persuaded  of  it,  that  for  many  years  afterwards  he  could 
not  be  rectified  in  his  conceit :  He  studied  physic  seven  years  together  to  cure  him- 
self, travelled  into  Italy,  France  and  Germany  to  confer  with  the  best  physicians 
about  it,  and  A".  1609, asked  his  counsel  amongst  the  rest;  he  told  him  it  was  wind, 
his  conceit.__  &c.,  but  mordicus  contradicere,  et  ore,  et  scriptis  probare  nitehaiur:  no 
saying  woitld  serve,  it  was  no  wind,  bnt  real  frogs :  "  and  do  you  not  hear  them 
croak  r"  Platerus  would  have  deceived  hhn,  by  putting  live  frogs  into  his  excre- 
ments ;  but  he,  being  a  physician  himself,  would  not  be  deceived,  vir  pnidrns  alios., 
et  doclus,  a  wise  and  learned  man  otherwise,  a  doctor  of  physic,  and  after  seven 
years'  dotage  in  this  kind,  «  phantasia  Viheratus  est.,  he  was  cured.  Laurentius  and 
Goulart  have  inanysuch  examples,  if  you  be  desirous  to  read  them.  One  commodity 
above  the  rest  which  are  melancholy,  these  windy  flatuous  have,  hicidia  inter  vol  I  a., 
their  symptoms  and  pains  are  not  usually  so  continuate  as  the  rest,  but  come  by 
fits,  fear  and  sorrow,  and  the  rest:  yet  in  another  they  ext-eed  all  others;  anil  that 
is,  '^^they  are  luxurious,  incontinent,  and  prone  to  venery,  ])y  reason  of  wind,  et 
facile  amant.,  et  quamlibet  fere  amant.  (Jason  Pratensis)  ^*  Rhasis  is  of  opinion, 
tliat  ^'^enus  doth  many  of  them  much  good ;  the  other  symptoms  of  the  mind  be 
common  with  the  rest. 

SuBSECT.  111. — Symptoms  of  Melancholy  abounding  in  the  ichole  body. 

Their  bodies  that  are  affected  with  this  universal  melancholy  are  most  part  black, 
^'  ••  the  melancholy  juice  is  redundant  all  over,"  hirsute  they  are,  and  lean,  they  have 
broad  veins,  their  blood  is  gross  and  thick.  ^'''■'' Their  spleen  is  weak,"  and  a  liver 
apt  to  engender  the  humour;  they  have  kept  bad  diet,  or  have  had  some  evacuation 
Slopped,  as  hicmorrhoids,  or  months  in  women,  which  ^Trallianus,  in  the  cure, 
w  ould  have  carefully  to  be  inquired,  and  withal  to  observe  of  what  complexion  the 
party  is  of,  black  or  red.  For  as  Forre.-5tus  and  Ilollerius  contend,  if  "*  they  be  black, 
ii  proceeds  from  abundance  of  natural  melancho^v' ;  if  it  proceed  from  cares,  agony, 
discontents,  diet,  exercise,  Slc,  they  may  be  as  well  of  any  other  colour  :  red,  yellow, 
pale,  as  black,  and  yet  their  whole  blood  corrupt :  prcerubri  colore  sa-pc  sunt  tales, 
scspe  Jlavi^  (saith  ^  Montaltus  cap.  22.)  The  best  way  to  discern  this  species,  is  to 
let  them  bleed,  if  the  blood  be  corrupt,  thick  and  black,  and  they  withal  free  from 
tliose  hypochondriacal  symptoms,  and  not  so  grievously  troubled  with  them,  or  those 
ol'  ihe  head,  it  argues  they  are  melancholy,  a  ioto  corpore.  The  fumes  which  arise 
from  this  corrupt  blood,  disturb  the  mind,  and  make  them  fearful  and  sorrowful, 
heavy  hearted,  as  the  rest,  dejected,  discontented,  solitary,  silent,  weary  of  their 
lives,  dull  and  heavy,  or  merry,  &.c.,  and  if  far  gone,  that  which  Apuleius  wished  to 
his  enemy,  by  way  of  imprecation,  is  true  in  them;  ^'•'Dead  men's  bones,  hobgob- 
lins, ghosts  are  ever  in  their  minds,  and  meet  them  still  in  every  turn :  all  the  bug- 
bears of  the  night,  and  terrors,  fairjbabes  of  tombs,  and  graves  are  before  their  eyes, 
and  in  their  thoughts,  as  to  women  and  children,  if  they  be  in  the  dark  alone."  If 
they  hear,  or  read,  or  see  any  tragical  object,  it  sticks  by  them,  they  are  afraid  of 
death,  and  yet  weary  of  their  lives,  in  their  discontented  humours  they  quarrel  with 
all  the  world,  bitterly  inveigh,  tax  satirically,  and  because  they  cannot  otherwise 
vent  their  passions  or  redress  what  is  amiss,  as  they  mean,  they  will  by  violent  death 
at  last  be  revenged  on  themselves. 

SuBSECT.  IV. — Symptoms  of  Maids,  JVuns,  and  Widows"  Melancholy. 

Because  Lodovicus  Mercatus  in  his  second  book  de  mulier.  ajfcct.  cap.  4.  and 
Rodericus  a  Castro  de  morb.  mulier.  cap.  3.  lib.  2.  two  famous  physicians  in  Spain, 

wHypochondriaci  maxime  afftctant  mire,  et  niuiti  I  liirules  iiigri  nci]iiiKiti  a  Ioto  corpor<-,  sap-'  riiliicuniii. 
jilicamr  coitus  in  ipsis,  eo  qufxi  vento^itates  niultipli-  WMoiitaltii?  cap. -A'.  Piso.  Ex  colore  s.iiiL'uiiiiy  ni  iiii- 
Gatituriii  liypochoiulriis,  et  coitus  sapeallevat  has  Veil-     nuas  venatn.  hi  tluat  nigcr.  Jcc.  ^Apiil.  Iili.  1.  seiii- 

tositales.  ■-'^ Colli,  lib.  1.  tract.  11.  **Wecker,     per  obvii  species   monuorum   qiiicqiiid   iiinltrariKii  ext 

Melancholiciis  succus  toto  corpore  redundans.  2«Splen  uapiain,  ijuicquid  Icmuruin  et  larvaruia  f>cnli»  sun  aj- 
natura  imbecilior.     Montaltus  cap.  2-2.  *>  Lib.  I.    eerunt,  sibi  Aiieutit  omnia  ii'ictiiiin  orcursaruli.  nninia 

cap.  li>.     Iiitcrroaare  conveiiit,  an  aliqiia  evacualiouis    bu.'^toruiii  <uriiiitiariiina.  oiiwiia  s<.'pulctir(iruiii  tcrriciilt. 
r<"tHntio  obvenerit,  viri  in  hemorrhoid,  inulienim  men-    nienla. 
tliuis,  et  vide  faciein  similiter  an  sit  rubicunda.    >  Na-  , 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  4.] 


Si/mptoms  of  JVomeii's  Melancholy. 


251 


Daniel  Seunertus  of  WittenberV  7/7;.  \.  part  2.  cap.  13.  with  others,  have  v^  mchsafed 
in  iheir  works  not  long  since  j)ul)lished,  to  write  two  just  treatises  de  MtlanchoJia 
virginum.,  Monialium  et  Viduarion,  as  a  particular  species  of  melancholy  (which  1 
have  already  specified)  distinct  from  the  rest;  ^'  (for  it  much  differs  from  that  which 
commonly  befalls  men  and  other  women,  as  having  one  only  cause  proper  to  women 
alone)  I  may  not  omit  in  this  general  survey  of  melancholy  symptoms,  to  set  down 
the  particidar  signs  of  such  parties  so  misaffected. 

The  causes  are  assigned  out  of  Hippocrates,  Cleopatra,  Moschion,  and  those  old 
Ginicpciorum  Scriptorcs.,  of  this  feral  malady,  in  more  ancient  maids,  widows,  and 
barren  women,  oh  septwji  transvcrsum  violatum.,  saith  INIercatus,  by  reason  of  the 
midriir  or  Diaphragma,  heart  and  brain  offended  with  those  vicious  vapours  which 
come  from  menstruous  blood,  in/lammatiotiem  arterice.  circa  dorsum.,  Rodericus  adds, 
an  inflammation  of  the  back,  which  with  the  rest  is  offended  by  ''^  that  fuliginous 
exhalation  of  corrupt  seed,  troubling  the  brain,  heart  and  mind  ;  the  brain,  I  say, 
not  in  essence,  but  by  consent,  Universa  cnim  hujiis  ajfcctus  causa  ab  utero  pendet., 
ct  I!  sanguinis  menstrui  malitia,  for  in  a  word,  the  whole  malady  proceeds  from  that 
inllammation,  putridity,  black  smoky  vapours,  &,c.,  from  thence  comes  care,  sorrow, 
and  anxiety,  obfuscation  of  spirits,  agony,  desperation,  and  the  like,  which  are  in- 
tended or  remitted  ;  si  amaforius  acccsscrit  ardor,  or  any  other  violent  object  or  per- 
tubation  of  mind.  This  melancholy  may  happen  to  widows,  with  much  care  and 
sorrow,  as  frequently  it  doth,  by  reason  of  a  sudden  alteration  of  their  accustomed 
course  of  life,  &.c.  To  such  as  lie  in  child-bed  ob  suppressant  purgaiionem;  but  to 
nuns  and  more  ancient  maids,  and  some  barren  women  for  the  causes  abovesaid,  'tis 
more  familiar,  crebrius  his  quam  reliquis  accidit,  inquit  Rodericus,  the  rest  are  not 
altog-ether  excluded. 

Out  of  these  causes  Rodericus  defines  it  with  Areteus,  to  be  angorem  animi,  a 
vexation  of  the^mind,  a  sudden  sorrow  from  a  small,  light,  or  no  occasion,  ^wilh 
a  kind  of  still  dotage  and  grief  of  some  part  or  other,  head,  heart,  breasts,  sides, 
back,  belly,  Sj-c,  with  much  solitariness,  weeping,  distraction,  Stc,  from  which  they 
are  sometimes  suddenly  delivered,  because  it  comes  and  goes  by  fits,  and  is  not  so 
permanent  as  other  melancholy. 

But  to  leave  this  brief  description,  the  most  ordinary  symptoms  be  these,  puhatio 
juxla  dorsum,  a  beating  about  the  back,  which  is  almost  perpetual,  the  skin  is  many 
times  rough,  squalid,  especially,  as  Areteus  observes,  about  the  arms,  knees,  and 
knuckles.  The  midriff  and  heart-strings  do  burn  and  beat  very  fearfully,  and  when 
this  vapour  or  fume  is  stirred,  flieth  upward,  the  heart  itself  beats,  is  sore  grieved, 
and  faints, jaffces  siccitate  proicluduntur,  ut  difficuUer  possif  ab  uteri  strangulatione 
dcccrni,Yike  fits  of  the  mother,  Ahnis  plcrisque  nil  rcddit,  aliis  exiguum,  acre,  hilio- 
sunu  lotium  Jlavum.  They  complain  many  times,  saith  Mercatus,  of  a  great  pain  in 
their  heads,  about  their  hearts,  and  hypochondries,  and  so  likewise  in  their  breasts, 
^\■hich  are  often  sore,  sometimes  ready  to  swoon,  their  faces  are  inflamed,  and  red, 
tiiey  are  Axj,  thirsty,  suddenly  hot,  much  troubled  with  wind,  cannot  sleep,  Stc. 
A'.ul  from  hence  proceed /I'rt/ia  deliramcnta,  a  brutish  kind  of  dotage,  troublesome 
sleep,  terrible  dreams  in  the  night,  subrusticus  pudor  et  vcrecundia  ignava,  a  foolish 
kind  of  bashfulness  to  some,  perverse  conceits  and  opinions,  **  dejection  of  mind, 
much  discontent,  preposterous  judgment.  They  are  apt  to  loath,  dislike,  disdain,  to 
be  weary  of  every  object,  &.C.,  each  thing  almost  is  tedious  to  them,  they  pine  away, 
void  of  counsel,  apt  to  weep,  and  tremble,  timorous,  fearful,  sad,  and  out  of  all  hope 
cf  better  fortunes.  They  take  delight  in  nothing  for  the  time,  but  love  to  be  alone 
and  solitary,  though  that  do  them  more  harm  :  and  thus  they  are  affected  so  long  as 
this  vapour  lasteth ;  but  by-and-by,  as  pleasant  and  merry  as  ever  they  were  in  their 
lives,  they  sing,  discourse,  and  laugh  in  any  good  company,  upon  all  occasions,  and 


»'  Differt  enim  ab  ea  qua;  viris  er  reliquis  feminis 
coniniiMiitprcoiitiiiEit,  propnam  habens  causani.  *-  Ex 
ni'Mistrui  sanguinis  letra  adcuret  ceri^brume.xhalatione, 
vitiattim  semen  iiiLMiteiii  perturbat,  &.c.  non  |ier  essen- 
tiaiii,  sed  per  consi.'iisuni.  Animus  iiicerens  ct  anxius 
inilc  malum  trahit,  et  spiritus  cerebrum  obfuscanlur, 
quse  cuncta  ausientur,  &.c.  ^^Qu,,,  tacito  ilclirio  ac 

jlolore  alicujus  partis  interna,  dorsi.  hyponliondrii,  cor- 
dis regioQein  et  universam  mammam  iulerduui  occu- 


pantis,&c.  Cutis  aliquandb  equalida.  aspera,  rugosa, 
praicipue  cubitis,  genibus,  et  digitorum  Hrticulis,  prae- 
cordia  ingenti  sa;pi'  torrore  a;stuant  et  ))ulsant,  cumque 
vapor  excitatus  sursum  evolat,  cor  palpitr.i  aut  premi- 
tur,  animus  deficit,  &c.  '^  Aninii  dejeclio,  perversa 

rerum  existimatin,  proBposterum  judicium.  Fastidios* 
langueiites,  ta;diosa;,consilii  inopes.  lachrymose,  timen 
tes,  moDsts,  cum  summa  rerum  meliorura  desperatioue, 
nulla  re  delectautur,  sulituUinem  amaut,  &c. 


252  ISymptoms  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  3 

so  hy  rits  it  takes  them  now  and  then,  except  the  malaily  oe  inveterate,  and  then  'lis 
more  frequent,  vehement,  and  continuate.  Many  of  them  cannot  tell  how  to  expret^s 
themselves  in  words,  or  how  it  holds  them,  what  ails  them,  you  cannot  understand 
them,  or  well  tell  what  to  make  of  their  sayings ;  so  far  gone  sometimes,  so  stupi- 
fied  and  distracted,  they  think  themselves  bewitched,  tliey  are  in  despair,  aptce  ad 
Jletum^i  desperatianem^  dolores  mammis  et  hijpocondriis.  IMercatus  therefore  adds,  now 
their  breasts,  now  their  hypochondries,  belly  and  sides,  then  their  heart  and  head 
aches,  now  heat,  then  wind,  now  this,  now  that  oflends,  they  are  weary  of  all ; 
'^and  yet  will  not,  cannot  asrain  tell  how,  where  or  what  offends  lliem,  though  they 
be  in  great  pain,  agony,  and  frequendy  complain,  grieving,  sighing,  weepmg,  and  dis- 
conteixted  still,  sine  caiisd  manifesta,  most  part,  yet  I  say  tliey  will  complain,  grudge, 
lament,  and  not  be  persuaded,  but  that  they  are  troubled  with  an  evil  spirit,  which 
is  frequent  in  Germany,  saith  Rodericus,  amongst  the  common  sort :  and  to  such  as 
are  most  grievously  affected,  (for  he  makes  three  degrees  of  this  disease  in  women,) 
they  are  in  despair,  surely  forcspoken  or  bewitched,  and  in  extremity  of  their  dotage, 
(weary  of  their  lives,)  some  of  them  will  attempt  to  make  away  themselves.  Some 
think  they  see  visions,  confer  with  spirits  and  devils,  they  shall  surely  be  dannied, 
are  afraid  of  some  treacher}-,  innnincnt  danger,  and  the  like,  they  will  not  speak, 
make  answer  to  any  question,  but  arc  almost  distracted,  mad,  or  stupid  for  the  lime, 
and  by  fits  :  and  thus  it  holds  them,  as  they  are  more  or  less  allected,  and  as  the 
inner  humour  is  intended  or  remitted,  or  by  outward  objects  and  perturbations  aggra- 
vated, solitariness,  idleness,  Stc. 

Many  other  maladies  there  are  incident  to  young  women,  out  of  that  one  and 
only  cause  above  specified,  many  feral  diseases.  I  will  not  so  much  as  mcntioa 
their  names,  melancholy  alone  is  the  subject  of  my  present  discourse,  from  which 
I  will  not  swerve.  The  several  cures  of  this  infirmity,  concerning  diet,  which  mu.^l 
be  very  sparing,  phlebotomy,  physic,  internal,  external  remedies,  are  at  large  in  great 
variety  in  ^'Rodericus  a  Castro,  Sennertus,  and  Mercatus,  which  whoso  will,  as  occa- 
sion serves,  may  make  use  of  But  the  best  and  surest  remedy  of  all,  is  to  see  them  well 
placed,  and  married  to  good  husbands  in  due  time,  hinc  ilhe  lachrymcr.,  that  is  the 
primary  cause,  and  this  tlie  ready  cure,  to  give  them  content  to  their  desires.  I  write 
not  this  to  patronise  any  wanton,  idle  flirt,  lascivious  or  light  housewives,  which  are 
too  forward  many  times,  unruly,  and  apt  to  cast  away  themselves  on  him  that  comes 
next,  without  all  care,  counsel,  circumspection,  and  judgment.  If  religion,  good 
discipline,  honest  education,  wholesome  exhortation,  fair  promises,  fame  and  loss  of 
good  name  cannot  inhibit  and  deter  such,  (which  to  chaste  and  sober  maids  cannot 
choose  but  avail  much,^  labour  and  exercise,  strict  diet,  rigour  and  threats  may  more 
opportunely  be  used,  and  are  able  of  themselves  to  qualify  and  divert  an  ill-disposed 
temperament.  For  seldom  should  you  see  an  hired  servant,  a  poor  handmaid,  though 
ancient,  that  is  kept  hard  to  her  work,  and  bodily  labour,  a  coarse  country  wench 
troubled  in  this  kind,  but  noble  virgins,  nice  gentlewomen,  such  as  are  solitary  and 
idle,  live  at  ease,  lead  a  life  out  of  action  and  employment,  that  fare  well,  in  great 
houses  and  jovial  companies,  ill-disposed  peradventure  of  themselves,  and  not  will- 
ing to  make  any  resistance,  discontented  otherwise,  of  weak  judgment,  able  bodies, 
and  subject  to  passions,  (grandiorcs  virgines,  saith^Iercatus,  sleriles  et  viducB  plc- 
rumque  mclanchoUca,)  such  for  the  most  part  are  misaffected,  and  prone  to  this  ihs- 
ease.  I  do  not  so  much  pity  them  that  may  otherwise  be  eased,  but  those  alone  that 
out  of  a  strong  temperament,  innate  constitution,  are  violently  carried  away  with 
this  torrent  of  inwartl  humours,  and  though  very  modest  of  themselves,  sober,  reli- 
gious, virtuous,  and  well  given,  (as  many  so  distressed  maids  are,)  yet  cannot  make 
resistance,  these  grievances  will  appear,  this  malady  will  take  place,  and  now  mani- 
festly show  itself,  and  may  not  otherwise  be  helped.  But  where  am  I  ?  Into  what 
subject  have  I  rushed  ?  What  have  I  to  do  with  nuns,  maids,  virgins,  widows  ?  I 
am  a  bachelor  myself,  and  lead  a  monastic  life  in  a  college,  nee  ego  sane  implits  (jui 
hcEC  dixerim,  I  confess  'tis  an  indecorum,  and  as  Pallas  a  virgin  blushed,  when  Jupiter 

"Nolunt  aperire  molestiamquara  p.itiuntur,  scdcon-  |  crui,  Sec.    Familiarcs  non  curant.  non  loqoaiitur.  non 
qiieruiitur  tanieii   dp   napite.  cordc,  inaniiiii!i,  tc.     In  |  respondent,  4cc.  et  ha'C  craviora.  fi,  ice.  "CliittrM 

puteos  fere  niaiiiaci  prosilire.  ac  straiisuiari  ciipiunt,  let  lli'lleburi^muin  .Mathioli  suuimv  lauJat. 
nuMa  orationis  suavitate  ad  spcm  salutisrecuperandani  | 


Mem.  3.]  Causes  of  these  Symptoms.  253 

oy  chance  spake  of  love  matters  in  her  presence,  and  turned  away  her  face ;  me  re- 
primam^  lhou<rh  my  subject  necessarily  require  it,  I  will  say  no  more. 

And  yet  I  must  and  will  say  something  more,  add  a  word  or  two  in  gratiam  Vir- 
ginum  ec  Vlduarum,  in  favour  of  all  such  distressed  parties,  in  commiseration  of 
tiieir  present  estate.  And  as  I  cannot  choose  but  condole  their  mishap  that  labour 
of  this  infirmity,  and  are  destitute  of  help  in  this  case,  so  must  I  needs  inveigh  against 
tiiem  that  are  in  fault,  more  than  manifest  causes,  and  as  bitterly  tax  those  tyrannising 
pjeudopoliticians,  superstitious  orders,  rash  vows,  hard-hearted  parents,  guardians, 
unnatural  friends,  allies,  (call  them  how  you  will,)  those  careless  and  stupid  over- 
seers, that  out  of  worldly  respects,  covetousness,  supine  negligence,  their  own  pri- 
vate ends  (^cum  slbi  sit  interini  hene)  can  so  severely  reject,  stubbornly  neglect,  and 
impiously  contemn,  without  all  remorse  and  pity,  the  tears,  sighs,  groans,  and  griev- 
ous miseries  of  such  poor  souls  committed  to  their  charge.  How  odious  and  abomi- 
nable are  those  superstitious  and  rash  vows  of  Popish  monasteries,  so  to  bind  and 
enforce  men  and  women  to  vow  virginity,  to  lead  a  single  life,  against  the  laws  of 
nature,  opposite  to  religion,  policy,  and  humanity,  so  to  starve,  to  offer  violence,  to 
suppress  the  vigour  of  youth,  by  rigorous  statutes,  severe  laws,  vain  persuasions,  to 
debar  them  of  that  to  which  by  their  innate  temperature  they  are  so  furiousl}^  in- 
cliiied,  urgently  carried,  and  sometimes  precipitated,  even  irresistibly  led,  to  the  pre- 
judice of  their  soul's  health,  and  good  estate  of  body  and  mind  :  and  all  for  base 
and  private  respects,  to  maintain  their  gross  superstition,  to  enrich  themselves  and 
their  territories  as  they  falsely  suppose,  by  hindering  some  marriages,  that  the  world 
be  not  full  of  beggars,  and  their  parishes  pestered  with  orphans ;  stupid  politicians  ; 
hofccine  fieri  flagitia?  ought  these  things  so  to  be  carried?  better  marry  than  burn, 
?aith  the  Apostle,  but  they  are  otherwise  persuaded.  They  will  by  all  means  quench 
their  neighbour's  house  if  it  be  on  fire,  but  that  fire  of  lust  which  breaks  out  into 
3uch  lamentable  flames,  they  will  not  take  notice  of,  their  own  bowels  oftentimes,  flesh 
and  blood  shall  so  rage  and  burn,  and  they  will  not  see  it :  miserum  est^  saith  Austin, 
S€ipsu7n  non  miserescere.,  and  they  are  miserable  in  the  meantime  that  cannot  pity  them- 
selves, the  common  good  of  all,  and  per  consequcns  their  own  estates.  For  let  them  but 
consider  what  fearful  maladies,  feral  diseases,  gross  inconveniences,  come  to  both  sexes 
by  this  enforced  temperance,  it  troubles  me  to  think  of,  much  more  to  relate  those 
frequent  abortions  and  murdering  of  infants  in  their  nunneries  (read  ^  Kemnilius  and 
others),  and  notorious  fornications,  those  Spintrias,  Tribadas,  Ambubeias,  Sec,  those 
rapes,  incests,  adulteries,  mastuprations,  sodomies,  buggeries  of  monks  and  friars. 
See  Bale's  visitation  of  abbies,  ^*  fliercurialis,  Rodericus  a  Castro,  Peter  Forestus, 
and  divers  physicians;  I  know  their  ordinary  apologies  and  excuses  for  these  things, 
sed  viderint  PoUtici,  Medici,  Theologi,  I  shall  more  opportunely  meet  with  tiicm 
^  elsewhere. 

*>"  Ulius  vidua?,  aut  patroniim  Virginis  Imjiis, 

Ne  me  forte  putes,  verhurii  non  amplius  addam." 


MEMB.  III. 

Immediate  cause  of  these  precedent  Syinptoms. 

To  give  some  satisfaction  to  melancholy  men  that  are  troubled  wit!i  these  symp- 
toms, a  better  means  in  my  judgment  cannot  be  taken,  than  to  show  them  the  causes 
whence  they  proceed ;  not  from  devils  as  they  suppose,  or  that  they  are  bewitched 
or  forsaken  of  God,  hear  or  see,  &.c.  as  many  of  them  think,  but  from  natural  and 
inward  causes,  that  so  knowing  them,  they  may  better  avoid  the  effects,  or  at  least 
endure  them  with  more  patience.  The  most  grievous  and  common  symptoms  are 
fear  and  sorrow,  and  that  without  a  cause  to  the  wisest  and  discreetest  men,  in  this 
malady  not  to  be  avoided.  The  reason  why  they  are  so,  Ji^tius  discusseth  at  large, 
Tetrahih.  2.  2.  in  his  first  problem  out  of  Galen,  lih.  2.  de  causis  sympt.  1.  For  Galen 
nnputeth  all  to  the  cold  that  is  black,  and  thinks  that  the  spirits  being  darkened,  and 

SJ  Examen  cone.  Trident,  de  cslibatu  sacerd.  ss  Cap.  [that  widow  or  this  virgin.  I  shall  not  add  another 
de  Satyr,  et  Priapis.  as  Part.  3.  sect.  2.  Memb.  5.     word." 


Sub.  5  ■""'  Lest  you  may  imagine  that  1  patronise 


w 


25-t       ,  Symptoms  of  Melancholy  [Part.  1.  Sec.  3. 

ilie  substaiice  of  the  brain  cloudy  and  dark,  all  the  objects  thereof  appear  terrible, 
and  the  '"niind  itself,  by  those  dark,  obscure,  gross  fumes,  ascending  from  black 
humours,  is  in  continual  darkness,  fear,  and  sorrow;  divers  terrible  monstrous  tlctiuns 
in  a  tliousand  shapes  and  apparitions  occur,  with  violent  passions,  by  which  the 
brain  and  fantasy  arc  troubled  and  eclipsed.  ''^  Fracastorius,  lib.  2.  dc  intellect,  "will 
have  cold  to  be  the  cause  of  fear  and  sorrow;  for  such  as  are  cold  are  ill-disposed 
to  mirth,  dull,  and  heavy,  by  nature  solitary,  silent;  and  not  ibr  any  inward  dark- 
ness (as  physicians  think)  for  many  melancholy  men  dare  boldly  be,  continue,  and 
walk  in  the  dark,  and  delight  in  it:"  solum  frii^idi  tunidi :  ,i(  they  be  hot,  tliey  are 
merry;  and  the  more  hot,  the  more  furious,  and  void  of  fear,  as  we  see  in  madmen-, 
but  lliis  reason  holds  not,  for  then  no  melancholy,  proceeding  from  choler  adust, 
should  fear.  '^Averroes  scofls  at  Galen  for  his  reason*,  and  brings  five  arguments  to 
repel  them  :  so  doth  Here,  de  Saxonia,  Tract,  de  Melanch.  cap.  3.  assigning  other 
causes,  which  are  copiously  censured  and  confuted  by  ^'Elianus  Montaltus,  cap.  5 
and  6.  Lod.  Mercatus  de  Inter,  morb.  cur.  lib.  1.  cap.  17.  Altomarus,  cap.  7.  de  mel. 
Guianerius,  tract.  15.  c.  1.  Bright  cap.  37.  Laurenlius,  cap.  5.  Valesins,  mtd.  cont. 
lib.  3.,  con.  1.  ■""  Distemperature,"  they  conclude,  "makes  black  juice,  blackness 
obscures  the  spirits,  tlie  spirits  obscured,  cause  fear  and  sorrow."  Laurcntius,  cap.  13. 
supposeth  these  black  fumes  offend  specially  the  diaphragma  or  niidrilK  and  so  per 
consequens  the  mind,  which  is  obscured  as  ^  the  sun  by  a  cloud.  To  tliis  opinion  of 
Galen,  almost  all  tlie  Greeks  and  Aral)ians  subscribe,  the  Latins  new  ami  old,  internee 
tenebrcc  oJTuscant  animum,  ut  cxiernce  nocent  ptteris,  as  chihhen  are  allriirhted  in  the 
dark,  so  are  melancholy  men  at  all  times,  ^''as  having  the  inward  cause  with  them, 
and  still  carrying  it  about.  Wliich  black  vapours,  wliether  they  proceed  from  the 
black  blooil  about  tlie  heart,  as  T.  \V.  Jes.  thinks  in  his  Treatise  of  the  passions  of 
the  mind,  or  stomach,  spleen,  miilrilf,  or  all  the  misallicted  parts  together,  it  boots 
not,  they  keep  the  mind  in  a  perjit- tual  dungeon,  and  oppress  it  with  contiinjal  fears, 
anxieties,  sorrows,  &.c.  It  is  an  ordinary  thing  for  such  as  are  sound  to  laugh  at  this 
dejected  pusillanimity,  and  those  other  symptoms  of  melancholy,  to  make  them- 
selves merry  with  them,  and  to  woiuler  at  such,  as  toys  and  trilles,  wliich  may  be 
resisted  and  withstood,  if  they  will  themselves :  but  let  him  that  so  wonders,  con- 
sider with  himself,  that  if  a  man  should  tell  him  on  a  sudden,  some  of  his  especial 
friends  were  dead,  could  he  choo.se  but  grieve .'  Or  set  him  upon  a  steep  rock, 
where  h.e  shoulil  be  in  danger  to  be  precipitated,  could  he  be  secure .'  His  heart 
would  tremble  for  fear,  and  his  head  be  giddy.  P.  Byarus,  Tract,  de  pest,  gives 
instance  (as  I  have  said)  ^^"and  put  case  (saith  he)  in  one  that  walks  upon  a  plank, 
if  it  lie  on  the  ground,  he  can  safely  do  it :  but  if  the  same  plank  be  laid  over  some 
deep  water,  instead  of  a  bridge,  he  is  vehemently  moved,  and  'tis  nothing  but  his 
imagination. yormrt  cadi  ndi  impressa,  to  which  his  other  members  and  faculties  obey." 
Yea,  but  you  infer,  that  such  men  have  a  just  cause  to  fear,  a  true  object  of  fear;  so 
have  melancholy  men  an  inward  cause,  a  perpetual  fume  and  darkness,  causing:  fear, 
grief,  suspicion,  which  they  carry  with  them,  an  object  wliich  cannot  be  removed ; 
but  sticks  as  close,  and  is  as  inseparable  as  a  shadow  to  a  body,  and  who  can  expel 
or  overrun  his  shadow .-  Remove  heal  of  the  liver,  a  C(dd  stomach,  weak  spleen  : 
remove  those  adust  humours  and  vapours  arising  from  them,  black  blood  from  the 
heart,  all  outward  perturbations,  take  away  the  cause,  and  then  bid  them  not  grieve 
nor  fear,  or  be  heavy,  dull,  lumpish,  otherwise  counsel  can  do  litde  good  ;  you  may 
as  well  bid  him  that  is  sick  of  an  ague  not  to  be  a  dry;  or  him  that  is  wounded  not 
to  feel  pain. 

Suspicion  follows  fear  and  sorrow  at  heels,  arising  out  of  the  same  fountain,  so 
thinks  ^^  Fracastorius,  "  that  fear  is  the  cause  of  suspicion,  and'still  they  suspect  some 
treachery,  or  some  secret  machination  to  be  framed  against  them,  still  they  distnisi." 


*>  Vapores  rrassj  pt   iiigri,  a  vcntririilo  in  corphriim 
exhalaiil.    Ftl.  Pl;iterus.  <3Caliili  liilares--,  frizidi 

inili:-'[K>iFiii  ad  la-tiliaiii.  et  ideo  solitarii,  taciliiriii.  non 
Ob  t«nebras  iiitTiias.  ut  iiKMlici  voliiiil,  spd  ob  frisns: 
iiiiilli  iiit-larirholici  iinrtK  ainlnilant  iiilrf|iidi.  <>  \'n- 
jxTHs  tiiflaiic)i<ilici.  spiritihiis  iiiisli.  l(-ii«^tirariiiii  caiifa' 


Causam  trmoris  rirnimrrTt  alcr  humor  pTcionis  matp. 
ria,  et  airi  spiritiis  ixTpediam  aiiinin;  riomiriiio  olfiiii- 
diinl  nocli-in.  <"  I'diic  t'Xi'iii|>l:iiii,  c|fi"il  i|iii<  |><itc»l 

aiiibularir  siippr  irahrrn  quiP  cX  in  via  •;■  il  -i  ^nl  •ii|>«-r 
aquaiii  proruiidani,  Iik-h  p<>iilii<,  iinu  aiiiliiii.-ilnt  tuio-r 
'am,  t'o  i|iirHt  imaifiiipliir  in  anini'>  ri  iiiii>  i  vi-li'-ni'-iitpr. 


iiifit.  rap.  \.  ■"  liileiiipiTies  facil  siircuiii   niu'riiiii.     forma  cadenili  impreeiia,  cui  nlM-iliiiiil   iin'iiilira  niiinia, 

ni-.Titie^.  ohiu-iirat    gpiridim,  (ib.^iiratio  spintii^   facit  '  et  faciiltalpn  riHiipiie.  ••  l.ili.  i.  <l<-  iiitfllMrtiniie. 

inetiiiii  >'t  tristiaiii.  *^Vl  nubecula  Solem  otfi{!icat.  .  S(i!<pici<>»i  nb  tiiiioreiii  et  obliqiiijm  diMiir  «iiiii.  el  mob- 

(JuiisiautiQud  lib.  de  melancb.  ^  Alloniarus  c.  7.  |  p<.-r  inde  putanl  sibi  fieri  insidia*.  Laurea.3 


Ulem.  3.] 


Causes  of  these  Sinnvtoms. 


255 


Restlessness  proreoits  from  the  same  spring,  variety  of  fumes  make  them  like  and 
dislike.  Solifanness,  avoiding  of  light,  that  they  are  weary  of  their  lives,  hate  the 
world,  arise  from  tne  same  causes,  for  their  spirits  and  humours  are  opposite  to  light, 
fear  makes  them  avoia  company,  and  absent  themselves,  lest  they  should  be  misused, 
hisrst^d  at,  or  oveisiioot  themselves,  which  still  they  suspect.  They  are  prone  to 
venfct  \  by  reasori  of  -iViftd.  Angry,  waspish,  and  fretting  still,  out  of  abundance  of 
chole.,  ■^'nich  Cdiiselh  rearfiil  dreams  and  violent  perturbations  to  them,  both  sleep- 
ing anu  wnkiUfj ;  Thai  they  suppose  they  have  no  heads,  fly,  sink,  thev  are  pots, 
glasses,  tvc.  is  wind  in  their  heads.  ''^Herc.  de  Saxonia  doth  ascribe  this  to  the 
several  m^rvions  in  the  animal  spirits,  "  their  dilation,  contraction,  confusion,  altera- 
tion, tenebtosity,  hot  or  cold  distemperature,"  excluding  all  material  humours.  ^"Fra- 
castorius  "  accounts  it  a  thing  worthy  of  inquisition,  why  they  sliould  entertain  such 
false  conceits,  as  that  they  have  horns,  great  noses,  that  they  are  birds,  beasts,"  kc, 
why  they  should  think  themselves  kings,  lords,  cardinals.  For  the  first,  ^'Fracasto- 
rius  gives  two  reasons :  "  One  is  the  disposition  of  the  body ;  the  other,  the  occa- 
sion of  the  fantasy,"  as  if  their  eyes  be  purblind,  their  ears  sing,  by  reason  of -some 
cold  and  rheum,  Stc.  To  the  second,  Laurehtius  answers,  the  imagination  inwardly 
or  outwardly  moved,  represents  to  the  understanding,  not  enticements  only,  to  favour 
the  passion  or  dislike,  but  a  very  intensive  pleasure  follows  the  passion  or  displeasure, 
and  the  will  and  reason  are  captivated  by  delighting  in  it. 

Why  students  and  lovers  are  so  often  melancholy  and  mad,  the  philosopher  of 
'■- Conimbra  assigns  this  reason,  "  because  by  a  vehement  and  continual  meditation 
of  that  wherewith  they  are  aflected,  they  fetch  up  the  spirits  into  the  brain,  and  with 
the  heat  brought  with  them,  they  incend  it  beyond  measure :  and  tlie  cells  of  the 
inner  senses  dissolve  their  temperature,  which  being  dissolved,  they  cannot  perform 
their  offices  as  they  ought." 

Why  melancholy  men  are  witty,  which  Aristotle  hath  long  since  maintained  in 
liis  problems ;  and  that  ^'  all  learned  men,  famous  philosophers,  and  lawgivers,  ad 
unum  fere  omnes  melancholici^  have  still  been  melancholy,  is  a  problem  much  con- 
troverted. Jason  Pratensis  will  have  it  understood  of  natural  melancholy,  which 
opinion  Melancthon  inclines  to,  in  his  book  dc  Jlnima^  and  Marcilius  Ficinus  de  san. 
tnend.  Jib.  1.  cap.  5.  but  not  simple,  for  that  makes  men  stupid,  heavy,  dull,  being 
cold  and  dry,  fearful,  fools,  and  solitary,  but  mixed  with  the  other  humours,  plileo-m 
only  excepted ;  and  they  not  adust,  *'  but  so  mixed  as  that  blood  be  half,  Avith  little 
or  no  adustion,  that  they  be  neither  too  hot  nor  too  cold.  Aponensis,  cited  bv 
Melancthon,  thinks  it  proceeds  from  nieiancholy  adust,  excluding  all  natural  melan- 
clioly  as  too  cold.  Laurentius  condemns  his  tenet,  because  adustion  of  humours 
makes  men  mad,  as  lime  burns  when  water  is  cast  on  it.  It  must  be  mixed  with 
blood,  and  somewhat  adust,  and  so  thai  old  aphorism  of  Aristotle  may  be  verified, 
^Xullum  magnunv  ingenium  sine  mixturd  demenUie,  no  excellent  wit  without  a  mix- 
ture of  madness.  Fracastorius  shall  decide  the  controversy,  ^^  '•  phlegmatic  are  dull : 
sanguine  lively,  pleasant,  acceptable,  and  merry,  but  not  witty;  choleric  are  too  swift 
in  motion,  and  furious,  impatient  of  contemplation,  deceitful  wits  :  melancholy  men 
have  the  most  excellent  wits,  but  not  all;  this  humour  may  be  hot  or  cold,  thick, or 
thin ;  if  too  hot,  they  are  furious  and  mad  :  if  too  cold,  dull,  stupid,  timorous,  and 
sad  :  if  temperate,  excellent,  rather  inclining  to  that  extreme  of  heat,  than  cold." 
Tliis  sentence  of  his  will  agree  with  that  of  Heraclitus,  a  dry  light  makes  a  wise 
mind,  temperate  heat  and  dryness  are  the  chief  causes  of  a  good  wit;  therefore,  saith 
-Elian,  an  elephant  is  the  wisest  of  all  brute  beasts,  because  his  brain  is  driest,  et  oh 
a*r<T  hills  coplam:  this  reason  Cardan  approves,  suhtil.  I.  13.  Jo.  Baptista  Silvaticus, 
a  physician  of  Milan,  in  his  first  controversy,  hath  copiously  handled  this  question  : 
Rulandus  in  his  problems,  Caelius  Rhodiginus,  lib.  17.     Valleriola  &'  narrat.  incd. 


w  Tract,  du  mel.  cap.  7.  Ex  dil.atione,  contractione, 
coiifusioiie.  teiiebrositate  spirituiim,  ralida,  friirida  in- 
tiMiip'-rie,  &c.  60  [|i„(i  in(|iiisiti<)ii'!  disriiiim,  cur  lam 

falsa  recipiaiit, habere se  corniia.esse  niortuos.  nasiitos, 
es^■e  avf'S.  &.C.  6'  J.  Dispositio  corporis.     2.  Occasio 

Iiiiasiiiationis.  =2  j,,  pro.  Ii.  de  cceIo.     Veheniens 

et  assidiia  cogitatio  rei  erca  quam  alRcitiir,  spiritiis  in 
rerebruni  evocal.  ^^  .M<;lancholici  iiis(;Tii()si  omnes. 


siimtni  viri  in  artibiis  et  disciplinis,  sive  circum  iinpe- 
ratorinin  aut  reip.  disciplinani  omnes  fere  inel;u)cholici. 
Aristoteles.  WAdeo  niiscentiir,  nt  sit  diipliini  saii- 

pninis  ad  refiqna  duo.  "  Lib.  il.  de  intellectione. 

Pinsiii  ■sunt  Minerva  phlpsmatici :  sansnini-i  amahilps, 
?rati,  liilarcs,  at  non  injieniosi ;  oholerici  wl^res  motn, 
et  ob  id  coniemplationis  impatienles:  .Melaiichnlici 
suiiim  8icel!entes.  &;c. 


256  Symptoms  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sec.  3. 

flerc.  '^e  Saxonia,  Trad  posfh.  de  mcl.  cap.  3.     Lodovicus  Mercatus,  etc  inter  morb. 
cur.  lib.  cap.  17.     Baptista  Porta,  Physiog.  lib.  I.e.  13.  and  many  otliers. 

Weeping,  sighing,  laughing,  itching,  trembling,  sweating,  blushing,  hearing  and 
seeing  strange  noises,  visions,  wind,  crudity,  are  motions  of  the  body,  depending 
up'^n  these  precedent  motions  of  the  mind :  neither  are  tears,  affections,  but  actions 
i  as  Scaliger  holds)  ^  "  the  voice  of  such  as  are  afraid,  trembles,  because  the  heart  is 
shaken"  ( Conimb.  prob.  6.  sec.  3.  de  sovi.)  why  they  stutter  or  falter  in  their  speech, 
Mercurialis  and  Montaltus,  cfr^.  17.  give  like  reasons  out  of  Hippocrates,  *'"  dryness, 
which  makes  the  nerves  of  the  tongue  torpid."  Fast  speaking  (which  is  a  symptom 
of  some  few)  Jiltius  will  have  caused  ^"^^'from  abundance  of  wind,  and  swiftness  of 
imagination:  ^^  baldness  comes  from  excess  of  dryness,"  hirsuteness  from  a  dry  tern 
perature.  The  cause  of  much  waking  in  a  dry  brain,  continual  meditation,  discon- 
tent, fears  and  cares,  that  suffer  not  the  mind  to  be  at  rest,  incontinency  is  from  wind, 
and  a  hot  liver,  Montanus,  cons.  26.  Rumbling  in  the  guts  is  caused  from  wind,  and 
wind  from  ill  concoction,  weakness  of  natural  heat,  or  a  distempered  heat  and  cold ; 
^  Palpitation  of  the  heart  from  vapours,  heaviness  and  aching  from  the  same  cause. 
That  the  belly  is  hard,  wind  is  a  cause,  and  of  that  leaping  in  many  parts.  Redness 
of  the  face,  and  itching,  as  if  they  were  flea-bitten,  or  stung  with  pismires,  from  a 
sharp  subtile  wind.  *'  Cold  sweat  from  vapours  arising  from  the  hypochondries, 
which  pitch  upon  the  skin ;  leanness  for  want  of  good  nourishment.  AVhy  their 
appetite  is  so  great,  ^^iEtius  answers :  Os  vcntris  frigescit,  cold  in  those  inner  parts, 
cold  belly,  and  hot  liver,  causeth  crudity,  and  intention  proceeds  from  perturba- 
tions, ^^  our  souls  for  want  of  spirits  cannot  attend  exactly  to  so  many  intentive 
operations,  being  exhaust,  and  overswaycd  by  passion,  she  cannot  consider  the 
reasons  which  may  dissuade  her  from  such  aifections. 

"  Bashfulness  and  blushing,  is  a  passion  proper  to  men  alone,  and  is  not  only 
caused  for  ***some  shame  and  ignominy,  or  that  they  are  guilty  unto  themselves  of 
some  foul  fact  committed,  bnt  as  '"'Fracastorius  «'ell  determines,  ob  defectum  pro- 
prium^  et  timorem,  "  from  fear,  and  a  conceit  of  our  defects ;  the  face  labours  a/id  is 
troubled  at  his  presence  that  sees  our  defects,  and  nature  willing  to  help,  sends  thither 
heat,  heat  draws  ihe  subtilest  blood,  and  so  we  blush.  They  that  are  bold,  arrogant, 
and  careless,  seldom  or  never  blush,  but  such  as  are  fearful."  Anthonius  Lodovicus, 
in  his  book  de  piidorc,  will  have  this  subtile  blood  to  arise  in  the  face,  not  so  uuich 
for  the  reverence  of  our  betters  in  presence,  ^' '^  but  for  joy  and  pleasure,  or  if  any- 
thing at  imawares  shall  pass  from  us,  a  sudden  accident,  occurse,  or  meeting :" 
(which  Disarius  m  **.Macrobius  confirms)  any  object  heard  or  seen,  for  blind  men 
never  blush,  as  Dandinus  observes,  the  night  and  darkness  make  men  impudent.  Or 
that  we  be  staid  before  our  betters,  or  in  company  we  like  not,  or  if  anything  molest 
and  offend  us,  erubescentia  turns  to  rubor,  blushing  to  a  continuate  redness. 
^  Sometimes  the  extremity  of  the  ears  tingle,  and  are  red,  sometimes  the  whole  face, 
Etsi  nihil  vitiosum  commiserisj  as  Lodovicus  holds  :  though  Aristotle  is  of  opinion, 
omnis  pudor  ex  vitio  commisso.,  all  shame  for  some  offence.  But  we  find  otherwise, 
it  may  as  well  proceed  '"from  fear,  from  force  and  inexperience,  (so  '"Dandinus 
holds)  as  vice;  a  hot  liver,  saith  Duretus  (notis  in  Hollerium:)  ''from  a  hot  brain, 
from  wind,  the  lungs  heated,  or  after  drinking  of  wine,  strong  drink,  perturba- 
tions," &.C. 

Laughter  what  it  is,  saith  "-  Tully,  "  how  caused,  where,  and  so  suddenly  breaks 
out.  that  desirous  to  stay  it,  we  cannot,  how  it  comes  to  possess  and  stir  our  face, 
veins,  eyes,  countenance,  mouth,  sides,  let  Democritus  determine."  The  cause  that 
it  often  affects  melancholy  men  so  much,  is  given  by  Gomesius,  lib.  3.  de  sale  genial. 

*sTrepidantiiiin    vox    tremula,    quia    cor    quaiilur.  et  voliiptatem  foras  exit  aaiiguis,  aut  ob  incliorig  reve- 

*'■  Oh   anditatem  qiix  reddit   iiervns   lingua;   torpidos.  rentiam,  aut  oh  subitum  nccuTsunx,  aut  m  quid  iiicau- 

•^  Incontinentia  lingua:  ex  copia  flntuuin.  et  vt-locitate  tius  eiciderit.  "dun.  in  AriHt.  du  anirna.     C'ceci 

■  niaginationis.  '■^Calvities  ob  ficciiati?  eicessuin.  ut     plunmuin     impndpntes,     nox     facil     inipudentef. 

".-Elius.  •' Lauren,  c.  13.  ''Tetrab.  2.  ser.  2.  »  Alexander   Aidirodisiensis  iiiake<<   all   bashrulnvM  a 

cap.  10.  63..\nt.  Lodovicus  prob.  lib.  1.  sect.  5.  de  virtue,  eanique  se  refert  in  seips<i  pi|x.riri  soliluin,  el»i 

airabilariis.  "Subrusticus  pudor  vitiosus  pudor.  '  essct  adnioduni  senex.  ''oSa-pe  post  cibiim  apti  ad 

•^Ob  ignominlam  aut  turpedinein  facti,  tec.  t^Da  \  ruborein,  ex  potu  vim  ex  timore  sirp<-.  i-t  ah  hi-patc  ca- 

syiiip.  ft  .Antip.  cap.  IJ.  laborat  facies  ob  prxsentiam  lido,  cerebro  calido,  &c.         "Coin  in  .Ariiil.  de  aniina. 

ejus  qui  delecluin  nostrum  videt,  et  natura  quasi  opem  tain  a  vi  et  inexperientia  quani  a  viiio.  '  De 

■atura  caloreni  illuc   niittit,  calor  sanguineni   irahit,  oralore,  quid  ipae  riaus,  quo  pactu  cuncitatur.  ubi  ait, 

unde  rubur,  audaces  non  rub<;nt,  Sec.         "  Ob  gaudium  dec. 


Mem.  3.]  Causes  of  these  Sy7nplo}ns.  257 

cap.  18.  abundance  of  pleasant  vapours,  which,  m  sanguine  melancholy  especially, 
break  from  the  heait,  '^"antl  tickle  the  midriff,  because  it  is  transverse  and  full  of 
nerves  :  by  which  titillation  the  sense  being  moved,  and  arteries  distended,  or  pulled, 
the  spirits  from  thence  move  and  possess  the  sides,  veins,  countenance,  eyes.  See 
more  in  Jossius  de  ri.su  et  Jletu^  Vives  3  de  Jlni.ma.  Tears,  as  Scaliger  defines, 
proceed  from  grief  and  pity,  ^'^ "  or  from  the  heating  of  a  moist  brain,  for  a  dry  cannot 
weep." 

That  they  see  and  hear  so  many  phantasms,  chimeras,  noises,  visions,  &c.  as 
Fienus  hath  discoursed  at  large  in  his  book  of  imagination,  and  '^Lavater  de  spectris, 
part.  1.  cap.  2.  3.  4.  their  corrupt  phantasy  makes  them  see  and  hear  that  which 
indeed  is  neither  heard  nor  seen.  Qui  viulttim  jejunant,  aut  nodes  dur.unl  insomnes., 
they  that  much  fast,  or  want  sleep,  as  melancholy  or  sick  men  commonly  do,  see 
visions,  or  such  as  aie  weak-sighted,  very  timorous  by  nature,  mad,  distracted,  or 
earnestly  seek.  Sabini  quod  volunt  somniant.,  as  the  saying  is,  they  dream  of  that 
they  desire.  Like  Sarmiento  the  Spaniard,  who  when  he  was  sent  to  discover  the 
straits  of  Magellan,  and  confine  places,  by  the  Prorex  of  Peru,  standing  on  the  top 
of  a  hill,  Jlmcenissimam  planitiein  despicere  sibi  visus  fuitj  cedijicia  magnifica,  quam- 
'  plurlmos  Pagos.,  aJtas  Turres,  splendida  Temjjla,  and  brave  cities,  built  like  ours  in 
Europe,  not,  saith  mine '"^  author,  that  there  was  any  such  thing,  but  that  he  was 
vanissimus  et  nirnis  credulus,  and  would  fain  have  had  it  so.  Or  as  "^  Lod.  Mercatus 
proves,  by  reason  of  inward  vapours,  and  humours  from  blood,  choler,  &c.  diversely 
mixed,  tliey  apprehend  and  see  outwardly,  as  they  suppose,  divers  images,  which 
indeed  are  not.  As  they  that  drink  wine  think  all  runs  round,  when  it  is  in  their  own 
brain  ;  so  is  it  with  these  men,  the  fault  and  cause  is  inward,  as  Galen  affirms,  "^  mad 
men  and  such  as  are  near  death,  quas  extra  se  videre  putant  Imagines.,  intra  oculos 
habent,  'tis  in  their  brain,  which  seems  to  be  before  them ;  the  brain  as  a  concave 
glass  reflects  solid  bodies.  Senes  etiam  decrepiti  cerebrum  habent  concavum  et 
aridum,  ut  wiuginentur  se  videre  (saith  '*  Boissardus)  qucc  non  sunt.,  old  men  are  too 
frequently  mistaken  and  dote  in  like  case :  or  as  he  that  looketh  through  a  piece  of 
red  glass,  judgeth  everything  he  sees  to  be  red;  corrupt  vapours  mounting  from  the 
body  to  the  head,  and  distilling  again  from  thence  to  the  eyes,  when  they  have 
mingled  themselves  with  the  watery  crystal  which  receiveth  the  shadows  of  things 
to  be  seen,  make  all  things  appear  of  the  same  colour,  which  remains  in  the  humour 
that  overspreads  our  sight,  as  to  melancholy  men  all  is  black,  to  phlegmatic  all  white, 
&c.  Or  else  as  before  the  organs  corrupt  by  a  corrupt  phantasy,  as  Lemnius,  lib.  1. 
cap.  1 6.  well  quotes,  ^° "  cause  a  great  agitation  of  spirits,  and  humours,  w^hich  wan- 
der to  and  fro  in  all  the  creeks  of  the  brain,  and  cause  such  apparitions  before  their 
eyes."  One  thinks  he  reads  something  written  in  the  moon,  as  Pythagoras  is  said 
to  have  done  of  old,  another  smells  brimstone,  hears  Cerberus  bark :  Orestes  now 
mad  supposed  he  saw  the  furies  tjormenting  him,  and  his  mother  still  ready  to  run 
upon  him — 

ei  "  O  mater  obsecro  noli  me  persequi 

His  furiis,  aspectu  angiiiiieis,  horribilibiis, 
Ecce  ecce  me  iiivadunt,  in  me  jam  ruiint ;" 

but  Electra  told  him  thus  raving  in  his  mad  fit,  he  saw  no  such  sights  at  all,  it  wsls 
but  his  crazed  imagination. 

*^"  Qiiiesce,  quiesr.e  miser  in  linteis  tuis, 
Non  ceriiis  etenim  qua;  videre  te  putaa." 

So  Pentheus  (in  Bacchis  Euripidis)  saw  two  suns,  two  Thebes,  his  brain  alone 
vvas  troubled.  Sickness  is  an  ordinary  cause  of  such  sights.  Cardan,  subtil.  8.  Mens 
cBgra  lahoribus  et  jejuniis  fracta.,  facit  eos  videre.,  audire.,  Sfc.  And.  Osiander  beheld 
strange  visions,  and  Alexander  ab  Alexandro  both,  in  their  sickness,  which  he  relates 
de  rerum  varietal,  lib.  8.  cap.  44.  Albategnius  that  noble  Arabian,  on  his  death-bed, 
saw  a  ship  ascending  and  descending,  which  Fracastorius  records  of  his  friend  Bap- 

"  Diapliragma  titillant,  quia  transversum  et  nervo-  j  sunt,  res  quas  extra  se  videre  putant,  intra  oculos  ha- 
suni,  quia  litillatione  moto  sensu  atque  arteriis  disten-  |  bent.  '^Cap.  10.  de  Spirit  apparitione.  «>  De 

tis,  spiritus  iude  latera,  venas,  os,   oculos   occupant,    occult.  Nat.  mirac.  6i"0  mother!  I  beseech  you 

'*  Ei  calcfaetione  humidi  cerebri:  nam  ex  sicco  lachry-  not  to  persecute  me  with  those  horrible-looking  furies. 
miE  non  fluuiit.  '^  Res  mirandas  imaginantur:  et  |  See  !  see!  they  attack,  they  assault  me!"       »""Peacel 

putant  se  videre  quEE  nee  vident,  nee  audiunt.  '« Laet.  peace!  unhappy  being,  for  you  do  not  see  what  you. 
Ii'».  13.  cap.  2.  descript.  India  Occident.  ■"  Lib.  1.     think  you  see."' 

ca.  17  cap.  de  mel.  's  Insani,  et  qui  morti  vicini  | 

33  w2 


258  Causes  of  these  Symptoms.  [Part.  1 .  Sec.  3. 

tistn  Tirrianns.  Weak  siglit  and  a  vain  persuasion  withal,  may  effect  as  much,  and 
second  causes  concurring,  as  an  oar  in  water  malies  a  relraction,  and  seems  bigger, 
bended  double,  kc.  The  thickness  of  the  air  may  cause  such  effects,  or  any  object 
not  well-discerned  in  the  dark,  fear  and  phantasy  will  suspect  to  be  a  ghost,  a 
devil,  &c.  ^^Quod  nimis  miseri  iime?it^  hoc  facile  credunt,  we  are  apt  to  believe,  and 
mistake  in  such  cases.  Marcellus  Donatus,  lib.  2.  cap.  1.  brings  in  a  story  out  of 
Aristotle,  of  one  Antei)liaron  which  likely  saw,  wlieresoever  he  was,  his  own  image 
in  the  air,  as  in  a  glass.  Vttellio,  lib.  \0.  pcrspect.  hath  such  another  instance  of  a 
familiar  acquaintance  of  his,  that  after  the  want  of  three  or  four  nights  sleep,  as  he 
Avas  riding  bv  a  river  side,  saw  an(»ther  riding  with  him,  and  using  all  suvh  gestures 
as  he  did,  but  when  more  light  appeared,  it  vanished.  Eremites  and  anchorites  have 
frequendv  such  absurd  visions,  revelations  by  reason  of  much  fasting,  and  bud  diet, 
many  are  deceived  by  legerdemain,  as  Scot  liath  well  showed  in  bis  book  of  the  dis- 
''overy  of  witchcraft,  and  Cardan,  subtil.  18.  sullites,  perfumes,  suifuniigations,  mixed 
candles,  perspective  glasses,  and  such  natural  causes,  make  men  look  as  if  they  were 
dead,  or  with  horse-heads,  bull's-horns,  and  such  like  brutish  shapes,  tiie  room  full 
of  snakes,  adders,  dark,  light,  green,  red,  of  all  colours,  as  you  may  perceive  in  Bap- 
tista  Porta,  Alexis,  Albertus,  and  others,  glow-worms,  tire-drakes,  meteors.  Ignis 
fatuiif!.,  which  Plinius,  lib.  2.  cap.  37.  calls  Castor  and  Pollux,  with  many  such  that 
appear  in  moorish  grounds,  about  church-yards,  moist  valleys,  or  where  battles  have 
been  fought,  the  cau.ses  of  which  read  in  Goclenius,  Velouris,  Fickius,  &.c.  such  fears 
are  often  done,  to  frighten  children  with  squibs,  rotten  wood,  Slc.  to  make  folks  look 
as  if  tlicy  were  dead,  ^^solito  majnres.,  bigger,  lesser,  fairer,  fouler,  %tt  aslanlcs  sine 
capi/ihiis  videanfur ;  attt  toli  igniti,  aut  forma  dcemonuin,  accipe  piloscanis  nigri,  Sfc. 
saitb  Albertus;  and  so  'tis  ordinary  to  see  strange  uncouth  sights  by  catoptrics:  who 
knows  not  tiiat  if  in  a  dark  room,  the  liifht  be  admitted  at  one  only  little  hole,  and 
:i  j)aper  or  glass  put  upon  it,  the  sini  shining,  will  represent  on  the  opposite  wall  all 
such  objects  as  arc  illuminated  by  his  rays  .''  with  concave  and  cylinder  glasses,  we 
may  reOect  any  shape  of  men,  devils,  antics,  (as  magicians  most  part  do,  to  gull  a 
silly  spectator  in  a  dark  room),  we  will  ourselves,  and  that  hanging  in  the  air,  when 
"tis  nothing  but  such  an  horrible  image  as  '^^Agrippa  demonstrates,  placed  in  another 
room.  Roger  Bacon  of  old  is  said  to  have  represented  his  own  image  walking  in 
the  air  by  this  art,  though  no  such  thing  appear  in  his  perspectives.  But  most  part 
it  is  in  the  brain  that  deceives  them,  although  I  may  not  deny,  but  that  ofteniiine.s 
the  de\'il  deludes  tbem,  takes  his  opportimity  to  suggest,  and  represent  vain  objects 
to  melancholy  men,  and  such  as  are  ill  atlected.  To  these  you  may  add  the  knavish 
impostures  of  jugglers,  exorcists,  mass-priests,  and  mountebanks,  of  whom  Boger 
Bacon  spfaks,  kc.  de  miraculis  naturce  et  artis.  cap.  1.  "^  they  can  counterfeit  tht 
voices  of  all  birds  and  brute  beasts  almost,  all  tones  and  tunes  of  men,  and  speak 
within  their  throats,  as  if  they  spoke  afar  oil",  that  they  make  their  auditors  believe 
they  hear  spirits,  and  are  thence  much  astonished  and  atfrighted  with  it.  Besides, 
those  artificial  devices  to  over-hear  their  confessions,  like  that  whispering  place  of 
Gloucester^'  with  us,  or  like  the  duke's  place  at  Mantua  in  Italy,  where  the  sound  is 
reverberated  by  a  concave  wall ;  a  reason  of  which  Blancanus  in  his  Echometria 
gives,  and  mathematically  demonstrates. 

So  that  the  hearing  is  as  frequently  deluded  as  the  sight,  from  the  same  causes 
almost,  as  he  that  hears  bells,  will  make  them  sound  what  he  list.  "As  the  fool 
thinketh,  so  the  bell  clinketh."  Theophilus  in  Galen  thought  he  heard  music,  from 
vapours  which  made  his  ears  sound,  &.c.  Some  are  deceived  by  echoes,  sotnc  by 
1-oaring  of  waters,  or  concaves  and  reverberation  of  air  in  the  ground,  hollow  places 
and  walls.  "Wt  Cadurcum,  in  Aquitaine,  words  and  sentences  are  repeated  l)V  a 
strange  echo  to  the  full,  or  whatsoever  you  shall  play  upon  a  musical  instrument, 
more  distinctly  and  louder,  than  they  are  spoken  at  first.  Some  echoes  repeat  a  thing 
spoken  seven  times,  as  at  Olympus,  in  Macedonia,  as  Pliny  relates,  lib.  30.  citp.  15. 

•■•Senera.  (imxl  itirtiiunt  riiniis.  nunqiiam  arnorcri  I  vociim  varietatem  in  ventre  el  ffiitlnre  finKenim,  fnr- 
po««?,  nw;  tiilli  piitaiii.  f^Sanjruis  iipiipce  cum  itielle  '  inaiil  vmi-s  huinan.i-i  a  lonji"!  vel  propc,  priiiil  vulunt, 
compomtus  ft  ceiit;iiirf>a,  &c.    Albertus.  "^Lib.  I.     ac  si  spiriliis  cum  hotniro;  luquerotur.  el  boiios  brutoruin 

urcMli.  pliil  ".•«.     liii|i.Titi   lu>niirie.4  (tirninnum  et  umbra-  I  fineuiit.  &c.  «' (;iouceiil<.-r  catbe<(ral.  "Tain 

ruin  iiii:i:.'i'i('<!  vi'lire  :<e  |iiit»nt.  (|uuin  nihil  siiit  aliud.    dare  et  articulate  aiiilies  repetiluui,  ut  perfectior  ait 
,uaui  siniulactira  anima:  expertia.  ^  PytboniaMe  |  Echo  quam  ipse  dizeria. 


Mem.  1.]  Prognostics  of  Melancholy.  259 

Some  twelve  times,  as  at  Charenton,  a  village  near  Paris,  in  France.  At  Delphos,  in 
Greece,  heretofore  was  a  miraculous  echo,  and  so  in  many  other  places.  Cardan, 
suUil.  I.  18,  hath  wonderful  stories  of  such  as  have  been  deluded  by  these  echoes. 
Blaiicanus  the  Jesuit,  in  his  Echoraetria,  hath  variety  of  examples,  and  gives  his 
reader  full  satisfaction  of  all  such  sounds  by  way  of  demonstration.  ^^At  Barrey,  an 
isle  in  the  Severn  mouth,  they  seem  to  hear  a  smith's  forge ;  so  at  Lipari,  and  those 
sulphureous  isles,  and  many  such  like,  which  Olaus  speaks  of  in  the  continent  of 
Scandia,  and  those  northern  countries.  Cardan  de  rerum  var.  I.  15,  c.  84,  mentioneth 
a  woman,  that  still  supposed  she  heard  the  devil  call  her,  and  speaking  to  her.  she 
wa§  a  painter's  wife  in  Milan :  and  many  such  illusions  and  voices,  which  proceed 
most  part  from  a  corrupt  imagination. 

Whence  it  comes  to  pass,  that  they  prophesy,  speak  several  languages,  talk  of 
astronomy,  and  other  unknown  sciences  to  them  (of  which  they  have  been  ever 
ignorant) :  ''^  I  have  in  brief  touched,  only  this  I  will  here  add,  that  Arculanus,  Bodin. 
lib.  3,  cap.  G,  dcRmon.  and  some  others,  ^'  hold  as  a  manifest  token  that  such  persons 
are  possessed  with  the  devil;  so  doth  "Hercules  de  Saxonia,  and  Apponensis,  and 
tit  only  to  be  cured  by  a  priest.  But  "' Guianerius,  ^^Montaltus,  Pomponatius  of 
Padua,  and  Lemnius  lib.  2.  cap.  2,  refer  it  wholly  to  the  ill-disposition  of  the 
*  humour,  and  that  out  of  the  authority  of  Aristotle  prob.  30.  1,  because  such  symp- 
toms are  cured  by  purging ;  and  as  by  the  striking  of  a  flint  fire  is  enforced,  so  by  the 
vehement  motion  of  spirits,  they  do  elicere  voces  inauditas^  compel  strange  speeches 
to  be  spoken :  another  argument  he  hath  from  Plato's  reminiscentia,  which  all  out 
as  likely  as  that  which  '-"^  jMarsilius  Ficinus  speaks  of  his  friend  Pierleonus ;  by  a 
divine  kind  of  infusion  he  understood  the  secrets  of  nature,  and  tenets  of  Grecian 
and  barbarian  philosophers,  before  ever  he  heard  of,  saw,  or  read  their  works  :  but 
in  this  I  should  rather  hold  with  Avicenna  and  his  associates,  that  such  symptoms 
proceed  from  evil  spirits,  which  take  all  opportunities  of  humours  decayed,  or  other- 
wise to  pervert  the  soul  of  man  :  and  besides,  the  humour  itself  is  Balneum  Diaboli. 
the  devil's  bath ;  and  as  Agrippa  proves,  doth  entice  him  to  seize  upon  them. 


SECT.  IV.  MEMB.  I 

Prognostics  of  Melancholy 


Progxostics,  or  signs  of  things  to  come,  are  either  good  or  bad.  If  this  malady 
be  not  hereditary,  and  taken  at  the  beginning,  there  is  good  hope  of  cure,  receris 
curationcm  non  habet  dijicilcm,  saith  Avicenna,  I.  3,  Fen.  1,  Tract.  4,  c.  18.  That 
nvhicli  is  with  laughter,  of  all  others  is  most  secure,  gentle,  and  remiss,  Hercules  de 
Saxonia.  ^^"  If  that  evacuation  of  haemorrhoids,  or  varices,  which  they  call  the 
water  between  the  skin,  shall  happen  to  a  melancholy  man,  his  misery  is  ended,'" 
Hippocrates  Aphor.  6,  11.  Galen  /.  6,  de  morbis  vulgar,  coin.  8,  confirms  the  same: 
and  to  this  aphorism  of  Hippocrates,  all  the  Arabians,  new  and  old  Latins  subscribe; 
Montaltus  c.  25,  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  Mercurialis,  Vittorius  Faventinus,  &c.  Skenkius, 
I.  1,  observat.  med.  c.  de  Mania.,  illustrates  this  aphorism,  with  an  example  of  one 
Daniel  Federer  a  coppersmith  tliat  was  long  melancholy,  and  in  the  end  mad  about 
the  27th  year  of  his  age,  these  varices  or  water  began  to  arise  in  his  tliighs,  and  he 
was  freed  from  his  madness.  Marius  the  Roman  was  so  cured,  some  say,  thouo^h 
witli  great  pain.  Skenkius  hath  some  other  instances  of  women  that  have  been 
helped  by  flowing  of  their  mouths,  which  before  were  stopped.  That  the  opening 
of  the  haemorrhoids  will  do  as  much  for  men,  all  physicians  jointly  signify,  so  they 
be  voluntary,  some  say,  and  not  by  compulsion.  All  melancholy  are  better  after  a 
quartan;  ^Jobertus  saith,  scarce  any  man  hath  that  ague  twice;  but  whether  it  free 


-J  Blowins  of  hellows,  ami  knockinjr  of  hammers,  if 
tliey  apply  their  ear  t..  thn  cliff.  so  Memb.  1.  Siil). 

X  of  ;hi<  partitioji.cap.  16.  in  9.  Rhasis.  "igjgna 

viosnioiiis  nulla  sunt  nisi  quod  loquantiir  ea  quEE  ante 


^.Mira  vis  concitat  humores,  ardorque  vehemens  men- 
tern  exagitat,  qunm,  &c.  96  Pra?fat.  lamblici 
tnysteriis.  si  Si  melancholicis  haeinorroides  superve- 
nerint  varices,  vel  ut  quibusdam   placet,  aqua   intei 


ripsciebant,    nt    Teutonicum    aut    aliud    Idioma,  &c.  I  cutein,  solvitur  malum.  »-Cap.  10.  de  quartana 

'^ Cap.  1-2.  tract,  de  niel.       93  Tract.  15.  c.  4.      9*Cap  9.  ^ 


t260 


Prognostics  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  1.  Sec.  4. 


hiin  fioin  this  malady,  'tis  a  question;  for  many  physicians  ascribe  all  long  agues 
1.)!  e-spccial  causes,  and  a  quartan  ague  amongst  the  rest.  ^^ Rhasis  cont.lih.  l,truct^ 
U.  -  When  melancholy  gets  out  at  the  superficies  of  the  skin,  or  settles  breaking 
nut  in  scabs,  leprosy,  morphew,  or  is  purged  by  stools,  or  by  the  urine,  or  that  the 
t^pleen  is  enlarged,  and  those  varices  appear,  the  disease  is  dissolved."  Guianerius, 
rap.  5,  tract.  15,  adds  dropsy,  jaundice,  dysentery,  leprosy,  as  good  signs,  to  these 
scabs,  morphews,  and  breaking  out,  and  proves  it  out  of  the  6th  of  Hippocrates' 
Aphorisms. 

Evil  prognostics  on  the  other  part.  Inveterata  melancholia  inciirabilis,  if  it  be 
inveterate,  it  is  '*  incurable,  a  common  axiom,  aut  difficulter  curahilis  as  they  say 
that  make  the  best,  hardly  cured.  This  Galen  witnesseth,  Z.  3,  de  he.  affect,  cap. 
0,  '"be  it  in  whom  it  will,  or  from  what  cause  soever,  it  is  ever  long,  wayward, 
tedious,  and  hard  to  be  cured,  if  once  it  be  habituated.  As  Lucian  said  of  the  gout, 
she  was  ^"the  queen  of  diseases,  and  inexorable,"  may  we  say  of  melancholy.  Yet 
Paracelsus  will  have  all  diseases  whatsoever  curable,  and  laughs  at  them  which  think 
otherwise,  as  T.  Erastus  par.  3,  objects  to  him ;  althougli  in  another  place,  heredi- 
tary diseases  he  accounts  incurable,  and  by  no  art  to  be  removed.  ^Hildesheim 
spied.  2^  de  me/,  holds  it  less  dangerous  if  only  ^ "  imagination  be  hurt,  and  not 
reason,  ^  the  gentlest  is  from  blood.  Worse  from  chojer  adust,  but  the  w  orst  of  all 
from  melancholy  putrefied."  ®  Bruel  esteems  hypochondriacal  least  dangerous,  and 
the  other  two  species  (opposite  to  Galen)  hardest  to  be  cured.  ''The  cure  is  hard 
in  man,  but  much  more  difficult  in  women.  And  both  men  and  women  must  take 
notice  of  that  saying  of  IMontanus  consil.  230.,  pro  Abate  Italo,  ""This  malady  doth 
conunonly  accompany  them  to  their  grave  ;  physicians  may  ease,  and  it  may  lie 
hid  for  a  time,  but  they  cannot  quite  cure  it,  but  it  will  return  again  more  violent 
and  sharp  than  at  first,  and  that  upon  every  small  occasion  or  error :"  as  in  Mer- 
cury's weather-beaten  statue,  that  was  once  all  over  gilt,  the  open  parts  were  clean, 
yet  there  was  infimbriis  aurum,,  in  the  chinks  a  renmant  of  gold  :  there  will  be  some 
relics  of  melancholy  left  in  the  purest  bodies  (if  once  tainted)  not  so  easily  to  be 
rooted  out.  *  Oftentimes  it  degenerates  into  epilepsy,  apoplexy,  convulsions,  and 
blindness:  by  the  authority  of  Hippocrates  and  Galen,  '"all  aver,  if  once  it  possess 
tlie  ventricles  of  the  brain,  Frambesarius,  and  Salust.  Salvianus  adds,  if  it  get  into 
the  optic  nerves,  blindness.  Mercurialis,  consil.  20,  had  a  woman  to  his  patient, 
tliat  from  melancholy  became  epileptic  and  blind.  "If  it  come  from  a  cold  cause, 
or  so  continue  cold,  or  increase,  epilepsy ;  convulsions  follow,  and  blindness,  or  else 
in  the  end  they  are  moped,  sottish,  and  in  all  their  actions,  speeches,  and  gestures, 
ridiculous.  '^  Jf  it  come  from  a  hot  cause,  they  are  more  furious,  and  boisterous,  and 
in  conclusion  mad.  Calescentem  melancholiam  scepius  sequitur  mania.  '^  If  it  heat 
and  increase,  that  is  the  common  event,  '^per  circuitus,  aid  semper  insanit,  he  is  mad 
by  fits,  or  altogether.  For  as  '^  Sennertus  contends  out  of  Crato,  there  is  seminarius 
ignis  in  this  humour,  the  very  seeds  of  fire.  If  it  come  from  melancholy  natural 
adust,  and  in  excess,  they  are  often  demoniacal,  Montanus. 

"^  Seldom  this  malady  procures  death,  except  (which  is  the  greatest,  most  grievous 
calamity,  and  the  misery'  of  all  miseries,)  they  make  away  themselves,  which  is  a 
frequent  thing,  and  familiar  amongst  them.  'Tis  "Hippocrates'  observation,  Galen's 
sentence,  Etsi  mortem  timent.,  tamen  plerumque  sibi  ipsis  mortem  consciscunt,  I.  3.  de 
locis  affec.  cap.  7.  The  doom  of  all  physicians.  'Tis  '* Rabbi  Moses'  Aphorism, 
the  prognosticon  of  Avicenna,  Rhasis,  ^tius,  Gordonius,  Valescus,  Altomarus,  Salust. 
Salvianus,  Capivaccius,  Mercatus,  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  Piso,  Bruel,  Fuchsius,  all,  &.c. 


*Ciiin  sanguis  exit  per  siiperficiem  et  residet  melan- 
cholia per  scabiem,  niorpheam  iiigram,  vel  expiirgatur 
per  inferiores  paries,  vel  urinam,  &c,  nori  erit,  &,c. 
splen  magnificaluret  varices  apparent.  "*(luiajain 
i-onve-^'sa  in  naUiram.  i  In  quocunqiie  sit  a  (jua- 

ciiriH'ic  causa  Hypocon.  prasertini,  semper  est  longa, 
morosa,  nee  facile curari  potest.  '  Regina  morborum 
et  inexorabjiis.  '  Omne  fielirium  quod  oritur  a  pau- 
ritali;  cerebri  incurabile,  Ilildesheim,  spinel. 2.  de  mania. 
■"  Si  sola  imaginatio  la-datur,  et  non  ratio.  s  Mala  li 
sanguine  fervente,  deterior  a  bile  assata,  pessima  ab 
atra  bile  putrefacla.  "  Difficilior  cura  ejus  qu<E  fit 

vltio  corporis  totiiis  et  cerebri.  '  Difficilis  curatu  in 
viris,  multo  difficilior  in  feeminiB.  ^  Ad  interitum 


I  plerumque  homines  comitatur,  licet  medici  Icvent  \>\f- 
rumque,  tamen  non  tullunt  uiiquam,  sed  ri.cidet  acer- 
bior  quam  aiitea  minima  occasione,  aut  errorc.  »  I't-ri- 
culum  est  ne  degenereret  in  Epilepsiam,  Apuplexiaui, 
Coiivulsionem,  cKcitatem.  '"  Montal.  c.  'J5.  l.,Biiren 
tins.  Nic.  Piso.  "  Her.  de  Saxonia,  Aristotle,  Capi- 
vaccius. '2  Fa  vent.  Humor  frigldus  sola  delirii  caiiM, 
furoris  vero  humor  calidus.  '^  Ileurnius  calla  mad 

ness  sobolem  melanchuliie.  "  Alexander  I.  1.  c.  id 

'4  Lib.  1.  part.  2.  r.  1).  "Montalt.  c.  lo.  Haro  mors 

aut  nunquam,  nisi  sibi  ipsis  inferant.  ''  Lib.  d* 

Insan.  Fabio  Calico  Interprete.         "Nouulli  Tiolebtu 
■nanus  sibi  inferunt. 


Mem.  1.]  Prognostics  of  Melancholy.  261 

.o-.r".    „  -  .  „„         J  -         .I-        J-         •._  I         "  And  SO  far  forth  death's  terror  doth  affrislit. 

Et  sa^pe  usque  adeo  morfs  form.dine  v.ts  „    ^^^^^  ,,„„^^lf  ^„j  j,^^^^  jj,g  ,■ 

Perc.p  t  .nfelix  odium  luc.sque  v.dends.  ^„  ^^^^  ^„  ^/^  ^^  ^^.^^  3^,,  „rief  of  hearr, 

Ut  sibi  consciscat  msrenti  peclore  lethum.  j  ^^^  voluntary  dies  to  ease  his  smart." 

In  such  sort  doth  the  torture  and  extremity  of  his  misery  torment  him,  that  he  can 
take  no  pleasure  in  his  life,  but  is  in  a  manner  enforced  to  offer  violence  unto  him- 
self, to  be  freed  from  his  present  insufferable  pains.  So  some  (saith  ^^  Fracastorius) 
"  in  fury,  but  most  in  despair,  sorrow,  fear,  and  out  of  the  anguish  and  vexation  of 
their  souls,  offer  violence  to  themselves :  for  their  life  is  unhappy  and  miserable. 
They  can  take  no  rest  in  the  night,  nor  sleep,  or  if  they  do  slumber,  fearful  dreams 
astonish  them."  In  the  day-time  they  are  affrighted  still  by  some  terrible  object,  and 
torn  in  pieces  with  suspicion,  fear,  sorrow,  discontents,  cares,  shame,  anguish,  &c. 
as  so  many  wild  horses,  that  they  cannot  be  quiet  an  hour,  a  minute  of  time,  but 
even  against  their  wills  they  are  intent,  and  still  thinking  of  it,  they  cannot  forget  it, 
it  grinds  their  souls  day  and  niglit,  they  are  perpetually  tormented,  a  burden  to  them- 
selves, as  Job  was,  they  can  neither  eat,  drink  or  sleep.  Psal.  cvii.  18.  "Their 
soul  abhorreth  all  meat,  and  they  are  brought  to  death's  door,  ^'  being  bound  in 
misery  and  iron  :"  they  ^'  curse  their  stars  with  Job,  ^  •'  and  day  of  their  birth,  and 
wish  for  death :"  for  as  Pineda  and  most  interpreters  hold,  Job  was  even  melancholy 
to  despair,  and  almost  ^^  madness  itself;  they  murmur  many  times  against  the  world, 
friends,  allies,  all  mankind,  even  against  God  himself  in  the  bitterness  of  their  pas- 
sion, ^^  vivere  nolunt,  vior'i  nesciimt,  live  they  will  not,  die  they  cannot.  And  in  the 
midst  of  these  squalid,  ugly,  and  such  irksome  days,  they  seek  at  last,  finding  no 
comfort,  ^^  no  remedy  in  this  wretched  life,  to  be  eased  of  all  by  death.  Omnia  ap- 
petunt  bonum,  all  creatures  seek  the  best,  and  for  their  good  as  they  hope,  sub  specie^ 
in  show  at  least,  vel  quia  viori  pulchrum  putant  (saith  ^"  Hippocrates)  vel  quia  putant 
inde  se  majoribus  malis  liberari,  to  be  freed  as  they  wish.  Though  many  times,  as 
.^sop's  fishes,  they  leap  from  the  frj'ing-pan  into  the  fire  itself,  yet  they  hope  to  be 
eased  by  this  means :  and  therefore  (saith  Felix  ^  Platerus)  •'■  after  many  tedious  days 
at  last,  either  by  drowning,  hanging,  or  some  such  fearful  end,"  they  precipitate  or 
make  away  themselves  :  "  many  lamentable  examples  are  daily  seen  amongst  us  :" 
alius  ante  fores  se  laqueo  suspendit  (as  Seneca  notes),  alius  se  prcecipitavil  d  iecto, 
ne  dominum  stomachantem  audiret,  alius  ne  reducereiur  a  fuga  ferrum  rede  git  in 
viscera.,  "one  hangs  himself  before  his  own  door, — another  throws  himself  from  the 
house-top,  to  avoid  his  master's  anger, — a  third,  to  escape  expulsion,  plunges  a  dag- 
ger into  his  heart," — so  many  causes  there  are His  amor  exitio  est.,  furor  his 

love,  grief,  anger,  madness,  and  shame,  Stc.  'Tis  a  common  calamity,  -^  a  fatal  end 
to  this  disease,  they  are  condemned  to  a  violent  death,  by  a  jury  of  physicians,  furi- 
ously disposed,  carried  headlong  by  their  tyrannising  wills,  enforced  by  miseries,  and 
there  remains  no  more  to  such  persons,  if  that  heavenly  Physician,  by  his  assisting 
grace  and  mercy  alone  do  not  prevent,  (for  no  human  persuasion  or  art  can  help) 
but  to  be  their  own  butchers,  and  execute  themselves.  Socrates  his  cicuta,  Lucreiia's 
dagger,  Timon's  halter,  are  yet  to  be  had ;  Cato's  knife,  and  Nero's  sword  are  left 
behind  them,  as  so  many  fatal  engines,  bequeathed  to  posterity,  and  will  be  used  to 
the  world's  end,  by  such  distressed  souls :  so  intolerable,  insufferable,  grievous,  and 
violent  is  their  pain,  *'so  unspeakable  and  continuate.  One  day  of  grief  is  an  hun- 
dred years,  as  Cardan  observes  :  'Tis  carnificina  hominum.,  angor  anitni.  as  well  saith 
Aretpus,  a  plague  of  the  soul,  the  cramp  and  convulsion  of  the  soul,  an  epitome  of 
hell ;  and  if  there  be  a  hell  upon  earth,  it  is  to  be  found  in  a  melancholy  man's 
heart. 

"  For  that  deep  torture  may  be  call'd  an  hell. 
When  more  is  felt,  tliaii  one  hath  power  to  tell." 

Yea,  that  which  scoffing  Lucian  said  of  the  gout  in  jest,  I  may  truly  affirm  of  melan- 
choly in  earnest. 

i»Lucret.  I.  3.        »>Lib.  2.  de  intell.  sa;pe  mortem  sibi     Horat.  1.  2.  c.  5.  "Lib.  de  insania.    Sicsicjuvat 

consciscunt  ob  timorem  et  tristitiam  tzciiio  vita;  affecti     ire  per  umbras.  *6Cap.  3.  de  mentis  alienat.  nissti 

ob  furorem  et  desperationem.  Est  enim  iiifera,  &.C.  degunt,  dum  tandem  mortem  quam  timent,  suspendio 
Ergo  sic  perpetuo  atflictati  vitam  oderunt,  se  prscipi-  '  aut  submersione,  aut  aliqua  alia  vi,  ut  niulta  tristia 
tant.  his  malis  carituri  aut  interficiunt  se,  aut  tale  quid  i  eserapla  vidimus.  ^s  Arculanus  in  0.  Rhasls.  c.  i6 

comraittunt.  *' Psal.  cvii.  10.  —  job  .x.T.xiii.  !  cavendura  ne  e.x  alto  se  pncipitent  aut  alias  la:(laut. 

33  Job  vi.  8.  **Vi  doloris  et  tristitia:  ad  insaniam  [  so  O  omnium  opinionibus  iiico^itabile  malum.   Lucian. 

pene  redactis.  ''^Seneca.  win  salutis  sus  ]  .Mortesque  mille,  mille  dum  vivit  iieces  gerit,  peritque 

desperatione   proponunt  sibi   mortis  desiaerium,  Oct.  |  Heinsius  Austriaco. 


262 


Prognostics  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  I.  Sec.  4. 


•  O  trisle  nomen  •  o  diis  (xlibile 
Melaiicliulia  lacryiiiosa,  Cocyti  filia, 
Tu  Tariari  speciibus  opacis  edita 
Eriiinys,  utnro  quam  Mtgara  sun  tulit, 
Et  ab  uberibus  aluit,  cuiqiie  parvuls 
Amaruleiitiim  in  os  lac  Alecto  d<.dit, 
Oinncs  abominabilem  te  d!emoiie!i 
Prodiixere  in  luci-ni,  pjitio  mortalium. 
Non  Jupiter  ferit  tale  teluni  fulniinis, 
\oii  ulla  sic  procella  sa;vit  squoris, 
]Von  impetiiosi  tanta  vis  est  turbinis. 
An  asperos  snstineo  morsus  Cerberi  ? 
Nuni  virus  Echidna?  nietnbra  mea  depascitur? 
Aut  tunica  saiiie  tiiicta  Nessi  sanguinis? 
Illacrymabile  et  iinniedicabile  malum  hoc." 


"  O  sad  and  odious  name !  a  name  so  fell. 
Is  this  of  melancholy,  brat  of  hell. 
There  born  in  hellish  darkness  doth  it  dwell. 
The  Furies  brought  it  up,  Megara's  teal, 
Alecto  gave  it  bitter  milk  to  eat. 
And  all  conspir'd  a  banc  lo  mortal  men, 
Et  paulo  To  bring  this  devil  out  of  that  black  den. 
post.      Jupiter's  thurulerbolt,  not  storm  at  sea, 

Nor  whirl-wind  doih  our  hearts  so  much  dismay. 

What  ?  am  I  bit  by  that  fierce  Cerberus  ? 

Or  stung  by  m  serpent  so  ptistiferous  ? 

Or  put  on  shirt  that's  dipt  in  Nessus'  blood? 

My  pain's  past  cure ;  physic  can  do  no  good." 


No  torture  of  body  like  unto  it,  SicuU  non  invcnere  tyranni  viajus  tor7ncn(um,  no 
strappadoes,  hot  irons,  Phalaris'  bulls, 


^'-  Nee  ira  deiim  tantum,  nee  tela,  nee  hostis, 
Quantum  sola  nocos  aniniis  illapsa." 


"  Jove's  wrath,  nr/r  devils  can 
Do  so  much  harm  to  th'  soul  of  man. 


All  fears,  griefs,  suspicions,  discontents,  imbonites,  insuavities  are  swallowed  up,  and 
drowned  in  this  Euripus,  this  Irish  sea,  this  ocean  of  misery,  as  so  many  small 
brooks;  his  coagulum  omnium  cerumnarum:  which  ^Ammianus  applied  to  his  dis- 
tressed Palladius.  I  say  of  our  melancholy  man,  he  is  the  cream  of  human  adrer- 
.«ity.  the  ^quintessence,  and  upshot;  all  other  diseases  whatsoever,  are  but  flea- 
bitings  to  melancholy  in  extent:  'Tis  the  pith  of  them  all,  '■^IluspUium  est  calami- 
talis;  quid  verbis  opus  est  f 


"Quamcunque  malam  rem  quicris,  illic  reperies:" 


•  What  need  more  words  ?  'tis  calamities  inn. 
Where  seek  for  any  mischief,  'lis  williin  ; " 


and  a  melancholy  man  is  that  true  Prometheus,  which  is  bound  to  Caucasus ;  the 
true  Titius,  whose  bowels  are  still  by  a  vulture  devoured  (as  poets  feign)  for  so  doth 
^  Lilius  Geraldus  interpret  it,  of  anxieties,  and  those  griping  cares,  and  so  ought  it  to 
Ite  understood.  In  all  other  maladies,  we  seek  for  help,  if  a  leg  or  an  arm  ache, 
through  any  distemperature  or  wound,  or  that  we  have  an  ordinary  disease,  above 
all  things  whatsoever,  we  desire  help  and  lualth,  a  present  recovery,  if  by  any  means 
possible  it  may  be  procured ;  we  will  freelv  part  with  all  our  other  fortunes,  sub- 
stance, endure  any  misery,  drink  bitter  j)otions,  swallow  those  distasteful  pills,  suffer 
our  joints  to  be  seared,  to  be  cut  of]',  aiiytliinir  for  future  health :  so  sweet,  so  dear, 
so  precious  above  all  other  things  in  this  world  is  life :  'tis  that  we  chiefly  desire, 
long  life  and  happy  days,  ^  multus  da  Jupiter  anwis.,  increase  of  years  all  men  wish; 
but  to  a  melancholy  man,  nothing  so  tedious,  nothing  so  odious;  that  which  they 
so  carefully  seek  to  preserve  **he  abhors,  he  alone;  so  intolerable  are  his  pains; 
some  make  a  question,  graviores  morbi  corporis  an  animi,  w  hether  the  diseases  of 
llie  body  or  mhid  be  more  grievous,  but  there  is  no  comparison,  no  doubt  to  be  made 
oi  it,  multb  enim  scevior  longeque  est  alrocior  animi^  qudm  corporis  cruciatus  (Lcm. 
I.  1.  c.  12.")  the  diseases  of  the  mind  are  far  more  grievous. —  Totum  hie  pro  vuinere 
corpus,  body  and  soul  is  misaffected  here,  but  the  soul  especially.  So  Cardan  testifies 
de  rerum  var.  lib.  8.  40.  *  Maximus  Tyrius  a  Platonist,  and  Plutarch,  have  made 
just  volumes  to  prove  it.  *^Dies  adimit  cpgritudincm  hominibus,  in  other  diseases 
there  is  some  hope  likely,  but  these  unhappy  men  are  born  to  misery,  past  all  hope 
of  recover) ,  incurably  sick,  the  longer  they  live  the  worse  they  are,  and  death  alone 
must  ease  them. 

Another  doubt  is  made  by  some  philosophers,  whether  it  be  lawful  for  a  man  in 
such  extremity  of  pain  and  grief,  to  make  away  himself:  and  how  tliese  men  thai 
so  do  are  to  be  censured.  The  Platonists  approve  of  it,  that  it  is  lawful  in  such 
cases,  and  upon  a  necessity ;  Plotinus  /.  de  beatitud.  c.  7.  and  Socrates  himself  de- 
fends it.  in  Plato's  Pha^don,  "  if  any  man  labour  of  an  incurable  disease,  he  may 
despatch  himself,  if  it  be  to  his  good."  Epicurus  and  his  followers,  the  cynics  and 
stoics  in  general  affirm  it,  Epictetus  and  *' Seneca  amongst  the  rest,  </?/«mcw/iywt' ifraffi 
esse  viam  ad  libertatem,  any  way  is  allowable  that  leads  to  liberty,  "''let  us  give 
God  thanks,  that  no  man  is  compelled  to  live  against  his  will;"  **quid  ad  haminem 


3- Regina  morborum  cui  famulantur  omnes  et  obedi. 
unt.      Cardan.  «  Eheu  quis  intus  Scorpio,  ic. 

Seneca  Act.  4.     Here.  O  Et.  "Silius  Italicus. 

^  Lib.  09.  »  Hie  omnis  imbonitas  et  insuavitas 

consistit,  ut  Tertulliani  verbis  ular,  orat.  ad.  martvr. 
••Maiitus.  s' Vit.  Herculis.  *Persius.  »Quid 
Cdt  uiiaerius  in  viia,  quaoi  velle  mori  ?  Seoeca.    ^  Tom. 


2.    Libello,  an  graviores  passiones,  tec.  «'  Ter. 

*^  Patet  exilus ;  si  pugnare  non  vultia,  licet  fueere ;  quia 
vos  tenet  invites  7     Ue  provir).  cap.  8.  <*Againu« 

Deo  grati.is,  quod  nemo  invitus  in  vita  teneri  potect. 
*^  Epist.  id.  Seneca  et  de  sacra.  2.  cap.  U.  «(  Etiiu. 
70.  et  12. 


Mem.  l.J  Prognostics  of  Melancholy.  263 

clnustra,  career,  custodia?  liherum  ostium  habet,  death  is  always  read  v  and  at  hand. 
Vidcs  ilium  prcecipit em  locum,  illud  Jlumcn,  dost  thou  see  that  steep  place,  that  river, 
that  pit,  that  tree,  there's  liberty  at  hand,  effugia  servitutis  et  doloris  sunt,  as  that 
Laconian  lad  cast  himself  headlong  (^non  serviam  aiebat  puer)  to  be  freed  of  his 
misery :  every  vein  in  thy  body,  if  these  be  nimis  operosi  exiius,  will  set  thee  free, 
quid  tua  refert  Jinem  facias  an  uccipias  ?  there's  no  necessity  for  a  man  to  live  in 
misery.  Malum  est  ntccssilati  vivere  ;  sed  in  necessitate  vivere,  necess'itas  nulla  est. 
Ignavus  qui  sine  causa  moritur,  et  stultus  qui  cum  dolore  vivil,  Idem  epi.  58.  Where- 
fore hath  our  mother  the  earth  brought  out  poisons,  saith  ^  Pliny,  in  so  great  a 
quantity,  but  that  men  in  distress  might  make  away  themselves  ?  which  kings  of  old 
had  ever  in  a  readiness,  ad  incerta  fortunce  venenum  sub  custode  projuptutn.  Livv 
writes,  and  executioners  always  at  hand.  Speusippes  being  sick  was  met  by  Dio- 
genes, and  carried  on  his  slaves'  shoulders,  he  made  his  moan  to  the  philosopher ; 
but  I  pity  thee  not,  quoth  Diogenes,  qui  cum  talk  vivere  sustines,  thou  mayst  be 
freed  when  thou  wilt,  meaning  by  death.  ""^  Seneca  therefore  commends  Cato,  Dido, 
and  Lucretia,  for  their  generous  courage  in  so  doing,  and  others  that  voluntarily  die, 
to  avoid  a  greater  mischief,  to  free  themselves  from  misery,  to  save  their  honour,  or 
vindicate  their  good  name,  as  Cleopatra  did,  as  Sophonisba,  Syphax's  wife  did,  Flan- 
nibal  did,  as  Junius  Brutus,  as  Vibius  Virus,  and  those  Campanian  senators  in  Livy 
{Dec.  3.  lib.  G.)  to  escape  the  Roman  tyranny,  that  poisoned  themselves.  Themis- 
tocles  drank  bull's  blood,  rather  than  he  w^ould  fight  against  his  country,  and  Demos- 
thenes chose  rather  to  drink  poison,  Publius  Crassi  filius,  Censorius  and  Plancus, 
those  heroical  Romans  to  make  away  themselves,  than  to  fall  into  their  enemies' 
hands.  How  many  myriads  besides  in  all  ages  might  I  remember,  qui  sibi  lethwn 
Insontes  pepperere  raanu^  <^-c.  "  Rhasis  in  the  Maccabees  is  magnified  for  it,  Sam- 
son's death  approved.  So  did  Saul  and  Jonas  sin,  and  many  worthy  men  and  women, 
quorum  memoria  celebratur  in  Ecclesia,  saith  ■*'Leminchus,  for  killing  themselves  to 
save  their  chastity  and  honour,  when  Rome  was  taken,  as  Austin  instances,  I.  I.  de 
Civ  it.  iJei,  cap.  16.  Jerom  vindicateth  the  same  in  lonam  et  Ambrose,  I.  3.  de  vir- 
ginitate  commendeth  Pelagia  for  so  doing.  Eusebius,  lib.  8.  cap.  15.  admires  a 
Roman  matron  for  the  same  fact  to  save  herself  from  the  lust  of  Maxentius  the 
Tyrant.  Adelhelmus,  abbot  of  Malmesbury,  calls  them  Beatas  virgines  quce  sic,  &.c. 
Titus  Pomponius  Atticus,  that  wise,  discreet,  renowned  Roman  senator,  Tully's  dear 
friend,  when  he  had  been  long  sick,  as  he  supposed,  of  an  incurable  disease,  vilam- 
que  producerct  ad  augendos  dolores,  sine  spe  salulis,  was  resolved  voluntarily  by 
famine  to  despatch  himself  to  be  rid  of  his  pain ;  and  when  as  Agrippa,  and  the'  rest 
of  his  weeping  friends  earnestly  besought  him,  osculantes  obsecrarent  ne  id  quod 
natura  cogeret,  ipse  acceleraret,  not  to  oft'er  violence  to  himself,  "  witli  a  settled 
resolution  he  desired  again  they  w^ould  approve  of  his  good  intent,  and  not  seek  to 
dehort  him  from  it :"  and  so  constantly  died,  prccesque  eorum  taciturml  sua  obstina- 
tione  depressit.  Even  so  did  Gorellius  Rufus,  another  grave  senator,  by  the  relation 
of  Plinius  Secundus,  epist.  lib.  I.  episl.  12.  famish  himself  to  death  ;  pedibus  correptus 
cum  incredibiles  cruciatus  et  indignissima  tormenta  patcretur,  a  cibis  omnino  absti- 
nuit;*'^  neither  he  nor  Hispilla  his  wife  could  divert  him,  but  destinatus  mori  obstinate 
magis,  &c.  die  he  would,  and  die  he  did.  So  did  Lycurgus,  Aristotle,  Zeno,  Ciiry- 
sippus,  Empedocles,  with  myriads,  &.c.  In  wars  for  a  man  to  run  rashly  upon 
imminent  danger,  and  present  death,  is  accounted  valour  and  magnanimity,  ^°  to  be 
the  cause  of  his  own,  and  many  a  thousand's  ruin  besides,  to  commit  wilful  murder 
in  a  manner,  of  himself  and  others,  is  a  glorious  thing,  and  he  shall  I)e  crowned  for 
it.  The  ^' Massegataj  in  former  times,  ^^  Barbiccians,  and  I  know  not  what  nations 
besides,  did  stifle  their  old  men,  after  seventy  years,  to  free  them  from  those  griev- 
ances incident  to  that  age.  So  did  the  inhabitants  of  the  island  of  Choa,  because 
their  air  w^as  pure  and  good,  and  the  people  generally  long  lived,  antevcrtebanl  fatum 
suum,  priusquam  manci  forent,  aut  imbecillitas  accedcret,  papaverc  vel  cicuta,  with 
poppy  or  hemlock  they  prevented  death.     Sir  Thomas  More  in  his  Utopia  commends 

«Lib.  2.    cap.  83.      Terra    mater    nostri    mi=erta.  |  tional   tortures,  he   abstained   from   food  altogether." 
n-  F.pist.  24.  71.  22.  «'  Mac    1!.  4-2.  •"*  Vindi-     50  .^g  amongst  Turks  and  others.  si  Boheinus  tie 

f.ati')  .■\poc.  lib.  ""Finding  that  he  would  be  des-     mnribns  gent.  "^^.Elja,,.  lib  4.  cap.  1.  oniiies  70. 

lined  te  endure  excruciating  "aiu  of  the  feet,  and  addj-  j  annum  egressos  interficiuut. 


264  Prognostics  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  1.  Sect.  4 

voluntary  death,  if  he  be  sihi  nut  aids  molestus.,  troublesome  to  himself  or  others, 
(^"especially  if  to  live  be  a  torment  to  him,)  let  him  free  himself  with  his  owr 
hands  from  tliis  tedious  life,  as  from  a  prison,  or  sufl'er  himself  to  be  freed  by  others." 
^  And  'tis  the  same  tenet  which  Laertius  relates  of  Zeno,  of  old,  Juste  sapiens  sibi 
mortem  consciscit,  si  in  acerbis  doloribus  versetur,  membrorum  mutdatione  aut  morbis 
(Fgre  curandis,  and  which  Plato  9.  de  Icgibus  approves,  if  old  age,  poverty,  igno- 
miny, &c.  oppress,  and  which  Fabius  expresseth  in  effect.  {Pro-fat.  7.  Jnstilul.) 
jye?no  nisi  sna  culpd  diu  dolet.  It  is  an  ordinary  thing  in  China,  (saith  Mat.  Paccius 
the  Jesuit,)  "''if  they  be  in  despair  of  better  fortunes,  or  tired  and  tortured  with 
inisery,  to  bereave  themselves  of  life,  and  many  times,  to  spile  their  eneuiies  tji 
more,  to  hang  at  their  door."  Tacitus  the  historian,  Plutarch  the  philosopher,  niuc 
approve  a  voluntary  dej)arture,  and  Aust.  de  civ.  Dei.,  I.  I.e.  29.  defends  a  violen 
ileatli,  so  that  it  be  undertaken  in  a  good  cause,  nemo  sic  mortuus.,  qui  non  fueral 
aliquando  nwriturus;  quid  autcm  interest,  quo  mortis  gene  re  vita  ista  fniatur,  quando 
ille  cui  fnitur,  iterum  mori  non  cogitur?  Sfc.  ^no  man  so  voluntarily  dies,  but  I'olens 
nolens.,  he  must  die  at  last,  and  our  life  is  subject  to  innumerable  casualties,  who 
knows  when  they  may  happen,  utrum  satius  est  unam  perpeti  moriendo,  an  omnes 
timere  vivcndo,  "  rather  sutler  one,  than  fear  all.  "  Death  is  better  than  a  bitter  life,"'' 
Eccl.  XXX.  17.  ^^and  a  harder  choice  to  live  in  fear,  than  by  once  dying,  to  be  freed 
from  all.  Theombrolus  Ambr3cit)tcs  persuaded  1  know  not  how  many  hundreds  of 
his  auditors,  by  a  luculent  oration  he  made  of  the  miseries  of  this,  and  happiness  of 
that  other  life,  to  precipitate  themselves.  And  having  read  Plato's  divine  tract  de 
anima.,  for  example's  sake  led  the  way  first.  That  neat  epigram  of  Calliinachus  will 
tell  you  as  much, 

'""  Jamque  vale  Soli  cum  diceret  Ambrnciotet, 
In  Slygios  fertur  desittiisse  lacus, 
Murle  nihil  dignuin  iKissua:  svii  Torte  Platonis 
Diviui  exiiuuiii  de  nece  legit  opus." 

**Calenus  and  his  Indians  haled  of  old  to  die  a  natural  death:  the  Circumcellians 
and  Donatists,  loathing  life,  compelled  others  to  make  them  away,  with  many  such  : 
"but  these  are  false  and  pagan  positions,  profane  stoical  paradoxes,  wicked  exam 
oles,  it  boots  not  what  heathen  philosophers  determine  in  this  kind,  they  are  impious, 
abominable,  and  upon  a  wrong  ground.  '•  No  evil  is  to  be  done  that  good  may  come 
of  it ;"  reclamat  Christus,  reclatnat  Scriptura,  God,  and  all  good  men  are  "  against 
it:  lie  that  slab?  another, can  kill  his  body;  but  he  that  stabs  himself",  kills  his  own 
soul.  "  JV/«/e  meretur,  qui  dat  mendico,  quod  edat;  nam  et  illud  quod  dat,  pent;  el 
illi  producit  vitam  ad  miseriam:  he  that  gives  a  beggar  an  alms  (as  that  comical  poet 
said)  doth  ill,  because  he  doth  but  prolong  his  miseries.  But  Ljiclaiitius  /.  6.  c.  7. 
de  vero  cullu.,  calls  it  a  detestable  opinion,  and  fully  confutes  it,  lib.  3.  de  sap.  cap. 
18.  and  S.Austin,  ep.  52.  ad  Macedonium,  cap.  61 .  ad  Dulcitium  Tribunum:  so  doth 
llierom  to  MarccUa  of  Elesilla's  death,  .Yon  recipio  tales  animaSj  ^-c,  he  calls  such 
men  martyres  stultce  Philosophic^:  so  doth  Cyprian  de  duplici  martyrio;  Si  qui  sic 
moriantur,  aut  infirmitas,  aut  ambitio,  aut  dementia  cogit  eos;  'tis  mere  madness  so 
to  do,  ^furore  est  ne  moriare  mori.  To  this  eflect  writes  Arist.  3.  Ethic.  Lipsius 
Manuduc.  ad  Stoicam  Phdosophiccm  lib.  3.  dissertat.  23.  but  it  needs  no  cofifuta- 
tion.  This  only  let  me  add,  that  in  some  cases,  those  "  hard  censures  of  such  as 
offer  violence  to  their  own  persons,  or  in  some  desperate  fit  to  others,  which  some- 
limes  they  do,  by  slabbing,  slashing,  8lc.  are  to  be  mitigated,  as  in  such  as  are  mad, 
beside  themselves  for  the  time,  or  found  to  have  been  long  melancholy,  and  that  in 

»3Lib.  U.  Prasertim  quuin  tnrmcntum  ei  Vila  fit,  i  seniel  moriendo.  nullum  di.-inceps  formidare.  ^•"And 
bona  spe  fretus,  acf-rba  Vila  velut  a  carcere  se  exiinat,  now  whi-n  Anibrix-imes  wan  biddinq  farewtll  to  the 
vrl  ab  aliis  exinii  !>ua  vuluntale  patiatur.  "  Naiu     linht  of  day,  ami  al>oiil  to  ca^t  liiniwll'inlo  ili*-  Siygian 

qiiis  ainphnram  exsicrans  I'tEcem  exorberet  (Sfiieca  '  pool,  althoueh  he  had  not  been  (jiiilty  of  any  rriiiie  thai 
epist.  58.)  qiiis  in  psnas  et  ri:suin  viveret  ?  stijiti  est  i  nienled  death:  biit.  p<Thaps.  he  had  read  that  iliviiiC 
iiianere  in  vita  ruin  sit  miser.  ^  Expedit.  ad  Sina«     work  of  Plato  upon   Death."  "oCurtiiis  I.   JB. 

I.  I.  c.  9.  Vel  bnnonim  desperatiojie,  vel  malorum  per-  •'  Laqueiis  pnccigun,  com.  1.  I.  5.  qiiidani  naufrapio 
pexsione  fiacti  et  facitati,  vel  nianus  violentas  eibi  in-  facto,  aniis-iM  trilius  liberis,  et  uxore.  Huiiiiendil  »«  ; 
f'-runt  vel  lit  iiiiniicis  siiis  iC!;re  faciant,  &c.  £<'■  No  I  pra'cidit  illi  quidaiii  ex  pra-tereiintibus  lai|iieuin  :   All- 


one  ever  died  in  this  way,  who  would  not  have  died 
some  lime  or  other ;  but  what  does  it  signify  how  life 
ii^'elf  may  be  ended,  i^iiice  he  who  comes  to  the  end  is 
not  oblieed  to  die  a  .second  time  ?"  "  So  did  An- 

thony. Galba,  Vitellius.  Olho,  Aristotle  himself,  ice. 
Ajdx  III  derpair ;  Cleopatra  to  save  her  honour.      ^  In- 


berato  reus  fit  malefini.     .*!eneca.  "S-e  I,i|xtiu» 

.Manuduc.  ad  Stoicam  philosoplniini  lib.  J.  di»M;rt. -.K. 
D.  Kings  H.  Lect.  on  Jonas.  1».  .Abbol'ii  li  l>ct.  on  the 
same  prophet.  « Plautiii".  "Marlial.  "As 

to  be  buried  out  of  Chrinliaii  burial  with  a  slake.  Idem. 
HIalu  9.  de  legibus.  \ult  separatim  sept'liri,  qui  sibt  i(t- 


(>  tius  deligitur  d  i  viveru  quam  in  timore  tot  morborum  |  sis  mortem  consciscuot,  dec.  lose  tlieir  goods.  &.C 


Mem.  1.] 


Prognostics  of  Melancholy. 


265 


extremity,  they  know  not  what  they  do,  deprived  of  reason,  judgment,  all,  ^^  as  a 
ship  that  is  void  of  a  pilot,  must  needs  impinge  upon  the  next  rock  or  sands,  and 
suffer  shipwreck.  ^^P.  Foresius  hath  a  story  of  two  melancholy  brethren,  that  made 
away  themselves,  and  for  so  foul  a  fact,  were  accordingly  censured  to  be  infamously 
buried,  as  in  such  cases  they  use :  to  terrify  others,  as  it  did  the  Milesian  virgins  of 
old ;  but  upon  farther  examination  of  their  misery  and  madness,  the  cejisure  was 
^revoked,  and  they  were  solemnly  interred,  as  Saul  was  by  David,  2  Sam.  ii.  4.  and 
Seneca  well  adviseth,  Irascere  interfeclori^  sed  miserere  interfecti;  be  justly  offended 
with  him  as  he  was  a  murderer,  but  pity  him  now  as  a  dead  man.  Thus  of  their 
goods  and  bodies  we  can  dispose ;  but  what  shall  become  of  their  souls,  God  alone 
can  tell ;  his  mercy  may  come  inter  pontem  et  font  em,  inter  gladium  et  jugulum, 
betwixt  the  bridge  and  the  brook,  the  knife  and  the  throat.  Quod  cuiquam  contigit, 
qnivis  potest:  Who  knows  how  he  may  be  tempted  .?  It  is  his  case,  it  may  be  thine : 
^  QucB  sua  sors  hodie  est,  eras  fore  vestra  potest.  We  ought  not  to  be  so  rash  and 
rigorous  in  our  censures,  as  some  are ;  charity  will  judge  and  hope  the  best :  God 
be  merciful  unto  us  all. 


"  Navis  destituta   nauclero,  in   terribilem  aliqumn 
scopuluin  iinpingit.  e?  Qbservat.  esgeneca 

tracl.  1.  1.  8.  c.  4.     Les,  Homicida  in  se  insepultus  abji- 
ciatur,  contradicitur ;  Eo  quod  afferre  sibi  manus  coac- 


tus  sit.  assiduis  malis  ;  summara  infelicitatem  suam  ic 
hoc  removit,  quod  existimabat  licere  misero  mori, 
s9  Buchanan.  Elcg.  lib. 


(260  ) 


THE 


SYlXOPSIS  OF  THE  SECOjVD  PAHTITION. 


Cure  of 
melancholy 
ie>  either 


Unlawful 

means 

forbidden, 


(Sect.  1. 
General 
to  all, 
which 
contains 


=f   Sect.  2. 
Dietetical, 
which  con- 
sists in  re- 
forming 
tltjse  six 
non-natural 
lhin<;j,  as  in 


Lawful 
means, 
which  are 


(Memb. 

1.  From  the  devil,  magicians,  witches,  &c.,  by  charms, 
I       spells,  incantations,  images,  &c. 

J  i^ueit.  1.   Whether  they  can  cure  this,  or  other  such 

like  diseases  * 
(^iieit.  2.  Whether,  if  they  can  so  cure,  it  be  lawful 
to  seek  to  them  for  help  ] 

2.  Immediately    from    God,    a    Jove    principiuiu,    by' 
prayer,  &c. 

3.  Qitext.  1.   Whether  saints   and   their  relics  can   help 
this  infirmity  1 

Que.st  2.   Whether  it  be  lawful  in  this  case  to  sue  to 
them  for  aid. 
Sutisect. 

1.  I'hysician,  in  whom  is  required  science, 
confidence,  honesty,  &c. 

2.  Patient  in  whom  is  required  obedi- 
ence, constancy,  willingness,  patience,  con- 
fidence, bounty,  &c.,  not  to  practise  on 
himself.  « 

3.  I'hysic,     f  Dietetical  T' 
which       <  Pharmaceutical  H 

consists  of    [Chirurgical  II 

'din 


4.  Medi- 
ately by 
Nature 
which 
concerns 
and 
works  by 


Diet  rec- 
tified. 
I  1.  Memb. 


Fish 


Herbs 


L« 


1^  Particular  to  the  three  distinct  species, 

Such   m^ats  as  are  easy  of  digestion,   well-dresf^ed,  hot, 

sod,  Ac,  young,  moist,  of  good  nourishinenl,  i:c. 
Bread  of  pure  wheat,  well-baked. 
Matter  Water  clear  from  the  fountain, 

and  qua-        Wine  and  drink  not  too  strong,  &c. 
lity.  r  Mountain  birds,  partridge,  pheasant,  quails, 

1.  Subs.      I  Flesh  {      &c. 

^Hen,  capon,  mutton,  veal,  kid,  rabbit,  dec. 
J  That  live  in  gravelly  waters,  as  pike,  perch, 
I      trout,  sea-fish,  solid,  white,  &c. 
j  Borage,  bugloss,  balm,  succory ,  endive,  violets, 
\      in  broth,  not  raw,  &c. 
Fruits  I  Raisins  of  the  sun,  apples  corrected  f»T  wind, 

and  roots.    [      oranges,  &c.,  parsnips,  potatoes,  &c. 
At  seasonable  and  unusual  times  of  rejiast,  in  good  order, 
nut  before  the  first  be  concocted,  sparing,  not  overmuch 
of  one  dish. 

2.  Rectification  of  retention  and  evacuation,  as  costiveness,  venery,  bleeding  at  nose, 
months  stopped,  baths,  &c. 

3.  Air  recti-    (-Naturally  in  the  choice  and  site  of  our  country,  dwelling-place,  to 
fied,  with  a      I       be  hot  and  moist,  light,  wholesome,  pleasant,  &c. 

digression  of    |  Artificially,  by  often  change  of  air,  avoiding  winds,  fogs,  leinpesls, 
the  air  I.      opening  windows,  perfumes,  &c. 

Of  body   and    mind,   but   moderate,  as   hawking,   hunting,   riding, 
shooting,  bowling,  fishing,  fowling,  walking  in  fair  fields,  gatlerii's, 

4.  Exercise    ^      tennis,  bar. 
Of  mind,  as  chess,  cards,  tables,  <Scc.,  to  see  plays,  masks,  Clc,  serious 

studies,  business,  all  honest  recreations. 

5.  Rectification  of  waking  and  terrible  dreams,  «kc. 

^  6.  Rectification  of  passions  and  perturbatioDs  of  the  mind.  — 


2.  Quan- 
tity. 


From 

himself 


Me/r.b.  6. 
Passions 
and  pertur- 
bations of 
the  mind 
rectified. 


from  his 

friends. 


Synopsis  of  the  Second  Partition.  267 

f  SuLsed. 

I  1.   By  using  all  good  means  of  help,  confessing  to  a  friend,  &c. 

I       Avoiding  all  occasions  of  his  infirmity. 

L      Xot  giving  way  to  passions,  but  resisting  to  his  utmost. 

2.  By  fair  and   foul  means,  counsel,  comfort,  good  persuasion,  witty 

devices,  fictions,  and,  if  it  be  possible,  to  satisfy  his  mind. 

3.  Music  of  all  sorts  aptly  applied. 

4.  Mirth  and  merry  company. 

(Memb. 

1.  General  discontents  and  grievances  satisfied. 

2.  Particular  discontents,  as   deformity  of  bo''y,  sick- 
Sect.  3.  ness,  baseness  of  birth,  &c. 

A  consola-  3.   Poverty    and    want,    such    calamities    <ind    adver- 

tory  digres-  sities. 

sion,  con-  4.  Against    servitude,    loss    of    liberty,    imprisonment, 

taining  re-  banishment,  &c. 

medies  to  all  '  5.  Against  vain  fears,  sorrows  for  death  of  friends,  or 


discontents 
and  passions 
of  the  mind. 


otherwise. 

6.  Against    envy,    livor,    hatred,    malice,    emulation, 

ambition,  and  self-love,  &c. 

7.  Against  repulses,  abuses,   injuries,    contempts,   dis- 

graces, contumelies,  slanders,  and  scofis,  &c. 

8.  Against  all  other  grievous  and  ordinary  symptoms 

of  this  disease  of  melancholy. 


f       f       r  Simples 
altering    . 
melan- 
choly, 
with  a  di- 
gression 
of  exotic 
simples. 
2.  Subs. 


Sect.  4. 
Pharmaceu- 
tics, or  Phy- 
sic which 
cureth  with 
medicines, 
with  a  di- 
gression of 
this  kind  of 
physic,  is 
either 
Alemb.  1. 
Subject.  1. 


<;or 


Com- 
pounds 
altering 
melan- 
choly, 
with  a  di- 
gression 
I  of  com- 
I  pounds. 
^  1.  Subs. 


fTo  the  heart ;  borage,  bugloss,  scorzonera,  &c. 
To  the  head  ;  balm,  hops,  nenuphar,  &c. 
f Herbs.  |  Liver;  eupatory,  artemisia,  &c. 

3.  Subs.      }  Stomach  ;  wormwood,  centaury,  pennyroyal. 

I  Spleen  ;  ceterache,  ash,  tamarisk. 

To  purify  the  blood ;  endive,  succory,  &c. 
!  Against  wind ;  origan,  fennel,  aniseed,  &c. 

4.  Precious  stones  ;  as  smaragdes,  chelidonies,  (Sec.  Minerals ; 

as  gold,  &c. 


f  ^ 


r    fluid 


r  -, 


=   < 


con- 
sisting 


r  hot 


solid,  as 
those 
aroma- 
tical 
confec- 
tions. 


Wines ;  as  of  hellebore,  bugloss,  ta- 
marisk, &c. 

Syrups  of  borage,  bugloss,  hops,  epi- 
thyme,  endive,  succory,  &c. 

r  Conserves  of  violets,  maidenhair,  borage, 
'       bugloss,  roses,  drc. 
j  Confections  ;    treacle,   mithridate,   ecleg- 
1      mes  or  linctures. 

fDiambra,  dianthos. 

Diamargaritum  calidum. 
■;  Diamoscum  dulce. 
I  Electuarium  de  gemmis. 
I^Lsetificans  Galen i  et  Rhasis 


L 


("Diamargaritum  frigidum. 
cold    I  Diarrhodon  abbatis. 

[Diacorolli,  diacodium  with  their  tables. 

1^  Condiles  of  all  sorts,  &c. 


I 


Purging    C 
^Particular  to  the  three  distinct  species,  a!2  ^  m 


Oils  of  camomile,  violets,  roses,  &c. 
Out-        I  Ointments,  alablastritum,  populeum,  &c. 
wardly    ■{  Liniments,  plasters,  cerotes,  cataplasms,  frontala, 
used,  as  I      fomentations,    epithymes,   sacks,   bags,   odora 
(_     ments,  posies,  &c. 


268 


Medicines 
purging 
Dielan- 
choly,  are 
either 
Meinb.  2. 


Simples 
purging 
melan- 
choly. 


3.  Subs. 
Com- 
pounds 
purging 
mcian- 
.choly. 


n  Chirurgical  physic, 
which  consists  of  Memb.  3. 


Synopsis  of  the  Second  Partition. 

^j  *■  "    ,'       'Asrabecca,   laurel,   white   hellebore,  scilla,   or  sea-onion, 

^       .'      1      antinwny,  tobacco, 
as  vomits.   J 

More  gentle;  as  senna,  epithy me,  polipody,  mirobalanes. 
fumitory,  &c. 


or 

Down- 
ward. 
2.  Subs. 


Superior 
parts 


Stronger;  aloes,  lapis  A rmenus,  lapis  lazuli,  black  helle- 
!_      bore. 

f  r  ^  [Liquid,  as  potions,  juleps,  syrups,  wine  of 

Mouth         £;        hellebore,  busiloss,  &c. 

I  I  Solid,  as  lapis  Armcnus,  and  lazuli,  pills 
of  IndiT,  pills  of  fumitory,  «&c. 
Electuaries,  diasena,  confection  of  hamech, 
hierologludium,  &c. 

Not    swallowed,   as    gargarisms,   masticatories, 
(Sec. 

Nostrils,  sneezing  powders,  odoraments,  perfumes,  &c. 


Inferior  parts,  as  clysters  strong  and  weak,  and  suppositories  of  Casti 
lian  soap,  honey  boiled,  &c. 

[Phlebotomy,  to  all  parts  almost,  and  all  the  distinct  species. 
With  knife,  horseleeches. 
Cupping-glasses. 

Cauteries,  and  searing  with  hot  irons,  boring. 
Dropax  and  sinapism  us. 
issues  to  several  parts,  and  upon  several  occasions. 


^  Sect.  5. 
Cure  of 
head-melan- 
choly. 
Memb.  1. 


f      1.  Subaect. 
Moderate  diet,  meat  of  good  juice,  moistening,  easy  of  digestion. 
Good  air. 

Sleep  more  than  ordinary. 

Excrements  daily  to  be  voided  by  art  or  nature. 

Exercise  of  body  and  mind  not  too  violent,  or  too  remiss,  passions  of  the  mind,  and 
perturbations  to  be  avoided. 

2.  Blood-letting,  if  there  be  need,  or  thai  the  blood  be  corrupt,  in  the  arm,  fore- 
head, &.C.,  or  with  cupping-glasses. 

[Preparatives;  as  syrup  of  borage,   bugloss,  epithyme,  hops,   with 
their  distilled  waters,  dec. 


3.  Prepara- 
tives and 
purgers. 


4.  Averters.     . 


5.  Cordials, 
resolvers, 
hinderers. 


Purgers ;  as  Montanus,  and  Matthiolus  helleborismus,  Quercetanus, 
syrup  of  hellebore,  extract  of  hellebore,  pulvis  Hali,  antimony 
prepared,  Rulandi  aqua  rnirabitis ;  which  are  used,  if  gentler 
medicines  will  not  take  place,  with  Arnoldus,  vinum  bugloMO- 
turn,  senna,  cassia,  mirobalanes,  utirum  potubite,  or  before 
Hamecb,  Pil.  Indx,  Hiera.  Pil.  de  lap.  Armeno,  lazuli. 

Cardan's  nettles,  frictions,  clysters,  suppositories,  sneezings,  masti- 
catories, nasals,  cupping-glasses. 
To    open    the    htemorrhoids   with    horseleeches,    to   apply    horse- 
leeches to  the  forehead  without  scarification,  to  the  shoulders. 
I      thighs. 
I  Issues,   boring,  cauteries,   hot   irons  in  the  suture  of  the  crown. 

A  cup  of  wine  or  strong  drink. 
Bezars  stone,  amber,  spice. 
J  Conserves  of  borage,  bugloss,  roses,  fumitory. 
Confection  of  akhermes. 
Ekctuarium  Ixtificans  Galen  i  et  Rhaais,  SfC. 
.  Diumargaritum  frig,  diaboraginatum,  JfC. 


Synopsis  of  the  Second  Partition. 


209 


6.  Correctors 
of  accidents, 
(•as, 


Inwardly 
taken, 


f  Odoraments  of  roses,  violets. 
Irrigations  of  the  Iiead,  with  the  decoctions  of  n}  mphea,  lettuce, 

mallows,  &c. 
Epithymes,  ointments,  bags  to  the  heart. 
Fomentations  of  oil  for  the  belly. 

Baths  of  sweet  water,  in  which  were  sod  mallows,  violets,  roses, 
water-lilies,  borage  flowers,  ramsheads,  &c. 

r  Poppy,  ny mphea,  lettuce,  roses,  purs- 

I'  Simples       <      lane,    henbane,    mandrake,    night- 
l.      shade,  opium,  &c. 
J         °'"  f  Liquid,  as  syrups  of  poppy,  verbasco, 

violets,  roses. 
Com-  ^  Solid,     as     requies     Nicholai,     Phi- 

pounds.        I       Ionium,    Romanum,    Laudajiiini 

\_     Puracelsi. 
Oil  of  nymphea,  poppy,  violets,  roses,  mandrake, 

nutmegs. 
Odoraments  of  vinegar,  rose-water,  opium. 
Frontals  of  rose-cake,  rose-vinegar,  nutmeg, 
j  Ointments,    alablastritum,   unguentutn  populeum, 
simple  or  mixed  with  opium. 
Irrigations  of  the  head,  feet,  sponges,  music,  mur- 
mur and  noise  of  waters. 
Frictions  of  the  head  and  outward  parts,  sacculi 
[      of  henbane,  wormwood  at  his  pillow,  &c. 

Against   terrible   dreams ;  not   to  sup   late,   or  eat   peas,  cabbage, 
venison,  meats  heavy  of  digestion,  use  balm,  hart's-tongue,  &c. 
j^  Against  ruddiness  and  blushing,  inward  and  outward  remedies. 
S^     2.  Mcmb.     ("Diet,  preparatives,  purges,  averters,  cordials,  correctors,  as  before. 
Cure  of  me-        I  Phlebotomy  in  this  kind  more  necessary,  and  more  frequent. 

lancholy  over    "j  To    correct    and    cleanse    the    blood   with   fumitory,   senna,   succory,   dandelion, 
the  body.  L      endive,  &c. 

r      Siibsed. 
Phlebotomy,  if  need  require. 
Diet,  preparatives,  averters,  cordials,  purgers,  as  before,  saving  that  they  must  not   be 

so  vehement. 
Use  of  pennyroyal,  wormwood,  centaury  sod,  which  alone  hath  cured  many. 
To  provoke  urine  with  aniseed,  daucus,  asarum,  &c.,  and  stools,  if  need  be,  by  clysters 

and  suppositories. 
To  respect  the  spleen,  stomach,  liver,  hypochondries. 
To  use  treacle  now  and  then  in  winter. 
To  vomit  after  meals  sometimes,  if  it  be  inveterate. 


Outward- 
t  ly  used,  as 


r^  Cure 
of  hypo- 
chondria- 
cal or 
windy 
melan- 
choly. 
3.  Memb. 


Inwardly 
taken, 


fGalanga,   gentian,   enula,   angelica,   calamus 
Roots,     ■;      aromaticus,    zedoary,    china,    condite    gin- 
[      ger,  &c. 


I  2.  To  ex- 
|,pel  wind. 


Herbs, 

Spices, 
Seeds, 


Pennyroyal,  rue,    calamint,   bay    leaves,  and 
berries,  scordium,  bethany,  lavender,  camo- 
m  .  I       mile,  centaury,  wormwood,  cummin,  broom, 

[      orange  pills. 

("Saffron,    cinnamon,    mace,    nutmeg,    pepper, 
1      musk,  zedoary  with  wine,  &c. 
J  Aniseed,   fennel-seed,   arnmi,   cary,    cummin, 
[      nettle,  bays,  parsley,  grana,  paradisi. 
("Dianisum,  diagalanga,  diaciminum,  diacalaminlhes,  elec- 
I      tuarium  de  baccis  lauri,  benedicta  laxativa,  &c.  pulvis 
j       carminativus,  and   pulvis  descrip.  Antidotario  Floren- 
»  (.      tino,  aromaticum,  rosatum,  Mithridate. 
Outwardly  used,  as  cupping-glasses  to  the  hypochondries  without  scarifi- 
|_      cation,  oil  of  camomile,  rue,  aniseed,  their  decoctions,  &c. 


x2 


(270) 


THE  SECOND   PARTITION. 

THE  CURE  OF  MELANCHOLY. 


TPIE  FIRST  SECTION,  MEMBER,  SUBSECTION. 


Unlawful  Cures  rejected. 

INVETERATE  Melancholy,  howsoever  it  may  seem  to  be  a  continuate,  inexora- 
ble disease,  hard  to  be  cured,  acconipanyino;  tliem  to  their  graves,  most  part,  as 
'  [Montanus  observes,  yet  many  times  it  may  be  helped,  even  that  which  is  most  vio- 
lent, or  at  least,  according  to  the  same  ^author,  '^  it  may  be  mitigated  and  much 
eased."  »V<7  dcsprrandum.  It  may  be  hard  to  cure,  but  not  impossible  for  liim  that 
is  most  grievously  atlected,  if  he  but  willing  to  be  helped. 

Upon  this  good  hope  I  will  proceed,  using  the  same  method  in  the  cure,  which  I 
have  formerly  used  in  tlie  rehearsing  of  the  causes;  first  general,  then  particular; 
and  those  according  to  their  several  species.  Of  these  cures  some  be  lawful,  some 
again  unlawful,  which  though  frequent,  familiar,  and  often  used,  yet  justly  censured, 
and  to  be  controverted.  As  first,  whether  by  these  diabolical  means,  which  are  com- 
monly practised  by  the  devil  and  his  ministers,  sorcerers,  witches,  magicians,  &c.. 
by  spells,  cabilistical  words,  charms,  characters,  images,  amulets,  ligatures,  philter.-!, 
incantations,  &.c.,  this  disease  and  the  like  may  be  cured .'  and  if  they  may,  whether 
it  be  lawful  to  make  use  of  them,  those  magnetical  cures,  or  for  our  good  to  seek 
jifter  such  means  in  any  case  ?  The  first,  whether  they  can  do  any  such  cures,  is 
questioned  amongst  many  writers,  some  affirming,  some  denying.  Valesius,  conl. 
mcd.  lib.  5.  cap.  0.  Malleus  Maleficor.  Heurnius,  /.  3.  pract.  med.  cap.  28.  Ca*lius 
lib.  16.  c.  16.  Delrio  Tom.  3.  Wierus  lib.  2.  de  praslig.  dam.  Libanius  I.avater  df, 
sped.  part.  2.  cap.  7.  Ilolbrenner  the  Lutheran  in  Pistorium,  Polydor  Virg.  I.  1.  de 
prodig.  Tandlerus,  Lemnius,  (Hippocrates  and  Avicenna  amongst  the  rest'/  deny 
that  spirits  or  devils  have  any  power  over  us,  and  refer  all  with  Pomponatius  of 
Padua  to  natural  causes  and  humours.  Of  the  other  opinion  are  Bodinus  Damona- 
mantice,  lib.  3,  cap.  2.  Arnoldus,  Marcellus  Empvricus,  I.  Pistorius,  Paracelsus  Apodix. 
Magic.  Agrippa  lib.  2.  de  occult.  Philos.  cap.  36.  69.  7  L  72.  et  I.  3,  c.  23,  et  10.  Mar- 
cilius  Ficinus  de  vit.  ccelit.  compar.  cap.  13.  15.  18.  21.  ^-c.  Galeottus  de  promiscnn 
doct.  cap.  24.  Jovianus  Pontanus  Tom.  2.  Plin.  lib.  28,  c.  2.  Strabo,  lib.  15.  Geog. 
Leo  Suavius :  Goclenius  de  ung.  armar.  Oswoldus  CroUius,  Ernestus  Burgravius, 
Dr.  Flud,  Stc.  Cardan  de  subt.  brings  many  proofs  out  of  Ars  Notoria,  and  Solo- 
mon's decayed  works,  old  Hermes,  Artefius,  Costaben  Luca,  Picatri.v,  &j.c.  that  such 
cures  may  be  done.  They  can  make  fire  it  shall  not  burn,  fetch  back  thieves  or 
stolen  goods,  show  their  absent  faces  in  a  glass,  make  serpents  lie  still,  stanch  blood, 
salve  gouts,  epilepsies,  biting  of  mad  dogs,  tooth-ache,  melancholy,  et  omnia  mundi 
mala^  make  men  immortal,  young  again  as  the  'Spanish  marquess  is  said  to  have 
done  by  one  of  his  slaves,  and  some,  which  jugglers  in  ''Cliina  maintain  still  (as 

<Cnn!iil.  '235.  pro  Ahbnte  Italn.  *Consil.  2:1.  aiit  I  ad  40.  a  inn*  posscnl  producpri.-  Titam.  cur  non  ad  Mn> 

curabitiir,  ant  certe  minus  afficirtiir,  si  vnlet.         'Vide     turn  ?  «i  ad  reDtum,  cur  non  ad  mille  7  >  Hiat.  Chi 

Kfiiatum  Morey  .^niniad.  in  <>ch'ilam  Salernit,  c.  2^.  si  |  nensuin. 


Mem.  l.j 


Patient. 


271 


Tragalthis  writes)  that  they  can  do  by  their  extraordinary  skill  in  physic,  and  some 
of  our  modern  chemists  by  their  strange  limbecks,  by  their  spells,  philosopher's 
stones  and  charms.  * "  Many  doubt,"  saith  Nicholas  Taurellus,  "  whether  the  devil 
can  cure  such  diseases  he  hath  not  made,  and  some  flatly  deny  it,  howsoever  com- 
mon experience  confirms  to  our  astonishment,  that  magicians  can  work  such  feats, 
and  that  the  devil  without  impediment  can  penetrate  through  all  the  parts  of  our 
bodies,  and  cure  such  maladies  by  means  to  us  unknown."  Daneus  in  his  tract  de 
Sortiariis  subscribes  to  this  of  Taurellus ;  Erastus  de  lamiis,  maintaineth  as  much, 
and  so  do  most  divines,  out  of  their  excellent  knowledge  and  long  experience  they 
can  commit  ^agcntes  cum  pafientihus,  coUigere  semina  rerum,  eaque  materi(Z  appli- 
care,  as  Austin  infers  de  Civ.  Dei  et  de  Trinit.  lib.  3.  cap.  7.  et  8.  they  can  work  stu- 
pendous and  admirable  conclusions ;  we  see  the  effects  only,  but  not  the  causes  of 
them.  Nothing  so  familiar  as  to  hear  of  such  cures.  Sorcerers  are  too  common ; 
cunning  men,  wizards,  and  white-witches,  as  they  call  them,  in  every  village,  which 
if  they  be  sought  unto,  will  help  almost  all  infirmities  of  body  and  mind,  Servatores 
in  Latin,  and  they  have  commonly  St.  Catherine's  Avheel  printed  in  the  roof  of  their 
mouth,  or  in  some  other  part  about  them,  resistunt  incantatorum  prcsstigiis,  (^Bois- 
sardus  writes)  morbos  a  sagis  motos  propulsant.,  Sfc,  that  to  doubt  of  it  any  longer, 
'  '•'  or  not  to  believe,  were  to  run  into  that  other  sceptical  extreme  of  incredulity," 
saith  Taurellus.  Leo  Sauvius  in  his  comment  upon  Paracelsus  seems  to  make  it  an 
art,  which  ought  to  be  approved ;  Pistorius  and  others  stiffly  maintain  the  use  of 
charms,  words,  characters,  &c.  ^rs  vera  est,  sed  pauci  artifices  reperiunfur ;  the  art 
is  true,  but  there  be  but  a  few  that  have  skill  in  it.  Marcellius  Donatus  lib.  2.  de  hist, 
mir.  cap.  1 .  proves  out  of  Josephus'  eight  books  of  antiquities,  that  ^ "  Solomon  so 
cured  all  the  diseases  of  the  mind  by  spells,  charms,  and  drove  away  devils,  and  that 
Eleazer  did  as  much  before  Vespasian."  Langius  in  his  med.  epist.  holds  Jupiter 
Menecrates,  that  did  so  many  stupendous  cures  in  his  time,  to  have  used  this  art, 
and  that  he  was  no  other  than  a  magician.  Many  famous  cures  are  daily  done  in 
this  kind,  the  devil  is  an  expert  physician,  as  Godelman  calls  him,  lib.  I.  cap.  18. 
and  God  permits  oftentimes  these  witches  and  magicians  to  produce  such  effects, 
as  Lavater  cap.  3.  lib.  8.  part.  3.  cap.  1.  Polid.  Virg.  lib.  1.  de  prodigiis,  Delrio  and 
others  admit.  Such  cures  may  be  done,  and  as  Paracels.  Tom.  4.  de  mnrb.  ament.  stiffly 
maintains,  '°they  cannot  otherwise  be  cured  but  by  spells,  seals,  and  spiritual 
physic."  "  Arnoldus,  lib.  de  sigillis,  sets  down  the  making  of  them,  so  doth  Rulandus 
and  many  others. 

Hoc  posito,  they  can  effect  such  cures,  the  main  question  is,  whether  it  be  lawful 
in  a  desperate  case  to  crave  their  help,  or  ask  a  wizard's  advice.  'Tis  a  common 
practice  of  some  men  to  go  first  to  a  witch,  and  then  to  a  physician,  if  one  cannot 
the  other  shall,  Flectere  si  nequeant  superos  Achcronta  movebunt.  '^ "  It  matters  not," 
saith  Paracelsus,  "Avhether  it  be  God  or  the  devil,  angels,  or  unclean  spirits  cure 
him,  so  that  he  be  eased."  If  a  man  fall  into  a  ditch,  as  he  prosecutes  it,  what  mat- 
ter is  it  whether  a  friend  or  an  enemy  help  him  out  ?  and  if  I  be  troubled  with  such 
a  malady,  what  care  I  whether  the  devil  himself,  or  any  of  his  ministers  by  God's 
permission,  redeem  me }  lie  calls  a  '^magician,  God's  minister  and  his  vicar,  apply- 
ing that  of  vos  eslis  dii  profanely  to  them,  for  which  he  is  lashed  by  T.  Erastus 
part,  l.fol.  45.  And  elsewhere  he  encourageth  his  patients  to  have  a  good  faith, 
'^"a  strong  imagination,  and  they  shall  find  the  eiFects :  let  divines  say  to  the  con- 
trary what  they  will."  He  proves  and  contends  that  many  diseases  cannot  otherwise 
be  cured.  Incantalione  orti  incanlationc  curari  deberit ;  if  they  be  caused  by  incan- 
tation, ''  they  must  be  cured  by  incantation.  Constantinus  lib.  4.  approves  of  such 
remedies :  Bartolus  the  lawyer,  Peter  ^Erodius  rerum  Judic.  lib.  3.  tit.  7.  Salicetus 
Godefridus,  with  others  of  that  sect,  allow  of  them  ;  modb  sint  ad  sanitatem  quce  a 


SAlii  dubitant  an  tlffimon  possit  morbos  curare  qiios 
non  fecit,  alii  ncgaiit,  sed  quotiiliana  exporientia  con- 
firmat,  tnasios  magno  multordm  stupore  morbos  curare, 
eingulas  corporis  parte  citra  impedimentiiiii  permeare, 
et  raediis  nobis   ignotis  curare.  ^Awentia  cum 

patientihus  conjiigunt.  '  Cap.  11.  de  Servat.  f'Hic 
alii  rident,  sed  vereor  ne  diim  nolumus  esse  crediili, 
vitium  non  etrugiamus  incredulitatis.  ^Refert  Solo- 
nionem  mentis  morbos  curasse,  et  daemones  abeirissR 
ipsos  carniiuibus,  quod  et  coram  Vespasiano  fecit  Elea- 


zar.  '»  Spiritualcs  niorbi  spiritualiter  curari  debent. 
."  Sipillum  e.x  aiiro  peculiari  ad  Melancholiam.  &c. 
'2 Lib.  1.  de  occult.  Pliilos.  nihil  refert  an  Deus  an  Dia- 
holus,  angeli  an  iramundi  spiritus  aegro  opem  ferant, 
morbus  ciiretur.  "  .Magus  minister  et  Vicarius  Dei. 

»  Utere  forti  imaginatione  et  experieris  effectum,  dicanl 
in  adversum   qujcquid  volunt   Theologi.  la  Idem 

Pli'tiius  coritenilit  quosdam  esse  morbos  qui  incanta- 
tionibus  solun)  curentur.  • 


*72  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  1 

magis  Jiunt,  seciis  non,  so  they  be  for  the  parties  good,  or  not  at  all.  But  these  men 
are  confuted  by  Remigius,  Bodinus,  dam.  lib.  3.  cap  2.  Godelmanus  lib.  1.  cap.  8, 
Wierus,  Delrio  lib.  6.  qucest.  2.  Tom.  3.  77iag.  inquis.  Erastus  de  Lamiis;  all  our 
'^  divines,  schoolmen,  and  such  as  write  cases  of  conscience  are  against  it,  the  scripture 
itself  absolutely  forbids  it  as  a  mortal  sin,  Levit.  cap.  xviii.  xix.  xx.  Deut.  xviii.  &c. 
Rom.  viii.  19.  "Evil  is  not  to  be  done,  that  good  may  come  of  it."  Much  bettor  it 
were  for  such  patients  that  are  so  troubled,  to  endure  a  little  misery  in  this  life,  than 
to  liazard  their  souls'  health  for  ever,  and  as  Delrio  counselleth,  " ''  much  better  die, 
than  be  so  cured."  Some  take  upon  them  to  expel  devils  by  natural  remedies,  and 
magical  exorcisms,  which  they  seem  to  approve  out  of  the  practice  of  the  primitive 
church,  as  that  above  cited  of  Josephus,  Eleazer,  Irajneus,  Tertullian,  Austin.  Euse- 
bius  makes  mention  of  such,  and  magic  itself  hath  been  publicly  professed  in  some 
universities,  as  of  old  in  Salamanca  in  Spain,  and  Cracow  in  Poland:  but  condemned 
anno  1318,  by  the  chancellor  and  university  of '*  Paris.  Our  pontifical  writers  retain 
many  of  these  adjurations  and  forms  of  exorcisms  still  in  the  church ;  besides  those 
in  baptism  used,  they  exorcise  meats,  and  such  as  are  possessed,  as  they  hold,  in 
Christ's  name.  Read  Hieron.  IMcngus  cap.  3.  Pet.  Tyreus,  pari.  3.  cap.  8.  what  exor- 
cisms they  prescribe,  besides  those  ordinary  means  of '^"  fire  suffumigations,  lights, 
cutting  the  air  with  swords,"  cap.  57.  herb?-,  odours  :  of  which  Tostatus  treats,  2.  Reg. 
cap.  16.  quctst  43,  you  shall  fiiui  many  vain  and  frivolous  superstitious  forms  of 
exorcisms  among  them,  not  to  be  tolerated,  or  endured. 


MEMB.  II. 

Lawful  Cures.,  first  from  God. 

Being  so  clearly  evinced,  as  it  is,  all  unlawful  cures  are  to  be  refused,  it  remains 
to  treat  of  such  as  are  to  be  admitted,  and  those  are  conmionly  such  which  God  hath 
appointed,  ^  by  virtue  of  stones,  herbs,  plants,  meats,  &,c.  and  the  like,  which  are 
prepared  and  applied  to  our  use,  by  art  and  industry  of  physicians,  who  are  the  dis- 
pensers of  sucli  treasures  for  our  good,  and  to  be  *'  "  honoured  for  necessities'  sake," 
God's  intermediate  ministers,  to  whom  in  our  infirmities  we  are  to  seek  for  help. 
Yet  not  so  that  we  rely  too  much,  or  wholly  upon  them  :  a  Jove  prinripium,  we 
must  first  begin  with  -^  prayer,  and  then  use  physic ;  not  one  without  the  other,  but 
both  together.  To  pray  alone,  and  reject  ordinary  means,  is  to  do  like  him  in 
iEsop,  that  when  his  cart  was  stalled,  lay  Hat  on  his  back,  and  cried  aloud  help  Her- 
cules, but  that  was  to  little  purpose,  except  as  his  friend  advised  him,  rotis  lute  ipse 
atinitaris,  he  whipped  his  horses  withal,  and  put  his  shoulder  to  the  wheel.  God 
works  by  means,  as  Christ  cured  the  blind  man  wiih  clay  and  spittle :  "  Orandum 
est  ut  sit  mens  sana  in  corpore  sano.^^  As  we  must  pray  for  health  of  body  and 
mind,  so  we  must  use  our  utmost  endeavours  to  preserve  and  continue  it.  Some 
kind  of  devils  are  not  cast  out  but  by  fasting  and  prayer,  and  both  necessarily  re- 
quired, not  one  without  the  other.  For  all  the  physic  we  can  use,  art,  excellent 
industry,  is  to  no  purpose  without  calling  upon  God,  nil  juvat  immensos  Cratero 
promittere  mantes:  it  is  in  vain  to  seek  for  help,  run,  ride,  except  God  bless  us, 

XNon  domus  et  Tundua,  non  atrm  acervus  et  auri 


' "  non  Siculi  dapes 

Dulcem  elaborabunt  saporem. 
Non  aniraum  cytherteve  cantus. 


iE^roto  possunt  domiiiu  di.-ducere  febres." 
"  With  house,  with  land,  with  money,  and  with  gold, 
The  master's  fever  will  not  be  tonlroll'd." 


We  must  use  our  prayer  and  physic  both  together :  and  so  no  doubt  but  our  prayers 
will  be  available,  and  our  physic  take  effect.  'Tis  that  Hezekiah  practised,  2  King. 
XX.  Luke  the  Evangelist :  and  which  we  are  enjoined,  Coloss.  iv.  not  the  patient 
only,  but  the  physician  himself  Hippocrates,  a  heathen,  required  this  in  a  good 
practitioner,  and  so  did  Galen,  lib.  de  Plat,  et  Hipp.  dog.  lib.  9.  cap.  15.  and  in  that 

'0 Qui  talibus  credunt,  aut  ad  eorum  domos  euntes,  I  mcditinen  of  the  earth,  and  he  that  in  wise  will  not  al>- 
ant  siiis  doniibns  introducunt,  aut  interrogaiit,  wiant  ;  hor  them,  Ecrlun.  xxxviii.  ■».  "My  son.  fail  not  la 

se  (idem  Christiaiiam  et  haplisiiiuni  pra'vancasse,  et  j  thy  sicknesis,  but  pray  unto  the  Lord,  and  he  will  iiiaka 
Apostalas  eiise.     Autftin  de  superstit.  observ.  hoc  pacio  '  thee  wh'de.  Ecclus   xzxviii.  '.I.  nu^r.  oinne  prin- 

a  Dt-o  defirjtur  ad  diabolum,  P.  Mart.  "Mori  1  ripiuni,  hue  refer  eiituni.  Ilor.  3.carm.  Od.  6.       «»  Mu»io 

prrstat  i|uaiii  gupersiitiose  sanari.  Disquid.  mag.  I.  -J.  c.  I  and  fine  fare  can  do  no  eood.  >•  Hor.  I.  I.  »p.  4. 

U.  sect.  1  qua-»t.  1.  Tom.  3.  '»P.  Lumbard.  "Suf-  l»»SintCr»«i  et  rra»!>i  licet,  non  ho«  Paelolui  aareat 
fitus,  gladiorum  ictus,  Sic.         *)Tbe  Lord  bath  created  1  undaa  ageni  eripiet  unquain  d  inisertu. 


Mem.  2.]  Cure  of  Melancholy.  273 

tract  of  his,  an  mores  sequantur  temp.  cor.  ca.  11.  'lis  a  rule  which  he  doth  inculcate 
^^  and  many  others,  llyperius  in  his  first  book  de  sacr.  script,  led.  speaking  of  that 
happiness  and  good  success  which  all  physicians  desire  and  hope  for  in  their  cures, 
^  tells  them  that  it  is  not  to  be  expected,  except  with  a  true  f^th  they  call  upon  God, 
and  teach  their  patients  to  do  the  like."  The  council  of  Lateran,  Canon  22.  decreed 
they  should  do  so :  the  fathers  of  the  church  have  still  advised  as  much :  whatso- 
ever thou  lakest  in  hand  (saith  -*  Gregory)  let  God  be  of  thy  counsel,  consult  with 
him ;  that  healeth  ihose  that  are  broken  in  heart,  (Psal.  cxlvii.  3.)  and  bindeth  up 
their  sores."  Otherwise  as  the  prophet  Jeremiah,  cap.  xlvi.  11.  denounced  to  Eo-ypt, 
In  vain  shalt  thou  use  many  medicines,  for  thou  shalt  have  no  health.  It  is  the 
same  counsel  which -^  Comineus  that  politic  historiographer  gives  to  all  christian 
princes,  upon  occasion  of  that  unhappy  overthrow  of  Charles  Duke  of  Burgundy, 
by  means  of  which  he  was  extremely  melancholy,  and  sick  to  death:  insomuch  thai 
neither  physic  nor  persuasion  could  do  him  any  good,  perceiving  his  preposterous 
error  belike,  adviselh  all  great  men  in  such  cases,  ^° "  to  pray  first  to  God  with  ail 
.<?ubmission  and  penitency,  to  confess  tlieir  sins,  and  then  to  use  physic."  The  very 
same  fault  it  was,  which  the  prophet  reprehends  in  Asa  king  of  Judali,  that  he  relied 
more  on  physic  than  on  God,  and  by  all  means  would  have  him  to  amend  it.  And 
'tis  a  fit  caution  to  be  observed  of  all  other  sorts  of  men.  The  prophet  David  was 
so  observant  of  this  precept,  that  in  his  greatest  misery  and  vexation  of  mind,  he 
put  this  rule  first  in  practice.  Psal.  Ixxvii.  3.  '•'■  When  I  am  in  heaviness,  I  will 
think  on  God."  Psal.  Ixxxvi.  4.  "  Comfort  the  soul  of  thy  servant,  for  unto  thee  I 
'lift  up  my  soul :"  and  verse  7.  "  In  the  day  of  trouble  will  1  call  upon  thee,  for  thou 
hearest  me."  Psal.  liv.  1.  "  Save  me,  O  God,  by  thy  name,"  Stc.  Psal.  Ixxxii.  psal. 
XX.  And  'tis  the  common  practice  of  all  good  men,  Psal.  cvii.  13.  "when  their 
heart  was  humbled  with  heaviness,  they  cried  to  the  Lord  in  their  troubles,  and  he 
delivered  them  from  their  distress."  And  they  have  found  good  success  in  so  doing. 
as  David  confesseth,  Psal.  xxx.  12.  "  Thou  hast  turned  my  mourning  into  joy,  ihoti 
hast  loosed  my  sackcloth,  and  girded  me  with  gladness."  Therefore  he  adviseth  all 
others  to  do  the  like,  Psal.  xxxi.  24.  "-  All  ye  that  trust  in  the  Lord,  be  strong,  and 
he  shall  establish  your  heart."  It  is  reported  by  ^'  Suidas,  speaking  of  Hezekiah, 
that  there  was  a  great  book  of  old,  of  King  Solomon's  writing,  which  contained 
medicines  for  all  manner  of  diseases,  and  lay  open  still  as  they  came  into  the  temple : 
but  Hezekiah  king  of  Jerusalem,  caused  it  to  be  taken  away,  because  it  made  the 
people  secure,  to  neglect  their  duty  in  calling  and  relying  upon  God,  out  of  a  con- 
fidence on  those  remedies.  ^^  Minutius  that  worthy  consul  of  Pvome  in  an  oration 
he  made  to  his  soldiers,  was  much  offended  with  them,  and  taxed  their  ignorance, 
that  in  their  misery  called  more  on  him  than  upon  God.  A  general  fault  it  is  all 
over  the  world,  and  Minutius's  speech  concerns  us  all,  we  rely  more  on  physic,  and 
seek  oftener  to  physicians,  than  to  God  himself  As  much  faulty  are  they  "that  pre- 
scribe, as  they  that  ask,  respecting  wholly  their  gain,  and  trusting  more  to  their  ordi- 
nary receipts  and  medicines  many  times,  than  to  him  that  made  them.  I  would  wish, 
all  patients  in  this  behalf,  in  the  midst  of  their  melancholy,  to  remember  that  of 
Siracides,  Ecc.  i.  11.  and  12.  "The  fear  of  the  Lord  is  glory  and  gladness,  and  re- 
joicing. The  fear  of  the  Lord  maketh  a  merry  heart,  and  givetii  gladness,  and  joy,, 
and  long  life :"  and  all  such  as  prescribe  physic,  to  begin  in  nomine  Dei.,  as  ^^Mesue 
did,  to  imitate  Laebius  a  Fonte  Eugubinus,  that  in  all  his  consultations,  still  concludes 
with  a  prayer  for  the  good  success  of  his  business ;  and  to  remember  that  of  Creto 
one  of  their  predecessors, /w^e  avaritiam,  et  sine  oratione  et  invocatione  Dei  nihil 
facias.,  avoid  covetousness,  and  do  nothing  without  invocation  upon  God. 

i«Scienlia  de  Deo  debet  in  medico  infixa  esse,  Mesue  i  dicis  curari  non  posset,  3»In  his  animi  tnalis  prin- 

Arabs.    Satiat  oiiuies  laiiguores  Deus.     For  you  shall  jeeps  imprimis  aJ   Deuin  precetur,  et  peccalis  veniani 
pray  to  your  Lord,  that  he  would  prosper  that  which  is  1  exoret,  inde  ad  medicinam,  &c.        aiGrec  Tholos^.  To 


given  for  ease,  and  then  use  physic  for  the  prolonging 
of  life,  Ecclus.  xxxviii.  4.  '"  Omnes  optant  quaniiam 
ir.  medicina  ffelicitatera,  sed  hanc  non  est  quod  expec- 
(ent,  nisi  deum  vera  fide  invocent,  atque  Egros  simili- 
ter ad  ardentem  vocalionera  excitenl.  2s  Lemnius  e 
Ureffor.  exhor.  ad  vitam  opt.  instit.  cap.  48.     Quicquid 


■2.  I.  26.  c.  7.  Syntax.  In  vestibulo  templi  Solomon,  liber 
remediorum  cujusque  morbi  fuit,  quern  revulsit  Ezechi- 
as,  quod  populus  neglecto  Deo  nee  invocato.  sanitatem 
indepeterct.  ^^iLivius  1.2;i,     Strepunt  aures  clamo- 

ribus  plorantium  socioruni,  sjepius  nos  quam  deorum 
invocantium  opem.  sa  Rulandus  adjungil  optimaic 


editaris  aggredi  aut  perficere.     Deum  in  consilium  ,  orationem  ad  finem  Empyricorura.     Mercuria.'is  coosij 
adhibeto.  ''^Commentar.  lib.  7.  oh  infelicem  pug-  i  25.  ita  concludit.  Montaaus  passim,  &c.  et  plures  alii, 

nam  contristatus,  in  ^gritudinem  incidit,  ita  ut  a  me-  I  &c. 

35 


274  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  1. 

MEMB.  III. 

Whether  it  he  lawful  to  seek  to  Saints  for  Aid  in  this  Disease. 

That  we  must  prav  to  God,  no  man  doubts;  but  whether  we  sliould  pray  to 
faints  in  sucli  cases,  or  whether  they  can  do  us  any  j^ood,  it  may  be  lawfully  con- 
troverted. Whether  their  images,  shrines,  relics,  consecrated  things,  holy  water, 
medals,  benedictions,  those  divine  annilcts,  holy  exmrisms,  and  the  sijjii  of  the  cross, 
be  available  in  this  disease  .'  The  papists  on  the  one  side  stitHy  rnaintaiti  how  many 
melancholy,  mad,  demoniacal  persons  are  daily  cured  at  St.  Anthony's  Church  in 
Padua,  at  St.  Vitus'  in  Germany,  by  our  Laily  of  Loretto  in  Italy,  our  l^ady  of  Sichem 
ill  the  Low  Countries:  '^Quce  el  ccccis  lumen.,  cpgris sulutem.,  mortuis  vitam,  claudis 
ifrcssnm  reddit.,  omnes  morbos  corporis,  anitni,  curat,  et  in  ipsos  damones  impcriiim 
rxercet;  she  cures  halt,  lame,  blind,  all  diseases  of  body  aud  mind,  and  connnands 
the  devil  himself,  saith  Lipsius.  "  twenty-five  thousand  in  a  day  come  thither,"  ^quis 
nisi  numen  in  ilium  locum  sic  induxil;  who  brouj;hi  them .'  in  auribus,in  oculis  om- 
nium gesta,  novcE  novitia;  new  news  lately  done,  our  eyes  and  ears  are  lull  of  her 
cures,  and  who  can  relate  them  all .-  They  have  a  proper  saint  almost  for  every 
peculiar  intirmity  :  for  poison,  gouts,  agues,  Petronella  :  St.  Ilomanus  for  such  as  are 
possessed  ;  ^'alentine  for  the  falling  sickness ;  St.  Vitus  for  madmen,  kc.  and  as  of 
old  '^  Pliny  reckons  up  Gods  for  all  diseases,  (  Fehri  fanum  dicatum  est)  Lilius  Giral- 
dus  repeats  many  of  her  ceremonies  :  all  atlections  of  the  mind  were  heretofore 
accounted  gods,*^  love,  and  sorrow,  virtue,  honour,  lil)erly,  contumely,  impudencv, 
had  their  temj)les,  tempests,  seasons.  Crepitus  I'enlris,  dea  Vacuna.,  dca  Cloacina., 
there  was  a  goddess  of  idleness,  a  goddess  of  the  draught,  or  Jakes,  Previa,  Pre- 
mvnda,  Priapus,  bawdy  gods,  and  gods  for  all  ^  oflices.  Varro  reckons  up  y(l,OU0 
4ods;  Lucian  makes  Podagra  the  gf^t  a  goddess,  and  assigns  her  priests  and  minis- 
'ers  :  and  melancholy  comes  not  behind;  for  as  Austin  menlioneth,  lib.  4.  de  Cicit. 
D::i^  cap.  9.  there  was  of  old  Angeruna  dea,  and  she  had  her  chapel  and  feasts,  to 
whom  (saith  ••*  Macrobius )  they  did  oHer  sacrifice  yearly,  that  she  might  be  pacified 
as  well  as  the  rest.  'Tis  no  new  thing,  you  see  this  of  [>a{>ists ;  and  in  my  judg- 
ment, that  old  doting  Lipsius  mitjhl  have  tiller  dedicated  his  *"  pen  after  all  his  labours, 
to  this  our  goddess  of  melancholy,  than  to  his  Virgo  Halensis,  ami  been  her  chap- 
lain, it  would  have  become  him  better :  but  he,  poor  man,  thought  no  harm  in  that 
which  he  diil,  and  will  not  be  persuaded  but  that  he  doth  well,  he  halh  so  many 
patrons,  and  honourable  precedents  in  the  like  kind,  that  justify  as  much,  as  eajrerly, 
and  more  than  he  there  saith  of  his  lady  and  mistress  :  read  but  superstitious  Coster 
and  Gretser's  Tract  de  Cruce,  Laur.  Arcturus  Fanteus  de  Invoc.  Sanct.  liellarmine, 
Delrio  dis.  mag.  Tom.  3.  /.  6.  quasi.  2.  seel.  3.  Greg.  Tolosaims  7V;m.  2.  lib.  8.  cap. 
24.  Syntax.  Strozius  Cicogna  lib.  4.  cap.  9.  Tyreus,  Ilieronymus  Mengus,  and  you 
shall  find  infinite  examples  of  cures  done  in  this  kind,  l)y  holy  waters,  relics,  crosses, 
exorcisms,  amulets,  images,  consecrated  beads,  &.c.  Barradius  the  Jesuit  boldly  j/ives 
it  out,  that  Christ's  countenance,  and  the  Virgin  .Mary's,  would  cure  melancholy,  if 
one  had  looked  steadfastly  on  them.  P.  Morales  the  Spaniard  in  his  book  de  pulch. 
Jes.  et  Mar.  confirms  the  same  out  of  Carthusianus,  and  I  know  not  whom,  that  it 
was  a  common  proverb  in  those  days,  for  such  as  were  troubled  in  mind  to  say, 
camus  ad  vidcndumjilium  Maritf.  let  us  see  the  son  of  Mary,  as  they  now  do  post 
to  St.  Anthony's  in  Padua,  or  to  St.  Hilary's  at  Poicliers  in  France.  *'  In  a  closet  of 
that  church,  there  is  at  this  day  St.  Hilary's  bed  to  be  seen,  '*  to  v.hich  they  brine  all 
the  madmen  in  the  country,  and  after  some  prayers  and  other  ceremonies,  they  lay 
them  down  there  to  sleep,  and  so  they  recover."  It  is  an  orilinary  thing  in  those 
parts,  to  send  all  their  madmen  to  St.  Hilary's  cradle.  They  say  the  like  of  St. 
Tubery  in  ^-another  place.  Giraldus  Cambn-nsis  Ilin.  Camh.  c.  1.  tells  stramre  stories 
of  St.  Ciricius'  stafli  that  would  cure  this  and  all  other  diseases.    Others  say  a.s  much 


MLipiiioiL  »C»p.  2t5.  "Lib.  2.  cap.  7.  de 

D>-o  Morhi-qiip  in  epufr.i  dc^criptis  (It-ni  rt-ptTimui. 
"fpli!.-!!  |ir..|iic.  rap  X  lie  itiis  Syria.  Rofinii*.  *-S«-^ 
l.ilii  Oiraliii  •yclnt.'iiia  ite  diis,  k.r.  *>  1-J(.'hI.  Jntiijarii 
htiAt  CI  Icbraiit,  ut  aiijjurei  et  aiiimi  s<iliciludine«  pro- 


piliata  depellnl.  *  llanc  di w  pennsm  cftnaprniTi, 

Lipsiu*.  «>  Jn4!iK-u«  Siiirenia  ilin.  Callir.  ir>l7.  Hue 
nifiitc  riplnr  (!»>ilucuiii,  i-i  matin  nrnlionibiK.  tacriMi'i' 
p^raciiii.  in  ilium  lectum  dorroiium  {><>nunl,  ice.  <*  lb 
Gallia  Narboneofi. 


Mem.  3.]  Patient.  275 

(as ''^Hospinian  observes)  of  the  three  khigs  of  Cologne ;  their  names  written  in 
parchment,  and  hung  about  a  patient's  neck,  with  the  sign  of  the  cross,  will  prochice 
like  ed'ects.  Read  Lipomanaiis,  or  that  golden  legend  oi  Jacob  as  de  Voragine,  vou 
shall  have  infinite  stories,  or  those  new  relations  of  our  "Jesuits  in  Japan  and  China, 
of  Mat.  Riccius,  Acosta,  Loyola,  Xaverius'si  life,  &c.  Jasper  Belga,  a  Jesuit,  cured  a 
mad  woman  by  hanging  St.  John's  gospel  about  her  neck,  and  many  such.  Holy 
water  did  as  much  in  Japan,  &c.  Nothing  so  familiar  in  their  works,  as  such  ex- 
amples 

But  we  on  the  other  side  seek  to  God  alone.  We  say  with  David,  Psal.  xlvi.  I. 
•■'  God  is  our  hope  and  strength,  and  help  in  trouble,  ready  to  be  found."  For  their 
catalogue  of  examples,  we  make  no  other  answer,  but  that  they  are  false  fictions,  or 
diabolical  illusions,  counterfeit  miracles.  We  cannot  deny  but  that  it  is  an  onHnarv 
thing  on  St.  Anthony's  day  in  Padua,  to  bring  diverse  madmen  and  demoniacal  per- 
sons to  be  cured :  yet  we  make  a  doubt  whether  such  parlies  be  so  affected  indeed, 
but  prepared  by  their  priests,  by  certain  ointments  and  drams,  to  cozen  the  common- 
alty, as  "^  Hildesheim  well  saith ;  the  like  is  commonly  practised  in  Bohemia  as 
Mathiolus  gives  us  to  understand  in  his  preface  to  his  conrment  upon  Dioscorides. 
But  we  need  not  run  so  far  for  examples  in  this  kind,  we  have  a  just  volume  pub- 
lished at  home  to  this  purpose.  '"^"  A  declaration  of  egregious  popish  impostures,  to 
withdraw  the  hearts  of  religious  men  under  the  pretence  of  casting  out  of  devils, 
practised  by  Father  Edmunds,  alias  Weston,  a  Jesuit,  and  divers  Romish  priests,  his 
wicked  associates,  with  the  several  parties'  names,  confessions,  examinations,  &c. 
which  were  pretended  to  be  possessed."  But  these  are  ordinary  tricks  only  to  get 
opinion  and  money,  mere  impostures,  ^sculapius  of  old,  that  counterfeit  God,  chd 
as  many  famous  cures ;  his  temple  (as  '*'  Strabo  relates)  was  daily  full  of  patients, 
and  as  many  several  tables,  inscriptions,  pendants,  donories,  &c.  to  be  seen  in  his 
church,  as  at  this  day  our  Lady  of  Loretto's  in  Italy.     It  was  a  custom  long  since. 

"  suspeiidisse  potenti 

VcKtiinenla  maris  ileo."'*»    Bor.  Od.  1.  lib.  5.  Od. 

To  do  the  like,  in  former  times  they  were  seduced  and  deluded  as  they  are  now. 
'Tis  the  same  devil  still,  called*  heretofore  Apollo,  Mars,  Neptune,  Venus,  .'Escvda- 
pius,  &.C.  as  '*^  Lac  tan  tins  111).  2.  de  orig.  erroris,  c.  17.  observes.  The  same  Jupiter 
and  those  bad  angels  are  now  worshipped  and  adored  by  the  name  of  St.  Sebastian, 
Barbara,  &c.  Christopher  and  George  are  come  in  their  places.  Our  lady  succeeds 
V^enus  (as  they  use  her  in  many  .offices),  the  rest  are  otherwise  supplied,  as  ^"Lavater 
writes,  and  so  they  are  deluded.  ^'  ''And  God  often  winks  at  these  impostures,  be- 
cause they  forsake  his  word,  and  betake  themselves  to  the  devil,  as  they  do  that  seek 
after  holy  water,  crosses,"  Stc.  Wierus,  lib.  4.  cap.  3.  What  can  these  men  plead 
for  themselves  more  than  those  heathen  gods,  the  same  cures  done  by  both,  the 
same  spirit  that  seduceth ;  but  read  more  of  the  Pagan  god's  effects  in  Austin  de 
Civitatc  Dei^  I.  10.  cap.  6.  and  of  ^Esculapius  especially  in  Cicogna  I.  3.  cap.  S.  or 
put  case  they  could  help,  why  should  we  rather  seek  to  them,  than  to  Christ  him- 
self, since  that  he  so  kindly  invites  us  unto  him,  "  Come  unto  me  all  ye  that  are 
heavy  laden,  and  I  will  ease  you,"  Mat.  xi.  and  we  know  that  there  is  one  God, 
'"  one  Mediator  between  God  and  man,  Jesus  Christ,  (1  Tim.  ii.  5)  who  gave  himself 
a  ransom  for  all  men.  We  know  that  we  have  an  ^^  advocate  with  the  Father,  Jesus 
Christ  (1  Joh.  ii.  1.)  that  there  is  no  other  name  under  heaven,  by  which  we  can  be 
saved,  but  by  his,"  who  is  always  ready  to  hear  us,  and  sits  at  the  right  hand  of 
Gotl,  and  from  '"^  whom  we  can  have  no  repulse,  solus  vult,  solus  potest.,  curat  unt- 
vcrsos  tanquam  singulos^  et  '^^  unnmqucmque  nostrum  et  solum,  we  are  all  as  one  to 
him,  he  cares  for  us  all  as  one,  and  why  should  we  then  seek  to  any  other  but 
to  him. 


•»3Lil>.  (le  orig.  Festorum.    Collo  suspeiisa  et  perga-  ;  garments  to  the  deity  of  the  lieep."  ">iaiiangeli 

muiio  iiiscripta,  cum  signo  cnicis,  &;c.        "  E-m.  Acusta  j  sumpserunt  olira  iiomen  Jovis,  junonis,  Apollinis,  &c. 


reriiin  in  OrlenlH  gnst.  a  societal.  Jesu,  Anno 
Iot)8.  Epist.  Gonsalvi  Furnandis,  Anno  loGO.  e  Japo- 
nia.  45  Spicel.  de  morbis  dfemnniacis,  sic  a  sacrifi- 

cnlis  |)arati  unguentis  ftlagicis  corpnri  illitis,  nt  sliilta; 
plebecnla;  persuadeant  tales  curari  a  Sancto  Antonio. 
<«  Printed  at  London  4'"  by  J.  Roberts.  1G(I5.  "Grtg. 
lib.  8.  Ciijus  fanum  sgrotantium  multitudine  refertuin, 
undiquaque  et  tabellis  pendentibus,  in  quibus  sanati 
languores  erant  inscripii.  ^  "  To  offer  tiie  sailors' 


qnos  Gentiles  deos  credebant,  nunc  S.  Sebasliani,  Bar- 
harsE,  &c.  nomen  habent.  et  aliorum.  ^o  Part.  -2. 

cap.  '.I.  de  spect.  Veneri  substitnunt  Virginem  Mariani. 
^^  Ad  h^c  ludibria  Deus  connivet  freqiientur,  nbi  relicto 
verbo  Dei,  ad  Satanam  curritur,  qiiales  hi  snnt,  qui 
aqiiam  lustralem,  crncem,  &c.  lubricffi  tidei  hominibus 
offeriint.  *=  Uharior  e.st  ipsis  liorao  quam  sibi,  Paul; 

=3  Bernard.  **  Austin. 


276  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  1. 

MEMB.  \\. 

SuBSECT.  I. — Phijsickuu  Patient^  Physic. 

Of  those  diverse  gifts  which  our  apostle  Paul  saith  God  hath  bestowed  on  man, 
this  of  physic  is  not  the  least,  but  most  necessary,  and  especially  conducing  to  the 
good  of  mankind.  Next  therefore  to  God  in  all  our  extremities  ('Mbr  of  the  most 
high  Cometh  healing,"  Ecclus.  xxxviii.  2.)  we  must  seek  to,  and  rely  upon  the  Phy- 
sician. '''  who  is  Maniis  Dei.,  saith  Hierophilus,  and  to  whom  he  hath  given  know- 
iedgt^  that  lie  might  be  gloritied  in  his  wondrous  works.  "  With  such  doiit  he  heal 
men,  and  take  away  their  pain.?,'''  Ecclus.  xxxviii.  6.  7.  •'  when  thou  hast  need  of 
liim,  let  him  not  go  from  thee.  Ti»e  hour  may  come  tliat  their  enterprises  may  have 
i{oo(l  success,"  ver.  13.  It  is  not  tlierefore  to  be  doubted,  that  if  we  seek  a  pliysiciaii 
as  we  ought,  we  may  be  eased  of  our  inhnnities.  such  a  one  I  mean  as  is  sutlicieui, 
and  Worthily  so  called ;  for  there  be  many  mountebanks,  quacksalvers,  empirics,  in 
I'very  street  almost,  and  in  every  village,  tliat  take  upon  them  this  name,  make  this 
noble  and  profitable  art  to  be  evil  spoken  of  and  cuntenmed,  by  reason  of  these  base 
and  illiterate  artificers  :  but  such  a  physician  I  speak  of,  as  is  approved,  learned,  skil- 
ful, lionest,  &c.,  of  whose  duty  Wecker,  ,.J/i//(/.  cap.  2  et  Syntax,  vied.  Crato.  Julius 
Alexaiidrmus  medic.  Heurnius  -prax.med.  lib.  3.  cap.  1.  Sfc.  treat  at  large.  For  this 
particular  disease,  him  that  shall  take  upon  him  to  cure  it,  *^  Paracelsus  will  have  to 
lie  a  magician,  a  chemist,  a  philosopher,  an  astrologer;  Thurnesscrus,  Severinus  the 
Dane,  and  some  other  of  his  followers,  reipiire  as  much :  ''  many  of  them  cannot  be 
cured  but  by  magic."  "Paracelsus  is  so  still"  for  those  chemical  medicines,  that  in 
his  cures  he  will  admit  almost  of  im  other  physic,  deriiling  in  the  mean  time  llippn- 
crates,  Galen,  and  all  their  followers:  but  magic,  and  all  such  remedies  I  liave 
already  censured,  and  shall  speak  of  chemistry  ^'elsewhere.  Astrology  is  required 
liy  many  famous  physicians,  by  Ficinus,  Crato,  Fernelins;  ** doubted  of,  and  ixplodid 
!)y  others :  I  will  not  lake  upon  me  to  ilecide  the  controversy  my.self,  Johannes 
I lossnrtus, Thomas  Boderius,  and  .Maginus  in  the  preface  to  his  mathematical  physic, 
shall  determine  for  nie.  Many  physicians  explode  astrolog)'  in  physic  (saith  he), 
there  is  no  use  of  it,  unain  artein  «c  quasi  tenitrariutn  inseclanfur,  ac  gloriam  sihi 
ah  ejus  imperitia^  aucupari:  but  I  will  reprove  physicians  by  physicians,  that  defend 
and  profess  it,  Hippocrates,  Galen,  Avicen.  Stc,  that  count  them  butchers  without  it, 
homicidas  medicos  Jistrologice  ignaros,  Sfc.  Paracelsus  goes  farther,  and  will  liavL- 
his  physician  ^  predestinated  to  this  man's  cure,  this  malady ;  and  lime  of  cure,  the 
scheme  of  each  geniture  inspected,  gathering  of  herbs,  of  administering  astrologically 
observed ;  in  which  Thurnesserus  and  some  iatromalhemalical  professors,  are  too 
superstitious  in  my  judgment.  *' Hellebore  will  help,  but  not  ahvay,  not  given  by 
•n-er}' physician,  kc."  but  these  men  are  too  peremptory  and  self-conceited  as  I  think. 
Hut  what  do  I  do,  interposing  in  that  which  is  beyond  my  reach .'  A  blind  man 
cannot  judge  of  colours,  nor  I  peradventure  of  these  things.  Only  thus  much  I 
would  require,  honesty  in  ever)'  physician,  that  he  be  not  over-careless  or  covetous, 
harpy -like  to  make  a  prey  of  his  patient ;  Carnificis  numque  est  (as  "  VVeckcr  notes) 
inter  ipsos  cruciatiis  ingens  precium  ctposcere,  as  a  hungry  chirurge«jn  often  produces 
and  wire-draws  his  cure,  so  long  as  there  is  any  hope  of  pay,  ^^  ,Yon  rnissura  cutem^ 
nisi  phna  cruoris  Airuc/o."*^  Many  of  them,  to  get  a  fee,  will  give  physic  to  every 
one  that  comes,  when  there  is  no  cause,  and  they  do  so  irritare  silentem  morhiim^ 
.IS  "•  Heurnius  complains,  stir  up  a  silent  disease,  as  it  often  fallelh  out,  which  by 
good  counsel,  good  advice  alone,  might  have  been  happily  composed,  or  by  rectitica- 
tion  of  those  six  non-natural  things  otherwise  cured.  This  is  JVuturtx  bcUum  inferre, 
to  oppugn  nature,  and  to  make  a  strong  body  weak.  Arnoldus  in  his  8  and  1 1 
Aphorisms  gives  cautions  against,  and  expressly  forbiddeth  it.     ^  "A  wise  physician 

■'■*  Ecclus.  xxxviii.     In  the  siglit  of  great  men  lit-  eliali  rap.  2              ••  "  The  leech  never  releaix-*  tli*-  «l(in  until 

lie  III  a<liiiiration.                ""Tom.  4.  Tract.  'J.  de  iimrbu  he  i*  rilled  with  l>l«<><j."          •<  U'UmI  -aiK-'eveml,  lih.  :t. 

aiiienliuni.  horum  mulll  non  nisi  a  .Magis  niraiidi  et  cap.  1.  cum  noii  oit  necetisila§.     Fnirlra  fiitifaiit  renip- 

-Aiiirologis.  quoniaiu   origo  ejus  a  ccclis   iietentia   >-!it  iIim  irsriM,  qui  virtii«  ratiune  rur;iri  |«>i>iiuiii   M<  ir  ni,. 

&' Lil>.  lie  I'otlagra.                soSect.  5.                "  Lwineiu.s,  «  Mo<|c!itU(i  et  napieiin  iiieilicuit,  iiuiic|.iairi  ;  • 

J.  Cvs^ir  Clauiiiiiuii  consult.              *>  Predestinatiini  ail  pharmaf  uin.  iii»i  c"gfnle  iiire,i<itale.  41  .\, 

huiic  curaiitliini.               "  HelleboruM  curat,  sed  quiMl  an  '  t-i  pius  luedicus  cihm  pnus  mediciual.  quu:..         ......j 

ouini  datut  medico  vanum  est.          «>  .Antid.  gen.  lib  3  puru  morbum  ezpellere  satagat. 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  2.]  Patient.  277 

will  not  give  physic,  but  upon  necessity,  and  first  try  medicinal  diet,  before  ho  pro- 
ceed to  medicinal  cure."  ^^  In  another  place  he  laughs  those  men  to  scorn,  that  think 
longh  syrupis  e.vpugnare  dcBmones  et  anlml  phantasniata.,  they  can  purge  fantastical 
imaginations  and  the  devil  by  physic.  Another  caution  is,  that  they  proceed  upon 
good  grounds,  if  so  be  there  be  need  of  physic,  and  not  mistake  the  disease ;  they 
are  often  deceived  by  the  ^'similitude  of  symptoms,  saith  Heurnius,  and  I  could  give 
instance  in  many  consultations,  vi^herein  they  have  prescribed  opposite  physic. 
Sometimes  they  go  too  perfunctorily  to  work,  in  not  prescribing  a  just  ^^  course  of 
physic  :  To  stir  up  the  humour,  and  not  to  purge  it,  doth  often  more  harm  than 
good.  Montanus  consil.  30.  inveighs  against  such  perturbations,  "  that  purg-e  to  the 
halves,  tire  nature,  and  molest  the  body  to  no  purpose."  ■  'Tis  a  crabbed  humour  to 
purge,  and  as  Laurentius  calls  this  disease,  the  reproach  of  physicians :  Bcssardus., 
■iagellum  medicorum^  their  lash  ;  and  for  that  cause,  more  carefully  to  be  respected. 
Though  the  patient  be  averse,  saith  Laurentius,  desire  help,  and  refuse  it  again,  though 
he  neglect  his  own  health,  it  behoves  a  good  physician  not  to  leave  him  helpless. 
But  most  part  they  ofiend  in  tiiat  other  extreme,  they  prescribe  too  much  physic, 
and  tire  out  their  bodies  with  continual  potions,  to  no  purpose.  Mtius  telrahib.  2. 
2.  scr.  cap.  90.  will  have  them  by  all  means  therefore  ^^"to  give  some  respite  to 
nature,"  to  leave  off"  now  and  then ;  and  Laelius  a  Fonte  Eugubinus  in  his  consulta- 
tions, found  it  (as  he  there  witnesseth)  often  verified  by  experience,  '"'•'that  at'ter  a 
deal  of  physic  to  no  purpose,  left  to  themselves,  they  have  recovered."  'Tis  that 
which  Nic.  Piso,  Donatus  Altomarus,  still  inculcate,  dare  requiem  naturcB,  to  give 
nature  rest. 

SuBSECT.  II. —  Concerning  the  Patient. 

When  these  precedent  cautions  are  accurately  kept,  and  that  we  have  now  got  a 
skilful,  an  honest  physician  to  our  mind,  if  his  patient  will  not  be  conformable^  and 
content  to  be  ruled  by  him,  all  his  endeavours  will  come  to  no  good  end.  Manv 
things  are  necessarily  to  be  observed  and  continued  on  the  patient's  behalf:  First 
that  he  be  not  too  niggardly  miserable  of  his  purse,  or  think  it  too  much  he  bestows 
upon  himself,  and  to  save  charges  endanger  his  health.  -The  Abderites,  when  they 
sent  for  ■"  Hippocrates,  promised  him  what  reward  he  would,  ""  all  the  gold  they  had, 
if  all  the  city  were  gold  he  should  have  it."  Naaman  the  Syrian,  when  he  weiit  into 
Israel  to  Elisha  to  be  cured  of  his  leprosy,  took  with  him  ten  talents  of  silver,  six 
thousand  pieces  of  gold,  and  ten  changes  of  raiment,  (2  Kings  v.  5.)  Another  thing 
is,  that  out  of  bashfulness  he  do  not  conceal  his  grief;  if  aught  trouble  his  mind,  let 
him  freely  disclose  it,  '•'■Slultorum  incurata  pudor  malus  ulcera  eclat  .•"  by  that  means 
he  procures  to  himself  much  mischief,  and  runs  into  a  greater  inconvenience  :  he 
must  be  willing  to  be  cured,  and  earnestly  desire  it.  Pars  sanitatis  velle  sanai ..  Tiii!., 
(Seneca).    'Tis  a  part  of  his  cure  to  wish  his  own  health,  and  not  to  defer  it  too  long 

"3"  Q.iii  blandiendo  dulcp  nutrivit  malum.  I  •  He  tliat  liy  rherisliing  a  mischief  dnth  provoke, 

Seio  recusal  ferre  quod  subiit  jugum."  |        Too  late  at  last  refusetli  to  cast  otfliis  yoke." 

"<* "  Helhhorum  frustra  cum  jam  cutis  a^irra  tnniehit,  I  "  When  the  skin  swells,  to  seek  it  to  appease 

Poscentes  videas ;  venieiiti  occurrite  iiiorlid.'  |         With  ht'llelmre,  is  vain  ;  meet  your  diseas-f." 

By  this  means  many  times,  or  through  their  ignorance  in  not  taking  notice  of  iheir 
grievance  and  danger  of  it,  contempt,  supine  negligence,  extenuation,  wretchedness 
and  peevishness  ;  they  undo  themselves.  The  citizens,  1  know  not  of  what  city  now, 
when  rumour  was  brought  their  enemies  were  coming,  could  not  abide  to  hear  it ; 
and  when  the  plague  begins  in  many  places  and  they  certainly  know  it,  they  com- 
mand silence  and  hush  it  up-,  but  after  they  see  their  foes  now  marching  to  their 
gates,  and  ready  to  surprise  them,  they  begin  to  fortify  and  resist  when  'tis  too  late; 
when  the  sickness  breaks  out  and  can  be  no  longer  concealed,  then  they  lament  their 
supine  negligence  :  'tis  no  otherwise  with  these  men.  And  often  out  of  prejxidice,  a 
loathing,  and  distaste  of  physic,  they  had  rather  die,  or  do  worse,  than  take  any  of 

™Crev.  1.  c.  18.  c"  Similitiido  sspe  lionis  medicis  |  hoc  morho  medicina  nihil  profecisse  visi  sunt,  ct  sibi 

imponir.         '^'Q.iii  mehincholicis  pra;bent  reinedia  non  |  demissi   invaluerunt.  '•  Abderitani  ep.  Hippiic. 

satis  vnlida  L'msiores  uinrbi  imprimis  solertiam  medici  i  '2  Qnjcquid  auri  apud  nos  est,  libenter  persolveriius, 
postulant  et  t'lilclitatem.  qui  enirn  tumulluario  ho?  trac-    etiamsi  tota  urbs  nostra  aurum  esset.  '3 Seneca, 

taut,  vires  absque  ullocouimodo  hEdunt  et  lran:;unt,  &c.  |  'i  Per.  3.  Sat. 
''"Naturu;  remissionem  dare  oportei.  "Plerique  \ 


278  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  1. 

il.  ."Barbarous  immanity  ( "^ Melancthon  terms  it)  and  folly  to  be  deplored,  so  to 
contemn  tlie  precepts  of  health,  good  remedies,  and  voluntarily  to  pull  death,  and 
many  maladies  upon  their  own  heads."  Though  many  again  are  in  that  otlier 
extreme  too  profuse,  suspicious,  and  jealous  of  their  health,  too  apt  to  take  physic 
on  every  small  occasion,  to  aggravate  every  slender  passion,  imperfection,  impedi- 
ment :  if  their  linger  do  but  ache,  run,  ride,  send  for  a  physician,  as  many  gentlewo- 
men do,  that  are  sick,  without  a  cause,  even  when  they  will  themselves,  upon  every 
toy  or  small  discontent,  and  when  he  comes,  they  make  it  worse  than  it  is,  b)-  ampli- 
fying that  which  is  not,  '^Hier.  Cappivaccius  sets  it  down  as  a  connnon  fault  of  all 
"  melancholy  persons  to  say  their  symptoms  are  greater  than  they  are,  to  help  them- 
selves." And  which  "  Mercurialis  notes,  consil.  53.  "  to  be  more  troublesome  to  their 
pliysicians,  than  other  ordinary  patients,  that  they  may  have  change  of  physic." 

A  iliird  thing  to  be  required  in  a  patient,  is  contidence,  to  be  of  good  cheer,  and 
have  sure  hope  that  his  physician  can  help  him.  '°Damascen  the  Arabian  requires 
likewise  in  the  physician  himself,  that  he  be  contident  he  can  cure  him,  otherwise  his 
physic  will  not  be  effectual,  and  promise  withal  that  he  will  certainly  help  him,  make 
him  believe  so  at  least.  '^Galeollus  gives  this  reason,  because  the  form  of  health  is 
contained  in  the  physician's  mind,  and  as  Galen  holds  ^*' conlidence  and  hope  to  be 
more  ffood  than  physic,"  he  cures  most  in  whom  most  are  confident.  Axiocus  sick 
ahno.-i  to  death,  at  the  very  siglit  of  Socrates  recovered  his  former  health.  Paracelsus 
assiifus  il  for  an  only  cause,  wliv  Hii)pocrates  was  so  fortunate  in  his  cures,  not  for 
any  extraordinary  skill  he  had;  *'  but  ••  because  the  common  people  had  a  most  strong 
conceit  of  his  worth."  To  this  of  confidence  we  may  add  perseverance,  obedience, 
and  constancy,  not  to  change  his  physician,  or  dislike  him  upon  every  toy;  for  he 
tiiat  so  doth  (^saith  "Janus  Damascen)  "or  consults  with  many,  falls  into  many 
errors;  or  that  usedi  many  medicines."  it  was  a  chief  caveat  of  "Seneca  to  his 
friend  Lucilius,  that  he  should  not  alter  his  |>hysician,  or  prescribed  physic:  '' No- 
tiiinir  hinders  health  more;  a  wound  can  never  betnired,  that  hath  .several  plaslbrs." 
(,'rdio  consil.  18().  laxeth  all  melancholy  persons  of  this  fault:  '''"'Tis  proper  to 
them,  if  things  fall  not  out  to  their  mind,  and  that  they  have  not  present  ease,  to 
seek  another  and  another;"  i^as  they  do  commonly  that  have  sore  eyes)  twentv-one 
after  another,  and  they  still  promise  all  to  cure  them,  try  a  thousand  remedies  ;  anti  by 
lliis  means  they  increase  their  malady,  make  it  most  dangerous  and  ditlicult  to  be  cured. 
They  try  many  (sailh  **  Montaims)  and  profit  by  none  :"  and  for  this  cause,  cimsil.  24. 
lie  enjoins  his  patient  before  he  lake  him  in  hand,  **"  perseverance  and  sulleiance, 
for  in  such  a  small  time  no  great  mailer  can  be  eflected,  and  upon  that  condition  he 
will  administer  physic,  otherwise  all  his  endeavour  and  counsel  would  be  to  small 
purpose."  And  in  his  31.  counsel  for  a  n*)lable  matron,  he  tells  her,  *''•*  if  she  will  be 
cured,  she  must  be  of  a  most  abiding  patience,  faithful  obedience,  and  singular  per- 
severance ;  if  she  remit,  or  despair,  she  can  expect  or  hope  for  no  good  success." 
Consil.  230.  for  an  Italian  Abbot,  he  makes  it  one  of  the  greatest  reasons  why  lhi.'5 
disease  is  so  incurable,  **»•  because  the  parties  are  so  restless,  and  impatient,  and  will 
tlierelbre  have  him  liiat  intends  to  be  eased,  ""  to  take  physic,  not  for  a  montli,  a  year, 
l)Ul  to  apply  himself  to  their  prescriptions  all  the  days  of  his  life."  Last  of  all,  it  i.s 
required  that  the  patient  be  not  too  bold  to  practise  upon  himself,  wilhoul  an  approved 
physician's  consent,  or  to  try  conclusions,  if  he  read  a  receipt  in  a  b(x>k ;  for  so. 
many  grossly  mistake,  and  do  themselves  more  harm  than  good.  That  which  is 
conducing  to  one  man,  in  one  case,  the  sanie  time  is  opposite  to  zinother.    '*'An  ass 

"^  D«;  anima.    Barbara  tamen  imnianitale,  ei  depio-  i  iiii|>e«lit,  ac  renieiliorum  erebra  niutalin,  nee  viMiil  vul- 

r.imla  iiiscilia  cntiifiiinuiit  prarcfpta  <iaiiitati8  mortfin  iius  ad  cicalrio-iii  in  qmi  diversa  iiiedicaiiifnla  t>-rit«n- 

el  niortxw  iiltro  accersiint.  '«Coii:>iil.  ITJ^  rVoUzio  liir.  »«  Mt-lanrlmliciiriirn  propriiiiii.  <|iiiiiii  e»  ei.rum 

Mfiaiirli.  JEtiiorimi  hoc  fere  propriuiii  est.  ul  eraviora  arbilrio   nun    lit   Hubiia   niulatiu   in    riD-liuM,   alt>;rare 

riicaiil  Hssr  syniptoinala.  quam  revera  sunt.       "■'  Mi-I.in    '  nifilienn  i|ui  qni'li  n.  Sec.  Con«il.  3l    D>iin  ad  varia 

ch'ihci   pliTuiiique  inedicis  sunt   inolcgii.  m   alia   aliin  w;  ninfi-ruiit.  imllii  prosiinl.        «  liiipriniii*  li<xr  ilatuere 

ailjijiisaiil.  '"Oporlet  intirnio  iiiiprMii>-ri,-  •aliilt-ni.  <'p<irlPl,  rri)uiri  p»-r»evfrantiani,  i?t  l<il«-raiiliain.   Kiiruii 

utriiMi|iii'  proniinere,  etsi  ipfe  dfspprel.     N'lillijiii  ni^<\i-  eiiiui  ifin|H>re  nihil  >-x.  A.r.  •"■r>i  rnrnri  vull.  opui 

caiiiinlnni  efficax.  nisi  niedicns  ctiani  fuf-rit  rnrtK  una  '•*l    [terliiiari   p>;riu:v>-ranlia.    T  itia.    t-t   pa- 

ltinaii..rii«.  "D«  proiniiK;.  duel.  cap.  15.    Quoiiiani  lieiitia  miiijulari.  hi  la'^lcl  am  mi  li.ir«bil 

fiaiiiialis  fiirniani  aninii  meilici  cnnlincnt.        *S(K-Hfl  etr»-cluiii.  '•.■EL'nludin'  /ii'-ndaiu.  ft 

conlidenlia.  plui  valent  quam  mediciiia.  ^>  Paflicinr  inde  morhi   inrurabiles.  "  N    '>    a. I   niviiMrm  anl 

in  nif<licina  "h  fideiii  Ethmcoruni.  w  .^phori*.  H'.t.  annum,  .•ed  oppiirtrt  t<>io  vit»  rurrirulo  curatiuut  op« 

AZet-r  qui    pluriinoA  rimsulit   meiliro^,   pleriiinniif   ir  rain  dare.  "Camerariui  enib.  U.  ceal.  iL 

rrrureiii  singuloruiii  cadit.  '»  Nihil  1(3  sanitat>;k,  ' 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  3.]  Patient.  279 

and  a  mule  went  laden  over  a  brook,  the  one  with  salt,  the  other  witli  wool :  tlie 
mule's  pack  was  wet  by  chance,  the  salt  melted,  his  burden  the  lighter,  and  he  thereby 
much  eased :  he  told  the  ass,  who,  thinking  to  speed  as  well,  wet  his  pack  likewise 
at  the  next  water,  but  it  was  much  the  heavier,  he  quite  tired.  So  one  thing  may 
be  good  and  bad  to  several  parties,  upon  diverse  occasions.  '■'  Many  things  (saith 
®"  Penottus)  are  written  in  our  books,  which  seem  to  the  reader  to  be  excellent  reme- 
dies, but  they  that  make  use  of  them  are  often  deceived,  and  take  for  physic  poison." 
I  remember  in  Valleriola's  observations,  a  story  of  one  John  Baptist  a  Neapolitan, 
that  finding  by  chance  a  pamphlet  in  Italian,  -written  in  praise  of  heliebore,  would 
needs  adventure  on  himself,  and  took  one  dram  for  one  scruple,  and  had  not  lie  been 
sent  for,  the  poor  fellow  had  poisoned  himself.  From  whence  he  concludes  out  of 
Damascenus  2  et  3.  Aphoris.  """that  without  exquisite  knowledge,  to  work  out  of 
books  is  most  dangerous :  how  unsavoury  a  thing  it  is  to  believe  writers,  and  take 
upon  trust,  as  this  patient  perceived  by  his  own  peril."  I  could  recite  such  another 
example  of  mine  own  knowledge,  of  a  friend  of  mine,  that  finding  a  receipt  in  Bras- 
sivola,  would  needs  take  hellebore  in  substance,  and  try  it  on  his  own  person;  but 
had  not  some  of  his  familiars  come  to  visit  him  by  chance,  he  had  by  his  indiscre- 
tion hazarded  himself:  many  such  I  have  observed.  These  are  those  ordinary  cau- 
tions, which  I  should  think  fit  to  be  noted,  and  he  that  shall  keep  them,  as  ^^Mou- 
tanus  saith,  shall  surely  be  much  eased,  if  not  thoroughly  cured. 

SuBSECT.  III. — ■Concerning  Physic. 

Physic  itself  in  the  last  place  is  to  be  considered ;  "  for  the  Lord  hath  created 
medicines  of  the  earth,  and  he  that  is  wise  will  not  abhor  them."  Ecclus.  xxxviii.  4, 
ver.  8.  "  of  such  doth  the  apothecary  make  a  confection,  &c."  Of  these  medicines 
there  be  diverse  and  infinite  kinds,  plants,  metals,  animals,  &c.,  and  those  of  several 
natures,  some  good  for  one,  hurtful  to  another :  some  noxious  in  themselves,  cor- 
rected by  art,  very  wholesome  and  good,  simples,  mixed,  &€.,  and  therefore  left  to 
he  managed  by  discreet  and  skilful  physicians,  and  thence  applied  to  man's  use.  To 
this  purpose  they  have  invented  method,  and  several  rules  of  art,  to  put  these  reme- 
dies in  order,  for  their  particular  ends.  Physic  (as  Hippocrates  defines  it)  is  nought 
else  but  "^ "  addition  and  subtraction ;"  and  as  it  is  required  in  all  other  diseases,  so 
in  this  of  melancholy  it  ought  to  be  most  accurate,  it  being  (as  "'Mercurialis  acknow- 
ledgeth)  so  common  an  afl^ection  in  these  our  times,  and  therefore  fit  to  be  understood. 
Several  prescripts  and  methods  I  find  in  several  men,  some  take  upon  them  to  cure 
all  maladies  with  one  medicine,  severally  applied,  as  that  Panacea  Aiiruvi  polahile, 
so  nmch  controverted  in  these  days,  Herha  soils.,  S^-c.  Paracelsus  reduceth  all  dis- 
eases to  four  principal  heads,  to  whom  Severinus,  Ravelascus,  Leo  Suavius,  and 
others  adhere  and  imitate :  those  are  leprosy,  gout,  dropsy,  falling-sickness.  To 
which  they  reduce  the  rest ;  as  to  leprosy,  ulcers,  itches,  furfurs,  scabs,  &c.  To 
gout,  stone,  cholic,  toothache,  headache,  &c.  To  dropsy,  agues,  jaundice,  cachexia, 
&c.  To  the  falling-sickness,  belong  palsy,  vertigo,  cramps,  convulsions,  incubus, 
apoplexy,  &c.  s^"  Jf  any  of  these  four  principal  be  cured  (saith  Ravelascus)  all  the 
inferior  are  cured,"  and  the  same  remedies  commonly  serve  :  but  this  is  too  general, 
and  by  some  contradicted :  for  this  peculiar  disease  of  melancholy,  of  which  I  am 
now  to  speak,  I  find  several  cures,  several  methods  and  prescripts.  They  that  intend 
the  practic  cure  of  melancholy,  saith  Duretus  in  his  notes  to  Hollerius,  set  down 
nine  peculiar  scopes  or  ends  ;  Savanarola  prescribes  seven  especial  canons.  .-Elianus 
Montaltus  cap.  26.  Faventinus  in  his  empirics,  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  &c.,  have  their 
several  injunctions  and  rules,  all  tending  to  one  end.  The  ordinary  is  threefold, 
which  I  mean  to  follow.  AiatrjjT'tzj;,  Pharmacciilica.,  and  Chirurgica,  diet,  or  living, 
apothecary,  chirurgery,  which  Wecker,  Crato,  Guianerius,  &c.,  and  most,  prescribe; 
5f  which  I  will  insist,  and  speak  in  their  order. 

'  Prrrfat.  rie  nar.  mod.  In  libellis  qus  vulgo  vers.in-  |  ordine  decet,  pjerit.  vel  r.urabitur.  vel  certe  minus  affi- 
•sir  apud  litcratos,  incantiores  niulta  lecuiit,  a  quibus    cietur.  MFuchsius  cap.  2.  lib.  I.  ^^  In  pract. 

de-ipiuiiliir,  exiiiiia  illis,  sed  iiortcntosum  hswrimit  ve-  n\fd.  h-Kr  affectiu  nostiis  tempnrit)us  frpq^ieiilissjina. 
iifniim.  i^^OpiTMri  r-x  lihris,  alisqiie  cr.j;iii'.,uii(  ..>t     e^i^o  uia.iinjj  pertiiiel  ad  nos  liujiis  ciirati'iiiem  intclli 

suli'ui  ingenio,  pcriciilosiim  est.    Unde  inoneinur,  quaiii  '  gere.  siiSi  aliqiiis  liorum  niorboriiiii,  siiiiimus  sa 

iu^ipiiliim  scriptis  audi. nbus  credere,  qiioil  hie.  siio  di-  i  nalur,  sanaiitur  oiiines  inferiores. 
dicit  periculo.  ^isCoiisil.  23.  haec  omnia  si  'luo; 


280  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  8 

SLOT.  Jl.  MEMH.  ». 
SuBSECT.  I. — Diet  rectified  in  substance. 

DiET,^t(UTrTtxj7,  utc/its,  or  living-,  according  to  ^'Fuchsius  and  others,  comprehends 
hose  six  non-natural  things,  whicli  I  have  before  specified,  are  especial  causes,  and 
being  rectified,  a  sole  or  chief  part  of  the  cure.  ^^  Johannes  Arculanus,  cap.  16.  in 
0.  Rhasis.,  accounts  the  rectifying  of  these  six  a  sufficient  cure.  Guianerius,  tract. 
15,  cap.  9.  calls  them,  propriam  el  primam  cur«m,  the  principal  cure  :  so  doth  Mon- 
tanus,  Crato,  Mercurialis,  Allomarus,  &c.,  first  to  be  tried,  Lemnius,  instit.  cap.  22, 
names  them  the  hinges  of  our  healtli,  ^no  hope  of  recovery  without  them.  Reine- 
rus  Solenander,  in  his  .seventh  consultation  for  a  Spanish  young  gentlewoman,  that 
was  so  melancholy  she  abhorred  all  company,  and  would  not  sit  at  table  with  her 
familiar  friends,  prescribes  this  physic  above  the  rest,  '""no  good  to  be  done  without 
it.  'Aretus,  lib.  I.  cap.  7.  an  old  physician,  is  of  opinion,  that  this  is  enough  of  itself, 
if  the  parly  be  not  too  far  gone  in  sickness.  ^ Crato,  in  a  consultation  of  his  for  a 
noble  patient,  tells  him  plainly,  that  if  his  highness  will  keep  but  a  good  diet,  he 
will  warrant  him  his  former  healtli.  ^  31ontanus,  consil.  27.  for  a  nobleman  of  France, 
admonisheth  his  lordship  to  be  most  circumspect  in  his  diet,  or  else  all  his  other 
physic  will  '"be  to  small  purpose.  The  same  injunction  I  find  verbatim  in  J.  Ca-sar 
Claudinus,  Respon.Si.  Scoltzii,  consil.  183.  Trallianus,  cap.  IG.  lib.  1.  Lcelius  (i 
fonte  jEugubinus  often  brags,  that  he  hath  done  more  cures  in  this  kind  by  rectifi- 
cation of  diet,  than  all  otlier  physic  besides.  So  that  in  a  word  1  may  say  to  most 
melancholy  men,  as  the  fox  said  to  the  weasel,  that  could  not  get  out  of  the  garner, 
Macra  caviim  repetes,  quern  mucra  subisli^^  the  six  non-natural  things  caused  it,  and 
they  must  cure  it.  Which  howsoever  I  treat  of,  as  proper  to  tlie  meridian  of  melan- 
choly, yet  nevertheless,  that  which  is  here  said  witli  him  in  ®Tully,  thougli  writ 
especially  for  the  good  of  his  friends  at  Tarentum  and  Sicily,  yet  it  will  generally 
serve  '  most  other  diseases,  and  help  them  likewise,  if  it  be  observed. 

Of  these  six  non-natural  things,  the  first  is  diet,  properly  so  called,  which  consists 
in  meat  and  drink,  in  which  we  piust  consider  substance,  quantity,  quality,  and  that 
opposite  to  the  precedent.  In  substance,  such  meats  are  generally  commended,  which 
are  ^  '•  moist,  easy  of  digestion,  and  not  apt  to  engender  wind,  not  fried,  nor  roasted, 
but  sod  (saith  Valescus,  Altomarus,  Piso,  &.c.)  hot  and  moist,  and  of  good  nourish- 
ment;" Crato,  consil.  21.  lib.  2.  admits  roast  meat,  *  if  the  burned  and  scorched 
superficies,  the  brown  we  call  it,  be  pared  off!  Salvianus,  lib.  2.  cap.  1.  cries  out  on 
?old  ai  d  dry  meats  ;  '"  young  flesh  and  tender  is  approved,  as  of  kid,  rabbits,  chickens, 
veal,  mutton,  capons,  hens,  parlridjie,  pheasant,  quails,  and  all  mountain  birds,  which 
are  so  familiar  in  some  parts  of  Africa,  and  in  Italy,  and  as  "  Dublinius  reports,  the 
common  food  of  boors  and  cluwns  in  Palestine.  Galen  takes  exception  at  mutton, 
but  without  question  he  means  that  ramniy  mutton,  which  is  in  Turkey  and  Asia 
Minor,  wliich  have  those  great  flesliy  tails,  of  forty-eight  pounds  weight,  as  Verto- 
mannus  witnesseth,  navitr.  lib.  2.  cap.  5.  The  lean  of  fat  meat  is  best,  and  all  man- 
ner of  broths,  and  pottage,  with  borage,  lettuce,  and  such  wholesome  herbs  are  ex- 
cellent good,  especially  of  a  cock  boiled  ;  all  spoon  meat.  Arabians  commend  brains, 
but  '^  Laurenlius,  c.  8.  excepts  against  them,  and  so  do  many  others  ;  '^eggs  are  justi- 
fied as  a  nutritive  wholesome  meat,  butter  and  oil  may  pass,  but  with  some  limita- 
tion;  so  '*Crjto  confines  it,  and  '•  to  some  men  sparingly  at  set  times,  or  in  sauce," 

«  Instit.  cap.  8.  sect.  1.  Victiis  nomine  non  tarn  cibus  |  which  lean  you  entered."  •  1.  de  finibii8  Tarentini* 

et  potiis.  Sf d  acr,  cxerciiatio,  sumnus,  vi;,'ilia.  et  rt-liquie  |  el  Sic>ilis.        •>  Modo  non  mulliini  floiigi-iitur.        •  Lib. 
res  lex  non-naturales  continentiir.  ^Suffioit  pie-  |  1.  de  melan.  cap.  7.    Calidiis  tt  hiiiiiidiiK  cihuK  ronrociu 

runique  rt'siuien  reruni  sex  nonnaluralium.  i*  Et  |  facilis,  flatus  ei»rUts,  eliii  non  nssi.  n<-i|iie  gilii  fri.»i 


ill  his  poti-sima  sanilas  consistit.  lOo  \iliil  hie 

a»enduiii  sine  e.xqiiisita  Vivendi  ratinne,  tc.  i  Si 

recens  in.iluni  sit  nd  pristiiiuin  habiniiii  r>-cii|M-randurn, 
alia  inedt-l.i  non  est  opus.  > Consil.  9i).  lib.  i.  si 

celsiliido  Ilia,  rectain  victus  rationein,  tc.  •  .Moiico 

Ihiniine,  lit  sis  priirlens  ad  victiim.  sine  quo  cetera  re- 
iii'^dia  frii^tr.i  adhibentur.  <  Omnia  rninedia  irrita 

et  vana  sine  his.  Novistis  me  pterosque  ita  labnrantts, 
virtu  ihxiiis  quam  medicamentis  ciirasse.  >  "When  :  batur. 

you  are  a^ain  lean,  seek  an  e.xit  through  that  hole  by  ' 


!>ini.  *i'i  interna  taiituni  pulpa  devurftiir.  non  su- 

perficies tnrrida  ab  igne.  '-'  IIimh-  niitri>-iite«  cilii, 

teiiella  tttas  inultuni  valet.  Ciiriicii  non  virorie,  mx  jiin- 
eueo.    •        "  Hoedoper.  piTi-cr.  Mierosi.l.  i*lniniira 

Ftomacho.  '•Not  frieil  or  bultered,  hut  |Miiclie<l. 

'*(.'on»il.  Jfi.  Non  iiiipr>>liatiT«  buivrniii  et  nieiiiii.  "i 
taiiien  plus  quam  par  sii.  non  proriiiidntur :  rnirhari  1 1 
iiM-llis  us'js,  uUliler  ad  ciboruin  condimenta  cnipto- 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  1.]  Diet  rectified.  281 

and  so  sugar  and  honey  are  approved.  '=  All  sharp  and  sour  sauces  must  be  avoided. 
and  spices,  or  at  least  seldom  used  :  and  so  saffron  sometimes  in  broth  may  be  tole- 
rated ;  but  these  things  may  be  more  freely  used,  as  the  temperature  of  tlie  party  is 
hot  or  cold,  or  as  he  shall  find  mconvenience  by  them.  The  tliinnest,  whitest, 
smallest  wine  is  best,  not  thick,  nor  strong;  and  so  of  beer,  the  middling  is  fittest^ 
Bread  of  good  wheat,  pure,  well  purged  from  the  bran  is  preferred ;  Laurentius,  cap. 
8.  would  have  it  kneaded  with  rain  water,  if  it  may  be  gotten. 

Water.]  Pure,  thin,  light  water  by  all  means  use,  of  good  smell  and  taste,  like  to 
the  air  m  sight,  such  as  is  soon  hot,  soon  cold,  and  which  Hippocrates  so  much 
approves,  if  at  least  it  may  be  had.  Rain  water  is  purest,  so  that  it  fall  not  down  in 
great  drops,  and  be  used  forthwith,  for  it  quickly  putrefies.  Next  to  it  fountain 
water  that  nseth  in  the  east,  and  runneth  eastward,  from  a  quick  running  spring,  from 
flinty,  chalky,  gravelly  grounds :  and  the  longer  a  river  runneth,  it  is  commonly  the 
purest,  though  many  springs  do  yield  the  best  water  at  their  fountains.  The  waters 
m  hotter  countries,  as  in  Turkey,  Persia,  India,  within  the  tropics,  are  frequently 
purer  than  ours  in  the  north,  more  subtile,  thin,  and  lighter,  as  our  merchants  observe, 
by  four  ounces  in  a  pound,  pleasanter  to  drink,  as  good  as  our  beer,  and  some  of 
them,  as  Choaspis  in  Persia,  preferred  by  the  Persian  kings,  before  wine  itself. 

io"Clitorio  qiiicunque  siliiii  de  fnnte  levdrit 

Vina  fugit  gaudetquc  lueris  abstemius  undis." 

Many  rivers  I  deny  not  are  muddy  still,  white,  thick,  like  those  in  China,  Nile  in 
Egypt,  Tiber  at  Rome,  but  after  they  be  settled  two  or  three  days,  defecate  and  clear, 
very  commodious,  useful  and  good.     Many  make  use  of  deep  wells,  as  of  old  in  the 
Holy  Land,  lakes,  cisterns,  when  they  cannot  be  better  provided ;  to  fetch  it  in  carts 
or  gone.  >l-is,  as  in  Venice,  or  camels'  backs,  as  at  Cairo  in  Egypt,  "  Rad^ivilius  ob- 
served 8000  camels  daily  there,  employed  about  that  business ;  some  keep  it  in 
trunks,  as  in  the  East  Indies,  made  four  square  with  descending  steps,  and  'tis  not 
amiss,  for  I  would  not  have  any  one  so  nice  as  that  Grecian  Calls,  sister  to  Nice-  * 
phorus,  emperor  of  Constantinople,  and   '« married  to  Dominitus  Silvius,  duke  of 
Venice,  that  out  of  incredible  wantonness,  communi  aqua  uti  nolebat,  would  use  no 
vulgar  water;  but  she  died  tanta  (saith  mine  author) /(etidissimi puris  copld,  of  so 
fulsome  a  disease,  that  no  water  could  wash  her  clean.     "'Plato  would  not  have  a 
traveller  lodge  in  a  city  that  is  not  governed  by  laws,  or  hath  not  a  quick  stream 
running  by  it ;  lUud  enim  armnum,  hoc  corrmnpit  valetudinem.,  one  corrupts  the  body, 
the  other  the  mind.     But  this  is  more  than  needs,  too  much  curiosity  is  naught,  in 
time  of  necessity  any  water  is  allowed.     Howsoever,  pure  water  is  best,  and  wiiich 
(as  Pindarus  holds)  is  better  than  gold ;  an  especial  ornament  it  is,  and  "  very  com- 
modious to  a  city  (according  to  ^^Vegetius)  when  fresh  springs  are  included'within 
the  walls,"  as  at  Corinth,  in  the  midst  of  the  town  almost,  there  was  arx  allissma 
scatensfontibus,  a  goodly  mount  full  of  fresh  water  springs  :  "if  nature  afford  them 
not  they  must  be  had  by  art."     It  is  a  wonder  to  read  of  those  -'  stupend  aqueducts, 
and  mfimte  cost  hath  been  bestowed  in  Rome  of  old,  Constantinople,  Carthage,  Alex- 
andria, and  such  populous  cities,   to  convey  good   and   wholesome   waters  :   read 
'  Fronlinus,  Lipsius  de  admir.  ''PUnius,  lib.  3.  cap.  11.  Strabo  in  his  Geogr.     That 
aqueduct  of  Claudius  was  most  eminent,  fetched  upon  arches  fifteen  miles,  every 
arch  109  feet  high  :  they  had  fourteen  such  other  aqueducts,  besides  lakes  and  cis- 
terns, 700  as  I  take  it ;  ^  every  house  had  private  pipes  and  channels  to  serve  them 
for  their  use.     Peter  Gillius,  in  his  accurate  description  of  Constantinople,  speaks 
of  an  old  cistern  which  he  went  down  to  see,  3.36  feet  long,  180  feet  broad,  built  of 
marble,  covered  over  with  arch-work,  and  sustained  by  330  pillars,  12  feet  asunder, 
and  in  eleven  rows,  to  contain  sweet  water.     Infinite  cost  in  channels  and  cisterns.' 
from  Ndiis  to  Alexandria,  hath  been  formerly  bestowed,  to  the  admiration  of  these 
tunes ;  ^'  their  cisterns  so  curiously  cemented'  and  composed,  that  a  beholder  wouk 


J^Murcurialis  consil.  88.  acerba  omnia  evitantur 
ii^Gvul.  Met.  lib.  15  "  VVIiocver  has  allayerl  his  thirst 
with  the  water  of  the  Clituriiis,  avoids  wine,  and  ah- 
Eteniioiis  ileliirhts  in  pure  water  only."  "  Pregr.  Hier. 
"•The  Dukes  of  Venice  were  then  permitteil  u  marry. 
'»  Ue  Legibus.  20  ^jb.  4.  cap.  10.     M;i3  la  urbis 

utilitas  cum  perennes  fontes  muris  includuntui,  quod  si 

36  v2 


natura  non  pra?stat,  effijndiendi,  &c.        21  Opera  pigan- 
turn  dicit  aliquis.  "De  aqujeduct.  -^sCurtiug 

Fons  a  quadragesimo  lapide  in   nrhirm  opere  arcuato 
perdnctus.     Plin.  UG.  15.  2' aua-que  domus  Rom* 

fistulas  habebat  et  canales,  &.c.        '^  Lib.  2.  ca.  iO.  Jod. 
a  Meggen.  cap.  15.  pv/eg.  Hier.  Belloiiius. 


282  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 

• 

take  them  to  be  all  of  one  stone:  when  the  foundation  is  laid,  and  cistern  made, 
their  liouse  is  half  built.  That  Segovian  aqueduct  in  Spain,  is  much  wondered  at  iu 
these  days,  ^"upon  three  rows  of  pillars,  one  above  another,  conveying  swe3t  water 
to  every  house :  but  each  city  almost  is  full  of  such  aqueducts.  Amongst  the  rest 
*'  he  is  eternally  to  be  commended,  that  brought  tliat  new  stream  to  the  north  side 
of  London  at  his  own  cliarge:  and  Air.  Olho  Nicholson,  founder  of  our  water-works 
and  elegant  conduit  in  Oxford.  So  much  have  all  times  attributed  to  this  element, 
to  be  conveniently  provided  of  it :  although  Galea  hath  taken  exceptions  at  such 
waters,  which  run  through  leaden  pipes,  ob  cerussam  qucB  in  lis  gcneralur.,  for  that 
unctuous  ceruse,  which  causetli  dysenteries  and  lluxes ;  ^'^yet  as  Alsarius  Crufius  of 
Genna  well  answers,  it  is  opposite  to  common  experience.  If  that  were  true,  most 
of  our  Italian  cities,  Montpelier  in  France,  with  infmite  others,  would  lind  this  in- 
convenience, but  there  is  no  such  matter.  For  private  families,  in  what  sort  they 
should  furnish  themselves,  let  them  consult  with  F.  Crescentius,  de  Agrlc.  I.  I.e.  4, 
Pamphilius  Hirelacus,  and  the  rest. 

Amongst  fishes,  those  are  most  allowed  of,  that  live  in  gravelly  or  sandy  waters, 
pikes,  perch,  trout,  gudgeon,  smelts,  flounders,  Stc.  Hippolitus  Salvianus  takes 
exception  at  carp;  but  1  dare  boldly  say  with  ^'Dubravius,  it  is  an  excellent  meat, 
if  it  come  not  from  ^  muddy  pools,  that  it  retain  not  an  unsavoury  taste.  Erinacius 
Marinus  is  much  commended  by  Oribatius,  iEtius,  and  most  of  our  late  writers. 

^' Crato,  consil.  21.  iib.  2.  censures  all  manner  of  fruits,  as  subject  to  putrefaction, 
yet  tolerable  at  sometimes,  after  meals,  at  second  course,  they  keep  down  vapours, 
and  have  their  use.  Sweet  fruits  are  best,  as  sweet  cherries,  plums,  sweet  apj)les, 
pear-mains,  and  pippins,  which  Laurentius  extt)ls,  as  having  a  peculiar  property 
against  this  disease,  and  Plater  magnifies,  omnibus  viodis  appropriaia  convvniunt^  Itut 
tliey  must  be  corrected  for  tlieir  windiness :  ripe  grapes  are  good,  and  raisins  of  the 
sun,  musk-nulons  well  corrected,  and  sparingly  used.  Figs  are  allowed, and  almonds 
blanched.  Trallianus  discommends  tigs,  ^Salvianus  olives  and  capers,  which  ^others 
especially  like  of,  and  so  of  pislick  nuts.  Alontanus  and  Mercurialis  out  of  Aven- 
zoar,  admit  peaches,  *'  pears,  and  apples  baked  after  meals,  only  corrected  with  sugar, 
and  aniseed,  or  fennel-seed,  and  so  they  may  be  profitably  taken,  because  they 
strengthen  the  stomach,  and  keep  down  vapours.  The  like  may  be  said  of  preserved 
cherries,  plums,  marn.tdade  of  plums,  (juinces,  Slc,  but  not  to  drink  after  them. 
^  Pomegranates,  lemons,  oranges  are  tolerated,  if  they  be  not  too  sharp. 

'^Craio  will  admit  of  no  herbs,  but  borage,  bugloss,  endive,  fennel,  aniseed,  bauni ; 
Callenius  and  Arnoldus  tolerate  lettuce,  spinage,  beets,  kc.  The  same  Crato  will 
allow  no  roots  at  all  to  be  eaten.  Some  approve  of  potatoes,  parsnips,  but  all  cor- 
rected for  wind.  No  raw  salads;  but  as  Laurentius  prescribes,  in  broths;  and  so 
Crato  commends  many  of  them :  or  to  use  borage,  hops,  baum,  steeped  in  their 
ordinary  drink.  ^Avenzoar  magnifies  the  juice  of  a  pomegranate,  if  it  be  sweet,  and 
especially  rose  water,  which  he  would  have  to  be  used  in  every  dish,  which  they  put 
in  practice  in  those  hot  countries,  about  Damascus,  where  (if  we  may  believe  the 
relations  of  Vertomannus)  many  hogsheads  of  rose  water  are  to  be  sold  in  the  market 
at  once,  it  is  in  so  great  request  with  them. 

SuBSECT.  II. — Diet  rectified  in  quantity. 

M.\x  alone,  saith  ^Cardan,  eats  and  drinks  without  appetite,  and  useth  all  his 
pleasure  without  necessity,  unimce  vitio,  and  thence  come  many  inconveniences  unto 
him.  For  there  is  no  meat  whatsoever,  though  otherwise  wholesome  and  good,  but 
if  unseasonably  taken,  or  immoderately  used,  more  than  the  stomach  can  well  bear, 
it  will  engender  crudity,  and  do  much  harm.     Therefore  '^Crato  adviseth  his  patient 

s^Cyiir.  Fxhovius  dclit.  Hisp.  Aqua  proflueiis  iiide  in  i  quiB  graio  sunt  sapore,  cocta  mala,  poma  losta,  el  »ae- 
oiuti.s  ten- iliimusducitur,  ill  puttiaqm.que  aiilivo  tern-  I  cliaro,  vel  aiiisi  hoiiiiiie  <:..iis|..rba,  iidlir  r  !<(.ttiiii  a 
pore  fri;,'i(lissiina  tons.Tvulur.  "Sir  Hii^h  Middle-     prandio  vel  a  tcpiia  sunn  pocr^iiiit.  e<i  qiiiNl  v.-iuriculum 

l.in,  baronet.  *  De  qiio^sitis  iiied.  cent.  lol.  354.  !  rotxjrent  et  va|).<res  caput  pelniteH  rcirriiuaiit.     Mont. 

*Dc  piscibus  lib.  tiabent  onines  in  lautiliis,  ni.ido  iion  I  "  Funica  mala  aurantia  coiiinxjde  iMriiiiiliiiitiir  uio<in 
Finl  e  cn'HDSO  loco.  »  De  pise.  c.  2.  I.  7.     Pluriiiiiiiu     noii  suit  auslera  el  acidu.  ie(Jl.-ra  oiiiiiiit  piirti-r 

pra-Hiat  ad  utilitatem  et  jucunditaleni.  Mem  1'rallia-  |  buragineui,  liiii;l<J!*iiuiii.  iiitybum.  IVniruliiiii.  aiiiruin. 
IIU8  lib.  1.  c.  Iti.  pisces  petrosi,  et  iiioUes  cariie.     3i  Ki^i     nielisfum  vitari  debent.  ^  .Mercuniilis  prati.  .Mi-.l. 

uniiieti  piitredini  sunt  obnoxii,  ubi  ^ecundis  niensis,  in-  |  3c  J.ib.  'J.  de  com.  Sidiiii  liomi  edit  luNlnue.  ace 
cepto  jainpriore.devoreiitiir.commodi  sucri  prosunt.qui  i  aaCoiisil.  -Jl.  18.  si  plus  meerata  quaiii  n.ir  i-»l'  ti  v«yi- 
rfulcedwie  sunt  pra;diti.     Lt  dulcia  cerasa,  ponia,  «cc.  I  triculus  tolerare  posset,  uotet,  cl  crudilaica  2tnerSl 

Lib.  2.  cap.  I.         9*  Moutanus  (»D6iI.  24.         **  Pyra  |  &.c. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Diet  nctljied.  283 

to  eat  but  twice  a  day,  and  tliat  at  his  set  meals,  by  no  means  to  eat  without  an 
appetite,  or  upon  a  full  stomach,  and  to  put  seven  hours'  difference  between  dinner 
and  supper.  Which  rule  if  we  did  observe  in  our  colleges,  it  would  be  much  better 
tor  our  healths  :  but  custom,  that  tyrant,  so  prevails,  that  contrary  to  all  good  ordei 
and  rules  of  physic,  we  scarce  admit  of  five.  If  after  seven  hours'  tarrying  he  shaj] 
licive  wo  stomach,  let  him  defer  iiis  meal,  or  eat  very  little  at  his  oixlinary  time  of 
repast.^  TJiis  very  counsel  was  given  by  Prosper  Calenus  to  Cardinal  Ceesius,  labour- 
ing of  this  disease ;  and  ^°  Platerus  prescribes  it  to  a  patient  of  his,  to  be  most 
severely  kept.  Guianerius  admits  of  three  meals  a  day,  but  Montanus,  consil.  25.  pro. 
db.  Itulo^  ties  him  precisely  to  two.  And  as  he  must  not  eat  overmuch,  so  he  may 
not  absolutely  fast ;  for  as  Celsus  contends,  lib.  l.Jacchmus  15.  in  9.  Rhasis.,  ■"  reple- 
tion and  inanition  may  both  do  harm  in  two  contrary  extremes.  Moreover,  that 
which  lie  doth  eat,  must  be  well  '^chewed,  and  not  hastily  gobbled,  for  that  causeth 
crudity  and  wind ;  and  by  all  means  to  eat  no  more  than  "he  can  well  digest.  "  Some 
timik  (saith  ''^  Trincavelius,  lib.  11.  cap.  29.  de  cur  and.  part,  hum.)  the  more  they  eat 
ihe  more  they  nourish  themselves:"  eat  and  live,  as  the  proverb  is,  "not  knowing 
that  only  repairs  man,  which  is  well  concocted,  not  that  which  is  devoured."  Melan- 
choly men  most  part  have  good  ''^appetites,  but  ill  digestion,  and  for  that  cause  they 
must  be  sure  to  rise  with  an  appetite ;  and  that  which  Socrates  and  Disarius  the 
physicians  in  ''^Macrobius  so  much  require,  St.  Hierom  enjoins  Rusticus  to  eat  and 
dank  no  more  than  will  '"^  satisfy  hunger  and  thirst.  ■^'Lessius,  the  Jesuit,  holds 
twelve,  thirteen,  or  fourteen  ounces,  or  in  our  northern  countries,  sixteen  at  most, 
(^for  all  students,  weaklings,  and  such  as  lead  an  idle  sedentary  life)  of  meat,  bread, 
&.C.,  a  lit  proportion  for  a  whole  day,  and  as  much  or  Ihtle  more  of  drink.  Nothing 
pesters  the  body  and  mind  sooner  than  to  be  still  fed,  to  eat  and  ingurgitate  beyond 
all  measure,  as  many  do.  ^^ "  By  overmuch  eating  and  continual  feasts  they  stifle 
nature,  and  choke  up  themselves ;  which,  had  they  lived  coarsely,  or  like  "galley 
slaves  been  tied  to  an  oar,  might  have  happily  prolonged  mauy  fair  years." 

A  great  inconvenience  comes  by  variety  of  dishes,  which  causeth  the  precedent 
distemperature,  ''^"than  which  (saith  Avicenna)  nothing  is  worse  5  to  feed  on  diver- 
sity of  meats,  or  overmuch,"  Sertorius-like,  in  lucem  ccznare^  and  as  commonly  tb.ey 
do  in  Muscovy  and  Iceland,  to  prolong  their  meals  all  day  long,  or  all  night.'  Our 
northern  countries  offend  especially  in  this,  and  we  in  this  island  [ampliter  viventcs 
in  prandiis  ct  ccenis^  as  =°Polydore  notes)  are  most  liberal  feeders,  but  to  our  own 
hurt.  ''^Pcrsicos  odi  puer  apparatus:  "  Excess  of  meat  breedeth  sickness,  and  glut- 
tony causeth  choleric  diseases  :  by  surfeiting  many  perish,  but  he  that  dieteth  him- 
self prolongeth  his  life,"  Ecclus.  xxxvii.  29,  30.  We  account  it  a  great  glory  for  a 
man  to  have  his  table  daily  furnished  with  variety  of  meats  :  but  hear  the  physician, 
he  pulls  thee  by  the  ear  as  thou  sittest,  and  telleth  thee,  ^^  •'  that  nothing  can  be  more 
noxious  to  thy  health  than  such  variety  and  plenty."  Temperance  is  a  bridle  of 
gold,  and  he  that  can  use  it  aright,  '^'^ego  non  summis  viris  comparv,  sed  sbniUbnuni 
Deo  judico,  is  liker  a  God  than  a  man :  for  as  it  will  transform  a  beast  to  a  man 
again,  so  will  it  make  a  man  a  God.  To  preserve  thine  honour,  health,  and  to  avoid 
therefore  all  those  inflations,  torments,  obstructions,  crudities,  and  diseases  that  come 
by  a  full  diet,  the  best  way  is  to  *^feed  sparingly  of  one  or  two  dishes  at  most,  to 
have  ventrcm  bene  moratu?n,  as  Seneca  calls  it,  ^^"to  choose  one  of  many,  and  to 
feed  on  tiiat  alone,"  as  Crato  adviseth  his  patient.  The  same  counsel  *®  Prosper 
Calenus  gives  to  Cardinal  Caesius,  to  use  a  moderate  and  simple  diet :  and  thou!>!i 
his  table  be  jovially  furnished  by  reason  of  his  state  and  guests,  yet  for  his  own  part 


•""Observat.  lib.  1.  Assucscat  bis  in  die  cibos,  sumere, 
cp.-ta  semper  bora.  <'  Ne  plus  ingerat  caveiidum 

q'laiii  vciitriculus  ferre  potest,  sempcrqur;  siir^'at  a 
iiimisa  niiii  satur.  "Siqiiidein  qui  seiniiiiansum 

velocitur  iiiacrunt  cibuin,  veiitriculo  laboreni  iiifi;rLiiit, 
et  Mams  iiiaximos  promoveiit,  Crato.    _  "(jujdaia 

iiiaxiiiie  coiiiedere  iiiluiitiir,  pulantes  ea  ratione  se  vires 
relectiirns ;  igiioranles,  noii  ea  qiis  iiigeruiit  posse 
vires  relicere,  sed  quE  probe  concoquunt.  ■'^  Multa 

appetiiiit,  pauca  digeriiiit.  ■'^Saturiial.  lib.  7.  cap.  4. 
^<'  .Modiciis  el  leinperatus  cibus  el  carni  et  aiiima;  iitilis 
isl.  -1"  Uygiaslicoii  reg.  14.  16.  uncia;  per  diem  suf- 

ficiant,  foinpiitato  pane,  came  ovis,  vel  aliis  obsoniis, 
el  totideiu  vel  paulo  plures  uucix  prutils.  -^'^ideiu 


reg.27.  Plures  in  domibus  suis  brevi  tempore  pascentes 
ex'tinguuntur,  qui  si  triremibus  vincti  fuissent,  aut 
gregario  pane  pasji,  sani  ei  incolumes  in  longain  a-ta- 
teai  vitam  prorogasseiit.  *>  Nihil  deterius  quatn 

diversa  nutrienlia  siniiil  adjungere,  et  comedendi  tem- 
pus  prorogare.  £^0  Lib.  1.  hist.  siHuradlib.  5. 

ode  ult.  s^Ciborum  varietate  et  copia  in  eadera 

mensa  nihil  noceiitius  liomini  ad  luteni.  Fr.  Valeriola, 
observ.  I.  -X  cap.  tj.  =3Tul.  orat.  pro  M.  .Marcel. 

^  Nullus  cibum  sun)ere debet,  nisi  stomachus  sit  vacuus 
Gordon,  lib.  med.  I.  1.  c.  11.  ^^  E  multis  eduliis 

unum  elige,  relictisqiie  cteteris.  ex  eocouiede.  ""'  L. 

de  alra  bile.  Simplex  sit  cibus  el  non  varius:  quud 
licet  dignitati  tu«  ob  convivas  difficile  videatur,  &,c. 


284  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 

to  single  out  some  one  savoury  dish  and  feed  on  it.  The  same  is  inculcated  by 
"  Crato,  consil.  9.  I.  2.  to  a  noble  personage  affected  with  this  grievance,  ho  would 
have  his  highness  to  dine  or  sup  alone,  without  all  his  honourable  attendance  and 
courtly  company,  with  a  private  friend  or  so,  ^^a  dish  or  two,  a  cup  of  Rhenish  wine. 
&c.  Montanus,  consil.  24.  for  a  noble  matron  enjoins  her  one  dish,  and  by  nc 
means  to  drink  between  meals.  Tlie  like,  consil.  229.  or  not  to  eat  till  h('  be  an 
hungry,  which  rule  Berengarius  did  most  strictly  observe,  as  Ililbertus,  Ccnomcccnsls 
Episc.  writes  in  his  life. 

"cui  non  fuit  iinquam 

Ante  sitiiii  potus,  nee  cibus  ante  faineni," 

and  which  all  temperate  men  do  constantly  keep.  It  is  a  frequent  solemnity  still 
used  with  us,  when  friends  meet,  to  go  to  the  alehouse  or  tavern,  they  are  not  soci- 
able otherwise:  and  if  they  visit  one  another''s  houses,  ihey  must  both  eat  and  drink. 
1  reprehend  it  not  moderately  used ;  but  to  some  men  nothing  can  be  more  otiensive; 
they  had  better,  I  speak  it  with  Saint  ^'^  Ambrose,  pour  so  much  water  in  iheir  slioes. 

It  much  avails  likewise  to  keep  good  order  in  our  diet, '"'' to  eat  liquid  things 
first,  broths,  fish,  and  such  meats  as  are  sooner  corrupted  in  the  stomach ;  luuder 
meats  of  digestion  must  come  last."  Crato  would  have  the  supper  less  than  the 
dinner,  which  Cardan,  Contradict,  lib.  1.  Tract.  5.  contradict.  18.  disallows,  and  that 
by  the  authority  of  Galen.  7.  art.  curat,  cap.  0.  and  for  four  reasons  he  will  have  the 
supper  biggest :  I  have  read  many  treatises  to  this  purpose,  I  know  not  how  it  may 
concern  some  few  sick  men,  but  for  my  part  generally  for  all,  I  should  subscribe  to 
that  custom  of  the  Romans,  to  make  a  sparing  dinner,  and  a  liberal  supper ;  all 
their  preparation  and  invitation  was  still  at  supper,  no  mention  of  dinner.  Many 
reasons  I  could  give,  but  when  all  is  said  pro  and  con.,  ^'  Cardan's  rule  is  best,  to  keep 
that  we  are  accustomed  unto,  though  it  be  naught,  and  to  follow  our  disposition  and 
appetite  in  some  things  is  not  amiss ;  to  eat  sometimes  of  a  dish  which  is  hurtfid, 
if  we  liave  an  extraordinary  liking  to  it.  Alexander  Severus  loved  hares  and  apples 
above  all  other  meats,  as  "^  Lampridus  relates  in  his  life :  one  pope  pork,  another 
peacock,  &c.;  what  harm  came  of  it?  I  conclude  our  own  experience  is  the  best 
physician;  that  diet  which  is  most  propitious  to  one,  is  often  pernicious  to  anothei. 
such  is  the  variety  of  palates,  humours,  and  tumperatures,  let  every  man  observe,  and 
be  a  law  unto  himself.  Tiberius,  in  "Tacitus,  did  laugh  at  all  such,  that  thirlv 
years  of  age  would  ask  counsel  of  others  concerning  matters  of  diet ;  I  say  the 
same. 

These  few  rules  of  diet  he  that  keeps,  shall  surely  find  great  ease  and  speedy 
remedy  by  it.  It  is  a  wonder  to  relate  that  prodigious  temperance  of  some  hermits, 
anchorites,  and  fathers  of  the  church :  lie  that  shall  but  read  their  lives,  written  by 
Ilierom,  Athanasius,  Stc,  how  abstemious  heathens  have  been  in  this  kind,  those 
Curii  and  Fabritii,  those  old  philosophers,  as  Pliny  records,  lib.  11.  Xenophon,  lib. 
1.  de  I'it.  Socrat.  Emperors  and  kings,  as  Nicephorus  relates,  Eccles.  hist.  lib.  18. 
cap.  8.  of  Mauritius,  Ludovicus  Pius,  Stc,  and  that  admirable  "^  example  of  Ludovicus 
Cornarus,  a  patrician  of  Venice,  cannot  but  admire  them.  This  have  they  done 
voluntarily  and  in  health  ;  what  shall  these  private  men  do  that  are  visited  with  sick- 
ness, and  necessarily  *"  enjoined  to  recover,  and  continue  their  health }  It  is  a  hard 
thing  to  observe  a  strict  diet,  e/  qui  medice  vivil,  misere  vivit^^as  the  saying  is, 
quale  hoc  ipsum  erit  vivere,  his  si  privatus  fueris?  as  good  be  buried,  as  so  nmch 
debarred  of  his  appetite ;  excessit  medicina  malum,  the  physic  is  more  troublesome 
than  the  disease,  so  he  complained  in  the  poet,  so  thou  thinkest :  yet  he  that  loves 
himself  will  easily  endure  this  little  misery,  to  avoid  a  greater  inconvenience;  e 
malis  minimum,  better  do  this  than  do  worse.  And  as  "  Tully  holds,  ''  better  be  a 
temperate  old  man  than  a  lascivious  youth.     'Tis  the  only  sweet  thing  (which  he 

A'Celsitudo  tua  prandeat  sola,  absque  apparatu  auli-  omnia  quotidianiim  Ifporem  habuit,  ct  |>onii«<  indiilsit. 
CO,  contentus  sit  ijlustrissimus  princeps  duobus  tantiim  i  "  Anna).  6.  Ridere  solehat  cos,  qui  pf)i't  30.  iriatig  an- 
fereulis,  vinoque  Rhenanu  solum  in  mensa  utatur.  num,  ad  cognoscen<la  rorpori  euo  nona  vel  iiiilia.  ali- 
'*Sempi?rintra  satietatem  a  mensa  recedat,  uno  ferculo,    cujiisi  coMHilii  imlijiercMl.  "A  Lessio  i-du.  1614. 

cnti-ntus.  *"  Lib.  de  Hel.  et  Jejunio.     Multo  nie-  ;  "^  iti^yplii  i>liin  omnes  morbo*  curabaiit  voniitu  i-t  ji-ju- 

lius  in  terram  vina  fudisses.  «>Crato.  Miillum  '  nio.  "ijohenius  lili.  1.  rap  5.  ""  lli-  who  liv»i 

referl  lion  ignorarc  qui  cibi  priores.  &c.  Iigiiida  pruce- I  medically  lives  nii-icrabiy."  "Cat.  Major :   .Melior 

dant  carniurn  jura,  pi^^ces,  fructus,  &.c.  CtBna  brevior  conditio  senis  vivenlisei  prtMcriptuurtmuiedicof.quatl 
Nt  prandio.      <■  Tract,  ti.  contradict.  1.  lib.  I.      ''Super  I  adolesccntis  luxuriosi. 


Mera.  2. J  Retention  and  Evacuation  rectified.  285 

adviseth)  so  to  moderate  ourselves,  that  we  may  have  scnectuiem  in  juve7itute,  et  in 
juvenfute  senectutem.^  be  youthful  in  our  old  age,  staid  in  our  youth,  discreet  anil 
temperate  in  both. 


MExAIB.  II. 

Retention  and  Evacuation  rectified. 


I  HAVE  declared  in  the  causes  what  harm  costiveness  hath  done  in  procuring  this 
disease;  if  it  be  so  noxious,  the  opposite  must  needs  be  good,  or  mean  at  least,  as 
indeed  it  is,  and  to  this  cure  necessarily  required ;  marime  conducif,  saith  Moataltus, 
cap.  27.  it  very  much  avails.  ^'Altomarus,  cap.  7,  "  commends  walking  in  a  morn- 
ing, into  some  fair  green  pleasant  fields,  but  by  all  means  first,  by  art  or  nature,  he 
will  have  these  ordinary  excrements  evacuated."  Piso  calls  it,  Beneficiuni  vcnfris, 
the  benefit,  help  or  pleasure  of  tlie  belly,  for  it  doth  much  ease  it.  Lain-entius,  cap. 
8,  Crato,  consil.  21.  I.  2.  prescribes  it  once  a  day  at  least:  where  nature  is  defective, 
art  must  supply,  by  those  lenitive  electuaries,  suppositories,  condite  prunes,  turpen- 
tine, clysters,  as  shall  be  shown.  Prosper  Calenus,  lib.  de  aira  bile,  commends 
clysters  in  hypochondriacal  melancholy,  still  to  be  used  as  occasion  serves ;  ^^  Peter 
Cnemander  in  a  consultation  of  his  pro  hypocondriaco,  will  have  his  patient  continu- 
ally loose,  and  to  that  end  sets  down  there  many  forms  of  potions  and  clysters. 
Mercurialis,  consil.  88.  if  this  benefit  come  not  of  its  own  accord,  prescribes  '°  clys- 
ters in  the  first  place :  so  doth  Montanus,  consil.  24.  consil.  31  ei  229.  he  commends 
turpentine  to  that  purpose  :  the  same  he  ingeminates,  consil.  230.  for  an  Italian  abbot. 
T."'is  very  good  to  wash  his  hands  and  face  often,*  to  shift  his  clothes,  to  have  fair 
linen  about  him, 'to  be  decently  and  comely  attired,  for  sordes  vitiant,  nastiness  de- 
files and  dejects  any  man  that  is  so  voluntarily,  or  compelled  by  want,  it  duUeth  the 
spirits. 

Baths  are  either  artificial  or  natural,  both  have  their  special  uses  in  this  malady, 
and  as  ''Alexander  supposeth,  lib.  1.  cap.  16.  yield  as  speedy  a  remedy  as  any  other 
physic  whatsoever.  iElius  would  have  them  daily  used,  assidua  balnea.,  Tetra.  2. 
sect.  2.  c.  9.  Galen  cracks  how  many  several  cures  he  hath  performed  in  this  kind 
by  use  of  baths  alone,  and  Rufus  pills,  moistening  them  which  are  otherwise  dry. 
Rhasis  makes  it  a  principal  cure,  Tota  cura  sit  in  humeciando,  to  bathe  and  after- 
wards anoint  with  oil.  Jason  Pratensis,  Laurentius,  cap.  8.  and  Montanus  set  down 
tiieir  peculiar  forms  of  artificial  baths.  Crato,  consil.  17.  lib.  2.  commends  mallows, 
camomile,  violets,  borage  to  be  boiled  in  it,  and  sometimes  fair  water  alone,  and  in 
his  following  counsel,  Balneum  aquce  dulcis  solum  scepissime  profuisse  compertum 
habemus.  So  doth  Fuchsius,  lih.  1.  cap.  33.  Frisi})ielica,  2.  consil.  42.  in  Trincavelius. 
Some  beside  herbs  prescribe  a  ram's  head  and  other  things  to  be  boiled.  "^  Fernelius, 
consil.  44.  will  have  them  used  ten  or  twelve  days  together;  to  which  he  must  enter 
lasting,  and  so  contmue  in  a  temperate  heat,  and  after  that  frictions  all  over  the  body. 
Lelius  Jilgubinus,  consil.  142.  and  Christoph.  ^Ererus,  in  a  consultation  of  his,  hold 
once  or  twice  a  week  suflicient  to  bathe,  the  .'^"  water  to  be  warm,  not  hot,  for  fear 
of  sweating."  Felix  Plater,  obscrv.  lib.  1.  for  a  melancholy  lawyer,  '^''wiil  have 
lotions  of  the  head  still  joined  to  these  baths,  with  a  ley  wherein  capital  herbs  have 
been  boiled."  "^  Laurentius  speaks  of  baths  of  milk,  which  I  find  aj)proved  bv  manv 
others.  And  still  after  bath,  the  body  to  be  anointed  with  oil  of  bitter  almonds,  of 
violets,  new  or  fresh  butter,  ™  capon's  grease,  especially  the  backbone,  and  then 
lotions  of  the  head,  embrocations,  &c.  These  kinds  of  baths  have  been  in  former 
times  much  frequented,  and  diversely  varied,  and  are  still  in  general  use  in  those 
eastern  countries.    The  Romans  had  their  public  baths  very  sumptuous  and  stupend, 

»■»  Debet  per  aniKna  exerceri,  et  loca  viridia,  excretis  1  tantia,  inquit  Montanus  consil.  26.  '^In  quihus 

prius  arte  vel  nattira  alvi  excremenlis.  ^  Hildestieira  |  jejunus  diu  sedeat  eo  tempore,  ne  sudorein  excitenl  aiit 
spicel.  2.  de  mel.  Primum  omnium  nperam  dabis  ut  sin- j  nianifestum  teporem,  sed  quadam  refrigeratione  hu- 
pulis  diebus  habeas  beneficium  ventris,  semper  cavendo  |  raectent.  "Aqua  non  sit  calida.  sed  tepicia,  ne 

ne  alvus  sit  diutius  astricta.  '"Si  non  sponte,  clis-  ^  sudor  sequatur.  '^  Lotiones  capitis  ex  lixivio.  in 

teribus  purgetur.         "  Balneorum  usus  dulcium,  siquid  |  quo  herbas  capitales  coierint.  ''  Cap.  8.  de  mel. 

aliud,  ipsis  opitulatur.    Credo  lisr.  dici  cum  aliqua  jac-  ;  ^^  Aut  axungia  pulli,  Piso. 


286  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 

as  those  of  Antoninus  and  Dioclesian.  Plin.  36.  saith  there  were  an  infinite  number 
of  them  in  Rome,  and  mightily  frequented  ;  some  bathed  seven  times  a  day,  as  Com- 
modus  the  emperor  is  reported  to  have  done ;  usually  twice  a  day,  and  they  were 
after  anointed  with  most  costly  ointments :  rich  women  bathed  themselves  in  milk, 
some  in  the  milk  of  five  hundred  she-asses  at  once :.  we  have  many  ruins  of  such 
baths  found  in  this  island,  amongst  those  parietines  and  rubbish  of  old  Roman  towns. 
Lipsius,  de  mag.  Urh.  Rom.  I.  3,  c.  8,  Rosinus,  Scot  of  Antwerp,  and  other  antiquaries, 
tell  strange  stories  of  their  baths.  Gillius,  /.  4.  cap.  ult.  Topogr.  Constant,  reckons 
up  155  public  ''baths  in  Constantinople,  of  fair  building;  they  are  still  "frequented 
in  that  city  by  the  Turks  of  all  sorts,  men  and  women,  and  all  over  Greece,  and 
those  hot  countries ;  to  absterge  belike  that  fulsomeness  of  sweat,  to  which  they  are 
there  subject.  '^Busbequius,  in  his  epistles,  is  very  copious  in  describing  the  manner 
of  them,  how  their  women  go  covered,  a  maid  following  with  a  box  of  ointment  to 
rub  them.  The  richer  sort  have  private  baths  in  their  houses ;  the  poorer  go  to  the 
common,  and  are  generally  so  curious  in  this  behalf,  that  they  will  not  eat  nor  drink 
until  they  have  bathed,  before  and  after  meals  some,  ^"and  will  not  make  water 
(but  they  will  wash  their  hands)  or  go  to  stool."  Leo  Afer.  I.  3.  makes  mention  of 
one  hundred  several  baths  at  Fez  in  Africa,  most  sumptuous,  and  such  as  jiave  great 
revenues  belonging  to  them.  Buxtorf.  cap.  14,  Synagog.  Jud.  speaks  of  many  cere- 
monies amongst  the  Jews  in  this  kind ;  they  are  very  superstitious  in  their  baths, 
especially  women. 

Natural  baths  are  praised  by  some,  discommended  by  others ;  but  it  is  in  a  divers 
respect.  *' 3Iarcus,  dc  Oddis  in  Hip.  ajfect.  consulted  about  baths,  condenms  them 
for  the  heat  of  the  liver,  because  they  dry  too  fast;  and  yet  I)y  and  by,  *"^in  anotlier 
counsel  for  the  same  disease,  he  approves  them  because  tliey  cleanse  by  reasr^n  of 
the  sulphur,  and  would  have  their«water  to  be  drunk.  Areteus,  c.  7.  conuuends  alum 
baths  above  the  rest;  and  '^  Mercurialis,  corisil.SH.  those  of  Lucca  in  that  hypochon- 
driacal passion.  "  He  wouUl  have  his  patient  tarry  there  fifteen  days  together,  and 
drink  the  water  of  them,  and  to  be  bucketed,  or  have  the  water  poured  on  his  head. 
John  Eaptista,  Sylvaticus  cont.  64.  commends  all  the  baths  in  Italy,  and  drinking  of 
their  water,  whether  they  be  iron,  alum,  sulphur ;  so  doth  ^  Hercules  de  Saxoniii 
But  in  that  they  cause  sweat  and  dry  so  much,  he  confines  himself  to  hypochon- 
driacal melancholy  alone,  excepting  that  of  the  head  and  the  other.  Trincavelius, 
consil.  14.  lib.  1.  refers  those  ''^  Porrectan  baths  before  the  rest,  because  of  the  mix- 
ture of  brass,  iron,  alum,  and  consil.  35.  /.  3.  for  a  melanchf)ly  lawyer,  and  cunsil.  36. 
in  that  hypochondriacal  passion,  the  "* baths  of  Aquaria,  and  3(5.  consil.  the  drinking 
of  them.  Frisimelica,  consulted  amongst  the  rest  in  Trincavelius,  consil.  42.  lib.  2. 
prefers  the  waters  of '"Apona  before  all  artificial  baths  whatsoever  in  this  dii^ease,  and 
would  have  one  nine  years  affected  with  hypochondriacal  passions  fly  to  them  as  to 
a  **holy  anchor.  Of  tlie  same  mind  is  Trincavelius  himself  there,  and  yet  both  put 
a  hot  liver  in  the  same  party  for  a  cause,  and  send  him  to  the  waters  of  St.  Helen, 
which  are  much  hotter.  Montanus,  consil.  230.  magnifies  the  *'®Chalderinian  baths, 
and  C07isil  237.  et  239.  he  exliorteth  to  the  same,  but  with  this  caution,  '^'"that  the 
liver  be  outwardly  anointed  with  some  coolers  that  it  be  not  overheated."  But  these 
baths  must  be  warily  frequented  by  melancholy  persons,  or  if  used,  to  such  as  are 
very  cold  of  themselves,  for  as  Gabelius  concludes  of  all  Dutch  baths,  and  especially 
of  those  of  Baden,  '^  they  are  good  for  all  cold  diseases,  ^'  naught  for  choleric,  hot 
and  dry,  and  all  infirmities  proceeding  of  choler,  inflammations  of  the  spleen  and 
liver."  Our  English  baths,  as  they  are  hot,  must  needs  incur  the  same  censure  :  hut 
D.  Turner  of  old,  and  D.  Jones  have  written  at  large  of  them.  Of  cold  baths  I  find 
little  or  no  mention  in  any  physician,  some  speak  against  them :  ^  Cardan  alone  out 

"TherratB.  NympheiE.  ''■Pandps  lib.  1.  saith,  that    ="  Ail  aquas  Aponenses  velut  ad  sncram  anchnram  ron- 

women  go  twice  a  week  tothe  hathsat  least.    "»Epist.3.  i  fiigiat.  "Joh.  Baubinns  li.  3.  c.  14.  hint,  ailiiiir. 

e«  .N'rc  alviim  excernunt,  quin  aqiiaiii  secuin  portent  Fontis  Bollenses  in  diirat.  VVilti'iiilicre  lainiiit  aquas 
qua  partes  obscapiias  laveiit.  Bii-^bequius  pp.  :).  l.,pi;.  ^  Brilleiiscs  ad  nielaiicholicus  morbcis,  niarrctPiii.  laecina. 
Tiirciae.  "'  Hildesheini  speciel.  2.  de  niel.  Hypocon.  !  tionpiii,  aliaque  aniini  patlipinaia  '■■•  Itnliii'a  t'hal 

SI    nixi   adesset  jecoris  caliditas,   Thernias   laiidareiii,    derina.  >«  Hepar  pxlerne   iincatiir   ne  i-ttl«flal. 

et  si  nnn  iiiiiiia  hiiinoris  e,Tsircalin  esset  niet>ieiida.  >i  \nceiit  calidis  et  siccis.  cliolpriciti,  ft  oiiiinhiis  nmrbit 
••Fol.  Ml.  f»ThiTmas  Liictnsps  adeat,  ibiqiie  aquas  px  cholera,  hppatis.  i<pleniM{ue  iirtt.-clniiiiliui'.  '•"  Lib. 
ejui!  pi'T  15.  dies  pniet.cl  calidaruin  aqij;iruiii  stilliridiis  |  de  aqua.  Qui  breve  hoc  vita?  curriculum  nipiiinl  !i«oi 
tuin  caput  turn  ventrieiiluin  de  mure  suhjiciat.  '■  In  |  transivere.  Irigiilis  aquiii  twp<-  lavare  dt-beiil,  nuHi  ctali 
pantb.  •*  Aque  Porrectanse.  «  .4qu(e  Aquariir.  i  ruin  sit  incongrua,  calidis  iinpriinifl  utilis. 


Mem.  2.]  Retention  and  Evacuation  rectified  28? 

of  Agathinus  "  commends  bathing  in  fresh  rivers,  and  cold  waters,  and  adviseth  all 
such  as  mean  to  live  long  to  use  it,  for  it  agrees  with  all  ages  and  complexions,  and 
IS  most  profitable  for  hot  temperatures."     As  for  sweating,  urine,  blood-lettin^r  bv 
hajmrods,  or  otherwise,  I  shall  elsewhere  more  opportunely  speak  of  them.        "^     " 
Immoderate  Venus  in  excess,  as  it  is  a  cause,'  or  in  defect ;  so  moderately  used  to 
some  parties  an  only  help,  a  present  remedy.    Peter  Forestus  calls  it  apiisslmum 
remeduim,  a  most  apposite  remedy,  ^3"  remitting  anger,  and  reason,  that  was  other 
wise  bound."    Avicenna  Fen.  3.  20.  Oribasius  med.  collect,  lib.  6.  cap.  37.  contend 
out  of  RufTus  and  others,  ^■*"that  many  madmen,  melancholy,  and  labouring-  of  the 
Mling  sickness,  have  been  cured  by  this  alone."    I^Iontaltus'  cap.  27.  de  melan.  will 
have  it  drive  away  sorrow,  and  all  illusions  of  the  brain,  to  purge  the  heart  and  brain 
from  ill  smokes  and  vapours  that  offend  them :  ^' "  and  if  it  be  omitted,"  as  Valescus 
supposeth,  "  it  makes  the  mind  sad,  the  body  dull  and  heavy."     Many  other  incon- 
veniences are  reckoned  up  by  IVIercatus,  and  by  Rodericus  a  Castro.' in  their  tracts 
de  melancholia  virginum  et  vionialium;  oh  semin'is  relent ionem  satviimt  scepe  moniales 
ft  virgijies,  but  as  Platerus  adds,  si  nubant  sanantur,  they  rave  single,  and  pine  awav, 
much  discontent,  but  marriage  mends  all.    Marcellus  Donatus  lib!'2.  mod. hist,  cap.'l. 
tells  a  story  to  confirm  this  out  of  Alexander  Benedictus,  of  a  maid  that  was  mad, 
ob  menses  inhibitos,  cum  in  officinam  yneritoriam  incidisset,  a  quindccem  viris  eadem 
node  compressa,  mensium  largo  profluvio,  quod  pluribus  annis  ante  const  iter  at,  non 
sine  magno  pudore  mane  menti  restituta  disccssit.    But  this  must  be  v/arilv  under- 
stood, for  as  Arnoldus  objects,  lib.  1.  breviar.  18.  cap.  Quid  coitus  ad  melancholicum 
■mccum?    What  affinity  have  these  two  .^  ««"  except  it  be  manifest  that  superabun- 
dance of  seed,  or  fulness  of  blood  be  a  cause,  or  that  love,  or  an  extraordinary  desire 
of  Venus,  liave  gone  before,"  or  that  as  Lod.  Mercatus  excepts,  they  be  very  llatuons, 
and  have  been  otherwise  accustomed  unto  it.    IMontaltus  cap.  27.  will  not  allov/  of 
moderate  Venus  to  such  as  have  the  gout,  palsy,  epilepsy,  melancholy,  except  they 
be  very  lusty,  and  full  of  blood.    "'Lodovicus  Antonius  lib.  med.  mi.scel' in  his  chapter 
of  Venus,  forbids  it  utterly  to  all  wrestlers,  ditchers,  labouring  m.en.  Sec.    ^^Ficinus 
and  ^''Marsilius  Cognatus  puts  Venus  one  of  the  five  mortal  e'liemies  of  a  student  • 
'•  it  consumes  the  spirits,  and  weakeneth  the  brain."  Halyabbas  the  Arabian,  5.  Theor. 
cap.  3G.  and  Jason  Pratensis  make  it  the  fountain  of  most  diseases,  "^'-  but  most  per- 
nicious to  them  who  are  cold  and  dry."  a  melancholy  man  must  not  meddle  with  it, 
but  in  some  cases.     Plutarch  in  his  book  de  san.  tuend.  accounts  of  it  as  one  of  the 
three  principal  signs  and  preservers  of  health,  temperance  in  this  kind:  '"to  rise 
with  an  appetite,  to  be  ready  to  work,  and  abstain  from  venerv,".  tria  salubcrrima, 
are  three  most  healthful  things.    We  see  their  opposites  how  pernicious  they  are  to 
mankind^  as  to  all  other  creatures  they  bring  death,  and  many  feral  diseases :  Immo- 
d/cis  brevis  est  alas  et  rara  senectus.    Aristotle  gives  instance  in  sparrows,  which  are 
parum  vivaces  ob  salacitafem,  "^ short  lived  because  of  their  salacity,  which  is  very 
frequent,  as  Scoppius  in  Priapiis  will  better  inform  you.     The  extremes  being  both 
bad,  ^  the  medium  is  to  be  kept,  which  cannot  easily  be  determined.    Some  are" better 
able  to  sustain,  such  as  are  hot  and  moist,  phlegmatic,  as  Hippocrates  insinuateth, 
some  strong  and  lusty,  well  fed  like  'Hercules,  ^Proculus  the  emperor,  lusty  Lau- 
rence, yrostibulum  fccmincB  Mcssalina  the  empress,  that  by  philters,  and  such  kind 
of  lascivious  meats,  use  all  means  to  'enable  themselves :  and  brag  of  it  in  the  end, 
confodi  mullas  enim,  occidi  zero  paucas  per  ventrcm  vidisti,  as  that  Spanish  *  Celes- 
tina  merrily  said  :  others  impotent,  of  a  cold  and  dry  constitution,  cannot  sustain 
those  gymnics  without  great  hurt  done  to  their  own  bodies,  of  which  number  (though 
they  be  very  prone  to  it)  are  melancholy  men  for  the  most  part. 

0=  Solvit  Venus  rationis  vim  iiiipeditam,  in?entns  iras    semen  conscrvare.  ^Neauitia  e«t  oiia-  ip  nnn  si^ 

rem.tm    &c.  u^MuIti   com.tiales,   melanchoHci,    esse  senem.  =  Vide  Cn  a    u„f  Pe     Gorfn,  m 

insan,   hujus  i.sn  solo  sanati.        ^^-S.  omiftatur  coitus,    Aniorum  lib.  2.  cap.  G.  curiosum  T  hifna  m  et  n      e 

96Ni»i   certo  constet   nimi.im   semen    ant  sangmnem    suum  tempus,  6tc.  •iThp^pia.las  "e.iiiit  ^V,ll 

causam  nsso,  a|.t  amor  pra-cesserit.  aut,  &c.  '-n  Ath-  :  Lampridium  vjt.  ejus  4.      «  £t  la^ta'v  r  s  &r       7  v   . 

let.s,  Arthnt.cs,  podai;ricis  nocet.  nee  oppor.una  pro.  .Mizald.  cent.  8.  ll.-"  Lemnium  hb  -  cap  iu  ratuli,  n 
Liem  sraUere^rc^U"'  T  """  T":""'  ""l""'^"'-  ="'  'P^iphilam.  ice.  Ovid.  Eleriib.  3  'et  6.  &c  q',  o3 
h  b  tu7n  '  i  n:^"-.T"'"f  r^  "Cl^t""hus  pro.  nn.era  una  nocte  confecissent.  tot  coronas  ludicro  deo 
ra   -     evhiurit   p^I  I'^"**"  '"''•  '•  .  i^,'''"  ^^    P"'"  '^"Phallo,  Marsis,  Herma,-,  Priapo  donarent.  C.n. 

''»pVirrf.fi,  p   iLul^^rn '''■7         an.muu.que    deb.litat.    fremi.s  tib,  mentulam  coronis.  &c  t  Pernoboscodid 

""trigiMis  et  Mccib.  corporihus  inimicisfinia.         '  Vesci  !  Gasp.  Barthii 
intra  salietatem,   impigrum   esse   ad  laborem.  vitale  I 


^88 


Cure  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 


MEMB.  III. 

Air  rectified.     With  a  digression  of  the  Air. 

As  a  long-winged  hawk,  when  he  is  first  whistled  off  the  fist,  mounts  aloft,  and 
for  his  pleasure  fetcheth  many  a  circuit  in  the  air,  still  soaring  higher  and  higher, 
till  he  be  come  to  his  lull  j)itch,  and  in  the  end  when  the  game  is  sprung,  conies 
down  amain,  and  stoops  upon  a  sudden :  so  will  I,  having  now  come  at  last  into 
these  ample  fields  of  air,  wherein  I  may  freely  exjmtiate  and  exercise  mysi-lf  iov  my 
recreation,  awhile  rove,  wander  round  about  the  world,  mount  aloft  to  those  ethereal 
orbs  and  celestial  spheres,  and  so  descend  to  my  former  dements  again.  In  which 
})rogress  I  will  first  see  whether  that  relation  of  the  friar  of  *  Oxford  be  true,  con- 
cerning those  northern  parts  under  the  Pole  (if  I  meet  ohiter  with  the  wandering 
lew,  Elias  Artifex,  or  Lucian's  Icaromenijipus,  they  shall  be  my  guides)  whether 
;here  be  such  4.  Euripes,  and  a  great  rock,  of  loadstones,  which  may  cause  the 
needle  in  the  compass  still  to  bend  that  way,  and  what  should  be  the  true  cause  of 
die  variation  of  the  compass,  '"is  it  a  magnetical  rock,  or  the  pole-star,  as  Cardan 
will ;  or  some  other  star  in  the  bear,  as  3Iarsilius  Ficinus  ;  or  a  magnetical  meridian,  as 
Maurolicus  ;  Vel  situs  in  vend  terra,  as  Agricola;  or  the  nearness  of  the  next  continent, 
as  Cabeus  will ;  or  some  other  cause,  as  Scaliger,  Cortesius,  Conimbricenses,  Peregri- 
nus  contend ;  why  at  the  Azores  it  looks  directly  north,  otherwise  not  ?  In  the 
IMediterranean  or  Levant  (as  some  observe)  it  varies  7.  grad.  by  and  by  12.  and  then 
22.  In  the  Baltic  Seas,  near  Rasceburg  in  Finland,  the  needle  runs  round,  if  any 
ships  c<:)me  that  way,  though  "  Martin  llidley  write  otherwise,  that  the  needle  near 
the  Pole  will  hardly  be  forced  from  his  direction.  'Tis  fit  to  be  inquired  whether 
certaui  rules  may  be  made  of  it,  as  II.  grad.  Land,  variut.  alibi  3G.  &tc.  and  that 
which  is  more  prodigious,  the  variation  varies  in  the  same  place,  now  taken  accu- 
rately, 'tis  so  much  after  a  few  years  <piite  altered  from  that  it  was :  till  we  have 
better  intelligence,  let  our  Dr.  Gilbert,  and  Nicholas  '^  Cabeus  the  Jesuit,  that  have 
both  written  great  volumes  of  this  subject,  .satisfy  these  inquisitors.  Whether  the 
sea  be  open  and  navigable  by  the  Pole  arctic,  and  which  is  the  likeliest  way,  that  of 
Bartison  the  Hollander,  under  tlie  Pole  itself,  which  for  some  reasons  I  hold  best : 
or  by  Fretuni  Davis,  or  Nova  Zenibla.  Whellier  "Hudson's  discovery  be  true  of  a 
new  found  ocean,  any  likelihood  of  Button's  Bay  in  50.  degrees,  Hubberd's  Hope  in 
60.  that  of  ut  ultra  near  Sir  Thomas  Hoe's  welcome  in  Northwest  Fox,  being  that 
the  sea  ebbs  and  fiows  constantly  there  15.  foot  in  12.  hours,  as  our  '*  new  cards 
inform  us  that  California  is  not  a  cape,  but  an  island,  and  the  west  winds  make  the 
neap  tides  equal  to  the  spring,  or  that  there  be  any  probability  to  pass  by  the  straits 
of  Anian  to  China,  by  the  promontory  of  Tabin.  If  there  be,  I  shall  soon  perceive 
whether  '^  Marcus  Polus  the  Venetiairs  narration  be  true  or  false,  of  that  great  city 
of  Quinsay  and  Cambalu ;  whether  there  be  any  such  places,  or  that  as  '*  iMatth. 
Ricciiis  the  Jesuit  hath  written,  China  and  Calaia  be  all  one,  the  great  Cham  of  Tar- 
tary  and  the  king  of  Cliina  be  the  same ;  Xuntain  and  Quinsay,  and  the  city  of 
Cambalu  be  that  new  Peking,  or  such  a  wall  400  leagues  long  to  part  China  from 
Tartary  :  whether  "Presbyter  John  be  in  Asia  or  Africa;  M.  Polus  Venetus  puts  him 
in  Asia,  "the  most  received  opinion  is,  that  he  is  emperor  of  the  Abyssines,  which 
of  old  was  Ethiopia,  now  Nubia,  under  the  equator  in  Africa.  Whether  "Guinea 
be  an  island  or  part  of  the  continent,  or  that  hungrj'  *  Spaniard's  discovery  of  Terra 
Australis  Incognita^  or  Mugellanica,  be  as  true  as  that  of  Mercurius  Britannius,  or 
his  of  Utopia.,  or  his  of  Lucinia.  And  yet  in  likelihood  it  may  be  so,  for  without 
all  question  it  being  extended  from  the  tropic  of  Capricorn  to  the  circle  Antarctic, 
and  lying  as  it  dotii  in  the  temperate  zone,  cannot  choose  but  yield  in  time  some 
nourishing  kingdoms  to  succeeding  ages,  as  America  did  unto  the  Spaniards.  Shouten 
and  Le  Meir  have  done  well  in  the  discovery  of  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  in  finding 

Fox.  »  Ljb.  2.  ca.  64.  de  nob.  civilat.   QuinMy.et 


» Nicli.  de  Lynna,  cited  by  .Mercator  in  his  map. 
">  Mons  SiDto.  Some  call  it  the  hiehttbt  hill  in  the  wurld, 
iifXl  Tt'iierilfe  in  Ihp  Canarit-s,  Lat.  rl.  "Cap.  i6. 

Ill  his  Tr.-atise  of  Magnetic  Bodies.  n  Lege  lib.  1. 

«;ip.  33.  rl  2i.  de  oiatfiietica  philosophia,  et  lib.  3.  cap. 
4.  "  1612.  "  .M.  Brigs,  his  map,  and  Northwest 


cap.  10.  de  Cambalu 
3.  et  lib.  5.  c.  if*, 
rocminit  lib.  'i.  cap.  30. 
>*Lai.  lU.  Gr.  Aust. 
It>t2. 


'«  Lib.  4.  exiH-d.  ad  Sinas.  ca. 

"M.  Polu.s  til  .A-iia  I'Pfb  Joh. 

1'  Alluarefius  et  alii. 

'Ferdinando  de  Quir.  Auoo 


Mem.  3.]  Digression  of  Air.  289 

a  more  convenient  passage  io. Mar e  pacificum:  methinks  some  of  our  modern  argo- 
nauts should  prosecute  the  rest.  As  I  go  by  Madagascar,  I  would  see  that  great 
bird  -'  ruck,  that  can  carry  a  man  and  horse  or  an  elephant,  with  that  Arabian  phcenix 
described  by  "  Adricomius ;  see  the  pelicans  of  Egypt,  those  Scythian  gryphes  in 
Asia :  and  afterwards  in  Africa  examine  the  fountains  of  Nilus,  whether  Hero- 
dotus, -^  Seneca,  Plin.  lih.  5.  cap.  9.  Strabo.  lib.  5.  give  a  true  cause  of  his 
annual  (lowing,  -^Pagaphetta  discourse  rightly  of  it,  or  of  Niger  and  Senegal  •, 
examine  Cardan,  ^'Scaliger's  reasons,  and  the  rest.  Is  it  from  those  Etesian 
winds,  or  melting  of  snow  in  the  mountains  under  the  equator  (for  Jordan 
yearly  overflows  when  the  snow  melts  in  Mount  Libanus),  or  from  those  great 
dropping  perpetual  showers  which  are  so  frequent  to  the  inhabitants  within  the 
tropics,  when  the  sun  is  vertical,  and  cause  such  vast  inundations  in  Senegal,  Marag- 
nan,  Oronoco  and  the  rest  of  those  great  rivers  in  Zona  Torrida,  which  have  all 
commonly  the  same  passions  at  set  times  :  and  by  good  husbandry  and  policy  here- 
after no  doubt  may  come  to  be  as  populous,  as  well  tilled,  as  fruitful,  as  Egypt  itself 
or  Cauchintliina  ?  I  would  observe  all  those  motions  of  the  sea,  and  from  what 
cause  they  proceed,  from  the  moon  (as  the  vulgar  hold)  or  earth's  motion,  which 
Galileus,  in  the  fourth  dialogue  of  his  system  of  the  world,  so  eagerly  proves,  and 
firmly  demonstrates  ;  or  winds,  as  -^  some  will.  Why  in  that  quiet  ocean  of  Zur,  in 
vinri  pacijico.,  it  is  scarce  perceived,  in  our  British  seas  most  violent,  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  Red  Sea  so  vehement,  irregular,  and  diverse .'  Why  the  current  in  that 
Atlantic  Ocean  should  still  be  in  some  places  from,  in  some  again  towards  the  nortli, 
and  why  they  come  sooner  than  go .'  and  so  from  ]Moabar  to  Madagascar  in  that 
Indian  Ocean,  the  merchants  come  in  three  weeks,  as  -'Scaliger  discusseth,  they 
return  scarce  in  three  months,  with  the  same  or  like  winds :  the  continual  current  is 
from  east  to  west.  Whether  Mount  Athos,  Pelion,  Olympus,  Ossa,  Caucasus,  Atlas, 
be  so  high  as  Pliny,  Solinus,  Mela  relate,  above  clouds,  hieteors,  uhi  mc  aurce.  ncc 
venti  spirant,  (insoipuch  that  they  that  ascend  die  suddenly  very  often,  the  air  is  so 
subtile,)  1250  paces  high,  according  to  that  measure  of  Dicearchus,  or  78  miles  per- 
pendicularly high,  as  Jacobus  Mazonius,  sec.  3.  et  4.  expounding  that  place  of  Aris- 
totle about  Caucasus ;  and  as  ^'  Blancanus  tiie  Jesuit  contends  out  of  Clavius  and 
Nonius  demonstrations  de  Crepusculis:  or  rather  32  stadiums,  as  the  most  received 
opinion  is ;  or  4  miles,  which  the  height  of  no  mountain  doth  perpendicularly 
exceed,  and  is  equal  to  the  greatest  depths  of  the  sea,  which  is,  as  Scaliger  holds, 
1580  paces,  Exer.  38,  others  100  paces.  I  would  see  those  inner  parts  of  America, 
whether  there  be  any  such  great  city  of  Manoa,  or  Eldorado,  in  that  golden  empire, 
where  the  highways  are  as  much  beaten  (one  reports)  as  between  Madrid  and  Vala- 
dolid  in  Spain;  or  any  such  Amazons  as  he  relates,  or  gigantic  Patagones  in  Chica; 
with  that  miraculous  mountain  ^^Ybouyapab  in  the  Northern  Bvasil.,  ciij us  jug UJit 
sicrniiur  in  amosnissimam  planitiem,  Sfc.  or  that  of  Pariacacca  so  high  elevated  .in 
Peru.  "''Tlie  peak  of  Tenerifle  how  high  it  is  .-^  70  miles,  or  50  as  Patricius  holds, 
or  9  as  Snellilfs  demonstrates  in  his  Eratosthenes  :  see  that  strange  ^'  Cirknickzerksey 
lake  in  Carniola,  whose  waters  gush  so  fast  out  of  the  ground,  that  ihey  will  over- 
take a  swift  horseman,  and  by  and  by  with  as  incredible  celerity  are  supped  up: 
which  Lazius  and  Wernerus  make  an  argument  of  the  Argonauts  sailing  under 
ground.  And  thai  vast  den  or  hole  called  ^'Esmellen  in  jMuscovia,  quie  visilur  hor- 
ricndo  hiatu,  Sfc.  which  if  anything  casually  fell  in,  makes  such  a  roaring  noise,  that 
no  thunder,  or  ordnance,  or  warlike  engine  can  make  the  like ;  such  another  is  Gil- 
ber's  Cave  in  Lapland,  with  many  the  like.  I  would  examine  the  Caspian  Sea,  and 
see  where  and  how  it  exonerates  itself,  after  it  hath  taken  in  Volga,  Jaxares,  Oxus, 
and  those  great  rivers ;  at  the  mouth  of  Oby,  or  where  ?  What  vent  the  IMexican 
lake  hath,  the  Titicacan  in  Peru,  or  that  circular  pool  in  the  vale  of  Terapeia,  of  wJiich 
Acosta  I.  3.  c.  16.  hot  in  a  cold  country,  the  spring  of  which  boils  up  in  the  middle 

'-'Alarum  pennie  continent  in  longitudine  12.  passus,  ]  quinta  prlvationis  sextacontrarietatis.  Patritiiis  saith 
clephantem  in  sublime  tollitre  potest.    Polus  I.  3.  c. 40.  I  5-2  miles  in  heifiht.  »3Lib,  de  explicatione  loco- 

-s  Lib.  2.  Descript.  terra  sanoliE.  "  Natur.  quapst.  ' *'-•' «   ■  -  -  „,>,_.    .u    ■- -.a 

lib.  4.  cap.  2.  24  i.jh.  de  rag.  Con<!0.  SoExercit. 


47.  -6 See  M.  Carpenter's  Geography,  lib.  2.  cap.  6. 

et  Bern.  Telesius  lib.  de  niari.  ^^  Exercit.  52.  de 

luaiis  riiotii  causrp  investifjanda; :  prima  reciprocationis, 
secunda  varietatis,  tgrtia  ceieritatis  quarta  cessationis, 

37  Z 


rum  Mathem.  Aristot.  s^Lact.  lib.  17.  cap.  18. 

descrip.  occid.  Ind.  30  Luje  alii  vocant.  3' Geor. 

Wernerus,  Aquie  lanta  celeritato  erumpunt  et  absor 
bentur,  ut  expedite  equiti  aditum  intercludant.  ^  Boi*^ 
sardus  de  Magis  cap.  de  Pilapiis. 


290  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sect.  2. 

ivventy  foot  square,  and  hath  no  vent  but  exhalation :  and  that  of  Mare  mortunm  in 
Palestine,  of  Thrasymene,  at  Peruziuin  in  Italy :  the  Mediterranean  itself.  For  from 
the  ocean,  at  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar,  there  is  a  perpetual  current  into  the  Levant,  and 
so  likewise  by  the  Thracian  Bosphorus  out  of  the  Kuxine  or  Black  Sea,  besides  all 
those  great  rivers  of  TsTile,  Po,  Hlione,  &c.  how  is  this  water  consumed,  by  the  sun 
or  otherwise  ?  I  would  find  out  witli  Trajan  the  fountains  of  Danube,  of  Ganges, 
Oxus,  see  those  Egyptian  pyramids,  Trajan's  bridge,  Grotto  dc  St/billa,  Luculhis's 
fish-ponds,  the  temple  of  Nidrose,  &c.  And,  if  I  could,  observe  what  becomes  of 
swallows,  storks,  cranes,  cuckoos,  nightingales,  redstarts,  and  many  otlier  kind  of 
singing  birds,  water-fowls,  hawks,  Sec.  some  of  them  are  only  seen  in  summer,  some 
in  winter;  some  are  ol)served  in  the  ^^  snow,  and  at  no  other  times,  cacli  have  their 
seasons,  hi  winter  not  a  bird  is  in  ^luscovy  to  be  found,  but  at  the  spring  in  an 
instant  the  woods  and  hedges  are  full  of  them,  saith  ^'llerhastein  :  how  comes  it  to 
pass .''  Do  they  sleep  in  winter,  like  Gesner's  Alpine  mice ;  or  do  they  lie  hid  (as 
^^Olaus  affirms)  '^  in  the  bottom  of  lakes  and  rivers,  spirilitm  contincnirs?  often  so 
found  by  fishermen  in  Poland  and  Scandia,  two  togeliier,  mouth  to  mouth,  wing  to 
wing;  and  when  the  spring  comes  they  revive  again,  or  if  they  be  brought  into  a 
stove,  or  to  the  fire-side."  Or  do  they  follow  the  sun,  as  Peter  Martyr  Icgat  liuhy- 
lonica  I.  2.  manifestly  convicts,  out  of  his  own  knowledge ;  for  when  he  was  ambas- 
sador in  Egypt,  he  saw  swallows,  Spanish  kites,  ^  and  many  such  other  European 
birds,  in  December  and  January  very  familiarly  Hying,  and  in  great  abundance,  about 
Alexandria,  uhi.  Jloridce  tunc  arhores  ac  viridaria.  Or  lie  they  hid  in  caves,  rocks, 
and  hollow  trees,  as  most  think,  in  deep  tin-mines  or  sea-clifis,  as  ^'  Mr.  Carew  gives 
out  .^  1  conclude  of  them  all,  for  my  part,  as  **Munster  dotli  of  cranes  and  storks; 
whence  they  come,  whitlier  they  go,  incom  per  turn  adhuc.^  as  yet  we  know  not.  We 
see  them  liere,  some  in  summer,  some  in  winter;  ''•  their  coming  and  going  is  sure 
in  the  night:  in  tlie  plains  of  Asia  (saith  he)  the  storks  meet  on  such  a  set  day,  he 
that  comes  last  is  torn  in  pieces,  and  so  they  get  them  gone."  Many  strange  places, 
Isthmi,  Enripi,  Chersonesi,  creeks,  havens,  j)romontories,  straits,  Lakes,  Ijaths,  rocks, 
mountains,  places,  and  fields,  where  cities  have  been  ruined  or  swallowed,  battles 
fought,  creatines,  sea-monsters,  remora,  &.c.  minerdls,  vegetals.  Zoophytes  were  fit 
to  be  considered  in  such  an  expedition,  and  amongst  the  rest  that  of  ^^  llarbaslein 
his  Tartar  lamb,  ^"Hector  Boethius  goosebearing  tree  in  the  orchards,  to  which  Car- 
dan lib.  7.  cap.  36.  de  reruin  varietat.  subscribes :  ■"  Vertomannus  wonderful  palm, 
that  *^  fly  in  llispaniola,  that  shines  like  a  torch  in  the  night,  that  one  may  well  see 
to  write;  those  spherical  stones  in  Cuba  which  nature  hath  so  made,  and  those  like 
birds,  beasts,  fishes,  crowns,  swords,  saws,  p(jts,  istc  usually  fnmd  in  the  metal  mines 
in  Saxony  about -Mansfield,  and  in  Poland  near  Nokow  and  Pallukie,  as  ^•'Munsler 
and  otiiers  relate.  Manv  rare  creatures  and  novelties  each  part  of  the  world  atli»rds: 
amongst  the  rest,  I  would  know  for  a  certain  whether  there  l)e  any  such  men,  as  Leo 
Suavius,  in  his  comment  on  Paracelsus  de  sanit.  luend.and  ^^Gaguinus  records  in  his 
description  of  Muscovy,  "  that  in  Lucomoria,  a  province  in  Russia,  lie'liist  asleep  as 
dead  all  winter^  I'rom  tlie  27  f)f  November,  like  frogs  and  swallows,  benumbed  with 
cold,  but  about  the  24  of  April  in  the  spring  they  revive  again,  and  go  about  their 
business."  I  would  examine  that  demonstration  of  Alexander  Picolomineus,  whe- 
ther the  earth's  superficies  be  bigger  than  the  seas :  or  that  of  Archimedes  be  true, 
the  superficies  of  all  water  is  even  ?  Search  the  depth,  and  .see  that  variety  of  sea- 
monsters  and  fishes,  mermaids,  sea-men,  horses,  &c.  which  it  aflbrds.  ,  Or  whether 
that  be  true  which  Jordanus  Brunus  scof&  at,  that  if  God  did  not  detain  it,  the  sea 

S3  tn  caiiipis  Lovicen.  soliiin  visuiitur  in  nive,  el  ubi-    126.  »Ciiininent.  Muscov.  ■»•'  [list.  Scot.  I.  J. 

nam  veru,  a'siiiie,  autumiio  se  dccultaiit.  Mernit'ti  i  <' V>-rtoiiianiiii.- I.  .'i.  c.  Mi.  iiifiitioiietli  a  iri-<!  tlial  Ixars 
Polit.  1.  1.     Jill.  Belliiis.  »»Statiin  iiieunte  vere  I  fruits  lo  oal,  wood  to  (mrii,  bark  to  iiiak>-  ropcu.  wine 

8ylvie  slrcimiit  eonini  cantib-nis.  Miiscovit.  coiiiineiit.  and  water  to  drink, oil  and  iiU),Mr.  and  ii^avts  a."  lileH  to 
>>  Iniiuergiint  se   tiuiniiiibus,   lacubii.si|ue    pt-r   hyeineni    cover  lioiiries,  floweru.  for  clothes,  4cc.  "Animal 

totatii,  ^c.  '«Otc'ra.-inue  volucrfs  Pontiim  hyeinu    iiifi'Ctnm  Cuhiiio.  ut  quis  legi-Te  vel  scrilif-re  posmi  xine 

advenieiite  c  no«tris  rigionibu.s  Euro|H.-istransvolante8.    alterins  ope  IniniiiiK.  «^Co»nio2.  Iili.  |.  rap.  435  et 

S' Survey  of  Cornwall.  *  Porro  ciconia!  quoiiaui    lib.  3  cap.  1.  Mabent   nllas  A  natiira    lortnatag  e  lerri 

e  loco  vejiiant.  qiiu  sh  conf.Taiit,  iiicoiiipertnm  .'idbuc,  i  exiraclas. /liniiles  illia  a  fi;{nlis  farli^.  corona*.  piwe<, 
aemen   vcnifntiuin,  desciiideiiliuni,  ut  gruuni  venii'se    aves,  et  oniniH  aninianlinni  t^pecli-i.  <' Ul  iiolenl 

cerniimis,  norturnis  opinur  te.npunbus.     In  patenlibus    biriindiiie«  el  raiiic  pra?  IriL'orit  niacnitiiiline  iiiori.  et 
.Asia;  canipis  cirto  ilie  congreeanl  se,  earn  qua;  novia-    postea  redeuiite  vere  ^4.     Aprilu  reviviicere 
lime  advi  ml  laceraiil,  inde  avolant.    Cosmog.  I.  4.  c. ; 


Mem.  3.] 


Digression  of  Air 


291 

would  overflow  the  earth  by  reason  of  his  higher  site,  and  whicli  Josephus  Elancanus 
the  Jesuit  in  his  interpretation  on  those  mathematical  places  of  Aristotle,  foolishlv 
fears,  and  in  a  just  tract  proves  by  many  circumstances,  that  in  time  the  sea  will 
waste  away  the  land,  and  all  the  globe  of  the  earth  shall  be  covered  with  waters; 
risumtcneatis  amicif  what  the  sea  takes  away  in  one  place  it  adds  in  another! 
Methmks  he  might  rather  suspect  the  sea  should  in  time  be  filled  by  land,  trees  grow 
up,  carcasses,  &c.  that  all-devouring  fire,  omnia  devorans  et  consimcns^  will  sooner 
cover  and  dry  up  the  vast  ocean  with  sand  and  ashes.  I  would  examine  the  true 
seat  of  tliat  terrestrial  ■»'  paradise,  and  where  Ophir  was  whence  Solomon  did  fetch 
his  gold  :  from  Peruana,  which  some  suppose,  or  that  Aurea  Chersonesus,  as  Domi- 
nicus  Niger,  Arias  Montanus,Goropius,and  others  will.  I  would  censure  all  Plinv's, 
Solmus',  Strabo's,  Sir  John  3Iandeville's,  Olaus  ^lagnus',  .^larcus  Polus'  lies,  correct 
those  errors  in  navigation,  reform  cosmographical  charts,  and  rectify  longitudes,  if  it 
were  possible ;  not  by  the  compass,  as  some  dream,  with  I\Iark  Ridley  in  his  treatise 
of  magnetical  bodies,  cap.  43.  for  as  Cabeus  magnet  philos.  lib.  3.  cap.  4.  fully 
resolves,  there  is  no  hope  thence,  yet  I  would  observe  some  better  means  to  find 
them  out. 

46  /  ^^•°"'*^^  '^^^*^  ^  convenient  place  to  go  down  with  Orpheus,  Ulysses,  Hercules, 
.    Lucian's  3Ienippus,  at  St.  Patrick's  purgatory,  at  Trophonius'  den,  Hecla  in  Iceland, 
ii^tna  111  Sicily,  to  descend  and  see  what  is  done  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth :  do  stones 
and  metals  grow  there  still  ?  how  come  fir  trees  to  be  ''  digged  out  from  tops  of  hills, 
as  in  our  mosses,  and  marshes  all  over  Europe  >    How  come  they  to  dig  up  fish 
bones,  shells,  beams,  ironworks,  many  fathoms  under  ground,  and  ancliors  in  moun- 
tains far  remote  from  all  seas  .?    ^»  Anno  1460  at  Bern  in  Switzerland  50  fathom  deep 
a  ship  was  digged  out  of  a  mountain,  where  they  got  metal  ore,  in  which  were  48 
carcasses  of  men,  with  other  merchandise.     That  such  things  are  ordinarily  found 
m  tops  of  hills,  Aristotle  insinuates  in  his  meteors,  '"  Pomponius  Mela  in  his  first 
book,  c.  de  .yiunidia,  and  familiarly  in  the  Alps,  saith  ^Blancanus  the  Jesuit,  the  like 
IS  to  be  seen :  came  this  from  earthquakes,  or  from  Noah's  flood,  as  Christians  sup- 
pose, or  IS  there  a  vicissitude  of  sea  and  land,  as  Anaximenes  held  of  old,  the  moun- 
tains of  Thessaly  would  become  seas,  and  seas  again  mountains  .?    The  whole  world 
behke  should   be  new  moulded,  when  it  seemed   good  to  those  all-commandintr 
powers,  and  turned  inside  out,  as  we  do  haycocks  in  harvest,  top  to  bottom,  or  bot- 
tom to  top:  or  as  we  turn  apples  to  the  fire,  move  the  world  upon  his  centre;  that 
which  IS  under  the  poles  now,  should  be  translated  to  the  equinoctial,  and  that  which 
IS  under  the  torrid  zone  to  the  circle  arctic  and  antarctic  another  while,  and  so  be 
recipr()rally  Avarmed  by  the  sun :  or  if  the  worlds  be  infinite,  and  every  fixed  star  a 
sun,  with  his  compassing  planets  (as  Brunus  and  Campanella  conclude) 'cast  three  or 
tour  worlds  into  one;  or  else  of  one  world  make  three  or  four  new,  as  it  shall  seem 
to  them  best.     To  proceed,  if  the  earth  be  21.500  miles  in  =' compass,  its  diameter 
IS  7,000  from  us  to  our  antipodes,  and  what  shall  be  comprehended  in  all  that  space  ^ 
What  IS  the  centre  of  the  earth  ?  is  it  pure  element  only,  as  Aristotle  decrees,  inlia- 
bited  (as  ^  Paracelsus  thinks)  with  creatures,  whose  chaos  is  the  earth  :  or  with 
tairies,  as  the  woods  and  waters  (according  to  him)  are  with  nymphs,  or  as  the  air 
with  spirits  ?    Dionisiodorus,  a  mathematician  in  ^3  Pliny,  that  sent  a  letter,  ad  siipems 
after  he  was  dead,  from  the  centre  of  the  earth,  to  signify  what  distance  the  same 
centre  was  from  the  superficies  of  the  same,  viz.  42,000  stadiums,  mi-rht  have  done 
well  to  have  satisfied  all  these  doubts.    Or  is  it  the  place  of  hell,  as  Virgil  in  his 
guides,  Plato,  Lucian,  Dante,  and  others  poetically  describe  it,  and  as  many  of  our 
divines  tlnnk  ?    In  good  earnest,  Anthony  Rusca,  one  of  the  society  of  that  \mbro- 
sian  College,  in  :\Iilan,  in  his  great  volume  de  Inferno,  lib.  1.  cap.  47.  is  stifi^  in  this 
tenet,  'ti?  a  corporeal  fire  tow,  cap.  5.  l.  2.  as  he  there  disputes.    "Whatsoever  philo- 
sophers "Tite  (saith  ="  Surius)  there  be  certain  mouths  of  hell,  and  places  appointed 


4=Vid.   Pererium   in   G^n.  Cor.   a   Lapide,  et   alios. 
*ilM  NecyoM.aiitia  Turn.  -2.  «  Pracastorii.s  lib.  de 

finip.  (rnnryiiis  Menila  lib.  de  mem.  Julius  Billiiis,&e. 
*'Simleriis,  Orteliiis,  Brachiis  centum  subterra  reperta 
est,  iii  qua  quadrasiiita  octo  cadavera  inerant,  An- 
chors <cc.  «  Pisces  01  conoha-  in  montibus  repe- 
nun-ur.  ^  Lib.  de  locis  Mathemat.  Aristot.  si  Or 
plain,  as  Patricius  holds,  which  Austin,  Lactantius 


and  some  others,  held  of  old  as  round  as  a  trencher. 
"Li.  de  Zilphia  et  Pigmeis,  thev  penetrate  the  ejirth  as 
we  do  the  air.  ^Lib.  2.  c.  112.  MComuientar. 

ad  annum  lo.iT.  Quicqiiid  dicnnt,  Philnsophi.  qua;dain 
."unt  Tartari  nstia,  et  loca  puniendis  animis  destinata. 
ut  Hecla  mons.&c.  ubi  mortuorumspiritus  vi.-:untur,&4:. 
voluii  Deus  extare  talia  loca,  ut  discant  raortales 


292  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 

for  the  piini?hmcnt  of  men's  souls,  as  at  Hecla  in  Iceland,  where  the  ghosts  of  dead 
men  are  familiarly  seen,  and  sometimes  talk  with  the  living :  God  would  have  .such 
visible  places,  that  mortal  men  might  be  certainly  informed,  that  there  be  such  pun- 
ishments after  death,  and  learn  hence  to  fear  God."  Kranzius  Dan.  hist.  lib.  2.  cap. 
24.  subscribes  to  this  opinion  of  Surius,  so  doth  Colerus  caj).  12.  lib.  de  immortal 
animce  (out  of  the  authoritv  belike  of  St.  Greo-ory,  Durand,  and  the  rest  of  the  school- 
men, who  derive  as  much  from  ^Etna  in  Sicily,  Lipari.  Iliera,  and  those  sulpliureoui 
vulcanian  islands^  making  Terra  del  Fuejo,  and  those  frequent  volcanoes  in  Ame-> 
rica,  of  which  Acosta  lib.  3.  cap.  24.  that  fearful  mount  Ilecklebirg  in  Norway,  an 
especial  aririmient  to  prove  it,  ^^'•' where  lamentable  screeches  and  bowlings  are  con- 
tinually heard,  which  strike  a  terror  to  the  auditors;  fiery  chariots  are  commonly 
.seen  to  bring  in  the  souls  of  men  in  the  likeness  of  crows,  and  devils  ordinarily  g.o 
in  and  out."  Such  another  proof  is  that  place  near  the  Pyramids  in  Egypt,  by  Cairo, 
as  well  to  confirm  this  as  the  resurrection,  mentioned  by  ^  Kornmannus  mirac.  mort. 
lib.  1.  cap.  38.  Camerarius  oper.  site.  cap.  37.  Bredenbachiiis  perrg.  tcr.  sand,  and 
some  others,  "where  once  a  year  dead  bodies  arise  about  March,  and  walk,  after 
awhile  hide  themselves  again  :  thousands  of  people  come  yearly  to  see  them."  But 
these  and  such  like  testimonies  others  reject,  as  fables,  illusions  of  spirits,  and  they 
will  have  no  such  local  known  place,  more  than  Sty.x  or  Phlegethon,  Pluto's  court, 
or  that  poetical  Infcrnus^  where  Homer's  soul  was  .seen  hanging  on  a  tree,  Stc,  to 
which  they  ferried  over  in  Charon's  boat,  or  went  down  at  Hermione  in  Greece,  cnm- 
pendiaria  ad  Infernos  via,  ^vhich  is  the  shortest  cut,  quia  nullum  a  vmrluis  naiiliim 
eo  loci  erposcmit,  (saith  "Gerbelius')  and  besides  there  were  no  fees  to  I)e  jiaid.  \V'eU 
then,  is  it  hell,  or  purgator\',  as  Bellarmine:  or  Limbus  palriim,  as  Galhicius  will, 
and  as  Rusca  will  (for  they  have  made  maps  of  it)  ^or  Ignatius  parler .'  Virgil, 
sometimes  bishop  of  Saltburg  (as  Aventinus  Anno.  745  relates^  bv  Boiiifacius  bi.'^hop 
of  Mentz  was  therefore  called  in  question,  because  he  held  antipt)des  (which  thev 
made  a  doubt  whether  Christ  died  for^  and  so  by  that  means  took  away  the  .seat  of 
hell,  or  so  contracted  it,  that  it  could  bear  no  proportion  to  heaven,  and  contradicted 
that  opinion  of  Austin,  Basil,  Lactantius  that  held  the  earth  round  as  a  trencher 
I  whom  Acosta  and  common  experience  more  largely  confute)  but  not  as  a  ball ;  and 
Jerusalem  where  Christ  died  the  middle  of  if,  or  Delos,  as  the  fibidous  Greeks 
feigned  :  because  when  Jupiter  let  two  eagles  loose,  to  fly  from  the  world's  ends  east 
and  west,  they  met  at  Delos.  But  that  scruple  of  Bonifacius  is  now  quite  taken 
away  by  our  latter  divines:  Franciscus  Ribera,  in  cap.  14.  Apocalyps.  will  have  hell 
a  material  and  local  fire  in  the  centre  of  the  earth,  200  Italian  miles  in  diameter,  as 

he  defines  it  out  of  those  words,  Eririt  sangjiis  dc  terra per  stadia  millc  .wx- 

centa,  S^-c.  But  Lessius  lib.  13.  de  morihus  divinis,  cap.  24.  will  have  this  local  hell 
far  less,  one  Dutch  mile  in  diameter,  all  filled  with  fire  and  brimstone :  because,  as 
he  there  demonstrates,  that  space,  cubically  multiplied,  will  make  a  sphere  able  to 
hold  eight  hundred  thousand  millions  of  damned  bodies  (allowing  each  body  six  foot 
square)  which  wiL  cjimdantly  suffice  ;  Cum  ccrtum  si/,  inqiiit,  facta  subductione,  non 
fufuros  centies  mille  million's  damnandorum.  But  if  it  be  no  material  fire  (as  Sco- 
Thoma?,  Bonaventure,  Soncinas,  Voscius,  and  others  argue)  it  may  be  there  or  else- 
where, as  Keckerman  disputes  System.  Theol.  for  sure  somewhere  it  is,  cerium  est 
nlicubi^  eisi  definitus  circulus  non  assignetur.  I  will  end  the  controversy  in  *'Aus- 
tin's  words,  '''Better  doubt  of  things  concealed,  than  to  contend  about  uncertainties, 
where  Abraham's  bosom  is,  and  hell  fire  :"  ^Vix  a  mansuctiSyU  contenliosis  nunquam 
invenitnr;  scarce  the  meek,  the  contentious  shall  never  find.  If  it  bo  solid  earth, 
'lis  the  fountain  of  metals,  waters,  which  by  his  innate  temper  turns  air  into  water, 
which  springs  up  in  several  chinks,  to  moisten  the  earth's  superfcies.,  and  that  in  a 
tenfold  proportion  (as  Aristotle  holds)  or  else  these  fountains  come  directly  from  the 
sea,  by  *'  secret  passages,  and  so  made  fresh  again,  by  running  througli  the  bowels 
of  the  earth ;  and  are  either  thick,  thin,  hot,  cold,  as  the  matter  or  minerals  are  by 
which  they  pass ;  or  as  Peter  Martyr  Ocean.  Decad.  lib.  9.  and  some  others  hold, 

■■^Ubi  in is«'ra biles  ejiilantiiim  voces  aiidiuiitiir,  qui  |  tare  de  occultisi.  f|ii!iin  lilisare  ili;  inrprli*.  iilii  fininma 
aiiilitoriKii!i  horriirpdi  iiiciitiunt  haml  vulcarem,  Ace.  '  inlVnii,  Ac.  ''»S4c  Dr.  R<-y;i.,|(l«  prrlerl.  iJ.  in  Ap<»e 
•«  Ex  sppulrhns  appnr.'nt  mense  Martio,  »-t  riirsii!)  sub  '  si.-Xs  ih.-y  rome  from  ihf  ».-!i,  so  ih*-)  r.?lijrn  In  lh«-  ■(.■• 
tarraro  se  abiicondiiiit,  &;c.  »' Diacripl.  Gfjec.  lib.  6.  I  a^iiin  by  secret  pas»at;ci),aii  in  alllikblihiMxlUieCaaptAi. 

de  Pelop.  wCunclave  Ignaiii.  ». Melius  dubi-  I  sJea  venta  itieir  into  ibu  Euiine  or  ocean. 


Mem.  3.]  Digression  of  Mr.  293 

rrom  ^^  abundance  of  rain  that  falls,  or  from  that  ambient  heat  and  cold,  which  alters 
that  inward  heat,  and  so  per  consequens  the  generation  of  waters.  Or  else  it  may  be 
full  of  wind,  or  a  sulphureous  innate  lire,  as  our  meteorologists  inform  us,  which 
sometimes  breaking  out,  causeth  those  horrible  earthquakes,  which  are  so  frequent 
in  these  days  in  Japan,  China,  and  oftentimes  swallow  up  whole  cities.  Let  Lucian'^s 
Menippus  consult  with  or  ask  of  Tiresias,  if  you  will  not  believe  philosophers,  he 
shall  clear  all  your  doubts  when  he  makes  a  second  voyage. 

hi  tlie  mean  time  let  us  consider  of  that  which  is  sub  dlo^i  and  find  out  a  true  cause, 
if  it  be  possible,  of  such  accidents,  meteors,  alterations,  as  happen  above  ground. 
Whence  proceed  that  variety  of  manners,  and  a  distinct  character  (as  it  were)  to 
several  nations .''  Some  are  wise,  subtile,  witty ;  others  dull,  sad  and  heavy ;  some 
big,  some  little,  as  TuUy  de  Fato,  Plato  in  Timaeo,  Vegetius  and  Bodine  prove  at 
large,  victhod.  cap.  5.  some  soft,  and  some  hardy,  barbarous,  civil,  black,  dan,  white, 
is  it  from  the  air,  from  the  soil,  influence  of  stars,  or  some  other  secret  cause  t  Why 
doth  Africa  breed  so  many  venomous  beasts,  Ireland  none .-'  Athens  owls,  Crete 
none.''  ^^Why  hath  Daulis  and  Thebes  no  swallows  (so  Pausanius  inibrmeth  us) 
as  well  as  the  rest  of  Greece,  ''^  Ithaca  no  hares,  Pontus  asses,  Scythia  swine  ?  whence 
comes  this  variety  of  complexions,  colours,  plants,  birds,  beasts,  ®^  metals,  peculiar 
almost  to  every  place  ?  Why  so  many  thousand  strange  birds  and  beasts  proper  to 
America  alone,  as  Acosta  demands  lib.  4.  cap.  36.  were  they  created  in  tlie  six  days, 
or  ever  in  Noah's  ark?  if  there,  why  are  they  not  dispersed  and  found  in  other 
countries.?  It  is  a  thing  (saith  he)  hath  long  held  me  in  suspense;  no  Greek,  Luiin, 
Hebrew  ever  heard  of  them  before,  and  yet  as  differing  from  our  European  animals, 
as  an  egg  and  a  chestnut :  and  which  is  more,  kine,  horses,  sheep,  Slc,  till  the 
Spaniards  brought  them,  were  never  heard  of  in  those  parts }  How  comes  it  to 
pass,  that  in  the  same  site,  in  one  latitude,  to  such  as  are  Peritzci,  there  should  be 
such  dilierence  of  soil,  complexion,  colour,  metal,  air,  &c.  The  Spaniards  are 
white,  and  s.o  are  Italians,  when  as  the  inhabitants  about  ^^  Caput  bonce  spei  are 
blackamores,  and  yet  both  alike  distant  from  the  equator:  nay,  they  that  dwell  in  the 
same  parallel  line  with  these  negroes,  as  about  the  Straits  of  iVIagellan,  are  white 
coloured,  and  yet  some  in  Presbyter  John's  country  in  ^Ethiopia  are  dun ;  they  in 
Zeilan  and  Malabar  parallel  with  them  again  black  :  jManamotapa  in  Africa,  and  St. 
TJiomas  Isle  are  extreme  hot,  both  under  the  line,  coal  black  their  inhabitants, 
whereas  in  Peru  they  are  quite  opposite  in  colour,  very  temperate,  or  rather  cohl, 
and  yet  both  alike  elevated.  Moscow  in  53.  degrees  of  latitude  extreme  cold,  as 
tho.se  northern  countries  usually  are,  having  one  perpetual  hard  frost  all  winter  long; 
and  in  52.  deg.  lat.  sometimes  hard  frost  and  snow  all  summer,  as  Button's  Bay,  &c., 
or  by  tits ;  and  yet  *'^  England  near  the  same  latitude,  and  Ireland,  very  moist,  warm, 
and  more  temperate  in  winter  than  Spain,  Italy,  or  France.  Is  it  the  sea  that  causeth 
this  dilierence,  and  the  air  that  comes  from  it :  Why  then  is  *"'  Ister  so  cold  near  tiie 
Euxine,  Pontus,  Bithynia,  and  all  Thrace ;  frlg'idas  regioncs  Maginus  calls  them,  • 
and  yet  their  latitude  is  but  42.  which  should  be  hot :  ^''Q,uevira,  or  Nova  Albion  in 
America,  bordering  on  the  sea,  was  so  cold  in  July,  that  our  ""Englishmen  could 
hardly  endure  it.  At  Noremberga  in  45.  lat.  all  tlie  sea  is  frozen  ice,  and  yet  in  a 
more  southern  latitude  than  ours.  New  England,  and  the  island  of  Cambiial  Col- 
chos,  which  that  noble  gentleman  Mr.  Vaughan,  or  Orpheus  junior,  describes  in  his 
Golden  Fleece,  is  in  the  same  latitude  with  little  Britain  in  France,.and  yet  then- 
winter  begins  not  till  January,  their  spring  till  May ;  which  search  he  accounts 
worthy  ol'  an  astrologer  :  is  this  from  the  easterly  winds,  or  melting  of  ice  and  snow 
dissolved  within  the  circle  arctic ;  or  that  the  air  being  thick,  is  longer  before  it  be 
warm  by  the  sunbeams,  and  once  heated  like  an   oven  will  keep  itself  from  cold  .'' 

''Seneca  quajs^t.  lili.  cap.  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10, 11, 12.  de  I  rari  qiii.s  possit,  in  tot:i  America  luisciuam  ni^ros  Inve- 
caii.'sis  aquaruiii  perpetujs.        '3  In  iis  iiec  pullos  liiriiti-     iiiri,  priuter  paucos  in    loco  Qimreno  illi.s  (iiclo:  qua 


dines  p.\tlii(liiiit,  nequi.',  &c.  "  'i'li.  Uavennas  lib 

de  vit.  hoiu.  pra;rnjr.  ca.  ult.  "»  At  Unito  in  Peru 

Pins  auri  ipiuni  terrx  fodilur  in  aurifuilinis.  f*  .\d 

Caput  lioiKe  spei  incniEsiiiit  iii^'erriini  :  Si  sol  carisa, 
Giir  non  llisp;ini  el  Itali  a-que  nii'ri.  in  eadem  latituciine, 
aique  (li>ta]itis  ali  jEqtiaioce,  hi  ail  Auslrnm,  illi  ad 
Boreani  ?  qui  :^uti  Pre^hyteri)  Julian,  habitant  subl'usci 
ennt,  in  Zeilan  et  Malabar  niicri,  xqiie  distantes  ab 
i£]uature,  eodemque  cojli  paralielo  :  sed  hoc  niagis  mi- 

z2 


liiijtis  coliiris  causa  efficiens,  cnslive  an  terrae  q'lalitas, 
an  soil  prcq)rieta3,  aut  ipsornin  hniiiiiiun)  innata  ratio, 
ant  omnia?     Ortelins  in  .\fiica  Theat.  ^  linKin 

qiidcunque  anni  tempore  temperatissiina.  Ortel.  .Mul- 
las  Gallia;  et  Ualia;  Kegiones,  molli  tepore,  et  henisiia 
qiiadam  temperie  pror.'iiis  aiitecellit,  Juvi.  <"  Lat.  45. 
Daiiiibii.  «iauevira  lat.  40.  ""InSirFra. 

Drake's  voyage. 


£94  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2 

Our  climes  breed  lice,  ^'  Hungary  and  Ireland  male  audiunt  in  this  kind  ;  come  to 
the  Azores,  by  a  secret  virtue  of  that  air  tliey  are  instantly  consumed,  and  all  our 
European  vermin  almost,  saitli  Ortelius.  Egypt  is  watered  with  Nilus  not  far  from 
the  sea,  and  yet  there  it  seldom  or  never  rains :  Kho(i»^s,  an  island  of  the  same 
nature,  yields  not  a  cloud,  and  yet  our  islands  ever  dropp»-jg  and  inclining  to  rain. 
The  Atlantic  Ocean  is  still  subject  to  storms,  but  in  Del  Zur,  or  Mare  pacijlco,  sel- 
dom or  never  any.  Is  it  from  tropic  stars,  apertio  porlaruni,  in  the  dodecotemories 
or  constellations,  the  moon's  mansions,  such  aspects  of  planets,  such  winds,  or  dis- 
solvhig  air,  or  thick  air,  which  causeth  this  and  the  like  ditlerences  of  heat  and  cold? 
Bodin  relates  of  a  Portugal  ambassador,  that  coming  from  '■  Lisbon  to  '•*  Dantzic  in 
Spruce,  found  greater  lieat  there  than  at  any  time  at  home.  Don  Garcia  de  Sylva, 
legale  to  Philip  III.,  king  of  Spain,  residing  at  Ispahan  in  Persia,  IGli),  in  his  letter 
to  the  .Marquess  of  Bedmar,  makes  mention  of  greater  cold  in  Ispahan,  whose  lat.  is 
31.  gr.  tlian  ever  he  lelt  in  Spain,  or  any  part  of  Eurojje.  The  torrid  zone  was  by 
our  predecessors  held  to  be  uninhabitable,  but  by  our  modern  travellers  found  to  be 
most  temperate,  bedewed  with  frequent  rains,  and  moistening  showers,  the  breeze  and 
cooling  blasts  in  .some  parts,  as  '^  Acosta  describes,  most  pleasant  and  fertile.  Arica 
in  Chili  is  by  report  one  of  the  sweetest  places  that  ever  the  sun  shined  on,  Olifrnpus 
li  rrcc,  a  heaven  on  earth  :  how  incomparably  do  some  extol  Mexico  in  Nova  His- 
p;u;ia,  Peru,  Brazil,  &.C.,  in  some  again  hard,  dry,  sandy,  barren,  a  very  desert,  and 
still  in  tlie  same  latitude.  Many  tunes  we  lind  great  diversity  of  air  in  the  same 
'^  country,  by  reason  of  the  site  to  seas,  hills  or  dales,  want  of  water,  nature  of  soil, 
and  the  like :  as  in  Spain  Arnigon  is  usjjvra  ct  sicca,  harsh  and  evil  iidiabiied  ;  Estre- 
madura  is  dry,  sandy,  barren  most  part,  extreme  hot  by  reason  of  his  plains;  Anda- 
lusia another  paradise ;  Valencia  a  most  pleasant  air,  and  corUiiuially  green  ;  so  is  it 
about  "'Granada,  on  the  one  side  fertile  plains,  on  the  other,  continual  snow  to  be 
seen  all  summer  long  on  the  hill  tops.  Tiiat  their  houses  in  the  Alps  are  three  (piar- 
ters  of  the  year  covered  witii  snow,  who  knows  not  ?  That  Tenerille  is  so  cold  at 
the  lop,  extreme  hot  at  the  bottom  :  Mons  Atlas  in  Africa,  Libanus  in  Palestiiu-,  witii 
many  such,  ^/;i/os  inter  ardures  Jidus  nivibtis," 'Vacuus  calls  them,  and  Kadzivilus 
epiat.  'i.jol.  27.  yields  it  to  be  far  holler  there  than  in  any  part  of  Italy :  'tis  true; 
but  they  are  highly  elevated,  near  the  middle  region,  and  therefore  cold,  ob  paiicam 
solarium  radiorum  rijraclinntm^  as  Serrarius  answers,  com.  in.  3.  cap.Josua  quasi.  5. 
Ahiknsis  quasi.  37.  In  the  heat  of  sununer,  in  the  king's  palace  in  Escurial,  the 
air  is  most  temperate,  by  reason  of  a  cold  blast  which  comes  from  the  snowy  moun- 
tains of  Sierra  de  Cada;ama  hard  by,  when  as  in  Toledo  it  is  very  hot :  so  in  all 
other  countries.  The  causes  of  these  alterations  are  conunonly  by  reason  of  their 
nearness  y\  say)  to  llie  middle  region;  but  this  diversity  of  air,  in  places  equally 
situated,  elevated  and  distant  from  the  pt»le,  can  hardly  be  satisfied  with  liial  diversity 
of  plants,  birds,  beasts,  which  is  so  familiar  with  us:  witii  Indians,  everywhere,  the 
sun  is  equally  distant,  the  sa:ne  vertical  stars,  the  same  irradiations  of  planets,  as- 
pects like,  the  same  nearness  of  seas,  the  same  superficies,  the  same  soil,  or  not  nmch 
diiFerent.  L  iider  the  equator  itself,  amongst  the  Sierras,  Andes,  Lanos,  as  Ilerrera, 
Laet,  and  '*  Acosta  contend,  there  is  tam  inirabiUs  el  inopinata  variefas,  such  variety 
of  weather,  ut  meritb  excrceat  ingenia,  that  no  philosopliy  can  yet  find  out  the  true 
cause  of  it.  When  I  consider  how  temperate  it  is  in  one  place,  saith  "Acosta,  with- 
in the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  as  about  Laplata,  and  yet  iiard  by  at  Potosi,  in  that  same 
altitude,  mountainous  alike,  extreme  cold ;  extreme  hot  in  Brazil,  kc.  Hic  fgOy 
saith  Acosia,  philosophiam  Arislolelis  meteorologicam  vchcmenter  irrisi,  ciirji,  «l^-c., 
when  the  sun  comes  nearest  to  them,  they  have  great  tempests,  storms,  thunder  and 
lightning,  great  store  of  rain,  snow,  and  the  foulest  weather :  when  the  sun  is  ver- 
tical, their  rivers  overllow,  the  morning  fair  and  hot,  no(jn-day  cold  and  moist :  all 
which  is  opposite  to  us.  IIow  comes  it  to  pass?  ScdVi^er  poet  ices  I.  3.  c.  1(5.  di.s- 
courselh  thus  of  this  subject.  How  comes,  or  wherefore  is  this  temcraria  sidcrum 
disposilio,  this  rash  placing  of  stars,  or  as  Epicurus  will,  fortuita.,  or  acciueutal  ? 

''1  Lansiiis  orat.  contra  Huiigaros.  ''^  Lisbon  lat.  |  Ix-twixt  Liegi-  rind  AJai  nnt  Oir  diittant,  <je»crt|ii    R<-l<; 

38.  i>l)uiiizic  lat  64.  '«  Ue  nat.  novi  orbis  lib.  I  ^o  .Mat'in.  Uuiittiis.  ^  lli^l.  lib.  6.  >  l.iU  1 1 

1.  cap.  9.     .~ii:ivis.*iiiius  oiniiiijiii  Incus,  &r.  "  Tlie    cap.  7.  "*  l.ib.  'i.  cap.  9.  Cur.  fuliwi  el  Plata,  urbt^ 

fame  variely  uf  weatber  lju<i.  Uuicciariline  obbervt'g  |  lu  tain  tenui  intcrvallu,  utraque  uionl  u««,  Ilc. 


Mem.  3.] 


Digression  of  Air. 


295 


Wliy  are  some  big,  some  little,  why  are  they  so  confusedly,  unequally  situated  iu 
the  heavens,  and  set  so  much  out  of  order?  In  all  other  things  nature  is  equal,  pro- 
portionable, and  constant ;  there  be  justce.  dimensiones,  et  prudeTis  partium  Jispositio^ 
as  in  the  iiibric  of  man,  his  eyes,  ears,  nose,  face,  members  are  correspondent,  cur 
non  idem  calo  opere  omnium  jnilcherrimo?  Why  are  the  heavens  so  irregular,  neque 
paribus  juoiibus,  nequc  paribus  intervallis,  whence  is  this  dilierence  ?  Uivcrsos  (he 
concludes)  cjjicere  Locorum  Geiiios^  to  make  diversity  of  countries,  soils,  manners, 
customs,  characters,  and  constitutions  among  us,  ut  quantum  vicinia  ad  ckaritatcm 
uddat^  sidera  dislrahant  ad  pcniicicm,  and  so  by  this  means  Jluviovel  raonte  distinctl 
sunt  dissimiles^  the  same  places  almost  shall  be  distinguished  in  manners.  But  this 
reason  is  weak  and  most  insufficient.  The  lixed  stars  are  removed  since  Ptolemy's, 
time  2G.  gr.  Irom  the  first  of  Aries,  and  if  the  earth  be  immovable,  as  their  site  varies, 
so  should  countries  vary,  and  diverse  alterations  would  follow.  But  this  we  per- 
ceive not;  as  in  Tully's  time  with  us  in  Britain,  cceluin  visu  foedum,  et  in  quo  facile 
gcneraniur  nubes,  4'C-5  'tis  so  still.  Wherefore  Bodine  Theut.  nat.  lib.  2.  and  some 
others,  will  have  all  these  alterations  and  effects  immediately  to  proceed  from  tliose 
genii,  spirits,  angels,  which  rule  and  domineer  in  several  places ;  they  cause  storms, 
thunder,  lightning,  earthquakes,  ruins,  tempests,  great  winds,  floods.  Sec,  the  phi- 
'osophers  of  Conimbra,  will  refer  this  diversity  to  the  influence  of  that  empyrean 
heaven :  for  some  say  the  eccentricity  of  the  sun  is  come  nearer  to  the  earth  than  in 
Ptolemy's  time,  the  virtue  therefore  of  all  the  vegetals  is  decayed,  *'"  men  grow  less, 
is.c.  There  are  that  observe  new  motions  of  the  heavens,  new  siars^  jyalantia  sidera, 
comets,  clouds,  call  them  what  you  will,  like  those  i\ledicean,  Burbonian,  Austrian 
planets,  lately  detected,  which  do  not  decay,  but  come  and  go,  rise  higher  and  lower, 
hide  and  show  themselves  amongst  the  fixed  stars,  amongst  the  planets,  above  and 
beneath  the  moon,  at  set  times,  now  nearer,  now  farther  ofl',  together,  asunder  ;  as 
he  that  plays  upon  a  sackbut  by  pulling  it  up  and  down  alters  his  tones  and  tunes, 
do  they  their  stations  and  places,  though  to  us  undiscerned ;  and  from  those  motions 
proceed  (^as  they  conceive)  diverse  alterations,  Clavius  conjectures  otherwise,  but 
tliey  be  but  conjectures.  About  Damascus  in  Cceli-Syria  is  a  *'  Paradise,  by  reason 
of  tlie  plenty  of  waters,  in  promptu  causa  est,  and  the  deserts  of  Arabia  barren,  be- 
cause of  rocks,  rolling  seas  of  sands,  and  dry  mountains  quod  inaquosa  (saith  Adri- 
comius)  montes  liabens  asperos,  saxosos,  prcecipites,  horroris  et  mortis  speciem  prce  se 
fereutes,  '••  uninhabitable  therefore  of  men,  birds,  beasts,  void  of  all  green  trees,  plants, 
and  fruits,  a  vast  rocky  horrid  wilderness,  which  by  no  art  can  be  manured,  'tis  evi- 
dent." Bohemia  is  cold,  for  that  it  lies  all  along  to  the  north.  But  why  should  it 
be  so  hot  in  Egypt,  or  there  never  rain .''  Why  should  those  *-  etesian  and  north- 
eastern winds  blow  continually  and  constantly  so  long  together,  in  some  places,  at 
set  limes,  one  way  still,  in  the  dog-days  only :  here  perpetual  drought,  there  drop- 
ping showers;  here  foggy  mists,  there  a  pleasant  air ;  here  *^  terrible  thunder  and 
lightning  at  such  set  seasons,  here  frozen  seas  all  the  year,  there  open  in  the  same 
latitude,  to  the  rest  no  such  thing,  nay  quite  opposite  is  to  be  found  ;  Sometimes  (as 
in  ^^  Peru)  on  the  one  side  of  the  mountains  it  is  hot,  on  the  other  cold,  here  snow, 
there  wind,  with  infinite  such.  Fromundus  in  his  Meteors  will  excuse  or  solve  all 
this  by  the  sun's  motion,  but  when  there  is  such  diversity  to  such  as  Perimci,  or  very 
near  site,  how  can  that  position  hold  .'' 

Who  can  give  a  reason  of  this  diversity  of  meteors,  tliat  it  should  rain  ^'stones, 
frogs,  mice,  Sec.  Bats,  which  they  call  Lcmmer  in  Norway,  an,d  are  manifestly  ob- 
served {as  *" Munster  writes j  by  the  inhabitants,  to  descend  and  fall  with  some  fecL 
lent  showers,  and  like  so  many  locusts,  consume  all  that  is  green,  Leo  Afer  speaks 
as  much  of  locusts,  about  Fez  in  Barbary  there  be  infinite  swarms  in  their  fields  upon 
a  sudden:  so  at  Aries  in  France,  1553,  the  like  happened  by  the  same  mischief,  all 
their  grass  and  fruits  were  devoured,  magna  incolaruia  admirationc  ct  coiisfernatione 
(as  \  uleriola  obser.  med.  lib.  1.  obscr.  1.  relates)  cfslum  subilb  obumbrabani,  S)-c.  he 
concludes,  "it  could  not  be  from  natural  causes,  they  cannot  imagine  whence  they- 


soTerra  malos  hnmines  nunc  educat  atque  piisillos. 
^1  \.!V.  I.  1.  c.  5.  '•^Straho.  ^  As  uii(li.r  the 

K)M:itiir  ill  many  parts,  sliowtrs  here  at  such  a  time, 
tviiids  at  siicli  a  time,  ilie  Brise  they  call  it.  *'  Feril. 
Cvi'tesius.  lib.  Novus  orbis  inscripi.     ts  Lapidalum  est. 


Livie.  t6 Cosmo;;,  lib.  4.  cap.  2-2,     Ha;  teiiipestaii. 

bus  decidunle  iiiibibus  fiEculentis,  liepasciiiuiiniue  inor« 
locustoruin  omnia  vireiitia.  ei  Hon.  Genial.  An  \ 

terra  sursuiii  rapiuiitur  a  sojo  iterumque  cum  pliiviis 
prxcipitanlur  ?  <5^c. 


296  Cure  of  Mdanchohj.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 

come,  but  from  heaven.  Are  these  and  such  creatures,  corn,  wocxl,  stones,  worms, 
wool,  blood,  8j.c.  lifted  up  into  the  middle  region  by  the  sunbeams,  as  '^BaraccUus 
the  physician  disputes,  and  thence  let  fall  with  showers,  or  there  engendered  ?  -^  Cor- 
nelius Gemma  is  of  that  opinion,  they  are  there  conceived  by  celestial  influences : 
others  suppose  they  are  immediately  from  God,  or  prodigies  raised  by  art  and 
illusions  of  spirits,  which  are  princes  of  the  air;  to  whom  Bodin.  lib.  2.  TJiral. 
JVat.  subscribes.  In  fine,  of  meteors  in  general,  Aristotle's  reasons  are  exploded  by 
Bernanhnus  Telesius,  by  Paracelsus  his  principles  confuted,  and  other  causes 
assigned,  sal,  sulphur,  mercury,  in  which  his  disciples  are  so  expert,  that  they  can 
alter  elements,  and  separate  at  their  pleasure,  make  perpetual  motions,  not  as  Cardan, 
Tasneir,  Peregrinus,  by  some  magnetical  virtue,  but  by  mixture  of  elements;  imitate 
thunder,  like  Salmoneus,  snow,  hail,  the  sea's  ebbing  and  flowing,  give  life  to  crea- 
tures (as  they  say)  without  generation,  and  what  not.'  P.  Nonius  Saluciensis  and 
Kepler  take  upon  them  to  demonstrate  that  no  meteors,  clouds,  fogs,  *  vapours,  arise 
higher  than  fifty  or  eighty  miles,  and  all  the  rest  to  be  purer  air  or  element  of  fire : 
which '"Cardan, '^Tycho,  and  '^John  Pena  manifestly  confute  by  refractions,  and 
many  other  arguments,  there  is  no  such  element  of  fire  at  all.  If,  as  Tycho  proves,  the 
moon  be  distant  from  us  fifty  and  sixty  semi-diameters  of  the  earth  :  and  as  Peter  No- 
nius will  have  it,  the  air  be  so  angust,  what  proportion  is  there  betwixt  the  other  three 
elements  and  it.'  To  what  use  serves  it?  Is  it  full  of  spirits  which  inhabit  it,  as 
the  Paracelsians  and  Platonists  hold,  the  higher  the  more  noble,  *'full  of  birds,  or  a 
mere  vacuum  to  no  purpose .'  It  is  much  controverted  between  Tycho  Brahe  and 
Christopher  Rotman,  the  landgrave  of  Hesse's  mathematician,  in  their  astronomical 
epistles,  whether  it  be  the  same  Diayhnnum^  clearness,  matter  of  air  and  heavens,  or 
two  distinct  essences .'  Christopher  Rotman,  John  Pena,  Jordanus  Bninus,  with 
many  other  late  mathematicians,  contend  it  is  the  same  and  one  matter  throughout, 
saving  that  the  higher  still  the  purer  it  is,  and  more  subtile ;  as  they  find  by  expe- 
rience in  the  top  of  some  hills  in  ^'America;  if  a  man  ascend,  he  faints  instantly  for 
want  of  thicker  air  to  refiigerate  the  heart.  Acosta,  /.  3.  c.  D.  calls  this  mountain 
Periacaca  in  Peru ;  it  makes  nien  cast  and  vomit,  he  saith,  that  climb  it,  as  some 
other  of  those  Andes  do  in  the  deserts  of  Chili  for  five  hundred  miles  together,  and 
lor  extremitv  of  cold  to  lose  their  fingers  and  toes.  Tycho  will  have  two  distinct 
matters  of  heaven  and  air;  but  to  say  truth,  with  some  small  qualification,  they  have 
one  and  the  self-same  opinion  about  the  essence  and  matter  of  heavens ;  that  it  is 
not  hard  and  impenetrable,  as  peripatetics  hold,  transparent,  of  a  quinta  essentia, 
•*"  but  that  it  is  penetrable  and  soft  as  the  air  itself  is,  and  that  the  planets  move  in 
it,  as  birds  in  the  air,  fishes  in  the  sea."  This  they  prove  by  motion  of  comets,  and 
otherwise  (though  Clareniontius  in  his  Antitycho  stitlly  opposes),  which  are  not 
generated,  as  Aristotle  teacheth,  in  the  aerial  region,  of  a  hot  and  dry  exhalation, 
and  so  consumed  :  but  as  Anaxagoras  and  Democritus  held  of  old,  of  a  celestial 
matter:  and  as  '■"  Tycho,  ®' El  iseus,  Roeslin,  Thaddeus,  Ilaggesius,  Pena,  Rotman. 
Fracastorius,  demonstrate  by  their  progress,  parallaxes,  refractions,  motions  of  tlie 
planets,  which  interfere  and  cut  one  another's  orbs,  now  higher,  and  then  lower, 
as  (?  amongst  the  rest,  which  sometimes,  as  **  Kepler  confirms  by  his  own,  and 
Tycho's  accurate  observations,  comes  nearer  the  earth  than  the  Q,  and  is  again  eft- 
soons  aloft  in  Jupiter's  orb;  and  ""other  sufficient  reasons,  far  above  the  moon: 
e.xploding  in  the  meantime  that  element  of  lire,  those  fictitious  first  watery  movers, 
those  heavens  1  mean  above  the  firmament,  which  Delrio,  Lodovicus  Imola,  Patri- 
cius,  and  many  of  the  fathers  affirm ;  those  monstrous  orbs  of  eccentrics,  and 
Eccentre  Epicxjcles  deserenles.  Which  howsoever  Ptolemy.  Alhasen,  A'itellio,  Pnr- 
bachius.  IMaginus,  Clavius,  and  many  of  their  a.ssociates,  siiflly  tnaintain  to  be  real 
orbs,  eccentric,  concentric,  circles  a?quant,  S<.c.  afe  absurd  and  ridiculous.     Por  who 


MTam  oniinnsus  proventus  in  naiurales  causas  re-  !  ajiria  el  etheria  diaphnna  e»s«.  noft  rprraciinneii  aliumln 

ferri  vix  potest.  ** Cosinoj;.  c.  6.  ""Canlan  '  quaiii  a  crasso  aere  caii!<ari- Nun  iliira  not  iiii[Nrvin, 

fi.'illli  viipoiirs  rise  2??  miles  from  the  earth,  Eratojithe-     sed  liqiiiila,  s'llitilis,  iii>itiii(|ii«-  Flarieiaruiii  riicildr)  ilt-ii<. 
lies  4''  miles.  »'  De  subtil.  1.  2.  "  In  prozyniiias.  ]  i"  Mi  Pnipyinn.  lib.  •.>.  exeriipl.qiiiii«|>i>>.         »  (<i  'I'lH-orid 


*>  Prirfiit.  nil  F.iicliil.  Catop.  "  Maiiiici)ilial.-«,  biriLt 

that  live  roiitiniially  in  the  air.  ami  are  never  seen  on 
proiinil  but  dead:  S<,-e  L'ljsses  .Ablerovaiid.  Ornithi>l. 
Bcal.  exerc.   cap.  229.  •*  Laet.  dcscrip.  Ainer. 

*>  Episl.  lib.  1.  p.  n.     Ex  quibus  constat  nee  diversa 


nova  Mel.  ccclesiium  157H.  '■"  ''     •     '    •-   u.  Iih.  4. 

■00  Multa  caiifi  hiiic  coiisei|iiiintii'  -i   nihil 

aliiid,  tot  Comets'   in   nlliere  aiui  j  nnlliu' 

orhis  ductiim  coinilantur,  id  ipnuin  i-ui.f  >'  i.i>  r  lerellunl. 
Tycho  astr.  epiat.  pa^-e  107. 


Mem.  3.]  Digression  of  Air.  297 

IS  so  mad  to  ihmk  that  there  should  be  so  many  circles,  like  subordinate  wheels  in 
d  clock,  all  impenetrable  and  hard,  as  they  feign,  add  and  subtract  at  their  pleasure. 
Magmus  makes  eleven  heavens,  subdivided  into  their  orbs  and  circles,  and  all  too 
httle  to  serve  those  particular  appearances  :  Fracastorius,  seventy-two  homocentrics  • 
Tycho  Brahe,  Nicholas  Rameriis,  Heliseus  Rceslin,  have  peculiar  hypotheses  of  their 
own  mventions ;  and  they  be  but  inventions,  as  most  of  them  acknowledge,  as  we 
admit  of  equators,  tropics,  colures,  circles  arctic  and  antarctic,  for  doctrine's  sake 
(though  Ramus  thinks  them  all  unnecessary),  they  will  have  them  supposed  only 
for  method  and  order.  Tycho  hath  feigned  I  know  not  how  many  subdivisions  of 
epicycles  m  epicycles,  &c.,  to  calculate  and  express  the  moon's  motion  :  but  when 
all  IS  done,  as  a  supposition,  and  no  otherwise ;  not  (as  he  holds)  hard,  impenetra- 
ble, subtde,  transparent,  &c.,  or  making  music,  as  Pythagoras  maintained  of  old,  and 
Robert  Constantine  of  late,  but  still,  quiet,  liquid,  open,  &c. 

If  the  heavens  then  be  penetrable,  as  these  men  deliver,  and  no  lets,  it  were  not 
amiss  m  this  aerial  progress,  to  make  wings  and  fly  up,  which  that  Turk  in  Busbe- 
quius   made   his  fellow-citizens   in  Constantinople  believe  he  would  perform  •  and 
some  new-fangled  wits,methinks,  should  some  time  or  other  find  out :  or  if  that  mav 
not  be,  yet  with  a  Galileo's  glass,  or  Icaronienippus'  wings  in  Lucian,  command  the 
spheres  and  heavens,  and  see  what  is  done  amongst  them.     Whether  there  be  o-ene- 
ration  and  corruption,  as  some  think,  by  reason  of  etherial  comets,  that  in  Cassiopea, 
1572,  that  in  Cygno,  1600,  tliat  in  Sagittarius,  1604,  and  many  like,  wliich  by  no 
means  Jul  Cssar  la  Galla,  that  Italian  piiilosopher,  in  his  physical  disputation  with 
LralUeis  de  phenomcnis  m  orbe  hmce,  cap.  9.  will  admit :  or  that  they  were  created 
ab  initio,  and  show  themselves  at  set  times  .  and  as  ^Helisceus  Roeslin  contends,  have 
poles,  axle-trees,  circles  of  their  own,  and  regular  motions.     For,  non  percimL  sed 
mimmrluret  disparent,  ^BVancmms  holds  they  come  and  go  by  fits,  casting  Iheir 
tails  sdl  from  the  sun:    some  of  them,  as  a  burning-glass,  projects  the  sunbeams 
Irom  It ;  though  not  always  neither  :  for  sometimes  a  comet  casts  his  tail  from  Venus, 
as  1  ycho  observes.     And  as  ^  Helisa^us  Roeslin  of  some  others,  from  the  moon,  with 
little  stars  about  them  ad  sluporem  astronomoru7n ;  cum  multis  aliis  in  ccclo  miracu- 
t>s.  all  which  argue  with  those  Medicean,  Austrian,  and  Burbonian  stars,  that  the 
heaven  of  the  planets  is  indistinct,  pure,  and  open,  in  which  the  planets  move  certis 
legibus  ac  metis.     Examine  likewise,  Jin  cesium  sit  coloratum?     Whether  the  stars 
be  ol    that  bigness,  distance,  as  astronomers  relate,  so  many  in  =  number,  1026,  or 
1720,  as  J.  Bayerus;  or  as  some  Rabbins,  29,000  myriads;  or  as  Galileo  discovers 
by  his  glasses,  mfinite,  and  that  via  lactea,  a  confused  light  of  small  sta-s,  like  so 
many  nails  m  a  door:  or  all  in  a  row,  like  those  12,000  isles  of  the  Maldives  in  the 
Indian  ocean  ?     Whether  the  least  visible  star  in  the  eighth  sphere  be  eighteen  times 
bigger  than  the  earth;  and  as  Tycho  calculates,  14,000  semi-diameters  distant  from 
It?     Whether  they  be  thicker  parts  of  the  orbs,  as  Aristotle  delivers:  or  so  many 
habitable    worlds,    as    Democritus  ?     Whether    they    have    light  of  their  own,  or 
trom   the   sun    or  give   hght  round,  as  Patritius   discourseth  ?     An  ceque  distent  a 
centro  vmndi?     Whether  light  be  of  their  essence;  and   that  light  be  a  substance 
or  an  accident?     Whether  they  be  hot  by  themselves,  or  by  accident  cause  heat ' 
Whether  there  be  such  a  precession   of  the   equinoxes   as   Copernicus    holds,  or 
that  tJie  eighth  sphere   move  ?     An  bene  philosophentur,  R.  Bacon  and  J    Dee 
Apfiorism.  de   multipUcatione   specienmi  f      Whether  there   be   any  such    images 
ascendmg  with  each  degree  of  the  zodiac   in  the  east,  as  Aliacensis  feirrns  ?     1ln 
aqua  super  caelum?  as  Patritius  and  the  schoolmen  will,  a  crystalline  «  watery  heaven, 
which  IS  '  certainly  to  be  understood  of  that  in  the  middle  region  ?  for  otherwise,  if 
at  JNoah  s  Hood  the  water  came  from  thence,  it  must  be  above  a  hundred  years  fall- 
ing down  to  us,  as    some  calculate.     Besides,  An  terra  sit  animata  f  which  some  so 
confidently  believe,  with  Orpheus,  Hermes,  Averroes,  from  which  all  other  souls  of 
men,  beasts,  devils,  plants,  fishes,  &c.  are  derived,  and  into  which  a^rain,  after  some 
revolutions,  as  Plato  in  his  Timeus,  Plotinus  in  his  Enneades  more  largely  discuss, 

m,'nt';  ^U^Sl'^^^^^-J^'^'  '""-rheor",":;','.^"  I  IcT  ^""'J^''^'""'  ''""'^  '^^  ^^--'-  ref.n  Patritius. 
rfplpst    M,.iof.r  ,,    :     ."^J.,.   .  •"  llieor.  iii)\a     0  Gilberms   Oii>;aiius.  'See  this  discussed  in  Sir 

de  Comet  a  It'^i  t^^'T''  r"'!''-  t  '^'  "l     ^^''""^'-  «'"«'«"'^  L.^^tory,  in  Zar.ch.  a.l  Gasman      "vid! 

ae  uomet,^^  An  .u  crux  et  nubecula  in  coelis  ad  1  Fro.aundum  deMeteoris.lib.o.  anic.5.el  Lansbergiura: 


298  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 

they  return  (see  Chalcidius  and  Bennius,  Plato's  commentators),  as  all  philof;opliical 
niaiter,  in  materiam  primum.  Keplerus,  Patritus,  and  some  other  Neoterics,  have  in 
])an  revived  this  opinion.  And  tliat  every  star  in  heaven  hath  a  soul,  angel  or  intel- 
ligence to  animate  or  move  it,  &c.  Or  to  omit  all  smaller  controversies,  as  matters 
of  less  mouient,  and  examine  that  main  paradox,  of  the  earth's  motion,  now  so  much 
in  question :  Aristarchns  Samius,  Pythagoras  maintained  it  of  old,  Democritns  and 
many  ol  their  sciiolars,  Didacus  Asiunica,  Anthony  Fascarinus,  a  Carmelite,  and  some 
other  connnentators,  will  have  Job  to  insinuate  as  much,  cap.  9.  vcr.  4.  Qui  com- 
viovet  terrain  de  loco  suo,  &c.,  and  that  this  one  place  of  scripture  makes  more  for 
the  earth's  motion  llian  all  the  other  prove  against  it ;  whom  Pineda  confutes  most 
contradict.  Howsoever,  it  is  revived  since  by  Copernicus,  not  as  a  truth,  but  a  sup- 
position, as  he  himself  confesseth  in  the  prelace  to  pope  Nicholas,  but  now  main- 
tained in  good  earnest  by  ^  Calcagninus,  Telesius,  Kepler,  Kotman,  Gilbert,  Digges, 
Galileo,  Campanella,  and  especially  by  '"  Lansbergius,  nalurie,ralioni,et  vcriluli  con- 
scntancuM,  by  Origanus,  and  some  "  others  of  his  Ibllowers.  For  if  the  earth  be 
the  centre  of  the  world,  stand  still,  and  the  heavens  move,  as  the  most  received 
'^opinion  is,  which,  they  call  inordinatam  cceli  dispositioyiern,  though  stillly  main- 
tained by  Tvcho,  Ptolemeus,  and  their  adherents,  quis  ilk  furor  f  &c.  what  fury  is 
that,  saiih  '^Dr.  Gilbert,  satis  animose,  as  Cabeus  notes,  that  shall  drive  the  heavens 
about  willi  such  incomprehensible  celerity  in  twenty-four  hours,  when  as  every  point 
of  llie  tirniament,  and  in  tlie  equator,  must  needs  move  (so  '^Clavius  calculates) 
17G,GGl)  in  one  24t3th  part  of  an  hour,  and  an  arrow  out  of  a  bow  must  go  seven 
times  about  the  earth,  whilst  a  man  can  say  an  Ave  .Maria,  if  it  keep  the  same  space, 
or  conq)a.ss  the  earth  1884  times  in  an  hour,  which  is  supra  humanum  cogilationcm, 
beyond  iiuman  conceit :  ocyor  et  Jaculo,  et  venlus.,  cequante  sagitta.  A  man  could  not 
ride  so  much  ground,  going  40  miles  a  day,  in  2904  years,  as  the  firmament  goes  in 
ii3  hours :  or  so  much  in  203  years,  as  the  tirniament  in  one  minute :  quod  incrcdi- 
bile  videtur:  and  the  "^polc-siar,  which  to  our  thinking  scarce  movelh  out  of  his 
place,  goelh  a  bigger  circuit  than  the  sun,  whose  diameter  is  much  larger  than  the 
diameter  of  the  heaven  of  the  sun,  and  20,000  senji-diameters  of  the  earth  I'rom  us, 
with  the  rest  of  the  fixed  stars,  as  Tycho  proves.  To  avoid  therefore  these  impos- 
sibilities, they  ascribe  a  triple  motion  to  the  earth,  the  sun  immovable  in  the  centre 
of  ihe  whole  world,  the  earth  centre  of  the  moon,  alone,  above  "^  and  '^,  beneath 
b,  '4,  ^,  i^oT  as  '"*  Origanus  and  oifiers  will,  one  single  motion  to  the  earth,  still  placed 
in  the  centre  of  the  world,  wijich  is  more  probable)  a  single  motion  to  the  firma- 
ment, wliich  moves  in  30  or  2t}  thousand  years;  and  so  the  planets,  Saturn  in  30 
years  absolves  his  sole  and  proper  motion,  Jupiter  in  12,  Mars  in  ii,  kc.  and  so  solve 
all  appearances  better  than  any  way  whatsoever:  calculate  all  motions,  be  they  in 
longum  or  latum.)  direct,  stationary,  retrograde,  ascent  or  descent,  without  ej)icycles, 
intricate  eccentrics,  fitc.  rectius  commodlusque  per  unicum  motum  terra.,  saith  I^nsber- 
gius,  much  more  certain  than  by  those  Alphonsine,  or  any  such  tables,  which  are 
grounded  from  those  other  suppositions.  And  'tis  true  they  say,  according  to  optic 
principles,  the  visible  appearances  of  the  planets  do  so  indeed  answer  to  their  mag- 
nitudes and  orbs,  and  come  nearest  to  mathematical  observations  and  precedent  cal- 
culations, tiicre  is  no  repugnancy  to  physical  axioms,  because  no  penetration  of  orbs; 
but  tlien  between  tlie  sphere  of  Saturn  and  the  firmament,  there  is  such  an  incredible 
and  vast  ''space  or  distance  (7,000,000  semi-diameters  of  the  earth,  as  Tycho  cal- 
culates) void  of  stars :  and  besides,  they  do  so  enhance  the  bigness  of  the  stars, 
enlarge  their  circuit,  to  solve  those  ordinary  objections  of  parallaxes  and  retrograda- 
tions  of  the  fixed  stars,  that  alteration  of  the  poles,  elevation  in  several  jilaces  or 
latitude  of  cities  here  on  earth  (for,  say  ihev,  if  a  nmn's  eye  were  in  the  firmament, 
he  should  not  at  all  discern  that  great  annual  motion  of  the  earth,  but  it  would  still 
appear  punclum  indivisibile,  and  seem  to  be  fixed  in  one  place,  of  the  same  bigness) 
that  it  is  quite  opposite  to  reason,  to  natural  philosophy,  and  all  out  as  absurd  aa 
disproportional  (so  some  will)  as  prodigious,  as  that  of  the  sun's  swift  motion  of 

•  Peculiar!  libvllo.  loCoinnient.  in  niortuui  terrx    cap.  kyncr.     Jo.  dr  Sacr.  [{o«c.  ^  Uml.  3.  er.  I.  i 

MnWlelMTj.'!  IClU.  "  Puculiari  litxillo.  "S«e    Polo.  »•  Prul.  Kplitriii.  »' Wliicli  iiiny  Inr  fj» 

Mr.  Carp<:rittT's  Geocr.  cap.  4.  lib.   1.    Campanella  el    «(  piancia,  perba|>«,  U.  <ia  uniioen,  a<  iU.rav  ntio'jf  Jay- 
UrigaiiiiA  prsf.  Kpht-iner.  wlitrc  SJcriptiirH  >^lace<t   are    ter,  ice. 
Aoswvreit.  uDt:  Magiiete.  '< Comment,  ia  2  , 


Rlem.  3.]  Digression  of  Air.  299 

heavens.  But  hoc  posito^  to  grant  this  their  tenet  of  the  earth's  motion  :  if  the  earth 
move,  it  is  a  planet,  and  shines  to  thein  in  the  moon,  and  to  the  other  planetary  in- 
habitants, as  the  moon  and  they  do  to  lis  upon  the  earth :  but  shine  she  doth,  as 
Galileo,  "*  Ivepler,  and  others  prove,  and  then  per  consequens,  the  rest  of  the  planets 
are  inhabited,  as  well  as  the  moon,  which  he  grants  in  his  dissertation  with  Galileo's 
A'uncias  Sidereus,  '""that  there  be  Jovial  and  Saturn  inhabitants,'''  &c.,  and  tiiose 
several  planets  have  their  several  moons  about  them,  as  the  earth  hath  hers,  as  Galileo 
hath  alreatiy  evinced  by  his  glasses  :  ^°foiir  about  Jupiter,  two  about  Saturn  (though 
Sitius  the  Florentine,  Fortunius  Licetus,  and  Jul.  Cjesar  le  Galla  cavil  at  it)  yet  Kep- 
ler, the  emperor's  mathematician,  confirms  out  of  his  experience,  that  he  saw  as  much 
by  the  same  help,  and  more  about  fllars,  Venus,  and  the  rest  they  hope  to  find  out, 
perad venture  even  amongst  the  fixed  stars,  which  Brunus  and  Brutius  have  already 
averred.  Then  (I  say)  the  earth  and  they  be  planets  alike,  moved  about  the  sun, 
the  common  centre  of  the  world  alike,  and  it  may  be  those  two  green  children 
wiiicli  "' Nubrigensis  speaks  of  in  his  time,  that  fell  from  heaven,  came  from  thence; 
and  that  famous  stone  that  fell  from  heaven  in  Aristotle's  time,  olymp.  84,  anno 
terlio,  ad  Capuce.  Fluenta,  recorded  by  Laertius  and  others,  or  Ancile  or  buckler  in 
Numa's  time,  recorded  by  Festus.  We  may  likewise  insert  with  Campanella  and 
Brunus,  that  which  Pythagoras,  Aristarchus,  Samius,  Heraclitus,  Epicurus,  3Ielissus, 
Democrilus,  Leucippus  maintained  in  their  ages,  there  be  "inlinite  worlds,  and  inli- 
nite  earths  or  systems,  in  injinito  <Blhere,  which  ^^Eusebius  collects  out  of  their 
tenets,  because  intinite  stars  and  planets  like  unto  this  of  ours,  which  some  stick  not 
still  to  maintain  and  publicly  defend,  sperahundiis  expecto  inmuncrabiUuin  mundorum 
in  cEtcrnitate  j^er  amhidatioacm^  &fc.  (^JYix.  Hill.  Londinensis  philos.  Epicur.)  For  if 
the  firmament  be  of  such  an  incomparable  bigness,  as  these  Copernical  giants  will 
have  it,  in/inilU7n,  aut  injinilo  proximum,  so  vast  and  full  of  innumerable  stars,  as 
being  infinite  in  extent,  one  above  another,  some  higher,  some  lower,  some 
nearer,  some  farther  olf,  and  so  far  asunder,  and  those  so  huge  and  great,  inso- 
much tliat  if  the  whole  sphere  of  Saturn,  and  all  that  is  included  in  it,  totiiin  a>>-gre- 
gatum  (as  Frorauudus  of  Louvain  in  his  tract,  rie  immobililate  icrrcB  argues)  evchatiir 
inter  slellas.,  videri  d  nobis  nan  poterat^  tam  immanis  est  dislantia  inter  lellurem  et 
fixas,  sed  instar  imncli.,  8^-c.  If  our  world  be  small  in  respect,  why  may  we  not 
suppose  a  plurality  of  worlds,  those  infinite  stars  visible  in  the  firmament  to  be  so 
many  suns,  with  particular  fixed  centres ;  to  have  likewise  their  subordinate  planets, 
as  tlie  sun  hath  his  dancing  still  round  him  ?  which  Cardinal  Cusanus,  Walkarinus, 
Brunus,  and  some  others  have  held,  and  some  still  maintain,  Jlnimce  JlristoteUsmo 
innulrilcB,  et  minidis  sjjeculationibus  assuetcR.,  seciis  forsan^  ^-c.  Though  they  seem 
close  to  us,  they  are  infinitely  distant,  and  so  per  consequens,  there  are  infinite 
habitable  worlds:  what  hinders?  Why  should  not  an  infinite  cause  (as  God  is) 
produce  infinite  efl^ects .''  as  Nic.  Hdl.  Democrit.  2}hilos.  disputes:  Kepler  (1  confess) 
will  by  no  means  admit  of  Brunus's  infinite  worlds,  or  that  the  fixed  stars  should  be 
so  many  suns,  with  their  compassing  planets,  yet  the  said  ^^  Kepler  between  jest  and 
earnest  in  his  perspectives,  lunar  geography,  ^^  et  somnio  siio,  dissertat.  cum  nunc, 
sidcr.  seems  in  part  to  agree  with  this,  and  partly  to  contradict;  for  the  planets,  he 
yields  them  to  be  inhabited,  he  doubts  of  the  stars ;  and  so  doth  Tycho  in  his  astro- 
nomical epistles,  out  of  a  coiisideiation  of  their  vastity  and  greatness,  break  out  into 
some  such  like  speeches,  that  he  will  never  believe  those  gieat  and  huge  bodies  were 
made  to  no  other  use  than  this  that  we  perceive,  to  illuminate  the  earth,  a  point 
insensible  in  respect  of  the  whole.  But  who  shall  dwell  in  these  vast  bodies,  earths, 
worlds,  ^^ "  if  they  be  inhabited  ?  rational  creatures  .?"  as  Kepler  demands,  "  or  have 

'8  Luiifi  circiimterrestris  Planeta  quuin  sit,  consenta-  |  the  help  of  a  glass  eight  feet  long.  -'  Reruiii  Anel. 

n'liiu  est  esse  in   Luna  viveiites  creaturas,  et  singulis    1.  1.  c. '27  (le  viridib;is  pneris.  22  Jnfiniti  alii  m;in;li 

Plamaaruni   gluliis  sui   ^:er^iunt  circiil^ilrjies,  ex   qua  1  vel  ut  Brunus,  terrr«  haic  nostr.'E  similes.  '-^^Libro 


coiisiileralione,  de  eoriini  incolis  summa  piobabilitate 
ccincludinms,  quod  et  Tychoni  Braheo.  e  sola  considera- 
lione  vastilatis  eorum  visum  fuit.  Kcpl.  dissert,  cum 
nun.  fid.  f  20.  '"Temperare  non  possum  quin  ex 

inventis  tuis  hoc  moneam,  veri  non  absimile,  non  tarn 
in  Luna,  sed  etiam  in  Jove,  et  reliquis  Planetis  incolas 
esse.  Kipl.  fo.  'Jii.  Si  non  sint  accolcE  in  Jovis  globe, 
qui  noteiil  admiranilani  hanr.  varietatem  oculis,  cui 
bono  quatiior  illi  Planetae  Jovem  circumcursitant? 
20  Some  ul'  those  above  Jupiter  1  have  seen  myself  by 


Cont.  philus.  cap.  29.  21  Kepler  fol.  2.  dissert.  Quid 

iuipedit  quin  credamus  ex  his  initiis,  plures  alios  inun- 
dns  detegeudos,  vel  (ut  Democrito  placuit)  iufinitos? 
^■'  Lege  somnium  Kepleri  edit.  \b'3o.  -'<^(lunl  igitur 

inquies,  si  sint  in  coelo  plures  globi,  similes  nostrae  tel- 
luris,  an  cum  illis  certabimus,  quis  meliorem  mundi 
plagam  teiieat?  Si  noliiliores  iliorutn  globi,  nos  non 
sunms  creaturarum  rationalium  nobilissimi :  quoinode 
igitur  omnia  propter  homineni?  quomodo  nos  domia' 
operum  Dei  ?    Kepler,  fol.  29. 


300  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sect.  2. 

they  souls  to  be  saved  ?  or  do  they  inhabit  a  better  part  of  the  world  than  we  do  ? 
Are  we  or  they  lords  of  the  world  }  And  how  are  all  things  made  lor  man  r"  Bif- 
Jicile  est  nodum  hunc  expedire.,  eo  quod  nondum  omnia  qiice  hue  pertinent  exj)hrata 
hahcmus:  'tis  hard  to  determine  :  this  only  he  proves,  that  we  are  in  prcecijmo  mundi 
sinu,  in  the  best  place,  best  world,  nearest  the  heart  of  the  sun.  ^'Thomas  Canipa- 
nella,  a  Calabrian  monk,  in  his  second  book,  de  sensu  rerum^  cap.  4,  subscribes  to  iliis 
of  Kepler ;  that  they  are  inhabited  he  certainly  supposelh  but  with  what  kmd  of 
creatures  he  cannot  say,  he  labours  to  prove  it  by  all  means  :  and  that  tliere  are 
inlinite  worlds,  having-  made  an  apology  for  Galileo,  and  dedicates  this  tenet  of  his 
to  Cardinal  Cajetanus.  Others  freely  speak,  mutter,  and  would  persuade  the  world 
(as^*' Marinus  Marcenus  complains)  that  our  modern  divines  are  too  severe  and  rigid 
against  mathematicians;  ignorant  and  peevish,  in  not  admitting  their  true  demonstra- 
tions and  certain  observations,  that  they  tyrannise  over  art,  science,  and  uU  philoso- 
phy, in  suppressing  their  labours  (^saith  Pomponatius),  forbidding  them  to  write,  to 
speak  a  truth,  all  to  maintain  tlieir  superstition,  and  for  their  protit's  sake.  As  for 
those  places  of  Scripture  which  oppugn  it,  they  will  have  spoken  ad  captuni  vulgiy 
and  if  rightly  understood,  and  favourably  interpreted,  not  at  all  agaiiist  it ;  and  as 
Otho  Gasman,  ,/Js/roZ.  cap.  \.  part.  1.  notes,  many  great  (hvines,  besides  Porphyrins, 
Proclus,  Simplicius,  and  those  heathen  philosophers,  doctrind  et  crtate  vcnvrandiy 
Mosis  Gcnesin  mundanani  populuris  nescio  cujus  ruditalis,  qua:  longa  absit  (i  vera 
Philowphorum  erudtlione,,  insimulant:  for  .\[oses  makes  mention  but  of  two  pla- 
nets, O  and  vi,  no  four  elements,  Stc.  Read  more  on  him,  in  •'^Grossius  and  Junius. 
But  to  proceed,  these  and  such  like  insolent  and  boM  attempts,  prothgious  paradoxes, 
inferences  must  needs  follow,  if  it  once  be  granted,  which  Kotman,  K(pler,Gilbert,  Dig- 
geus,  Origanus,  Galileo,  and  others,  maintain  of  the  earth's  motion,  that  'tis  a  planet, 
and  shines  as  the  moon  doth,  which  contains  in  it  *^"  both  land  and  sea  as  the  mouu 
doth  :"  for  so  they  find  by  their  glasses  that  MacuUc  in  facie  Lumc,  "  the  brigliter 
parts  are  earth,  the  dusky  sea,"  which  Thales,  Plutarcli,  and  Pythagoras  formcriy 
taught :  and  manifestly  discern  hills  and  dales,  and  such  like  concavities,  if  we  may 
subscribe  to  and  believe  Galileo's  observations.  But  to  avoid  these  paradoxes  of  the 
earth's  motion  (which  the  Church  of  Kome  hath  lately  "condemned  as  heretical,  as 
appears  by  Blancanus  and  Fronmndus's  writings;  our  latter  mathematicians  have 
rolled  all  the  stones  that  may  bestirred  :  and  to  solve  all  appearances  and  objections, 
have  invented  new  hypotheses,  and  fabricated  new  systems  of  the  world,  out  of  their 
own  Dcdal^an  heads.  Fracastorius  will  have  the  earth  stand  still,  as  bef<jre ;  and 
to  avoid  that  supposition  of  eccentrics  and  epicycles,  he  hatli  coined  seventy-two 
homocentrics,  to  solve  all  appearances.  Nicholas  Kamerus  will  have  the  earth  the 
centre  of  tlie  world,  but  movable,  and  the  eighth  sphere  immovable,  the  live  upper 
planets  to  move  about  the  sun,  the  sun  and  moon  about  the  earth.  Of  which  orbs 
Tycho  Brahe  puts  the  earth  the  centre  immovable,  the  stars  immovable,  the  rest  with 
Kamerus,  the  planets  without  orbs  to  wander  in  the  air,  keep  time  and  distance,  true 
motion,  according  to  that  virtue  which  God  iiath  given  them.  *^Jielisa;us  B(Es.lin 
censureth  both,  with  Copernicus  (^ whose  hypothesis  de  terra  motu,  Philippus  Lfins- 
bergius  hath  lately  vindicated,  and  demonstrated  with  solid  arguments  in  a  just 
volume,  Jansonius  Caesius  "hath  illustrated  in  a  sphere.)  The  saiil  Joliannes  Liin.s- 
bergius,  1633,  iiath  since  defended  his  assertion  against  all  the  cavils  and  calumnies 
of  Fromundus  his  Anti-Arislarchus,  Baptista  Morinus,  and  Petrus  Bartlioliims  :  Fro- 
mundus,  1634,  hatli  written  against  him  again,  J.  Riosseus  of  Aberdeen,  &tc.  (sound 
drums  and  trumpets)  whilst  Kajslin  (I  say )  censures  all,  and  Plolemeus  himself  as 
insutiicient :  one  ofiends  against  natural  philosophy,  another  against  optic  principles, 
a  third  against  mathematical,  as  not  answering  to  astronomical  observations:  one 
puts  a  great  space  between  Saturn's  orb  and  the  eighth  sphere,  another  tO(j  narrow. 
In  his  own  hypothesis  he  makes  the  earth  as  before  the  universal  centre,  the  sun  to 
tlie  live  upper  planets,  to  the  eighth  spliere  he  ascribes  diurnal  motion,  eccentrics,  and 
epicycles  to  the  seven  planets,  which  hath  been  formerly  exploded ;  and  so,  JJum 

"  Fraiickfiirt.  quarto  I6J0.  ibiil.  40.  IC.-.M.  *  Fra;.    WThcal.  Bibliro.  f  Mn  argiiititntiv  , 

fal.  Ill  t'l.iiyiieiit.  in  Geiiesin.    >I<>d'>  suadent  Thoulo-  |  cisti,  iId  inuculai  in  Luna  (.-».*<  iiiaria,  do  ; 

goii,  suinina  ii;iiiiratione  versari,  vcfiis  scieiiiias  admit- 1  »fii>t;   terrain.      Kepler,   fol.    !('».  > .    ... 

lere  nelle.  el  tyraiinidem  exercere,  ill  eos  Talsis  dogma-  i  "  In  Hypotbe*.  de  mundo.  £(lil.  1597.  -  Lu^daai 

Ubu«,superstiiiouibu9,et  religiune  Caibolica  detiueaut.  [  lti33. 


Mem.  3.]  Digression  of  Air.  301 

vitant  stiilfi  vitia  in  contraria  currunt.,^^  as  a  tinker  stops  one  hole  and  makes  two, 
he  corrects  them,  and  doth  worse  himself:  reforms  some,  and  mars  all.  In  the 
mean  time,  the  world  is  tossed  in  a  blanket  amongst  them,  they  hoist  the  earth  up 
and  down  like  a  ball,  make  it  stand  and  go  at  their  pleasures :  one  saith  the  sun 
stands,  another  he  moves;  a  third  comes  in,  taking  them  all  at  rebound,  and  lest 
there  should  any  paradox  be  wanting,  he  ^*  finds  certain  spots  and  clouds  in  the  sun, 
by  the  help  of  glasses,  which  multiply  (saith  Keplerus)  a  thing  seen  a  thousand 
times  bigger  in  piano.,  and  makes  it  come  thirty-two  times  nearer  to  the  eye  of  the 
beholder:  but  see  the  demonstration  of  this  glass  in  "'Tarde,  by  means  of  which, 
the  sun  must  turn  round  upon  his  own  centre,  or  they  about  the  sun.  Fabricius 
puts  only  three,  and  those  in  the  sun':  Apelles  15,  and  those  without  the  sun,  float- 
in<r  like  the  Cyanean  Isles  in  the  Euxine  sea.  ^''  Tarde,  the  Frenchman,  hath 
observed  thirty-three,  and  those  neither  spots  nor  clouds,  as  Galileo,  Epist.  ad  Val- 
serum.,  supposelh,  but  planets  concentric  with  tlie  sun,  and  not  far  from  iiim  with 
regular  motioas.  ''^  Christopher  Shemer,  a  German  Suisser  Jesuit,  Ursicd  Rosa., 
divides  them  in  maculas  et  faculas.,{in(\  will  have  them  to  be  fixed  in  Solis  superficie: 
and  to  absolve  their  periodical  and  regular  motion  in  twenty-seven  or  twenty-eight 
days,  holding  withal  the  rotation  of  the  sun  upon  his  centre ;  and  all  are  so  confi- 
dent, that  they  have  made  schemes  and  tables  of  their  motions.  The '^^  Hollander, 
in  his  dissertatiuncida  cum  Ape  lie.,  censures  all;  and  thus  they  disagree  amongst 
themselves,  old  and  new,  irreconcileable  in  their  opinions ;  thus  Aristarchus,  thus 
ITipparchus,  thus  Ptolemeus,  thus  Albateginus,  thus  Alfraganus,  thus  Tycho,  thus 
Iiamerus,  thus  Rogslinus,  thus  Fracastorius,  thus  Copernicus  and  his  adherents,  thus 
Clavius  and  Maginus,  &c.,  with  their  followers,  vary  and  determine  of  these  celestial 
orbs  and  bodies  :  and  so  whilst  these  men  contend  about  the  sun  and  moon,  like  the 
pliilosophers  in  Lucian,  it  is  to  be  feared,  the  sun  and  moon  will  hide  themselves,  and 
be  as  much  offended  as  *°  she  was  with  those,  and  send  another  messenger  to  Jupiter, 
by  some  new-fangled  Icaromenippus,  to  make  an  end  of  all  those  curious  controver- 
sies, and  scatter  them  abroad. 

But  why  should  the  sun  and  moon  be  angry,  or  take  exceptions  at  mathematicians 
and  philosophers .''  when  as  the  like  measure  is  offered  unto  God  himself,  by  a  com- 
pany of  theologasters  :  they  are  not  contented  to  see  the  sun  and  moon,  measure 
their  site  and  biggest  distance  in  a  glass,  calculate  their  motions,  or  visit  the  moon  in 
a  poetical  fiction,  or  a  dream,  as  he  saith,  ^^Audax  f acinus  et  memorahile  nunc  in- 
cipiam^  neque  hoc  sceculo  usurpatum  prius.,  quid  in  Lunce  regno  hdc  node  gestum  sit 
cxponam.,  et  quo  nemo  unquam  nisi  somniando  pervenit.,  '*^but  he  and  Menippus:  or  as 
*^  Peter  Cuneus,  Bona  fide  agam,  nihil  eorum  quce.  scripturus  sum.,  verum  esse  scitote., 
&'€.  quce  71CC  facta,  nee  futura  sunt,  dicam,  ^*stili  tantum  et  iiigenii  causa,  not  in  jest, 
but  in  good  earnest  these  gigantical  Cyclops  will  transcend  spheres,  heaven,  stars, 
into  that  Fmpyrean  heaven ;  soar  higher  yet,  and  see  what  God  himself  doth.  The 
Jewish  Talmudists  take  upon  them  to  determine  how  God  spends  his  whole  time, 
sometimes  playing  with  Leviathan,  sometimes  overseeing  the  world,  &.c.,  like  Lucian's 
Jupiter,  that  spent  much  of  the  year  in  painting  butterflies'  wings,  and  seeing  who 
offered  sacrifice;  telling  the  hours  when  it  should  rain,  how  much  snow  should  fall 
in  such  a  place,  which  way  the  wind  should  stand  in  Greece,  which  way  in  Africa. 
In  the  Turks'  Alcoran,  Mahomet  is  taken  up  to  heaven,  upon  a  Pegasus  sent  on  pur- 
pose for  liim,  as  he  lay  in  bed  with  his  wife,  and  after  some  conference  with  God  is 
set  on  ground  again.  The  pagans  paint  him  and  mangle  him  after  a  thousand  fashions; 
our  heretics,  schismatics,  and  some  schoolmen,  come  not  far  behind  :  some  paint  him 
in  the  habit  of  an  old  man,  and  make  maps  of  heaven,  number  the  angels,  tell  their 
.several ''^  names,  offices :  some  deny  God  and  his  providence,  some  take  his  office 
out  of  his  hands,  will  ^  bind  and  loose  in  heaven,  release,  pardon,  forgive,  and  be 


-' "  Whilst  these  blockheads  a%'oi(l  one  fault,  they  fall 
into  its  opposite."  35  jo.  Fabritius  de  maculis  in  s<ile. 
VVitfl).  1011.  =sin  Burboniis  sideribus.  3' Mb. 

de  Biirboniis  sid.  Stnllae  sunt  erratics,  qure  prnpriis 
orbibiis  furutitur,  noii  longe  a  Sole  dissitis,  sed  jiixta 
Solem.  3'  liraccini  fol.  16:!0.  lib.  4.  cap.  5-2.  55.  5'.i.  &c. 
33  Lugdun.  Bat.  An.  Kiia.  ■«'  Ne  se  subilucant,  et 

relicta  statione  decessum  parent,  ut  curinsilalis  fiiieni 
faciant.  ^i  Hercules  tuam  fidem  Satyra  Menip. 


edit.  IfiOS.  I-"!  shall  now  enter  upon  a  hold  and 

memorable  exploit;  one  uevcT  before  atiempied  in  this 
age.  I  shall  e.\plain  this  night's  trannuctioiis  in  the 
kinydom  of  the  moon  a  place  where  no  one  has  yel 
arrived,  save  in  his  dreams."  «Sardi  venales  Satyr. 
Menip.  An.  lCl-2.  *'  Puteaiii  Connis  sic  incipit,  or 

as  LipEJus  Satyre  in  a  dream.  «Tritemius.  1  de  ' 

secundis.  «Tliey  have  fetched  'J'rajanus'  soul  ou» 

of  hell,  and  canonise  for  saints  whom  they  list. 


2A 


302  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 

quarter-master  with  him :  some  call  his  Godhead  in  question,  his  power,  ann  attri- 
butes, his  mercy,  justice,  providence  :  they  will  know  with  ^'^  Cecilius,  why  good  and 
bad  are  punished  togetlier,  war,  tires,  plagues,  intest  all  alike,  why  wicked  men 
flourish,  good  are  poor,  in  prison,  sick,  and  ill  at  ease.  Why  doth  he  sufler  so  much 
mischief  and  evil  to  be  done,  if  he  be  *'  able  to  help .'  why  doth  he  not  assist  good, 
or  resist  bad,  reform  our  wills,  if  he  be  not  tlie  author  of  sin,  and  let  such  enormities 
b?  committed,  unworthy  of  his  knowledire,  wis(Umi,  government,  mercy,  and  provi- 
dence, why  lets  he  all  things  be  done  by  tbrtune  and  chance  ?  Others  as  prodigiously 
inquire  after  liis  onniipoiency,  an  posxif  plures  simihs  creare  dean?  an  ex  scarahcpo 
drum?  lS-c,  et  quo  deimtm  rurtis  sacrificuli?  Some,  by  visions  and  revelations,  take 
upon  them  to  be  familiar  with  God,  and  to  be  of  privy  council  with  him  •,  they  will 
tell  how  many,  and  who  shall  be  saved,  when  tlie  world  shall  come  to  an  entl,  what 
year,  what  month,  and  whatsoever  else  God  hath  reserved  unto  himself,  and  to  his 
angels.  Some  again,  curious  fantaslics,  will  know  more  than  this,  and  inquire  with 
*' Epicurus,  what  God  did  before  the  world  was  made  ?  was  he  idle  ?  Where  (hd  he 
bide?  What  did  he  make  the  world  of?  why  did  he  then  make  it,  and  not  before? 
If  he  made  it  new,  or  to  have  an  end,  how  is  he  unchangeable,  inrinite,  &c.  Some 
will  dispute,  cavil,  and  object,  as  Julian  did  of  old,  whom  Cyril  confutes,  as  Simon 
IMagus  is  feigned  to  do,  in  that  ^'dialogue  betwixt  him  and  Peter:  and  Ammtmius 
the  phihisopher,  in  that  dialogical  disputation  with  Zacharias  the  Cliristian.  If  God 
be  infinitely  and  only  good,  why  should  he  alter  or  destroy  the  world  ?  if  he  con- 
found that  which  is  good,  how  shall  himself  continue  good  ?  If  he  pull  it  down 
because  evil,  how  shall  he  be  free  from  the  evil  that  made  it  evil  ?  &.C.,  with  many 
such  absurd  and  brain-sick  questions,  intricacies,  froth  of  human  wit,  and  excrements 
of  curiosity,  Stc,  which,  as  our  Saviour  told  liis  inquisitive  disci[)les,  are  not  fit  for 
tliem  to  know.  But  hoo!  I  am  now  gone  (piite  out  of  sight,  I  am  ahnost  giddy  with 
roving  about:  1  could  have  ranged  farther  yet;  but  I  am  an  infant,  and  not  ^'able  to 
dive  into  these  profundities,  or  sound  these  depths;  not  able  to  uiuierstand,  much 
less  to  discuss.  I  leave  the  contemplation  of  these  things  to  stronger  wits,  that  have 
better  ability,  and  happier  leisure  to  wade  into  sucli  philosopliical  mysteries ;  for 
put  case  I  were  as  able  as  willing,  yet  what  ran  one  man  do  ?  I  will  conclude  with 
*'  Scaligcr,  \cquaquam  nos  homines  sumus,  sed  partes  hominis,  ex  omnibus  aliquid  fieri 
pohesU  idquc  nan  jnat^num;  ex  singulis  f\re  nihil.  Besides  (as  Nazianzen  hath  it) 
Deu^s  latere  nos  mult  a  voluit ;  and  with  Seneca,  cap.  35.  de  Comet  is^  Quid  ndramur 
tain  rara  miindi  sper.facula  non  teneri  certis  levihtis^  nondum  intelligif  multce  sunt 
gentcs  qn<e  tantum  de  facie  sciitnt  cerium,  veniet^'tempus  fortasse,  quo  isia  qucp  nunc 
latent  in  luccm  dies  extrahat  longioris  cfvi  diligrntia^  una  (etas  non  sufjicit,  pos- 
teri,  &c.,  when  God  sees  his  time,  he  will  reveal  lliese  mysteries  to  mortal  men,  and 
show  that  to  some  few  at  last,  which  he  hath  concealed  so  long.  For  I  am  of"''  his 
mind,  that  Columbus  did  not  tind  out  .America  by  chance,  but  God  directed  him  at 
tiiat  time  to  discover  it :  it  was  contingent  to  him,  but  necessary  to  God  ;  he  reveals 
and  conceals  to  whom  and  when  he  will.  And  which  ^'one  said  of  history  and 
records  of  former  times,  "God  in  his  providence,  to  check  our  presumptuous  inqui- 
sition, wraps  up  all  things  in  uncertaintv,  bars  us  from  long  anticpiity,  aiul  bounds 
our  search  within  the  compass  of  some  few  ages  :"  many  good  things  are  lost,  which 
our  predecessors  made  use  of,  as  Pancirola  will  better  inform  you ;  many  new  things 
are  daily  invented,  to  the  public  good;  so  kingdoms,  men,  and  knowledge  ebb  and 
flow,  are  hid  and  revealed,  and  when  vou  have  all  done,  as  the  Preacher  concluded, 
.V/7n7  est  sub  sole  novum  (nothing  new  under  the  sun.)  But  my  melancholy  spaniel's 
quest,  my  game  is  sprung,  and  1  must  suddenly  come  down  and  follow. 

Jason  Pratensis,  in  his  book  dc  mnrbis  capitis,  and  chapter  of  Melancholy,  hath 
tliese  words  out  of  Galen,  ^^"•Let  them  come  to  me  to  know  what  meat  aiul  drink 

*"  In  Minutiii?,  sine  delectu  lempestates  tan^iint  Inra    state  of  heaven  nii^ht  be  made  manifi-*t.  wUl  HM 

eacra  et  iirnfaiia.  bononiinet  iiialonim  fata.ju.xta,  niillo  '  plnma  leval.  »ic  irrave  mprftit  onii».  "  E.XTcit.  IM. 

orline    res    fiiint,  soliita    Icgilins    fortuna    dmninatiir.     »3  Laet.  dcscrip.  "icrid.  ImliiE         "  Daniel  |iruiri|iK>  his- 
<"  Vel  mains  v>-l  impotens,  qui  p^-ccatuni  perniillil,  &r.     tons.  wVcniant  ad   me  aiidituri   quo  ewiili-nio 

■  undf  hic  siipt.Tstitiii?  *' Quid  fi-cil  Dimis  ante  niiin-  j  quo  item  poriilfnlo  iiti  dfb<'aiit,  ei  prsii-r  aliinciiluro 

duni  crratiiin?   uhi   visit  otiosus  i   suo  snhjci^o,  Jtc.  '  ipsiim,  potuni'iue  v<>iiliis  nu"*  dorelni,  itirn  afrm  anitu- 
*•  Lib.  .'J.  riToff.  pet.  cap.  3.    Peter  answers  by  th^  finiile     cntis  icmperiem,  insiipcr  regionea  quas  eligcrc.  quat 
of  an  es?  sht-ll,  which  is  cunningly  made,  yet  of  ncces-     vitare  tx  unu  tilt. 
■II)  to  be  broken  ;  so  is  the  world,  &c  that  the  excellent  I 


Mem.  3.]  Digression  of  Air.  303 

they  shall  use,  and  besides  that,  I  will  teach  them  what  temper  of  ambient  air 
they  shall  make  choice  of,  what  wind,  what  countries  they  shall  choose,  and  what 
avoid."  Out  of  which  lines  of  his,  thus  much  we  may  gather,  that  to  this  cure  of 
melancholy,  amongst  other  things,  the  rectification  of  air  is  necessarily  required. 
This  is  performed,  either  in  reforming  natural  or  artificial  air.  Natural  is  tliat  which 
is  in  our  election  to  choose  or  avoid  :  and  'tis  either  general,  to  countries,  provinces; 
particular,  to  cities,  towns,  villages,  or  private  houses.  What  harm  those  extremi- 
ties of  lieat  or  cold  do  in  this  malady,  I  have  formerly  shown :  the  medium  must 
needs  be  good,  where  the  air  is  temperate,  serene,  quiet,  free  from  bogs,  fens,  mists, 
all  manner  of  putrefaction,  contagious  and  filthy  noisome  smells.  The  ^'' Egyptians 
by  all  geographers  are  commended  to  be  hilarcs,  a  conceited  and  merry  nation 
which  1  can  ascribe  to  no  other  cause  than  the  serenity  of  their  air.  They  that  live 
in  the  Orcades  are  registered  by  ^^  Hector  Boethius  and  "  Cardan,  to  be  of  fair  com- 
plexion, long-lived,  most  healthful,  free  from  all  manner  of  infirmities  of  body  and 
mind,  by  reason  of  a  sharp  purifying  air,  which  comes  from  the  sea.  The  Boeotians 
in  Greece  were  dull  and  heavy,  crassi  Bceoti,  by  reason  of  a  foggy  air  in  which  they 
lived,  ^^Bceotum  in  crasso  jurares  acre  natum^  Attica  most  acute,  pleasant,  and  refined. 
The  clime  changes  not  so  much  customs,  manners,  wits  (as  Aristotle  Polii.  lib.  6. 
cap.  4.  Vegetius,  Plato,  Bodine,  method,  hist.  cap.  5.  hath  proved  at  large)  as  consti- 
tutions of  their  bodies,  and  temperature  itself  In  all  particular  provinces  we  see  it 
confirmed  by  experience,  as  the  air  is,  so  are  the  inhabitants,  dull,  heavy,  witty,  sub- 
tle, neat,  cleanly,  clownish,  sick,  and  sound.  In  ^^  Perigord  in  France  the  air  is 
subtle,  healthful,  seldom  any  plague  or  contagious  disease,  but  hilly  and  barren :  the 
men  sound,  nimble,  and  lusty ;  but  in  some  parts  of  Guienne,  full  of  moors  and 
marshes,  the  people  dull,  heavy,  and  subject  to  many  infirmities.  Who  sees  not  a 
great  diflerence  between  Surrey,  Sussex,  and  Romney  Marsh,  the  wolds  in  Lincoln- 
shire and  the  fens.  He  therefore  that  loves  his  health,  if  his  ability  will  give  him 
leave,  must  often  shift  places,  and  make  choice  of  such  as  are  wholesome,  pleasant, 
and  convenient :  there  is  nothing  better  than  change  of  air  in  this  maladv,  and  gene- 
rally for  health  to  wander  up  and  down,  as  those  '^°  Tartari  Zamolhcnses.  that  live 
in  hordes,  and  take  opportunity  of  times,  places,  seasons.  The  kings  of  Persia  had 
their  sunnner  and  winter  houses ;  in  winter  at  Sardis,  in  summer  at  Susa ;  now  at 
Persepolis,  then  at  Pasargada.  Cyrus  lived  seven  cold  months  at  Babylon,  three  at 
Susa,  two  at  Ecbatana,  saith  ^'  Xenophon,  and  had  by  that  means  a  perpetual  spring. 
The  great  Turk  sojourns  sometimes  at  Constantinople,  sometimes  at  Adrianople,  &c. 
The  kings  of  Spain  have  their  Escurial  in  heat  of  summer,  ^^  Jladrid  for  a  wholesome 
seat,  Valladolid  a  pleasant  site,  &.C.,  variety  of  seccssus  as  all  princes  and  great  men 
have,  and  their  several  progresses  to  this  purpose.  Lucullus  the  Roman  had  his  house 
at  Rome,  at  Baise,  &c.  ^^  When  Cn.  Pompeius,  Marcus  Cicero  (saith  Plutarch)  and 
many  noble  men  in  the  summer  came  to  see  him,  at  supper  Pompeius  jested  with 
him,  that  it  was  an  elegant  and  pleasant  village,  full  of  windows,  galleries,  and  all 
ofiices  fit  for  a  summer  house;  but  in  his  judgment  very  unfit  for  winter:  Lucullus 
made  answer  that  the  lord  of  the  house  had  wit  like  a  crane,  that  changedi  her 
country  with  the  season  ;  he  had  other  houses  furnished,  and  built  for  that  purpose, 
all  out  as  commodious  as  this.  So  Tully  had  his  Tusculan,  Pliiiius  his  Lauretan 
village,  and  every  gentleman  of  any  fashion  in  our  times  hath  the  like.  The  ^^  bishop 
of  Exeter  had  fourteen  several  houses  all  furnished,  in  times  past.  [\\  Italy,  though 
they  bide  in  cities  in  winter,  which  is  more  gentleman-like,  all  the  summer  they  come 
abroad  to  their  country-houses,  to  recreate  themselves.  Our  gentry  in  England  live 
most  part  in  the  country  (except  it  be  some  few  castles)  building  still  in  bottoms 
(saith  '•^  Jovius)  or  near  woods,  corona  arborum  virentiuvi;  you  shall  knov/  a  village 
by  a  tuft  of  trees  at  or  about  it,  to  avoid  those  strong  winds  wherewith  the  island  is 
infested,  and  cold  winter  blasts.  Some  discommend  moated  houses,  as  unwhole- 
some ;  so  Camden  saith  of  ®^  Ew-elme,  that  it  was  therefore  unfrequented,  ob  stagni 

'»  Leo  Afer,  Maginns,  &c.  56  Hb.  1.  Scot.  Iiist.  |  niultique  nobiles  viri  L.  Lucullum  aistivo  tempore  con- 


s'Lib.  1.  de  rer.  var.  "  Horat.  s^MagiiiU- 

*"  HaiTonus  dc  Tartaiis.        si  Cyropffid.  li.  8.  perpeluum 
inde  ver.  ™Tlie  air  so  clfiar,  it  nevor  breeds  the 

plague.      _       63Leander  Albertus  in  Campania,  e  Plu- 
larcbo  vita  Luculli.  Ciim  Cn.  Pompeius,  Marcus  Cicero, 


venissent,  Pompeius  inter  coBnain  rluui  fainiliariter  ji 
catus  est,  eani  villam   imprimis  sil)i  sumptuusam,  et 
elegantem  videri,  fenestris,  porticibus,  &c.  ^>Goi- 

wii!  vita  Jo.  Voysye  al.  Harman.  <i» Descript.  Brit 

^  In  Oxfordshire. 


304  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 

vicini  halitns,  and  all  such  places  as  be  near  lakes  or  rivers.  But  I  am  of  opinion 
that  these  inconveniences  will  be  mitigated,  or  easily  corrected  by  good  iires,  aa 
'■^  one  reports  of  Venice,  that  graveolrnlia  and  fog  of  the  moors  is  sufficiently  quali- 
fied by  those  inuHmerable  smokes.  Nay  more,  "*  Thomas  Philol.  Raveunas,  a  great 
physician,  contends  that  the  Venetians  are  generally  longer-liveil  than  any  city  in 
Europe,  and  live  many  of  them  120  years.  But  it  is  not  Mater  simply  that  so  much 
offends,  as  the  slime  and  noisome  smells  that  accompany  such  overdowed  places, 
which  is  but  at  some  few  seasons  after  a  flood,  and  is  sufficiently  recompensed  with 
sweet  smells  and  aspects  in  summer,  Vcr  jnngct  vario  gemmantia  prala  colore^  and 
many  other  commodities  of  pleasure  and  profit ;  or  else  may  be  corrected  by  the 
site,  if  it  be  somewhat  remote  from  the  water,  as  Lindley,  ^^ Orion  super  vwntem, 
'"Dravton,  or  a  little  more  elevated,  though  nearer,  as  ^'Caucut,  '^Amington,  "Poles- 
worth,  "  Weddington  (^to  insist  in  such  places  best  to  me  known,  upon  the  river  of 
Anker,  in  \Varwici<shire,  "Swarston,  and  ^*Drakesly  upon  Trent).  Or  howsoever 
they  be  unseasonable  in  winter,  or  at  some  times,  they  have  tlieir  good  use  in  sum- 
mer. If  so  be  that  their  means  be  so  slender  as  they  may  not  achnit  of  any  such 
variety,  but  must  determine  once  for  all,  and  make  one  house  serve  eacli  season,  I 
know  no  men  that  have  given  better  rules  in  this  beluilf  than  our  husbandry  writers. 
'"Cuto  and  Columella  prescribe  a  good  house  to  stand  by  a  navigable  river,  good 
highways,  near  some  city,  and  in  a  good  soil,  but  that  is  more  for  commodity  than 
lieahh. 

The  best  soil  commonly  yields  the  worst  air,  a  dry  sandy  plat  is  fittest  to  build 
upon,  and  such  as  is  rather  hilly  than  plain,  full  of  downs,  a  Cotswold  country,  as 
being  most  commodious  for  hawking,  hunting,  wood,  waters,  and  all  manner  of 
pleasures.  Ptrigord  in  France  is  barren,  yet  by  reason  of  the  excellency  of  the 
air,  and  such  pleasures  that  it  affords,  much  inhabited  by  the  nobility;  as  Nurcm- 
heni  in  Germany,  Toledo  in  Spain.  Our  countryman  Tusser  will  tell  us  so  much, 
that  ihe  fieldone  is  for  profit,  the  woodland  for  pleasure  and  health  ;  the  one  con»- 
inonly  a  deep  clay,  therefore  noisome  in  winter,  and  subject  to  bad  highways  :  the 
other  a  drv  sand.  Provision  mav  be  had  elsewhere,  and  our  towns  are  generally 
bjirger  in  the  woodland  than  the  fieldone,  more  frecpient  and  populous,  and  gentle- 
men more  deliglit  to  dwell  in  such  places.  Sutton  Coldtleld  in  Warwickshire 
(^whore  I  was  once  a  grammar  scholar),  may  be  a  sufficient  witness,  which  stands. 
as  Camden  notes,  loco  ingralo  et  sterili,  but  in  an  e.xcellent  air,  and  full  of  all 
manner  of  pleasures.  "  Wadlcy  in  Berkshire  is  situate  in  a  vale,  though  not  so 
tertile  a  soil  as  some  vales  afford,  yet  a  most  commodious  site,  wholesome,  in  a 
delicious  air,  a  rich  and  pleasant  seat.  So  Segrave  in  Leicestershire  (which  town 
'"  I  am  now  bound  to  remember)  is  situated  in  a  champaign,  at  the  edge  of  the 
wolds,  and  more  barren  than  the  villages  about  it,  yet  no  place  likely  yields  a  better 
air.  And  he  that  built  that  fair  house,  ^'VVollerton  in  Nottinghamshire,  is  much  to 
be  commended  (though  the  tract  be  sandy  and  barren  about  it)  for  making  choice 
of  such  a  place.  Constantine,  lib.  2.  cap.  de  Jigr'icuU.  praiseth  mountains,  hilly, 
steep  places,  above  the  rest  by  the  seaside,  and  such  as  look  toward  the  *' north  uj)on 
some  great  river,  as  "^  Farmack  in  Derbyshire,  on  the  Trent,  environed  with  hills, 
open  only  to  the  north,  like  Mount  Edgecombe  in  Cornwall,  which  Mr. '^'Carew  so 
much  admires  for  an  excellent  seat :  such  is  the  general  site  of  Bohemia :  sfrenat 
Boreas,  the  north  wind  clarifies,  ***"  but  near  lakes  or  marshes,  in  holes,  obscure 
places,  or  to  the  south  and  west,  he  utterly  disproves,"  those  winds  are  unwhole- 
some, putrefying,  and  make  men  subject  to  diseases.  The  best  building  for  health, 
according  to  him,  is  in  °^''high  places,  and  in  an  excellent  prospect,"  like  that  of 
Cuddeston  in  Oxfordshire  (which  place  I  must  honoris  ergo  mention)  is  lately  and 
fairly  "  built  in  a  good  air,  good  prospect,  good  soil,  both  for  profit  and  pleasure,  not 

*>  Lcanrier  .\lbertii8.  i»Cap.  21.(ie  vit.  hora.  prorop.  Lord  Berkley.  »<>Sir  Franci»  Willoughhy.  >•  .Mon 
•The  poiwcssion  ot'  Robert  Bradshaw,  Esq.  ">  Of    taiii  et  Marilimi  galutiriortu,  acclivt-a    j-I  ad  i<<i[t-ani 

Cf'^Tse  Piirefey,  Esq.  "The  pixgession  of  William     ream  ver?eiile«.  "iThe  dwclliiit;  nf  Sir  To.  Biirdel, 

PurelVy,  E>q.  "'J'he  seat  of  Sir  John  KeppiiiKlon,  '  Knight,  Bar<jnel.  ">  In   Ins  Hurvey  <.f  O.r^iwall, 

Ki.        :s  Sir  Henry  Goodieres,  lately  deceased.      '«Thelbo<)k2.  »*  Propi  paludei  utagtia,  •-i  I-**  eonrava, 

dwf^llins'house  of  Hum.  Adderley,  Esq.  ''Sir  John     vel  ad  .Auslrum,  vel  ad  Orcidi  iilfiii  inclinat'T,  (li<niui 

Harpar'ii,  lately  ileceHsed.  '"Sir  Gt-oree  Gre»elie:«,     lunt  iiiorbii»c  '   Uportrl  iiiiliir  ad  nainlaleiu  ilo- 

Kt  ^  I.ih.  1.  cap.  2.  ''The  seat  of  G.  Purefey,  '■  mm  in  altionbus  ivdiAcare,  et  ad  ii|H-culitii>ii</iii.     «•  By 

Esq  I'For  I  am  now  incumbent  of  that  rectory,     John   Bancroft,  Dr.  of  Divinity,  iDy  quondam  tir1i>r  la 

presented  thereto  by  my  right  buouurable  palroo,  the  ;  C'hriat-churcb.  Ozon    now   ttM   Bigbt   Ueverend  Lord 


Mem.  3.]  w9tr  rectified.  305 

so  easily  to  be  matched.  P.  Crescentius,  in  his  lil.  1 .  de  Jlgric.  cap.  5.  is  very- 
copious  in  this  subject,  how  a  house  should  be  wholesomely  sited,  in  a  good  coast, 
good  air,  Avind,  &c.,  Varro  de  re  rust.  lib.  I.  cap.  12.  "  forbids  lakes  and  rivers,  marshy 
and  manured  grounds,  they  cause  a  bad  air,  gross  diseases,  hard  to  be  cured  :  *^"if 
it  be  so  that  he  cannot  help  it,  better  (as  he  adviseth)  sell  thy  house  and  land  than 
lose  thine  health."  He  that  respects  not  this  in  choosing  of  his  seat,  or  building  his 
house,  is  ?nente  capias,  mad,  ^^Cato  saith,  "  and  his  dwelling  next  to  hell  its'elf," 
according  to  Columella:  he  commends,  in  conclusion,  the  middle  of  a  hill,  upon  a 
descent.  Baptista,  Porta  Villa;.,  lib.  1.  cap.  22.  censures  Varro,  Cato,  Columella,  and 
those  ancient  rustics,  approving  many  things,  disallowing  some,  and  will  by  all  means 
have  the  front  of  a  house  stand  to  the  south,  which  how  it  may  be  good  in  Italy  and 
hotter  climes,  I  know  not,  in  our  northern  countries  I  am  sure  it  is  best :  Steph'anus, 
a  Frenchman,  pra:dio  rustic,  lib.  1.  cap.  4.  subscribes  to  this,  approving  especially 
the  descent  of  a  hill  south  or  south-east,  with  trees  to  the  north,  so  that  it  be  well 
watered ;  a  condition  in  all  sites  which  must  not  be  omitted,  as  Herbastein  incul- 
cates, lib.  1.  Julius  Caesar  Claudinus,  a  physician,  consult.  24,  for  a  nobleman  in 
Poland,  melancholy  given,  adviseth  him  to  dwell  in  a  house  inclining  to  the  ^east, 
and  ^'  by  all  means  to  provide  the  air  be  clear  and  sweet ;  which  Montanus,  comil. 
229,  counselleth  the  earl  of  Monfort,  his  patient,  to  inhabit  a  pleasant  house,  and  in 
a  good  air.  If  it  be  so  the  natural  site  may  not  be  altered  of  our  city,  town,  village, 
yet  by  artificial  means  it  may  be  helped.  In  hot  countries,  therefore',  they  make  t1ie 
streets  of  their  cities  very  narrow,  all  over  Spain,  Africa,  Italy,  Greece,  and  many 
cities  of  France,  in  Languedoc  especially,  and  Provence,  those  southern  parts  :  Mont- 
pelier,  the  habitation  and  university  of  physicians,  is  so  built,  with  high  houses, 
narrow  streets,  to  divert  the  sun's  scalding  rays,  which  Tacitus  commends,  lib.  15. 
.Jinnat..,  as  most  agreeing  to  their  health,  ^^ "  because  the  height  of  buildings,  and 
narrowness  of  streets,  keep  away  the  sunbeams."  Some  cities  use  galleries,  or 
arched  cloisters  towards  the  street,  as  Damascus,  Bologna,  Padua,  Berne^in  Switzer- 
land, Westchester  with  us,  as  well  to  avoid  tempests,  as  the  sun's  scorching  heat. 
They  build  on  high  hills,  in  hot  countries,  for  more  air;  or  to  the  seaside,  as  Baise, 
Naples,  &.C.  In  our  northern  countries  we  are  opposite,  we  commend  straight, 
broad,  open,  fair  streets,  as  most  befitting  and  agreeing  to  our  clime.  We  builcf  in 
bottoms  for  warmth  :  and  that  site  of  xAIitylene  in  the  island  of  Lesbos,  in  the  .-Egean 
sea,  which  Vitruvius  so  much  discommends,  magnificently  built  with  fair  houses, 
sed  imprudenter  positam,  unadvisedly  sited,  because  it  lay  along  to  the  south,  and 
when  the  south  wind  blew,  the  people  were  all  sick,  would  make  an  excellent  site- 
in  our  northern  climes. 

Of  that  artificial  site  of  houses  I  have  sufficiently  discoursed:  if  the  plan  of  the 
dwelling  may  not  be  altered,  yet  there  is  much  in  choice  of  such  a  chamber  or  room, 
in  opportune  opening  and  shutting  of  windows,  excluding  foreign  air  and  winds,  and 
walking  abroad  at  convenient  times.  ^^  Crato,  a  German,  commends  east  and  south 
site  (disallowing  cold  air  and  northern  winds  in  this  case,  rainy  weather  and  misty 
days),  free  from  putrefaction,  fens,  bogs,  and  muck-hills.  If  the  air  be  such,  open, 
no  windows,  come  not  abroad.  Montanus  will  have  his  patient  not  to  "^  stir  at  all,, 
if  the  wind  be  big  or  tempestuous,  as  most  part  in  xMarch  it  is  with  us;  or  in  cloudy, 
lowering,  dark  days,  as  in  November,  which  we  commonly  call  the  black  month ; 
or  stormy,  let  the  wind  stand  how  it  will,  consil.  27.  and  30.  he  must  not  ^'"open 
a  casement  in  bad  weather,"  or  in  a  boisterous  season,  const/.  299,  he  especially  for- 
bids us  to  open  windows  to  a  south  wind.  The  best  sites  for  chamber  windows,  in 
my  judgment,  are  north,  east,  south,  and  which  is  the  worst,  west.  Levinus  Lem- 
nius,  lib.  3.  cap.  3.  de  occult,  nat.  mir.  attributes  so  much  to  air,  and  rectifving  of 
wind  and  windows,  that  he  holds  it  alone  sufficient  to  make  a  man  sick  or  well ;  to 
alter  body  and  mind.     ^  "A  clear  air  cheers  up  the  spirits,  exhilarates  the  mind ;  a 


Bishop  Oxon,  who  built  this  house  for  himself  and  his 
successors.  k  Hyeine  erit  vehemeiiter  frigida,  et 

rstafe    non   salubris:    priludes  enim   faciunt   crassum 
aerein.  et  difficiles  morbos.  es  Vendas  qiiot  assibiis 

possis,  et  si  tiequeas,  relinqiias.  i-a  Lib.  I.  cap.  2. 

ia  Oreo  habita.  so  Aurora  musis  arnica,  Vitruv. 

"'.^des  Orienteni  speclantes  vir  nobilli.<simu.4,  inhahi- 
let,  et  curet  ut  sit  aerclarus,  lucidus,  odoriferus.  Eligat 


39  2a3 


habitationem  optirao  acre  jucundain.  »2Q.i,oniani 

angustiee  itinerum  et   aititudo  tectoriim.  non  perinde 
Solis  calorein  adinittit.  "3 tonsil. -Jl.  li. -2.     Frigi- 

dus  aer,  nubilosus,  densus.  vitandus,  sque  ac  venti  sep- 
lentrioiiales,  i.c.  »>Consil.24.  sisFenestrain 

non  aperiat.  ssDiscutit  Sol  horrorem  crassi  spiri» 

tus.  mnntem  exhilaral,  non  enim  tam  corpora,  quam  eV 
animi  uiutationem  inde  subeunt,  pro  coeli  et  veatoruiB. 


306.  Cure  of  MelancJiohj.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2 

tliick.  black,  misty,  tempestuous,  contracts,  overthrows."  Great  heed  is  therefore  to 
he  taken  at  what  times  we  walk,  how  we  place  our  windows,  lights,  and  houses, 
how  we  let  in  or  exclude  this  ambient  air.  The  Esjy|nians,  to  avoid  immoderate 
heat,  make  their  windows  on  the  top  of  the  house  like  chimneys,  with  two  tunnels  to 
draw  a  thorough  air.  In  Spain  they  commonly  make  greai  opposite  windows  without 
glass,  still  shutting  those  which  are  next  to  the  sun  :  so  likewise  in  Turkey  and  half 
(Venice  excepted,  which  brags  of  her  stately  glazed  palaces)  they  use  paper  windows 
to  like  purpose ;  and  lie,  sub  dio,  in  the  top  of  their  llat-roofed  houses,  so  sleeping 
under  the  canopv  of  heaven.  In  some  parts  of  ^  Italy  they  have  windmills,  to  draw 
a  cooling  air  out  of  hollow  caves,  and  disperse  the  same  through  all  the  chambers 
of  their  palaces,  to  refresh  them ;  as  at  Cosloza,  the  house  of  Ca;sarco  Trento,  a 
gentleman  of  Vicenza,  and  elsewhere.  Many  excellent  means  are  invented  to  cor- 
rect nature  by  art.  If  none  of  these  courses  help,  the  best  way  is  to  make  artificial 
air,  whicii  howsoever  is  profitable  and  good,  still  to  be  made  hot  and  moist,  and  to 
he  seasoned  with  sweet  perfumes,  ***  pleasant  and  lightsome  as  it  may  be ;  to  have 
roses,  violets,  and  sweet-smelling  flowers  ever  in  their  windows,  pDsies  in  their 
hand.  Laurentius  commends  water-lilies,  a  vessel  of  warm  water  to  evaporate  in  the 
room,  wliich  will  make  a  more  delightful  perfume,  if  there  be  added  orange-flowers, 
pills  of  citrons,  rosemary,  cloves,  bays,  rosewater,  rose-vinegar,  benzoin,  laudanum, 
styrax.  and  sucii  like  gums,  which  make  a  pleasant  and  acceptable  perfume.  *  Bes- 
sardus  Bisantimis  prefers  the  smoke  of  juniper  to  melancholy  persons,  which  is  in 
great  request  with  us  at  Oxford,  to  sweeten  our  chambers.  '"^Guianerius  prescribes 
tiie  air  to  be  moistened  with  water,  and  sweet  herbs  boiled  in  it,  vine,  and  sallow 
(eaves,  &.C.,  'to  besprinkle  the  ground  and  posts  with  rose-water,  rose-vinegar,  which 
Avicenna  much  approves.  Of  colours  it  is  good  to  behold  green,  red,  yellow,  and 
white,  and  by  all  means  to  have  light  enough,  with  windows  in  the  day,  wax  candles 
in  the  night,  neat  chambers,  good  fires  in  winter,  merry  companions ;  for  though 
melancholy  persons  love  to  be  dark  and  alone,  yet  darkness  is  a  great  increaser  of 
the  humour. 

Although  our  ordinarj*  air  be  good  by  nature  or  art,  yet  it  is  not  amiss,  as  I  have 
;f!aid,  still  to  alter  it;  no  better  physic  for  a  melancholy  man  than  change  of  air,  and 
variety  of  places,  to  travel  aljroail  and  see  fashions.  'Leo  Afer  speaks  of  many  of 
his  countrymen  so  cured,  without  all  other  physic  :  amongst  the  negroes,  ••  there  is 
such  an  excellent  air,  that  if  any  of  them  be  sick  elsewhere,  and  brought  tliither,  he 
is  instantly  recovered,  of  which  he  was  often  an  eye-witness."  ^  Li|)sius,  Zuinger. 
and  some  others,  add  as  much  of  ordinary  travel.  No  man,  saith  Lij)sius,  in  au 
epistle  to  Phil.  Lanoius,  a  noble  friend  of  his,  now  ready  to  make  a  voyage,  ■* "  can 
be  such  a  stock  or  stone,  whom  that  pleasant  speculation  of  countries,  cities,  towns, 
rivers,  will  not  atFect."  ^Seneca  the  philosopher  was  infinitely  taken  with  tlie  sighl 
of  Scipio  Africanus'  house,  near  Linternum,  to  view  those  old  buildings,  cisterns, 
baths,  tombs,  &.c.  And  how  was  *Tully  pleased  with  the  sight  of  Athens,  to  behold 
those  ancient  and  fair  buildings,  with  a  remembrance  (»f  their  worthy  inhabitants. 
Paulus  ..Emilius,  that  renowned  Roman  captain,  after  he  had  conijuered  Perseus,  the 
last  king  of  Macedonia,  and  now  made  an  end  of  his  tedious  wars,  though  he  had 
been  long  absent  from  Rome,  and  much  there  desired,  about  the  beginning  of  autumn 
(as  '  Livy  describes  it)  made  a  pleasant  peregrination  all  over  Greece,  accompanied 
with  his  son  Scipio,  and  Atheneus  the  brother  of  king  I-limienos,  leaving  the  charge 
of  his  army  with  Sulpicius  Gallus.  By  Thessaly  he  went  to  Delplios,  llience  to 
JMegaris,  Aulis,  Athens,  Argos,  Lacedaemon,  Megalopolis,  &.c.  He  took  great  content,  . 
exceeding  deliglit  in  that  his  voyage,  as  who  doth  not  that  shall  attempt  the  like, 
though  his  travel  be  ad  jactalionem  magis  qtiam  ad  usutn  reipuh.  (^as  *  one  well 
observes)  to  crack,  gaze,  see  fine  sights  and  fashions,  spend  lime,  rather  than  for  his 

ralione,  et  sani  aliter  aflVtcli  sini  cojIo  nubilo,  aliter  !  'Lib.  1.  rap.  ile  tnorh.  Afroruin  In  N'isritariini  ri-gion^^ 
•Teno.    De  iiatiira  wntorum,  see  Pliny.  Ijh.  2  cap.  26.     tauta  aeri»  tfiniK^ri*,  iil  Bi(|ui'*  nlihi  iiiorbo«ui«  itS  adv^ 
27-  2t^.    Strabo,  li.  7.  &c.  "^  Fines  Slnrisoii  parr.  ].     hatur,  nptimtp  slaliin  «anilati  r>?i«lilualur.  i|iiimI  niiiltii 

c.  4.  *  .Mt<iniaru!i  car.  7.  Bruel.    Ai-r  sit  luydus,  I  accidiis*-,    ipsn   uicis   iMnlis  vii!i.  >  Lih.    di-   (lere- 

ttiii^  oleiis.  ImniiiliiM.    .Moiitallu:^  iUeui  ca.  2ii.    0|;'u((us^  griiiat.  *  Epist.  2.  cen.  1    Nee  Tii«oiiaiii  t.ii.i  !  ipn 

reruin  suaviuiii.  Laurentius,  c.  8.  »"  .\fit    Pluliis.  ]  atit  frutex.  tpn-in   nun   titilLit   anni'na  illa.   » 

cap  de  iiiflaiic.  '("'Tract.  15  r.  9.  ex  rcdolentibU!)    speclio  loci>riiin,  urbiuni.  e>'iitiiiiii,  ^c.  '  I. 

ht-rhis  et  f.lii*  vitis  viiiiforse,  salicis,  See  '  Pavi.    ^a.  lib.  de  legibua.        'LJb.  4o.        »K<-*ckrra>«ii  , 

meiiiuiii  actio,  el  aqua  c  sacea  irrurare,  L.aurent,  c.  d.  '  polit. 


Wem.  3.]  Jlir  recAificd.  307 

own  or  public  good  ?  (as  it  is  to  many  gallants  that  travel  out  their  best  days,  too-ether 
with  their  means,  manners,  honesty,  religion)  yet  it  availeth  howsoever.  "  For°pere- 
grination  charms  our  senses  with  such  unspeakable  and  sweet  variety,  ^  that  some 
count  him  unhappy  that  never  travelled,  and  pity  his  case,  that  from  his  cradle  to  his 
old  age  beholds  the  same  still ;  still,  still  the  same,  the  same.  Insomuch  that  "^Rhasis, 
cont.  lib.  1.  Tract.  2.  doth  not  only  commend,  bat  enjoin  travel,  and  such  variety  of 
objects  to  a  melancholy  man,  "and  to  lie  in  diverse  inns,  to  be  drawn  into  several 
companies  :"  Montaltus,  cap.  30.  and  many  neoterics  are  of  the  same  mind:  Celsus 
adviseth  him  therefore  that  will  continue  his  health,  to  have  varium  viice  genus, 
diversity  of  callings,  occupations,  to  be  busied  about,  ""■  sometimes  to  live  in  the  city, 
sometimes  in  the  country;  now  to  study  or  work,  to  be  intent,  then  again  to  liawk 
or  hunt,  swim,  run,  ride,  or  exercise  himself."  A  good  prospect  alone  v/ill  ease 
melancholy,  as  Comesius  contends,  lib.  2.  c.  7.  de  Sale.  The  citizens  of  '^Barcino, 
saith  he,  otherwise  penned  in,  melancholy,  and  stirring  little  abroad,  are  much  de- 
lighted with  that  pleasant  prospect  their  city  hath  into  the  sea,  which  like  that  of  old 
Athens  besides  Angina  Salamina,  and  many  pleasant  islands,  had  all  the  variety  of 
delicious  objects :  so  are  those  Neapolitans  and  inhabitants  of  Genoa,  to  see  the 
ships,  boats,  and  passengers  go  by,  out  of  their  windows,  their  whole  cities  being 
situated  on  the  side  of  a  hill,  like  Pera  by  Constantinople,  so  that  each  house  almos't 
hath  a  free  prospect  to  the  sea,  as  some  part  of  London  to  the  Thames:  or  to  have  a 
free  prospect  all  over  the  city  at  once,  as  at  Granada  in  Spain,  and  Fez  in  Africa,  the 
river  running  betwixt  two  declining  hills,  the  steepness  causeth  each  house  almost,  as 
well  to  oversee,  as  to  be  overseen  of  the  rest.  Every  country  is  full  of  such  '^delieht- 
some  prospects,  as  well  within  land,  as  by  sea,  as  Hermon  and  '^  Rama  in  Palest'ina, 
Cola] to  in  Italy,  the  top  of  Magetus,  or  Acrocorinthus,  that  old  decayed  castle  in 
Corinth,  from  which  Peloponessus,  Greece,  the  Ionian  and  Aegean  seas  were  semel  et 
simul  at  one  view  to  be  taken.  In  Egypt  the  square  top  of  the  great  pyramid,  three 
liundred  yards  in  height,  and  so  the  Sultan's  palace  in  Grand  Cairo,  the  country  being 
plain,  hath  a  marvellous  fair  prospect  as  well  over  Nilus,  as  that  great  city,  five"  Italian 
miles  long,  and  two  broad,  by  the  riverside:  from  mount  Sion  in  Jerusalem,  the 
Holy  Land  is  of  all  sides  to  be  seen :  such  high  places  are  infinite :  with  us  those 
of  the  best  note  are  Glastonbury  tower.  Box  ffill  in  Surrey,  Bever  castle,  Rodway 
Grange,  'HValsby  in  Lincolnshire,  where  I  lately  received  a  real  kindness,  by  the 
munificence  of  the  right  honourable  my  noble  lady  and  patroness,  the  Ladv  Frances, 
countess  dowager  of  Exeter :  and  two  amongst  "the  rest,  which  I  may  not  omit  for 
vicinity's  sake,  Oklbury  in  the  confines  of  Warwickshire,  where  I  have  often  looked 
about  me  with  great  delight,  at  the  foot  of  which  hill  '^  I  was  born :  and  Hanbury  in 
Stafibrdshire,  contiguous  to  which  is  Falde,  a  pleasant  village,  and  an  ancient  patri- 
mony belonging  to  our  family,  now  in  the  possession  of  mine  elder  brother.  William 
Burton,  Esquire.  '"Barclay  the  Scot  commends  that  of  Greenwich  tower  for  ona 
of  the  best  prospects  in  Europe,  to  see  London  on  the  one  side,  the  Thames,  ships, 
and  pleasant  meadows  on  the  other.  There  be  those  that  say  as  much  and  more  of 
St.  Clark's  steeple  in  Venice.  Yet  these  are  at  too  great  a  distance  :  some  are  espe- 
cially affected  with  such  objects  as  be  near,  to  see  passengers  go  by  in  some  great 
road- way,  or  boats  in  a  river,  in  sttbjecium  forum  despicere,  to  oversee  a  fair,  a  mar- 
ket-place, or  out  of  a  pleasant  window  into  some  thoroughfare  street,  to  behold  a 
contmual  concourse,  a  promiscuous  rout,  coming  and  going,  or  a  multitude  of  spec- 
tators at  a  theatre,  a  mask,  or  some  such  like  show.  But  I  rove :  the  sum  is  this, 
that  variety  of  actions,  objects,  air,  places,  are  excellent  good  in  this  infirnilty.  and 
all  others,  good  for  man,  good  for  beast.  '^' Constantine  the  emperor,  lib.  18.  cap.  13. 
ex  Leonfio,  "  holds  it  an  only  cure  for  rotten  sheep,  and  any  manner  of  sick  cattle."' 
Lfelius  a  fonte  iEgubinus,  that  great  doctor,  at  the  latter  end  of  many  of  his  consul- 
-•tations  (as  commonly  he  doth  set  down  what  success  his  physic  had,)  in  melancholy 

3  Fines  Morison  c.  3.  part.  1.  'OMutatio  de  loco  ]  resisned  for  some  special  reasons.  is  At  Lindlev  in 

in  locum,  Uinfira.et  voiagia  longa  et  iiidp.terminata.et  Leicestershire,  the   possession   and  dwellinff-place  of 

.lospyare  in  diversis  diversoriis.  "  Modo  ruri  esse,  Ralph  Burton,  Esquire,  my  late  deceased  father.      J"  In 

niodo  111  urhe.  sa;pius  in   agro  venari,  &c.  i- [n  Icon    animorum.  if  ^arotantes   ovps   in   alium 

Catalonia  in  Spain.  '^Laudaturque  domos  longos  locum  transportanda-  sunt,  lit  aliuni  aervin  el  aquaiu 

quffi  prospicit  buds.  KMany  towns  there  are  of  parlicipantes,  coalescant  et  corrobeiitur. 

that  name,  saith  Adricomius,  all  high-sited.      is  Lately 


Cure  of  Melancholy. 


[Pan.  2.  Sec.  3 


308 

most  especially  approves  of  this  above  all  other  remedies  whatsoever,  as  appears 
omsult.  69.  consult.  229.  &c.  ""  Many  other  things  helped,  but  change  of  air  was 
that  which  wrought  the  cure,  and  did  most  good." 


MEMB.  IV. 

Exei  cise  rectified  of  Body  and  Mind. 

To  that  sfreat  inconvenience,  which  comes  on  the  one  side  by  immoderate  and 
unseasonable  exercise,  too  niucli  solitariness  and  idleness  on  the  other,  must  be 
opposed  as  an  antidote,  a  moderate  and  seasonable  use  of  it,  and  that  both  of  body 
and  mind,  as  a  most  material  circumstance,  much  conducing  to  this  cure,  and  to  the 
general  preservation  of  our  health.  The  lieavens  themselves  run  continually  round, 
the  sun  riseth  and  sets,  the  moon  increaseth  and  decreaseth,  stars  and  planets  keep 
their  constant  motions,  the  air  is  still  tossed  by  tlie  winds,  the  waters  ebb  and  How 
to  their  conservation  no  doubt,  to  teach  us  that  we  sluiuld  ever  be  in  action.  For 
which  cause  Hieron  prescribes  Ruslicus  the  monk,  that  he  be  always  occuj)ied  about 
some  business  or  other,  *'•' that  the  devil  ilo  not  find  him  itile.'-  '^' Seneca  would 
have  a  man  do  something,  though  it  be  to  no  purpose.  "Xenophon  wishelh  one 
rather  to  plav  at  tables,  dice,  or  make  a  jester  of  hitnself  (though  he  migl\t  be  far 
belter  employed)  than  do  nothing.  The  ^Egyptians  of  old,  and  many  llourishing 
(•ornmonwealths  since,  have  enjoined  labour  and  exercise  to  all  sorts  of  men,  to  be 
of  some  vocation  and  calling,  and  give  an  account  of  their  time,  to  prevent  those 
grievous  mischiefs  that  come  by  idleness:  »' for  as  fodder,  whip,  and  burthen  belntig 
to  the  ass  :  so  meat,  correction,  and  work  unto  the  servant,"  Ecclus.  xxxiii.  2:}.  'I'he 
Turks  enjoin  all  men  whatsoever,  of  what  degree,  to  be  of  some  trade  or  other,  the 
(irand  Seignior  himself  is  not  excused.  ^''»  In  our  memory  (saith  Sabellicus)  Maho- 
met the  Turk,  he  that  conquered  Greece,  at  thai  very  time  when  he  heard  ambassa- 
dors of  other  princes,  did  either  cajve  or  cut  wooden  spoons,  or  frame  something 
upon  a  table."  '■'  This  present  sultan  makes  notches  for  bows.  The  Jews  are  most 
severe  in  this  examination  of  time.  All  well-governed  places,  towns,  families,  and 
every  discreet  person  will  be  a  law  unto  himself.  But  amongst  us  the  badge  of 
gentry  is  idleness :  to  be  of  no  calling,  not  to  labour,  for  that's  derogatory  to  their 
birth,  to  be  a  mere  spectator,  a  drone,  /tm^^*  consume  re  nalus,  to  have  no  necessary 
f'mployment  to  busy  himself  about  in  church  and  commonwealth  (some  few  govern- 
ors exempted),  '•  but  to  rise  to  eat,"  Stc,  to  spend  his  days  in  hawking,  hunting,  &tc., 
and  such  like  disports  and  recreations  (*  which  our  casuists  tax),  are  the  sole  exer- 
cise almost,  and  ordinary  actions  of  our  nobility,  and  in  which  tliey  are  too  innno- 
derate.  And  thence  it  comes  to  pass,  that  in  city  and  countr}'  so  many  grievances 
of  body  and  mind,  and  this  feral  disease  of  melancholy  so  frequently  ragcnh,  and  now 
dommeers  almost  all  over  Europe  amongst  our  great  ones.  They  know  not  how  to 
spend  their  time  (disports  excepted,  which  are  all  their  business),  what  to  do,  or 
otherwise  how  to  bestow  them.selvcs  :  like  our  modern  Frenchmen,  that  had  rather 
lose  a  pound  of  blood  in  a  single  combat,  than  a  drop  of  sweat  in  any  honest  labour. 
Every  man  almost  hath  something  or  other  to  employ  himself  about,  some  vocation, 
some  trade,  but  they  do  all  by  ministers  and  servants,  ad  otiu  dunlaxat  se  natns  rx- 
iMimanf,  imb  ad  sui  ipsius  phrumque  ct  aliorum  pemiciem,  "as  one  freely  taxeth 
such  kind  of  men,  they  are  all  for  pastimes,  'tis  all  their  study,  all  their  invention 
tends  to  this  alone,  to  drive  away  time,  as  if  they  were  bom  some  of  them  to  no 
other  ends.  Therefore  to  correct  and  avoid  these  errors  and  inconveniences,  our 
divines,  physicians,  and  politicians,  so  much  labour,  and  so  seriously  exhort ;  and 


>*.\lia  ulilia,  sed  ex  miitatinne  aeri3  itoti^simiim  cu- 
rstiis.         *  Ne  tedrnion  otiosum  iiiveniat.  s'  Pnps- 

la(  aliiid  atrereqiiaiii  nihil.  '- Lib.  3.  de  dicti8S<^>crati4, 
Uui  te!i»«ri:$  el  ri!iui  i.-xcitando  vucaiil,  alic|iiiil  facinnt. 
••I  II  licerfl  lii.s  iiielinra  agere.  °  Aiiiasia  coni|>f lied 

f  very  man  once  a  year  to  lell  how  he  lived.  ^  Kiistra 
utemoria  Matuunetes  Othomaiinus  qui  Gnecix  iinpe- 


rium  subverlil,  cum  oratnrum  pontulala  nudir<-l  rxlrr- 
iiaruiii  |;rntiiiiii,  cochlearia  li^nea  B-.ti<liii-  ra-la*ial.  aul 
aliipiid  III  tabula  atfiiigebat.  ^  Sands,  fol.  37.  >•(  hi« 

viiyaee  to  Jerusalem.  "  Perkini,  <'a«<-«  of  l.'on- 

8«ienr«,  I.  3.  c  4  q.  3.  f  LuM-innii  liriinnio.  •■  Tliejr 
Deem  lo  think  they  wrre  born  to  idlentiM,  — nay  mura, 
for  the  dettruclion  of  Ibemiielve*  and  olbcra." 


Mem.  4.j  Exercise  rectified.  309 

for  this  disease  in  particular,  ^'"  there  can  be  no  better  cure  than  continual  business,"  as 
Rhasis  holds, "  to  have  some  employment  or  other,  which  may  set  their  mind  a\vork,and 
distract  their  cogitations.  Riches  may  not  easily  be  had  without  labour  and  industry, 
nor  learning  without  study,  neither  can  our  health  be  preserved  without  bodily  exer- 
cise. If  it  be  of  the  body,  Guianerius  allows  that  exercise  which  is  gentle,  ^^"and 
still  after  those  ordinary  frications"  which  must  be  used  every  morning.  Montaltus, 
cap.  26.  and  Jason  Pratensis  use  almost  the  same  words,  highly  commending  exer- 
cise if  it  be  moderate ;  "  a  wonderful  help  so  used,"  Crato  calls  it,  '^  and  a  great 
means  to  preserve  our  health,  as  adding  strength  to  the  whole  body,  increasing  natu- 
ral heat,  by  means  of  which  the  nutriment  is  well  concocted  in  the  stomach,  liver, 
and  veins,  few  or  no  crudities  left,  is  happily  distributed  over  all  the  body."  Be- 
sides, it  expels  excrements  by  sweat  and  other  insensible  vapours ;  insomuch,  that 
'^  Galen  prefers  exercise  before  all  physic,  rectification  of  diet,  or  any  regimen  in 
what  kind  soever ;  'tis  nature's  physician.  ^'  Fulgentius,  out  of  Gordonius  de  con- 
serv.  vit.  liom.  Vib.  1.  cap.  7.  terms  exercise,  "a  spur  of  a  dull,  sleepy  nature,  the 
comforter  of  the  members,  cure  of  infirmity,  death  of  diseases,  destruction  of  all 
mischiefs  and  vices."  The  fittest  time  for  exercise  is  a  little  before  dinner,  a  little 
before  supper,  ^^or  at  any  time  when  the  body  is  empty.  Montanus,  consU.  31.  pre- 
scribes it  every  morning  to  his  patient,  and  that,  as  ^^  Calenus  adds,  "  after  he  hath 
done  his  ordinary  needs,  rubbed  his  body,  washed  his  hands  and  face,  combed  his 
head  and  gargarised."  What  kind  of  exercise  he  should  use,  Galen  tells  us,  lib.  2. 
et  3.  de  snnit.  fuend.  and  in  what  measure,  ^' "  till  the  body  be  ready  to  sweat,"  and 
roused  up ;  ad  ruborem.,  some  say,  non  ad  sudorem,  lest  it  should  dry  the  body  loo 
much  ;  others  enjoin  tliose  wholesome  businesses,  as  to  dig  so  long  in  his  garden,  to 
hold  the  plough,  and  the  like.  Some  prescribe  frequent  and  violent  labour  and  ex- 
ercises, as  sawing  every  day  so  long  together  (epid.  6.  Hippocrates  confounds  them). 
but  that  is  in  some  cases,  to  some  peculiar  men  ;  ''^  the  most  forbid,  and  by  no  means 
will  have  it  go  farther  than  a  beginning  sweat,  as  bemg  ^^  perilous  if  it  exceed. 

Of  these  labours,  exercises,  and  recreations,  which  are  likewise  included,  some 
properly  belong  to  the  body,  some  to  the  mind,  some  more  easy,  some  hard,  some 
with  delight,  some  without,  some  within  doors,  some  natural,  some  a.re  artificial. 
Amongst  bodily  exercises,  Galen  commends  Jiidum  parvcb  pi.lce^  to  play  at  ball,  be  it 
witli  the  luind  or  racket,  in  tennis-courts  or  otherwise,  it  exerciseth  each  part  of  the 
body,  and  doth  much  good,  so  that  they  sweat  not  too  much.  It  was  in  great  re- 
quest of  old  amongst  the  Greeks,  Romans,  Barbarians,  mentioned  by  Homer,  Hero- 
dotus, and  Plinius.  Some  write,  that  Aganclla,  a  fair  maid  of  Corcyra,  was  the  in- 
ventor of  it,  for  she  presented  the  first  ball  that  ever  was  made  to  Nausica,  the 
daughter  of  King  Alcinous,  and  taught  her  how  to  use  it. 

Tlie  ordinary  sports  wliich  are  used  abroad  are  hawking,  hunting,  Idlarcs  vcnandi 
lahorcs,  ^'  one  calls  them,  because  they  recreate  body  and  mind,  ''^another,  the  ^""  best 
exercise  that  is,  by  which  alone  many  have  been ''"freed  from  all  feral  diseases." 
Hegesippns,  lib.  1.  cap.  37.  relates  of  Herod,  that  he  was  eased  of  a  grievous  melan- 
choly by  that  means.  Plato,  7.  de  leg.  highly  magnifies  it,  dividing  it  into  three 
parts,  "  by  land,  water,  air."  Xenophon,  in  Cyropccd.  graces  it  with  a  great  name, 
Deorum  iniinus,  the  gift  of  the  gods,  a  princely  sport,  wliich  tliey  liave  ever  used, 
^aith  Langius,  epist.  59.  lib.  2.  as  well  for  health  as  pleasure,  and  do  at  this  day,  it 
being  the  sole  almost  and  ordinary  sport  of  our  noblemen  in  Europe,  and  elsewhere 
all  over  the  world.  Bohemus,  de  nior.  gen/,  lib.  3.  cap.  12.  styles  it  thereibrs,  sUi- 
diuin  nobilium^  communiter  vcnantur.,  quod  sibi  solis  licere  confendimt^  'tis  all  their 
study,  their  exercise,  ordinary  business,  all  their  talk :  and  indeed  some  dote  too 

38  Noil  est  cura  melinr  qiiam  injiinsere  lis  iiecessaria,  I  inanihus  et  nculis,  &r,.  lib.  de  atra  bile.  ^i  dudiisclue 
et  iipportuna  ;  o|ieniin  ailmiiiislralio  illis  nia<,'iium  sam- ,  corpus  universum  iiituinescat.  et  floriilum  appareat,  su- 
talis  iiicreiiieiitiim,  et  (lUCB  repleaiil  amnios  eoriim    et    dortque,  &c.  ssoniimio  sudoreiii  vitenl.  cap.  7.  lib. 

incutiant  iis  diversas  cogitationes.  C'ont  1.  tract.  9. !  1.  Valescus  de  Tar.  36  Exercitiiiiii  si  e,\cedat,  valde 
S"  Ante  ex(trcilium,  leves  toto  corpnre  fiiclioiies  coiive-j  periculosmii.  Salust.  Salviaiius  de  reined,  lib.  2.  cap. 
uiunt.     Ad  luiiic  morbiiin  e.xercitatioiies,  quuni  recte  et  i  1.  3'' Camden  in  Staffonlsbire.  aspriilevailius, 

suo  tempore  ti'int,  inirifice  condiicuiit,  et  sanitateiii  j  lib.  ].  cap.  2.  optima  omnium  exercitatiunum  niiiiti  ab 
tuentur,  &c.      S"  Lib.  1.  de  sail,  tuenil.       '■'•  Excrciliiim  |  hac  soluininodo  morhis  liberati.  S'J  Jose|)liiis  Quer- 

natura;  dorniieiilis  t^timiilJitin,  H)eiiil)roruni  solatium,  i  cetaiius  dialect,  polit.  sect.  2.  cap.  11.  Inter  omnia  e.t- 
morborum  ineilela,  fufia  viiioruin,  iiiedicina  languorum,  I  ercitia  prspstantiie  laudem  iiierelur.  ^ochyron  in 

destructio  omnium  malorum,  Crato.  ^  .Alimentis  I  nionte  Telio,  pisceptor  lieronm  eos  a  niorbis  animi  ve- 

in venlriculo  probe  concoctis.        s^  Jejuno  ventre  vesica    nationibus  et  puriscibis  tuebatur.  M.  Tyrius. 
el  alvo  ab  cxcreiueiilis  purgato,  fricatis  membris,  lotis  1 


31C  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 

iniicli  after  it,  thoy  can  d )  nothing  else,  discourse  of  naught  else.  Paulus  Jovius, 
descr.  Brit,  doth  in  some  sort  tax  our  '"'•'English  nobility  for  it,  for  living  in  the 
country  so  much,  and  too  frequent  use  of  it,  aa  if  they  had  no  other  means  but 
luiwking  and  hunting  to  approve  themselves  gentlemen  with." 

Hawking  comes  near  to  hunting,  the  one  in  the  air,  as  the  other  on  the  earth,  a 
sport  as  much  aiFected  as  the  other,  by  some  preferred.  ■•-  It  was  never  heard  of 
amongst  the  Romans,  invented  some  twelve  hundred  years  since,  and  first  mentioned 
by  Firmicus,  Jih.  5.  cap.  8.  The  Greek  emperors  began  it,  and  now  nothing  so  fre- 
quent :  he  is  nobody  that  in  the  season  hath  not  a  hawk  on  his  list.  A  great  art, 
and  maiiy  *^  books  written  of  it.  It  is  a  wonder  to  hear  '*''  what  is  related  of  the 
Turks'  ofllcers  in  this  behalf,  how  many  thousand  men  are  employed  about  it,  how 
many  hawks  of  all  sorts,  how  much  revenues  consumed  on  that  only  (hsport,  how 
much  time  is  spent  at  Adrianople  alone  every  year  to  that  purpose.  The  ^^  Persian 
kings  hawk  after  butterflies  with  sparrows  made  to  that  use,  and  stares  :  lesser  hawks 
for  lesser  games  they  have,  and  bigger  for  the  rest,  that  they  may  jjroduce  their  sport 
to  all  seasons.  Tlie  ]Muscovian  emperors  reclaim  eagles  to  lly  at  hinds,  foxes,  Stc, 
and  such  a  one  was  sent  for  a  present  to  ^^  Queen  Ehzabeth  :  some  reclaim  ravens, 
castril>,  pies,  Stc,  and  man  them  for  their  pleasures. 

Fowling  is  more  troublesome,  but  all  out  as  ilelightsome  to  some  sorts  of  men,  be 
it  with  jjUMS,  lime,  nets,  glades,  gins,  strings,  baits,  pitfalls,  pipes,  calls,  stalking- 
horses,  setting-dogs,  decoy-ducks,  Stc,  or  otherwise.  Some  much  delight  to  take 
larks  with  dav-nets,  small  birds  with  chatf-nets,  plovers,  partridge,  herons,  snipe,  iS.c. 
lli'ury  tlie  Third,  king  of  Castile  (as  .Mariana  the  Jesuit  reports  t)f  him,  lib.  '■\.  cap. 
7.)  was  nuich  atlected  '"'•'•  with  catching  of  quails,"  and  many  gentlemen  take  a  sin- 
gidar  pleasure  at  morning  and  evening  to  go  abroad  with  their  quail-pipes,  ami  will 
take  any  pains  to  satisfy  their  delight  in  that  kind.  The  '*  Italians  have  gardens  titled 
to  such  use,  with  nets,  bushes,  glades,  sparing  no  cost  or  industry,  and  are  very 
much  atlected  with  the  sport.  Tycho  Brahe,  that  great  astronomer,  in  the  choro- 
graphy  of  his  Isle  of  Iluena,  and  Castle  of  Uraniburge,  puts  down  his  nets,  and 
manner  of  catching  snudl  birds,  as  an  ornament  and  a  recreation,  wherein  he  himself 
was  sometimes  employed. 

Fishing  is  a  kind  of  hunting  by  water,  be  it  with  nets,  weeles,  baits,  angling,  or 
otherwise,  a'nd  yields  all  out  as  much  ])lt'asure  to  some  men  as  dogs  or  hawks ; 
**"  When  they  draw  their  fish  upon  the  bank,"  saith  Nic.  llenselius  Silesiographia', 
cap.  3.  sjipaking  of  that  extraonlinary  delight  his  countrymen  took  in  fishing,  and  in 
making  of  pools.  James  Dubravius,  that  Moravian,  in  his  book  de  pise,  telleth,  how 
tmvelling  by  the  highway  side  in  Silesia,  he  found  a  nobleman,  ^"booted  up  to  the 
grnins,"  wading  himself,  pulling  the  nets,  and  labouring  as  much  as  any  lislierman 
of  them  all :  and  when  some  belike  objected  to  him  the  baseness  of  his  oflice,  he 
excused  himself,  ^''•' that  if  other  men  might  hunt  hares,  why  should  not  he  hunt 
carps  ?"  31any  gentlemen  in  like  sort  with  us  will  wade  up  to  the  arm-holes  upon 
such  occasions,  and  voluntarily  undertake  that  to  satisfy  their  pleasures,  which  a 
po<M-  man  for  a  good  stipend  would  scarce  be  hired  to  undergo.  Plutarch,  in  his 
book  de  solcr.  animal,  speaks  against  all  fishing, '^^  as  a  filthy,  base,  illiberal  employ- 
ment, having  neither  wit  nor  perspicacity  in  it,  nor  worth  tlie  labour."  But  he  that 
shall  consider  the  variety  of  bails  for  all  seasons,  and  pretty  devices  which  our 
anglers  have  invented,  peculiar  lines,  false  Hies,  several  sleiglits.  Sec.  will  say,  that  it 
deserves  like  commendation,  requires  as  much  study  and  perspicacity  as  the  re>t.  and 
is  to  be  preferred  before  many  of  them.  Because  hawking  and  hunting  are  very 
laborious,  much  riding,  and  many  dangers  accompany  ihein ;  but  this  is  still  and 
quiet :  and  if  so  be  the  angler  catch  no  fish,  yel  he  hath  a  wholesome  walk  to  the 


«i  Nobilitas  (.niriis  fere  urbes  ra.<ti(lit,castellia,  el  libe- 
riore  ca'lo  gaiiili-t,  ^enerisque  ilij^aitatecii  una  uiaxiinS 
veiiatiiiiie,  et  falronuiii   aucupiis  luetur.  -•-'Jos. 

^Laliger.  ciiiiiiiiL'ii.  in  Cir.  in  I'ul.  344.  Salmulli  -J3.  ile 
Novrt-pi-ri.  i;oiii.  in  Paiicir.  *3  Uometrius  Coiiniaii- 

cnijp  lit;  rt!  accipitrana,  liber  a  P.Gillir  laline  rcilUi' 
lus.  iT:iiiis.  t-pij-l.  AquiliE  Syinaclii  ft 'I'hifMlolionis  ad 
Ptolonieiiin.  Slc.  **  l^nicenis,  Gcffreus,  jovius. 

•4  S.   Antony    Sherlie's    relalions.  *^Hachm. 

*'r«turuicuiii  aucupio.  *<  Fines  Moriion,  part  J. 


c.  8.  ^  \on  inajiireni  vuluplateni  aninin  capiuiit, 

quAm  qui  fKim  iii^ect.intiir.  aiil  uiimhk  raiiilint,  cnai- 
prL-hen<iunl.  qnuin  rttiu  tra)i)'iil<  ii,  Kqnanuma*  |m  ciiile* 
in  ripas  ailducunl.  ^  >|iire  pii-caKriim  criiribut 

ocreatuii.  "Si  pririripibns  Vi-natii)  l>-|H>riii  nun  iil 

intiimesla,  nt>:><°iu  quuMioilu  piwalio  cypriiuiriini  vulrri 
delv'Ot  pudenda.  ^'>Uniiiinr>  tiirpis  pii>ciiliii,  nu>lo 

«tuiliii  digna.  illibfralis  crediia  e«t,  quud  iiulluui  *Mibct 
iiigeuiuui,  uullaui  peri>picaciain. 


Mem.  4.J 


Exercise  rectified. 


311 


brookside,  pleasant  shade  by  the  sweet  silver  streams ;  he  hath  gocd  air,  and  sweet 
smells  of  fine  fresh  meadow  flowers,  he  hears  the  melodious  harmony  of  birds,  he 
sees  the  swans,  herons,  ducks,  water-horns,  coots,  Stc,  and  many  other  fowl,  with 
their  brood,  which  he  thinketh  better  than  the  noise  of  hounds,  or  blast  of  horns, 
and  all  the  sport  that  they  can  make. 

Many  other  sports  and  recreations  there  be,  much  in  use,  as  ringing,  bowling, 
shooting,  which  Ascam  recommends  in  a  just  volume,  and  hath  in  former  limes  been 
enjoined  by  statute,  as  a  defensive  exercise,  and  an  ^^  honour  to  our  land,  as  well 
may  witness  our  victories  in  France.  Keelpi-ns,  tronks,  quoits,  pitching  bars,  hurl- 
ing, wrestling,  leaping,  running,  fencing,  mustring,  swimming,  wasters,  foils,  football, 
baloon,  quintan,  &c.,  and  many  such,  which  are  the  common  recreations  of  the 
countryfolks.  Riding  of  great  horses,  running  at  rings,  tilts  and  tournaments,  horse- 
races, wild-goose  chases,  which  are  the  disports  of  greater  men,  and  good  in  them- 
selves, though  many  gentlemen  by  that  means  gallop  quite  out  of  their  fortunes. 

But  the  most  pleasant  of  all  outward  pastimes  is  that  of  ^^  Areteus,  deamhulatio 
per  amczna  loca,  to  make  a  petty  progress,  a  merry  journey  now  and  then  with  some 
good  companions,  to  visit  friends,  see  cities,  castles,  towns. 


&5"  Visere  sccpe  aniiies  nitidos,  per  amcenaque  Tempe, 
Et  placicias  ?uiiimis  sectari  in  inontibus  auras." 


'To  see  the  pleasant  fields,  the  crystal  fountains. 
And  take  tiie  iienlle  air  amonj-'st  the  mountains.' 


*  To  walk  amongst  orchards,  gardens,  bowers,  mounts,  and  arbours,  artificial  wil- 
dernesses, green  thickets,  arches,  groves,  lawns,  rivulets,  fountains,  and  such  like 
pleasant  places,  like  that  Antiochian  Daphne,  brooks,  pools,  fishponds,  between  wood 
and  water,  in  a  fair  meadow,  by  a  river  side,  ''"  ubi  varies  avium  cantalioJies,  Jlorum 
colores^  ])ratorum  frut.ices,  &.c.  to  disport  in  some  pleasant  plain,  park,  run  up  a  steep 
lull  sometimes,  or  sit  in  a  shady  seat,  must  needs  be  a  delectable  recreation.  Horins 
jjrincipis  et  domus  ad  deleclationem  facta.,  cum  syJvd^  monte  et  jjificina.,  vulgd  la 
vwntagna:  the  prince's  garden  at  Ferrara  ^^Schottus  highly  magnifies,  with  the 
groves,  mountains,  ponds,  for  a  delectable  prospect,  he  was  much  affected  with  it :  a 
Persian  paradise,  or  pleasant  park,  could  not  be  more  delectable  in  his  sight.  St. 
Bernard,  in  the  description  of  his  monastery,  is  almost  ravished  with  the  pleasures 
of  it.  '•''A  sick  ^^  man  (saith  he)  sits  upon  a  green  bank,  and  when  the  dog-star 
parcheth  the  plains,  and  dries  up  rivers,  he  lies  in  a  shady  bower,"  Froude  sub  arbo- 
rea  ferventia  temperat  astra,  "•  and  feeds  his  eyes  with  variety  of  objects,  herbs, 
trees,  to  comfort  his  misery,  he  receives  many  delightsome  smells,  and  fills  his  ears 
with  that  sweet  and  various  harmony  of  birds :  good  God  (saith  he),  what  a  com- 
pany of  pleasures  hast  thou  made  for  man !"  He  that  sliould  be  admitted  on  a  sud- 
den to  the  sight  of  such  a  palace  as  that  of  Escurial  in  Spain,  or  to  that  which  the 
Moors  built  at  Granada,  Fontainbleau  in  France,  the  Turk's  gardens  in  his  seraglio, 
wherein  all  manner  of  birds  and  beasts  are  kept  for  pleasure ;  wolves,  bears,  lynxes, 
tigers,  lions,  elephants,  &.C.,  or  upon  the  banks  of  tliat  Thracian  Bosphorus  :  the 
pope's  Belvedere  in  Rome,'"  as  pleasing  as  those  horti  ■pcnsilcs  in  Babylon,  or  that 
Indian  king's  delightsome  garden  in  ^'iElian ;  or  ^' those  famous  gardens  of  the  Lord 
Cantelow  in  France,  could  not  choose,  though  he  were  never  so  ill  paid,  but  be  much 
recreated  for  the  time ;  or  many  of  our  noblen)en's  gardens  at  home.  To  lake  a 
boat  in  a  pleasant  evening,  and  with  music  *^to  row  upon  the  waters,  which  Plutarch 
so  inucli  applauds,  Elian  admires,  upon  the  river  Pineus  :  in  those  TJiessalian  fields. 
beset  with  green  bays,  where  birds  so  sweetly  sing  that  passengers,  enchanted  as  it 
were  with  tlieir  heavenly  music,  omnium  labormn  et  curarum  obliviscantur.,  forget 
forthwith  all  labours,  caie,  and  grief:  or  in  a  gondola  through  the  Grand  Canal  in 
Venice,  to  see  those  goodly  palaces,  must  needs  refresh  and  give  content  to  a' 
melancholy  dull  spirit.  Or  to  see  the  inner  rooms  of  a  fair-built  and  sumptuous 
edifice,  as  that  of  the  Persian  kings,  so  much  renowned  by  Diodorus  and  Curtius,  in 

^  Praecipua  hinc  Anglis  gloria,  crebra;  vittorJEE  parts. 
Jiivins.  'iCap.  7.  *s  Fracastorius.  ^Ain- 

Imlalioni'S  sulxJiules,  quas  horten.ses  aurie  ministrant, 
Kub  fornice  viridi,  panipinis  virenlibus  concamerata;. 
"Theopliylact.  «>itinerat.  ital.  ^aSedel 

aegroius  cespite  viridi,  rt  cum  inclenieiitia  Canicularis 
i'-rr:is  extoquit,  et  siccat  flumina,  ipse  securus  sedet 
sui)  arborea  fronde,  el  ai  dnloris  sni  solaljuin,  naribus 
suis  graiuliieas  redolel  species,  pascit  oculos  lierbarum 


aniaena  viriditas,  aiires  suavi  modnlamine  demulc-t 
piclarum  concentus  avium,  &c.  Dhms  bone,  ijuanta 
paiiperibus  procuras  solatia  !  ^  Diod.  SjcuIus,  lib.  2. 
"  Lib.  i:).  de  animal,  cap.  13.  "  Pet.  Gillius.  Paul. 

Hentzeus  Itenerar.  Italix.  IfilT.  lod.  Siiicerus  Itene- 
rar.  Galliae  ltil7.     Simp.  lib.  1.  quest.  4.  "  Jucuti- 

dissiina  deamhulatio  ju.vta  mare,  et  navigatio  pruu-» 
terrain.     In  utraque  fluminis  ripa. 


312 


Cure  of  Melanchohj. 


[Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 


nhich  all  was  almost  beaten  gold,  "chairs,  stool*,  thrones,  tabernacles,  and  pillars 
of  gold,  plane  trees,  and  vines  of  gold,  grapes  of  )>recious  stor«a,  all  the  other  orna- 
ments of  pure  gold, 

65  ■'  Fiilaet  gemma  floris,  et  jaspidc  fulva  supellex, 
Strata  iiiicaiit  Tyrio" 

With  sweet  odours  and  perfumes,  generous  wines,  opiparous  fare,  Stc,  besides  the 
gallantest  young  men,  the  fairest  ^'^  virgins,  puclhe  scitula.  ministrcmles,  tlie  rare,-t 
beauties  the  world  could  allbrd,  and  those  set  out  witli  costly  and  curious  attires,  ad 
St'uporem  usque  spcctantium,  with  exquisite  music,  as  in  ^'Trimaltion's  house,  in  every 
chamber  sweet  voices  ever  sounding  day  and  night,  incomparubilis  lurus,  all  delights 
and  pleasures  in  each  kind  which  i^  please  the  senses  could  possibly  be  devised  or 
had,  conviva  coronati,  dclitiis  ebrtt,  &.c.  Telemachus,  in  llomer,  is  brought  in  as 
one-  ravished  almost  at  the  sight  of  that  magnilicent  palace,  and  rich  furniture  of 
iMenelaus,  when  he  beheld 


"""vEris  fulguroin  et  resoiiaiitia  tecta  corusco 

Auro,  alque  electro  nitido,  aeirloqui^  clephanto, 
Ar<.'eiit()que  simul.     Talis  Juvis  aniua  seiles, 
Aiiluque  ccelicoltjiu  slctluiis  spleiiiteacit  Dlyiupo." 


"Such  glittering  of  gold  and  brightest  brass  to  shine, 
Clear  amber,  silver  pure,  and  ivory  so  fine: 
Jupiter's  lol^y  palace,  wtiere  the  poils  do  dwell. 
Was  even  such  a  one,  and  did  it  not  e.vcel." 


It  will  laxurc  anirnos,  refresh  the  soul  of  man  to  see  fair-built  cities,  streets,  tlieatres, 
temples,  obelisks,  kc.  The  temple  of  Jerusalem  was  so  fairly  built  of  white  mar- 
ble, witli  so  many  pyramids  covered  with  gold ;  tcctumque  templi  fulvo  coruscans 
auro,  nimio  suo  fulgore  obcacabat  oculos  ilinerantium,  was  so  glorious,  and  so  glist- 
ened afar  oil",  that  the  spectators  might  not  well  abide  the  sight  of  it.  But  the  inner 
parts  were  all  so  curiously  set  out  with  cedar,  gold,  jewels,  Stc,  as  he  said  of  Cleo- 
patra's palace  in  Egypt, ^^ Crassumqut  trabes  ubscundtrat  auruin,  that  tlie  be- 
holders were  amazed.  What  so  pleasant  as  to  see  some  pageant  or  sight  go  by,  as 
at  coronations,  weddings,  and  such  like  solemnities,  to  see  an  ambassador  or  a  prince 
met,  received,  entertained  with  masks,  shows,  fireworks,  Stc.  To  see  two  kings  tight 
in  single  combat,  as  Porus  and  Alexander;  Canute  and  Edmund  Ironside;  Scander- 
beg  and  Ferat  Bassa  the  Turk ;  when  not  honour  alone  but  life  il.self  is  at  stake, 
as  the  '"poet  of  Hector, 


"nee  eniin  pro  tcrgore  Tauri, 

Pro  bove  nee  certanien  erat,  q'lu-  pra-inia  cursus 
Esse  «ulent,  led  pro  oiagni  viiaque  aniniaque  — 


■  Hectoris." 


To  behold  a  battle  fought,  like  that  of  Cressy,  or  Agincourt,  or  Poictiers,  qua  nescio 
(^saith  Froissart)  an  vetustas  ullam  proferre  possit  clariorem.  To  see  one  of  Cassar's 
triumphs  in  old  Rome  revived,  or  the  like.  To  be  present  at  an  interview,  "  as  that 
famous  of  Henry  the  Eighth  and  Francis  tlie  First,  so  much  renowned  all  over  Eu- 
rope;  ubi  tanto  apparalu  (sailh  Iluberlus  Vellius)  tamque  triumphuli  poinpd  ainbo 
reges  corn  eorum  conjugibm  coicre,  ut  nulla  unquum  alas  turn  celcbriafcstu  viderU 
aul  audieril,  no  age  ever  saw  the  like.  So  infinitely  j)leasant  are  such  i^liows,  to  the 
sight  of  which  oftenliincs  they  will  come  hundreds  of  miles,  give  any  money  for  a 
place,  and  remember  many  years  after  with  singular  delight.  Bodine,  wlien  he  was 
ambassador  in  England,  said  he  saw  the  noblemen  go  in  their  robes  to  the  parliament 
house,  summd  cum  jucundilale  vidimus,  he  was  much  aflected  with  the  .^ight  of  it. 
Poinponius  Columna,  saith  Jovius  in  his  life,  saw  thirteen  Frenchmen,  and  so  many 
Italians,  once  tight  for  a  whole  army  :  Quod  jucundissimum  spectuculuin  in  vilil  dicil 
mn,  the  pleasantest  sight  that  ever  he  saw  in  his  life.  Who  would  not  have  been 
aflected  with  such  a  spectacle  ?  Or  that  single  combat  of  "  Pireaute  the  Frenchman, 
and  Anthony  Schets  a  Dutchman,  before  the  walls  of  Sylvaducis  in  Brabant,  anno 
1000.  They  were  twenty-two  horse  on  the  one  side,  as  many  on  the  other,  which 
like  Livy's  Horatii,  Torquati  and  Corvini  fought  for  their  own  glorj'  and  country's 
honour,  in  the  sight  and  view  of  their  whole  city  and  army.  '^  When  Julius  Cajsar 
warred  about  the  banks  of  Rhone,  there  came  a  barbarian  prince  to  see  him  and  the 
Roman  army,  and  when  he  had  beheld  Ca;sar  a  good  while,  ""  I  see  the  gods  now 


M  Aurei  panes,  aiirea  obsnnia,  vis  Margaritarum  ace- 
to  subaclii.  &c.  "-^Liican.     " 'I'lie  furniture  glitters 

with  lirilliaiit  gems,  with  yellow  jaspi-r,  and  the  couches 
dazzle  with  their  purple  dye."  ";jtKI  pellices  pcrilla- 
lort's  et  piiiceriiie  iiiiiiiineri,  pueri  luti  purpura  iiiduti, 
iz-..  f\  oiiiiiiuiii  pulchritudiiie  delecti.  ^  Ubi  omnia 

rantu  strepum.        ""Oilyss.  •■'Lucan.  1.8.     "The 

liaibers  were  concealed  by  solid  gold."  'o  Iliad.  10. 


"  For  neither  was  the  contest  for  the  hide  of  a  bull,  nor 
fur  a  beeve,  which  are  the  usrial  priz.  s  in  the  riic»-,  bul 
for  the  life  and  soulof  tlio  great  llicior."  ■"  U«rliie.-n 
Ardt^.i  and  Giiiiii'!>,  I5IU.  '-Swertiui>  in  deliiiin.  fnl. 

487.  veteri  lloratioruiii  exi'iiiplo,  virtul>-  el  yurci  «itii  ad- 
inirabili,  c^^ls  hni^lilias  17.  in  coii>>p<-riu  piilria-.  tec 
"  Faterciilus,  vol.  pii^t.  '*C^uos  antra  auilni,  inquil, 
bodie  vidi  deos. 


Mem.  4.]  Exercise  rectified.  313 

(saith  he)  which  before  I  heard  of,"  ncc  fceliciorem  ullam  vifcs  mecs  aid  opiavi,  aut 
sensi  diem:  it  was  the  liappiest  day  that  ever  he  had  in  his  life.  Such  a  sight  alone 
were  able  of  itself  to  drive  away  melancholy ;  if  not  for  ever,  yet  it  must  needs 
expel  it  for  a  time.  Radzivilus  was  much  taken  with  the  pasha's  palace  in  Cairo, 
and  amongst  many  other  objects  which  that  place  aflbrded,  with  that  solemnity  of 
cutting  the  banks  of  the  Nile  by  Imbram  Pasha,  when  it  overflowed,  besides  two  or 
three  hundred  gilded  galleys  on  the  water,  he  saw  two  millions  of  men  gathered 
together  on  the  land,  with  turbans  as  white  as  snow ;  and  'tv.'as  a  goodly  sight. 
The  very  reading  of  feasts,  triumphs,  interviews,  nuptials,  tilts,  tournaments,  com- 
bats, and  monomachies,  is  most  acceptable  and  pleasant.  "Franciscus  3Iodius  hath 
made  a  large  collection  of  such  solemnities  in  two  great  tomes,  which  whoso  will 
may  peruse.  The  inspection  alone  of  those  curious  iconographies  of  temples  and 
palaces,  as  that  of  the  Lateran  church  in  Albertus  Durer,  that  of  the  temple  of  Jeru- 
salem in  ''^Josephus,  Adricomius,  and  Villalpandus :  that  of  the  Escurial  in  Guadas, 
of  Diana  at  Ephesus  in  Pliny,  Nero's  golden  palace  in  Rome,  "Justinian's  in  Con- 
stantinople, that  Peruvian  Jugo's  in  ''^  Cusco,  ut  non  ah  horninibus,  sed  a  dannoniis 
construchun  videatiir;  St.  Mark's  in  Venice,  by  Ignatius,  with  many  such;  priscoruni 
artijicum  ojjcra  (saith  that  ™  interpreter  of  Pausanias),  the  rare  workmanship  of  those 
ancient  Greeks,  in  theatres,  obelisks,  temples,  statues,  gold,  silver,  ivory,  marble 
images,  non  minore  ferme  quum  leguntur,  quam  qimm  cerniinlur,  animum  delccLalione 
complcnt,  affect  one  as  much  by  reading  almost  as  by  sight. 

The  country  hath  his  recreations,  the  city  his  several  gymnics  and  exercises,  IMay 
games,  feasts,  wakes,  and  merry  meetings,  to  solace  themselves ;  the  veiy  being  in 
the  country;  that  life  itself  is  a  sufficient  recreation  to  some  men,  to  enjoy  such 
pleasures,  as  those  old  patriarchs  did.  Dioclesian,  the  emperor,  was  so  much 
affected  with  it,  that  he  gave  over  his  sceptre,  and  turned  gardener.  Constantine 
wrote  twenty  books  of  husbandry.  Lysander,  when  ambassadors  came  to  see  him, 
bragged  of  nothing  more  than  of  his  orchard,  hi  sunt  ordines  mei.  What  shall  I 
say  of  Cincinnatus,  Cato,  Tully,  and  many  such  .'  how  they  have  been  pleased  with 
it,  to  prune,  plant,  inoculate  and  graft,  to  shovv  so  many  several  kinds  of  pears,  apples 
plums,  peaches,  &.c. 

i""  Nunc  captare  feras  laquno,  nunc  fallere  visco,  1    "Sometimes  with  traps  deceive,  with  line  and  string 

Ali|iip  eliatii  niaimos  canihiis  circundare  saltus  To  ratch  will  liinls  and  b'iast?,  encompassing 

Insidias  avibus  moliri,  incendere  vepres."  |       The  grove  with  dogs,  and  out  of  bushes  firing." 

et  nidos  avium  scrutari,"  &c. 

Jucundus,  in  his  preface  to  Cato,  Varro,  Columella,  Stc,  put  out  by  him,  confesseth 
of  himself,  that  he  was  mightily  delighted  with  these  husbandry  studies,  and  took 
extraordinary  pleasure  in  them  :  if  the  theory  or  speculation  can  so  much  affect, 
what  sliall  the  place  and  exercise  itself,  the  practical  part  do  ?  The  same  confession 
I  find  in  Herbastein,  Porta,  Camerarius,  and  many  others,  which  have  written  of  that 
subject.  If  my  testimony  were  aught  worth,  I  could  say  as  much  of  myself;  I  am 
vere  Saturnus;  no  man  ever  took  more  delight  in  springs,  woods,  groves,  gardens, 
walks,  fishponds,  rivers,  &c.    But 

8'  "  Tantalus  a  labris  sitiens  fugientia  capiat 
Fluuiina ;" 

And  so  do  I;   Velle  licet,  potiri  non  licet?'' ^"^ 

Every  palace,  every  city  almost  hath  its  peculiar  walks,  cloisters,  terraces,  groves, 
theatres,  pageants,  games,  and  several  recreations ;  every  country,  some  professed 
gymnics  to  exhilarate  their  minds,  and  exercise  their  bodies.  The  ^^  Greeks  had 
their  Olympian,  Pythian,  Isthmian,  Nemean  games,  in  honour  of  Neptune,  Jupiter, 
Apollo;  Athens  hers:  some  for  honour,  garlands,  crowns;  for  ^beauty,  dancing, 
nnming,  leaping,  like  our  silver  games.  The  ^  Romans  had  their  feasts,  as  the  Athe- 
nians, and  Lacedaemonians  held  their  public  banquets,  in  Pritanaeo,  Panathenaeis, 
Thesperiis,  Phiditiis,  plavs,  naumachies,  places  for  sea-fights,  ^  theatres,  amphitheatres 
able  to  contain  70,000  men,  wherein  they  had  several  delightsome  shows  to  exhila- 

"PandectE  Triumph,  fol.  'oLib.  6.  cap.  14.  de  i  desire,  but  can't  enjoy."  fSBoterus  lib.  3.  polit. 

belln  Jdil.  '^procoplus.  "8  Laet.  Lib.  10   Amer.     cap.  1.         64See  Alh  •na^ns  dipnoso.  Ludi  vctivi, 

descript.  '^iiomuhis   Amaseus  prafal.    Paiisan.     sacri,    ludicri,    Mesalenses,    Cernales,    Florales,    Mar- 

«o  \'irg.  1.  CJeor.  6i  "  xhe  thirsting  Tantalus  gapes     tiales,  &c.  Rosiniis,  5.  1-2.  MSee  Lipsius  Aniphitbe 

for  llie  water  that  eludes  his  lips."  k!"X  may  I  atrum  Rosinus  lib.  5.    Meursius  de  ludis  Graecorura. 

40  2B 


:{l-t  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sect.  2. 

rate  the  people;  ^gladiators,  combats  of  men  with  themselves,  with  wild  beasts,  and 
wild  beasts  one  with  another,  like  our  bull-baitings,  or  bear-baitings  (in  wliich  many 
countrymen  anil  citizens  amongst  us  so  much  delight  and  so  frequently  use),  dancers 
on  ropes.  Jugglers,  wrestlers,  comedies,  tragedies,  publicly  exhibited  at  the  empe- 
•or's  and  city's  charge,  and  that  with  incredible  cost  and  magnificence.  In  the  Low 
Countries  (as  ^'^Meteran  relates)  before  these  wars,  they  had  many  solemn  feasts, 
piays,  challenges,  artillery  gardens,  colleges  of  rhymers,  rhetoricians,  poets :  and  to 
tiiis  (lav,  such  places  are  curiously  maintained  in  Amsterdam,  as  appears  by  that 
description  of  Isaacus  Pontanus,  reriim  Amslelrod.  lib.  2.  cap.  25.  So  likewise  not 
long  since  at  Friburg  in  Germany,  as  is  evident  by  tliat  relation  of  '""Neander,  they 
had  Liidos  septennales^  solemn  plays  every  seven  years,  which  Bocerus,  one  of  their 
owa  poets,  hath  elegantly  described  : 

^"  At  nunc  mit:;nitico  spectarula  structa  paratu 
(luiil  inenioreni,  vi-teri  lion  cunceti:<ura  Uuirino, 
Liiiluruiii  piinipa,"  tc. 

!n  Italy  they  have  solemn  declamations  of  certain  select  young  gentlemen  in  Florence 
(Mke  tiiose  reciters  in  old  Home),  and  public  theatres  in  most  of  their  cities,  for 
siage-players  and  others,  to  exercise  and  recreate  themselves.  All  seasons  almost, 
all  places,  have  their  several  pastimes ;  some  in  summer,  some  in  winter ;  some 
abroad,  some  within :  some  of  the  body,  some  of  the  mind  :  and  diverse  men  have 
diverse  recreations  and  exercises.  Domitian,  the  emperor,  was  much  delighted  with 
catching  Hies ;  Augustus  to  play  with  nuts  amongst  children;  "'Alexander  Severus 
was  often  pleased  to  play  with  whelps  and  young  pigs.  ''^Adrian  was  so  wholly 
enamoured  with  dogs  and  horses,  that  he  bestowed  monuments  and  tombs  of  them, 
and  buried  them  in  graves.  In  foul  weather,  or  when  they  can  use  no  other  conve- 
nient sports,  by  reason  of  the  time,  as  we  do  cock-fighting,  to  avoid  idleness,  I 
tliink,  (though  some  be  more  seriously  taken  with  it,  spend  much  time,  cost  and 
charges,  and  are  too  solicitous  about  it)  ***  Severus  useti  partridges  and  quails,  as  many 
Frcnclmien  do  still,  and  to  keep  birds  in  cages,  with  which  he  was  much  pleased, 
when  at  any  time  he  had  leisure  from  public  cares  and  businesses.  lie  had  (saith 
Lampridius)  tame  pheasants,  ducks,  partridges,  peacocks,  and  some  20,000  ringdoves 
^nd  pigeons.  Busbequius,  the  emperor's  orator,  when  he  lay  in  Constantin<Ji)le,  and 
could  not  stir  much  abroad,  kept  for  his  recreation,  busying  himself  to  see  them  fed, 
almost  all  manner  of  strange  birds  and  beasts;  this  was  something,  though  not  to 
exercise  his  body,  yet  to  refresh  his  mind.  Conradus  Gesner,  at  Zurich  in  Switzer- 
land, kept  so  likewise  for  his  pleasure,  a  great  company  of  wild  beasts ;  and  (as  he 
saith)  took  great  delight  to  see  them  eat  tlieir  meat.  Turkey  gentlewomen,  tliat  are 
perpetual  prisoners,  still  mewed  up  according  to  the  custom  of  the  place,  have  little 
else  beside  their  household  business,  or  to  play  with  their  children  to  drive  away 
time,  but  to  dally  with  their  cats,  which  they  have  in  delitiis,  as  many  of  our  ladies 
and  gentlewomen  use  monkeys  and  little  dogs.  The  ordinary  recreations  wliich  we 
have  in  winter,  and  in  most  solitary  times  busy  our  minds  with,  are  cards,  tables  and 
dice,  shovelboard,  chess-play,  the  philosopher's  game,  small  trunks,  shuttlecock, 
billiards,  music,  masks,  singing,  dancing,  ulegames,  frolics,  jests,  riddles,  catches, 
purposes,  questions  and  commands,  '-"'merry  tales  of  errant  knights,  queens,  lovers, 
lords,  ladies,  giants,  dwarfs,  thieves,  cheaters,  witches,  fairies,  goblins,  friars,  kc,  such 
as  the  old  woman  told  Psyche  in  "'  A;)uleius,  Boccace  novels,  and  the  rest,  quarum 
auddione  pucri  dclectantur,  senes  narralione.,  which  some  delight  to  hear,  some  to 
tell;  all  are  well  pleased  with.  Amaranthus,  the  philosopher,  met  Ilermocles,  Dio- 
phantus  and  Philolaus,  his  companions,  one  day  busily  discoursing  about  Epicurus 
and  Democritus'  tenets,  very  solicitous  which  was  most  probable  and  came  nearest 
to  truth :  to  put  them  out  of  that  surly  controversy,  and  to  refresh  their  spirits,  he 
told  them  a  pleasant  tale  of  Stratocles  the  physician's  wedding,  and  of  all  the  parti- 
s' 1500  nipn  at  once,  tisers,  lions,  elephants,  hnrses,  '  their  fpectacles  protluced  with  the  iiioxt  iiiaunifirent 
doss,  Iw-ars,  &c.  ^' Lib.  ult.  et  I.  1.  ad  firieni  con-    decoralions,  — a  degree  of  c<>>lliiii'>s  ncvir  iii>iiili:i  d  in 

siietM<line  nnn   minus  landaliili.  (jiiani  veteri  nontuber-     even  hy  the;  Koiiinn:*."        »■  I.aniprKliiiii.       '->>  Sparliaii, 


nia  Rhcuiruni  Rythniorniii  in  urbibus  et  inunicipiis,  cer 
tisque  dii'bus  exercebaiit  se  sagittarii,  glailiatore!>,  Sec. 
Alia  inijenii,  animique  exercitia,  quorum  pra-cipuuin 
eiudiuiii,  priiiripeni  populutn  tragrciliis,  cciinoediis.  Tabu- 
lis  Kenicis,  aliisque  id  genus  ludis  recreare.  '^Orbis 
terra)  descript.  part.  3.  M-'yviiat  shall  I  nay  of 


"•Uelectatue  lums  catuloriini,  pMrci'lliiriiiii,  iit  |>eMice* 
inter  se  piienarent,  aiit  iit  avcx  parvulie  vur^iiiiii  r! 
deorsuiii  volitnreiit,  his  iiiaiinie  del^-rtnluf  <il  miIiIu 
dines    piibliras   itublevnrcl.  "  Itruiunte*    ll-te   ul 

possint  producere  noctest.  »^  Miles.  ■•. 


Mem.  4.] 


Exercise  rectified. 


315 


culars,  the  company,  the  cheer,  the  music,  &c.,  for  he  was  new  come  from  it;  witli 
whicii  relation  they  were  so  much  dehghted,  that  Philolaus  wislied  a  blessing  to  his 
lit^art,  and  many  a  good  wedding,  ^®  many  such  merry  meetings  might  he  be  at,  "  to 
please  himself  with  the  sight,  and  others  with  the  narration  of  it."  News  are  gene- 
rally welcome  to  all  our  ears,  avide  audimus^  aures  enim  hominum  novitalc  latantur 
('"as  Pliny  observes),  we  long  after  rumour  to  hear  and  listen  to  it,  ^^densum  humeris 
libit  awe  vulgus.  We  are  most  part  too  inquisitive  and  apt  to  hearken  after  news, 
v/iiich  C;Esar,  in  his  ^^Commentaries,  observes  of  the  old  Gauls,  they  would  be 
in([uiring  of  every  carrier  and  passenger  what  they  had  heard  or  seen,  what  news 
abroad  .^ 

" quid  tnto  fiat  in  orbe, 

Ciuid  Seres,  quid  Thractjs  agant,  secreta  noverca;, 
Kt  puuri,  quis  aiuet,"  &c. 

as  at  an  ordinary  v/ith  us,  bakehouse  or  barber's  shop.  When  that  great  Gonsalva 
was  upon  some  displeasure  confined  by  King  Ferdinand  to  the  city  of  Loxa  in  Anda- 
lusia, the  only  comfort  (saith  "^Jovius)  he  had  to  ease  his  melancholy  thoughts,  was 
to  hear  news,  and  to  listen  after  those  ordinary  occurrences  which  were  brought  him 
cum  primis,  by  letters  or  otherwise  out  of  the  remotest  parts  of  Europe.  Some  men's 
whole  delight  is,  to  take  tobacco,  and  drink  all  day  long  in  a  tavern  or  alehouse,  to 
discourse,  sing,  jest,  roar,  talk  of  a  cock  and  bull  over  a  pot,  &c.  Or  when  three  or 
four  good  companions  meet,  tell  old  stories  by  the  fireside,  or  in  the  sun,  as  old  folks 
usually  do,  qiicB  aprici  meminere  senes,  remembering  afresh  and  with  pleasure  ancient 
matters,  and  such  like  accidents,  which  happened  in  their  younger  years  :  others'  best 
pastime  is  to  game,  nothing  to  them  so  pleasant.  ^Hic  Veneri  indidget.,  hunc  decoquit 
alea — many  too  nicely  take  exceptions  at  cards,  ^  tables,  and  dice,  and  such  mixed 
lusorious  lots,  whom  Gataker  well  confutes.  Which  though  they  be  honest  recrea- 
tions in  tiiemselves,  yet  may  justly  be  otherwise  excepted  at,  as  they  are  often  abused, 
and  forbidden  as  things  most  pernicious;  insanam  rem  et  damnoscun^  ^Lemnius  calls 
it.  '•'■  For  most  part  in  these  kind  of  disports  'tis  not  art  or  skill,  but  subtlety,  cun- 
nycalcliing,  knavery,  chance  and  fortune  carries  all  away:"  'tis  ambulatoria pecimia, 

4" puncto  mohilis  horse 

Permutat  dominos,  et  cedit  in  altera  jura." 

They  labour  most  part  not  to  pass  their  time  in  honest  disport,  but  for  filthy  lucre, 
and  covetousness  of  money.  In  fcedissimum  lucrum  et  avaritiam  hominum  conver- 
fltur.,  as  Dancus  observes.  Fons  fraudum  el  malejiciorum,  'tis  the  fountain  of 
cozenage  and  villany.  *"A  thing  so  common  all  over  Europe  at  this  day,  and  so 
generally  abused,  that  many  men  are  utterly  undone  by  it,"  their  means  spent,  patri- 
monies consumed,  they  and  their  posterity  beggared ;  besides  swearing,  wrangling, 
drinking,  loss  of  time,  and  such  inconveniences,  which  are  ordinary  concomitants  : 
'•'•for  when  once  they  have  got  a  haunt  of  such  companies,  and  habit  of  gaming, 
they  can  hardly  be  drawn  from  it,  but  as  an  itch  it  will  tickle  them,  and  as  it  is  with 
whoremasters,  once  entered,  they  cannot  easily  leave  it  ofl*:"  Vexat  mentes  insania 
cupido^  they  are  mad  upon  their  sport.  And  in  conclusion  (which  Charles  the 
Seventh,  that  good  French  king,  published  in  an  edict  against  gamesters)  unde  pice  et 
hilaris  vitce  suffugium  sibi  suisquc  liberis^  totique  fumilia;^  4'c.  '■'That  which  was 
once  their  livelihood,  should  have  maintained  wife,  children,  family,  is  now  spent 
and  gone ;"  mceror  et  egestas,  Sfc,  sorrow  and  beggary  succeeds.  So  good  things 
may  be  abused,  and  that  which  was  first  invented  to  ^refresh  men's  weary  spirits, 
when  they  come  from  other  labours  and  studies  to  exhilarate  the  mind,  to  entertain 
time  and  company,  tedious  otherwise  in  those  long  solitary  winter  nights,  and  keep 
them  from  worse  matters,  an  honest  exercise  is  contrarily  perverted. 


MO  dii  similibiis  saipe  convlviis  date  ut  ipse  videndo 
delpctetiir,  et  pnstmodiim  narrando  delectet.  'J'lieod. 
prodrinniis  Amonirn  dial,  interpret.  Gilberlo  Giaulinio. 
»:  Kpisl.  lih.  r.   Riitfino.  9»  Hor.  "3  Lib.  4.  Gal- 

licy  ci)ns'ii;tudinis  est  ut  viatores  etiain  iiivitns  consis- 
ts-re cnpaiit.  et  quidquisqiie  eorurn  aiidierit  .tut  cosnorit 
dc  qua  re  qu^rutit.  w  Vits  ejus  lib.  ult.       '  Juven. 

» They  account  them  unlawful  because  sortilegious. 
'  Instit.  c.  Ai.  In  his  ludis  plerumqne  non  ars  aut  peri- 
tia  vij;''t,si-il  fraus.fallacia,  dolus  p.stutia,  casus,  forluna, 
•.ciiierita.-'  locum  hahent,  non  ratio  consilium,  sapieii- 
tiu  &.C.         -i  '  In  a  moment  of  fleeting  time  it  changes 


masters  and  submits  to  new  control."  ^.Abusus 

tani  freqiiens  lioiiie  in  Europa  ut  plerique  crebro  liarum 
usu  patrimonium  profundant,  eihaustisque  facultati- 
bus,  ad  inopiam  rediffantur.  cUbi  semid  prurigo 

ista  aninium  occup-it  a'gre  discuti  potest,  sojicitantihus 
uiidiqiie  ejusdem  farinffi  hominibus,  dauinosas  illas  vo- 
luptatps  repetunt,  quod  et  scortatorib.is  insitum,  &c. 
'  Instituitur  ista  e.^ercitatio,  non  lucri,  sed  valetudinia 
et  oblectamenti  ratione,  et  quo  animus  defalicatus  re- 
spiret,  novasque  vires  ad  subeundos  lubores  denijo 
coiicipiat. 


316  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Ser  2. 

Chess-];lay  is  a  good  and  witty  exercise  of  the  mind  for  some  kind  of  inc.ii.  ir.d 
fit  for  such  melancholy,  Rhasis  holds,  as  are  idle,  and  have  extravagant  imprriinenl 
thoughts,  or  troubled  with  cares,  nothing  better  to  distract  their  mind,  and  alter  their 
meditations:  invented  (some  say)  by  the  *  general  of  an  army  in  a  famine,  to  keep 
soldiers  from  mutiny :  but  if  it  proceed  from  overmuch  study,  in  such  a  case  it  may 
do  more  harm  than  good ;  it  is  a  game  too  troublesome  for  some  men's  brains,  too 
full  of  anxiety,  all  out  as  bad  as  study ;  besides  it  is  a  testy  choleric  game,  and  very 
offensive  to  him  that  loseth  the  mate.  HVilliam  the  Conqueror,  in  his  younger 
years,  playing  at  chess  with  the  Prince  of  France  (Dauphine  was  not  annexed  to 
that  crown  in  those  days)  losing  a  mate,  knocked  the  chess-board  about  his  pate, 
which  was  a  cause  afterward  of  much  enmity  between  them.  For  some  such  reason 
it  is  belike,  that  Patritius,  in  his  3.  book,  tit.  12.  de  reg.  insfit.  forbids  ins  i)iiiice  to 
play  at  chess;  hawking  and  hunting,  riiling,  kc.  he  will  allow;  and  this  to  other 
men,  but  by  no  means  to  him.  In  Muscovy,  where  they  live  in  stoves  and  hot 
houses  all  winter  long,  come  seldom  or  little  abroad,  it  is  again  very  necessary,  and 
therefore  in  those  parts,  fsaith  '"Herbastein)  much  used.  At  Fez  in  Africa,  where 
the  like  inconvenience  of  keeping  witliin  doors  is  through  heat,  it  is  very  laudable; 
and  (as  "  Leo  Afcr  relates)  as  much  frequented.  A  sport  fit  for  idle  gentlewomen, 
soldiers  in  garrison,  and  courtiers  that  have  nought  but  love  matters  to  busy  them- 
selves about,  but  not  altogether  so  convenient  for  such  as  are  students.  Tlie  like  I 
may  say  of  Col.  Bruxer's  philosophy  game,  D.  Fulke's  Metromach'ia  and  his  Oiiro- 
nofiiachia,  with  the  rest  of  those  intricate  astrological  and  geometrical  fictions,  for 
such  especially  as  are  mathematically  given ;  and  the  rest  of  those  curious  frames. 

Dancing,  singing,  masking,  mumming,  stage  plays,  howsoever  they  be  heavily 
censured  by  some  severe  Catos,  yet  if  opportunely  and  sol)erly  used,  may  justly  be 
approved.  Melius  est  fodere.,  quam  saltare,'^  saith  Austin  :  but  what  is  that  if  they 
delight  in  it.'  '^ JVemo  saltat  sobrius.  But  in  what  kind  of  dance?  1  know  these 
sports  have  many  oppugners,  whole  volumes  writ  ajraiust  them ;  when  as  all  tiiey 
say  (if  duly  considered)  is  but  ignoratio  Elenchi;  and  some  again,  because  they  are 
now  cold  and  wayward,  past  tliemselves,  cavil  at  all  such  youthful  sports  in  others, 
as  he  did  in  the  comedy  ;  they  think  them,  illico  nasci  series,  6fc.  Some  out  of  pre- 
posterous zeal  object  many  times  trivial  arguments,  and  because  of  some  abuse,  will 
quite  take  away  the  good  use,  as  if  they  should  forbid  wine  because  it  makes  men 
drunk;  but  in  my  judgment  they  are  too  stern:  there  "is  a  time  for  all  things,  a 
time  to  mourn,  a  time  to  dance,"  Eccles.  iii.  4.  "  a  lime  to  embrace,  a  time  not  to 
embrace,  (verse  5.)  and  nothing  better  tlian  that  a  man  should  rejoice  in  his  own 
works,"  verse  22 ;  for  my  part,  I  will  subscribe  to  the  king's  declaration,  and  was 
ever  of  that  mind,  those  May  games,  wakes,  and  Whitsun  ales,  Stc,  if  they  be  not 
at  unseasonable  hours,  may  justly  be  permitted.  Let  them  freely  feast,  .sing  and 
dance,  have  their  puppet-plays,  hobby-horses,  tabors,  crowds,  bagpipes,  Sec,  play  at 
ball,  and  barley-breaks,  and  what  sports  and  recreations  they  like  best,  hi  Fi-an- 
conia,  a  province  of  Germany,  (saith  '^Aubanus  Bohemus)  tlie  old  folks,  after  even- 
ing prayer,  went  to  the  alehouse,  the  younger  sort  to  dance :  and  to  .say  truth  with 
'^Salisburiensis,  satius  fuerat  sic  oliari,  quam  turpius  occupariy  better  to  do  so  than 
worse,  as  without  question  otherwise  (such  is  the  corruption  of  man's  nature)  many 
of  them  will  do.  For  that  cause,  plays,  masks,  jesters,  gladiators,  tuml)le.'-s,  jugglers, 
&c.,  and  all  that  crew  is  admitted  and  winked  at :  "^  Tota  jocularium  .^crna  procedil, 
et  idea  spectacula  admissa  sunt,  et  infinita  tyrocinia  vanitatum,  vt  his  occupintur,qui 
perniciosius  otiari  solent:  that  they  might  be  busied  about  such  toys,  that  would 
otherwise  more  perniciously  be  idle.  So  that  as  ''  Tacitus  said  of  the  astrologers  in 
Rome,  we  may  say  of  them,  genus  hominum  est  quod  in  civitate  nostra  et  vitabilur 
semper  ct  retinebifur,  they  are  a  debauched  company  most  part,  still  spoken  against, 
as  well  they  deserve  some  of  them  (for  I  so  relish  and  distinguish  them  as  fiddlers, 
and  musicians),  and  yet  ever  retained.     "  Evil  is  not  to  be  done  (I  confess)  that  good 

eLatrunculorum  ludiis  inventus  esc  i.  duco,  ut  cum  I  latrunculorum  Iudu8  est  upitatisaiinu*,  lib.  3.  de  Africi 


miles  iiilolerabili  fame  lahoraret.alterodieedens  altero 
ludeiis,  faiiiis  oblivisteretur.  Bellonius.  See  more  of 
this  came  in  Daniel  SoiitT's  Pal.iniedes,  vel  de  variis 
ludis,  I.  3.  >  D.  flayward  in  vita  ejus.  >o  Mus- 

covit.  commentarium.  >i  Inter  cives  Fessanos 


>*"  I:  is  better  to  dig  than  to  dance."  >*Tulliuk. 

"  No  sensible  man   danceu."  i*  Oe  ni<>r    Kcni. 

uPolycrat.  I.  1.  cap.  8.  i*  Idc-ni  ^ali«burien«i* 

"UiBt.lib.  1. 


Mem.  4. J  Exercise  rectified.  317 

may  come,  of  it :"  but  this  is  evil  per  accidens,  and  in  a  Jiiialified  sense,  to  avoiu  a 
greater  inconvenience,  may  justly  be  tolerated.  Sir  Thomas  More,  in  his  Utopian 
Commonwealth,  "*as  he  will  have  none  idle,  so  will  he  have  no  man  labour  over 
hard,  to  be  toiled  out  like  a  horse,  'tis  more  than  slavish  infelicity,  the  life  of  most 
of  our  hired  servants  and  tradesmen  elsewhere  (excepting  his  Utopians)  but  half  the 
day  allotted  for  work,  and  half  for  honest  recreation,  or  whatsoever  employment  thev 
shall  think  fit  for  themselves."  If  one  half  day  in  a  week  were  allowed  to  our  house- 
hold servants  for  their  merry  meetings,  by  their  hard  masters,  or  in  a  year  some  feasts, 
like  those  Roman  Saturnals,  I  think  they  would  labour  harder  all  the  rest  of  their 
time,  and  both  parties  be  better  pleased :  but  this  needs  not  (you  will  say),  for  some 
of  them  do  nought  but  loiter  all  the  week  lonff. 

This  which  I  aim  at,  is  for  such  as  avefracfi  animis,  troubled  in  mind,  to  ease 
them,  over-toiled  on  the  one  part,  to  refresh :  over  idle  on  the  other,  to  keep  them- 
selves busied.  And  to  this  purpose,  as  any  labour  or  employment  will  serve  to  the 
one,  any  honest  recreation  will  conduce  to  the  otlier,  so  that  it  be  moderate  and 
sparing,  as  the  use  of  meat  and  drink ;  not  to  spend  all  their  life  in  gaming,  playing, 
and  pastimes,  as  too  many  gentlemen  do ;  but  to  revive  our  bodies  and  recreate  our 
souls  with  honest  sports  :  of  which  as  there  be  diverse  sorts,  and  peculiar  to  several 
callings,  ages,  sexes,  conditions,  so  there  be  proper  for  several  seasons,  and  those  of 
distinct  natures,  to  fit  that  variety  of  humours  which  is  amongst  them,  that  if  one 
will  not,  another  may :  some  in  summer,  some  in  winter,  some  gentle,  some  more 
violent,  some  for  the  mind  alone,  some  for  the  body  and  mind  :  (as  to  some  it  is 
both  business  and  a  pleasant  recreation  to  oversee  workmen  of  all  sorts,  husbandry, 
cattle,  horses,  SiC.  To  build,  plot,  project,  to  make  models,  cast  up  accounts,  &c.) 
some  without,  some  within  doors  ;  new,  old,  &c.,  as  the  season  serveth,  and  as  men 
are  inclined,  it  is  reported  of  Phihppus  Bonus,  that  good  duke  of  Burgundy  (by 
Lodovicus  Vives,  in  Epist.  and  Pont.  '^Heuter  in  his  history)  that  the  said  duke,  at 
the  marriage  of  Eleonora,  sister  to  the  king  of  Portugal,  at  Bruges  in  Flanders,  which 
was  solemnized  in  the  deep  of  winter,  when,  as  by  reason  of  unseasonable  weather, 
he  could  neither  hawk  nor  hunt,  and  was  now  tired  with  cards,  dice,  &c.,  and  such 
other  domestic  sports,  or  to  see  ladies  dance,  with  .some  of  his  courtiers,  he  would 
in  the  evening  walk  disguised  all  about  the  town.  It  so  fortuned,  as  he  was  walking 
late  one  night,  he  found  a  country  fellow  dead  drunk,  snorting  on  a  bulk;  ^°he 
caused  his  followers  to  bring  him  to  his  palace,  and  there  stripping  him  of  his  old 
clothes,  and  attiring  him  after  the  court  fashion,  when  he  waked,  he  and  they  were 
all  ready  to  attend  upon  his  excellency,  persuading  him  he  was  some  great  duke. 
The  poor  fellow  admiring  how  he  came  there,  was  served  in  state  all  the  day  long ; 
after  supper  he  saw  them  dance,  heard  music,  and  the  rest  of  those  court-like  plea- 
sures :  bat  late  at  night,  when  he  was  well  tippled,  and  again  fast  asleep,  they  put  on 
his  old  robes,  and  so  conveyed  him  to  the  place  where  they  first  found  him.  Now 
the  fellow  had  not  made  them  so  good  sport  the  day  before  as  he  did  when  he  re- 
turned to  himself;  all  the  jest  was,  to  see  how  he  ^'looked  upon  it.  In  conclusion, 
after  some  little  admiration,  the  poor  man  told  his  friends  he  had  seen  a  vision,  con- 
stantly believed  it,  would  not  otherwise  be  persuaded,  and  so  the  jest  ended.  ^'An- 
tiochus  Epiphanes  would  often  disguise  himself,  steal  from  his  court,  and  go  into 
merchants',  goldsmiths',  and  other  tradesmen's  shops,  sit  and  talk  with  them,  and 
sometimes  ride  or  walk  alone,  and  fall  aboard  with  any  tinker,  clown,  serving  man, 
carrier,  or  whomsoever  he  met  first.  Sometimes  he  did  ex  insperato  give  a  poor  fel- 
low money,  to  see  how  he  would  look,  or  on  set  purpose  lose  his  purse  as  he  went, 
to  watch  who  found  it,  and  withal  how  he  would  be  affected,  and  with  such  objects 
he  was  much  delighted.  Many  such  tricks  are  ordinarily  put  in  practice  by  great 
men,  to  exhilarate  themselves  and  others,  all  which  are  harmless  jests,  and  have  their 
good  uses. 

But  amongst  those  exercises,  or  recreations  of  the  mind  within  doors,  there  is 


's  Nemo  desidet  otiosiis,  ita  nemo  asinino  more  ad 
seraiii  iioctem  laborat ;  nam  ea  plusquam  servilis  srum- 
na,  qua?  opificiiiii  vita  est,  exceptis  Utopiensibus  qui 
diem  in  24.  horasdividum,  sesdunla.xat  operi  deputant, 
reMquum  a  pomno  et  cll)o  cujusque  arbitrio  permittitur. 
■>*  fierum  Burguiid.  lib.  4.  »jijggi[  hominem  de- 

2b2 


ferri  ad  palatium  et  leclo  ducali  colbcari,  &c.  mirari 
homo  ubi  se  eo  loci  videt.  "  Ciuid  inteie.<l.  inquU 

Lod'ivicus  Vives,  (epist.  ad  Francisc.  Barducem)  intei> 
diem  illiua  et  noslros  aliquot  anno.';?  nihil  peniliia, 
nisi  quod,  &C.  *»Hen.  Stepliun.  prsclat.  flurudoti. 


318 


Cure  of  Melancholy. 


Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 


none  so  general,  so  aptly  to  be  applied  to  all  sorts  of  men,  so  fit  and  proper  to  expel 
idleness  and  melancholy,  as  tliat  of"  study  :  Sludia  soiecUiicm  oblcctant,  udnh'scvniiam 
ttlurJ.,  sccundas  res  ornant^  adversis  perfugium  et  solatium  prcebent,  domi  delectartt. 
<S-c.,  find  the  rest  in  TuUy  pro  Archia  PoetaP  What  so  full  of  content,  as  to  read, 
walk,  and  see  maps,  pictures,  statues,  jewels,  marbles,  whicli  some  so  much  mag- 
nify, as  those  that  Phidias  made  of  old  so  exquisite  and  pleasing  to  be  bclield,  that 
as  ^^Chrypostom  lliinketh,  "-if  any  man  be  sickly,  troubled  in  mind,  or  that  cannot 
sleep  for  grief,  and  shall  but  stand  over  against  one  of  Phidias'  images,  he  will  forget 
all  care,  or  whatsoever  else  may  molest  him,  in  an  instant  V  There  be  those  as 
much  taken  with  Michael  Angelo's,  Kapliael  de  Urhino's,  Francesco  Francia's  pieces, 
and  many  of  those  Italian  and  Dutch  painters,  which  were  excellent  in  their  ages  ; 
and  esteem  of  it  as  a  most  pleasing  sight,  to  view  tliose  neat  architectures,  devices, 
escutcheons,  coats  of  arms,  read  such  books,  to  peruse  old  coins  of  several  .'orts  in 
a  fair  gallerv ;  artificial  works,  perspective  glasses,  old  relics,  Roman  antiquities, 
variety  of  colours.  A  good  picture  is  falsa  verilus,  et  vuita  poesis:  and  thoutrli  ^as 
^Vives  saith)  arti/icialia  delcctant.,  sed  jnox  fastidimus^  artificial  toys  please  but  for 
a  time ;  yet  who  is  he  that  will  not  be  moved  with  them  for  the  present .'  When 
Achilles  was  tormented  and  sad  for  the  loss  of  his  dear  friend  Palroclus,  his  mother 
Thetis  brought  him  a  most  elaborate  and  curious  buckler  made  by  Vulcan,  in  which 
were  engraven  sun.  moon,  stars,  planets,  sea,  land,  men  fighting,  running,  ridinsj, 
women  scolding,  hills,  dales,  towns,  castles,  brooks,  rivers,  trees,  Sec,  with  many 
prettv  landscapes,  and  perspective  pieces :  with  sight  of  which  he  was  infinitely  de- 
lighted, and  much  eased  of  his  grief. 

W'-Cunliniio  eo  epoctaculo  raptua  delenito  iinrore 

Oblectabulur,  in  iiiaiiibus  tenenn  ili.-i  Kpleiidida  dona." 

Who  will  not  be  afTected  so  in  like  case,  or  see  those  well-furnished  cloisters  and 
galleries  of  ihe  Roman  cardinals,  so   richly  stored  with   all  modern  pictures,  old 

statues  and  antiquities?   Cum  se spcctando  recreet  simiil  et  legendo,  to  see  their 

pictures  alone  and  read  the  dcscriptitMi,  as  "  Boisartlus  well  adds,  whom  will  it  not 
aflect  ?  which  Bozius,  Fomponius,  Laetus,  Marlianus,  Schottus,  Cavelerius,  Ligorius, 
&.C.,  and  he  himself  hath  well  performed  of  late.  Or  in  some  prince's  cabinets,  like 
that  of  the  great  dukes  in  Florence,  of  Felix  Platerus  in  Basil,  or  noblemen's  houses, 
to  see  such  variety  of  attires,  faces,  so  many,  so  rare,  and  such  exquisite  pieces,  of 
men,  birds,  beasts,  &.C.,  to  see  those  excellent  landscapes,  Dutch  works,  and  curious 
cuts  of  Sadlier  of  Prague,  Alberlus  Durer,  Goltzius  Vriiites,  itc,  such  pleasant  pieces 
of  perspective,  Indian  pictures  made  of  feathers,  China  works,  frames,  thaumaturiii- 
cal  motions,  exotic  toys,  kc.  Who  is  he  that  is  now  wholly  overcome  with  idle- 
ness, or  otherwise  involved  in  a  labyrinth  of  worldly  cares,  troubles  iind  discontents, 
that  will  not  be  much  lightened  in  his  mind  by  reading  of  some  enticinir  story,  true 
or  feigned,  whereas  in  a  glass  he  shall  observe  what  our  forefathers  have  dciiie,  the 
beginnings,  ruins,  falls,  periods  of  commonwealths,  private  men's  actions  displayed 
to  the  life,  &c.  ^"Plutarch  therefore  calls  them,  secundas  mensas  et  bellur'nt^  the 
second  course  and  junkets,  because  they  were  usually  read  at  noblemen's  feasts. 
Who  is  not  earnestly  affected  with  a  passionate  speech,  well  penned,  an  elegant 
poem,  or  some  pleasant  bewitching  discourse,  like  that  of  ^Ileliodorus,  uhi  oblectutio 
qucvdam  placide  fuit.,  aim  hilaritate  conjuncta?  Julian  the  Apostate  was  so  taken 
with  an  oration  of  Libanius,  the  sophister,  that,  as  he  confesseth,  he  could  not  he 
quiet  till  he  had  read  it  all  out.  Legi  orationem  tuam  magna  ex  parte,  heslernu  die 
ante  prandnim^  pransus  vero  sine  ulla  intermissione  totnm  ubsolvi.^  O  argumrntn  ! 
O  compositioncm!  I  may  say  the  same  of  this  or  that* pleasing  tract,  which  will 
draw  his  attention  along  with  it.  To  most  kind  of  men  it  is  an  extraordinary  de- 
light to  study.  For  what  a  world  of  books  offers  itself,  in  all  subjcrts,  arts,  and 
sciences,  to  the  sweet  content  and  capacity  of  the  reader?  In  arithmetic,  sjfonietry, 
perspective,  optics,  astronomy,  architecture,  sculpture,  painting,  of  which  so  many 


*3"  Study  is  the  delight  of  old  aze,  the  support  of 
youth,  the  ornanii'nt  of  |)rnsp*'rity,  the  si. lace  and  rt-fut'e 
of  adversity,  the  comfort  of  donieslic  lilf,  &c."  **Orat. 
]?.  siqiiis  aiiimo  fuerit  nilliclus  aut  a'gtr,  tiec  Eoniiiiini 
admittens.  is  niihi  videtur  e  regione  stans  talis  iniagi- 
niv,  oUlivisci  ouiiiiuin  posse,  qus  humans  vitc  airocia 


et  difficilia  accidere  solent.  *  De  aniina.  "  Ilia.. 
19.  »:  Tiipoirr.  Rom.  part.  1  -•^U'J'xI  h«roiiir 

conviviis  legi  Rolita-.  *  .Melanrthmi  ile  ll>-lii>doro. 

30  1  rend  a  cmisiileruble  part  nf  ycmr  upcech  tx-hirc  dm- 
iit-r.  but  afler  1  had  dined  I  (inishrd  it  omiplelely.  Ob 
what  arguments,  what  eloquence! 


Mem.  4.]  Exercise  rectified.  -  319 

and  such  elaborate  treatises  are  of  late  written  :  in  mechanics  and  their  mysteries, 
military  matters,  navigation',  '^  riding  of  horses,  ^^  fencing,  swimming,  gardening, 
planting,  great  tomes  of  husbandry,  cookery,  falconry,  hunting,  fishing,  fowling,  &c., 
with  exquisite  pictures  of  all  sports,  games,  and  what  not  ?  In  music,  metaphysics, 
natural  and  moral  philosophy,  philology,  in  policy,  heraldry,  genealogy,  chronology, 
&,c.,  they  afford  great  tomes,  or  those  studies  of  ^^  antiquity,  &c.,  et  ^^  qidd  snhfilius 
Arilhmelicis  inve7ilionibus,  quid  jucundlus  Musicis  ratio7iibus,  quid  divinius  Jlstrono- 
micis,  quid  rectius  Geo7netricis  demonstrationihus  ?  What  so  sure,  what  so  pleasant  ? 
He  that  shall  but  see  that  geometrical  tower  of  Garezenda  at  Bologna  in  Italy,  the 
steeple  and  clock  at  Slrasburg,  will  admire  the  effects  of  art,  or  that  engine  of  Archi- 
medes, to  remove  the  earth  itself,  if  he  had  but  a  place  to  fasten  his  instrument : 
Archimedes  Coclea,  and  rare  devices  to  corrivate  waters,  musical  instruments,  and 
tri-syllable  eclioes  again,  again,  and  again  repeated,  with  myriads  of  such.  What 
vast  tomes  are  extant  in  law,  physic,  and  divinity,  for  profit,  pleasure,  practice,  specu- 
lation, in  verse  or  prose,  &.c. !  their  names  alone  are  the  subject  of  whole  volumes, 
we  have  thousands  of  authors  of  all  sorts,  many  great  libraries  full  well  furnished, 
like  so  many  dishes  of  meat,  served  out  for  several  palates ;  and  he  is  a  very  block 
that  is  affected  with  none  of  them.  Some  take  an  infinite  delight  to  study  the  very 
languages  wherein  these  books  are  written,  Hebrew,  Greek,  Syriac,  Chaldee,  Arabic, 
&c.  Methinks  it  would  please  any  man  to  look  upon  a  geographical  map,  ^'^  sauvi 
aniTnum  deJectatione  allicere.,  oh  incredibilem  rerum  varietatem  et  jucundiJafem,  et  ad 
pleni.orem  sui  cognifionem  excitare,  chorographical,  topographical  delineations,  to 
behold,  as  it  were,  all  the  remote  provinces,  towns,  cities  of  the  world,  and  never 
to  go  forth  of  the  limits  of  his  study,  to  measure  by  the  scale  and  compass  their 
extent,  distance,  examine  their  site.  Charles  the  Great,  as  Platina  writes,  had  three 
fair  silver  tables,  in  one  of  which  superficies  was  a  large  map  of  Constantinople,  in 
the  second  Rome  neatly  engraved,  in  the  third  an  exquisite  description  of  the  whole 
world,  and  much  delight  he  took  in  them.  What  greater  pleasure  can  there  now  be, 
than  to  view  tliose  elaborate  maps  of  Ortelius,  ^"^  iMercator,  Hondius,  &c.  ?  To  peruse 
those  books  of  cities,  put  out  by  Braunus  and  Hogenbergius  .''  To  read  those  exqui- 
site descriptions  of  Maginus,  Munster,  Herrera,  Laet,  Merida,  Boterus,  Leander, 
Albertus,  Camden,  Leo  Afer,  Adricomius,  Nic.  Gerbelius,  &c.  ?  Those  famous  expe- 
ditions of  Christoph.  Columbus,  Americus  Vespucius,  Marcus  Polus  the  Venetian, 
Lod.  Vertomannus,  Aloysius  Cadamustus,  &.c.?  Those  accurate  diaries  of  Portu- 
guese, Hollanders,  of  Bartison,  Oliver  a  Nort,  Sec.  Hakluyt's  voyages.  Pet.  Martyr''s 
Decades,  Benzo,  Lerius,  Linschoten's  relations,  those  Hodaeporicons  of  Jod.  a  3Ieg- 
gen,  Brocard  the  monk,  Bredenbachius,  Jo.  Dublinius,  Sands,  &c.,  to  Jerusalem, 
Egypt,  and  other  remote  places  of  the  world  ?  those  pleasant  itineraries  of  Paulus 
Hentzerus,  Jodocus  Sincerus,  Dux  Polonus,  &.c.,  to  read  Bellonius'  observations,  P. 
Gillius  his  surveys ;  those  parts  of  America,  set  out,  and  curiously  cut  in  pictures, 
by  Fratres  a  Bry.  To  see  a  well-cut  herbal,  herbs,  trees,  flowers,  plants,  all  vegeta- 
bles expressed  in  their  proper  colours  to  the  life,  as  that  of  M&tthiolus  upon  Dios- 
corides,  Delacampius,  Lobel,  Bauhinus,  and  that  last  voluminous  and  mighty  herbal 
of  Beslar  of  Nuremburg,  vv^herein  almoi^t  every  plant  is  to  his  own  bigness.  To 
see  birds,  beasts,  and  fishes  of  the  sea,  spiders,  gnats,  serpents,  flies,  &c.,  all  crea- 
tures set  out  by  the  same  art,  and  truly  expressed  in  lively  colours,  with  an  exact 
description  of  their  natures,  virtues,  qualities,  &c.,  as  hatli  been  accurately  performed 
by  TElian,  Gesner,  Ulysses  Aldrovandus,  Bellonius,  Rondoletius,  Hippolytus  Salvia- 
nus,  &c.  ''''Jlrcana  Cfzli.,  nalurce  secreta,  ordine m  universi  scire  iiiajoris  felicilaiis  et 
diilcedinis  est.,  quam  cogitatione  quis  assequi  possit,  ant.  viortalis  sperare.  What  more 
pleasing  studies  can  there  be  than  the  mathematics,  theoretical  or  practical  parts  : 
as  to  survey  land,  make  maps,  models,  dials,  &c.,  with  which  1  was  ever  much  de- 


siPliivines.  ^Thibault.  S8  As  in  travelling 

the  rest  fH)  forward  and  look  before  tbem,  an  antiquary 
alone  looks  round  about  hitn,  seeing;  things  past,  cScc. 
hath  a  complete  horizon.     Janus  Bilrons.  3iC:ir- 


prrefat.  Merc.atoris.  "  It  allures  the  mind  hy  its  asree- 
able  attraction,  on  account  of  ,lie  incredible  variety  and 
pleasantness  of  the  subjects,  aid  excites  to  a  further 
step  in  knowledge."  se  Atlas  Geo;.'.  3' Cardan. 


dan.  "  What  is  more  subtle  than  aritinnetical  conclu-  "To  learn  the  mysteries  of  the  hiavens,  the  secret 
Fioiis;  what  more  agreeable  than  musical  harmonies;  |  workings  of  nature,  the  order  of  the  uni verso,  is  a 
what  more  divine  than  astronomical,  what  more  cer-  greater  happiness  and  gratification  than  any  mortal  can 
tain  than  geometrical  demonstrations?"         3=  Hondius  |  think  or  e.\pect  to  obtain." 


320 


Cure  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  2.  Sec.  2 


lighted  myself.  Talis  est  Mathematum  pulchritndo  (saith  °*  Plutarch)  ut  his  indignum 
sit  divitiarum.  phalcras  istas  et  bullas,  et  puellaria  spcclaaila  comparari;  such  is  the 
excellency  of  these  studies,  that  all  those  ornaiiients  and  childish  bubbles  of  wealth, 
are  not  worthy  to  be  compared  to  them:  credi  mihi  (^'  saith  one)  cxtingui  diilce  erit 
Mat  hematic  a  rum  artium  studio,  I  could  even  live  and  die  with  such  meditation,  '"'and 
take  more  delight,  true  content  of  mind  in  them,  than  tliou  hast  in  all  thy  wealth 
and  sport,  how  rich  soever  thou  art.  And  as  '"Cardan  well  seconds  me,  Honor iji- 
cum  magis  est  et  gloriosum  hoic  intelligcre,  quam  provinciis  praesse,  formosum  aul 
ditcm  juvenem  esse.'*^  The  like  pleasure  there  is  in  all  otlier  studies,  to  such  as  are 
truly  addicted  to  them,  '''ca  suavitas  (one  holds)  ut  cum  quis  ea  degustavcrit,  quasi 
poculis  Circcis  captus,  non  possit  unquam  ab  ilUs  dicclli;  the  like  sweetness,  which 
as  Circe's  cup  bewitchetli  a  student,  he  caimot  leave  olf,  as  well  may  witness  those 
many  laborious  hours,  days  and  nights,  spent  in  the  voluminous  treatises  written  by 
them;  the  same  content.  "Julius  Scaliger  was  so  nmch  atTected  with  poetry,  that 
he  brake  out  into  a  pathetical  protestation,  he  had  rather  be  the  author  of  twelve 
verses  in  Lucan,  or  such  an  ode  in  '^^  Horace,  than  emperor  of  Germany.  ''•^Nicho- 
las Gerbelius,  that  good  old  man,  was  so  much  ravished  with  a  few  Greek  authors 
restored  to  light,  with  hope  and  desire  of  enjoying  the  rest,  that  he  exclaims  forth- 
with, Arabihus  atque  Indis  omnibus  erimus  diliorcs,  we  shall  be  richer  than  all 
the  Arabic  or  Indian  princes;  of  such  ''^esteem  they  were  witli  him,  incomparable 
worth  and  value.  Seneca  prefers  Zeno  and  Chrysippus,  two  doting  stoics  (he  was 
so  much  enamoured  of  tiieir  works),  before  any  prince  or  general  of  an  army; 
and  Orontius,  the  mathematician,  so  far  admires  Archimedes,  that  he  calls  him 
Dii'inum  et  homine  mujorem,  a  petty  god,  more  than  a  man ;  and  well  he  might, 
for  aught  I  see,  if  you  respect  fame  or  worth.  Pindarus,  of  Thebes,  is  as  much 
renowned  for  his  poems,  as  Epaminondas,  Pelopidas,  Hercules  or  Bacchus,  his 
fellow  citizens,  for  their  warlike  actions  ;  et  si  favuim  respicias,  non  pauciores 
Jirislolclis  quam  Jilexandri  mtminerunt  (as  Cardon  notes),  Aristotle  is  more  known 
tlian  Alexander ;  for  we  have  a  bare  relation  of  Alexander's  deeds,  but  Aristotle,  tottu, 
vivit  in  monumentis,  is  whole  in  his  works :  yet  1  stand  not  upon  this ;  the  delight 
is  it,  which  I  aim  at,  so  great  pleasure,  such  sweet  content  there  is  in  study.  ''-King 
James,  1G05,  when  he  came  to  see  our  University  of  Oxford,  and  amongst  other 
edifices  now  went  to  view  that  famous  library,  renewed  by  Sir  Thomas  Bodley,  in 
imitation  of  Alexander,  at  his  departure  brake  out  into  that  noble  speech,  If  1  were  not 
a  king,  I  would  be  a  university  man :  *'''and  if  it  were  so  that  i  nmst  be  a  prisoner, 
if  I  might  have  my  wish,  I  would  desire  to  have  no  other  prison  than  that  library, 
and  to  be  chained  together  with  so  many  good  authors  et  mortuis  inagistris.''^  So 
sweet  is  the  delight  of  study,  the  more  learning  they  have  (as  he  that  hath  a  dropsy, 
the  more  he  drinks  the  thirstier  he  is)  the  more  they  covet  to  learn,  and  the  last  day 
is  prioris  discipulus ;  harsh  at  first  learning  is,  radices  amarce,  hut  fractu^  dulces^ 
according  to  that  of  Isocrates,  pleasant  at  last ;  the  longer  they  live,  the  more  they 
are  enamoured  with  tlie  Muses.  Heinsius,  the  keeper  of  the  library  at  Leyden  in 
Holland,  was  mewed  up  in  it  all  the  year  lo!)g:  and  that  which  to  thy  thinking  should 
have  bred  a  loathing,  caused  in  him  a  greater  liking.  *••  I  no  sooner  (saith  he)  come 
into  the  library,  but  I  bolt  the  door  to  me,  excluding  lust,  ambition,  avarice,  and  all 
such  vices,  whose  nurse  is  idleness,  the  mother  of  ignorance,  and  melancholy  her- 
self, and  in  the  very  lap  of  eternity,  amongst  so  many  divine  souls,  I  take  my  seat, 
with  so  lofty  a  spirit  and  sweet  content,  that  I  pity  all  our  great  ones,  and  rich  men 
that  know  not  this  happiness."  I  am  not  ignorant  in  the  meantime  (notwithstanding 
this  which  I  have  said)  how  barbarously  and  basely,  for  the  most  part,  our  ruder 
gentry  esteem  of  libraries  and  books,  how  they  neglect  and  contemn  so  great  a  trea- 
sure, so  inestimable  a  benefit,  as  ^sop's  cock  did  the  jewel  he  found  in  the  dung- 


*Lib.  decii|ii(l.  divitiarum         s»  Leon.  Disjrs.  priefat. 
ad  perpet.  prognost.  «>Plus  capio  voluptatis,  tec. 

*'  In  HippiTchen.  divis.  3.  <*'•  It  is  more  honourable 
and  clorious  to  understand  these  truths  than  to  govern 
provinces,  to  be  beautiful  or  to  be  youiic."  "Cardan, 
priefal.  reruin  variet.  *<  Poetices  lib.  **L,ib.  3. 

Ode  9.  Donee  ^ratus  eram  tibi,  &c.  «  De  Pelopones. 
lib.  6.  descript.  (iriEC.  *' Quos  si  intepros  habere- 

mu$.  Dii  honi,  quas  npes.  qiios  tbesauros  tenereinus. 
**  Isaark  Wake  mues  regnante*.        *>Si  unquam  mibi 


in  fatis  eit,  ut  captivue  ducar,  si  mihi  daretur  opiin,  boe 
cuperem  carcere  concludi,  hiscatenia  illigari.  rum  hisee 
captivis  roncatenatis  eelatem  agere.  w  Kpist.  Pri- 

niiero.  Pleninque  in  qua  siiiiiul  ac  pedem  posui,  foribus 
pesaiiliim  ahdo;  ambilionein  auleiii.  aniorem.  libidi- 
nem,  etc.  exclude,  quorum  parens  est  icnavia.  imperitia 
niitrix.  et  in  ipso  wternitatis  grenim.  inter  t<il  iljuiilrea 
animas  sedem  mihi  sumo,  cum  iiigenti  quidem  animo. 
ut  dubinde  magnatum  me  inisereat,  qui  felicitateiB 
banc  ignorant. 


Mem  4.]  Exercise  rectified.  321 

hill ;  and  all  through  error,  ignorance,  and  want  of  education.  And  'tis  a  wonder, 
withal,  to  observe  how  much  they  will  vainly  cast  away  in  unnecessary  expenses, 
quot  modis  pcreant  (sailh  ^'  Erasmus)  magnalibus  pecunice,  quantum  absumant  aha, 
scorta.,  compotationes^  profectiones  non  necessarian., pompa^.,  bella  qncesila^  ambit io.,  colax, 
morio.  htdio.,  c^-c,  what  in  hawks,  hounds,  lawsuits,  vain  building,  gormandising, 
drinking,  sports,  plays,  pastimes,  &c.  If  a  well-minded  man  to  the  Muses,  would  sue 
to  some  of  them  for  an  exhibition,  to  the  farther  maintenance  or  enlargement  of  such 
a  work,  be  it  college,  lecture,  library,  or  whatsoever  else  may  tend  to  the  advance- 
ment of  learning,  they  are  so  unwilling,  so  averse,  that  they  had  ratlier  see  these 
which  are  already,  with  such  cost  and  care  erected,  utterly  ruined,  demolished  or 
otherwise  employed ;  for  they  repine  many  and  grudge  at  such  gifts  and  revenues  so 
bestowed :  and  therefore  it  were  in  vain,  as  Erasmus  well  notes,  vel  ah  his.,  vel  a 
negotiatoribus  qui  se  MammoncB  dediderunt.,  improbum  forlasse  tale  qfficium  exigere., 
to  solicit  or  ask  anything  of  such  men  that  are  likely  damned  to  riches;  to  this  pur- 
pose. For  my  part  1  pity  these  men,  stultos  jubco  esse  Ubentcr.,  let  them  go  as  they 
are,  in  the  catalogue  of  Ignoramus.  How  much,  on  the  other  side,  are  all  we  bound 
that  are  scholars,  to  those  munificent  Ptolemies,  bountiful  Maecenases,  heroical 
patrons,  divine  spirits, 

'-  '   qui  nobis  liasc  otii)  fecerunt,  iiaraqiie  erit  ille  mihi  semper  Deus" 

"These  blpssiiigs,  friend,  a  Deity  hpstow'd, 
For  never  can  I  deem  him  less  than  Gnd." 

That  have  provided  for  us  so  many  well-furnished  libraries,  as  well  in  our  public 
academies  in  most  cities,  as  in  our  private  colleges  ^  How  shall  I  remember  "'^  Sir 
Thomas  Bodley,  amongst  the  rest,  ^^  Otho  Nicholson,  and  the  Right  Reverend  John 
Williams,  Lord  Bishop  of  Lincoln  (with  many  other  pious  acts),  who  besides  that 
at  St.  .John's  College  in  Cambridge,  that  in  Westminster,  is  now  likewise  in  Fieri 
with  a  library  at  Lincoln  (a  noble  precedent  for  all  corporate  towns  and  cities  to  imi- 
tate), O  quam  te  memorem  (vir  illiistrissime)  quibus  clogiis?  But  to  my  task  again. 
Whosoever  he  is  therefore  that  is  overrun  with  solitariness,  or  carried  away  with 
pleasing  melancholy  and  vain  conceits,  and  for  want  of  employment  knows  not  how 
to  spend  his  time,  or  crucified  with  worldly  care,  I  can  prescribe  him  no  better 
remedy  than  this  of  study,  to  compose  himself  to  the  learning  of  some  art  or  science. 
Provided  always  that  this  malady  proceed  not  from  overmuch  study;  for  in  such 
case  he  adds  fuel  to  the  fire,  and  nothing  can  be  more  pernicious :  let  him  take  heed 
he  do  not  overstretch  his  wits,  and  make  a  skeleton  of  himself;  or  such  inamoratoes 
as  read  nothing  but  play-books,  idle  poems,  jests,  Amadis  de  Gaul,  the  Knight  of  the 
Sun,  the  Seven  Champions,  Palmerin  de  Oliva,  Huon  of  Bourdeaux,  &c.  Such  many 
times  prove  in  the  end  as  mad  as  Don  Quixote.  Study  is  only  prescribed  to  those 
that  are  otherwise  idle,  troubled  in  mind,  or  carried  headlong  with  vain  thoughts  and 
imaginations,  to  distract  their  cogitations  (although  variety  of  study,  or  some  serious 
subject,  would  do  the  former  no  harm)  and  divert  their  continual  meditations  another 
way.  Nothing  in  this  case  better  than  study;  semper  aliquid  memoriter  ediscanf., 
saith  Piso,  let  them  learn  something  without  book,  transcribe,  translate,  Scc.  Read 
the  Scriptures,  which  Hyperius,  lib.  1.  de  quotid.  script,  kc.fol.  77.  holds  available 
of  itself,  ''■"  the  mind  is  erected  thereby  from  all  worldly  cares,  and  hath  much  quiet 
and  tran(|uillity."  For  as  ^Austin  well  hath  it,  'tis  scientia  scientiarum.,  omni  mejle 
dulcior,  omni  pane  suavior.,  omni  vino.,  hilarior :  'tis  the  best  nepenthe,  surest  cordial, 
sweetest  alterative,  presentest  diverter  :  for  neither  as  *"Chrysostom  well  adds,  "-those 
boughs  and  leaves  of  trees  which  are  plashed  for  cattle  to  stand  under,  in  the  heat 
of  the  day,  in  summer,  so  much  refresh  them  with  their  acceptable  shade,  as  the 
reading  of  the  Scripture  doth  recreate  and  comfort  a  distressed  soul,  in  sorrow  and 
affliction."  Paul  bids  "pray  continually;"  quod  cibus  corpori,  lectio  animce  facit., 
saith  Seneca,  as  meat  is  to  the  body,  such  is  reading  to  the  soul.  ^*"To  be  at  leisure 
without  books  is  another  hell,  and  to  be  buried  alive."  ^^  Cardan  calls  a  library  the 
physic  of  the  soul;  """divine  authors  fortify  the  mind,  make  men  bold  and  constant; 


6-Chil.  2.  Cent,  1.    Adag.   1.  "Virg.  eclog.   1. 

'^Founder  of  our  public  library  in  Oion.        siQurs  in 
Christ  Clnirch,   Ojton.  6s  .Animus   levafur   inde   a 

curiji  multa  qiiieto  et  tranquillitate  fruens.       ^Scr. 38. 
k-J  Fratres  Kreui.  '7  Horn.  4.  de  poenitentia.    Nam 


meridie  perastatem,  optabilem  pxhibentesumbram  ove» 
ita  reficiunt,  ac  scripturarum  lectio  afflictas  ansor- 
animas  sniatur  et  rccreat.  ^  Otium  sine  literis  mor^ 
est.  et  vivi  hominis  sepultura,  Seneca.  "Cap  99. 

1.  57.  de  rer.  var.        MFortem  reddunt  animum  el  con- 


neijae    arhorum    corns    pro    pecorom   tuguriis   faclse,  j  stantem  ;  et  pium  colloquium  nun  permittit  soimuia 
41 


322  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec  2 

and  (as  Hvperins  adds)  godly  conference  will  not  permit  the  mind  to  be  tortuied 
with  absurd  coj/itations."  Rhasis  enjoins  continual  conference  to  such  melancholy 
men,  perpetual  discourse  of  some  history,  tale,  poem,  news,  kc,  alternos  sermones 
'dcre  ac  hihcrc,  ceque  jucundum  quam  cibus,sive  potiis,  which  feeds  the  mind  as  meat 
and  drink  dotli  the  body,  and  pleaseth  as  much :  and  therefore  the  said  Khasis,  not 
without  <Tood  cause,  would  have  somebody  still  talk  seriously,  or  dispute  with  them, 
and  sometimes  "•*'  to  cavil  and  wrangle  (so  that  it  break  not  out  to  a  violent  pertur- 
bation), for  such  altercation  is  like  stirring  of  a  dead  lire  to  make  it  burn  afresh,"  it 
whets  a  dull  spirit,  "  and  will  not  sullbr  the  mind  to  be  drowned  in  tliose  profound 
cogitations,  wliich  melancholy  men  are  commonly  troubled  witli.",  "-'Ferdinand  and 
Alphonsus,  kin<rs  of  Arragon  and  Sicily,  were  both  cured  by  reading  the  history,  one 
of  Curtius,  tlie  other  of  Livy,  when  no  prescribed  physic  would  take  place.  "^Came- 
rarius  relates  as  much  of  Lorenzo  de'  3Icdici.  Heathen  philosophers  are  so  full  of 
divine  precepts  in  this  kind,  that,  as  some  think,  tliey  alone  are  able  to  settle  a  ilis- 
tressed  mind.  '^^Simt  verba  et  voces^  quibus  hunc  lenire  dolornn^  t^c.  E|)icletns,  Plu- 
tarch, and  Seneca;  qualis  ille,  qiue  tela,  saith  Lipsius,  a'h-crsus  vmiirs  aniini  casus 
administrate  et  ipsavi  mortem,  quomodu  vitia  eripit,  injert  virtulcs:'  when  I  read 
Seneca,  '^••methinks  I  am  beyond  all  human  fortunes,  on  the  top  of  a  hill  above 
mortality."  Plutarch  saith  as  much  of  Homer,  for  which  cause  belike  Niccratus,  in 
Xenophon,  was  made  by  his  parents  to  con  Homer's  Iliads  and  Odysseys  without 
book,  ut  in  virum  bonum  cvaderet,  as  well  to  make  him  a  good  and  honest  man, 
as  to  avoid  idleness.  If  this  cond'ort  be  got  from  philosophy,  what  shall  be  had 
from  divinity.'  What  shall  Austin,  Cyprian,  Gregory,  Bernard's  divine  meditations 
atl'ord  us  .- 

'O"  Qui  quill  sit  piilrhriim,  quid  lurpe,  quid  util>>,  quid  non, 
,  Fleiiius  el  nieliusi  C'hrysippo  et  Craiitore  dicuiil." 

Nay,  what  shall  the  Scripture  itself?  Which  is  like  an  apothecary's  shop,  \jherein 
are  all  remedies  for  all  infirmities  of  mind,  purgatives,  corilials,  alteratives,  corrobo- 
ratives, lenitives,  Slc.  "^  Every  disease  of  the  soul,"  saith  *'  Austin,  ''  hath  a  peculiar 
medicine  in  tiie  Scripture;  this  6nly  is  required,  that  the  sick  man  take  the  j)i)tion 
which  God  hath  already  tempered."  *"*  Gregory  calls  ii  "  a  glass  wherein  ve  may 
see  all  our  inlirmities,"  ignitum  colloquium,  P.salm  cxix.  140.  "'Origen  a  charm. 
And  therefore  Hierom  prescribes  Rusticus  the  monk,  ™"  continually  to  read  the 
Scripture,  and  to  meditate  on  that  which  he  hath  read;  for  as  mastication  is  to  meat, 
so  is  meditation  on  that  which  we  read."  I  would  fur  these  causes  wish  him  tliat 
is  melancholy  to  use  both  human  and  divine  authors,  voluntarily  to  impose  .some 
task  upon  hhaself,  to  divert  his  melancholy  thoughts :  to  study  the  art  of  memory, 
Cosmus  Rosselius,  Pet.  Ravennas,  Scenkelius'  Delectus,  or  practise  Brachygraphy, 
kc,  that  will  ask  a  great  deal  of  attention :  or  let  him  demonstrate  a  proposition  in 
Euclid,  in  his  five  last  books,  extract  a  square  root,  or  study  Algebra :  tfian  which, 
as  ''  Clavius  holds,  "  in  all  human  disciplines  nothing  can  be  more  excidlent  and  plea- 
sant, so  ubslruse  and  recondite,  so  bewitching,  so  miraculous,  so  ravishing,  so  easy 
withal  and  lull  of  delight,"  omnem  humanum  captum  stiperare  videtur.  By  thi.s 
means  yon  may  defme  ex  ungue  leonem,  as  the  diverb  is,  by  his  thumb  alone  the 
bigness  of  Hercules,  or  the  true  dimensions  of  the  great  "Colossus,  Solomon's  tem- 
ple, and  Domitian's  amphitheatre  out  of  a  little  part.  By  this  art  you  may  contem- 
plate the  variation  of  tlie  twenty-three  letters,  which  may  be  so  inlinitely  varied,  that 
tlie  words  complicated  and  deduced  thence  will  not  be  contained  within  the  comjiass 
of  the  firmament;  ten  words  may  be  varied  40,320  several  ways;  by  this  art  you 
may  examine  how  many  men  may  stand  one  by  another  in  the  whole  superficies  of 
the  earth,  some  say  148,456,800,000,000,  assignando  singulis  passum  quadratum 


ath:urda  cnsilati  une  torqueri.  «  Altercationibus 

utantur,  qux  non  pennlttunt  animurii  s^ubiiier^i  pro- 
tundis  cogitatioiiibiis,  de  quibus  oliose  coeilat  et  tri.-<ta- 
turiniis.  «- Bi>din.  prefat.  ad  riielh.  hist.  "Op*!, 
ruin  subcis.  cap.  15.  «<  Hor.  "  Fatonduni  est 

racudiine  Olynipi  coiij^titutu^  supra  venlos  et  priH;ella<>, 
et  oinnes  res  hunianas.  *>"  vVho  explain  wbal  is 

Jair,  fiiul,  useful,  worthless,  more  fully  and  faithfully 
than  Chrysippus  ami  <'raiitiir?"  •'In  Ps.  xxxvi. 

oiiinis  inorlms  aiiinii  in  scriptura  hahet  niedicinam; 
taiiluui  opuii  esl  ut  qui  sit  seger,  uuii  recuset  potioncin 


quam  Deus  temperavit.  ••  In  moral,  fipeculiim  quo 

no8  inliieri  piiKsinius  ™  Hoin   •i'*.     L'l  iiirnnla- 

tione  viris  fiii;iitiir.  ita  lectione  mubiMi.  '"  Iterum 

alque,  ileruin  monen,  lit  aniinaiii  <ni  la-  nrripliira*  lee- 
linne  ncciipe.s.  Maslicnt  diviiiiiiii  patmlMiii  iiiedilatio 
""  Ad  2.  delinit.  -2.  eleiii.  In  diMripiiiiii  huiiianiii  nihil 
prieslantius  repi-ritur;  quippe  iiiirnculn  qu.-cilain  niime- 
roruiii  emit  tain  ulistriisn  et  n-i  iiiiilita,  toiit:<  iiihilu 
miniKi  faeiliiate  et  voliiptate,  ut,  ice.  ^  Which 

contained  l,0i^U,UOO  weiglila  of  brans. 


Mem.  4.]  -  Exercise  rectified.  323 

^assigning  a  square  foot  to  each),  how  many  men,  supposing  all  the  world  as  habit- 
able as  France,  as  fruitful  and  so  long-lived,  may  be  born  in  60,000  years,  and  so 
may  you  demonstrate  with  "^Archimedes  how  manv  sands  the  mass  "of  the  whfle 
world  might  contain  if  all  sandy,  if  you  did  but  first  know  how  much  a  small  cube  as 
big  as  a  mustard-seed  might  hold,  with  infinite  such.  But  in  all  nature  what  is  there  so 
stupendous  as  to  examine  and  calculate  the  motion  of  the  planets,  their  magnitudes, 
apogees,  perigees,  eccentricities,  how  far  distant  from  the  earth,  the  bignes^s,  thick- 
ness, compass  of  the  firmament,  each  star,  with  their  diameters  and  circumference, 
apparent  area,  superficies,  by  those  curious  helps  of  glasses,  astrolabes,  sextants^ 
quadrants,  of  which  Tycho  Brahe  in  his  mechanics,  optics  {''  divine  optics  i  arithmetic' 
geometry,  and  such  like  arts  and  instruments  .?    What  so  intricate  and  pleasing  withall 
as  to  peruse  and  practise  Heron  Alexandrinus's  works,  de  spiritalibus,  de  machmis 
hel/.icis,  de  machine  se  movente,  Jordani  JYemorarii  de  j)onderihus  propos'it.  13.  that 
pleasant  tract  of  Machometes  Bragdedinus  de  superficlerum  divisionibus,  Apollonius's 
Comes,  or  Commandinus's  labours  in  that  kind,  de   centra  gravitafis,  with  many 
such  geometrical  theorems  and  problems  ?     Those  rare  instruments  and  mechanical 
inventions  of  Jac.  Bessonus,  and  Cardan  to  this  purpose,  with  manv  such  experi- 
ments intimated  long  since  by  Roger  Bacon,  in  his  tract  de  ''Secretls  artls  etnatvnv, 
as  to  make  a  chariot  to  move  sme  anima/i,  diving  boats,  to  walk  on  the  water  by 
art,  and  to  fly  in  the  air,  to  make  several  cranes  and  pullevs,  qiiibus  homo  trahat  ad 
se  mdle  homines,  lift  up  and  remove  great  weights,  mills  to  move  themselves.  Archita's 
dove,  Albertus's  brazen  head,  and  such  thaumaturgical  works.     But  especially  to  do 
strange  miracles  by  glasses,  of  which  Proclus  andlSacon  writ  of  old,  burnin<r  glasses 
nniltiplying  glasses,  perspectives,  ut  xinus  homo  appareat  exercitus,  to  see  afar  ofi'.  to 
represent  solid  bodies  by  cylinders  and  concaves,  to  walk  in  the  air,  ut  veracilcr 
videant  (saith  Bacon)  aurum  et  argenlum  et  quicquid  aUud  volant,  ei  quum  veniant 
ad  locum  visionis,  nihil  inveniant,  which  glasses  are  much  perfected  of  late  bv  Bap- 
tista  Porta  and  Galileo,  and  much  more  is  promised  bv  Maginus  and  Midorff'iu*.  to 
be  performed  in  this  kind.      Otocousticons  some  speak  of,  to  intend  hearin-T,"as  'the 
other  do  sight ;  Marcellus  Vrencken,  a  Hollander,  in  his  epistle  to  Burgravius.  makes 
mention  of  a  friend  of  his  that  is  about  an  instrument,  quo  videbit  ^qiia?  in  ctiero 
horizonte  sint.     But  our  alchy mists,  methinks,  and  Rosicrucians  afford  most  rarities- 
and  are  fuller  of  experiments  :  they  can  make  gold,  separate  and  alter  metah,  extract 
oils,  salts,  lees,  and  do  more  strange  works  than  Geber,  Lullius.  Bacon,  or  any  of 
those  ancients.     Crollius  hath  made  after  his  master  Paracelsus,  aurum  fulminam  or 
aurxim  volatile,  which  shall  imitate  thunder  and  lightning,  and  crack  louder  than  anv 
gunpowder;  Cornelius  Drible  a  perpetual  motion,  inextinguishable  lights,  linumnon 
ardens,  with  many  such  feats ;  see  his  book  de  naturd  clcmentoru/t  beside*  hail 
wind,  snow,  thunder,  lightning,  &c.,  those  strange  fire-works,  devilish  petards  and 
such  like  warlike  machinations  derived  hence,  of  which  read  Tartalea  and  others 
Ernestus  Burgravius,  a  disciple  of  Paracelsus,  hath  published  a  discourse,  in  which 
he  specifies  a  lamp  to  be  made  of  man's  blood,  Lucerna  vitce  et  mortis  index  so  he 
terms  it,  which  chemically  prepared  forty  days,  and  afterwards  kept  in  a  crlass   .shall 
ehow  all  the  accidents  of  this  life ;  si  lampas  hie  clarus,  tunc  homo  hilaris  et  sanus 
corpore  et  ammo;  si  ncbulosus  ct  deprcssus,  male  afficitur,  et  sic  pro  statu  hominis 
variatur,  unde  sumptus  sanguis; '«  and  which  is  most  wonderful,  it  dies  with  the 
party,  cum  homine  perit,  et  evanescit,  the  lamp  and  the  man  whence  the  blood 
was    taken,    are    extinguished    together.       The    same    author    hath     anotlier    tract 
of   Mumia   (all  out   as  vam  and   prodigious  as  the  first)  by  which  he  will  cure 
most   diseases,   and    transfer   them   from   a   man    to   a    beast,   by    drawino-    blood 
from  one,  and  applying  it  to  the  other,  vel  in  plantam  derivare,  and   an    ilexi- 
pharmacum,  of  which  Roger  Bacon  of  old  in  his  Tract,  de  retardanda  senectufe, 
to  make    a   man  young   agam,   live  three    or  four  hundred   years.     Besides  pana- 
ceas,  martial    amulets,   unguentum   armarium,    balsams,   strange    extracts,    elixirs, 
and   such   like    magico-magnetical   cures.     Now   what  so  pleasing   can    there    be 

tanu'afcii'omm'^ola  OnJf  M^Z^T"'  -  n*  °t  i  "i""  ''^"•^-  ^'  f^"'"  ""°'»  '"«  ^lood  is  taken  be  melan- 

"5  "6'"V'"h?  Umn  h,f  ,  h  ?^.;,i  .  ,1      Th^^P-  ■*•  I  %*'"i"'  ""^  ^  -P'^ndthrift,  then  ii  *viU  burn  dimly,  aod 

u      /-  .         '','"' ''""P '"Jf"  ""'g'"!}'.  "len  the  man     flicker  in  the  socket  "■  /■■""• 

i«  cheerful  and  healthy  in  mind  and  body;  if,  on  the)   '"-*" '° '"«  «°cKet. 


324  Cure  of  Mdanchohj.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 

as  the  speculation  of  these  things,  to  read  and  examine  siicli  experiments,  or  if  a 
man  be  more  mathematically  given,  to  calculate,  or  peruse  Napier's  Louarilhms,  or 
t'lose  tables  of  artiticial  "sines  and  tangents,  not  long  since  set  out  by  mine  old  col- 
legiate, good  friend,  and  late  fellow-student  of  Christ-church  in  Oxford, '''' .Air.  Ed- 
mund Gunter,  which  will  perform  that  by  addition  and  substraction  only,  which 
heretofore  Regiomontanns's  tables  did  by  multiplication  and  division,  or  tliose  elabo- 
rate conclusions  of  his  "'sector,  quadrant,  and  cross-staff.  Or  let  him  that  is  melan- 
choly calculate  spherical  triangles,  square  a  circle,  cast  a  nativity,  which  howsoever 
.some  tax,  I  say  with  *''' Garcaeus,  dahimus  hoc  pctuhinfibus  ini^cniis^  we  will  in  some 
cases  allow  :  or  let  him  nuike  an  rplu'mrrldcs,  read  Suisset  the  calculator's  w«)iks 
Scaliger  dr  emendatinne  tcmporum^  and  Petavius  his  adversary,  till  he  understand 
tiiem,  peruse  subtle  Scotus  and  Suarez's  metaphysics,  or  school  divinity,  Occani, 
Thomas,  Entisberus,  Durand,  Stc.  If  those  other  do  not  afiict  him,  and  his  means 
be  great,  to  employ  his  purse  and  fill  his  head,  he  may  go  lind  the  piiilosopher's 
stone;  he  may  apply  his  mind,  I  say,  to  heraldry,  antiquity,  invent  impresses,  em- 
blems ;  make  epithalamiums,  epitaphs,  elegies,  epigrams,  paliiidroma  epigran)niata, 
anagrams,  chronograms,  acrostics,  upon  his  frieruls'  names;  or  write  a  connnent  on 
Martianus  Capella,  Terlidlian  dc  jnillni,  the  Nubian  get»graphy,  or  upon  i^•'.lia  Lalia 
Crispis,  as  many  idle  fellows  have  essayed ;  and  rather  l!ian  do  nothing,  vary  a 
"'  verse  a  thousand  ways  with  Puiean,  so  torturing  his  wits,  or  as  Hainnerus  of  Lune- 
burg,  "2150  times  in  his  Proteus  Pnrlictis,  or  Scaliger,  Chrysolithus,  Cleppissius, 
aiid  others,  have  in  like  sort  done.  If  sueh  vohmlarv  tasks,  pleasure  and  delight, 
or  crabbedness  of  these  studies,  will  not  yet  divert  their  idle  llioughls,  and  alienate 
their  imaginations,  they  must  be  compelled,  .sailh  Chrisiopliorus  si  \  cvriu  cogi  dt - 
fnnt,  1.  ;').  c.  14,  upon  some  mulct,  if  they  perform  it  not,  ywo«/  ex  ujjicio  incuinbtil, 
loss  of  credit  or  di.sgrace,  such  as  our  public  L'mversity  exercises.  For,  as  he  that 
plays  for  nothing  will  not  heed  his  game;  no  more  will  voluntary  employment  so 
llioroughly  atlect  a  student,  except  he  be  very  inteul  of  himself,  and  take  an  extm- 
ordinary  delight  in  the  stuily,  about  which  he  is  conversant.  It  should  be  of  that 
nature  his  business,  which  vulens  nolens  he  must  necessarily  undergo,  and  without 
great  loss,  nudct,  shame,  or  hindrduce,  he  may  m)l  omit. 

Now  for  women,  instead  of  laborious  slutlies,  they  have  curious  needleworks, 
cut-works,  spinning,  bone-lace,  aiul  many  pretty  devices  of  their  own  making,  to 
adorn  their  houses,  cushions,  carpet.s,  chairs,  stools,  '-for  she  eats  not  the  bread  ol 
idleness,"  Prov.  xxxi.  27.  quasivU  lanam  et  iinuni)  confections,  conserves,  distilla- 
tions, kc,  which  they  show  lo  strangers. 

-•■■  Ipsa  coiiii's  pra-sesqiie  op«?ris  venienlibuH  ullro  [    "  Which  to  her  giicutt  »\\t  nhows.  wiUi  all  lit-r  iwll'. 

Hobpililitix  mouslrure  liolt-t,  iiuii  xtsiiit^r  Imras  'I'hua  far  uiy  luuidit,  but  thin  1  diii  luytell." 

Coiite^itata  ^uas,  seil  iif^c  sibi  deperi !!>»«?."  | 

This  they  have  to  busy  themselves  about,  household  olhces,  Sec,  "^  neat  gardens,  full 
of  exotic,  versicolour,  diversely  varied,  sweet-smelling  flowers,  and  plants  in  all 
kinds,  which  they  are  most  ambitious  to  get,  curious  to  preserve  and  keep,  proud  to 
possess,  and  much  many  times  brag  of  Their  merry  meetings  and  frequent  vi.tila- 
tions,  mutual  invitations  in  good  towns,  I  voluntarily  omit,  which  are  so  much  in 
use,  gossipping  among  the  meaner  sort,  Stc,  old  folks  have  their  beads :  an  excel- 
lent invention  to  keep  them  from  idleness,  that  are  by  nature  melancholy,  and  past 
all  afiairs,  to  say  so  many  paternosters,  aveinarias,  creeds,  if  it  were  not  profane  and 
superstitious.  In  a  word,  bcjdy  and  mind  must  be  exercised,  not  one,  but  both,  and 
that  in  a  mediocrity  ;  otherwise  it  will  cause  a  great  inconvenience.  If  the  body  be 
overtired,  it  tires  the  mind.  The  mind  oppresseth  the  body,  as  with  students  it  often- 
times falls  out,  who  (as  "  Plutarch  observes;  have  no  care  of  the  body,  '•  but  conq)el 
that  which  is  mortal  to  do  as  much  as  that  which  is  immortal :  that  whicji  is  earthly, 
as  that  which  is  ethereal.     But  as  the  ox  tired,  told  the  camel,  (both  serving  one 

■■' Printed  at  I^indon,  Annn  16-iO.         '*  Once  a»trono-     inortaletii  imniorlali,  K-rrciitreni  fflher*-!!;  s-ijiialcm  pr^ii. 
my  reader  ai  Grcshain  Collegf.  "  Printed  at  Liipti-    t.trt;   industriain  :  ('a-ti.-ruiii   ut  e'ain<-lii  iiau  venit,  qtnid 

don  by  William  Jones,  h,-Z3.  ""Pra-fat.  Meth.  ABlrol.  ti  b<w  pra'diieral,  cum  •■nli-iii  sw-rvirent  donitim  et  p.irle 
■' 'I'ot  til'i  siiiil  dotes  vir^'o,  qiiot  aidi-ra  cieIo.  '^  Da    oneri*  levare  ilium  faiinlm  recuKa«>-t,   piulo   p<»l  et 

pie  Christe  iirlii  iHina  sit  p;ix  tempore  nostro.  *0Cha-  ipiiius  cutem,  et  totiim  onus  coiferetur  (emare  ipi  « 
lonerua,  lib.  P.  de  Rpp.  Angel.  »*  Hortu8  Coronariiii  .  iiiorluo   bove   impletum;   Ila  animo  quotjue  cunliu|tl 

aiedicus  et  rui>>iariii!i,  &.C.  **'rom.  I.  de  annit.  ,  dura  dcfatigato  corpori,  Ice. 

iuend.     Uui  rationem  corporif  non  hab«nl,  ted  loguat 


Mem.  5.]  Waking  and  dreams  rectified.  325 

master)  that  refused  to  carry  some  part  of  his  burden,  before  it  were  long  he  shoiihl 
he  compelled  to  carry  all  his  pack,  and  skin  to  boot  (which  by  and  by,  the  ox  being 
dead,  fell  out),  the  body  may  say  to  the  soul,  that  will  give  him  no  respite,  or  remis- 
sion :  a  little  after,  an  ague,  vertigo,  consumption,  seizeth  on  them  both,  all  his 
study  is  omitted,  and  thev  must  be  compelled  to  be  sick  together :"  he  that  tenders 
his  own  good  estate,  and  health,  must  let  tiiem  draw  with  equal  yoke,  both  alike, 
^^  that  so  they  may  happily  enjoy  their  wished  health." 


MEMB.  V. 

Waking  and  terrible  Dreams  rectified. 

As  waking  that  hurts,  by  all  means  must  be  avoided,  so  sleep,  which  so  much 
helps,  by  like  waj-s,  ^""  must  be  procured,  by  nature  or  art,  inward  or  outward  medi- 
cines, and  be  protracted  longer  than  ordinary,  if  it  may  be,  as  being  an  especial  help."' 
It  moistens  and  fattens  the  body,  concocts,  and  helps  digestion  (as  we  see  in  dor- 
mice, and  those  Alpine  mice  that  sleep  all  winter),  which  Gesner  speaks  of,  when 
they  are  so  found  sleeping  under  the  snow  in  the  dead  of  winter,  as  fat  as  butter. 
It  expels  cares,  pacifies  the  mind,  refresheth  the  weary  limbs  after  long  work : 

**  "  Sninne  quies  reriim,  plaridissime  snmne  deoriim,      I  "  Sleep,  rest  of  things,  O  pleasing  deity. 

Pax  animi,  qiiein  cura  fiigit,  qui  corpora  duris  Peace  of  the  soul,  which  cares  dost  crucify, 

Fessa  miiiisteriis  niulces  reparasque  labori."  |  Weary  bodies  refresh  and  uiollify." 

The  chiefest  thing  in  all  physic,  '^^  Paracelsus  calls  it,  omnia  arcana  gemmarum  su- 
perans  et  metallorum.  The  fittest  time  is  ^  two  or  three  hours  after  supper,  Avhen 
as  the  meat  is  now  settled  at  the  bottom  of  the  stomach,  and  'tis  good  to  lie  on  the 
right  side  first,  because  at  that  site  the  liver  doth  rest  under  the  stomach,  not  molest- 
ing any  way,  but  heating  him  as  a  fire  doth  a  kettle,  that  is  put  to  it.  After  the  first 
sleep  'tis  not  amiss  to  lie  on  the  left  side,  that  the  meat  may  the  better  descend  ;" 
and  sometimes  again  on  the  belly,  but  never  on  the  back.  Seven  or  eight  liours  is 
a  competent  time  for  a  melancholy  man  to  rest,  as  Crato  thinks ;  but  as  some  do,  to 
lie  in  bed  and  not  sleep,  a  dav,  or  half  a  day  together,  to  give  assent  to  pleasing  con- 
ceits and  vain  imaginations,  is  many  ways  pernicious.  To  procure  this  sweet  moist- 
ening sleep,  it's  best  to  take  away  the  occasions  (if  it  be  possible)  that  hinder  it, 
and  then  to  use  such  inward  or  outward  remedies,  which  may  cause  it.  Constat 
hodie  (saith  Boissardus  in  his  tract  de  magin.,  cap.  4.)  multos  ila  fascinari  ut  noctes 
integras  exigant  insomnes.,  summu  inquietudine  animorum  et  corporum;  many  cannot 
sleep  for  witches  and  fascmations,  which  are  too  familiar  in  some  places ;  they  call 
it,  dare  aliciii  malam  noctem.  But  the  ordinary  causes  are  heat  and  dryness,  which 
must  first  be  removed  :  ®'  a  hot  and  dry  brain  never  sleeps  well  :  grief,  fears,  cares, 
expectations,  anxieties,  great  Ijusinesses,  ^'In  aurum  utramque  otiose  ut  dormias^  and 
all  violent  perturbations  of  the  mind,  must  in  some  sort  be  qualified,  before  we  can 
hope  for  any  good  repose.  He  that  sleeps  in  the  day-time,  or  is  in  suspense,  fear, 
any  way  troubled  in  mind,  or  goes  to  bed  upon  a  full  ''^stomach,  may  never  hope 
for  quiet  rest  in  the  night ;  nee  enim  meritoria  somnos  admittunt.,  as  the  ^*  poet  saith  ; 
inns  and  such  like  troublesome  places  are  not  for  sleep;  one  calls  ostler,  another 
tapster,  one  cries  and  shouts,  another  sings,  whoops,  halloos, 

sa '•  ahsentem  cantal  amicam, 

Miilia  prolutiis  vappa  iiauta  atque  viator." 

Who  not  accustomed  to  such  noises  can  sleep  amongst  them  ?  He  that  will  intend 
to  take  his  rest  must  go  to  bed  unimo  seciiro,  qu.ieto  et  libera.,  with  a  ®°  secure  and 
composed  mind,  in  a  quiet  place:  omnia  noctes  eruut  placida  compbsta  qiiiete:  and 

*tTt  pulchram  illam  et  amahilem  saiiitateni   prn^ste.  ]  quioscendum  latere  siuistro,  &c.  s'Sippius  accidit 

nius.  87  Inlerdiceiida;  Vigili^.  somni  paulo  lougio-     mrlancholicis.  ut  nimiuiii  exsiccato  cerebro  vigiliis  ai- 

res couciliaridi.  .•\lloniariis  cap.  7.     Soinrius  supra  nio-     tenueiitur.     Ficinus,  lib.  ].  cap.'29.  92 -per.  "  That 

duni  pnidcst,  quovismodo  conciliandus,  Piso.  tuovid.  I  you  may  .sleep  calmly  on  either  ear."  '^Ut  sis  nocte 
^'•' In  [li|)poc.  Aplioris.  M  Crato  cons.  2t.  lib.  2.  duabus  I  jevis,  sit  tibi,  crena  brevis.  ^i  Jiiven.  Sat.  .'1.  s»  Kor. 
aiit  trihus  horis  post  cKnaiu.qiiuni  jrimcibusad  fundum  Scr.  lib.  1.  Sat.  5.  "  The  tipsy  sailor  and  his  travelling 
veiitriculi  resederit,  priniuiii  super  latere  dextro  quies-  companion  sins  the  praises  of  their  absent  sweethearts." 
cenduni,  quod  in  tali  decubitii  jecur  sub  ventriculo  qui-  I  9<>Sepositis  ciiris  oninibus  quantum  fieri  potest,  una 
e^cat,  non  gravans  sed  cibum  lalfaciens.  perinde  ac  I  cum  vestibus,  &.C.  Kirkst. 
tguis  lebeU-iu  qui  illi  admovetur;  post  primum  snmnum  ' 

2C 


326  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2 

if  that  will  not  serve,  or  may  not  be  obtained,  to  seek  then  such  means  as  are  requi- 
site. To  lie  in  clean  linen  and  sweet ;  before  he  goes  to  bed,  or  in  bed,  to  hear 
*^  *•' sweet  j«usic,"  which  Ficinns  commends,  lib.  1.  cap.  24,  or  as  Jobertus,  med. 
pract.  li&Pf^ap.  10.  '^'^"to  read  some  pleasant  author  till  he  be  asleep,  to  have  a 
ijason  of  Vater  still  dropping  by  his  bedside,"  or  to  lie  near  that  pleasant  murmur. 
Imp  sonanfis  aqiue.  Some  floodgates,  arches,  falls  of  water,  like  London  Bridge,  or 
some  continuate  noise  which  may  benumb  the  senses,  h:7us  inolua,  siknthim  et  teiie- 
hra,  turn  et  ipsa  vohmlas  snmnos  faciunl ;  as  a  gentle  noise  to  some  procures  sleep, 
so,  which  Bernardinus  Tilesius, /t7».  de  50/?njo,  well  observes,  silence,  in  a  dark  room, 
and  the  will  itself,  is  most  available  to  others.  Piso  commends  frications,  Andrew 
Borde  a  good  draught  of  strong  drink  before  one  goes  to  bed ;  I  say,  a  nutmeg  and 
ale,  or  a  good  draught  of  muscadine,  with  a  toast  and  nutmeg,  or  a  posset  of  the 
same,  which  many  use  in  a  morning,  but  methinks,  for  such  as  have  dry  brains,  are 
much  more  proper  at  night;  some  prescribe  a  '^sup  of  vinegar  as  they  go  to  bed,  a 
spoonful,  saith  ^tius  Tetral)ib.  lib.  2.  str.  2.  cap.  10.  lib.  (5.  cup.  10.  jflgimta.,  lib.'S. 
cap.  14.  Piso,  "a  little  after  meat,  "* because  it  rarefies  melancholy,  aiul  procun's  an 
appetite  to  sleep."  Donat.  ab  Altomar.  cap.  7.  and  Mercurialis  approve  of  it,  if  the 
malady  proceed  from  tlio  'spleen.  Salust.  Sahian.  lib.  2.  cap.  1.  de  retned.  Hercules 
de  Saxonia  in  Pan.  jKlinus.,  ^lontaltus  de  vwrb.  capitis,  cap.  28.  de  JSLlan.  are  alto- 
gf  ther  against  it.  Lod.  Mercalus,  de  inter.  Morh.  can.  lib.  1.  cap.  17.  in  some  ca.ses 
doih  allow  it.  ^Rhasis  seems  to  deliberate  »)f  it,  thougli  Simeon  conwnend  it  (^in 
sauce  peradventure)  he  makes  a  question  of  it :  as  for  baths,  fomentations,  oiks, 
potions,  simples  or  compounds,  inwardly  taken  lo  this  purpose, ''I  shall  speak  of 
them  elsewhere.  Jf,  in  the  midst  of  the  night,  when  they  lie  awake,  which  is  usual 
to  toss  and  tumble,  and  not  sleep,  ■*  Kanzovius  would  have  them,  if  it  be  in  warm 
weather,  to  rise  and  walk  three  or  four  turns  ^till  they  be  cold;  about  the  chamber 
and  then  go  to  bed  again. 

Airainst  fearful  and  troublesome  dreams.  Incubus  and  such  inconveniences,  where- 
with melancholy  men  are  molested,  the  best  remedy  is  lo  eat  a  light  Kupj)er,  and  of 
such  meats  as  are  easy  of  digestion,  no  haie,  venison,  beef.  Sec,  not  to  lie  on  his 
l)ack,  not  to  meditate  or  think  in  the  day-lime  of  any  terrible  objects,  or  especially 
talk  of  tlu'in  before  he  goes  to  bed.  For,  as  he  said  in  Lucian  after  such  conference, 
Heeutcs  soinniare  intlii  videor,  1  can  think^of  nothing  but  hobgoblins:  and  as  Tully 
notes,  '"for  the  most  part  our  speeches  in  the  day-time  cause  our  fantasy  to  work 
upon  the  like  in  our  sleep,"  which  ijmius  writes  of  Homer:  Et  cams  in  suinnis 
I'poris  vcslii^ia  latrat:  as  a  dog  dreams  of  a  hare,  so  do  men  on  such  subjects  they 
thought  on  last. 

«"Soiiiiiia  quip  Dieiite«  luiluiit  volitaritibua  iiinliri'', 
Nic  iJi-liit>ra  ileum,  nvt-  ab  i-ibi-re  iiuiiiiiia  iiiitliiiil, 
S3ed  liibi  qiii6<|ue  I'acil,"  tc. 

Vox  that  cause  when  Ptolemy,  king  of  F^ypt,  had  posed  the  seventy  interpreters  in 
order,  aufl  asked  the  nineteenth  man  what  would  make  one  sleep  quietly  in  the  night, 
he  tohl  him,  '-'the  best  way  was  to  have  divine  and  celestial  meditations,  and  to  use 
fioncst  actions  in  the  day-time.  •*  Lod.  Vives  wonders  how  schoolmen  could  sleep 
([uieily,  and  were  not  terrified  in  the  niglit,  or  walk  in  the  dark,  they  had  such  mon- 
strous questions,  and  thought  of  Sue's  terrible  matters  all  day  long."  Tluy  had 
need,  amongst  the  rest,  to  sacrifice  to  god  Morpheus,  whom  *Philostralus  jiaints  in 
a  white  and  black  coat,  with  a  horn  and  ivory  box  full  of  dreams,  of  the  same 
colours,  to  signify  good  and  bad.  If  you  will  know  how  lo  interpret  them,  read 
Artemidorus,  Sambucus  and  Cardan;  but  how  to  help  them,  '"I  must  refer  you  lo  a 
more  convenient  place. 

I"  Ad  tiorain  somni  aurea  suavil)u8  caiitibus  et  sonU  I  coi;ilare  J-t  loqui.  •  AristiB  bi*t.     "  Neither  tho 

ileliiiire.  ''^  lectin  jucuiida,  aut  serino.  ad  quein     shrines  uf  the  erajs,  nor  Uie  deilieu   theiiii*elve!i,  M-nd 

alteiitior  animus  coMvertKiir,  am  aqua  ab  alto  in  sub-  down  from  the  h'-aveno  thone  dreanm  whirh  ni<v  k  our 
jectam  pelvini  delabatiir.  &c.     Ovid.  »  Aceti  s.ir-     minds  with  these  flitline  shadows,— we  ran-e  ib>  in  ro 

bitiii.  >w  Attpnuat  iiielaiicholiam,  el  ad  ronciliHii-     ourselves."  '  Optimum  do  ctrlest ibiis  et  honesii* 

diiin  soniniim  jiivat.         '  (lnod  lieni  acetum  conveniat.  !  meditari.  et  ea  facere.  »  I,ih.  W.  de  lau'is  C"rr   art. 


*t'opit.  I.  irnct.  9.  meditandum  de  aceto.  'Sect.  5 

iiiemb.  I.  Subst-ct.  t>.  *  Lib.  de  sanit.  tuenda.  »ln 
Soin.  Scip.  fit  eriim  fere  ul  cojiitationes  noslrie  et  »er- 
niones  p.'iri.mt  aliqnid  in  sommi,  quale  de  llninero  scri- 
bit  Emiiiu:',  de  quo  videlicet  sspissim^  vi^ilans  solebat 


tarn  niira  nionstra  quirFtionum  <ipp<-  iini><:uiilur  intrr 
eog,  ut  mirer  eos  iiiterliiiii  in  somniis  non  terreri,  out 
de  illis  in  tcnebri*  audere  verba  fnrere,  adeo  re«  Mini 
mon<<tro««.  ■  Icon.  lib.  1.  " Sect.  5.  Mrinb.  1 

Subs.  6. 


Mem.  6.  Subs.  1.] 


Passions  rectified. 


327 


MEMB.  VI. 

Sub  SECT.  I. — Perlurlatlons  of  the  mind  rectified.     From  himself,  hy  resii&ng  to  the 
utmost,  confessing  his  grief  to  a  friend,  Sfc.  ^ 

Whosoever  he  is  that  shall  hope  to  cure  this  malady  in  himself  or  anv  other, 
must  first  rectify  these  passions  and  perturbations  of  the  mind  :  the  chiefest  cure 
consists  in  them.  A  quiet  mind  is  that  voluptas,  or  summiim  honum  of  Epicurus, 
won.  dolere,  curis  vacare,  animo  tranquillo  esse,  not  to  grieve,  but  to  want  cares,  and 
liave  a  quiet  soul,  is  the  only  pleasure  of  the  world,  as  Seneca  truly  recites  his  opi- 
nion, not  that  of  eating  and  drinking,  which  injurious  Aristotle  maliciously  puts 
upon  him,  and  for  which  he  is  still  mistaken,  male  audit  et  vapulat,  slandered  with- 
out a  cause,  and  lashed  by  all  posterity.  "'•'Fear  and  sorrow,  therefore,  are  espe- 
cially to  be  avoided,  and  the  mind  to  be  mitigated  with  mirth,  constancy,  good  hope, 
vain  terror,  bad  objects  are  to  be  removed,  and  all  such  persons  in  whose  companies 
they  be  not  well  pleased."  Gualter  Bruel.  Fernelius,  consil.  43.  Mercurialig,  consil. 
6.  Piso,  Jacchinus,  Cf/p.  15.  m9.Rhasis,  Capivaccius,  Hildesheim,  &c.,  all  inculcate 
this  as  an  especial  means  of  their  cure,  that  their  '^  *'  minds  be  quietly  pacified,  vain 
conceits  diverted,  if  it  be  possible,  with  terrors,  cares,  '^  fixed  studies,  cogitations, 
and  whatsoever  it  is  that  shall  any  way  molest  or  trouble  the  soul,"  because  thai 
otherwise  there  is  no  good  to  be  done.  "  "  The  body's  mischiefs,"  as  Plato  proves, 
"  proceed  from  the  soul :  and  if  the  mind  be  not  first  satisfied,  the  body  can  never  be 
cured."  Alcibiades  raves  (saith  '^  Maximus  Tyrius)  and  is  sick,  his  furious  desires 
carry  him  from  Lyceus  to  the  pleading  place,  thence  to  the  sea,  so  into  Sicily,  thence 
to  Lacedasmon,  thence  to  Persia,  thence  to  Samos,  then  again  to  Athens ;  Critias 
tyranniseth  over  all  the  city ;  Sardanapalus  is  love-sick ;  these  men  are  ill-affected 
all,  and  can  never  be  cured,  till  their  minds  be  otherwise  qualified.  Crato,  therefore, 
in  that  often-cited  Counsel  of  his  for  a  nobleman  his  patient,  w^hen  he  had  sufficiently 
informed  him  in  diet,  air,  exercise,  Venus,  sleep,  concludes  with  these  as  matters  of 
greatest  moment,  Quod  reliquum  est,  animcE  accidentia  corrigantur,  from  which  alone 
proceeds  melancholy;  they  are  the  fountain,  the  subject,  the  hinges  whereon  it 
turns,  and  must  necessarily  be  reformed.  '^ "  For  anger  stirs  choler,  heats  the  blood 
and  vital  spirits;  sorrow  on  the  other  side  refrigerates  the  body,  and  exlinguisheth 
natural  heat,  overthrows  appetite,  hinders  concoction,  dries  up  tlie  temperature,  and 
perverts  the  understanding :"  fear  dissolves  the  spirits,  infects  the  heart,  attenuates 
the  soul :  and  for  these  causes  all  passions  and  perturbations  must,  to  the  uttermost 
of  our  power  and  most  seriously,  be  removed,  ^lianus  Montaltus  attributes  so 
much  to  them, ''  "  that  he  holds  the  rectification  of  them  alone  to  be  sufficient  to  the 
cure  of  melancholy  in  most  patients,"  Many  are  fully  cured  when  they  have  seen 
or  heard,  &c.,  enjoy  their  desires,  or  be  secured  and  satisfied  in  their  minds ;  Galen, 
the  common  master  of  them  all,  from  whose  fountain  they  fetch  water,  brags,  lib.  1. 
de  san.  tuend.,  that  he,  for  his  part,  hath  cured  divers  of  this  infirmity,  solum  animis 
ad  rectum  institulis,  by  right  settling  alone  of  their  minds. 

Yea,  but  you  will  here  infer,  that  this  is  excellent  good  indeed  if  it  could  be  done; 
but  how  shall  it  be  effected,  by  whom,  what  art,  what  means  ?  hie  labor,  hoc  opus 
est.  'Tis  a  natural  infirmity,  a  most  powerful  adversary,  all  men  are  subject  to  pas- 
sions, and  melancholy  above  all  others,  as  being  distempered  by  their  innate  humours, 
abundance  of  choler  adust,  weakness  of  parts,  outward  occurrences  ;  and  liow  shall 
they  be  avoided  ?  the  wisest  men,  greatest  philosophers  of  most  excellent  wit,  rea- 
son, judgment,  divine  spirits,  cannot  moderate  themselves  in  this  behalf;  such  as 
are  sound  in  body  and  mind,  Stoics,  heroes,  Homer's  gods,  all  are  passionate,  and 


"  Aniini  piirturhationes  siimme  fugiends,  inetus  po- 
tissiniuin  et  trislilia:  eoriimqiie  loco  animus  deiniilcen- 
rius  hilaritate,  anirni  constaiitia,  bona  spe  ;  reiiiovendi 
terrores,  et  eoruin  cotisnitiiiin  qiios  nun  probaiit. 
I"  PliaiitasJae  eonim  placide  siibvertenda",  terrores  ab 
animo  reniovendi.  JaAbomnifixa  cogitatioiie 

(I  lovjsMKido  avertantur.  nCurirla  mala  corporis 

iilj  aiiinio  procediiMt.  ()  lie   nisi  curentiir,  corpus  cnrari 
niiniiiie  potest.  Cbarinid.  i' Disputat.  An  inorbi 

graviores   corporis   an    anirai.     Kenoldo   interpret,   ut 


parum  absit  a  furore,  rapitur  a  Lyceo  in  cnncionem.  a 
cnncione  ad  mare,  .i  mari  in  Siciliam,  tc.  '^  Ira 

hilem  movet,  sanijuinem  adurit,  vitales  spiritus  accen- 
dit,  moBstitia  universum  corpus  infriaidat,  calorem  in- 
natuin  extinjiuit,  appetituin  destrtiit,  concnctionein 
impedit,  corpus  exsiccaf,  iiitelleclum  pervertit.  Qiia- 
niobrem  ha-c  omnia  prorsus  vilaiula  sunt,  et  pro  virili 
fugienda.  "  De  mel.  c.  -IC.  ex  illis  solum  reinediuin; 

multi  ex  visis,  audilis,  ikc.  sanati  sunt. 


388  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 

furiously  carried  .sometimes ;  and  how  shall  we  that  are  already  crazed, ^rflc/i  animis, 
sick  in  body,  sick  in  mind,  resist  ?  we  cannot  perform  it.  You  may  advise  and  give 
good  precepts,  as  who  cannot  ?  But  how  shall  they  be  put  in  practice  ?  I  may  not 
deny  buiour  passions  are  violent,  and  tyrannise  of  us,  yet  there  be  means  to  curb 
llieni ;  thoujrli  they  be  headstrong,  they  may  be  tamed,  tliey  may  be  quahfitMl,  if  he 
hiujself  or  his  friends  will  but  use  their  honest  endeavours,  or  make  use  of  such 
ordinary  helps  as  are  commonly  prescribed. 

He  liim-self  (I  say);  from  the  patient  liimself  the  first  and  chiefest  remedy  must 
be  had;  for  if  he  be  averse,  peevish,  waspish,  give  way  wholly  to  his  passions,  will 
not  seek  to  be  helped,  or  be  ruled  by  his  friends,  how  is  it  possible  lie  should  be 
cured.?  But  if  he  be  willing  at  least,  gentle,  tradable,  and  desire  his  own  gootl,  no 
doubt  but  he  may  viagnam  morbl  depomre  partem^  be  eased  at  least,  if  not  cured. 
lie  himself  must  do  his  utmost  endeavour  to  resist  and  withstand  the  beginnings. 
Principiis  obsUi,  "  Give  not  water  passagf,  no  not  a  little,"  Ecclus.  xxv.  27."  If  they 
open  a  little,  they  will  make  a  greater  breach  at  length.  Whatsoever  it  is  ihat  run- 
neth in  his  mind,  vain  conceit,  be  it  pleasing  or  displeasing,  which  so  mnch  affects 
or  troubleth  him,  '*'"by  all  possible  means  he  must  withstand  it,  expel  those  vain, 
false,  frivolous  imaginations,  absurd  conceits,  feigned  fears  and  sorrows;  from  which," 
saith  Piso,  '•  this  disease  primarily  pnjceeds,  and  takes  his  first  occasion  or  begin- 
ning, by  doing  something  or  other  that  shall  be  opposite  unto  them,  thinking  of 
something  else,  persuading  by  reason,  or  howsoever  to  make  a  sudden  allcration  of 
them."  Though  he  have  hitherto  run  in  a  full  career,  and  precipitated  himself,  fol- 
lowing his  passions,  giving  reins  to  his  appetite,  hst  him  now  stop  upon  a  sudden, 
curb  himself  in;  and  as  '"  Lenmius  adviselh,  "strive  against  with  all  his  power,  to 
the  utmost  of  his  endeavour,  and  not  cherish  those  fond  imaginations,  which  so 
covertly  creep  into  his  mind,  most  pleasing  and  amiable  at  first,  but  bitter  as  gall  at 
last,  and  so  headstrong,  that  by  no  reason,  art,  counsel,  or  persuasion,  ihev  niav  be 
shaken  off."  Though  he  be  far  gone,  and  habituated  unto  such  fantastical  imagina- 
tions, yet  as  ^TuUy  and  Plutarch  advise,  let  him  oppose,  fortify,  or  prepare  himself 
against  them,  by  pre-meditaiion,  reason,  or  as  we  do  by  a  crooked  staff,  bend  him- 
self another  way. 

*i"Tu  tanien  iiitert-a  effugito  qui  tristia  meiitem          I  "  In  the  meantime  ex(>el  tlicin  fVoin  tliy  mind, 

i$<ilicit:iu(.  prdcul  ei*»e  jiib«-  irura'tjue  nieliimque        |  Pale  lVari4,  sad  cann.  and  e'l'f*  whirli  do  il  grind, 

Pallentuui,  ultrices  iras.iiint  umnia  Isia."                 I  Ueveni;i't'>il  m<e>-r,  pain  and  diitcunient, 

I  Let  all  thy  houI  be  net  on  rnKmun-nt.  " 

Ciiras  tolle  graves,  irasci  crede  profanum.  If  it  be  idleness  hath  caused  this  in- 
firmity, or  that  he  perceive  himself  given  to  solitariness,  to  walk  alone,  and  please 
h'is  mind  with  fond  imaginations,  let  him  by  all  means  avoid  it;  'tis  a  bosuin  eiiemv, 
'tis  delightsome  melancholy,  a  friend  in  show,  but  a  secret  devil,  a  sweet  pcjison,  it 
will  in  the  end  be  his  undoing;  let  him  go  presently,  task  or  set  himself  a  work, 
get  some  good  company.  If  he  proceed,  as  a  gnat  flies  about  a  Mndle,  so  long  till 
at  length  he  burn  his  bodv,  so  in  the  end  he  wUl  undo  himself:  if  it  be  arly  harsh 
object,  ill  company,  let  him  presently  go  from  it.  If  by  his  own  default,  through 
ill  diet,  bad  air,  want  of  exercise,  Stc,  let  him  now  begin  to  reform  himself,  '-It 
would  be  a  perfect  remedy,  against  all  corruption,  if,"  as  "  Roger  Bacon  hath  it,  "  we 
could  but  moderate  ourselves  in  those  six  non-natural  things.  "  If  it  be  any  dis- 
grace, abuse,  temporal  loss,  calumny,  death  of  friends,  imprisonment,  (ianishment, 
be  not  troubled  with  it,  do  not  fear,  be  not  angry,  grieve  not  at  it,  but  with  all  courage 
sustain  it."  (Gordonius,  lib.  1,  c.  Ib.de  coriser.  vit.)  Tu  conlra  audtnliur  ito.  *Mf 
it  be  sickness,  ill  success,  or  any  adversity  that  hath  caused  it,  oppose  an  invincible 
courage,  "•  fortify  thyself  by  God's  word,  or  otherwise,"  mala  bonis  persuadenda.  set 
prosperity  against  adversity,  as  we  refresh  our  eyes  by  seeing  some  pleasant  ujeadow, 

•*  Pro  virilius)  annitendum  in  pradicli^,  turn  in  aliis,  i  secretin  artis  et  nalura:  cap.  7.  de  retard,  sen.  Kemediiim 
a  quilms  malum  voint  a  priniaria  cniiija  occasionem  efsel  contra  corruplmneni  pr>ipriani,  ii|  i|ijilit)el  el'-rce- 
nactuni  I'St.imaginationesalisurdx  falsx(|ueet  nicE.-tilia  ret  reeinien  sanilatiis,  i|iicmI  consis'tit  in  riht:-<  "-x  noi 
q\ixcuii(|ue  siibierit  propuls<'tnr,  ant  aliiid  asendo,  ant     natnralibiiR.  *>  Pr,i  nliqii'i  vitupern.  i  m'. 

ratione  persnadraidn  eariim  iiintatiimem  subito  facere.     nur  pro  aiiiicni'ine  alicnjiiK  rei.  pr^i  iinri  c 

''  I. lb.  '•.  c.  IH.  de  occult,  nat.     QMisqiii^  hnic  inalo  oh-     pro  carrere,  nee  pro  exilio.  ner  pro  nlin  -  «, 

no.xins  est.  acriler  nbsistat.  et  suinnia  ciira  ohiiicteliir,     ner  >inied8,  nee  dideao,  ited  com  "  :  '  i  i  ii  i  c 

iier  iilli)  iii'mIo  loveat  ima!!inatiiiiir!<  tarite  iihre|iented     tomtineaii.  *  Uuixliii  iii'i.in j- imT  r- 

amino,  hiandasi  ah  inilioet  i<niahilij<i,  sed  qn^adenpim-     Inma  hoc  malum  invcxi-rint.  hm  i  .  !ri>iiiio|i. 

valesrniil,  lit  nulla  ratinne  exciili  qneant.  ^3.  Tunc,  j  ptina.-*,  Uei  verbo  ejuitque  tiducia  te  s<iii  nr  i  i-  ^c,  l<riu- 
ad  Aptillonium.  ^  Fracasturi'iii.  23£p,gt.  ^g  |  n,ug_  |,b.  i.  c.  16. 


Mem..  6.  Subs.  1.]  Passions  rectified.  32fr 

fountain,  picture,  or  the  like :  recreate  thy  mind  by  some  contrary  object,  v.ith  some 
more  pleasing  meditation  divert  thy  thoughts. 

Yea,  but  you  infer  again,  yacf/e  consilium  damus  aliis.,  we  can  easily  give  counsel 
to  others ;  .every  man,  as  the  saying  is,  can  tame  a  shrew  but  he  that  liath  her ;  si 
hie  esses,  aliter  senfires;  if  you  were  in  our  misery,  you  would  find  it  otherwise, 
'tis  not  so  easily  performed.  We  know  this  to  be  true;  we  should  moderate  our- 
selves, but  we  are  furiously  carried,  we  cannot  make  use  of  such  precepts,  we  are 
overcome,  sick,  male  sani,  distempered  and  liabitualed  to  these  courses,  we  can  make 
no  resistance ;  you  may  as  well  bid  him  that  is  diseased  not  to  feel  pain,  as  a  melan- 
choly man  not  to  fear,  not  to  be  sad  :  'tis  within  his  blood,  his  brains,  his  whole  tem- 
perature, it  cannot  be  removed.  But  he  may  choose  wliether  he  will  give  way  too  far 
unto  it,  he  may  in  some  sort  correct  himself  A  philosopher  was  bitten  with  a  mad  doo-, 
and  as  the  nature  of  that  disease  is  to  abhor  all  waters,  and  liquid  things,  and  to  think 
still  they  see  the  picture  of  a  dog  before  them :  he  went  for  all  this,  relactante  sf ,  to  the 
bath,  and-  seeing  there  (as  he  thought)  in  the  water  the  picture  of  a  dog,  with  reason 
overcame  this  conceit,  quid  cuni  cum  balneo?  what  should  a  dog  do  in  a  bath.? 
a  mere  conceit.  Thou  thinkest  thou  hearest  and  seest  devils,  black  men,  &c., 
'tis  not  so,  'tis  thy  corrupt  fantasy;  settle  thine  imagination,  thou  art  well.  Thou 
thinkest  thou  hast  a  great  nose,  thou  art  sick,  every  man  observes  thee,  laughs  thee 
to  scorn ;  persuade  thyself  'tis  no  such  matter :  this  is  fear  only,  and  vain  suspicion. 
Thou  art  discontent,  thou  art  sad  and  heavy;  but  why.''  upon  what  ground.'  con- 
sider of  it :  thou  art  jealous,  timorous,  suspicious ;  for  what  cause  ?  examine  it 
thoroughly,  thou  shalt  find  none  at  all,  or  such  as  is  to  be  contemned ;  such  as  thou 
wilt  surely  deride,  and  contemn  in  thyself,  when  it  is  past.  Rule  thyself  then  with 
reason,  satisfy  thyself,  accustom  thyself,  wean  thyself  from  such  fond  conceits,  vain 
fears,  strong  imaginations,  restless  thoughts.  Thou  mayest  do  it;  Est  in  nobis 
assuescere  (as  Plutarch  saith),  we  may  frame  ourselves  as  we  will.  As  he  that  useth 
an  upright  shoe,  may  correct  the  obliquity,  or  crookedness,  by  wearing  it  on  the 
other  side ;  we  may  overcome  passions  if  we  will.  Quicquid  sibi  imperavit  animus 
obtinuit  (as  ^^  Seneca  saith)  nulli  tarn  fori  affectus,  ut  non  disciplind  iKrdomcntur, 
whatsoever  the  will  desires,  she  may  command :  no  such  cruel  affections,  but  by  dis- 
cipline they  may  be  tamed ;  voluntarily  thou  wilt  not  do  this  or  that,  which  thou 
oughtest  to  do,  or  refrain,  Stc,  but  when  thou  art  lashed  like  a  dull  jade,  thou  wilt 
reform  it :  fear  of  a  whip  will  make  thee  do,  or  not  do.  Do  that  voluntarily  then 
which  thou  canst  do,  and  must  do  by  compulsion ;  thou  mayest  refrain  if  thou  wilt, 
and  master  thine  affections.  -^As  in  a  city  (saith  Melancthon)  they  do  by  stubborn 
rebellious  rogues,  that  will  not  submit  themselves  to  political  judgment,  compel  them 
by  force ;  so  must  we  do  by  our  affections.  If  the  heart  will  not  lay  aside  those 
vicious  motions,  and  the  fantasy  those  fond  imaginations,  we  have  another  form  of 
government  to  enforce  and  refrain  our  outward  members,  that  they  be  not  led  by  our 
passions."  If  appetite  will  not  obey,  let  the  moving  faculty  overrule  her,  let  her 
resist  and  compel  her  to  do  otherwise.  In  an  ague  the  appetite  would  drink  ;  sore 
eyes  that  itch  would  be  rubbed ;  but  reason  saith  no,  and  therefore  the  moving 
faculty  will  not  do  it.  Our  fantasy  would  intrude  a  thousand  fears,  suspicions,  chi- 
meras upon  us,  but  we  have  reason  to  resist,  yet  we  let  it  be  overborne  by  our  appe- 
tite; ^'^'imagination  enforceth  spirits,  which,  by  an  admirable  league  of  nature,  compel 
the  nerves  to  obey,  and  they  our  several  limbs  -.""^  we  give  too  much  way  to  our  pas- 
sions. And  as  to  him  that  is  sick  of  an  ague,  all  things  are  distasteful  and  unplea- 
sant, non  ex  cibi  vitio,  saith  Plutarch,  not  in  tlie  meat,  but  in  our  taste  :  so  many 
things  are  offensive  to  us,  not  of  themselves,  but  out  of  our  corrupt  judgment, 
jealousy,  suspicion,  and  the  like:  we  pull  these  mischiefs  upon  our  own  heads. 

If  then  our  judgment  be  so  depraved,  our  reason  overruled,  will  precipitated,  that 
we  cannot  seek  our  own  good,  or  moderate  ourselves,  as  in  this  disease  conmionly 
it  is,  the  best  way  for  ease  is  to  impart  our  misery  to  some  friend,  not  to  smother  it 
up  in  our  own  breast:  aliter  vitium  crescilqne  tegendo,  Sfc,  and  that  which  was  most 


25T,ih.  2.  cle  ira.  s'Cap.  3.  de  aff'cf.  aniin.     Ut  in 

civitaiihiis  conluinaces  qui  iinn  ceduiit  politico  imperio 
vi  cuerceiuii  sunt ;  ita  Doiis  iiohis  iniiidit  alteram  im- 
perii formaiii;  si  cor  non  deponit  vitiosiim  atfi-ctiim, 
membra  forascoercenda  sunt,  ne  ruant  in  quud  atfectus 


impellat:  et  locomotiva,(]iiae  herili  iinporioolitempirat, 
alleri  resistat.  2?  |,„a2inatin  iinpnllit  spiritKs,  pt 

indc  nervi  moventur,  &c.  et  oblemperant  ima^ina- 
.lioni  et  appetitui  mirabili  fredere,  ad  esequendum  quod 
jubent. 


43  2  c  3 


330  Cure  of  Melancliohj.  [Part.  2.  Sect.  2. 

offensive  to  us,  a  cause  of  fear  and  grief,  quod  nunc  te  coquit,  another  hell ;  for 
^" strungulat  inclusus  dolor  atque  excesluat  infus,  grief  concealed  strangles  the  soul; 
but  when  as  we  shall  but  impart  it  to  some  discreet,  trusty,  loving  friend,  it  is 
^'instantly  removed,  by  his  counsel  happily,  wisdom,  persuasion,  advice,  his  good 
means,  which  vv'e  could  not  otherwise  apply  unto  ourselves.  A  friend's  counsel  is 
a  charm,  like  mandrake  wine,  curas  sopit ;  and  as  a  *^bull  that  is  tied  to  a  tig-tree 
becomes  gentle  on  a  sudden  (which  some,  sailh  ^'  Plutarch,  interpret  of  good  words), 
so  is  a  savage,  obdurate  heart  mollified  by  fair  speeches.  "  All  adversity  finds  ease 
in  complaining  (as  ^^  Isidore  holds),  '•  and  'tis  a  solace  to  relate  it,-'  ^  'Ayafi^  6s  rrapaJ- 
^fiffjif  i'jriv  ETotpov.  Friends'"  confabulations  are  comfortable  at  all  times,  as  fire  in 
winter,  shade  in  summer,  quale  sopor  fessis  in  gramine,  meat  and  drink  to  him  that 
is  hungry  or  athirst ;  Democritus's  collyrium  is  not  so  sovereign  to  the  eyes  as  this 
is  to  the  heart ;  good  words  are  cheerful  and  powerful  of  themselves,  but  much  more 
from  friends,  as  so  many  props,  mutually  sustaining  each  other  like  ivy  and  a  wall, 
which  Cainerarius  hath  well  illustrated  in  an  emblem.  Ltnit  aniinu/n  simplex  vel 
scFpe  7iarrulio,  the  simple  narration  many  times  easelh  our  distressed  mind,  and  in 
the  midst  of  greatest  extremities;  so  diverse  have  been  relieved,  by  ** exonerating 
themselves  to  a  laithful  friend  :  he  sees  that  which  we  cannot  see  for  passion  and 
discontent,  lie  pacifies  our  minds,  he  will  ease  our  pain,  assuage  our  anger ;  quanta 
inde  voluplas,  quanta  securitas^  Chrysostom  adds,  what  pleasure,  what  security  by 
that  means!  ''^"Nothing  so  available," or  that  so  much  refresheth  the  soul  of  man." 
Tully,  as  I  remember,  in  an  epistle  to  his  dear  friend  Atticus,  much  condoles  the 
defect  of  such  a  friend.  ^"^  I  live  here  (saitli  he)  in  a  great  city,  where  1  have  a  multi- 
tude of  acquaintance,  but  not  a  man  of  all  that  company  with  whom  I  dare  familiarly 
breathe,  or  freely  jest.  Wherefore  I  expect  thee,  J  desire  thee,  I  send  for  thee ;  for 
there  be  many  things  which  trouble  and  molest  me,  which  had  I  but  thee  in  presence. 
I  could  quickly  disburden  myself  of  in  a  walking  discourse."  The  like,  perad- 
venture,  may  he  and  he  say  with  that  old  man  in  the  comedy, 

*'"  Nemo  est  ineoruni  aiiiicuruin  h'xlie, 

Apud  queiu  expruiurre  ucculta  iiira  audeam." 

and  niucli  inconvenience  may  both  he  and  he  suffer  in  the  meantime  by  it.  lie  or 
he,  or  whosoever  then  labours  of  this  malady,  by  all  means  let  him  get  some  trusty 
friend,  ^  Semper  habens  Pylademque  aliquem  qui  curet  Orestem,  a  Pylades,  to  whom 
freely  and  securely  he  may  open  himself.  For  as  in  all  other  occurrences,  so  it  is 
in  this.  Si  quis  in  ccelum  ascendissel,  ^-c.  as  he  said  in  **  Tully,  if  a  man  had  gone 
to  heaven,  *■*■  seen  the  beauty  of  the  skies,"  stars  errant,  fixed,  kc,  insuuvis  erit 
admiratio^  it  will  do  him  no  pleasure,  except  he  have  somebody  to  impart  what  he 
hath  seen.  It  is  the  best  thing  in  the  world,  as  ''*' Seneca  therefore  advistlh  in  such 
a  case,  "  to  get  a  trusty  friend,  to  whom  we  may  freely  and  sincerely  pour  out  our 
secrets ;  nothing  so  delighteth  and  easeth  the  mind,  as  when  we  have  a  prepared 
bosom,  to  which  our  secrets  may  descend,  of  whose  conscience  we  are  assured  as 
our  own,  whose  speech  may  ease  our  succourless  estate,  counsel  relieve,  mirih  expel 
our  mourning,  and  whose  very  sight  may  be  acceptable  unto  us."  It  was  the  counsel 
which  that  politic  *' Commineus  gave  to  all  princes,  and  others  distressed  in  mind, 
by  occasion  of  Charles  Duke  of  Burgundy,  that  was  much  perplexed,  '•first  to  pray 
to  God,  and  lay  himself  open  to  him,  and  then  to  some  special  friend,  whom  we 
hold  most  dear,  to  tell  all  our  grievances  to  him;  nothing  so  forcible  to  strengthen, 
recreate,  and  heal  the  wounded  soul  of  a  miserable  man." 

»OvidTrist.  lib.  5.  '^J'articipes  iiide  calamilatii  I  have  not  a  single  friend  thi«  day,  to  whom  I  dare  to 

nostrx  sum,  et  v.-liit  pxuiierata  in  eos  sarrma  onere     dinoliwe  my  secrelg."  '"Ovul.  »<  IV  amictti.i, 

Icvamur.  Arist.  Eth.  lib.  9.  »Camerarius  Kinbl.  -M.  <»I)e  tran<|uil.  c.  7.  Optimum  est  amicum  ti.lclem  nan> 
Cen. -2.  3'SyiiipiPS.  lib.  6.  cap.  10.  s^  Epist.  d.     risci  m  qm-m  secrela  mwtra  inriindamii!< ;  nihil  eque 

hb.  3.  Adversa  forturia  habet  in  querelis  levamentum;  '  obleciat  aiiimum.  qiiam  iibi  »inl  prB^arala  piftora  in 
et  maloriim  relatio.  &c.  *  Alluquium  rhari  jnval,  |  qiis  lutii  »»-i;rrta  di.-!tre nda n I ,  qiinruni  ciiii->ri>-n(ia  cqus 

et  solanien  amici.  Emblem.  54.  cent.  1.  »*  .•\s  David  l  ac  tua  :  quorum  sermo  f^oliiudiiKni  l.iiiul.  npnlnitia 
did  to  Jonathan,   1  tJiUii.  xx.  ssSeneca  Epist   tiT      consilium  exiwdial.  hilaritag  iruliliaMi  dKHiiK-l.  r«>n. 

»Hic   in   civitale  nia:>iia  et   turba   magna   neminem    >pectu.-ique   ipsw  delettet.  i' Couimenl.  I.  7.     A4 

reperire   por'siimiis  quficum  suspirare  familiariter  aut  I  Deum  confuciainun,  et  (x.-ccatin  vcniaiii  |irre^iiiiir   ,iid« 
jocari  lib.re  (Kist^imus.     Quare  te  expcctaiiius,  te  dexi-     ad  ainirog.  et  rui  pliirimum  tribuiiiiiia,  noM  pnti-ririJi- 
dt^raiiius.   le   arcissimus.    .Multa   sunt   eniiii   quse    me     mii.4  loKw,  et  aninii   viiliiii*  quo  atflisiiu'jr     n.oi:  a4 
•■-lieila  It  el  niiaiint,  <|Lis  mihi  videor  aures  tuaa  nactus,    reficieodum  animum  etficaciu*. 
UDiua  aiubulalionid  seruooe  exbaurire  poas«.  ''  I 


Mem.  6.  Subs.  2.J 


Mind  rectified. 


331 


SuBSECT.  II. — Help  from  friends  by  counsel,  coinfort,  fair  and  foul  means,  loilty 
devices,  satisfaction,  alteration  of  his  course  of  life,  removing  objects,  8fc. 

When  the  patient  of  himself  is  not  able  to  resist,  or  overcome  these  heart-eating 
passions,  his  friends  or  physician  must  be  ready  to  supply  that  wliich  is  wanting. 
SucE  erit  humanitatis  et  sapientice  (which  ""^Tully  enjoineth  in  like  case)  siquid  erra- 
tum, curare,  aut  improvisum,  sua  diligentid  corrigere.  They  must  all  join  ;  nee  satis 
medico,  saith  '^^  Hippocrates,  suu?7i  fccisse  ojficium,  nisi  suum  quoque  cegrotus,  suum 
astantes,  &;c.  First,  tliey  must  especially  beware,  a  melancholy  discontented  person 
(be  it  in  what  kind  of  melancholy  soever)  never  be  left  alone  or  idle  :  but  as  pliysi- 
cians  prescribe  physic,  cum  custodid,  let  them  not  be  left  unto  themselves,  but  with 
some  company  or  other,  lest  by  that  means  they  aggravate  and  increase  their  dis- 
ease ;  non  oportet  cegros  humjusmodi  esse  solos  vel  inter  ignotos,  vel  inter  eos  quos 
non  amant  aut  negligunt,  as  Rod.  a  Fonseca,  torn.  1.  consul.  3.5.  prescribes.  Lugentes 
custodire  solemus  (saith  ''^  Seneca)  ne  solitudine  male  utantur;  we  watch  a  sorrowful 
person,  lest  he  abuse  his  solitariness,  and  so  should  we  do  a  melancholy  man ;  set 
him  about  some  business,  exercise  or  recreation,  which  may  divert  his  thoughts,  and 
■still  keep  liim  otherwise  intent;  for  his  fantasy  is  so  restless,  operative  and  quick, 
that  if  it  be  not  in  perpetual  action,  ever  employed,  it  will  work  upon  itself,  melan- 
cholise,  and  be  carried  away  instantly,  with  some  fear,  jealousy,  discontent,  suspi- 
cion, some  vain  conceit  or  other.  If  his  weakness  be  such  that  he  cannot  discern 
what  is  amiss,  correct,  or  satisfy,  it  behoves  them  by  counsel,  comfort,  or  persua- 
sion, by  fair  or  foul  means,  to  alienate  his  mind,  by  some  artificial  invention,  or  some 
contrary  persuasion,  to  remove  all  objects,  causes,  companies,  occasions,  as  may 
any  ways  molest  him,  to  humour  him,  please  him,  divert  him,  and  if  it  be  possible, 
by  altering  his  course  of  life,  to  give  him  security  and  satisfaction.  If  he  conceal 
his  grievances,  and  will  not  be  known  of  them,  ''^"they  must  observe  by  his  looks, 
gestures,  motions,  fantasy,  what  it  is  that  offends,"  and  then  to  apply  remedies  unto 
him  :  many  are  instantly  cured,  when  their  minds  are  satisfied.  ""^  Alexander  makes 
mention  of  a  woman,  "  that  by  reason  of  her  husband's  long  absence  in  travel,  was 
exceeding  peevish  and  melancholy,  but  when  she  heard  her  husband  was  returned, 
beyond  all  expectation,  at  the  first  sight  of  him,  she  was  freed  from  all  fear,  without 
help  of  any  other  physic  restored  to  her  former  health."  Trincavellius,  consil.  12. 
lib.  1.  hath  such  a  story  of  a  Venetian,  that  being  much  troubled  with  melancholy, 
■*•  "  and  ready  to  die  for  grief,  when  he  heard  his  wife  was  brought  to  bed  of  a  son, 
instantly  recovered."  As  Alexander  concludes, '*^"  If  our  imaginations  be  not  in- 
veterate, by  this  art  they  may  be  cured,  especially  if  they  proceed  from  such  a 
cause."  No  better  way  to  satisfy,  than  to  remove  the  object,  cause,  occasion,  if 
by  any  art  or  means  possible  we  may  find  it  out.  If  he  grieve,  stand  in  fear,  be  in 
suspicion,  suspense,  or  any  way  molested,  secure  him,  Solvitur  malum,  give  him 
satisfaction,  the  cure  is  ended  ;  alter  his  course  of  life,  there  needs  no  other  physic. 
If  the  party  be  sad,  or  otherwise  affected,  "•  consider  (saith  "'^Trallianus)  the  manner 
of  it,  all  circumstances,  and  forthwith  make  a  sudden  alteration,"  by  removing  the 
occasions,  avoid  all  terrible  objects,  heard  or  seen,  ^^ "  monstrous  and  prodigious 
aspects,"  tales  of  devils,  spirits,  ghosts,  tragical  stories ;  to  such  as  are  in  fear  they 
strike  a  great  impression,  renewed  many  times,  and  recall  such  chimeras  and  terrible 
fictions  into  their  minds.  ^' "  Make  not  so  much  as  mention  of  them  in  private  talk, 
or  a  dumb  show  tending  to  that  purpose  :  such  things  (saith  Galateus)  are  offensive 
to  their  imaginations."  And  to  those  that  are  now  in  sorrow,  "  Seneca  ''  forbids  all 
sad  companions,  and  such  as  lament ;  a  groaning  companion  is  an  enemy  to  quiet- 


<^  Ep.  a.  frat.  «  Aphor.  prim.  «  Epist.  10. 

4s  ObservaiMJo  inotus,  gestiis,  niaiius,  pedes,  oculus, 
phantasjaiii,  Piso.  icjvjuiier  melancholia  correpta  ex 
longa  viri  peregriiiatione,  et  iracuiide  omnibus  respon- 
liens,  quuiii  maritus  domum  leversus,  preeler  spem,  &c, 
4"  Prie  dolore  moritiirus  quuni  niinciatura  esset  uxorera 
pepeiisse  ft^iuni  subito  recuperavit.  *^  Nisi  affeclus 

l.ingi)  tempore  infestaverit,  tali  ariificio  imaginatinnes 
turare  oportet,  prceserlim  ubi  malum  ah  his  velut  a  pri- 
iiiaria  causa  uccasioueiu  habuerit.        ^'Lib.  I.  cap.  lU. 


Si  ex  tristitia  aut  alio  afl'ectu  caperit,  speciem  coiisi- 
dera,  aut  aliud  qui  eorum,  quK  subitani  alterationem 
facere  possunt.  ^Evilandi  monstritici  aspectus.  &c. 
51  Neque  enini  tarn  actio,  aut  recordatio  rpriirn  hujus- 
modi  displicet,  sed  iis  vel  gestus  alterius  linaginationi 
adumbrare,  vehementer  molestum.  Galat.  de  mor.  cap. 
7.  "Tranquil.  Pra?cipue  vitentur  tristes,  et  omnia 

deplorantes;  tranquillitati  inimicus  est  comes  pertur- 
batus,  omuia  geuiens. 


332  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2 

ness."  "  Or  if  there  be  any  such  party,  at  whose  presence  the  patient  is  not  w  ell 
pleased,  he  must  be  removed  :  gentle  speeches,  and  fair  means,  must  tirst  be  tried; 
no  harsh  language  used,  or  uncomfortable  words ;  and  not  expel,  as  some  do,  one 
jnadness  with  another ;  he  that  so  doth,  is  madder  than  the  patient  himself :"  all 
things  must  be  quietly  composed ;  eversa  nan  evcrtcnda^  scd  erigcnda.,  things  down 
must  not  be  dejected,  but  reared,  as  Crato  counselleth ;  ""he  must  be  quiedy  and 
gently  used,"  and  we  should  not  do  anything  against  his  mind,  but  by  litile  and  little 
eftect  it.  As  a  horse  that  starts  at  a  drum  or  trumpet,  and  will  not  endure  the  shoot- 
ing of  a  piece,  may  be  so  manned  by  art,  and  animated,  that  he  cannot  only  endure, 
but  is  much  more  generous  at  the  hearing  of  such  things,  much  more  courageous 
than  before,  and  much  delighteth  in  it :  they  must  not  be  reformed  ex  ubrtiptu^  but 
by  all  art  and  insinuation,  made  to  such  companies,  aspects,  objects  they  could  not 
formerly  away  with.  Many  at  first  cannot  endure  the  sight  of  a  green  wound,  a 
sick  man,  which  afterward  become  good  chirurgeons,  bold  empirics :  a  horse  starts 
at  a  rotten  post  afar  off,  whirh  coming  near  he  quietly  passelh,  'Tis  much  in  the 
manner  of  making  such  kind  of  persons,  be  they  never  so  averse  from  company, 
bashful,  solitary,  timorous,  they  may  be  made  at  la^t  with  those  Roman  matrons,  to 
desire  nolliing  more  than  ui  a  pubhc  show,  to  see  a  full  company  of  gladiators  breathe 
out  their  last. 

If  they  may  not  otherwise  be  accustomed  to  brook  such  distasteful  and  displeas- 
ing objects,  the  best  way  then  is  generdlly  to  avoid  them.  Montanus,  consil.  220. 
to  the  Earl  of  31ontfort,  a  courtier,  and  his  melancholy  patient,  adviseth  him  to  leave 
the  court,  by  reason  of  those  continual  discontents,  crosses,  abuses,  ""cares,  suspi- 
cions, emulations,  ambition,  anger,  jealousy,  which  that  place  aflorded,  and  which 
surely  caused  him  to  be  so  melancholy  at  the  lirst :"  Maxima  quteque  dumus  servis 
est  plena  superbis;  a  company  of  scoHlts  and  proud  jacks  are  commonly  conversant 
and  attend  in  such  places,  and  able  to  make  any  man  that  is  of  a  soft,  quiet  disposi- 
tion (as  many  times  they  do)  ex  slulto  insanum,  if  once  they  humour  him,  a  very 
idiot,  or  stark  mad.  A  thing  too  much  practised  in  all  common  societies,  and  they 
have  no  better  sport  than  to  make  themselves  merry  by  abusing  some  silly  fellow, 
or  to  take  advantage  of  another  maifs  weakness.  In  such  cases  as  in  a  plague,  the 
best  remedy  is  cito^  longe  tarde:  (for  to  such  a  party,  especially  if  he  be  apprehen- 
sive, there  can  be  no  greater  misery)  to  get  him  (piickly  gone  far  enough  olli  and  not 
to  be  overhasty  in  his  return.  Jf  he  be  so  stu|)id  that  he  do  not  apprt  hend  it,  his 
friends  should  take  some  order,  and  by  their  discretion  supply  that  which  is  want- 
ing in  him,  as  in  all  olber  cases  they  ought  to  do.  If  they  see  a  man  melancholy 
given,  solitary,  averse  from  company,  please  himself  with  such  private  and  vain  medi- 
tations, though  he  delight  in  it,  they  ought  by  all  means  seek  to  divert  him,  to  dehort 
him,  to  tell  him  of  the  event  and  danger  that  may  come  of  it.  If  they  see  a  man 
idle,  that  by  reason  of  his  means  otherwise  will  betake  himself  to  no  course  of  life, 
they  ought  seriously  to  admonish  him,  he  makes  a  noose  to  entangle  himself,  his 
want  ol  employment  will  be  his  undoing.  If  he  have  sustained  any  great  loss,  suf- 
fered a  repulse,  disgrace,  Sec,  if  it  be  possible,  relieve  him.  If  he  desire  aught,  let 
him  be  satisfied ;  if  in  suspense,  fear,  suspicion,  let  him  be  secured  :  and  if  it  may 
conveniently  be,  give  him  his  heart's  content;  for  the  body  cannot  be  cured  till  the 
mind  be  satisfied.  ^Soorates,  in  Plato,  would  prescribe  no  physic  for  Charmides' 
headache,  '*  till  first  he  had  eased  his  troubled  mind ;  body  and  soul  must  be  cured 
together,  as  head  and  eyes. 

"  "  Oculum  non  curabia  nine  loto  capite, 
Nee  caput  nine  t'>t'>  corpore. 
Nee  tuluin  corpus  sine  aniuia." 

If  that  may  not  be  hoped  or  expected,  yet  ease  him  with  comfort,  cheerful  speeches, 
fair  promises,  and  good  words,  persuade  him,  advise  him.    "  Many,"  saiih  **  Galen, 

**Illorum  qiioquc  hnminum,  a  quorum  concortio  ab-  '  lancholieum.  '  **Nigi  priua  animuin  lurbatiii-ifnum 
horrent,  pra'senlia  aniovenda.  nee  «eriiioiiibiis  iriiiratig  curas^et;  oculi  sine  eapite,  nee  c<irpu<  tine  amuia  cu- 
ebtudeiidi ;  si  quis  in-iaiiiaui  ab  insania  sic  curari  afi>ii-  i  ran  p<)tf»t.  "  E  urjcco.     "  \".\  -Imll  not  rirp  iIm 

met,   et   proterve    ijtilur,    luagis   qiiain    «ger    iii»aiiit.    fje,  unless  you  cure  the  whole  h-   :  .id, 

Crato  coiisil.  l--i.  Scoltzii.  "  Mulliter  ac  suaviter    uiilens  the-  whole  body ;  nor  the  v.  iDo 

Bger    tractetur,   nee    ad    ea    adisatur   qiix    non    curat,    gnul  be<idci>."  *"  Et  non  >■  n  i(, 

■^Ob  siifipiciones  curaa.  sniulalion>-ni,  ainbtlionem,  aninii  uiotibuf  ad  debitum  reVMaii-,  lib  1  <:•:  <iariil. 
iraa,  itc.  quas  locus  ille  minisirat,  et  qus  fccissent  me-    tuend. 


Mem.  6.  Subs.  2.]  Mind  rectified.  333 

*•  have  been  cured  by  good  counsel  and  persuasion  alone.  Heaviness  of  the  heart 
»>f  man  doth  bring  it  down,  but  a  good  word  rejoiceth  it,"  Prov.  xii.  25.  "And  there 
IS  he  that  speaketh  words  like  the  pricking  of  a  sword,  but  the  tongue  of  a  wise 
man  is  health,"  ver.  18.  Oratio.,namque'saucii  animi  est  remediwn.,  a  gentle  speech 
IS  the  true  cure  of  a  wounded  soul,  as  ^^  Plutarch  contends  out  of  ^Eschylus  aric; 
Euripides  :  "  if  it  be  wisely  administered  it  easeth  grief  and  pain,  as  diverse  remedies 
do  many  other  diseases."  'Tis  incantatlonis  instar.,  a  charm,  cEstuantis  animi  refri- 
geriiun^  that  true  Nepenthe  of  Homer,  which  was  no  Indian  plant,  or  feigned  mecH- 
cine,  which  Epidamna,  Thonis'  wife,  sent  Helena  for  a  token,  as  Macrobius,  7. 
Saturnal.  Goropius  Hermat.  lib.  9.  Greg.  Nazianzen,  and  others  suppose,  l)ut  oppor- 
tunity of  speech :  for  Helena's  bowl,  Medea's  unction,  Venus's  girdle,  Circe's  cup, 
cannot  so  enchant,  so  forcibly  move  or  alter  as  it  doth.  A  letter  sent  or  read  will 
do  as  much ;  muUum  allevor  qimni  tuas  litems  lego,  I  am  much  eased,  as  ^  TuUy 
wrote  to  Pomponius  Atticus,  when  I  read  thy  letters,  and  as  Julianus  the  Apostate 
once  sigaiiied  to  Maximus  the  philosopher;  as  Alexander  slept  with  Homer's  works, 
so  do  I  with  thine  epistles,  tanquam  PcBoniis  medicamcntis,  easque  assidue  tanquairi 
recentes  et  novas  iteramus;  scribe  ergo,  et  assidue  scribe,  or  else  come  thyself;  ami- 
cus ad  amicuni  xienies.  Assuredly  a  wise  and  well-spoken  man  may  do  what  he  will 
in  such  a  case ;  a  good  orator  alone,  as  ®'  TuUy  holds,  can  alter  affections  by  power 
of  his  eloquence,  "  comfort  such  as  are  afflicted,  erect  such  as  are  depressed,  expel 
and  mitigate  fear,  lust,  anger,"  Sic.  And  how  powerful  is  the  charm  of  a  discreet 
and  dear  friend  ?  Ille  regit  dictis  animos  et  temperat  iras.  What  may  not  he  effect  ? 
As  ^^  Chremes  told  Menedemus,  "  Fear  not,  conceal  it  not,  O  friend  !  but  tell  me  what 
it  is  that  troubles  thee,  and  I  shall  surely  help  thee  by  comfort,  counsel,  or  in  the 
matter  itself.  ''^Arnoldus,  lib.  1.  breviar.  cap.  18.  speaks  of  a  usurer  in  his  time,  that 
upon  a  loss,  much  melancholy  and  discontent,  was  so  cured.  As  imagination,  fear, 
grief,  cause  such  passions,  so  conceits  alone,  rectified  by  good  hope,  counsel,  &c., 
are  able  again  to  help  :  and  'tis  incredible  how  much  they  can  do  in  such  a  case,  as 
■"^ Trincavellius  illustrates  by  an  example  of  a  patient  of  his-,  Porphyrius,  the  philo- 
sopher, in  Plotinus's  life  (written  by  him),  relates,  that  being  in  a  discontented 
humour  through  insufferable  anguish  of  mind,  he  was  going  to  make  away  himself: 
but  meeting  by  chance  his  master  Plotinus,  wlio  perceiving  by  his  distracted  looks 
all  was  not  well,  urged  him  to  confess  his  grief:  which  when  he  had  heard,  he  used 
such  comfortable  speeches,  that  he  redeemed  him  e  faucibus  Erebi,  pacified  his 
unquiet  mind,  insomuch  that  he  was  easily  reconciled  to  himself,  and  much  abashed 
to  think  afterwards  that  he  should  ever  entertain  so  vile  a  motion.  By  all  means, 
therefore,  fair  promises,  good  words,  gentle  persuasions,  are  to  be  used,  not  to  be 
too  rigorous  at  first,  ®^"  or  to  insult  over  them,  not  to  deride,  neglect,  or  contemn," 
but  rather,  as  Lemnius  exhorteth,  "  to  pity,  and  by  all  plausible  means  to  seek  to 
redress  them  :"  but  if  satisfaction  may  not  be  had,  mild  courses,  promises,  comfort- 
able speeches,  and  good  counsel  will  not  take  place ;  then  as  Christopherus  a  Vega 
determines,  lib.  3.  cap.  14.  de  Mel.  to  handle  them  more  roughly,  to  threaten  and 
chide,  saith  ®^  Altomarus,  terrify  sgmetimes,  or  as  Salvianus  will  have  them,  to  be 
lashed  and  whipped,  as  we  do  by  a  starting  horse,  ®'  that  is  affrighted  without  a  cause, 
or  as  ^^  Rhasis  adviseth,  "  one  while  to  speak  fair  and  flatter,  another  while  to  terrifv 
and  chide,  as  they  shall  see  cause." 

When  none  of  these  precedent  remedies  will  avail,  it  will  not  be  amiss,  which 
Savanarola  and  Julian  Montaltus  so  much  commend,  clav7im  clavo  pellcre,^^'-''  \o 
drive  out  one  passion  with  another,  or  by  some  contrary  passion,"  as  they  do  bleed- 
ing at  nose  by  letting  blood  in  the  arm,  to  expel  one  fear  with  another,  one  grief 
with  another.     ™  Christopherus  a  Vega  accounts  it  rational  physic,  non  alienum  a 


^Consol.  ad  Apolloniiim.     Si  qiiis  sapieiiter  et  suo  1  hnminibus  insullet,  aut  in  illos  sit  severior,  veniiri  mi 
tempore   adliiheat,   Remedia   morbis    diversis    diversa  ,  serii  poiins  indolescat,  vicemque  deplorot.  lib.  -i.  irip. 


sunt ;  dolenteiu  scrtno  beiiignus  siiblevat.  ">  Lib. 

l-.'.  Epist.  61  De  nat.  deorum  consolatur  afflictos, 

doducit  perterritns  a  timore,  cupiditales  imprimis,  et 
iraciindias  i:i)nipriinit.  62  Heaiiton.  Act.  1.  Seen.  1. 

Ne  inctiK!,  riH  verere,  crede  inquain  mihi,  aut  cnnsolan- 


1().  o^Cap.  7.  Idem  Piso  Laurentius  cap.  8.  «^  Ci  lo  I 
timet  nihil  est,  ubi  cntiiiur  et  videt.  6S(Jna  vice 

blaiidiantur,  una  vice  iisdem  terrorem  iiicutiant 
«9Si  vero  fuerit  ex  novo  malo  audito,  vel  e.x  animi  ac- 
cidente,  aut  de  amissione  mcrcium,  aut  mnrte  amiri. 


do,  nut  consilio,  aut  rejuvero.  M  jVovi  fencratnrem     introducantur  nova  contraria  his  quae  ipsum  ad  gaudia 

avarud  apud  meos  sic  curatum,  qui  multam  pecuniam     moveant ;  de  hoc  semper  niti  debeaius,  &.c.  ">Lib. 

amiserat.  "Lib.  1.  consil.  12.     Incredibile  diclu  |  3.  cap.  14. 

quanlute  juvent,  «°Nemo  istiusmodi  conditionis  | 


334  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [rait.  2.  Sec.  2. 

ratione:  and  Lemnius  much  approves  it,  "to  use  a  hard  wedge  to  a  hard  knot,"  to 
drive  out  one  disease  with  another,  to  pull  out  a  tooth,  or  wound  him,  to  geld  him, 
saitli  ''  Platerus,  as  tliey  did  epileplical  patients  of  old,  because  it  quite  alters  the 
temperature,  t^at  the  pain  of  the  one  ma>- mitigate  the  grief  of  the  other;  '^'>and  1 
knew  one  that  was  so  cured  of  a  quartan  ague,  by  the  sudden  coming  of  his  enemies 
upon  him."  If  we  may  believe  ''  Pliny,  whom  Scaliger  calls  mendaciorum  patrem^ 
the  father  of  lies,  Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  that  renowned  consul  of  Rome,  in  a  battle 
fought  with  the  king  of  the  Allobroges,  at  the  river  Isaurus,  was  so  rid  of  a  quartan 
ague.  Valesius,  in  his  controversies,  holds  this  an  excellent  remedy,  and  if  it  be 
discreetly  used  in  this  malady,  better  than  any  physic. 

Sometimes  again  by  some  "*  feigned  lie,  strange  news,  witty  device,  artiticial  inven- 
tion, it  is  not  amiss  to  deceive  them.  '^"'As  they  hale  those,"  saith  Alexander,  "  that 
neglect  or  deride,  so  they  will  give  ear  to  such  as  will  soothe  them  up.  If  they  say 
they  have  swallowed  frogs  or  a  snake,  by  all  means  grant  it,  and  tell  tliein  you  can 
easily  cure  it ;  'tis  an  ordinary  thing.  Pliilodotus,  the  physician,  cured  a  melancholy 
king,  that  thought  his  head  was  off,  by  putting  a  leaden  cap  thereon  ;  the  weight 
made  him  perceive  it,  and  freed  him  of  his  fond  imagination.  A  woman,  in  the  said 
Alexander,  swallowed  a  serpent  as  she  thought;  he  gave  her  a  vomit,  and  conveyed 
a  serpent,  such  as  she  conceived,  into  the  basin ;  upon  the  sight  of  it  she  was 
amended.  The  pleasante^t  dotage  that  ever  I  read,  t^aith  "^  Laurenlius,  was  of  a  gen- 
tleman at  Senes  in  Italy,  who  was  afraid  to  piss,  lest  all  tlietown  should  be  drowned  ; 
the  physicians  caused  the  bells  to  be  rung  backward,  and  told  him  the  town  was  on 
fire,  whereupon  he  made  water,  and  was  inuneduitely  cured.  Anothrr  supfxised  his 
nose  so  big  that  he  should  dash  it  against  the  wall  if  he  stirred;  his  physician  took 
a  great  piece  of  flesh,  and  holding  it  in  his  hand,  pinched  him  by  the  nose,  making 
him  believe  that  flesh  was  cut  from  it.  Forestus,  obs.  lib.  1.  had  a  melancholy  |>atient, 
who  thought  he  was  dead,  "'Mie  put  a  fellow  in  a  chest,  like  a  dead  man,  by  his 
bedside,  and  made  him  rear  himself  a  little,  and  eat :  the  melancholy  man  asked  the 
counterfeit,  wliether  dead  men  use  to  eat  meat .'  He  told  him  yea;  whereupon  he 
did  eat  likewise  and  was  cured."  Lenmius,  lib.  2.  cap.  6.  de  4.  compler.  hath  many 
such  instances,  and  Jovianus  Pontanus,  lib.  4.  cap.  2.  of  Wi.sd.  of  the  like;  but 
amongst  the  rest  I  find  one  most  memorable,  registered  in  the  ■"•  French  chronicles 
of  an  advocate  of  Paris  before  mentioned,  who  believed  verily  he  was  dead,  kc.  I 
read  a  multitude  of  examples  of  melancholy  men  cured  by  such  artiiicial  inventions. 

SuBSECT.  HI. — J\Iusic  a  remedy. 

Ma.w  and  sundry  are  the  means  which  philosophers  and  physicians  have  prescribed 
to  exhilarate  a  sorrowful  heart,  to  divert  those  fixed  and  intent  cares  and  meditations, 
which  in  this  maladv  so  much  offend;  but  in  mv  judgment  none  so  present,  none  so 
powerful,  none  so  apposite  as  a  cup  of  strong  drink,  mirth,  music,  and  merry  company 
Ecclus.  xl.  20.  ^  Wine  and  music  rejoice  the  heart."  '^  Hhasi.s,  c«i/.  D.  Tract.  15 
Altomarus,  cap.  7.  .■•Elianus  Montaltus,  c.  20.  Ficinus.  Bened.  Victor.  Faventinus  are  al- 
most immoderate  in  the  commendation  of  it ;  a  most  forcible  medicine  *  Jacchinus  calls 
it :  Jason  Fratensis,  "  a  most  admirable  thing,  and  worthy  of  consideration,  that  can 
so  mollify  the  mind,  and  stay  those  tempestuous  affections  of  it."  Musica  est  mentis 
medicina  mcestce,  a  roaring-meg  against  melancholy,  to  rear  and  revive  the  languish- 
ing soul;  ^'"aflecting  not  only  the  ears,  but  the  very  arteries,  the  vital  and  animal 
spirits,  it  erects  the  mind,  and  makes  it  nimble."  Lemnius,  iwitit.  cap.  44.  This  it 
Avill  effect  in  the  most  dull,  severe  and  sorrowful  souls,  "-'"expel  grief  with  mirth, 
and  if  there  be  any  clouds,  dust,  or  dregs  of  cares  yet  lurking  in  our  thoughts,  moet 

'''Cap.  3.  Castratio  olim  a  veteribua  usa  in  morbis  |  cniiiilin  priip<!  eum,  in  quern  ilium  to  niortiiiiin  Ancrn- 
i1ps(»fralis.  ice.  '^  Lib.  1.  ca|i.  5.  sic  morbiiin  niorln).     It-rii  p.icnit  ;  liic  iii  cisia  jacfiiit,  A.c.  '"Srn*.  I^M. 

Ut  clavuiii  clavo,  ^pturl[|lmll^>,  et  malo   ni^Hlii  iiialiiin  ni-  '  'k  In  <.l.  Rli.v>i'<    MHvnam  vim  hab<-t  niiinir.-i.  "Car 

Ileum  adhibeiiiiis.     Novi  ei;o  tpii  ex  siibito  hnsliuiii  in-  ;  de  .Mama.    Adriiiramla  proficlii  re«  enl.tt  Uifi.i  eipri.- 
ciirsu  et  innpi  nato  timoroqiiartaiiain  ilepulerat.    '^I.ih.  '  <<iiiiie.  quinl  luiiiorum  conciiiiiiln8  nii-nl>-m  i-iiiiilii.it,  (ia* 
7.  cap.  SO.     In   acie  puznans  febre  qiiartana  libernlris  '  tatque  prr>rell'»iai)  ipiiius  aflerlmncii. 
e^t.  '♦  JacchiMiis.  c.  15.  in  9.   Rhasis  Mont.  ca[>. -Jfi.  |  animui'  imle  eritfiliir  el  revivincit.  tn-r  i  1 

"Lib.  l.cap.  16.  aver^aritiir  eos  qm  eoriini  alfectu!)  ri-     neil  el  ynnilii  (wr  arteriaji  undiq>ip  dill 
denl,  ronlemmint.     Si   ranas   et    vifieras  cninediMe  xe     vitale*  luni  aiiimale*  exci'at.  nienl'-rn   r 
piilant,  concedere   debeiiiii«,  et   ppem   de   cura   facere      iLt:.  <^  Muiica  veiiualate  lud  men 

*>('ap.  6.  d«  Biel.  ^'Cistam  posuit  ex  Medicorum  '  capic,  Ac. 


n 

I. a. 

211 

em 

"I. 

im 

m. 

"I 

»»-n 

i-riu 

•rtt 

Mem.  6.  Subs.  3.J  Perturhations  rectified.  335 

powerfully  it  wipes  them  all  away,"  Salisbur.  poJit.  lib.  1.  cap.  6.  and  that  wliich  is 
more,  it  will  perform  all  this  in  an  instant:  '*^"  Cheer  up  the  countenance,  expel 
austerity,  bring  in  hilarity  (Girald.  Camb.  cap.  12.  Tojwg.  Hiber.)  inform  our  man- 
ners, mitigate  anger;"  Athenaeus  {Dlpnosophist.  lib.  14.  cap.  10.)  calleth  it  an  infinite 
treasure  to  such  as  are  endowed  with  it :  Dulcisonum  rcficit  tristia  corda  meJos, 
Eobanus  Hessus.  Many  other  properties  ^*  Cassiodorus,  epist.  4.  reckons  up  of  this 
our  divine  music,  not  only  to  expel  the  greatest  griefs,  but  "it  doth  extenuate  fears 
and  furies,  appeaseth  cruelty,  abateth  heaviness,  and  to  such  as  are  watchful  it 
causetli  quiet  rest ;  it  takes  away  spleen  and  hatred,"  be  it  instrumental,  vocal,  with 
strings,  wind,  ^^Qticp.  d  spiritu,  sine  manuum  dexteritafe  gubernetur.,  S^c.  it  cures  all 
irksomeness  and  heaviness  of  the  soul.  ^  Labouring  men  that  sing  to  their  work, 
can  tell  as  much,  and  so  can  soldiers  when  they  go  to  fight,  whom  terror  of  death 
cannot  so  much  affright,  as  the  sound  of  trumpet,  drum,  fife,  and  such  like  music 
animates;  vietus  enim  mortis,  as  ^" Ceiisorinus  informeth  us,  musica  depcUilur.  "  It 
makes  a  child  quiet,"  the  nurse's  song,  and  many  times  the  sound  of  a  trumpet  on 
a  sudden,  bells  ringing,  a  carman's  whistle,  a  boy  singing  some  ballad  tune  early  in 
the  streets,  alters,  revives,  recreates  a  restless  patient  that  cannot  sleep  in  the  night, 
&.C.  In  a  word,  it  is  so  powerful  a  thing  that  it  ravisheth  the  soul,  regina  sensimm., 
■  the  queen  of  the  senses,  by  sweet  pleasure  (which  is  a  happy  cure),  and  corporal 
tunes  pacify  our  incorporeal  soul,  sine  ore  loquens,  dominatum  in  animam  exercet, 
and  carries  it  beyond  itself,  helps,  elevates,  extends  it.  Scaliger,  exerciL  302,  gives 
a  reason  of  these  effects,  *^ "  because  the  spirits  about  the  heart  take  in  that  trembling 
and  dancing  air  into  the  body,  are  moved  together,  and  stirred  up  with  it,"  or  else 
the  mind,  as  some  suppose  harmonically  composed,  is  roused  up  at  the  tunes  of 
music.  And  'tis  not  only  men  that  are  so  affected,  but  almost  all  other  creatures. 
You  know  the  tale  of  Hercules  Gallus,  Orpheus,  and  Amphion,  f cell ces  animas  Ovid 
calls  them,  that  could  saxa  movere  sono  testudinis.,  &ic.  make  stocks  and  stones,  as 
well  as  beasts  and  other  animals,  dance  after  their  pipes  :  the  dog  and  hare,  wolf  and 
lamb;  vicinumque  lupo  prcebuit  agna  latus ;  clamosiis  graculus,  stridnJa  comix,  el 
Jovis  aquila,  as  Philostratus  describes  it  in  his  images,  stood  all  gaping  upon  Or- 
pheus ;  and  ^^  trees  pulled  up  by  the  roots  came  to  hear  him,  Et.  comiiem  quercum 
jnnus  arnica  trahit. 

Arion  made  fishes  follow  him,  which,  as  common  experience  evinceth,  ^°are  much 
affected  with  music.  All  singing  birds  are  much  pleased  with  it,  especially  nightin- 
gales, if  we  may  believe  Calcagninus  ;  and  bees  amongst  the  rest,  though  they  be  fly- 
ing away,  wlien  they  hear  any  tingling  sound,  will  tarry  behind.  ^' "  Harts,  hinds, 
horses,  dogs,  bears,  are  exceedingly  delighted  with  it."  Seal,  exerc.  302.  Elephants^ 
Agrippa  adds,  lib.  2.  cap.  24.  and  in  Lydia  in  the  midst  of  a  lake  there  be  certain 
floatmg  islands  (if  ye  will  believe  it),  that  after  music  will  dance. 

But  to  leave  all  declamatory  speeches  in  praise"^  of  divine  music,  I  will  confine 
myself  to  my  proper  subject :  besides  that  excellent  power  it  hath  to  expel  many 
other  diseases,  it  is  a  sovereign  remedy  against  ^^  despair  and  melancholy,  and  will 
drive  away  the  devil  himself.  Canus,  a  Rhodian  fiddler,  in  ^^  Philostratus,  when 
Apollonius  was  inquisitive  to  know  what  he  could  do  with  his  pipe,  told  him,  "That 
he  would  make  a  melancholy  man  merry,  and  him  that  was  merry  mucli  merrier 
than  before,  a  lover  more  enamoured,  a  religious  man  more  devout.  Ismenias  the 
Theban,  ^'  Chiron  the  centaur,  is  said  to  have  cured  tliis  and  many  other  diseases  by 
music  alone  :  as  now  they  do  those,  saith  ^''Bodine,  that  are  troubled  with  St.  Vitus's 
Bedlam  dance.  ^'^  Timotheus,  the  musician,  compelled  Alexander  to  skip  up  and  down, 
and  leave  his  dinner  (like  the  tale  of  the  Friar  and  the  Boy),  whom  Austin,  de  civ. 

MAnimnstristessul)il6exhilarat,nubilosviiltussere.  show  tJiemselves  dancing  at  the  snund  of  a  irumpet 
na.,  ausltntatem  reponit,  jiiciinditatem  exponit,  har-  fol.  35.  1.  et  fol.  154.  2  bonk.  9'  De  cervo  egiio  cane' 
bariemque  tarit  deponere  gtntes,  mores  institiiit,  ira-  ,  iirso  idem  compertum ;  miisica  afficiuntiir.  '  MNiimen 
cuniliam  mitigat.  "iCithara  tristitiain  jticiiiidat.     inest  nunieris.  aascepe  graves  morbo?  niodulatiim 

timidos  Kirures  attenuat,  criientam  savitiam  blande  re-  ;  carmen  abesit.  Et  desperatis  conciliavit  onem       *'  Lib 
hcit.langnorem.&c         wpet.  Aretine.  ^^Castilio    5.  cap.   7.    M.Brentibus   moerorem   adimani.    tetantera' 

ae  aulic.  Ill)   1.  lol.  27.  "  Lib.  de  Natali.  cap.  ]2.  |  vero  seipso  reddam   hilariorem,  amantcm  calidinrem, 

«Uuod  spiritiis  qui  in  corde  agilant  Iremulem  et  sub-     religiosum  divine  numine  correptum,  el  ad  Deos  colen- 
saltantemrecipiuntaerem  in  pectus,  et  inde  excitantiir,    dns  paratiorem.  9«Natalis  Comes  .Mvth.  lib.  4.  cap. 

a  spirilu  niui^culi  moventnr,&c,        ^^Arbores  radicibus     12.  ^6M|,.  5.  de  rep.  Curat.  iMusica  furorem  Saner 

avulsae,  &c.  m  ai  Carew  of  Anthony,  in  descript.  I  viti.  97  Exilire  e  convivio.  Cardan,  subtil,  lib.  B. 

Cornwall,  saith  of  whales,  tliat  they  will  come  and  | 


336  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2, 

Dei,  lib.  17.  cap.  14.  so  much  commends  for  it.  Who  hath  not  heard  how  David's 
harmony  drove  away  the  evil  spirits  from  king  Saul,  1  Sam.  xvi.  and  Elisha  when  he 
was  much  troubled  by  importunate  kings,  called  for  a  minstrel,  "-'and  when  he  played, 
the  hand  of  the  Lord  came  upon  him,"  2  Kings  iii.  Censorinus  de  nataJi.,  cap.  12.  re- 
ports how  Asclepiade.s  the  physician  helped  many  frantic  persons  by  this  means., phre- 
ncticnrum  mrntrs  mnrhn  turhalas — Jason  Pratensis,  cap.  d€  Mania,  hath  many  examples, 
how  Clinias  and  Empedocles  cured  some  desperately  melancholy,  and  some  mad  by 
this  our  music.  Which  because  it  hath  such  excellent  virtues,  belike  **  Homer  brings 
in  Phemins  playing,  and  the  Muses  singing  at  the  banquet  of  the  gods.  Aristotle, 
Polit.  L  8.  c.  5,  Plato  2,de  Icgibus,  highly  approve  it,  and  so  do  all  politicians.  The 
Greeks,  Romans,  have  graced  music,  and  made  it  one  of  the  liberal  sciences, 
though  it  be  now  become  mercenary.  All  civil  Commonwealths  allow  it :  Cneiug 
Manlius  (as^^Livius  relates)  anno  ab  urb.  cond.  507.  brought  first  out  of  Asia  to 
Rome  singing  wenches,  players,  jesters,  ami  all  kinds  of  music  to  their  feasts. 
Tour  princes,  emperors,  and  persons  of  any  quality,  maintain  it  in  their  courts ;  no 
mirth  without  music.  Sir  Thomas  More,  in  liis  absolute  Utopian  conmionwealth, 
allows  nuisic  as  an  appendix  to  every  meal,  ami  that  throughout,  to  all  sorts.  Epic- 
tetus  calls  mcnsam  mntum  prcesepe,  a  table  without  music  a  manger:  for  ^'  the  con- 
cert of  nuisicians  at  a  bampiet  is  a  carbuncle  set  in  gold ;  and  as  the  signet  of  an 
emerald  well  trinmied  with  gold,  so  is  the  melody  of  nmsic  in  a  pleasant  banquet. 
Ecclus.  xxxii.  5,  (*».  ""Louis  the  Eleventh,  when  he  invited  Edward  the  Fourth  to 
come  to  Paris,  told  him  that  as  a  principal  part  of  his  eiUcrtaimnent,  he  should  hear 
sweet  voices  of  children,  Ionic  and  Lydian  tunes,  exciuisile  nmsic,  he  should  have 

a ,  and  the  cardinal  of  Bourbon  to  be  his  confessor,  which  he  used  as  a  most 

plausible  argument :  as  to  a  .sensual  man  indeed  it  is.  '  Lucian  in  his  book,  df  stilla- 
tiflnr,  is  not  ashamed  to  confess  that  he  toi>k  infmite  delight  in  singing,  dancing, 
music,  women's  company,  aiul  such  like  pleasnres :  "and  if  thon  (saith  he)  didst 
but  hear  them  play  and  dance,  I  knon-  thou  wouldst  be  so  well  pleased  with  tlie 
object,  that  thou  wouldst  dance  for  company  thyself,  without  doubt  thou  wilt  be 
taken  with  it."  So  Scaliger  ingenuously  confesseth,  e.irrcif.  274.  ''*  I  am  beyond  all 
measure  affected  with  music,  I  do  most  willingly  behold  them  dance,  I  am  mightily 
detained  and  allured  with  that  grace  and  comeliness  of  fair  women,  I  am  well  pleased 
to  be  idle  amongst  them."  And  what  young  man  is  not  ?  As  it  is  acceptable  and 
conducing  to  most,  so  especially  to  a  melancholy  man.  Provided  always,  his  disease 
proceed  not  originallv  from  it,  that  he  be  not  some  light  inamuratn,  some  idle  phan- 
tastic,  who  capers  in  conceit  all  the  day  long,  and  thinks  of  nothing  else,  but  how 
to  make  jigs,  sonnets,  madrigals,  in  commendation  of  his  mistress.  In  such  cases 
music  is  most  pernicious,  as  a  spur  to  a  free  horse  will  make  him  run  himself  blind,  or 
break  his  wind;  Incitamenturn  enim  amoris  musica.,  for  music  enchants,  as  Mt-nander 
holds,  it  will  make  such  melancholy  persons  mad,  arul  the  sound  of  those  jigs  and 
hornpipes  will  not  be  removed  out  of  the  ears  a  week  after.  *  Plato  for  this  reason 
forbids  nmsic  and  wine  to  al'  young  men,  because  they  are  most  part  amorous,  ne 
ignis  addalur  igni.,  lest  one  fire  increase  another.  Many  men  are  melanclioly  by 
hearing  music,  but  it  is  a  p'easing  melancholy  that  it  causeth ;  and  therefore  to  such 
as  are  discontent,  in  woe,  fear,  sorrow,  or  dejected,  it  is  a  most  present  remedy:  it 
expels  cares,  alters  their  grieved  minds,  and  easeth  in  an  instant.  Otherwise,  saith 
■•  Plutarch,  Mnsica  magis  dementat  quam  vinum ;  music  makes  some  men  mad  as  a 
tiger;  like  Astolphos'  horn  in  Ariosto ;  or  Mercury's  golden  wand  in  Hotner,  that 
made  some  wake,  others  sleep,  it  hath  divers  effects  :  and  '  Theophrastus  right  well 
prophesied,  that  diseases  were  either  procured  by  music,  or  mitigated. 

SuESECT.  IV. — Mirth  and  merry  company,  fair  objects,  remedies. 

Mirth  and  merry  company  may  not  be  separated  from  music,  both  concerning 
and  necessarily  required  in  this  business.     '^  Mirth,"  (saith  ®Vives)  "  purgeth  the 

»<  Iliad.  I.  «*Libro  !).  cap.  1.    P!ialtria§.  Sambii-  i  aspicio,    pulrhrarum    rceniiniirum   vi-nuftate   ilrlineor, 

cistrasuiue  ct  ronvivalia  luiloruin  ohlectamr>iita  addita  ,  oliari  inter  has  aolulun  rurii  pomutn.  »3.  De  |p«il>ua. 
•  pulim  ex   Asia   iiivexit   in    urbem.  '"oComineus.  l«8ymp<)(i.    quest.  5.    Musica    multoti    maeia    ilrinrntat 

"  Uta   iibenter  el   niasiia  cum  voliiptate  spectare  soleo.  i  ijnain  vuiuin.  >  Anuiii  morbi  vi-l  a  inuairn  mrniitur 

Kl  M-io  le  illecehrio  hisrecaptuin  in  et  inaiipcr  tripiiiJia-     vei   inreruiilur.  «  Lib.  J.  de  aniina  Lctitia   piirital 

luruiii,  baud  diibid  deniulcebere.  '  In  inijsicis  supra     Banguinem,    valoludinem    confe«rval,  coluretn   inducK 

xuueui  fidcm  capiur  et  obleclor;  clioreaa  libeatissimi  |  durenteio,  iiiiidum  (ratum. 


Mem  6  Subs.  4.]      ,  Mind  rectified  by  Mirth.  337 

blood,  confirms  health,  causeth  a  fresh,  pleasing,  and  fine  colour,"  ^  rorogues  life, 
whets  the  wit,  makes  the  body  young,  lively  and  fit  for  any  manner  of  employment. 
The  merrier  the  heart  the  longer  the  life ;  "  A  merry  heart  is  the  life  of  the  flesh," 
Prov.  xiv.  .30.  "  Gladness  prolongs  bis  days,"  Ecclus.  xxx.  22  ;  and  this  is  one  of 
the  three  Salernitaii  doctors.  Dr.  Merryman,  Dr.  Diet,  Dr.  Quiet,  'which  cure  all 

diseases Mens  hilaris,  requies,  moderata  dieta.    ^  Gomesius,  prafat.  lib.  3.  de  sal. 

g:n.  is  a  great  magnifier  of  honest  mirth,  by  which  (sailh  he)  "we  cure  many  pas- 
sions of  the  mind  in  ourselves,  and  in  our  friends ;"  which  ^  Galateus  assigns  for  a 
cause  why  we  love  merry  conipanions  :  and  well  they  deserve  it,  being  that  as 
'"Magninus  holds,  a  merry  companion  is  better  than  any  music,  and  as  the  sayino-  is, 
comes  jucundus  in  via  pro  vehicu/o,  as  a  waggon  to  him  that  is  wearied  on  the  way. 
Jucunda  confabidatio.,  sales,  joci,  pleasant  discourse,  jests,  conceits,  merry  tales, 
melliti  verborum  globuli,  as  Petronius,  "Pliny,  '^Spondanus,  '^Ccelius,  and  many 
good  authors  plead,  are  that  sole  Nepenthes  of  Homer,  Helena's  bowl,  Venus's 
girdle,  so  renowned  of  old  '^  to  expel  grief  and  care,  to  cause  mirth  and  gladness  of 
heart,  if  they  be  rightly  understood,  or  seasonably  applied.     In  a  word, 

Ji"  Amor,  voluptas,  Venus,  gaudiam,  I         "Gratification,  pleasure,  love,  joy, 

Jocus,  luilus,  sermn  suavis,  siiaviatio."  |  Mirth,  sport,  pleasant  words  and  no  alloy," 

are  the  true  Nepenthes.  For  these  causes  our  physicians  generally  prescribe  this 
as  a  principal  engine  to  batter  the  walls  of  melancholy,  a  chief  antidote,  and  a  sufli- 
cient  cure  of  itself.  "  By  all  means  (saith  '**  Mesue)  procure  mirth  to  these  men  in 
such  things  as  are  heard,  seen,  tasted,  or  smelled,  or  any  way  perceived,  and  let  them 
have  all  enticements  and  fair  promises,  the  sight  of  excellent  beauties,  attires,  orna- 
ments, delightsome  passages  to  distract  their  minds  from  fear  and  sorrow,  and  such 
things  on  which  they  are  so  fixed  and  intent.  "Let  them  use  hunting,  sports,  plays, 
je:its,  merry  company,"  as  Rhasis  prescribes,  "which  will  not  let  the  mind  be 
molested,  a  cup  of  good  drink  now  and  then,  hear  music,  and  have  such  companions 
with  whom  they  are  especially  delighted;  '* merry  tales  or  toys,  drinkiner,  singing, 
dancing,  and  whatsoever  else  may  procure  mirth  :  and  by  no  means,  saith  Guianerius 
sufl^er  them  to  be  alone.  Benedictus  Victorius  Faventinus,  in  his  empirics,  accounts 
it  an  especial  remedy  against  melancholy,  '^"to  hear  and  see  singing,  dancing, 
maskers,  mummers,  to  converse  with  such  merry  fellows  and  fair  maids.  For  the 
beauty  of  a  woman  cheereth  the  countenance,"  Ecclus.  xxxvi.  22.  ^Beauty  alone 
■/s  a  sovereign  remedy  against  fear,  grief,  and  all  melancholy  fits ;  a  charm,  as  Peter 
de  la  Seine  and  many  other  writers  aflirm,  a  banquet  itself;  he  gives  instance  in  dis- 
:*ontented  Menelaus,  that  was  so  often  freed  by  Helena's  fair  face :   and  ^'  TuUy. 

3  Tusc.  cites  Epicurus  as  a  chief  patron  of  this  tenet.  To  expel  grief,  and  procure 
pleasure,  sweet  smells,  good  diet,  touch,  taste,  embracing,  singing,  dancing,  spor 
plays,  and  above  the  rest,  exquisite  beauties,  quibus  oculi  jucunde  moventur  et  animiy 
are  most  powerful  means,  obvia  forma.,  to  meet  or  see  a  fair  maid  pass  by,  or  to  be 
in  company  with  her.  He  found  it  by  experience,  and  made  good  use  of  it  in  his 
own  person,  if  Plutarch  belie  him  not;  for  he  reckons  up  the  names  of  some  more 
elegant  pieces;  ^"Leontia,  Boedina,  Hedieia,  Nicedia,  that  were  frequently  seen  in 
Epicurus'  garden,  and  very  familiar  in  his  house.  Neither  did  he  try  it  himself  alone, 
but  if  we  may  give  credit  to  -^  Atheneus,  he  practised  it  upon  others.  For  wlien  a  sad 
and  sick  patient  was  brought  unto  him  to  be  cured,  "he  laid  him  on  a  down  bed, 
crowned  him  with  a  garland  of  sweet-smelling  flowers,  in  a  fair  perfumed  closet 
delicately  set  out,  and  after  a  portion  or  two  of  good  drink,  which  he  administered, 

"  Spiritus  temperat,  calorom  excitat,  naturalem  virtu-  et  blandieiitihus  Indis,  et  protnissis  distrahantur,  eorum 
tern  corrohorat,  juvenile  corpus  diu  servat.  vitam  pro-  ,  aninii.de  re  aliqua  quam  tiuient  et  dolent.  '' Utan- 
ros;ai,  ingeuium  acuit  et  hominum  negotii  qujhuslibet  tur  ve  nalionibus  ludis,  jocis.  anoicoruin  consortirs.  qui 
apiiorein  reddit.    Schola  Salem.  »Duni  contumelia  (  non  sinunt  aiiimum  turbari,  vino  et  cantu  et  loci  niuta- 

vacant  et  festiva  letiifate  mordent,  mediocrns  aniini  ,  tione,  et  biberia,  et  i»audio,  ex  quibus  pra;cipue  delec- 
egritudines  sanari   solent,  &;c.  »  De  tnor.  fol.  57.     tantur.  ":  Piso  ex  fabulis  et  ludis  quasrenda  delec- 

Amamusideo  eos  qui  sunt  faceti  etjucundi.  lORegiiu.  tatio.  His  versetur  qui  inaxime  grati,  sunt,  cantus  pt 
sanit.    part.  '2.   Nota   quod   amicus   bonus  et   dilectus  i  chorea  ad  Iffititiam  profunt.  isprscipue  valet  ad 

pocius,  narrationibus  suis  jucundis  superat  ornnem  expellendam  melancholiam  stare  in  cantibus,  ludis,  et 
melodiam.  "  Lib.  21.  cap.  27.  ''^Comment,  in  ^  sonis  et  habitare  cum  familiaribus,  et  prKcipue  cum 

4  Odyss.  13  Lib.  26.  c.  1.5.  ■■'  Homericum  illud  i  puellis  jucundis.  20  par.  5.  de  avocamentis  lib.  de 
Vepenthes  quod  muirorem  tollit,  et  cuthimiam,  et  hila-  absolvendo  luctu.  ''Corporum  compleiiis,  cantug, 
iitatem  parit.  i' Plant.  Bacch.  is  De  a^gritull.  ludi,  forms,  &c.  «Circa  hortos  Epiruri  frequentea. 
capitis.  Omni  modo  generet  l<etitiam  in  iis,  de  iis  qua     ^Dypnosoph.  lib.  10.    Coronavit  florido  serto  irir«ndeii» 

idiuntur  et  videntur,  aut  odorantur,  aut  gustantur,     odores,  in   culcitra   plumea   collocavit  dulciculam  po- 
»ut  quocunque  modo  sentiri  possunt,  et  aspectu  forma-     tionem  propinans  psaltriam  adduxit,  &c. 
CM  multi  decoriset  ornatus, etnegotiatione;  jucunda,  1 

43  2D 


335  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  2. 

he  broug-ht  in  a  beautiful  youne  "wench  that  could  play  upon  a  lute,  sin^,  and 
dance,"  &c.  Tullv,  3.  Tnsc.  scoffs  at  Epicurus,  for  iliis  his  profene  physic  (as  well 
he  deserved),  and' yet  Phavorinus  and  Stobeus  liighly  approve  of  it;  most  of  our 
looser  pliysicians  in  some  cases,  to  such  parties  especially,  allow  of  this ;  and  all  of 
them  will'  have  a  melancholy,  sad,  and  discontented  person,  make  frctpient  use  of 
honest  sports,  companies,  and  recreations,  et  incitandos  ad  Vcnerrm,  as  ^'^  Kodcricus 
a  Fonseca  will,  asprclu  et  contaclu  pulchcrrimarnm  fcvminaruvu  to  be  drawn  to  such 
consorts,  whether  they  will  or  no.  Not  to  be  an  auditor  oidy,  or  a  spectator,  but 
sometimes  an  actor  himself  Didce  est  desiperc  in  loco,  to  j)hiy  the  lool  now  and 
then  is  not  amiss,  there  is  a  time  for  all  things.  Grave  Socniles  would  be  merry  by 
fits,  sing,  dance,  and  take  his  liquor  too,  or  else  Theoiloret  belies  him;  so  would  old 
Cato, '"'  Tully  by  his  own  confession,  and  the  rest.  Xeruiphon,  in  his  Si/mpos.  brings 
in  Socrates  as  a  principal  actor,  no  man  merrier  tlum  himself,  an«l  sometimes  he  would 

^■'"ride  a  cockhorse  with  his  chiUhen." equitarr  in  ar undine  longd.    (Though 

Alcibiades  scolled  at  him  lor  it)  and  well  he  might ;  for  now  and  then  (.saith  Plu- 
tarch) the  most  virtuous,  honest,  and  gravest  men  will  use  feasts,  jests,  and  toys,  as 
we  do  sauce  to  our  meats.     So  did  Scipio  and  La?lius, 

^•"Clrii  ijlii  se  a  vulgn  et  ccena  in  secreta  rfinorant,       "  Valnroiis  Scipio  ami  gt;iillf  IjiIiiis, 

Virtus  Si'i|iiaila'  et  iiiilis  oapientia  XjirVx,  Rt-mnveil  Irmii  Ilit;  ncciic  anil  rmit  i<o  clainoroun. 

Nugan  cnni  illo,  et  iliscincli  ludere,  duiiec  Were  Hunt  to  recnute  (lieniNH|vi'8  (lit'ir  robes  laid  by 

DeciMiuerelur  olus,  goliti" \      Whilst  supper  by  the  cook  was  making  ready." 

Machiavel.  in  the  eighth  book  of  his  Florentine  history,  gives  this  note  of  Cosmo  de 
Medici,  the  wisest  and  gravest  man  of  his  time  in  Italy,  tliat  he  would  ^'''now  and 
tben  pluv  llie  most  egn-giuus  fool  in  his  carriage,  and  was  so  much  given  to  jesters, 
players  and  childish  sports,  to  make  himself  merry,  that  he  that  should  but  consider 
his  gravity  on  the  one  part,  his  folly  and  liglitness  on  the  other,  woulil  surely  .sty, 
there  were  two  distinct  persons  m  him."  Now  methinks  he  did  well  in  it,  tliduyh 
^'Salisburiensis  be  of  opinion,  that  magistrates,  senators,  and  grave  men,  should  not 
descend  to  lighter  sports,  ne  respublica  ludere  tideatur:  but  as  Themistocles,  still 
keep  a  stern  aiul  constaut  carriage.  I  commend  Cosmo  de  Medici  and  Castruccins 
Castrucanus,  than  whom  Italy  never  knew  a  worthier  captaiti,  another  Alexander,  if 
•"Machiavel  do  not  deceive  us  in  his  life:  ^' when  a  friend  of  his  reprehended  him 
('or  dancing  l)eside  his  dignity,"  (l>elike  at  some  cushi<»n  dance)  he  told  him  ajjain, 
qui  supit  inttrdiu^  vix  unquam  noctn  desipil^  he  that  is  wise  in  the  day  may  dole  a 
little  in  the  night.  Paulus  Jovius  relates  as  nmch  of  Pope  Leo  Deciinus,  that  he 
was  a  grave,  discreet,  staid  man,  yet  sometimes  most  free,  and  too  open  in  his  sports. 
And  'tis  not  altogether  '"  unfit  or  misbesteming  the  gravity  of  such  a  man,  if  thai 
iecorum  of  time,  place,  and  such  circumstances  be  observed.  ^Wliscc  stullitiam 
coiisiliis  hrevem;  and  as  **  he  said  in  an  epigram  to  his  wife,  I  would  have  every  niai 
say  to  himself,  or  to  his  friend, 


"  Mull,  once  in  pleai^ant  company  by  chance, 
I  wished  that  you  forcumpMiiy  vvuuld  dance: 
Which  yon  refus'd,  and  said,  your  years  require. 
Now,  matron-like,  both  manners  and  attire. 
Well,  .M..II,  if  needs  you  will  be  niatrnnlike. 
Then  trust  to  ihis,  1  will  thee  matron  like  : 
Vet  so  to   -ou  mv  love  niav  never  lessen. 


Veil,  if  you  will,  your  head,  your  »oiil  reveal 

To  hiiii  that  only  wounded  soula  can  heal: 

Be  III  my  houxe  as  busy  as  a  bee, 

HavinB  a  slin:;  for  every  one  but  me; 

Buzzine  in  every  comer,  (.'ath'rme  hoiii-y  : 

I^-t  nothing  Ma!,!*-,  that  coFts  or  ynldflh  mon*y. 

*A  And  when  lh<iu  seest  my  heart  to  mirth  incline. 


As  you  for  church,  liiiust?,  bed,  observe  this  lesfon  :         Thy  tongue.  »u.  bl<MKl.  wurin  with  good  cheer  and  win*;: 
Sit  in  the  church  as  solfmn  as  a  saint,  I  Then  of  sweet  s|M)rts  let  no  occasion  scape. 

No  deed,  word,  thought,  your  due  devotion  taint:         j  But  be  as  wanton,  toying  as  an  ape." 

'^hose  old  ^Greeks  had  their  Lubentiam  Deam,  goddess  of  pleasure,  and  the  Lice- 
da-monians,  instructed  from  Lycurgus,  did  Deo  Ri.mi  sucrijicare,  after  their  wars 
especially,  and  in  times  of  peace,  which  was  used  in  Thes.saly,  as  it  appears  by  that 
of  ^' Apuleius,  who  was  made  an  instrument  of  their  laughter  himself:  ^"Ik'cause 
laughter  and  merriment  was  to  season  their  labours  and  modesler  life."     ^^Risus  enitn 

stUt  reclinata  sua' iterin  lectum  puella,&.c.    »Tnm.  !*•  Machiavel  vita  ejiit.     Ab  amico  reprehenaui,  quod 

8.  consult,  t-5.  "  Kpisl.  fam.  lib.  7.  ?J.  epist.  Ileri     pneter  dignitatem  tripudiis  opi-ram  dnret,  respondet, 

demurn  bene  potiis,  serrifpie  reijierani.  '^  Valer.    tc.  -•''('here  is  a  time  for  all  tin nga,  to  weep, 

Ma.x.  cap.  I?,  lib.  H.     lnlerpK>sita  arundine  cruribus  sui<,     laugh,  mourn,  dancr,  K»-cles.  ui.  4.  »  llor.         »«8ir 

ciim  fiiiis  ludens.  ah  Alribiadc  risns  est.  '*  Hor.     Joliii  Mnrringtoii.  Kpiifr.  .%.  •*  Lucrelia  tnio  tit 

"  Hoininibiis  facetis,  et  India  pueriiibiis   ultra   mo«luin     licet  usque  die.  Thaida  nocte  volo.  *•  l.il.  Oiraldut 

deditus  adeo  ut  si  cui  in  eo  tani  gravitateni.  quain  levi-     hist,  deor   Syntag.  I.  >' Lib. '2.  de  aur.  at  *  Eo 

t^tem  cnnsiderare  lilH-ret.  dua?  persnnas  distmctas  in  quo<l  risus  es»<l  laborit  el  iuode»ti  virtut  coodimentuni. 
eo  esse  iliceret.  *>  Ue  nugis  curial.  lib.  I.  cap.  4.     »Calcag.  epig. 

Magistratus  el  viri  graves,  a  luUis  leviuribut  arceudi.  j 


Mem.  6.  Subs.  4.] 


Mind  rectified  hy  Mirth. 


339 


dioum  aique;  hominum  est  cBterna  voluptas.  Princes  use  jesters,  players,  and  have 
ihose  masters  of  revels  in  their  courts.  The  Romans  at  every  supper  (for  they  had 
no  solemn  dinner)  used  music,  gladiators,  jesters,  &c.  as  *°  Suetonius  relates  of  Tibe- 
rius, Dion  of  Commodus,  and  so  did  the  Greeks.  Besides  music,  in  Xenophon's 
Sympos.  PkUippus  ridcndl  artifex,  Philip,  a  jester,  was  brought  to  make  sport. 
Paulus  Jovius,  in  the  eleventh  book  of  his  history,  hath  a  pretty  digression  of  our 
English  customs,  whi,cli  howsoever  some  may  misconstrue,  I,  for  my  part,  will  inter- 
pret to  the  best.  '""The  whole  nation  beyond  all  other  mortal  men,  is  most  given 
to  hanquetting  and  feasts;  for  they  prolong  them  many  hours  together,  with  dainw 
cheer,  exquisite  music,  and  facete  jesters,  and  afterwards  they  fall  a  dancing  ani\ 
courting  their  mistresses,  till  it  be  late  in  the  night."  Volateran  gives  the  same  tes- 
timony of  this  island,  commending  our  jovial  manner  of  entertainment  and  good 
mirth,  and  methinks  he  saith  well,  there  is  no  harm  in  it ;  long  may  they  use  it,  and 
all  such  modest  sports.  Ctesias  reports  of  a  Persian  king,  that  had  150  maids 
attending  at  his  table,  to  play,  sing,  and  dance  by  turns ;  and  ^^  Lil.  Geraldus  of  an 
Egyptian  prmce,  that  kept  nine  virgins  still  to  wait  upon  him,  and  those  of  most 
excellent  feature,  and  sweet  voices,  which  afterwards  gave  occasion  to  the  Greeks 
of  that  fiction  of  the  nine  Muses.  The  king  of  ^Ethiopia  in  Africa,  most  of  our 
Asiatic  princes  have  done  so  and  do ;  those  Sophies,  Mogors,  Turks,  &c.  solace 
themselves  after  supper  amongst  their  queens  and  concubines,  qu(B  jucundioris  oblec- 
tainenti  causa  ('^  saith  mine  author)  coram  rege  psallere  et  saltare  consuevcrant, 
taKmg  great  pleasure  to  see  and  hear  them  sing  and  dance.  This  and  many  such 
means  to  exliilarate  the  heart  of  men,  have  been  still  practised  in  all  ages,  as  knowing 
there  is  no  better  thing  to  the  preservation  of  man's  life.  What  shall  I  say,  then, 
but  to  every  melancholy  man, 

<"<•'  Utere  convivis,  noii  tristihus  ulere  amicis,  I  "Feast  often,  and  use  friends  not  still  so  sad, 

Ciiios  iiugie  et  risiis,  et  jocH  salsa  juvant."  |     Whose  jests  and  merriments  may  make  ihee  glad." 

Use  h(>nest  and  chaste  sports,  scenical  shows,  plays,  games ;  '^'"Accedant  juvenumque 
Chori,  rnislcRque  jnicUce.  And  as  Marsilius  Ficinus  concludes  an  epistle  to  Bernard 
Canisianus,  and  some  other  of  his  friends,  will  I  this  tract  to  all  good  students, 
^'''■'Live  merrily,  O  my  friends,  free  from  cares,  perplexity,  anguish,  grief  of  mind, 
live  mernly,"  Icetitia  tcclum  vos  creavit:  ''''"Again  and  again  I  request  you  to  be 
merry,  if  anything  trouble  your  hearts,  or  vex  your  souls,  neglect  and  contemn  it, 
^^let  it  pass.  ''^And  inis  I  enjoin  you,  not  as  a  divine  alone,  but  as  a  physician;  for 
without  this  mirth,  wnich  is  the  life  and  quintessence  of  physic,  medicines,  and 
whatsoever  is  used  ana  applied  to  prolong  the  life  of  man,  is  dull,  dead,  and  of  no 
force."     Uuinfata  siiiunt^  vivite  Icbti  (Seneca),  I  say  be  merry. 

"'"Nee  lusibus  virentem 

Viduemus  hanc  juveTitani." 

It  was  Tircsias  the  prophet's  council  to  ^'  Menippus,  that  travelled  all  the  world  over, 
even  down  to  hell  itselt  xo  seek  content,  and  his  last  farewell  to  Menippus,  to  be 
merry.  *^" Contemn  the  world  (saith  he)  and  count  that  is  in  it  vanity  and  toys; 
this  only  covet  all  thy  life  {ong ;  be  not  curious,  or  over  solicitous  in  anything,  but 
with  a  well  composed  and  contented  estate  ta  enjoy  thyself,  and  above  all  things  to 
be  merry." 

-3  "  Si  Niimerus  nti  censet  sine  amore  jocisque. 
Nil  est  jucnnduin,  vivas  in  amore  jocisque." 

INothing  better  (to  conclude  with  Solomon,  Ecclus.  iii.  22),  "Than  that  a  man 
should  rejoice  in  his  afJairs."  'Tis  the  same  advice  which  every  physician  in  this 
case  rings  to  his  patient,  as  Capivaccius  to  his,  ^  "  avoid  overmjich  study  and  per- 


^°Ca[i.  CI.  In  delicijs  habuit  scurras  et  adulatores. 
"Univi'isa  gens  supra  mortalcs  caeteros  conviviorum 
studuisissima.  Ea  eniin  per  varias  et  exqiiisitas  dapes, 
iiiterpnsitis  musicis  et  joeulatoribus,  in  niultas  srepius 
iiorjs  extrahiint,  ac  snbinde  pro<]uctis  choreis  et  amori- 
hus  fflcniinarum  indulgent,  &c.  •'-Syntag.  de  Musis. 

•*3Atlieneus  lib.  12  et  14.  assiduis  miilieriim  vocibus, 
cantuque  syinphnnise  Pnlatiuin  Persarum  regis  totiiii 
personabat.     Jovius   hist     lib.    18.  "Eobaniis 

Hessiis.  ^=  Fracastorius.  ^"Vivite  ergo  l:Eti, 

O  amici,  prociil  ab  angustia,  vivite  la-ti.  *'  Iterum 

precor  et  obtestor,  vivite  lEeti :  illud  quod  cor  urit,  ne- 
gliL'ite.  **  Lsetus  in  priesens  animus  quod  ultra 

oderit  curaie.   Hot.    He  was  botlv  Sacerdos  et  iMedicus. 


■19  Haec  autem  non  tarn  ut  Sacerdos,  amici,  mando  vobis, 
quain  ut  niedicns;  nam  absque  hac  unatanqiiain  medi- 
cinarum  vita,  meriicinEe  omnes  ad  vitam  proilucendam 
adh  ^itcE  inoriuntur:  vivite  la;ti.  MLncheus  Ana- 

creon.  =i  Lucian.  Necyomantia.  Tom.  2.         ^^om- 

nia  ninndana  nugas  sstima.  Hoc  solum  tota  vita  per- 
sequere,  ut  prsesentibus  bene  compositis,  minime  ciirio- 
sus,  aut  ullain  re  solicitus.quam  plurimum  potes  vitam 
hilarem  traducas.  '3"  If  the  world  think  that  no- 

thing can  be  happy  without  love  and  mirth,  then  live 
in  love  and  jollity."  «  Hildesheim  spicel.  2.  de 

Mania,  fol.  161.  Studia  literarum  et  animi  perturba- 
tiones  fugial,  et  quantum  potest  jucunde  vivat. 


340  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part  2.  Sec  2. 

turbations  of  the  mind,  and  as  much  as  in  thee  lies  live  at  heart's-ease  "*  Procper 
Calenus  to  that  melancholy  Cardinal  Caesius,  ^''"  amidst  thy  serious  studies  and  busi- 
ness, use  jests  and  conceits,  plays  and  toys,  and  whatsoever  else  may  re  rente  thy 
mind."  Nothing  better  than  mirth  and  merry  company  in  this  malady.  ^'  •  It  begins 
with  sorrow  (saith  Montanus),  it  must  be  expelled  with  hilarity." 

But  see  the  mischief;  many  men,  knowing  that  merry  company  is  the  cnly  medi 
cine  against  melancholy,  will  therefore  neglect  their  business;  and  ii  another 
extreme,  spend  all  their  days  among  good  fellows  in  a  tavern  or  an  ale-l  ouse,  and 
know  not  otherwise  how  to  bestow  their  time  but  in  drinking;  inalt-wo-uis,  men- 
fishes,  or  water-snakes,  '"'^  Qui  bibunf  solum  runarum  mare,  nihil  comedenlcs,  like  so 
many  frogs  in  a  puddle.  'Tis  their  sole  exercise  to  eat,  and  drink;  to  &icriHce  to 
Volupia,  Rumina,  Ednlica,  Potina,  Mellona,  is  all  their  religion.  They  wisli  for 
Philoxenus'  neck,  Jupiter\s  trinoctium,  and  that  the  sun  would  stand  Ptill  as  in 
Joshua's  time,  to  satisfy  their  lust,  that  they  might  dies  noctcsqne  perfmcari  et 
hibere.  Flourishing  wits,  and  men  of  good  parts,  good  fashion,  and  good  worth, 
basely  prostitute  themselves  to  ever}-  rogue's  company,  to  take  tobacco  and  drink,  to 
roar  and  sing  scurrilous  songs  in  base  places. 

*  "  Invenies  aliqiieiii  cum  pemiHsore  jacenleiii, 
feriiiiDluiii  iiauti.i,  uiit  furibus,  ant  fujjilivist." 

Which  Thomas  Erastus  objects  to  Paracelsus,  that  he  would  be  drinkirnf  all  day 
long  with  carmen  and  tapsters  in  a  brothel-house,  is  too  frequent  among  us,  with 
men  of  better  note :  like  Timocreon  of  Rhodes,  mulla  bibetis,  et  multa  reruns,  <^f. 
They  drown  their  wits,  seethe  their  brains  in  ale,  consume  tiieir  fortunes,  lose  their 
time,  weaken  their  temperatures,  contract  filthy  diseases,  rheums,  dropsies,  calen- 
tures, tremor,  get  swoln  jugulars,  jjiuipled  red  faces,  sore  eyes,  Stc. ;  heal  their  liver.«, 
alter  tlieir  complexions,  spoil  their  stomachs,  overthrow  their  bodies;  for  drink 
drowns  more  than  the  sea  and  all  the  rivers  that  fall  into  it  (mere  funges  and  casksj, 
confoumi  their  souls,  suppress  reason,  go  from  ScyHa  to  Charybdis,  and  use  that 
which  is  a  help  to  their  undoing.  "Qmjc/  refert  rnorbo  an  ferro  percamve  ruina?- 
**'  When  the  Black  Prince  went  to  set  the  exiled  king  of  Castile  into  his  kingdom, 
there  was  a  terrible  battle  fought  between  the  English  and  the  Spanish  :  at  last  tlie 
Sj)anisli  fled,  the  English  followed  them  to  the  river  side,  wliere  some  drowned  them- 
selves to  avoid  their  enemies,  the  rest  were  killed.  Now  tell  me  what  diflerence  is 
between  drowning  and  killing  ?  As  good  be  melancholy  still,  as  drunken  beasts  and 
beggars.  Company  a  sole  comfort,  and  an  only  remedy  to  all  kind  of  discontent,  is 
their  sole  misery  and  cause  of  perdition.  As  llermione  lamented  in  Euripides,  m«/t« 
tnulieres  me  fecerunt  malam.  Evil  company  marred  her,  may  they  justly  complain, 
bad  companions  have  been  their  bane.  For,  *'  malus  malum  vult  ut  sit  sui  similis; 
one  drunkard  in  a  com[)any,  one  thief,  one  whoremasler,  will  by  U'n  goodwill  make 
all  the  rest  as  bad  as  hiuiself. 


El  n 


Nocturniifl  juren  te  rormidare  v>pore«," 

be  of  what  complexion  you  will,  inclination,  love  or  hale,  be  it  good  or  bad,  if  you 
come  amongst  them,  you  must  do  as  they  do ;  yea,  "  lh(»ugli  it  be  to  the  prejudice 
of  your  health,  you  must  drink  venerium  pro  vino.  And  so  like  grasshoppers,  wliilst 
they  sing  over  their  cups  all  summer,  they  starve  in  winter ;  and  for  a  little  vain 
merriment  shall  find  a  sorrowful  reckoning  in  the  end. 

*iLib.  deatra  bile.    Qravioribus  curi»    udua  et  face-  ;  "What  doe*  it  signify  whether  I  pTinh  by  dn^aw  m 

tias  aliquaiido  iiilerpone.  jocos.  el  qus  soli  it  aiiiinum  by  the  gword  !"              «>Fr.»ssard.  hut.  lib.  1.     Hikpani 

relaxare.            ^Cnusil.  3a  mala  valetudo  hucta  et  con-  cum  Anglorum  vires  ferre  non   po»»eiil.  in   fufiaiii  «• 

tracta  est   tristitia,   ac    proplera   eiliilarau.;ue    aiiiiin  dederunt,  ^c.     PrifCppiteB  in  fluvium  »«•  dederunl.  lie  jo 

removenda.        '' Athen.  dypm.soph.  lib.  I.        »*Juv.-n.  nostium  nianus  veiiireiit.                "Ter.                "  Hii 

feat.  8.    "  Vou  will  find   him   besiue   some  cut-throat,  ■  Allhoiuh  you  swear  that  you  dread  the  niglil  air. 

lions  with  sailors,  or  thieves,  or  ruLawava.         ••  Hor.  1  •»  "H  iriit  h  art^i.    ■■  Either  drink  or  depart." 


Mem.  1.  £ubs.  1.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.  341 

SECT.  III.  MEMB.  I. 

Sub  SECT.  I. — A  Consolatory  Digression.,  containing  the  Remedies  of  all  manner 

of  Discontents. 

Because  in  the  preceding  section  1  hav  made  mention  of  good  counsel,  comfort- 
ftble  speeches,  persuasion,  how  necessarily  tncy  are  required  to  the  cure  of  a  discon- 
tented or  troubled  mind,  how  present  a  remedy  they  yield,  and  many  times  a  sole 
Bufiicient  cure  of  themselves ;  I  have  thought  fit  in  this  following  section,  a  little  to 
digress  (if  at  least  it  be  to  digress  in  this  subject),  to  collect  and  glean  a  few  reme- 
dies, and  comfortable  speeches  out  of  our  best  orators,  philosophers,  divines,  and 
fathers  of  the  church,  tending  to  this  purpose.  I  confess,  many  have  copiously 
written  of  this  subject,  Plato,  Seneca,  Plutarch,  Xenophon,  Epictetus,  Theophrastus, 
Xenocrates,  Grantor,  Lucian,  Boetliius  :  and  some  of  late,  Sadoletus,  Cardan,  Bu- 
daeus,  Stella,  Petrarch,  Erasmus,  besides  Austin,  Cyprian,  Bernard,  8tc.  And  they 
so  well,  that  as  Hierome  in  like  case  said,  si  nostrum  arcret  ingenium^  dc  illorum 
posset  fontibus  irrigari,  if  our  barren  wits  were  dried  up,  they  might  be  copiously 
irrigated  from  those  well-springs:  and  I  shall  but  actum  agere;  yet  b^ause  these 
tracts  are  not  so  obvious  and  common,  I  will  epitomise,  and  briefly  insert  some  of 
their  divine  precepts,  reducing  their  voluminous  and  vast  treatises  to  my  small  scale; 
for  it  were  otherwise  hnpossible  to  bring  so  great  vessels  into  so  little  a  creek.  And 
although  (as  Cardan  said  of  his  book  de  consol.)  ^■*<-<-l  know  beforehand,  this  tract 
of  mine  many  will  contemn  and  reject;  they  that  are  fortunate,  happy,  and  in  flour- 
ishing estate,  have  no  need  of  such  consolatory  speeches ;  they  that  are  miserable 
and  unhappy,  think  them  insufficient  to  ease  their  grieved  minds,  and  comfort  their 
misery  :"  yet  1  will  go  on  ;  for  this  must  needs  do  some  good  to  such  as  are  happy, 
to  bring  them  to  a  moderation,  and  make  them  reiiect  and  know  themselves,  by 
seeing  the  inconstancy  of  human  felicity,  others'  misery ;  and  to  such  as  are  dis- 
tressed, if  they  will  but  attend  and  consider  of  this,  it  cannot  choose  but  give  some 
content  and  comfort.  ^^'''Tis  true,  no  medicine  can  cure  all  diseases,  some  affec- 
tions of  the  mind  are  altogether  incurable ;  yet  these  helps  of  art,  physic,  anil 
philosophy  must  not  be  contemned."  Arrianus  and  Plotinus  are  stifi'in  the  contrary 
opinion,  that  such  precepts  can  do  little  good.  Boethius  himself  cannot  comfort  in 
some  cases,  they  will  reject  such  speeches  like  bread  of  stones,  Lisana  stullce  mentis 
hcEc  solatia.^ 

Words  add  no  courage,  which  ^'  Catiline  once  said  to  his  soldiers,  "  a  captain's 
oration  doth  not  make  a  cowaid  a  valiant  man  :"  and  as  Job  ^^  feelingly  said  to  his 
friends,  "you  are  but  miserable  comforters  all."  'Tis  to  no  purpose  in  that  vulgar 
phrase  to  use  a  company  of  obsolete  sentences,  and  familiar  sayings  :  as  ^^  Plinius 
Secundus,  being  now  sorrowful  and  heavy  for  the  departure  of  his  dear  friend  Cor- 
nelius Rufus,  a  Roman  senator,  wrote  to  his  fellow  Tiro  in  like  case,  adhibe  solatia., 
sed  nova  aliqua,  sed  fortia,  quce  audltrun  nunquam.,  legerim  nunquam:  nam  quce 
atidivi.,  qucB  legi  omnia,  tanto  dolore  supcrantur,  either  say  something  that  1  never 
"ead  nor  beard  of  before,  or  else  hold  thy  peace.  Most  men  will  here  except  trivial 
consolations,  ordinary  speeches,  and  known  persuasions  in  this  behalf  will  be  of 
small  force;  what  can  any  man  say  that  hath  not  been  said  ?  To  what  end  are  such 
parajiictiral  discourses .''  you  may  as  soon  remove  Mount  Caucasus,  as  alter  some 
men's  affections.  Yet  sure  I  think  they  cannot  choose  but  do  some  good,  and  com- 
fort and  ease  a  little,  though  it  be  the  same  again,  I  will  say  it,  and  upon  that  hope 
I  will  adventure.  '^jYon  mcus  hie  ser?no,  'tis  not  my  speech  this,  but  of  Seneca, 
Plutarch,  Epictetus,  Austin,  Bernard,  Christ  and  his  Apostles.  If  I  make  nothing, 
as  ''  Montaigne  said  in  like  case,  I  will  mar  nothing ;  'lis  not  my  doctrine  but  my 
study,  I  hope  I  shall  do  nobody  wrong  to  speak  what  I  think,  and  deserve  not  blame 

^Lili.  (Ifi  lih.  propriis.  Hos  lihros  scio  inullos  i  animi  qui  prorsiis  sunt  insanabiles?  noti  lamen  artis 
pperntre,  iiuin  f.,lices  his  se  lion  indieere  pulant,  infe-  ripus  speriii  debcl,  aiit  iiiediciiiae,  aiit  philosophic. 
JicL'S  ail  sulatiiiiuin  miscria"  iioii  siiiriccre.  El  laiiieii  ''<'•■  Tue  insane  coiisolalions  of  a  foolish  mind." 
f'elicilius  iiioiU'ratioiiein,  laiiii  iiicoiislaiiliain  huiiian;t>  |  <"  Salust.  Verba  virtoteiii  iion  adilunt,  ncc  luiperaloris 
fflicitalis  docfiiil,  pra'staiit,  inflict'S  si  omnia  ncle  oratio  facile  tiiiiido  forlem.  ee  Job,  cap.  JO.  ^-i  Epist. 
Estiiiiarp  veliiil,  fiUices  rtddere  po.«suiit.  "  Xiilliim     13.  lib.  1.  '"Hor.  '^  Lib.  2.  Essays,  cap.  6. 

tnedicanieiituin  uiiines    saiiare   potest;    sunt    aif^ctus  ' 

2d  2 


312  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  ?•.  Sec.  3. 

in  imparting  my  mind.  If  it  be  not  for  thy  ease,  ii  may  for  mine  own ;  so  TuUy, 
Cardan,  and  Boethius  wrote  de  consol.  as  well  to  help  tliemselves  as  others ;  be  it  as 
it  niav  I  will  essay. 

Discontents  and  grievances  are  either  general  or  pariicnlar;  general  are  wars^ 
plagues,  dearths,  famine,  fires,  inundations,  unseasonable  weather,  epidemical  diseases 
whicli  afflict  whole  kingdoms,  territories,  cities;  or  peculiar  to  private  men,  "^ as 
cares,  crosses,  losses,  death  of  friends,  poverty,  want,  sickness,  orbities,  injuries, 
abuses,  &c.  Generally  all  discontent,  '^homines  quatimur  fori  una.  sale.  No  condi- 
tion free,  cjuisque  suos  patimur  nuuvs.  Even  in  the  midst  of  our  mirth  ami  jollity, 
there  is  some  grudging,  some  complaint;  as  'Mie  saitli,  our  wliole  life  '•<  a  glucuj)ri- 
con,  a  bitter  sweet  passion,  honey  and  gall  nuxed  together,  we  are  all  miserable  and 
discontent,  who  can  deny  it.'  If  all,  and  that  it  be  a  common  calamity,  an  mevitable 
necessity,  all  distressed,  then  as  Cardan  infei-s,  ''"'■•  who  art  tliou  that  liopest  to  go 
free }  Why  dost  thou  not  grieve  thou  art  a  mortal  man,  and  not  governor  of  the 
world  r"  Fcrre  quam  sorlem  pattuntur  oniiies^  JVemo  recusct,  "■''  If  it  be  common  to 
all,  why  should  one  man  be  more  disquieted  than  another  ?"  If  thou  alone  wert 
distressed,  it  were  indeed  more  irksome,  and  less  to  be  endured ;  but  when  the 
calamity  is  fommon,  comfort  thyself  with  this,  thou  hast  more  fellows,  Solamen 
misrris  socios  habuisse  doloris;  'tis  not  thy  sole  case,  and  why  shouldst  tliou  be  so 
iiii))atient  r  '' '^  I,  but  alas  we  are  more  miserable  than  others,  what  sliall  we  do? 
iiesides  private  miseries,  we  live  in  perpetual  fear  and  danger  of  common  enemies  : 
we  have  rjellona's  whips,  and  pitiful  outcries,  fur  epillialamiums  -^  for  pleasant  music, 
tliat  learful  noise  of  ordnance,  drums,  and  warlike  trumpets  still  sounding  in  our 
ears ;  instead  of  nuptial  torches,  we  have  firing  of  towns  and  cities ;  for  triunij)hs, 
Limentalions ;  for  joy,  tears.  "''So  it  is,  and  so  it  was,  and  so  it  ever  will  be.  He 
that  refusetli  to  see  and  hear,  to  sutler  this,  is  not  fit  to  live  in  this  world,  and  knows 
not  the  common  condition  of  all  men,  to  wboin  so  long  as  they  live,  with  a  recipro- 
ral  course,  joys  and  sorrows  are  amie.ved,  ami  succeed  one  another."  It  is  inevita- 
ble, it  may  not  be  avoided,  and  why  llien  slu)uidst  ihou  be  so  much  troubled  ?  Grave 
nihil  est  homini  quodfcrt  ntcessilas^as  ™  TuUy  deems  out  of  an  old  poet,  "  that  which 
is  necessary  cannot  be  grievous."  If  it  be  so,  then  comfoit  tliyself  in  this,  '^'^  ilia 
whetlier  thou  wilt  or  no,  it  must  be  endured :"  make  a  virtue  of  necessity,  and  con 
form  thyself  to  undergo  it.  "'Si  longa  est^  Itvis  est;  si  gravis  est,  brevis  est.  If  it 
I  e  long,  "'tis  light;  if  grievous,  it  cannot  last.  It  will  away,  dies  dolorem  minuit^ 
and  if  nought  else,  time  will  wear  it  out;  custom  will  ease  it;  "oblivion  is  a  com- 
Uion  medicine  for  all  losses,  injuries,  griefs,  and  detrijnenls  whatsoever,  "''and  when 
they  are  once  past,  this  commodity  comes  of  infL-licity,  it  makes  the  rest  of  our  life 
sweeter  unto  us:"  "^Atqut  luee  olim  meminisse  Juvubily  '•  recollection  of  the  past  is 
pleasant:"  "the  privation  and  want  of  a  thing  many  times  makes  it  more  pleasant 
and  delightsome  than  before  it  was."  We  must  not  think  the  happiest  of  us  all  to 
escape  iiere  without  some  misfortunes, 

"» ■'  Usque  adeo  nulla  enl  niiicera  volupta:), 

Soliciliiiuque  aliquid  Irtlis  iiiterveiiil." 

Heaven  and  earth  are  much  unlike:  ** "Those  heavenly  bodies  indeed  are  freely 
carried  in  their  orbs  without  any  impediment  or  interruption,  to  continue  their  course 
for  innumerable  ages,  and  make  their  conversions :  but  men  are  urged  with  many 
difficulties,  and  have  diverse  hindrances,  oppositions  still  crossing,  interrupting  their 

''^  Alium  paupf-rt.-i!>.  aliiim  nrhitas,  hunc  niorbi,  ilium  '  ea,  aut  potius  noytrnnim  omnium  conditiuncm  i^'iinra*. 
liiiior.  aliuiii  injuria,  huiic  iiisidi.-e,  illiim  uxnr,  tilii  dii«-  '  quibui  reripri«<i  quiHlam  iiexu  lu-ta  inxlibiiit,  IriMlia 
traliuiil,  Carilaii.  '■'  Boi-ihiiis  I.  1.  nitt.  5.         "'  A|>ij-  '  la-ti«  iiivicciii  suco  iluiil.  '»  In  Tiisr   6  v.  lrr>-  |mi.  r;i. 

leius  i.  tlorid.  Nihil  homini  lam  prospr-r^  datum  divi-  i^Cardan  lib.  I.  de  cuiiiiol.  E^st  coiiitolationis  genu'*  iioa 
niliis,  quill  oi  adiiii.xtuiii  i-it  aliquid  ilillicullatis.  in  leve,  qufxl  a  neceti«ilale  til  ;  give  ferad,  liivc  imhi  It-ra', 
ainpli$:siiiia  quaque  la'tilia  siibest  <|uxdaiii  queriiuonia,     ferciiduiii  i-si  laiiK.-ii.  '■  S<;neca.  "Oiiiiii  dMlmi 

rniijufiaiione  quailain  iiifllis  et  iVllis.  '"Si  nmiies  .  tempui  e^t  mt-dirina  ;  ipHiim  luclum  ezlinj;iiil.  injiiri.m 

[ireuiaiitur,  qun  lu  •■«  qui  solus  evadere  cupi«  ali  ea  leee  !  d<-lel,  oiiiiiiii  iiiali  obiiviiniem  ailfrrt.  '>  llutM  I  lio« 

qua:  iieiiiiiiein  prxtcrit  ?  cur  t<:  lion  iiiorlak'iii  factum  quoqutt  coiiniioalum  oiiiiiis  iiireliciluii,  Buaviorf  m  vitam 
et  uaiversi  orbis  reseiii  fii'ri  iioii  doles  ?        "«Pu!eaiius     cum  abii-ril  rrliiiqiiit.  "^Virg.  f*Ovid.     •'For 

ep  7j.  Niqiie  cuiquaiii  pr<Fclpue  dolfiiduiii  eo  (jiiod  there  is  no  pi-axurH  \fr{tct,  futuv  anxiety  iilMaya  in- 
arcidit  uiiiVHrsis.  "Lorchaii.     Callobelvicus  lib.  I  ttTvcnes."        '^Lorcban.  t?uiit  iiainqiie  iiir>'ra  >upi-ria, 

'3  Anno  li'.'i^.  de  Bflgis.  Sed  eheu  inquis  euei.-  quid  {  Uumana  terrenis  longe  di.'ipana.  Eteniiii  U-ala-  mciile* 
azeiiiiis  ?  uhi  pro  Epitlialaiiiio  Bellona^  tlacelluiu,  pro  fiTuntur  lihrre.  et  »iiie  ulln  iiiipedim>-nto.  sli  ilo-,  iiIk: 
uiu:«ica  liarni'>nia  tprrihiluiii  lituoriiin  et  lubaruni  an-  reique  orb««  cursus  el  roiivi-r»ioiit'«sua»  jam  «-•<  ulis  m- 
iliHt  rla'>£<'rriii.  pro  txdis  nuptialibus.  villaruiii.  pa:.'o  imuicrabilibii!*  cniislaiili^«iiiic  (onficiuiit  ;  vi-runi  homi> 
r nil.  iirriiiiin  vii!>  as  iiiceinlia  ;  ubi  pro  juliilo  Iuiik'iiO.  iits  iiiagnM  anKU^liiK.  Neque  hac  naturs  lege  eat  quu> 
■jru  risii  ileliis  aerem  ruinpb-iil.  '' Ita  est  pruOito,     quam  murtalium  solutu*. 

St  quiiquis  bxc  vidcre  abuuis,  buic  mcuIi  parum  apiuj  1 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  1.] 


Remedies  against  Discontents. 


343 


endeavours  and  desires,  and  no  mortal  man  is  free  from  this  law  of  nature.'"  We 
must  not  therefore  hope  to  have  all  things  answer  our  own  expectation,  to  hare  a 
continuance  of  good  success  and  fortunes,  Fortuna  nunquam pcrprtud  est.  bona.  And 
as  Minutius  Felix,  the  Roman  consul,  told  that  insulting  Coriolanus,  drunk  with  his 
good  fortunes,  look  not  for  that  success  thou  hast  hitherto  had  ;  '*''"  It  never  yet  hap- 
pened to  any  man  since  the  beginning  of  the  world,  nor  ever  will,  to  have  all  things 
according  to  his  desire,  or  to  whom  fortune  was  never  opposite  and  adverse."  Even 
so  it  fell  out  to  him  as  he  foretold.  And  so  to  others,  even  to  that  happiness  of 
Augustus ;  though  he  were  Jupiter's  almoner,  Pluto's  treasurer,  Neptune's  admiral, 
it  could  not  secure  him.  Such  was  Alcibiades's  fortune,  Narsetes,  that  great  Gon- 
salvus,  and  most  famous  men's,  that  as  ^^Jovius  concludes,  "•  it  is  almost  fatal  to 
great  princes,  through  their  own  default  or  otherwise  circumvented  with  envy  and 
malice,  to  lose  their  honours,  and  die  contumeliously."  'Tis  so,  still  hath  been,  and 
ever  will  be,  JVihil  est  ah  omni  parte  heatum, 

"There's  no  perfection  is  so  absolute. 
That  some  impurity  dolli  not  pollute." 

Whatsoever  is  under  the  moon  is  subject  to  corruption,  alteration ;  and  so  long  a« 
thou  livest  upon  earth  look  not  for  other.  ^^ "  Thou  shalt  not  here  find  peaceable 
and  cheerful  days^  quiet  times,  but  rather  clouds,  storms,  calumnies,  such  is  our 
fate."  And  as  those  errant  planets  in  their  distinct  orbs  have  their  several  motions, 
sometimes  direct,  stationary,  retrograde,  in  apogee,  perigee,  oriental,  occidental,  com- 
bust, feral,  free,  and  as  our  astrologers  will,  have  their  fortitudes  and  debilities,  by 
reason  of  those  good  and  bad  irradiations,  conferred  to  each  other's  site  in  the  hea- 
vens, in  their  terms,  houses,  case,  detriments,  &.c.  So  we  rise  and  fall  in  this  world, 
ebb  and  How,  in  and  out,  reared  and  dejected,  lead  a  troublesome  life,  subject  to 
many  accidents  and  casualties  of  fortunes,  variety  of  passions,  infirmities  as  well 
from  ourselves  as  others. 

Yea,  but  thou  thinkest  thou  art  more  miserable  than  the  rest,  other  men  are  happy 
but  in  respect  of  thee,  their  miseries  are  but  flea-bitings  to  thine,  thou  alone  art  un- 
happy, none  so  bad  as  thyself  »''e*  if,  as  Socrates  said,  ^°'' All  men  in  the  world 
should  come  and  bring  their  grievantsss  together,  of  body,  mind,  fortune,  sores,  ulcers, 
madness,  epilepsies,  agues,  and  all  those  common  calamities  of  beggary,  want,  servi- 
tude, imprisonment,  and  lay  them  on  a  heap  to  he  equally  divided,  wouldst  tliou 
sliare  alike,  and  take  thy  portion  .•"  or  be  as  thou  art  "i  Without  question  thou  wouldst 
be  as  thou  art.     If  some  Jupiter  should  say,  to  give  us  all  content, 


1'"  Jam  faciam  quod  vultis;  eris  tu,  qui  modo  miles, 
Mercator;  tu  consultus  modo,  rusticus;  hinc  vos, 
Vos  hinc  mutatis  discedite  partibus  ;  eia 
Quid  slatis?  nolint." 


'  A'^ell  lie'f  so  then  :  you  master  soldier 
Shall  be  a  merchant;  you  sir  lawyer 
A  country  pentleiiien  ;  go  you  to  this, 
That  side  you ;  why  stand  ye  ?     It's  well  as  'tis.' 


®^"  Every  man  knows  his  own,  but  not  others' defects  and  miseries;  and 'tis  the 
nature  of  all  men  still  to  reflect  upon  themselves,  their  own  misfortunes,"  not  to 
examine  or  consider  other  men's,  not  to  compare  themselves  with  others :  To  re- 
count their  miseries,  but  not  their  good  gifts,  fortunes,  benefits,  which  they  have,  cv 
ruminate  on  their  adversity,  but  not  once  to  think  on  their  prosperity,  not  what  they 
have,  but  what  they  want :  to  look  still  on  them  that  go  before,  but  not  on  those 
infinite  numbers  that  come  after.  ^^"  Whereas  many  a  man  would  think  himself  in 
heaven,  a  pretty  prince,  if  he  had  but  the  least  part  of  that  fortune  which  thou  so 
much  repinest  at,  abhorrest  and  accountest  a  most  vile  and  wretched  estate."  How 
many  thousands  want  that  which  thou  hast .''  how  many  myriads  of  poor  slaves, 
captives,  of  such  as  work  day  and  night  in  coal-pits,  tin-mines,  with  sore  toil  to 
maintain  a  poor  living,  of  such  as  labour  in  body  and  mind,  live  in  extreme  anguish, 
and  pain,  all  which  thou  art  free  from  .'  O  fortunatos  nimium  bona  si  sua  norm': 
Thou  art  most  happy  if  thou  couldst  be  content,  and  acknowledge  thy  happiness ; 


^  Dionysius  Halicar.  lib.  8.  non  eniip  unquam  contigit, 
nee  post  homines  natos  inveniec  quenquam,  cui  omnia 
e.v  aiiimi  Sf  ntentia  successerint,  ita  ut  nulla  in  re  lor- 
tuna  sit  ei  adversata.  t"  Vit.  Gonsalvi  lib.  ult.  ut 

ducibus  fatale  sit  clarissimis  a  culpa  sua,  secus  circum- 
vi'iiiri  cum  malilia  et  iuvidia,  imminutaque  dicnitate 
pir  rontumeliam  mori.  w  jn  terris  pnrum  illnm 

B^tiierem  non  invenies,  et  ventos  serenos;  nimbos  po- 
tmi,  procellas,  calumnias.      Lips.  cent.  misc.  ep.  8. 


5" Si  omnes  homines  sua  mala  suasque  curas  in  uniMi 
cueruilum  cont'errent,  squis  divisuri  portiouibns,  &c. 
91  Ilor.  ser.  lib.  1.  9-Q.uod  unusquisque  propria  mala 
liovit.  aliorum  nescial,  in  causa  « st,  ul  sc  iiiier  alios 
miserum  putet.  Cardan,  lib  3  de  ciuisol.  Plutarch 
de  consol.  ad  .ApoUonium.  "aQuani  uiullos  putas 

(|ui  se  coelo  proximos  putarent,  totidem  reirulos,  si  <1e 
fortuna;  tuae  reliqulis  pars  iis  uiin'ma  conlingat.  Boelb. 
de  consol.  lib.  -2.  pros.  4. 


344  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Fart.  2.  Sec.  3. 

**Rem  carendo,  non  fruendo  cognoscimusy  when  thou  shall  hereafter  come  to  want 
that  which  thou  now  loathest,  abhorrest,  and  art  weary  of,  and  tired  with,  when  'tis 
past  thou  wih  say  thou  wert  most  happy  :  and  after  a  little  miss,  wisli  with  all  thine 
heart  thou  hadst  the  same  content  again,  mightst  lead  but  such  a  life,  a  world  for 
sucli  a  life  :  the  remembrance  of  it  is  pleasant.  Be  silent  then,  ^'rest  satislied,  <Zf  s/ne, 
intuensque  in  aliorum  inforlunia  solare  vientem^  comfort  thysell"  with  oilier  men's 
misfortunes,  and  as  the  moliliwarp  in  iEsop  told  the  fox,  complaining  for  want  of  a 
tail,  and  the  rest  of  his  companions,  tacete,  quando  me  occults  captum  videtis,  you 
comi)lain  of  toys,  but  I  am  blind,  be  quiet.  I  say  to  thee  be  thou  satisfied.  It  is 
^  recorded  of  the  hares,  that  with  a  general  consent  they  went  to  drown  themselves, 
out  of  a  feeling  of  their  misery;  but  when  they  saw  a  company  of  frogs  more  fear- 
ful than  they  were,  they  began  to  take  courage,  and  comfort  again.  Compare  thine 
estate  with  others.  Similes  aliorum  respice  casus,  jnitiusistn  frrcs.  Be  content  and 
rest  satisfied,  for  thou  art  well  in  respect  to  others  :  be  thankful  for  that  thou  hast, 
that  God  hath  done  for  thee,  he  hath  not  made  thee  a  monster,  a  beast,  a  base  crea- 
ture, as  he  might,  but  a  man,  a  Christian,  such  a  man  ;  consider  aright  of  it,  thou  art 
full  well  as  thou  art.  ^'  Quicqitid  vult  habere  nemo  poles! ^  no  man  can  have  what  he 
will,  Illud  potest  nolle  quod  non  habet^  he  may  choose  whether  he  will  desire  that 
which  he  hath  not.  Thy  lot  is  fallen,  make  "the  best  of  it.  *"."  If  we  should  all 
sleep  at  all  times,  (as  Endymion  is  said  to  have  done)  who  then  were  happier  than 
his  fellow  ?■"  Our  life  is  but  short,  a  very  dream,  and  while  we  look  about  '■"  immor- 
ialitas  adest^  eternity  is  at  hand:  """Our  life  is  a  pilgrimage  on  earth,  which  wise 
men  pass  with  great  alacrity."  If  thou  be  in  woe,  sorrow,  want,  distress,  in  pain, 
or  sickness,  think  of  that  of  our  apostle,  "  God  chastiseth  them  whom  he  lovelh  : 
they  that  sow  in  tears,  shall  reap  in  joy,"  Psal.  cx.wi.  6.  "  As  the  furnace  proveth 
the  potter's  vessel,  so  doth  temptation  try  men's  thoughts,"  Eccl.  x.w.  5,  'tis  for  '  thy 
good,  Periisses  nisi  periisses:  hadst  thou  not  been  so  visited,  thou  hadst  been 
utterly  undone:  "as  gold  in  the  fire,"  so  men  are  tried  in  adversity.  Tribulalio 
ditut :  and  which  Camerarius  hath  well  shadowed  in  an  emblem  of  a  thresher  and 
corn. 

"  Si  tritura  absil  paleis  sunt  abtlita  ^rana,  I      "  A«  Ilireghing  ge|iaratc8  rrniii  ^Iraw  thi;  corn, 

N'iRi  crux  iiiundaiiis  srparat  a  palei8 :"  •  j         By  crunMrs  fruiu  the  wurlU'it  chall'  are  nu  born." 

Tis  the  very  same  which  *  Chrysostom  comments,  horn.  2.  in  3  Mat.  ''  Corn  is  not 
separated  but  by  threshing,  nor  men  from  worldly  impediments  but  by  tribulation." 
'Tis  that  which  *  Cyprian  ingeminates,  Ser.  4.  de  immort.  'Tis  that  which  *  Ilierom, 
which  all  the  fathers  inculcate,  ••  so  we  are  catechised  for  eternity."  'Tis  that  which 
the  proverb  insinuates.  ^Vncumentum  documentum;  'tis  that  which  all  the  world 
rings  in  our  ears.  Deus  unicum  habct  jilium  sine  peccato,  nullum  sine  Jlagello:  God, 
sailh  'Austin,  hath  one  son  without  sin,  none  without  correction.  ''*  An  expert  sea- 
man is  tried  in  a  tempest,  a  ruiuier  in  a  race,  a  captain  in  a  battle,  a  valiant  man  in 
adversity,  a  Christian  in  tentaiion  and  misery."  Basil,  hom.  8.  We  are  sent  as  so 
many  soldiers  into  this  world,  to  sfive  with  it,  the  flesh,  the  devil;  our  life  is  a 
warfare,  and  who  knows  it  not?  Won  est  ad  astra  mollis  e  terrisvia:  *••  and  there- 
fore peradventure  this  world  here  is  made  troublesome  unto  us,"  that,  as  Gregory 
notes, ''  we  .should  not  be  delighted  by  the  way,  and  forget  whither  we  are  going." 

^"  Ite  nunc  forteis,  ubi  celsa  niagni 
Ducit  exempli  via,  cur  inertis 
Terga  nudalU  ?  superata  tellus 
Sidera  dunat." 

Go  on  then  merrily  to  heaven.  If  the  way  be  troublesome,  and  you  in  misery,  in 
many  grievances  :  on  the  other  side  you  have  many  pleasant  sports,  objects,  sweet 
smells,  delightsome  tastes,  music,  meats,  herbs,  flowers,  &c.  to  recreate  your  senses. 

M-Yiiii   know  the  VHlue  of  a  tliinj  fmni  wantins    pelliiin  corri;eiitis.  «  .\d  h*reililati-m  ipternain  »ie 

more  than  iVi^ii  pnjoyiiig  it."  «>HesM«|.  Csio  quod     erudmiur.  'C'onfesf.  li.  •  .Naiicltrimi  l<-ni|M-8t.-u, 

)'!< :  quod  sunt  alii,  sine  qiicinlibet  es-^e  ;  Quod  non  e>>,  '.  athletain  dladiuni,  duceiii  pugna,  niiiL'naiiiiiiuui  culanii- 
iiiili:^;  quud  poles  esse,  velis.  "s^sopifab.  ^^  S«-  {  las,  Chridlianuni  vero  tentatio  pr.iliut  ct  eiaininat. 
ni'ca.  *Si  dorniirent  senipi.-r  oniiie!<,  nullus  alio  j  i  Sen.  Here.  fur.     -The  way  from  lln-  i-Hrlli  tii  Ihe  ^tar» 

fielicior  essft.     Card.  »•< Seneca  de  ira.  '«>  Plato,     iii  not  so  downy."         *  Ide<i  Dfiis  asp.  rum  f>-i  it  iii-r,  ne 

Axiocho.  .^n  isnorns  vilam  hanc  pere^rinationcm,  I  duin  delectanlur  in  via,  obliviscanlur  eomui  qua?  »uiit 
tLC.  qunni  sapientes  cum  iiaudio  percurrunt.  ■  Sic  I  in  palria.  '  B<n-llMUi'  I.  5.  imt.  ult.     "Uo  now, 

expedit;  meilicus  non  ilat  quod  patieiis  vult.  Kd  quixl  I  brave  fellowp.  whither  the  lolly  path  of  a  great  vxain- 
ipse  bonuiii  scit.  •  Prumenium  non  egreditiir  nisi  '  pie  leads.     Why  do  you   (tupidly  e«|>oii^  yu"i   back*  * 

trUiiratum.  &c  'Nun  est  pceiia  dnainantis  sed  fla-  [  The  earth  briiiga  the  itari  to  «ub'«:ctioii." 


rvlem.  2.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.  345 

Or  put  case  thou  art  now  forsaken  of  the  world,  dejected,  contemned,  yet  comfort 
thyself,  as  it  was  said  to  Agar  in  the  wilderness,  '" "  God  sees  thee,  he  takes  notice 
of  t?iee :"  there  is  a  God  above  that  can  vindicate  thy  cause,  that  can  relieve  thee. 
And  surely  "Seneca  thinks  he  takes  delight  in  seeing  thee.  "The  gods  are  well 
pleased  when  they  see  great  men  contending  with  adversity,"  as  we  are  to  see  men 
fight,  or  a  man  with  a  beast.  But  these  are  toys  in  respect,  '^ "  Behold,"  sailh  he. 
"■  a  spectacle  worthy  of  God ;  a  good  man  contented  with  his  estate."  A  tyrant  is 
the  best  sacrifice  to  Jupiter,  as  the  ancients  held,  and  his  best  object  "  a  contented 
mind."  For  thy  part  then  rest  satisfied,  "  cast  all  thy  care  on  him,  thy  burthen  on 
him,  "  rely  on  him,  trust  on  him,  and  he  shall  nourish  thee,  care  for  thee,  give  thet' 
thine  heart's  desire ;"  say  with  David,  "  God  is  our  hope  and  strength,  in  troubles 
ready  to  be  found,"  Psal.  xlvi.  1.  "for  they  that  trust  in  the  Lord  shall  be  as  Mount 
Zion,  which  cannot  be  removed,"  Psal.  cxxiv.  1.  2.  "as  the  mountains  are  abott 
Jerusalem,  so  is  the  Lord  about  his  people,  from  henceforth  and  for  ever." 


MEMB.  IL 

Deformity  of  body,  sickness,  baseness  of  birth,  peculiar  discontents. 

Particular  discontents  and  grievances,  are  either  of  body,  mind,  or  fortune, 
which  as  they  wound  the  soul  of  man,  produce  this  melancholy,  and  many  great 
inconveniences,  by  that  antidote  of  good  counsel  and  persuasion  may  be  eased  or 
expelled.  Deformities  and  imperfections  of  our  bodies,  as  lameness,  ci'ookedness, 
deafness,  blindness,  be  they  innate  or  accidental,  torture  many  men  :  yet  this  may 
comfort  them,  that  those  imperfections  of  the  body  do  not  a  whit  blemish  tlie  soul, 
or  hinder  the  operations  of  it,  but  rather  help  and  much  increase  it.  Thou  art  lame 
of  body,  deformed  to  the  eye,  yet  this  hinders  not  but  that  thou  mayest  be  a  good, 
a  wise,  upright,  honest  man.  '^"Seldom,"  saith  Plutarch,  "honesty  and  beauty 
dwell  together,"  and  oftentimes  under  a  thread-bare  coat  lies  an  excellent  under- 
standing, scppe  sub  attritd  latitat  sapientia  veste.  '^  Cornelius  Mussus,  that  famous 
preacher  in  Italy,  when  he  came  first  into  the  pulpit  in  Venice,  was  so  much  con- 
temned by  reason  of  his  outside,  a  little  lean,  poor,  dejected  person,  ''^  they  were  all 
ready  to  leave  the  church  ;  but  when  they  lieard  his  voice  they  did  admire  him,  and 
happy  was  that  senator  could  enjoy  his  company,  or  invite  him  first  to  his  house. 
A  silly  fellow  to  look  to,  may  have  more  wit,  learning,  honesty,  than  he  that  struts 
it  out  Jlmpullis  jactans,  Sfc.  grandia  gradiens,  and  is  admired  in  the  .world's  opi- 
nion :  Vilis  scepe  cadus  nobile  nectar  hahet,  the  best  wine  comes  out  of  an  old  vessel. 
How  many  deformed  princes,  kings,  emperors,  could  I  reckon  up,  philosophers, 
orators  ?  Hannibal  had  but  one  eye,  Appius  Claudius,  Timoleon,  blind,  Muleasse, 
king  of  Tunis,  John,  king  of  Bohemia,  and  Tiresias  the  prophet.  ''"The  night  hath 
his  pleasure ;"  and  for  the  loss  of  that  one  sense  such  men  are  commonly  recom- 
pensed in  the  rest ;  they  have  excellent  memories,  other  good  parts,  music,  and  many 
recreations  ;  much  happiness,  great  wisdom,  as  Tully  well  discourseth  in  his  '^  Tus- 
culan  questions  :  Homer  was  blind,  yet  who  (saith  he)  made  more  accurate,  lively, 
or  better  descriptions,  with  both  his  (Syes}  Demociitus  was  blind,  yet  as  Laertius 
writes  of  him,  he  saW  more  than  all  Greece  besides,  as  '°  Plato  concludes.  Turn  sane 
mentis  oculus  acute  incipit  cernerc,  quum  priminn  corporis  oculus  deftorescit^  when  our 
bodily  eyes  are  at  worst,  generally  the  eyes  of  our  soul  see  best.  Some  philosophers 
and  divines  have  evirated  themselves,  and  put  out  their  eyes  voluntarily,  the  belter 
to  contemplate.  Angelus  Politianus  had  a  tetter  in  his  nose  continually  running, 
fulsome  in  company,  yet  no  man  so  eloquent  and  pleasing  in  his  works.  A^sop  was 
crooked,  Socrates  purblind,  long-legged,  liairy ;  Democritus  withered,  Seneca  lean  and 
harsh,  ugly  to  behold,  yet  show  me  so  many  flourishing  wits,  such  divine  spirits  : 


">Boi'th.  prn.  ult.  Manet  spectator cunctnriim  ciesupor 
priBscius  ileus,  Imiiis  proeinia,  malissupplieia  ilisppiisans. 
11  Lib.  (!e  provid.  voluptatein  capiiiiit  dii  srqiianilo  mas- 
nns  viros  (Milluctantes  cum  calarnitate  vident.  '^  Ecce 
spectaculuiii  Deo  di^num.  Virfortis  mala  fortnna  com- 
l)i-situ3.  "  1  Pel.  V.  7.  Psal.  Iv.  22.  »  Raro  sub  ]  sapiens  et  beatus,  ic.  w  In  Couvivio  lib.  2o 

44 


eodem  lare  honestas  et  forma  habitant.  i^  Josepli'.js 

Mussus  vita  ejus.  ic  Hnmuncio  brevis,  macileiitus. 

umbra  hominis,  &c.     Ad  stupureui  ejus  eruiiitiouoin  et 
eluquentiam   admirati   sunt.  ''  Nos   habet  siiaa 

voluptates.  i*Lib.  5.  ad  finera.  cecus  potest  esse 


346  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  3. 

Horace  a  little  blear-eyed  contemptible  fellow,  yet  who  so  sententious  and  wise  ? 
Marciliiis  Picinus,  Faber  Stapulensis,  a  couple  of  dwarfs,  ^Melancthon  a  short  hard- 
favoured  man,  parvus  erat,  sed  7nag7ius  erat,  &)C.,  yet  of  incomparable  parts  all  three. 
^'  Ignatius  Loyola  the  founder  of  the  Jesuits,  by  reason  of  a  hurt  he  received  in  his 
leg,  at  the  siege  of  Pampeluna,  the  chief  town  of  Navarre  in  Spain,  unfit  for  wars 
and  less  serviceable  at  court,  upon  that  accident  betook  himself  to  his  beads,  and  by 
those  means  got  more  honour  than  ever  he  should  have  done  with  the  use  of  his 
limbs,  and  properness  of  person:  "  Vuhius  non  pcnctrat  animum,  a  wonnd  hurts  not 
the  soul.  Galba  the  emperor  was  cr-ook-backed,  Epictetus  lame  :  that  gr-eat  Alexan- 
der a  little  man  of  stature,  ^Augustus  Cicsar  of  the  same  pitch :  Agesilaus  desplcahill 
forma  ;  Boccharis  a  most  deformed  prince  as  ever  Egypt  had,  yet  as  '^Diodorus  Siculus 
records  of  him,  in  wisdonr  and  knowledge  far  beyond  Iris  predecessors.  Ji.  Dom.  13t)6. 
"  Uladeslaus  Cubitalis  that  pigmy  king  of  Poland  reigned  and  fought  more  victorious 
battles  than  any  of  his  long-shanked  predecessors.  JYullam  virtus  respuit  sfaturam, 
virtue  refuseth  iro  stature,  and  comnronly  your  great  vast  bodies,  and  fine  features, 
are  sollisli,  dull,  and  leaden  spirits.  What's  in  them  .•'  '''Quid  nisi  pondus  iners  sto- 
lidieque  ferocia  rnemtis,  What  in  Osus  and  Ephialtes  (Neptune's  sons  in  Homer), 
nine  acres  lont{ .' 


'Oui  lit  iiiuj.'iiug  Orion, 

diiii  peili-s  inccdit,  iiiwlii  per  maxima  N'erei 
Sl.'i^'iia,  viiiiii  liiiiieiid  liuiutTo  supcreniiiiel  undas.' 


'  l.ilce  tall  Orinn  stalking  o'er  the  flciiul : 
When  with  his  brawny  hreasl  lii-  cms  the  waves, 
His  lihuulder  scarce  the  lopiiiost  IhIIdw  laves." 


What  in  INIaximinus,  Ajax,  Caligula,  and  the  rest  of  those  great  Zauzunrmitts,  or 
gigantical  Anakims,  heavy,  vast,  barbarous  lubbers .' 

*>" si  iiif  iiibra  tibi  daiit  graiidia  Parcae, 

Mentis  eges  1" 

Tlieir  body,  saitlr  ^Lemiiius,  "is  a  burden  to  tliem,  and  their  spirits  not  so  lively, 
lor  they  so  erect  and  merry:"  JVon  est  in  mngno  corpore  mica  satis :  a  little  diamond 
is  more  worth  than  a  rocky  mountain :  which  made  Alexander  Aphrodiseus  posi- 
tively conclude,  "The  lesser,  the  *  wiser,  because  the  soul  was  more  contracted  in 
such  a  body."  Let  Bodine  in  his  5.  c.  method,  hist,  plead  the  rest ;  the  lesser  they 
are.  as  in  Asia,  Greece,  they  have  generally  the  finest  wits.  And  for  bodily  stature 
which  some  so  much  admire,  and  goodly  presence,  'tis  true,  to  say  the  best  of  them, 

great  men  are  proper,  and  tall,  I  grairt, caput  inter  nubila  candunt,,  (hidw  their 

heads  in  the  clouds);  but  belli  pusilli,  little  men  are  pretty:  "  .SV</  si  bellus  homo 
est  Colta,  pusillus  homo  est.''''  Sickness,  diseases,  trouble  many,  but  without  a  cause; 
'^  It  may  be  'tis  for  the  good  of  their  souls :"  Parsfatifuit,  the  flesh  rebels  against  the 
spirit;  that  which  hurts  the  one,  must  needs  help  the  other.  Sickness  is  tlic  mother 
of  modesty,  putteth  us  in  mind  of  our  mortality;  and  when  we  are  in  the  full  career 
of  worldly  pomp  and  jollity,  she  pullelh  us  by  the  ear,  aird  maketh  us  know  our- 
selves. ^-  Pliny  calls  it,  the  sum  of  philosophy,  "  If  we  could  but  perform  that  in 
our  health,  which  we  promise  in  our  sickness."  Quum  infrmi  sumus,  oplimi  sumus ;'^' 
for  what  sick  man  (as  **Secuiulus  expostulates  with  Hufiis)  was  ever  '^lascivious, 
covetous,  or  ambitious.'  he  envies  no  man,  admires  no  uran,  fiatters  no  man,  despiseth 
no  man,  listens  not  after  lies  and  tales,  itc."  And  were  it  not  for  such  gentle  remem- 
brances, men  would  have  no  moderation  of  themselves,  they  would  be  worse  tiran 
tigers,  wolves,  and  lions  :  who  should  keep  them  in  awe.'  "princes,  masters,  parent.s, 
magistrates,  judges,  friends,  enemies,  fair  or  foul  rrreans  cannot  contain  us,  but  a  little 
.sickness,  (as  *'Chrysostom  observes)  will  correct  and  amend  us."  And  therefore 
with  good  discretion,  ^  Jovianus  Pontanus  caused  this  short  sentence  to  be  engraven 
on  his  tomb  in  Naples :  "  Labour,  sorrow,  grief,  sickness,  want  and  woe,  to  serve 
proud  masters,  bear  that  superstitious  yoke,  and  bury  your  dearest  friends,  &.c.,  are 

»  Joachiniiis  Camerarius  vit.  ejus.  »i  Riber.  vit.  i  profuil  corporis  tezritijilo,  P.-trarch.       »  I  ib.  7  .^uminti 

ejus.         "Macrobius.         ^JSueton.  c.  7.  9.        »«  Lib.  1.  I  est   totius  »*hil"»i.iphiit,  si  tab*.  &c.  >•  •  Wht-n  we 

Corpore  exili  et  de.sp.  cto,  s<eil  ingenioet  prudentia  loiiKe  are  fii:k  we  are  nio-.t  aniiabli-."      n  PliiiiiM  ep  «i.  7.  lib. 

ante   se    reges  ca:teros   pra;veniens.  *»  .Ale.iaiider  l  Qiiein    inliriiiiirn    libido    golicitat,   ant    avarilia,    a<it 

Guiriiinis  hist.  Polaiidi.-c.    Corpore  parvus  eraiii,  nibito  h'lnon-fi?  iiL-iiiini  invidel,  nemini-in  iiiiratur.  iii'MilMem 

vi.t  altior  uiio,   S«d  taiiien  in   parvo  corpore   niasfo  i-i  1  despicil,  seriiioiiH  maligno  iion  aliliir.  "  Von  tirr-l 

erain.  ^Ovid.  '■"  Vir.  iEnei.  10.  »'"lf  lie  princepti,  innL'ister,  parens,  judei ;  at  b-.th...).,  sMti-r. 

fates  give  you  larsie   proportions,  do  you   not   ri-<|ulre  venieni,  omnia  correxil.  >*.N.it,  <  I 

faculties  ?"  ■^  Lib.  -i.  cap.  20.  oneri  est  illis  corporis  i  deliciis.    Labor,  dolfir,  Ksritiido,  hiriiM.  ».  . 

moles,  el  spiritns  minus  vividi.  *>Corp<>re  breves  I  douiinis,  juguni   ferre  sup<-rslioiiis.  quoj  ;w  .  .   « 

prudentiori's  f|^iirii  coarclata  sit  aninia.    Iii^enio  p<dlet  sepelire,  ^.  cundimeota  vile  sunt. 
cut  vim  nature  negavit.       *'  Mullis  ad  salutem  auimv  | 


Mem.  2.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.  347 

the  sauces  of  our  life."  If  thy  disease  be  continuate  and  painful  to  thee,  it  will  not 
surely  last :  '•  and  a  light  affliction,  which  is  but  for  a  moment,  causeth  unto  us  a  far 
more  excellent  and  eternal  weight  of  glory,"  2  Cor.  iv.  17.  bear  it  with  patience; 
women  endure  much  sorrow  in  childbed,  and  yet  they  will  not  contain  ;  and  those 
that  are  barren,  wish  for  this  pain ;  ""  be  courageous,  ^'  there  is  as  much  valour  to  be 
shown  in  thy  bed,  as  in  an  army,  or  at  a  sea  tight:"  aut  vincetur^  aiit  vincet,  thou 
shalt  be  rid  at  last.  In  tiie  mean  time,  let  it  take  its  course,  thy  mind  is  not  any  way 
disabled.  Bilibaldus  Pirkimerus,  senator  to  Charles  the  Fifth,  ruled  all  Germany, 
lying  most  part  of  his  days  sick  of  the  gout  upon  his  bed.  The  more  violent  thy 
torture  is,  the  less  it  will  continue :  and  though  it  be  severe  and  hideous  for  the 
time,  comfort  thyself  as  martyrs  do,  with  honour  and  immortality.  ^^"That  famous 
philosopher  Epicurus,  being  in  as  miserable  pain  of  stone  and  cholic,  as  a  man  might 
endure,  solaced  himself  with  a  conceit  of  immortality ;  "  the  joy  of  his  soul  for  his 
rare  inventions,  repelled  the  pain  of  his  bodily  torments." 

Baseness  of  birth  is  a  great  disparagement  to  some  men,  especially  if  they  be 
wealthy,  bear  office,  and  come  to  promotion  in  a  commonwealth;  then  (as  ^^ho 
observes)  if  their  birth  be  not  answerable  to  their  calling,  and  to  their  fellows,  they 
are  much  abashed  and  ashamed  of  themselves.  Some  scorn  their  own  fatlier  and 
mother,  deny  brothers  and  sisters,  with  the  rest  of  their  kindred  and  friends,  and  wil' 
not  suffer  them  to  come  near  them,  when  they  are  in  their  pomp,  accoiutting  it  a 
scandal  to  their  greatness  to  have  such  beggarly  beginnings.  Simon  in  Lucian,  hav- 
ing now  got  a  little  wealth,  changed  his  name  from  Simon  to  Simonides,  for  that 
there  were  so  many  beggars  of  his  kin,  and  set  the  house  on  fire  where  he  was  born, 
because  no  body  should  point  at  it.  Others  buy  titles,  coats  of  arms,  and  by  all 
means  screw  themselves  into  ancient  families,  falsifying  pedigrees,  usurping  scutch- 
eons, and  all  because  they  would  not  seem  to  be  base.  The  reason  is,  for  that  this 
gentility  is  so  much  admired  by  a  company  of  outsides,  and  such  honour  attributed 
unto  it,  as  amongst  '"'Germans,  Frenchmen,  and  Venetians,  the  gentry  scorn  the 
commonalty,  and  will  not  suffer  them  to  match  with  them;  they  depress,  and  make 
them  as  so  many  asses,  to  carry  burdens.  In  our  ordinary  talk  and  fallings  out,  the 
most  opprobrious  and  scurrile  name  we  can  fasten  upon  a  man,  or  first  give,  is  to 
call  him  base  rogue,  beggarly  rascal,  and  the  like:  Whereas  in  my  judgment,  this 
ought  of  all  other  grievances  to  trouble  men  least.  Of  all  vanities  and  fopperies,  to 
brag  of  gentility  is  the  greatest ;  for  what  is  it  they  crack  so  much  of,  and  challenge 
such  superiority,  as  if  they  were  demi-gods  .''  Birth  ?  Tanlane  vos  generis  tenuit 
fiducia  vestri  ?  ■*'  It  is  non  ews,  a  mere  flash,  a  ceremony,  a  toy,  a  thing  of  nought. 
Consider  the  beginning,  present  estate,  progress,  ending  of  gentry,  and  then  tell  me 
what  it  is.  ''^'•'Oppression,  fraud,  cozening,  usury,  knavery,  bawdery,  murder,  and 
tyranny,  are  the  beginning  of  many  ancient  families  :  ''''one  hath  been  a  blood-sucker, 
a  parricide,  the  death  of  many  a  silly  soul  in  some  unjust  quarrels,  seditions,  made 
many  an  orphan  and  poor  widow,  and  for  that  he  is  made  a  lord  or  an  earl,  and  his 
posterity  gentlemen  for  ever  after.  Another  hath  been  a  bawd,  a  pander  to  some 
great  men,  a  parasite,  a  slave,  ''^prostituted  himself,  his  wife,  daughter,"  to  some  las- 
civious prince,  and  for  that  he  is  exalted.  Tiberius  preferred  many  to  honours  in  his 
time,  because  they  were  famous  whoremasters  and  sturdy  drinkers ;  many  come  into 
this  parchment-row  (so  ^^one  calls  it)  by  flattery  or  cozening;  search  your  old  fami- 
lies, and  you  shall  scarce  find  of  a  multitude  (as  /Eneas  Sylvius  observes)  qui  scele- 
ratum  non  habcnt  ortum.,  that  have  not  a  wicked  beginning;  aut  qui  vi  et  dolo  eo 
fastigii  non  ascendutU,  as  that  plebeian  in  ''^  JIachiavel  in  a  set  oration  proved  to  his 
fellows,  that  do  not  rise  by  knavery,  force,  foolery,  villany,  or  such  indirect  means. 

s"  \on  tain  mari  quain  prcelio  virtus,  etiam  lecto  ex-    calumniis,  &c.     Agrip.  de  vanit.  scien.  ^^  Ex  ho- 

liiheliir:  vincetiir  aut  vincKt ;  aut  tu  febrem  reliiiques,  iiiicidio  s»pe  orta  iiobilita?  et  strenua  carnificina. 
aut  ipsa  te.     Seneca.  38'rullius  lib.  7.  t'aui.  ep.    *' Plures   ob  prostitutas   filias,   uxures,   nobiles    facti ; 

Vc»ic!P  uinrho  laborans,  et  urinK  mittends  difticultate  multos  venationes,  rapiiis,  cKdes,  prsstisia,  &c.  i^Sai. 
tania,  ut  vix  iiicremeMtum  caperet ;  repellebat  hsc  oni-     Menip.  ■"■(jum  eiiiiii  lios  dici  tiohiles  videmus,  qui 

Ilia  animi  s;aiidiiiin  oh  (nemoriam  inventoruni.  39  Boeth.  |  divitiis  abundant,  divitiffi  vero  raro  virtutis  sum  coini- 
lib.  -2.  pr.  4.  Huic  sensus  exuperat,  sed  est  pudori  de-  i  tes,  quis  non  videt  ortuni  iiobilitatis  det'cnerem?  hunc 
peiier  sanguis.  <0Gaspar  Ens  polit.  thes.  4' "  Does  i  usurae  ditarunt,  illuui  spolia,  proditiones;  hicveneficiis 
such  presumption  in  your  origin  possess  you  ?"  j  ditaius,  ille  adulationibas,  huic  adulteria  lucrum  prx- 
*- Alii  pro  per.uiiia  emunt  nobilitalem,  alii  illam  leno-  ,  bent,  nonullis  nienda-ia,  quidam  ex  conjuge  quastum 
rinio.  al"  veucficiis,  alii  parricidiis;  multis  perditio  ,  faciunt,  pltrique  ex  laus,  &c.  Florent.  tiist  lib.  3. 
nobiiilaie  conciliat,  pleriquu  adulalione,  detractione,  , 


348 


Cure  of  Melancholy. 


rPart.  2.  Sec.  3 


"  They  are  commonly  able  that  are  wealthy ;  virtue  and  riches  seldom  settle  on  one 
man  :  who  then  sees  not  the  beginning  of  nobility  ?  spoils  enrich  one,  usury  an- 
other, treason  a  third,  witchcraft  a  fourth,  flattery  a  fifth,  lying,  stealing,  bearing  false 
witness  a  sixth,  adultery  the  seventh,"  Stc.  One  makes  a  fool  of  liimself  to  make 
his  lord  merry,  anotlier  dandles  my  young  master,  bestows  a  little  nag  on  him,  a 
third  marries  a  cracked  piece.  Sic.  Now  may  it  please  your  good  worship,  your 
lordship,  who  was  the  first  founder  of  your  family  ?  Tiie  poet  answers,  ^'  'vi?M/ 
Paslorfidfj  aut  illud  quod  dicere  nolo?''  Are  he  or  you  the  better  gentleman  r  If 
he,  then  we  liave  traced  him  to  his  form.  If  you,  what  is  it  of  which  thou  boastest 
so  much  ?  That  thou  art  his  son.  It  may  be  his  heir,  his  reputed  son,  and  yet 
indeed  a  jwiest  or  a  serving  man  may  be  the  true  father  of  him ;  but  we  will  not 
controvert  that  now ;  married  women  are  all  honest ;  thou  art  his  son's  son's  son, 
begotten  and  born  infra  quatuor  maria,  Syc.     Thy  great  great  great  grandfather  was 

a  rich  citizen,  and  then  in  all  likelihood  a  usurer,  a  lawyer,  and  then  a a  courtier, 

and  then  a a  country  gentleman,  and  then  he  scraped  it  out  of  sheep,  &c.     And 

you  are  the  heir  of  all  his  virtues,  fortunes,  titles;  so  then,  what  is  your  gentry,  but 
as  Hierom  saith.  Opes  anliqucE,  invetrratcc  dirilia,  ancient  wealth  }  that  is  the  deh 
nition  of  gentility.  The  falliergoes  often  to  the  devil,  to  make  his  son  a  gentleman 
For  the  present,  what  is  it.'  "It  began  (saith  ^Agrippa)  with  strong  impiety,  with 
tyranny,  oppression,  &c."  and  so  it  is  maintained  :  wealth  began  it  [no  mailer  how 
got),  weallli  continueth  and  incrcaseth  it.  Those  Roman  knights  were  so  called,  if 
they  could  dispend  per  annum  so  nnich.  ■"*  In  the  kingdom  of  Naples  and  France, 
he  that  buys  such  lands,  buys  the  honour,  title,  barony,  together  with  it;  and  ihey 
that  can  dispend  so  nnich  amongst  us,  must  be  called  to  bear  office,  to  be  knights,  or 
fine  for  it,  as  one  observes,  ^nobiliorum  ex  cen.su  judicant,  our  nobles  are  measured 
by  their  means.  And  what  now  is  the  object  of  honour.''  What  maintains  our  gentry 
but  wcallh  .'  ^^  J\'obiUlas  sine  re  projectd  vilior  alga.  Without  means  gentry  is 
naught  worth,  nothing  so  contemptible  and  base.  ^^Dispulare  de  nobililute  generis^ 
sine  divitiis,  est  disputare  de  nobilitale  stercorisj  saith  Nevisanus  the  lawyer,  to  dis- 
pute of  gentry  without  wealth,  is  (saving  your  reverence)  to  discuss  the  original  of  a 
mard.  So  that  it  is  wealth  alone  that  denominates,  money  which  maintains  it,  gives 
esse  to  it,  for  which  every  man  may  have  it.  And  what  is  their  ordinary  exercise } 
"''sit  to  eat,  drink,  lie  down  to  sleep,  and  rise  to  play:"  wherein  lies  their  worth  and 
sufficiency  .'  in  a  few  coats  of  arms,  eagles,  lions,  serpents,  bears,  tigers,  dogs,  crosses, 
bends,  fesses,  Stc,  and  such  like  baubles,  wliich  they  commonly  set  up  in  their  gal- 
leries, porches,  windows,  on  bowls,  platters,  coaches,  in  tombs,  cliurches,  men's 
sleeves,  Stc.  ^"^If  he  can  hawk  and  hunt,  ride  a  horse,  play  at  cards  and  dice, 
swagger,  drink,  swear,"  take  tobacco  with  a  grace,  sing,  dance,  wear  his  clothes  in 
fashion,  court  and  please  his  mistress,  talk  big  fustian,  ""  insult,  scorn,  strut,  contenni 
others,  and  use  a  little  mimical  and  anish  compliment  above  the  rest,  he  is  a  com- 
plete, [Egrcgiam  verb  laudem)  a  well-qualified  gentleman;  lliese  are  most  of  their 
employments,  this  their  greatest  commendation.  What  is  gentry,  this  parchment 
nobility  then,  but  as  ^Agrjppa  defines  it,  ''a  sanctuary  of  knavery  and  nauLfhliness, 
a  cloak  for  wickedness  and  execrable  vices,  of  pride,  fraud,  contempt,  boasting,  op- 
pression, dissimulation,  lust,  gluttony,  malice,  fornication,  adultery,  ignorance,  im- 
piety ?"  A  nobleman  therefore  in  some  likelihood,  as  he  concludes,  is  an  "  atheist, 
an  oppressor,  an  epicure,  a  "gull,  a  dizard,  an  illiterate  idiot,  an  outside,  a  jjlow- 
worm,  a  proud  fool,  an  arrant  ass,"  Ventris  et  inguinis  mancipium,,  a  slave  to  his  lust 
and  belly,  solaque  libidine  fortis.  And  as  Salvianus  observed  of  his  countrymen  the 
Aquilanes  in  France,  sicut  titulis  primifuere,  sic  el  viliis  (as  they  were  the  first  in 
rank  so  also  in  rottenness) ;  and  Cabinet  du  Roy,  their  own  writer,  distinctly  of  the 
rest  "The  nobles  of  Berry  are  most  part  lechers,  they  of  Touraine  thieves,  they 
of  Narbonne  covetous,  they  of  Guienne  coiners,  they  of  Provence  atheists,  they  of 


♦?Juven.    "A  shephprd.  or  something  that  t  should 
rather  not  tell."  *'  Robusta  imprnbitas  &  tyrannide 

incepta.  &c.       "Gas|)cr  Ens  thesauro  polit.        •«Gres- 
•ems  (tiiii-rar.  fol.  26ti.  "  Hor.    "  Nobility  without 

wealth  is  ninr.j  worthless  than  sea-iveed."  "Syl. 

nup.  li^  4.  nuin   III.        "Exnil.  .xnii.  ^Omnium 

Dobilium  sulficii'ntia  in  eo  probatur  si  venatica  nove- 


rint,  II  aleani,  si  corporis  vires  inEPPlibiis  i)oculi«  com- 
roonstrent,  si  nntune  robur  nuinorr\«a  vi-m-re  prob«»nt 
Sec.  "Dillirile  '-iit.  iit  non  sit  fiii|MThii<i  <)iv«»ii,  Aus- 

tin, ser. '24.  "  .Vobilitas  tijliil  aliuil  nisi  ini|ir<>bi(ii« 

Turnr,  rapina,  latroriniurn.  honiiciitiuiii,  Iiixiik,  v<-riatin, 
vii>lf>nlia.  See.  >' The  fuel  t<M>k  away  my  lord  m  Itw 
luask,  'twas  apposite. 


Mem.  2.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.  349 

Rheims  superstitious,  they  of  Lyons  treacherous,  of  ISTorniandy  proud,  of  Picardy 
insolent,  &c."  We  may  generally  conclude,  the  greater  men,  the  more  vicious.  In 
fine,  as  ^^^^neas  Sylvius  adds,  "  they  are  most  part  miserable,  sottish,  and  filthy  fel- 
lows, like  the  walls  of  their  houses,  fair  without,  foul  within."  What  dost  thou 
vaunt  of  now  }  ^^ "  What  dost  thou  gape  and  wonder  at }  admire  him  for  his  bravfj 
apparel,  horses,  dogs,  fine  houses,  manors,  orchards,  gardens,  walks  "i  Why .?  a  fool 
may  be  possessor  of  this  as  well  as  he ;  and  he  that  accounts  him  a  better  man,  a 
nobleman  for  having  of  it,  he  is  a  fool  himself"  Now  go  and  brag  of  thy  gentility. 
This  is  it  belike  which  makes  the  ^°  Turks  at  this  day  scorn  nobility,  and  all  those 
hufhng  bombast  titles,  which  so  much  elevate  their  poles  :  except  it  be  such  as  hava 
got  it  at  iirbt,  maintain  it  by  some  supereminent  quality,  or  excellent  worth.  And 
for  this  cause,  the  Ragusian  commonwealth,  Switzers,  and  the  united  provinces,  in 
all  their  aristocracies,  or  democratical  monarchies,  (if  I  may  so  call  them,)  exclude 
all  these  degrees  of  hereditary  honours,  and  will  admit  of  none  to  bear  office,  but 
such  as  are  learned,  like  those  Athenian  Areopagites,  wise,  discreet,  and  well  brought 
up.  The  ^'Chinese  observe  the  same  customs,  no  man  amongst  them  noble  by 
birth  ;  out  of  their  philosophers  and  doctors  they  choose  magistrates  :  their  politic 
nobles  are  taken  from  such  as  be  moraliter  nohiles.,  virtuous  noble ;  nobilitas  ut  oUm 
ah  oj/icio,  non  a  naturd,  as  in  Israel  of  old,  and  their  office  was  to  defend  and  govern 
their  country  in  war  and  peace,  not  to  hawk,  hunt,  eat,  drink,  game  alone,  as  too 
many  do.  Their  Loysii,  jMandarini,  literati,  licentiati,  and  such  as  have  raised  them- 
selves by  their  worth,  are  their  noblemen  only,  though  fit  to  govern  a  state :  an4 
why  then  should  any  that  is  otherwise  of  worth  be  ashamed  of  his  birth  ?  why 
should  not  he  be  as  much  respected  that  leaves  a  noble  posterity,  as  he  that  hath  had 
noble  ancestors  ?  nay  why  not  more .''  for  pliires  solan  orientem^  we  adore  the  sun 
rising  most  part ;  and  how  much  better  is  it  to  say,  Ego  meis  majoribus  virtule  prcE- 
luxi,  (I  have  outshone  my  ancestors  in  virtues),  to  boast  himself  of  his  virtues,  than 
of  his  birth }  Cathesbeius,  sultan  of  Egypt  and  Syria,  was  by  his  condition  a  slave, 
but  for  worth,  valour,  and  manhood  second  to  no  king,  and  for  that  cause  (as  "  Jovius 
writes)  elected  emperor  of  the  Mamelukes.  That  poor  Spanish  Pizarro  for  his  valoui 
made  by  Charles  the  Fifth  Marquess  of  Anatillo  ;  the  Turkey  Pashas  are  all  such. 
Pertinax,  Phillippus  Arabs,  Maximinus,  Probus,  Aurelius,  &.C.,  from  common  soldiers, 
became  emperors,  Cato,  Cincinnatus,  &C.  consuls.  Pius  Secundus,  Sixtus  Quintus, 
Johan,  Secundus,  Nicholas  Quintus,  Stc.  popes.  Socrates,  Virgil,  Horace,  Ubertino 
parte  natus.  ^^  The  kings  of  Denmark  fetch  their  pedigree,  as  some  say,  from  one 
Ulfo,  that  was  the  son  of  a  bear.  "£  tciiui  casa  scepe  vir  viagnus  exit.,  many  a 
worthy  man  comes  out  of  a  poor  cottage.  Hercules,  Romulus,  Alexander  (by 
Olympia's  confession),  Themistocles,  Jugurtha,  King  Arthur,  William  the  Conqueror, 
Homer,  Demosthenes,  P.  Lumbard,  P.  Comestor,  Bartholus,  Adrian  the  fourth  Pope, 
Jk-c,  bastards ;  and  almost  in  every  kingdom,  the  most  ancient  families  have  been  at 
first  princes'  bastards  :  their  worthiest  captains,  best  wits,  greatest  scholars,  bravest 
spirits  in  all  our  annals,  have  been  base.  "^^  Cardan,  in  his  subtleties,  gives  a  reason 
why  they  are  most  part  better  able  than  others  in  body  and  mind,  and  so,  per  con- 
sequens.,  more  fortunate.  Castruccius  Castrucanus,  a  poor  child,  found  in  the  field, 
exposed  to  misery,  became  prince  of  Lucca  and  Senes  in  Italy,  a  most  complete 
soldier  and  worthy  captain ;  Machiavel  compares  him  to  Scipio  or  Alexander.  "  And 
'tis  a  wonderful  thing  i^^  saith  he)  to  him  tliat  shall  consider  of  it,  that  all  those,  or 
the  greatest  part  of  them,  that  have  done  the  bravest  exploits  here  upon  earth,  and 
excelled  the  rest  of  the  nobles  of  their  time,  have  been  still  born  in  some  abject,  ob- 
scure place,  or  of  base  and  obscure  abject  parents."    A  most  memorable  observation, 


"i  De  miser,  curial.  Miseri  sunt,  iiiepti  sunt,  turpes 
sunt,  ninlti  ut  parietes  iediutn  suaruni  speciosi.  ^°i>li- 
raris  aureas  vestes,  equos,  canes,  orilinem  faniulorum, 
lautas  nieiisas,  sedos,  villas,  praedia,  piscinas,  sylvas, 
6cc  haec  omnia  siultus  assequi  potest.  Pandalus  nosier 
lenocinio  nobilitatus  est,  iEneas  Sylvius.  eoBellonius 
observ.  lib.  2.  «>  Mat.  Riccius  lib.  1.  cap.  3.    Ad  re- 

gendam  renip.  soli  doctures,  aut  licentiati  adsciscuntur, 
&c.  "i^  Lib.  ].  hist,  co-idiiione  servus,  cceterura  acer 
b«llo, et  aniini  magiiitudine  niaximoruni  regum  neniini 
secundus:  ob  h;BC  a  iMameluchis  in  regein  elecfus. 
*>Olau3  Magnus  lib.  Id.    Saxo  Grammaticus,  a  quo  rex 

2 


Sueno  et  caetera  Danorum  regum  stemmata.  "  Se- 

neca de  Contro.  Pliilos.  epist.  ^^ Corpora  sunt  el 

aiiiino  fortiores  spurii,  plerumque  oh  amoris  veheuien 
tiani,  semi iiis  crass.  &.C.  6«  v'ita  Ka.-truccii.     Net 

pra'ter  ralionem  niirum  videri  debet,  si  quis  rem  con 
siderare  velit,  omnes  eos  vel  saltem  maximam  partem 
qui  in  hoc  terrarum  orhe  res  prjestantioresaiiL'ressi  «unl, 
atque  inter  r^teros  a:vi  sui  heroas  excellui-runt,  aiit 
obscuro,  aut  ahji^cto  loco  editos,  et  prognatos  fuisse  al 
Jectis  parentibus.  Eorum  ego  Catalugum  infinitum 
recensere  possem. 

£ 


350  Cure  of  Melandwly.  [Part.  2.  Sect.  3. 

*^Scaliger  accounts  it,  f<  non  pra-tercundum.,  maxiniorum.  virorum  plerosque  pafrcs 
ignoratos^  malres  impudicasfuisse.^^  ''  I  could  recite  a  great  catalogue  of  tliein,-' 
every  kingtloin,  every  province  will  yield  innumerable  examples :  and  why  then 
should  baseness  of  birth  be  objected  to  any  man  .'  Who  thinks  worse  of  Tully  for 
being  arpinos,  an  upstart?  Or  Agathocles,  that  Silician  king,  for  being  a  jiotter's  son? 
Iphicrates  and  JVIarius  were  meanly  born.  What  wise  man  thinks  better  of  any  person 
for  his  nobility?  as  he  said  in  ^'Machiavel,  omnes  eodcm  patre  nati,  Adam"'s  sons,  con- 
ceived all  and  born  in  sin,  &.c.  "We  are  by  nature  all  as  one,  all  alike,  if  you  see  us 
naked;  let  us  wear  theirs  and  they  our  clothes, and  what  is  the  difference ?"  To  speak 
truth,  as  '"Bale  did  of  P.  Schalichius, "  I  more  esteem  thy  worth,  learning,  honesty,  than 
thy  nobility;  honour  thee  more  that  thou  art  a  writer,  a  doctor  of  divinity,  than  Earl  o| 
the  Huns,  Baron  of  Skradine,  or  hast  title  to  such  and  such  provinces,  &.c.  Tliou  art 
more  fortunate  and  great  (so  ^' Jovius  writes  to  Cosmo  de  Medici,  then  Duke  of  Flo- 
rence) for  thy  virtues,  than  for  thy  lovely  wife,  and  happy  children,  friends,  fortunes, 
or  great  duchy  of  Tuscany."  So  I  account  thee ;  and  who  doth  not  so  indeed  ? 
'^Abdolominus  was  a  gardener,  and  yet  by  Alexander  for  his  virtues  made  King 
of  Syria.  How  much  better  is  it  to  be  born  of  mean  parentage,  and  to  excel  iu 
worth,  to  be  morally  noble,  which  is  preferred  before  that  natural  no!)ility,  by 
divines,  philosophers,  and  ''j)oliticians,  to  be  learned,  honest,  discreet,  wt'll-(|iialitied, 
to  be  fit  for  any  manner  of  employment,  in  country  and  commonwealth,  war  and 
peace,  than  to  be  Dcgeneres  .S'eoptolemi,  as  many  brave  nobles  are,  only  wise 
because  rich,  otherwise  idiots,  illiterate,  unfit  for  any  manner  of  service?  '^Udalri- 
cus.  Earl  of  Cilia,  upbraided  Joiui  Huiliades  with  the  baseness  of  his  birth,  but  he 
replied,  in  k  Ciliensis  comitalus  turpiter  extinguitur^  in  me  gloriose  Jiistricen.'<i'i 
exorltur^  thine  earldom  is  consumed  with  riot,  mine  l)egin3  with  honour  and  renown. 
Thou  hast  Ijad  so  many  noble  ancestors ;  what  is  that  to  thee  ?  Vix  ea  nostra  vocn^ 
'^  when  thou  art  a  (hzzard  thyself:  quod  prodest,  Punlice,  longo  stcmmate  censeri? 
&c.  ]  conclude,  hast  thou  a  sound  body,  and  a  good  soul,  good  bringing  up  ?  Art 
thou  virtuous,  honest,  learned,  well-ijualitied,  religious,  are  thy  conditions  good  .' — 
thou  art  a  true  nobleman,  perfectly  noble,  allhouah  born  of  Thersitcs — dum  modo 

tu  sis jflacidcc  similis^  non  nnlus^  sed  J'actus^  noble  xar' fSo;^^i',  "'"for  neither 

sword,  iinr  tire,  nor  water,  nor  sickness,  nor  outward  violence,  nor  the  devil  himst-lf 
can  take  thy  good  parts  from  thee."  Be  not  ashamed  of  thy  birth  then,  tliou  art  a 
gentleman  all  the  world  over,  and  shah  be  honoured,  when  as  he,  strip  him  of  his 
tine  clothes,  "dispossess  him  of  liis  wealth,  is  a  funge  (which '''Polynices  in  his 
banishment  found  true  by  experience,  gentry  was  not  esteemed)  like  a  piece  of  coin 
in  another  country,  that  no  man  will  take,  and  shall  be  contemned.  Once  more, 
though  tliou  be  a  barbarian,  born  at  Tontonteac,  a  villain,  a  slave,  a  Saldanian  negro, 
or  a  rude  Virginian  in  Dasamonquepec,  he  a  French  monsieur,  a  Spaninh  don,  a 
seignior  of  Italy,  I  care  not  how  descended,  of  what  family,  of  what  order,  baron, 
count,  prince,  if  thou  be  well  qualitled,  and  he  not,  but  a  degenerate  Neoptolemus,  I 
tell  thee  in  a  word,  thou  art  a  man,  and  he  is  a  beast. 

Let  no  terrcB  filiiis,  or  upstart,  insult  at  this  which  I  have  said,  no  worthy  gentle- 
man take  offence.  I  speak  it  not  to  detract  from  such  as  are  well  deserving,  truly 
virtuous  and  noble :  I  do  much  respect  and  honour  true  gentry  and  nobility ;  i  wa.s 
born  of  worshipful  parents  myself,  in  an  ancient  family,  but  I  am  a  younger  Itrother, 
it  concerns  me  not :  or  had  I  been  some  great  heir,  riclily  endt>wed,  so  minded  as  I 
am,  I  should  not  have  been  elevated  at  all,  but  so  esteemed  of  it,  as  of  all  other 
human  happiness,  honours,  kc,  they  have  their  period,  are  brittle  and  inconstaiiL 
As  ■*  he  said  of  that  great  river  Danube,  it  riseth  from  a  small  fountain,  a  little  brook 


"^Exercit.  265.  «•'  It  is  a  thing  deserving  of  our 

notice,  that  most  great  men  were  born  in  obscurity,  and 
of  unchaste  mothers."  •"Fl.jr  hist.  I.  3.     (iuod  si 

nudf>s  riDS  cunspici  continjat,  omnium  una  eademque 
erit  facies;  nam  .si  ipsi  nostras,  no.s  eoruui  vesles  indu- 


lib.  3.  cap.  8.  ^*JEneat  SilviuR,  lib.  '2.  cap.  39. 

'»'•  If  children  be  proud,  hauphty,  fofilish,  they  dpflle 
the  nobility  of  their  kindred,"  Eccl.  xxli.  b.  ^'Cujut 
possessio  nee  furto  eripi,  ncc  iiicendio  abmimi,  nee 
aquarum  vorasine  absorberi,  vel  vi  iijnrbi  ilt-iitrtii   po- 


amiis,  nos,  &c.  '"  Ut  nierito  ilicani,  quod  Miiipliciter  I  test.  "Send  tliem  bmh  to  Home  ittrange  plnee 

eentiam,  Paulum  Schalichium  scriptorem,  et  dtntorem,  |  naked,  ad  ignotog,  as  Ansiippus  saiil  yvu  ■■biill  we  the 
pluris   facio  quam   comitcm    Hunnorum.  et   Baronein  I  difference.     Bacon's  Essa)ti.  '»  Kainiliii;  npleiidor 

Skrailinuni;  Enc>clopitdiam  tuam,  et  orbom  disciplina-     niliil  opig  attulit,  Slc  t»fiuviim  hic  illodria, 

rum  omnibus  proviiiciis  aiitefi  ro.  Balius  episl.  nun-  I  humanarum  rerurn  imago,  qu«  parvi.  ductir  i>iib  iiiiliia, 
cupat.  adoctiit.  ultimam  script    Rrit.  "  Pra-fai     in   iminensum  (reocunl.  et  subilo  evaiiii«-uiil.     Kjiilia 

hi>t.  lib.  1.  virtute  tua  major,  quam  aiit  Hetni«ci  im-  hic  primo  fliiviiig,  in  admiraiiclam  inHLMutudiiiem  ••x- 
peril  fortuiia,  aut  numerosa  el  decora  prolin  fxlicitale  rrescit,  laiiilemqiie  in  man  Euiinu  eVdiieaal.  I  Slur*, 
^•jailor  evadid.  ^Curtiiis.  "  Bodine  de  rep.     lus  pereg.  mar.  Euxioi. 


Mem.  2.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.  351 

at  first,  sometimes  broad,  sometimes  narrow,  now  slow,  then  swift,  increased  at  last 
to  an  incredible  greatness  by  the  confluence  of  sixty  navigable  rivers,  it  vanisheth  in 
conclusion,  loseth  his  name,  and  is  suddenly  swallowed  up  of  the  Euxine  sea :  I 
may  say  of  our  greatest  families,  they  were  mean  at  first,  augmented  by  rich  mar- 
riages, purchases,  offices,  they  continue  for  some  ages,  with  some  little  alteration  of 
circumstances,  fortunes,  places,  &c.,  by  some  prodigal  son,  for  some  default,  or  for 
want  of  issue  they  are  defaced  in  an  instant,  and  their  memory  blotted  out. 

So  much  in  the  mean  time  I  do  attribute  to  Gentility,  that  if  he  be  well-descended, 
of  worshipful  or  noble  parentage,  he  will  express  it  in  his  conditions, 

60 "necenirn  feroces 

Pro^enerant  aquilffl  columbas." 

And  although  the  nobility  of  our  times  be  much  like  our  coins,  more  in  number  and 
value,  but  less  in  weight  and  goodness,  with  finer  stamps,  cuts,  or  outsides  than  of 
old ;  yet  if  he  rtLain  those  ancient  characters  of  true  gentry,  he  will  be  more  affable, 
courteous,  gently  disposed,  of  fairer  carriage,  better  temper,  or  a  more  magnanimous, 
heroical,  and  generous  spirit,  tlian  that  vulgus  hominum.,  those  ordinaryboors  and 
peasants,  qui  adeo  i/nprobi,  agrestes,  et  inculti  pJcrumque  sunt.,  ne  dicrnn  maliciosi., 
ut  nemini  ullum  humanitatis  qfficium  prcpstent,  ne  ipsi  Deo  si  advenerit,  as  ^'  one 
observes  of  them,  a  rude,  brutisli,  uncivil,  wild,  a  currish  generation,  cruel  and  mali- 
cious, incapable  of  discipline,  and  such  as  have  scarce  connnon  sense.  And  it  may 
be  generally  spoken  of  all,  which  ^"Lemnius  the  physician  said  of  his  travel  into 
England,  the  common  people  were  silly,  sullen,  dogged  clowns,  sed  mitior  nohilitas^ 
ad  omnc  humanitatis  ojjicium  paratissima.,  the  gentlemen  were  courteous  and  civil. 
If  it  so  fall  out  (as  often  it  doth)  that  such  peasants  are  preferred  bv  reason  of  their 
wealth,  chance,  error,  &c.,  or  otherwise,  yet  as  the  cat  in  the  fable,  when  she  was 
turned  to  a  fair  maid,  would  play  with  mice ;  a  cur  will  be  a  cur,  a  clown  will  be  a 
clown,  he  will  likely  savour  of  the  stock  whence  he  came,  and  that  innate  rustici*v 
can  hardly  be  shaken  off. 

^3"  Licet  superbus  ambulet  pecunia, 
Fortuna  non  mutat  genus." 

And  though  by  their  education  such  men  may  be  better  qualified,  and  more  refined; 
yet  there  be  many  symptoms  by  which  they  may  likely  be  descried,  an  afiected 
fantastical  carriage,  a  tailor-like  spruceness,  a  peculiar  garb  in  all  their  proceedings ; 
choicer  than  ordinary  in  his  diet,  and  as  ^*  Hierome  well  describes  such  a  one  to  his 
Nepolian ;  "An  upstart  born  in  a  base  cottage,  that  scarce  at  first  had  coarse  bread 
to  fill  his  hungry  guts,  must  now  feed  on  kickshaws  and  made  dishes,  will  have  all 
variety  of  flesh  and  fish,  the  best  oysters,"  &c.  A  beggar's  brat  will  be  commonly 
more  scornful,  imperious,  insulting,  insolent,  than  another  man  of  his  rank :  "  No- 
thing so  intolerable  as  a  fortunate  fool,"  as  ^  TuUy  found  out  long  since  out  of  his 
experience ;  Asperius  nihil  est  humili  cum  surgit  in  altian,  set  a  beggar  on  horse- 
back, and  he  will  ride  a  gallop,  a  gallop,  &.c. 


'  (lesiEvit  in  omnes 


Duin  se  posse  putat,  nee  belliia  sa?vior  ulla  est, 
Q.uara  servi  rabies  in  lil)era  colla  furentis;" 

he  forgets  what  he  was,  domineers,  &c.,  and  many  such  other  symptoms  he  hath, 
by  which  you  may  know  him  from  a  true  gentleman.  Many  errors  and  obliquities 
are  on  both  sides,  noble,  ignoble, /rtc//s,  na//5;  yet  still  in  all  callings,  as  some  dege- 
nerate, some  are  well  deserving,  and  most  worthy  of  their  honours.  And  as  Busbe- 
quius  said  of  Solyman  the  IMagnificent,  he  was  tanto  dignus  imperii,  worthy  of  that 
great  empire.  Many  meanly  descended  are  most  worthy  of  their  honour,  poUtice 
nobiles,  and  well  deserve  it.  Many  of  our  nobility  so'born  (which  one  said  of 
Hephajstion,  Ptolemeus,  Seleucus,  Antigonus,  &c.,  and  the  rest  of  Alexander's  fol- 
lowers, they  were  all  worthy  to  be  monarchs  and  generals  of  armies)  deserve  to  be 
princes.  And  I  am  so  far  forth  of  ^"Sesellius's  mind,  that  they  ought  to  be  preferred 
(if  capable)  before  others,  "as  being  nobly  born,  ingenuously  brought  up.  and  from 


«>"For  fifTce  eagles  do  not  procreate  timid  ring- 
-•oves."  "' Sabinus  in  b.  Ovid.  Met.  fab.  4.  s'Lib. 
1.  de  4.  Complexionibiis.  ^3  Hor.  ep.  Od.  2.     "And 

although   he   bnast   oC   his   wealth,   Fortune   has    not 
'langed  his  nature-."  8ii,jb.  ._..  gj,   j5_     Xatus  sor- 

Jido  tuguriolo  et  paupere  domo,  qui  vix  niilio  rugien- 


tein  ventrem,  &;c.  K\ihil  fortunato  insipienle 

intolerabilins.  MClaud.  I.  9.  in  Eutrop.  s^Lib. 

J.deRep.  Gal.  Quoniam  et  coinnioiliore  utiinturcon- 
riitione,  et  nonestiore  loco  nati,  jam  inile  a  parvulis  ad 
moruiii  civilitatem  educati  sunt,  et  as^uefacti. 


35S 


Cure  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  2.  Sec.  3. 


then  infancy  trained  to  all  manner  of  civility."  For  learning  and  virtue  in  a  noble- 
man is  more  eminent,  and,  as  a  jewel  set  in  gold  is  more  precious,  and  much  to  be 
respected,  such  a  man  deserves  better  than  others,  and  is  as  great  an  honour  to  his 
family  as  his  noble  family  to  him.  In  a  word,  many  noblemen  are  an  ornament  to 
their  order:  many  poor  men's  sons  are  singularly  well  endowed,  most  eminent,  and 
well  deserving  for  their  worth,  wisdom,  learning,  virtue,  valour,  integrity;  excellent 
members  and  pillars  of  a  commonwealth.  And  therefore  to  conclude  that  which  I 
first  intended,  to  be  base  by  birth,  meanly  born  is  no  such  disparagement.  Et  sic 
f}eni07istratur,  quod  crat  demonstrandum. 


MEMB.  III. 

Against  Poverty  and  fVant^  with  such  other  Mversities. 

O.VE  of  the  greatest  miseries  that  can  bcfal  a  man,  in  the  world's  esteem,  is  poverty 
or  want,  which  makes  men  steal,  bear  false  witness,  swear,  forswear,  contend,  mur- 
der and  rebel,  which  breaketh  sleep,  and  causeth  death  itself  ovhtv  nnxai  ^Ui^i-eipov 
i-itt  ifo^riov,  no  burden  (saith '^Menander)  so  intolerable  as  poverty:  it  makes  men 
desperate,  it  erects  and  dejects,  census  himnres,  ccjisus  amicilias;  money  makes,  but 
poverty  mars,  &c.  and  all  this  in  the  world's  esteem :  yet  if  considered  aright,  it  is  a 
great  blessing  in  itself,  a  happy  estate,  and  yields  no  cause  of  discontent,  or  that  men 
should  therefore  account  themselves  vile,  hated  of  God,  forsaken,  miserable,  unfor- 
tunate. Christ  himself  was  poor,  born  in  a  manger,  and  had  not  a  house  to  hide  his 
head  in  all  \m  life,  ""^'lest  any  man  sliould  make  poverty  a  judgment  of  God,  or  an 
<»dious  estate."  And  as  he  was  himself,  so  he  informed  his  Apostles  and  Disciples, 
they  were  all  poor.  Prophets  poor,  Apostles  poor,  (.\ct,  iii.  "Silver  and  gold  have  I 
none.")  "As  sorrowing  (saith  Paul)  and  yet  always  rejoicing;  as  having  nothing, 
and  yet  possessing  all  things,"  1  Cor.  vi.  10.  Your  great  Philosophers  have  been 
voluntarily  poor,  not  only  Christian.s,  but  many  others.  Crates  Thebanus  was  adored 
for  a  God  in  Athens,  **»•  a  nobleman  by  birth,  many  sen'ants  he  had,  an  honourable 
attendance,  much  wealth,  many  manors,  fine  apparel;  but  when  he  saw  tliis,  that  all 
the  wealth  of  the  world  was  but  brittle,  uncertain  and  no  whit  availing  to  live  well, 
he  flung  his  burden  into  the  sea,  and  renounced  his  estate."  Those  Curii  and  Fabricii 
will  be  ever  renowned  for  contempt  of  these  fopperies,  wherewith  the  world  is  so 
much  affected.  Amongst  Christians  I  could  reckon  up  many  kings  and  (]ueens,  that 
have  forsaken  their  crowns  and  fortunes,  and  wilfully  abdicated  themselves  from 
these  so  much  esteemed  toys ;  "  many  that  have  refused  honours,  titles,  and  all  this 
vain  pomp  and  happiness,  which  others  so  ambitiously  seek,  and  carefully  study  to 
compass  and  attain.  Riches  I  deny  not  are  God's  good  gifts,  and  blessings;  and  honor 
est  in  honorante,  honours  are  from  God;  both  rewards  of  virtue,  and  fit  to  be  sought 
after,  sued  for,  and  may  well  be  pos.sessed :  yet  no  such  great  happiness  in  having, 
or  misery  in  wanting  of  them.  Dantur  quidem  bonis,  saith  Austin,  ne  quis  mala  asti- 
met :  malif  autem  ne  quis  nimis  bona,  good  men  have  wealth  that  we  should  not  think 
it  evil;  and  bad  men  that  they  should  not  rely  on  or  hold  it  so  good;  as  the  rain 
falls  on  both  sorts,  so  are  riches  given  to  good  and  bad,  serf  bonis  in  bonum,  but  they 
are  good  only  to  the  godly.  But  '^compare  both  estates,  for  natural  |)arts  they  are 
not  unlike  ;  and  a  beggar's  child,  as  ''Cardan  well  observes,  "  is  no  whit  inferior  lo 
a  prince's,  most  part  better;"  and  for  those  accidents  of  fortune,  it  will  easily  ap|)ear 
there  is  no  such  odds,  no  such  extraordinarj'  happiness  in  the  one,  or  misery'  in  the 
other.  He  is  rich,  wealthy,  fat;  what  gets  he  by  it.'  pride,  insolency,  lust,  amhition, 
cares,  fears,  suspicion,  trouble,  anger,  emulation,  and  many  filthy  diseases  of  body 
and  mind.    lie  liath  indeed  variety  of  dishes,  better  fare,  sweet  wine,  plea-sant  sauce, 


'*>  Nullum  paupertate  gravius  onus.  •>  Ne  quis  irie 
4ivine  jiiiticiuin  pularet,  aiit  paupertas  eiosa  forfl. 
Gaull.  in  cap.  2.  ver.  IH.    Lues.  winter  priKereg 

Thebanr>a  iiuaicratus,  lectum  babuit  ernus.  frfn\iienn 
famuliliiiiii.  (lornuM  ainplas,  Slc  Apuleius  Florid.  I.  4. 
»<  P.  Ble!<en!>i8  ep.  7'J.  el  -Jlfi  nblatns  respui  honores  tx 
•>nvre  meliens;  tuutus  aiubiliosoa  rogatui  noo  ivi,  Ac. 


*>8u(lat  pauper  forasin  opere,  divei  in  cofiiatinne;  bie 
oa  aperit  owitatione,  ille  ructatione;  eraviui  iMf  faifi- 
tlin,  quani  hic  inrdia  cruciatur.    B«r.  *er.  '  In  My*- 

pprchen  Natura  squa  cxt.  pufrui-que  videaiu*  mciwll. 
coruin  nulla  ex  parte  reguiii  Dim  diMiojile*.  plcrumqu* 
•aniorea. 


Mem.  3.] 


Remedies  a^aiTisl  Discontents. 


353 


dainty  music,  gay  clothes,  lords  it  bravely  out,  &c.,  and  all  that  which  iMisillus 
admired  in  '"''^Lucian;  but  with  them  he  hath  the  gout,  dropsies,  apoplexies,  palsies, 
stone,  pox,  rheums,  catarrhs,  crudities,  oppillations,  ^^  melancholy,  Stc,  lust  enters  in, 
anger,  ambition,  according  to  "*Chrysostom,  "the  sequel  of  riches  is  pride,  riot, 
intemperance,  arrogancy,  fury,  and  all  irrational  courses." 

0'" turpi  fregerunt  saecula  luju 

DivitiEE  molles" 

with  their  variety  of  dishes,  many  such  maladies  of  body  and  mind  get  in,  which  the 
poor  man  knows  not  of  As  Saturn  in  ^^Lucian  answered  the  discontented  common- 
alty, (which  because  of  their  neglected  Saturnal  feasts  in  Rome,  made  a  grievous 
complaint  ana  exclamation  against  rich  men)  that  they  were  much  mistaken  in  sup- 
posing such  happiness  in  riches;  ^®"you  see  the  best  (said  he)  but  you  know  not 
their  several  gripings  and  discontents  :"  they  are  like  painted  walls,  fair  without,  rot- 
ten within:  diseased,  filthy,  crazy,  full  of  intemperance's  efl"ects ;  '"""and  who  can 
reckon  half.''  if  you  but  knew  their  fears,  cares,  anguish  of  mind  and  vexation,  to 
which  they  are  subject,  you  would  hereafter  renounce  all  riches." 


i"Osi  patL'ant  peclnra  ilivitum, 
Qiiaritos  iiitiis  sublimit  agit 
Forturia  metiis?    Briitia  Coro 
Piilsante  fretutn  mitior  unda  est." 


"  O  that  their  breasts  were  but  conspicuous 
How  full  of  fear  within,  how  furious? 
The  narrow  seas  are  not  so  boisterous." 


Yea,  but  he  hath  the  world  at  will  that  is  rich,  the  good  things  of  the  earth :  suave 
est  de  magno  tollere  acervo,  (it  is  sweet  to  draw  from  a  great  heap)  he  is  a  happy 
man,  ^  adored  like  a  god,  a  prince,  every  man  seeks  to  him,  applauds,  honours,  ad- 
mires him.  He  hath  honours  indeed,  abundance  of  all  things;  but  (as  I  said)  withal 
^"  pride,  lust,  anger,  faction,  emulation,  fears,  cares,  suspicion  enter  with  his  wealth;" 
for  his  intemperance  he  hath  aches,  crudities,  gouts,  and  as  fruits  of  his  idleness,  and 
fulness,  lust,  surfeiting  and  drunkenness,  all  manner  of  diseases :  pemniis  augetur 
improbitas,  the  wealthier,  the  more  dishonest.  ■* "  He  is  exposed  to  hatred,  envy, 
peril  and  treason,  fear  of  death,  degredation,"  &c.  'tis  lubrica  statio  et  proxima  prcc- 
cipitio,  and  the  higher  he  climbs,  the  greater  is  his  fall. 


' ceiss  graviore  casu 

Pecidunt  lurrei,  feriuntque  suraraos 
Fulgura  montes," 


'  in  the  more  eminent  place 


the  lightning  commonly  sets  on  fire  the  highest  towers; 
he  is,  the  more  subject  to  fall. 

"  Rumpitur  innumeris  arbos  uberrima  pomis. 
El  giihito  niniiiE  proecipitantur  opes." 

As  a  tree  that  is  heavy  laden  with  fruit  breaks  her  own  boughs,  with  their  own  great- 
ness they  ruin  themselves :  which  Joachimus  Camerarius  hath  elegantly  expressed 
in  his  13  Emblem,  cent.  1.  Inopem  se  copia  fecit.  Their  means  is  their  misery,  though 
they  do  apply  themselves  to  the  times,  to  lie,  dissemble,  collogue  and  flatter  their 
lieges,  obey,  second  his  will  and  commands  as  much  as  may  be,  yet  too  frequently 
tliey  miscarry,  they  fat  themselves  like  so  many  hogs,  as  ".^neas  Sylvius  observes, 
that  when  they  are  full  fed,  they  may  be  devoured  by  their  princes,  as  Seneca  by 
Nero  was  served,  Sejanus  by  Tiberius,  and  Haman  by  Ahasuerus :  I  resolve  with 
Gregory,  potestas  culminisy  est  tempestas  mentis ;  et  quo  dignitas  alfior,  casus  gravior 
honour  is  a  tempp-i.  the  higher  they  are  elevated,  the  more  grievously  depressed. 
For  the  rest  of  his  jarerogatives  which  wealth  affords,  as  he  hath  more  his  expenses 
are  the  greater.  "  When  goods  increase,  they  are  increased  that  eat  them;  and  what 
good  Cometh  to  the  owners,  but  the  beholding  thereof  with  the  eyes?"  Eccles.  iv.  10. 

«"Millia  frumenti  tua  triverit  area  centum, 

Non  tuus  hinc  eapiet  venter  plu3  quam  meus" 

•'an  evil  sickness,"  Solomon  calls  it,  "and  reserved  to  them  for  an  evil,"  12  verse. 
''  They  that  will  be  rich  fall  into  many  fears  and  temptations,  into  many  foolish  and 


•<GalIo  Tom.  2.  '^Et  8  contubernio  foedi  alque 

olidi  ventris  mors  tandem  educlt.  Seneca  ep.  103. 
•"Divitiarum  sequela,  luxus,  intemperiea,  arroganta, 
superhia,  furor  injustus,  omnisqiie  irrationibilis  motus. 
»'  Juven.  Sat.  6.  "  Effeminate  riches  have  destroyed  the 
age  by  the  introduction  of  shameful  luxury."  *  Saturn. 
Epist.  "Vos  quidem  divites  puialis  felices,  sed 

nescitis   eorum   miserias.  Joo  Et   quota    pars  haec 

eorum  quae  isios  disrruciant  ?  si  nossetis  metus  et  curan, 
quibus  obnoiii  giint,  plaiid  fugiendas  vobis  divitias 
e\istimiretig.  i  Seneca  in  Here.  Oeteo.  >Et 


diis  similes  stulta  cogitatio  facit.  ^  Flamraa  simul 

libidinis  ingreditur ;  ira,  furor  et  superbia,  divitiarum 
sequela.  Chrys.  *  Omnium  oculis,  odio,  insidiis  expo- 
situs,  semper  solicitus,  fortunae  ludibrium.  ^  Hor.  2. 
1.  od.  10.  6  auid  me  felicem  toties  jactastis  amici  T 
Qui  cecidit,  stabjli  non  fuit  ille  loco.  Boeth.  'Ut 
postquam  impinguati  fuerint,  devorentur.  ^Hot 
'•  Although  a  hundred  thousand  bushels  of  wheat  may 
have  been  threshed  in  your  granaries,  your  stomaci- 
will  not  contain  more  than  mine. 


45 


2e2 


354 


Cure  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  2.  Sec.  S 


noisome  lusts,  which  drown  men  in  perdition."  1  Tim.  vi.  9.  "  Gold  and  silver  hath 
destroyed  many,"  Ecclus.  viii.  2.  dlvilice  sceculi  sunt  laquei  diaboli:  so  writes  Ber- 
nard ,  worldly  wealth  is  the  devil's  bait :  and  as  the  Moon  when  she  is  fuller  of 
light  is  still  farthest  from  the  Sun,  the  more  wealth  they  have,  the  farther  they  are 
commonly  from  God.  (If  I  had  said  this  of  myself,  rich  men  would  have  pulled 
me  to  pieces ;  but  hear  who  saith,  and  who  seconds  it,  an  Apostle)  tlierefore  St. 
James  bids  them  '•'•  weep  and  howl  for  the  miseries  that  shall  come  upon  them ;  their 
gold  shall  rust  and  canker,  and  eat  their  flesh  as  fire,"  James  v.  1,  2,  3.  I  may  then 
boldly  conrlude  with  ^Theodoret,  quotlcscunque  divitiis  ajfluentcnu  tSc  "As  often 
as  you  shall  see  a  man  abounding  in  wealth,"  qxd  gemmis  bibit  et  Serrano  ilormit  in 
astro,  "and  naught  withal,  I  beseech  you  call  him  not  happy,  but  esteem  him  unfor- 
tunate, because  he  hath  many  occasions  ofTered  to  live  unjustly;  on  the  other  side, 
a  poor  man  is  not  miserable,  if  he  be  good,  but  therefore  happy,  that  those  evil  occa- 
sions are  taken  from  him." 


10"  Non  pnesidpiitcrn  multa  vocaveriii 
Kecte  heacucii ;  rtTtiiis  occupal 
Noiiieii  beali,  qui  dvoruni 
Muiicribus  sapitiiiCcr  uti, 
l^iirainque  callet  paij|ifriem  pati, 
I'ejusque  Isttau  dagitiuiu  tiliic-l." 


'  lie  is  not  happy  that  is  rich, 

And  hnth  (he  world  at  will, 
Bill  he  lliat  wisely  can  Undx  gifts 

Pissess  and  use  them  still : 
That  sutierii  and  with  patience 

A  hides  hard  poverty. 
Ami  chooselh  rather  (or  to  die; 

'i'liaii  du  tucU  villaiiy." 


Wherein  now  consists  his  happiness  ?  what  privileges  hath  he  more  than  other  men? 
or  rather  what  miseries,  what  cares  and  discontents  hath  he  not  more  than  other 
men? 


'■  "  N'on  enim  ;az«,  neque  consularia 
Sumniovet  lictor  mireros  tuinultui 
Mentia,  et  curas  laqueata  circuni 
Tecta  volantea." 


"  Nor  treacures,  nor  major*  officers  remove 
The  iiiiserahle  luniults  of  the  mind: 
Or  cares  thai  lie  ahout.  or  Hy  above  [bin'd." 

Their  highroofed   houses,  with  huge  beams  com- 


'Tis  not  his  wealth  can  vindicate  him,  let  him  have  Job's  inventory,  sint  Craesi  et 
Crassi  licet,  non  hos  Pactolua  aureus  undas  agens,  eripiat  unquum  e  miseriis,  Crcesus 
or  rich  Crassus  cannot  now  connnand  health,  or  get  himself  a  stomach.  '^"His 
worship,"  as  Apuleius  describes  him,  "  in  all  his  plenty  and  great  provision,  is  for- 
bidden to  eat,  or  else  hath  no  appetite,  (sick  in  bed,  can  take  no  rest,  sore  grieved 
with  some  chronic  disease,  contracted  with  full  diet  and  ease,  or  troubled  in  mind) 
^■hen  as,  in  the  meantime,  all  his  household  are  merry,  and  the  poorest  servant  that 
he  keeps  doth  continually  feast."  'Tis  Bructeata  fehcitas,  as  '^  Seneca  terms  it,  tin- 
foiled  happiness,  inftUx  f elicit  as,  an  unhappy  kind  of  happiness,  if  it  be  happiness 
at  all.  llis  gold,  guard,  clattering  of  harness,  and  fortifications  against  outward  ene- 
mies, cannot  free  him  from  inward  fears  and  cares. 


"  Reveraque  metus  honiinum,  curteque  sequacea 
Nee  metiiuiit  fremitus  armorum,  ant  feerea  tela, 
Audacterque  inter  reges,  ^egumque  potenlet 
Versantur,  neque  fulgorcm  revereiilur  ab  auro." 


I   "  Indeed  men  still  attending  feara  and  care* 

iNor  armours  clashing,  nor  tierce  weapon'*  feare: 
With  kings  converse  they  boldly,  and  kiiigo  peer*. 
Fearing  uu  flashing  that  from  gold  appears." 


Look  how  many  servants  he  hath,  and  so  many  enemies  lie  suspects ;  for  liberty  he 
entertains  ambition ;  his  pleasures  are  no  pleasures ;  and  that  which  is  worst,  he 
cannot  be  private  or  enjoy  himself  as  other  men  do,  his  state  is  a  servitude.  '^A 
countryman  may  travel  from  kingrdom  to  kingdom,  province  to  j^ovince,  city  to  city, 
and  glut  his  eyes  with  delightful  objects,  hawk,  hunt,  and  use  those  ordinary  di.«i- 
ports,  without  any  notice  taken,  all  which  a  prince  or  a  great  man  cannot  do.  He 
keeps  in  for  state,  nc  majestatis  dignitas  evilescat,  as  our  China  kings.  «>f  Borneo, 
and  Tartarian  Cliams,  those  aiirea  mancipia,  are  said  to  do,  seldom  or  never  seen 
abroad,  tit  major  sit  hominum  erga  se  observantia,  which  the  '^  Persian  kinij.s  so  pre- 
cisely observed  of  old.  A  poor  man  takes  more  delight  in  an  ordinary  meal's  meat, 
which  he  hath  but  seldom,  than  they  do  with  all  their  exotic  dainties  and  continual 
viands;  Quippe  voluptatem  commendat  rarior  usus,  'tis  the  rarity  and  necessity  that 
makes  a  thing  acceptable  and  pleasant.  Darius,  put  to  flight  by  Alexander,  drank 
puddle  water  to  quench  his  thirst,  and  it  was  pleasanter,  he  swore,  than  any  wine  or 


•  Cap.  6.  de  curat,  ^rxc.  affect,  rap.  de  providentia  ;  '  dicitur,  et  in  omni  copia  ana  cibum  non  accipit,  cum 
quntieecunque  diviliis  attluentem  hoiiiineni  videmns,  I  interea  I'ltuiii  ejus  servitiuiii  hilare  mt,  alqiie  epulelur. 
cumque  pi^ssimuni,  ne  quxso  huiic  beall^^^lInlllll  pnte.  |  •>  Epirl.  111.  >*  II   r.  et  luihi  cnrto  Ire  licel  mulo 

Bins,  s«d  iiil'Micvni,  Cfiiseamus,  tec.       '»  Hnr   I   -J.  Ud.U.  I  vel  si  libel  usque  Tarentuiu.  >^  lirimjiiius. 

>  H'     ■*'    2.  "Florid.  lib.  4.  Dives  ilie  cibo  inter- 1 


Mem.  3.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.  355 

mead.  All  excess,  as  '®  Epictetus  argues,  ■will  cause  a  dislike ;  sweet  will  be  iour, 
which  made  that  temperate  Epicurus  sometimes  voluntarily  fast.  But  they  oeing 
always  accustomed  to  the  same  "dishes,  (which  are  nastily  dressed  by  slovenly 
cooks,  that  after  their  obscenities  never  wash  their  bawdy  hands)  be  they  fish,  flesh, 
compounded,  made  dishes,  or  whatsoever  else,  are  therefore  cloyed ;  nectar's  self 
grows  loathsome  to  them,  they  are  weary  of  all  their  fine  palaces,  they  are  to  them 
but  as  so  many  prisons.  A  poor  man  drinks  in  a  wooden  dish,  and  eats  his  meat  in 
wooden  spoons,  wooden  platters,  earthen  vessels,  and  such  homely  stuff:  tlie  other 
in  gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones  ;  but  with  what  success  ?  in  auro  bibitur  venemtm, 
fear  of  poison  in  the  one,  security  in  the  other.  A  poor  man  is  able  to  write,  to 
speak  his  mind,  to  do  his  own  business  himself;  locuples  mittit  parasitmn.  saith 
'**  Philostratus,  a  rich  man  employs  a  parasite,  and  as  the  major  of  a  city,  speaks  by 
the  town  clerk,  or  by  Mr.  Recorder,  when  he  cannot  express  himself.  '^  Nonius  the 
senator  hath  a  purple  coat  as  stiff  with  jewels  as  his  mind  is  full  of  vices ;  rings  on 
his  fingers  worth  20,000  sesterces,  and  as  ^"Perox  the  Persian  king,  an  union  in  his 
ear  worth  one  hundred  pounds  weight  of  gold :  ^'  Cleopatra  hath  whole  boars  and 
sheep  served  up  to  her  table  at  once,  drinks  jewels  dissolved,  40,000  sesterces  in 
value  ;  but  to  what  end  ? 

2!"  Num  tibi  cum  fauces  urit  sitis,  aurea  quaeris 
Pocula  ?" 

Doth  a  man  that  is  adry  desire  to  drink  in  gold .''  Doth  not  a  cloth  suit  become  him 
as  well,  and  keep  him  as  warm,  as  all  their  silks,  satins,  damasks,  taffeties  and  tis- 
sues ?  Is  not  homespun  cloth  as  great  a  preservative  against  cold,  as  a  coat  of  Tartar 
lamb's-wool,  died  in  grain,  or  a  gown  of  giant's  beards .?  Nero,  saith  ^^  Sueton., 
never  put  on  one  garment  twice,  and  thou  hast  scarce  one  to  put  on  ?  what's  the 
difference  ?  one's  sick,  the  other  sound  :  such  is  the  whole  tenor  of  their  lives,  and 
that  which  is  the  consummation  and  upshot  of  all,  death  itself  makes  the  greatest 
difference.  One  like  a  hen  feeds  on  the  dunghill  all  his  days,  but  is  served  up  at 
last  to  his  Lord's  table ;  the  other  as  a  falcon  is  fed  with  partridge  and  pigeons,  and 
carried  on  his  master's  fist,  but  when  he  dies  is  flung  to  the  muckhill,  and  there  lies. 
The  rich  man  lives  like  Dives  jovially  here  on  earth,  temuJentus  divitiis,  make  the 
best  of  it;  and  "boasts  himself  in  the  multitude  of  his  riches,"  Psalm  xlix.  6.  11. 
he  thinks  his  house  "  called  after  his  own  name,"  shall  continue  for  ever ;  ''  but  he 
perisheth  like  a  beast,"  verse  20.  "his  way  utters  his  folly,"  verse  13.  maJe  parta., 
male  dilabuntur;  "like  sheep  they  lie  in  the  grave,"  verse  14.  Pvncto  dcscendtmt 
ad  infcrnum,  "  they  spend  their  days  in  wealth,  and  go  suddenly  down  to  hell,"  Job 
xxi.  13.  For  all  physicians  and  medicines  enforcing  nature,  a  swooning  wife,  fami- 
lies' complaints,  friends'  tears,  dirges,  masses,  ncenias.,  funerals,  for  all  orations,  coun- 
terfeit hired  acclamations,  eulogiums,  epitaphs,  hearses,  heralds,  black  mourners, 
solemnities,  obelisks,  and  Mausolean  tombs,  if  he  have  them,  at  least,  ^"  he,  like  a 
hog,  goes  to  hell  with  a  guilty  conscience  [propter  hos  dilatavit  infernos  os  suum)., 
and  a  poor  man's  curse ;  his  memory  stinks  like  the  snuff  of  a  candle  when  it  is 
put  out ;  scurrilous  libels,  and  infamous  obloquies  accompany  him.  When  as  poor 
Lazarus  is  Dei  sacrarium,  the  temple  of  God,  lives  and  dies  in  true  devotion,  hath 
no  more  attendants,  but  his  own  innocency,  the  heaven  a  tomb,  desires  to  be  dis- 
solved, buried  in  his  mother's  lap,  and  hath  a  company  of  ^^  Angels  ready  to  convey 
his  soul  into  Abraham's  bosom,  he  leaves  an  everlasting  and  a  sweet  memory  behind 
him.  Ciassus  and  Sylla  are  indeed  still  recorded,  but  not  so  xnuch  for  their  wealth 
as  for  their  victories  :  Croesus  for  his  end,  Solomon  for  his  wisdom.  In  a  word, 
^  "  to  get  wealth  is  a  great  trouble,  anxiety  to  keep,  grief  to  lose  it." 

^  "Quid  fiipnum  stolidis  mentibus  iraprecer? 
Opes,  hoiinres  aml)iaiit : 
Et  cum  falsa  gravi  mole  paraverint. 
Turn  vera  cogiioscant  bona." 

'^Si  modnm  excesseris,  suavissima  sunt  molesta.  |  the  power  of  the  grave,"  Psal.  xlix.  15.  ssContempI. 
"  Et  ill  cupidiis  gula;,  cnqiuis  et  piieri  illolis  manibus  !  Idiot.  Cap.  37.  divitiarum  acqui?itio  magni  laborjg, 
ab  pioneratione  ventris  omnia  tractant,  &c.  Cardan,  t  po.ssessio  magni  timoris,  amissio  masni  dolori*. 
I.  8.  cap.  4G.  de  reriim  varielate.  '■  Epist.  'sPlin.  [  s' Boethius  de  consol.  phil.  1.  3.  "How  contemptible 
lib.  57.  cap.  6.  ™Zonaras  3.  aniial.  !»  Plutarch.  1  Ftolid  minds!    They  covet  riches  and  titlp.=,  and  when 

vit.  ejus.  M  Hor  Ser.  lib.  1.  Sat.  2.  "Cap.  30.  j  they  have  obtained'  these  commodities  of  fal.-ie  weight 

nullam  vestem  bis  induit.  21  Ad  generum  Cercris  |  and  measures,  tlien,  and  not  before,  they  understand 

sine  ca'de  et  sanguine  pauci  riescendunt  reges,  et  sicca    what  is  truly  valuable." 
morte  tyronni.  25 "God  shall  deliver  his  soul  from  I 


350  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  3, 

But  consider  all  those  other  unknown,  concealed  happinesses,  which  a  poor  man 
hath  (I  call  them  unknown,  because  they  be  not  acknowledged  in  the  world's  esteem, 
or  so  taken)  O  fortunatos  nimium  bona  si  sua  norint:  happy  they  are  in  the  mean- 
time if  they  would  take  notice  of  it,  make  use,  or  apply  it  to  themselves.  "A  poor 
man  wise  is  better  than  a  foolish  king,"  Eccles.  ii.  13.  -*"  Poverty  is  the  way  to 
heaven,  ^'the  mistress  of  philosophy,  ^°  the  mother  of  religion,  virtue,  sobriety,  sister 
of  innocency,  and  an  upright  mind."  How  many  such  encomiums  might  I  add  out 
of  the  fathers,  philosophers,  orators }  It  troubles  many  tliat  are  poor,  they  account 
of  it  as  a  great  plaorue,  curse,  a  siofn  of  God's  haired,  ipsiim  scelus,  damned  villauv 
itself,  a  disgrace,  shame  and  reproach ;  but  to  whom,  or  why  ?  *""  If  fortune  hath 
envied  me  wealth,  thieves  have  robbed  me.  my  father  have  not  left  me  such  revenues 

as  others  have,  that  I  am  a  younger  brother,  basely  born, ciii  sine  luce  ifc/ws, 

%siirdumque  parrnliini nomen,  of  mean  parentage,  a  dirt-dauber's  son,  am  I  there- 
fore to  be  bhuned .-'  an  eagle,  a  bull,  a  lion  is  not  rejected  for  his  poverty,  and  why 
should  a  man  r"  'Tis  ^^  fortunes  telum,  mm  ciilpir,  fortune's  fault,  not  mine.  ''Good 
Sir,  I  am  a  servant,  (to  use  ^^  Seneca's  words)  howsoever  your  poor  friend  ;  a  servant, 
and  yet  your  chamber-fellow,  and  if  you  consider  better  of  it,  your  fellow-servant." 
I  am  thy  drudge  in  the  world's  eyes,  yet  in  God's  sight  peradventure  thy  better,  my 
soul  is  more  precious,  and  1  dearer  unto  him.  Etiam  servi  cliis  curce  sunt,  as  Evan- 
ffelus  at  large  proves  in  Macrobius,  the  meanest  servant  is  most  precious  in  his  sight. 
Thou  art  an  epicure,  I  am  a  good  Christian  ;  thou  art  many  parasangs  before  me  in 
means,  favour,  wealth,  honour,  Claudius's  Narcissus,  Neio's  >lassa,  Domitian's  Par- 
llieniiis,  a  favourite,  a  golden  slave;  thou  coverest  thy  tloors  with  marble,  thy  roofs 
with  gold,  thy  walls  with  statues,  fine  pictures,  curious  hangings,  he,  what  of  all 
this.'  culcas  opes,  S^c,  what's  all  tliis  to  true  happiness?  I  live  and  breathe  under 
that  glorious  heaven,  that  august  capitol  of  nature,  enjoy  the  brightness  of  .><tars,  that 
clear  light  of  sun  and  mooii,  those  infinite  creatures,  plants,  birds,  beasts,  fishes, 
herbs,  all  that  sea  and  land  atford,  far  surpassing  all  that  art  and  opukntia  can  give. 
I  am  free,  and  which  **  Seneca  said  of  Home,  culmtn  liheros  iexii,  suh  mnrmore  ct 
auro  postea  scrvitus  habilavit,  thou  hast  Amalthece  cornu,  plenty,  pleasure,  the  world 
at  will,  I  am  despicable  and  poor ;  but  a  word  overshot,  a  blow  in  choler,  a  game  at 
tables,  a  loss  at  sea,  a  sudden  fire,  the  prince's  dislike,  a  liitle  sickness,  Slc,  may 
make  us  equal  in  an  instant;  h(Jwsoever  take  thy  time,  triumph  and  insult  awhile, 
cinis  cequat,  as  *\Alphonsus  said,  death  will  equali.se  us  all  at  last.  I  live  sparingly, 
in  the  mean  time,  am  clad  homely,  fare  hardly ;  is  this  a  reproach .'  am  I  the  worse 
for  it  ?  am  I  contemptible  for  it  '■!  am  1  to  be  reprehended  .'  A  learned  man  in  ^  Nevi- 
sanus  was  taken  down  for  silting  amongst  gentlemen,  but  he  replied,  '•  my  nobility 
is  about  the  head,  yours  declines  to  the  tail,"  and  they  were  silent.  Let  them  mock, 
scoff  and  revile,  'tis  not  thy  scorn,  but  his  that  made  thee  so;  "he  that  mockelh  the 
poor,  reproacheth  him  that  made  him,"  Prov.  xi.  5.  ''  and  he  that  rejoiceth  at  afflic- 
tion, shall  not  be  unpunished."  For  the  rest,  the  poorer  thou  art,  the  happier  thou 
art,  dil'tor  est,  at  non  melior,  saith  '"  Epicietus,  he  is  richer,  not  better  than  thou  art, 
not  so  free  from  lust,  envy,  hatred,  ambition. 

"  Bt'atui!  ille  qui  procul  neeotiin 
Pateriia  rura  bubus  exercet  Ruis." 

Happy  he,  in  that  he  is  **  freed  from  the  tumults  of  the  world,  he  seeks  no  honours, 
gapes  after  no  preferment,  flatters  not,  envies  not,  temporiselh  not,  but  lives  privately, 
and  well  contented  with  his  estate ; 

Nee  spps  conle  avidas,  nee  curam  pascit  inanem 
Securus  quo  fata  cadaiil." 

He  is  not  troubled  with  slate  matters,  whether  kingdoms  thrive  better  by  succession 
or  election  ;  whether  monarchies  should  be  mixed,  temperate,  or  absolute  ;  the  house 

*  Austin  in  Ps.  Ixxvi.  omnia  PhilodophiaB  magistra,  conservuH  ei  cogllaverig.        *•  Epist.  GC  et  DO.         >»  P«. 

ml  cmluni  via.  *BoriiB  mentis  wjrnr  paupertas.  ntirmitan.  rebus  ee^tis  Alph.  *•  Ub.  4.  num.  3it« 

"  Psdat'oiia  pietat"*  sohria,   pia  mater,  cullu  simplex,  quiilam  depreliKiii'us  quod  sederet  loco  nnlillnim.  nira 

habitu  ccciira,  corisilio  beiiesiiada.  Apiil.         >•  Cardan,  nobilitas,  ail.  e*t  circa  ciipul,  vpstra  d«clinal  ad  cau- 

Opprobrium    mm  est  pauperta.^  :  qiio<l  latro  eripil,  aut  dam        "  Taiito  beatior  es.  qiianto  CfdU-clinr.       »•  Xo» 

pater  noil   r^liquit.  cur  mihi  vilio  dnretur,  si    dirtuna  amfTibiis  iiis^rMt.  non  appetit  hoiiores.  et  qiialiii-rrun- 

divitia^  iriviilil  ?  mm  aquila",  non,  Sec.  «  Iiilly.  que  reliclus  satis  habet,  honiinem  se  enw?  nirminil,  ir 

"  Episl    74.  wrviis  riuiiime  boino ;   gervus  sum,  imruo  videt  neinini.  neiniiicni  dispirit,  nemint-m  miratur,  wr 

.«ambernalis,  sorvus  sum,  at  humilK   amicus,  iniuio  luonibus  tnaligiiis  non  attendit  aut  alitur.     Pliiiius. 


Mem.  3.]  Remedies  against  Dlscontenls.  357 

of  Ottoraon's  and  Austria  is  all  one  to  him ;  he  inquires  not  after  colonies  or  new 
discoveries ;  whether  Peter  were  at  Rome,  or  Constantine's  donation  be  of  force  -, 
what  comets  or  new  stars  signify,  whether  the  earth  stand  or  move,  there  be  a 
new  world  in  the  moon,  or  infinite  worlds,  8tc.  He  is  not  touched  with  fear  of 
invasions,  factions  or  emulations  ; 


as"  FoBlix  ille  animi,  divisqiie  simillimiis  ipsis, 
UuHin  lion  iiiordaci  resplenilens  jloria  fuco 
Sulicitat,  noil  fastnsi  mala  gaiidia  luxus, 
Sed  tacitos  sinit  ire  die?,  et  paupere  cuitu 
^oExigit  iniiocuce  tranquilla  silentia  vits." 


"A  happy  soul,  and  like  to  God  IiiinRelf, 
Whom  not  vain  glory  macerates  or  strife, 
Or  wicked  joys  of  that  proud  swelling  pelf, 
But  leads  a  still,  poor,  and  contented  life." 


A  secure,  quiet,  blissful  state  he  hath,  if  he  could  acknowledge  it.  But  here  is  the 
misery,  that  he  will  not  take  notice  of  it ;  he  repines  at  rich  men's  wealth,  brave 
hangings,  dainty  fare,  as  '"  Simonides  objected  to  Hieron,  he  hath  all  the  pleasures  of 
the  world,  ''^  in  lectis  eburncis  dormit^  vinumphiaUs  bibit,  optimis  unguentis  dcllbnitnr^ 
"he  knows  not  the  affliction  of  Joseph,  stretching  himself  on  ivory  beds,  and  singing 
to  the  sound  of  the  viol."  And  it  troubles  him  tliat  he  hath  not  the  like  :  there  is  a  dif- 
ference (he  grumbles)  between  LaploUy  and  Pheasants,  to  tumble  i'th'stiawand  lie  in  a 
down  bed,  betwixt  wine  and  water,  a  cottage  and  a  palace.  "  He  hates  nature  !^as 
■"Pliny  characteriseth  him)  that  she  hath  made  him  lower  than  a  god,  and  is  an^rry 
with  the  gods  that  any  man  goes  before  him;"  and  although  he  hath  received  much, 
yet  (as  ^'' Seneca  follows  it)  ''•  he  thinks  it  an  injury  that  he  hath  no  more,  and  is  so 
far  from  giving  thanks  for  his  tribuneship,  that  he  complains  he  is  not  prajtor,  neither 
doth  that  please  him,  except  he  may  be  consul."  Why  is  he  not  a  prince,  vrhy  not 
a  monarch,  why  not  an  emperor  ?  Why  should  one  man  have  so  much  more  than 
his  fellows,  one  have  all,  another  nothing  ?  Why  should  one  man  be  a  slave  or 
drudge  to  another .''  One  surfeit,  another  starve,  one  live  at  ease,  another  labour, 
without  any  hope  of  better  fortune  ?  Tiius  they  grumble,  mutter,  and  repine  :  not 
considering  that  inconstancy  of  human  aifairs,  judicially  conferring  one  condition 
with  another,  or  well  weigliing  their  own  present  estate.  What  they  are  now,  thou 
mayest  shortly  be ;  and  what  thou  art  they  sha41  likely  be.  Expect  a  little,  compare 
future  and  times  past  with  the  present,  see  the  event,  and  comfort  thyself  with  it.  It 
is  as  well  to  be  discerned  in  commonwealths,  cities,  families,  as  in  private  meu's 
estates.  Italy  was  once  lord  of  the  world,  Rome  the  queen  of  cities,  vaunted  herself 
of  two  ■'^  myriads  of  inhabitants ;  now  that  all-commanding  country  is  possessed  by 
petty  princes,  '*^Rorae  a  small  village  in  respect.  Greece  of  old  the  seat  of  civility, 
mother  of  sciences  and  humanity;  now  forlorn,  the  nurse  of  barbarism,  a  den  of 
thieves.  Germany  then,  saith  Tacitus,  was  incult  and  horrid,  now  full  of  magnifi- 
cent cities:  Athens,  Corintli,  Carthage,  how  flourishing  cities,  now  buried  in  their 
own  ruins !  Corvorimi,  ferarum,  aprorum  et  bestiarum  lustra^  like  so  many  wilder- 
nesses, a  receptacle  of  wild  beasts.  Venice  a  poor  fisher-town;  Paris,  London,  small 
cottages  in  Caesar's  time,  now  most  noble  emporiums.  Valois,  Plantagenet,  and  Sca- 
liger  how  fortunate  families,  how  likely  to  continue !  now  quite  extinguished  and 
rooted  out.  He  stands  aloft  to-day,  full  of  favour,  wealth,  honour,  and  prosperity, 
in  the  top  of  fortune's  wheel:  to-morrow  in  prison,  worse  than  nothing,  his  son's  a 
beggar.  Thou  art  a  poor  servile  drudge,  Fcex  populi,  a  very  slave,  thy  son  may 
come  to  be  a  prince,  with  Maximinus,  Agathocles,  &c.  a  senator,  a  general  of  an 
array;  thou  standest  bare  to  him  now,  workest  for  him,  drudgest  for  him  and 
his,  takest  an  alms  of  him:  stay  but  a  little,  and  his  next  heir  peradventure  shall 
consume  all  with  riot,  be  degraded,  thou  exalted,  and  he  shall  beg  of  thee.  Thou 
shall  be  his  most  honourable  patron,  he  thy  devout  servant,  his  posterity  shall  run. 
ride,  and  do  as  much  for  thine,  as  it  was  with  '^^  Frisgobald  and  Cromwell,  it  may  be 
for  thee.  Citizens  devour  country  gentlemen,  and  settle  in  their  seats ;  after  two  or 
three  descents,  they  consume  all  in  riot,  it  returns  to  the  city  again. 

^'Polltianiis  in  Riistico.  -"lOyges  regno  LydlcE  M<  De  ira  cap.  31.  lib.  3.    Et  si  multiini  acceperit,  injuriam 

inflatiis:  sciscitatiim  misit  Apolliiiein  an  qiiis  mortaiiiim  piilat  plura  non  accepi.^se;  non  agit  pro  trihnnatn 
SR  felicior  esset.  Aglaiuin  Arcadiini  paiiperriniuin  gratias,  sed  qucritur  quod  non  sil  ad  prseturam  perdue- 
Apollo  prietulit,  qui  lerininos  aiiri  sui  nunquam  e.xces-     tus;  neque  lirec  grata,  .^i  desit  consulatiis.  •'^Lip?. 

eerat,  rure  sun  conientns.    Val.  lib.  I.  c  7.  -ii  H<ir.     admir.       w  Of  some  90,000  inhabitants  now.       *' Kfaii 

h;ec  est  Vita  solutnruu)  niisera  ainbitioue,  gravique.  the  story  at  large  in  John  Fox,  his  Acts  and  AIoiiu- 
•'Ainos.  6.  <3  Prcefat.  lib.  7.    Odit  iiaturam  quod  |  uients. 

infra  deos  sit;  irascitur  diis  quod  quis  illi  antccedal.  l 


358 


Cure  of  Melancholy. 


^Pait.  2.  iKC.  3. 


= "  Novus  incola  venit ; 

Nam  propria  telluris  heruru  natura,  neque  illuna, 
Ni'i:  UK',  iiec  qiienqiiani  statuit;  iios  expulit  ille: 
Ilium  aut  nequities,  aut  vafri  iiiscitia  juris." 


"  have  we  liv'd  at  a  more  frugal  rate, 

Since  tliis  new  strangur  seiz'il  on  uur  estate? 

Nature  wi.'l  no  perpetual  lieir  assign. 

Or  make  the  farm  Ills  properly  or  mine. 

He  lurn'd  us  out :  but  follies  all  his  own. 

Or  law-suits  anil  their  knaveries  yet  unknown, 

Or,  all  his  follies  aud  his  law-suils  past, 

Some  lung-liv'd  heir  shall  turn  him  out  at  last.' 


A  lawyer  buys  out  his  poor  client,  after  a  while  his  client's  posterity  buy  out  him 
and  his ;  so  things  go  round,  ebb  and  flow. 

'The  farm,  once  njine,  now  bears  Uinbrenua'  name; 
The  use  alone,  not  property,  we  claim  ; 


'  \unc  ager  Umbreni  sub  nomine,  nuper  Ofelli 
Dictus  crat,  niilli  proprius  sed  cedit  in  usuin 
Nunc  mihi,  nunc  aliis;" 


Then  be  not  with  your  present  lot  deprest. 
And  meet  the  future  with  undaunted  breast ;" 


as  he  said  then,  ager  cujus,  quot  habes  Domlnos?  So  say  I  of  land,  houses,  move- 
ables and  money,  mine  to-day,  his  anon,  wht)se  to-morrow  ?  In  tine,  (as  ^'*  3Iadiiavel 
observes)  "virtue  and  prosperity  beget  rest ;  rest  idleness;  idleness  riot;  riot  destruc- 
tion; from  which  we  come  again  to  good  laws  ;  good  laws  engender  virtuous  actions; 
virtue,  glory,  and  prosperity;  and  'lis  no  dishonour  then  las  Guicciardine  adds)  for 
a  flourisliing  man,  city,  or  state  to  come  to  ruin,  ^nor  infelicity  to  be  subject  to  the 
law  of  nature."  Ergo  terrena  calcanda^  sitirnda  ctclcstia^  (therefore  I  say)  scorn 
this  transitory  state,  look  up  to  heaven,  think  not  what  others  are,  but  what  thou 
art:  '^Qvd  parte  locatus  es  in  re:  and  what  thou  shalt  be,  what  thou  maycst  be. 
Do  [^l  say)  as  Christ  himself  did,  when  he  lived  here  on  cardi,  imitate  him  as  much 
as  in  thee  lies.  How  many  great  Cajsars,  mighty  monarchs,  tetrarchs,  dynasties, 
prmces  lived  in  his  days,  in  what  plenty,  what  delicacy,  how  bravely  attended,  what 
a  deal  of  gold  and  silver,  what  treasure,  how  many  sumptuous  palaces  had  they, 
what  provinces  and  cities,  ample  territories,  fields,  rivers,  fountains,  parks,  forests, 
lawns,  woods,  cells,  Slc.  ?  Yet  Christ  had  none  of  all  this,  he  would  have  none  of 
this,  he  voluntarily  rejected  all  this,  he  could  not  be  ignorant,  he  could  not  err  in 
his  choice,  he  contenmed  all  this,  he  chose  that  wiiich  was  safer,  better,  and  more 
certain,  and  less  to  be  repented,  a  mean  estate,  even  poverty  itself;  and  why  dost 
tiiou  then  doubt  to  follow  him,  to  imitate  him,  and  his  apostles,  to  imitate  all  good 
men :  so  do  thou  tread  in  his  divine  steps,  and  thou  shalt  not  err  eternally,  as  too 
many  worldlings  do,  that  run  tm  in  their  own  dissolute  courses,  to  their  confusion 
and  ruin,  thou  shalt  not  do  amiss.  Whatsoever  thy  fortune  is,  be  contented  with  it, 
trust  in  him,  rely  on  him,  refer  thyself  wholly  to  him.  For  know  this,  in  conclu- 
sion, .Yon  est  vahnlis  nee  currenlis,  sed  miserentis  Dei^  'tis  not  as  men,  but  as  God 
will.  ''  The  Lord  makeih  poor  and  maketh  rich,  bringeth  low,  and  exalteth  (1  Sam.  ii. 
vcr.7.  8),  he  lifteth  the  poor  from  the  dust,  and  raiseih  the  beggar  from  the  dunghill, 
to  set  them  amongst  princes,  and  make  them  inherit  the  seat  of  glory;"  'lis  all  as  he 
pleaseth,  how,  and  when,  and  whom ;  he  that  appoints  the  end  (though  to  us 
unknown)  appoints  the  means  likewise  subordinate  to  the  end. 

Yea,  but  their  present  estate  crucifies  and  torments  most  mortal  men,  they  have 
no  such  forecast,  to  see  what  may  be,  what  shall  likely  be,  but  what  is,  though  not 
wherefore,  or  from  whom,  hoc  anget^  their  present  misfortunes  grind  their  souls,  and 
an  envious  eye  which  they  cast  upon  other  men's  prosperities,  Vicinttmquc  pecus 
grandius  uber  hab'i,  how  rich,  how  fortunate,  how  happy  is  he .'  But  in  the  mean- 
time he  doth  not  consider  the  other  miseries,  his  infirmities  of  body  and  mind,  that 
accompany  his  estate,  but  still  reilects  upon  his  own  Iklse  conceived  woes  and  wants, 
whereas  if  the  matter  were  duly  examined,  "  he  is  in  no  distress  at  all,  he  hatii  no 
cause  to  complain. 


•  tolle  querelas, 


"Then  cease  complainine.  friend,  and  learn  to  liv* 
He  i»  not  poor  to  whom  kind  fortniii-  L'rbnts. 
Kveo  with  a  frugal  hand,  what  Nature  wants." 


Pauper  eiiim  non  est  cui  reruin  suppetit  usus," 

he  is  not  poor,  he  is  not  in  need.  *' "  Nature  is  content  with  bread  and  water ;  and 
he  that  can  rest  satisfied  with  that,  may  contend  with  Jupiter  himself  for  happiness." 
In  that  golden  age,  ""somnos  dedit  umbra  saliibre.s.,  pntum  qunque  Inbricns  ainnis,  the 
tree  gave  wholesome  shade  to  sleep  under,  and  the  clear  rivers  drink.    The  Israelites 

«  Hor.  Sat.  2.  ser.  lib.  2.  *'^S  Florent.  hist.  Tirlui  j  divile*  qui  rocio  el  terrn  frui  p<ii>sunt.  •»  Hor.  lib.  1. 

quielera  parat,  quies  otium,  otium  prirro  lu.xuni  gene-  (  epis.  VS.  "Seneca  t-pi«t.  \o.  pain-m  Pt  aquaiii  iia'ura 
ral.  luxus  iiiteriturn,  i  quo  iteriim  arl  salubernmas.  ice.  de^tidcrat.  et  ha-c  qui  lialii-t.  ip-n  cum  Jovf  di-  f>  liciiat* 
^'Suicciard.  in  Hiponest  nulla  inreliclaa  suhjcr-tum  cmilendat.  t.'iliuK  timiih-l  famein  wdat.  verlu  tenui* 
•fMse   lep     lalurx    Slc.  "  Persius.  "Omnei    fngius  arcet.  Senec.  epi4l.  ti.  '^  iioelhiu*. 


Mein.  3.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.  ysg 

drank  water  in  the  wilderness ;  Samson,  David,  Saul,  Abraham's  servant  when  he 
went  for  Isaac's  wife,  the  Samaritan  woman,  and  how  many  besides  miirht  I  reckon 
"P5  Egypt,  Palestine,  whole  countries  in  the  =^  Indies,  that  drank  pure  water  all  their 
lives.  ^'The  Persian  kings  themselves  drank  no  other  drink  than  the  water  of 
Chaospis,  that  runs  by  Susa,  which  was  carried  in  botdes  after  them,  whithersoever 
they  went.  Jacob  desired  no  more  of  God,  but  bread  to  eat,  and  clothes  to  put  on 
in  his  journey,  Gen.  xxviii.  20.  Bene  est  cui  deus  obtullt  Parca  quod  satis  est  manii; 
bread  is  enough  ^^"to  strengthen  the  heart."  And  if  you  study  philosophy  aright, 
saith  "'^Maudarensis,  "•  whatsoever  is  beyond  this  moderation,  is  not  useful,  but  trouble- 
some." ''"Agellius,  out  of  Euripides,  accounts  bread  and  water  enough  to  satisfy 
nature,  "•  of  which  there  is  no  surfeit,  the  rest  is  not  a  feast,  but  a  riot."  •='  S.  Ilierome 
esteems  him  rich  "  that  hath  bread  to  eat,  and  a  potent  man  that  is  not  compelled  to 
be  a  slave ;  hunger  is  not  ambitious,  so  that  it  have  to  eat,  and  thirst  doth  not  prefer 
a  cup  of  gold."  It  was  no  epicurean  speech  of  an  epicure,  he  that  is  not  satisfied 
with  a  little  will  never  have  enough:  and  very  good  counsel  of  him  in  the  ^^poet, 
'•  O  my  son,  mediocrity  of  means  agrees  best  with  men  ;  too  much  is  pernicious." 

"  Divitis  grandes  liomini  sunt  vivere  parc6, 
^quo  ariiuio," 

■  And  if  thou  canst  be  content,  thou  hast  abundance,  nihil  est.,  nihil  dcest,  thou  hast 
little,  thou  wantest  nothing.  'Tis  all  one  to  be  hanged  in  a  chain  of  gold,  or  in  a 
rope ;  to  be  filled  with  dainties  or  coarser  meat. 

ra"Si  veiitri  heiie,  si  lateri,  pedibusqiio  tiiis,  nil  I       "If  bellv,  sides  and  feet  be  well  at  ea*e 

Divitia;  poterunt  regales  aiMere  iiiajus."  |  A  prince's  treasure  can  thee  no  more  please. 

Socrates  in  a  fair,  seeing  so  many  things  bought  and  sold,  such  a  multitude  of  people 
convented  to  that  purpose,  exclaimed  forthwith,  "  O  ye  gods  what  a  sight  of  things 
do  not  I  want .?  'Tis  thy  want  alone  that  keeps  thee  in  health  of  body  and  mind, 
and  that  which  thou  persecutest  and  abhorrest  as  a  feral  plague  is  thy  physician  and 
'''chiefest  friend,  which  makes  thee  a  good  man,  a  healthful,  a  sound,  a  virtuous,  an 
honest  aiul  happy  man."  For  when  virtue  came  from  heaven  (as  the  poet  feigns) 
rich  men  kicked  her  up,  wicked  men  abhorred  her,  courtiers  scoffed  at  her,  citizens 
hated  her,  ''^and  that  she  was  thrust  out  of  doors  in  every  place,  she  came  at  last  to 
her  sister  Poverty,  where  she  had  found  good  entertainment.  Poverty  and  Virtue 
dwell  together. 

**" O  vita;  tuta  facultas 

Pauperis,  angnsiique  larea,  6  munera  noiuluin 
Intellecta  deijin." 

How  happy  art  thou  if  thou  couldst  be  content.  "  Godliness  is  a  great  gain,  if  a  man 
can  be  content  with  that  which  he  hath,"  1  Tim.  vi.  6.  And  all  true  happiness  is  in 
a  mean  estate.  I  have  a  little  wealth,  as  he  said,  ^''sed  qtias  animus  magnasfacit,  a 
kingdom  in  conceit : 

68" T"""  ^'fip'tus  opto 

Maia  nale,  nisi  ut  propria  lisc  mihi  ijiunera  faxis;" 

1  have  enough  and  desire  no  more. 

S3"  Dii  bene  fecerunt  inopis  me  quodque  pusilli 
Feccrunt  animi" 

'tis  very  well,  and  to  my  content.  '°Vestem  et  fortunam  concinnam  potius  quam  Inxani 
vroho.,  let  my  fortune  and  my  garments  be  both  alike  fit  for  me.  And  which  "'Sebas- 
tian Foscariiuis,  sometime  Duke  of  Venice,  caused  to  be  engraven  on  his  tomb  in 
St.  JMark's  Church,  "  Hear,  O  ye  Venetians,  and  I  will  tell  you  which  is  the  best 
thing  in  tlie  world :  to  contemn  it."  I  will  engrave  it  in  my  heart,  it  shall  be  my 
whole  study  to  contemn  it.  Let  them  take  wealth,  Slercora  stercus  a7ncf,  so  that'l 
may  have  security:  bene  qui  latuit,  benevixit;  though  I  live  obscure,  '-yet  I  live 
clean  and  honest;  and  when  as  the  lofty  oak  is  blown  down,  the  silky  reed  may 


6«Miiff£Rus  et  alii.  s?  Crissonius.  68  pgal.  Ixx.iiv. 
■>JSi  recte  philosiiphemitii,  quicquid  aptam  modera- 
tionem  superyreditur,  oiieri  potius  qrani  Usui  est. 
'"Lib.  7.  I(i.    Cereris  inunus  et  aquae  poculnm  niortales 


que  dolns  ejicitur,  apud  sooiain  paupertatein  ejnsque 
cultores  divertens  in  enrum  siiiu  et  tulela  deliciatur. 
'i'^Lucan.  "  O  protectinu;  quality  of  a  poor  man's  life, 
fru!;al  means,  gifts  scarce  yet  understood  by  the  gods 


quxruiit  habere,  et  quorum  saties  nunquam  est,  luxus  '  themselves."  "Ljp.  niiscell.  ep.  40  *  Sat  C 

autem,  sunt  crctera,  non  epulx.  ei  Satis  est  dives    lib.  2.        6»Hor.  Sat.  4.         ^oApuloius. '       -'r;hytreu3 

qui  pane  lion  indiaet;  niiiiiuin  potens  qui  scrvire  non  in  Europse  deliciis.  Accipite  cives  Veneti  quod  est 
rn.'iiur.  Anibitiosa  non  est  fames,  &c.  «  Kunpides  optimum  in  rebus  humaiiis,  res  humanas  conteninerp. 
nienalip.  O  fill,  mediorrcs  divitiie  homini()ns  conve-  ""  Vali,  vivere  etiani  nunc  luhet,  as  Deinea  said,  \d(lph 
tiuiit,  nimia  vero  moles  perniciosa.  is  nor.  e,  q  Act.  4.  auam  multis  non  egeo,  quam  mnlta  non  desi- 
ioctes  cffiua;que  deuui.  esper  mille  fraudes  doctos-  |  dero,  ut  Socrates  in  pompa,  ille  in  imndiiiis. 


360  Cxire  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec,  3. 

stand.  Let  them  take  glory,  for  that's  their  misery;  let  them  take  honour,  so  that 
I  may  have  heart's  ease.  Ihic  me  O  Jupiter  et  tu  fatum^^  S^c.  Lead  me,  O  God, 
whither  thou  wilt,  1  am  ready  to  follow;  command,  I  will  obey.  I  do  not  envy  at 
their  wealth,  titles,  offices; 

'<"  Stet  quiciirique  volet  poten? 
Aiilae  culmiiie  lubriro, 
Me  dulcis  suturet  quies." 

let  me  live  quiet  and  at  ease.  "'"  Erimus fortasse  (as  he  comforted  himself)  quando 
illi  non  erunt,  when  they  are  dead  and  gone,  and  all  their  pomp  vanished,  our 
memory  may  flourish : 

"»" (laiit  perpiines 

Steminata  non  peritiira  Musse." 

Let  him  be  my  lord,  patron,  baron,  earl,  and  possess  so  many  goodly  castles,  'lis 
well  for  me"  that  I  liave  a  poor  house,  and  a  little  wood,  and  a  well  by  it,  &c. 

"  His  rnt!  coiiPolDr  victuruiii  siiaviiis,  nc  si  I  "  Willi  which  1  fi't-l  myself  iiiorf!  truly  lilost 

Clua?stor  aviis  pater  atque  mens,  patruusquefuissent."  |     'I'haii  if  riiy  sires  the  qua^slor's  power  possess'J." 

I  live,  I  thank  God,  as  merrily  as  he,  and  triumph  as  much  in  this  my  mean  estate, 
as  if  my  father  atul  uncle  had  been  lord  treasurer,  or  my  lord  mayor,  lie  feeds  of 
many  dishe.s,  I  of  one:  ''"qui  Christum  curat.,  non  multum  curat  qwim  de  preciosis 
cibis  stercus  conjiciat,  wliat  care  I  of  what  slutl'my  excrements  be  math' .'  "'"  He  that 
lives  according  to  nature  cannot  be  poor,  and  he  that  exceeds  can  never  liave  enough," 
totus  non  sujicit  orbis.,  the  wliole  work!  cannot  give  him  content.  "•  A  small  thing 
that  the  righteous  hath,  is  belter  than  the  riches  of  the  ungotlly,"  P.s;il.  xxxvii.  19; 
''and  better  is  a  poor  morsel  with  quietness,  than  abundance  wilh  strife,"  Frov.  xvii.  7 
Be  content  then,  enjoy  thyself,  and  as  ''"Chry.-Dstom  adviseth,  ''  be  not  angry  foi 
what  thou  hast  not,  but  give  God  hearty  thanks  for  wliat  thou  hast  received." 

""Si  dal  olusicula  I  Ne  pete  graiidia, 

Meiisa  iiiiriusrula  I  Lau(a(|ue  praiiilia 

pace  referlii,  |  lile  repleta." 

But  what  wantest  thou,  to  expostulate  the  matter.'  or  what  hast  thou  not  better  than 
a  rich  man.'  "'' health,  competent  wealth,  children,  security,  sleep,  friends,  liberty, 
diet,  apparel,  and  wliat  not,"  or  at  least  mayest  have  (the  means  being  so  obvious, 
easy,  and  well  known)  for  as  he  inculcated  to  himself, 

■A"  Vitain  qiix  faciuiit  t>ealinrein, 
Jiicuiidinaiiiie  Murtialii>,  ho-c  lunt; 
Hm  iioii  parla  lalMire,  iK-tJ  relicia, 
Lu  iiunquaiii,  k.c." 

say  again  thou  hast,  or  at  least  mayest  have  it,  if  thou  wilt  thyself,  and  that  wliich 
am  sure  he  wants,  a  merry  heart.  "  Passing  by  a  village  in  the  territory  of  Milan," 
saith  *^St.  Austin,  »*  I  saw  a  poor  beggar  that  had  got  belike  his  bellyful  of  meat, 
jesting  and  merry ;  I  sighed,  and  said  to  some  of  my  friends  that  were  then  with 
me,  what  a  deal  of  trouble,  madness,  pain  and  grief  do  we  sustain  and  exaggerate 
unto  ourselves,  to  get  that  secure  happiness  which  this  poor  beggar  hath  prevented 
us  of,  and  which  we  peradventure  shall  never  have  ?  For  that  which  he  hatli  now 
attained  with  the  begging  of  some  small  pieces  of  silver,  a  temporal  happiness,  and 
present  heart's  ease,  1  cannot  compass  wilh  all  my  careful  windings,  and  running  in 
and  out,  ^"And  surely  tlie  beggar  was  very  merry,  but  1  was  heavy;  he  was  secure, 
but  I  timorous.  And  if  any  man  should  ask  me  now,  whether  I  hafl  rather  be  merry, 
or  still  so  solicitous  and  sad,  I  should  say,  merry.  If  he  should  ask  me  again, 
whether  I  had  rather  be  as  I  am,  or  as  this  beggar  was,  I  should  sure  choose  to  be 
as  I  arm,  tortured  still  with  cares  and  fears ;  but  out  of  peevishness,  and  not  out  of 
truth."     That  which  St.  Austin  said  of  himself  here  in  this  place,  J  may  truly  sa^ 


''*  EpictetUB  77.  cap.  quo  sum  riestinatu;,  et  fequar 
alacriter.  "<"'Let  whosoever  r.ovetd   it,  occupy 

the  lushest  pinnacle  of  fame,  sweet  traiii|uillity  fhall 
satisfy  me."  '*  pmtjanus  ep.  (ii  '"^Marullus. 

" 'I'he  immortal   Muses  confer  imperishable   pride   of 
ori;;in."  "  Hue  erit  in  votis,  modus  ai;ri   non  ita 

parvus,  Hortus  uhi  et  tecto  viciiius  jiisis  aqure  fon<i. 


leek  not,  in  Blrire,  to  load  it  lavivhly."         iQuid  nAn 

hiihet  melius  p.'iilper  quaui  iIiv>-h?  vilani,  valeludineni, 
cihum,  fomnuiii.  li)M;r(.-iieni,  &c.   Canl.  ■^.Martial 

I  10.  epiL'.  47.  read  it  out  lliyseif  in  the  aulh'ir.  Mfon- 
fesii.  lib.*).  Tr:ineien«  per  lirurii  qui  iid.'nn  Medjolanen- 
Hem,  animailverti  pau|M.-rein  queiidain  niendirum,  jam 
rri'doKalurum,  jocaiitem  alque  ridenlem.  el  iiigeinui  e-t 


uaulum  sylv;e,&.c.  (lor.  Sat.  6.  lib.  i.  Ser.  '' Hieronym.  |  liKutuf  num  cum  amicis  qui  mecuni  eraiil.  &c.  •»  Et 
'J Seneca  consil  ad  Albirium  c.  Jl.  ipii  contiiiel  se  intra  i  certe  ille  lu.-labatur.  eco  aiilius;  seriirun  die,  ego  Irepi- 
liaturo:  Inniles,  paupertateni  non  senlit  ;  qui  excedit,  dus.  Et  m  |».-rronturi-tur  inc  qui'piiim  iin  rxullarn 
euiii  in  opibus  paupt-rtas  se(|uilur.  <^  Mom.  IJ.  pro     mallein,  an  inetuere,  reg|MiMd<-ri-ni.  exullar>- :  el  »i  rursiia 

Ins  qua;  accepisli  gralias  a!;e,  nidi  indi^'iiare  pro  his  I  inlerro^iaret  an  e^o  talis  esuem.  an  1111:1114  ounc  sum. 
qua;  non  accepisti.  "  Nat.  Chyireus  deliciis  Eump.  j  me  ipsm  curis  coufecluai  eligercm  ;  »ed   perven-itatr, 

Giistoiiii   in   it-dibus  Hubiinis  in   cceiiaculo  i  reKione  1  uun  rerilate. 
oieuaa:.    "If your  table  aOurd  frugal  fare  with  peace,  | 


Mem. -3.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.  361 

to  thee,  thou  discontented  wretch,  thou  covetous  niggard,  thou  churl,  tl.ou  ambitious 
and  swelUng  toad,  'tis  not  want  but  peevishness  which  is  the  cause  of  thy  woes ; 
settle  thine  affection,  thou  hast  enough. 

*"  "  Deniqiie  sit  finis  quaerendi,  qiioque  habeas  plus, 
Pauperii'in  iiiuliias  iiiiniis,  et  fiiiire  laboreiu 
Incipias;  parto,  quod  avebas,  ulere." 

Make  an  end  of  scraping,  purchasing  this  manor,  this  field,  that  house,  for  this  and 
that  child  ;  thou  hast  enough  for  thyself  and  them  : 


■  "  Quod  petis  hie  est. 


Est  Ulubris,  animus  si  It  nou  deficit  aequus," 

'Tis  at  hand,  at  home  already,  which  thou  so  earnestly  seekest.     But 


'  O  si  an^ulus  ille 


Proxiraus  accedat,  qui  nunc  denormat  agellum," 

O  that  I  had  but  that  one  nook  of  ground,  that  field  there,  that  pasture,  0  si  veniwi 

argenti  fors  quis  mihi  monslret .     O  that  I  could  but  find  a  pot  of  money  now, 

to  purcliase,  &c.,  to  build  me  a  new  house,  to  marry  my  daughter,  place  my  son. 
Sec.  ^'^ "  O  if  I  might  but  live  a  while  longer  to  see  all  things  settled,  some  two  or 
three  years,  I  would  pay  my  debts,"  make  all  my  reckonings  even  :  but  they  are 
come  and  past,  and  thou  hast  more  business  than  before.  "  O  madness,  to  think  to 
settle  that  in  thine  old  age  when  thou  hast  more,  which  in  thy  youth  thou  canst  not 
low  compose  having  but  a  little."  ^^  Pyrrhus  would  first  conquer  Africa,  and  then 
\sia,  et  turn  suaviter  agere,  and  then  live  merrily  and  take  his  ease  :  but  when  Cyneas 
rhe  orator  told  him  he  might  do  that  already,  id  jam  posse  Jieri,  rested  satisfied,  con- 
ilemning  his  own  folly.  Si  parva  licet  componere  magnis^  thou  mayest  do  the  like, 
and  therefore  be  composed  in  thy  fortune.  Thou  hast  enough :  he  that  is  wet  m  a 
batli,  can  be  no  more  wet  if  he  be  flung  into  Tiber,  or  into  the  ocean  itself :  and  if 
thou  hadst  all  the  world,  or  a  solid  mass  of  gold  as  big  as  the  world,  thou  canst  not 
have  more  than  enough;  enjoy  thyself  at  length,  and  that  which  thou  hast;  the 
mind  is  all ;  be  content,  thou  art  not  poor,  but  rich,  and  so  much  the  riclier  as 
^  Censorinus  well  writ  to  Cerelhus,  quanta  pauciora  optas,  non  quo  plura  possides., 
in  wishing  less,  not  having  more.  J  say  tlien,  JYon  adjice  opes,  sed  minue  cupiditates 
('tis  ^'Epicurus'  advice),  add  no  more  wealth,  but  diminish  thy  desires ;  and  as 
*^Chrysostom  well  seconds  him.  Si  vis  ditari.^  contemnc  divinas;  that's  true  plenty, 
not  to  have,  but  not  to  want  riches,  non  habere,  sed  non  indigere,  vera  ahundantia: 
'tis  more  glory  to  contemn,  tlian  to  possess  ;  et  nihil  agere,  est  deorum,  '■'  and  to  want 
nothing  is  divine."  How  many  deaf,  dumb,  halt,  lame,  blind,  miserable  persons 
could  i  reckon  up  that  are  poor,  and  withal  distressed,  in  imprisonment,  banishment, 
galley  slaves,  condemned  to  the  mines,  quarries,  to  gyves,  in  dungeons,  perpetual 
ihraldom,  than  all  which  tiiou  art  richer,  thou  art  more  happy,  to  whom  thou  ait 
able  to  give  an  alms,  a  lord,  in  respect,  a  petty  prince  :  ^*be  contented  then  1  say, 
lepine  and  mutter  no  more,  "for  thou  art  not  poor  indeed  but  in  opinion." 

Yea,  but  this  is  very  good  counsel,  and  rightly  applied  to  such  as  have  it,  and  will 
not  use  it,  that  have  a  competency,  that  are  able  to  work  and  get  their  living  by  the 
sweat  of  their  brows,  by  their  trade,  tliat  have  something  yet;  he  that  hath  birds, 
may  catch  birds;  but  what  shall  we  do  that  are  slaves  by  nature,  impotent,  and 
unable  to  help  ourselves,  mere  beggars,  lliat  languish  and  pine  away,  that  have  no 
means  at  all,  no  hope  of  means,  no  trust  of  delivery,  or  of  better  success  ?  as  those 
old  Britons  complained  to  their  lords  and  masters  the  Romans  oppressed  by  tlie 
Picts,  maj-e  ad  barbaros,  barbari  ad  mare,  the  barbarians  drove  them  to  the  sea,  the 
sea  drove  them  back  to  the  barbarians  :  our  present  misen,^  compels  us  to  cry  out 
and  howl,  to  make  our  moan  to  riclr  men  :  they  turn  us  back  with  a  scornful  answer 
to  oui  misfortune  again,  and  will  take  no  pity  of  us ;  they  commonly  overlook  their 
poor  friends  in  adversity ;  if  they  chance  to  meet  tliem,  they  voluntarily  forget  and 
will  take  no  notice  of  them ;  they  will  not,  they  cannot  help  us.     Instead  of  coni- 


**Hor.  "  Hnr.  ep.  lib.  1.  mq  si  nunc  niorerer, 

inquit,  quanta  et  qualia  mihi  imperfucta  inHiierpnt: 
sed  si  niensihus  decern  vel  octo  super  vixero,  oniiiia  re- 
diffaiM  ad  Iibelliun,  al)  onini  dohito  creditoque  nie  expli- 
cabo  ;  pra;tereunt  interim  menses  decern,  el  octo.  et  cum 
illisanni,  et  adhuc  restani  plura  quam  prius  ;  quid  igitur 
Bperas.  O  insane,  fineiii  quern  rebus  tuis  non  inveneras  '  opinione  labores. 

46  2F 


in  juventa,  in  senecla  impositurum?  O  demenliam, 
qiium  oh  curas  et  negotia  tuo  jiiri-cio  sis  infelix,  quid 
piitas  futurum  quuni  plura  supererint  ?  Prindan  Iib.8. 
cap. -lO.  de  rer.  var.  "piutarih.        «  I,ib.  dp  nalali. 

cap.  1.        31  Apud  Stobfum  ser.  17.  *2  Hoin.  Yi.  in  2. 

\nn  in  paupertate,  sed  in  paupere  (Senec.)  noil  re,  sed 


302  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  3. 

fort  they  threaten  us,  miscal,  scoff  at  us,  to  aggravate  our  misery,  give  us  bad  lan- 
guage, or  if  they  do  give  good  words,  what''s  that  to  relieve  us  ?  According  to  that 
of  Thales,  Facile  est  alios  monere;  who  cannot  give  good  counsel  ?  'tis  cheap,  it 
costs  them  nothing.  It  is  an  easy  matter  when  one's  belly  is  full  to  declaim  against 
fisting,  Qui  salur  est  plcno  laudat  jcjunia  ventre;  '^  Doth  the  wild  ass  bray  when 
he  hath  grass,  or  loweth  the  ox  when  he  hath  fodder .'"  Job  vi.  5.  "^JS'eque  enim 
populo  Rnmano  quidquam  potest  esse  Icetius,  no  man  living  so  jocund,  so  merry  as 
the  people  of  Rome  when  they  had  plenty ;  but  when  they  came  to  want,  to  be 
hunger-starved,  ''  neither  shame,  nor  laws,  nor  arms,  nor  magistrates  could  keep 
them  in  obedience."  Seneca  pleadeth  hard  for  poverty,  and  so  did  those  lazy  phi- 
losophers :  but  in  the  meantime  ^  he  was  rich,  they  had  wherewithal  to  maintain 
themselves;  but  doth  any  poor  man  extol  it?  There  '' are  those  (sailh '■'*  Bernard) 
that  approve  of  a  mean  estate,  but  on  that  condition  they  never  want  themselves  : 
and  some  again  are  meek  so  long  as  they  may  say  or  do  what  they  list ;  but  if  oc- 
casion be  offered,  how  far  are  they  from  all  patience  r"  I  would  to  God  (as  he  said) 
^  "•  No  man  should  commend  poverty,  but  he  that  is  poor,"  or  he  that  so  much 
admires  it,  would  relieve,  help,  or  ease  others. 

*>"  Nunc  si  iins  auilis,  alque  es  divinus  Apollo,  I  "  Now  if  thou  bcar'iit  us,  and  art  a  good  man. 

Die  inihi,  qui  nummus  non  liatnit,  uiiile  pi-tat :"       |  Tell  liini  tliut  wants,  tu  get  means,  il'you  can." 

Rut  no  man  hears  us,  we  are  most  miserably  dejected,  the  scum  of  the  world.  ^Vix 
hahrt  in  nobis  jam  nova  plaga  locum.  We  can  get  no  relief,  no  comfort,  no  succour, 
"*£/  7iihil  invcni  quod  mihi  ferret  opem.  We  have  tried  all  means,  yet  lind  no  re- 
medy :  no  man  living  can  express  the  anguish  and  bitterness  of  our  soul*>,  but  we 
lliat  end^ue  it;  we  are  distressed,  fmsaken,  in  torture  of  body  and  mind,  in  anotiier 
hell :  and  what  shall  we  do  ?  When  'Crassus  the  Roman  consul  warred  against  the 
Rarthians,  after  an  uiducky  battle  fought,  he  fled  away  in  the  night,  and  left  four 
thousand  men,  sore,  sick,  and  wounded  in  his  tents,  to  the  fury  of  the  enemy,  which, 
w  hen  the  poor  men  perceived,  clumoribus  et  uhilutihus  omnia  comphrunt.,  they  made 
lamentable  moan,  and  roared  downright,  as  loud  as  Homer's  .Mars  when  he  was  hurt, 
which  the  noise  of  10,000  men  coulil  not  drown,  and  all  for  fear  of  present  death. 
Rut  our  estate  is  far  more  tragical  and  miserable,  much  more  to  be  deplored,  and  far 
greater  cause  have  we  to  lament ;  the  devil  and  the  world  persecute  us,  all  gt)od  for- 
tune hath  forsaken  us,  we  are  left  to  the  rage  of  beggary,  cold,  hunger,  thirst,  nasti- 
ne.ss,  sickness,  irksomeness,  to  continue  all  torment,  labour  and  pain,  to  derision  and 
contempt,  bitter  enemies  all,  and  far  worse  than  any  death ;  death  alone  we  desire, 
death  we  seek,  yet  cannot  have  it,  and  what  shall  we  do  ?   Quod  male  fers,  assuesce; 

feres  lene accustom  thyself  to  it,  and  it  will  be  tolerable  at  last.     Yea,  but  I 

may  not,  1  cannot,  In  me  consumpsit  vires  fortuna  nocndo,  I  am  in  the  extremity  of 
liuman  adversity ;  and  as  a  shadow  leaves  the  body  when  the  sun  is  gone,  I  am  now 
leh  and  lost,  and  quite  forsaken  of  the  world.  Qui  jacet  in  terra,  non  habet  unde 
cadat;  comfort  thyself  with  this  yet,  thou  art  at  the  worst,  and  before  it  be  long  it  will 
either  overcome  thee  or  tiiou  it.  If  it  be  violent,  it  cannot  endure,  aut  solvelur,  aid 
ioh-et:  let  the  devil  himself  and  all  the  plagues  of  Egypt  come  upon  thee  at  once, 
.^V  tu  cede  malis,  sed  contra  audentior  ito,  be  of  good  courage ;  misery  is  virtue's 
'vhetstone. 


'  »*rpen»,  silis,  ardor,  arene. 


Dulcia  virluli, 

as  Cato  told  his  soldiers  marching  in  the  deserts  of  Lybia,  "Thirst,  heat,  sand*,  ser- 
pents, were  pleasant  to  a  valiant  man  ;"  honourable  enterprises  are  accompanied  with 
laiigers  and  damages,  as  experience  evinceth :  they  will  make  the  rest  of  thy  life 
relish  the  belter.  But  put  case  they  continue ;  thou  art  not  so  poor  as  thou  wast 
born,  and  as  some  hold,  much  better  to  be  pitied  than  envied.  But  be  it  so  thou 
hast  lost  all,  poor  thou  art,  dejected,  in  pain  of  body,  grief  of  mind,  thine  enemies 
insult  over  thee,  thou  art  as  bad  as  Job;  yet  tell  me  (saith  Chrysostom)  "  was  Job 


]\Ieiii.  3.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.  363 

or  file  devil  the  greater  conqueror  ?  surely  Job ;  the  'devil  had  his  gaods,  he  sat  on 
the  muck-lull  and  kept  his  good  name;  he  lost  his  children,  health,  friends,  but  he 
kept  his  mnocency;  he  lost  his  money,  but  he  kept  his  confidence  in  God,  which 
was  better  than  any  treasure."     Do  thou  then  as  Job  did,  triumph  as  Job  did,  '  and 
he  not  molested  as  every  fool  is.    Sed  qua  ratione  potcro?    How  shall  this  be  done? 
Chrysostom  answers,  faciVe  si  cesium  cogitaveris,  with  great  facility,  if  thou  shalt 
but  medilate  on  heaven.     ^Hannah  wept  sore,  and  troubled  in  mind,  could  not  eat  • 
'^  but  why  weepest  thou,"   said  Elkanah  her  husband,  '^  and  why  eatest  thou  not? 
why  IS  thine  heart  troubled.?  am  not  I  better  to  thee  than  ten  sons?"  and  she  was 
quiet.     Thou  art  here  « vexed  in  this  world;  but  sav  to  thyself,  "  Why  art  thou 
troubled,  O  my  soul .?"     Is  not  God  better  to  thee  than  all  temporalities,  and  mo- 
mentary pleasures  of  the  world  .?  be  then  pacified.     And  though  thou  beest  now 
peradventure  in  extreme  want, '  it  may  be  'tis  for  thy  further  good,  to  try  thy  patience 
as  it  did  Job's,  and  exercise  thee  in  this  life :  trust  in  God,  and  rely  upon  liim,  and 
thou  shalt  be  **  crowned  in  the  end.     What's  this  life  to  eternity  .?     The  world  hath 
forsaken  thee,  thy  friends  and  fortunes  all  are  gone :  yet  know  this,  that  the  very 
hairs  ot  thine  head  are  numbered,  that  God  is  a  spectator  of  all  thy  miseries,  he 
sees  thy  wrongs,  woes,  and  wants,     ^c;  ^Tis  his  good- will  and  pleasure  it  should  be 
so,  and  he  knows  better  what  is  for  thy  good  than  thou  thyself     His  providence  is 
over  all,  at  all  times ;  he  hath  set  a  guard  of  angels  over  us,  and  keeps  us  as  the 
apple  of  his  eye,"  Ps.  xvii.  8.    Some  he  doth  exalt,  prefer,  bless  with  worldly  riches, 
honours,  offices,  and  preferments,  as  so  many  glistering  stars  he  makes  to  shine 
above  the.rest:  some  he  doth  miraculously  protect  from  thieves,  incursions,  sword, 
fire,  and  all  violent  mischances,  and  as  the  '"  poet  feigns  of  that  Lycian  Pandarus, 
Lycaon's  son,  when  he  shot  at  Menelaus  the  Grecian  with  a  strong  arm,  and  deadly 
arrow,  Pallas,  as  a  good  mother  keeps  flies  from  her  child's  face\sleep,  turned  by 
the  shaft,  and  made  it  hit  on  the  buckle  of  his  girdle ;  so  some  he  solicitously  de- 
fends, others  he  exposeth  to  danger,  poverty,  sickness,  want,  misery,  he  chastiseth 
and  corrects,  as  to  hnn  seems  best,  in  his  deep,  unsearchable  and  secret  judo-ment, 
and  all  for  our  good.     "  The  tyrant  took  the  city  (saith  "  Chrysostom),  God  d'ld  not 
hmder  it ;  led  them   away  captives,  so  God  would  have  it ;  he  bound  them,  God 
yielded  to  it :  flung  them  into  the  furnace,  God  permitted  it :  heat  the  oven  hotter. 
It  was  granted  :  and  when  the  tyrant  had  done  his  worst,  God  showed  his  power, 
and  the  children's  patience;  he  freed  them  :"  so  can  he  thee,  and  can  '^help  in  an 
instant,  when  it  seems  to  him  good.     "^"Rejoice  not  against  me,  O  my  enemy;  for 
though  I  fall,  I  shall  rise  :  when  I  sit  in  darkness,  the  Lord  shall  lighten  me."     Re- 
member all  those  martyrs  what  they  have  endured,  the  utmost  that\uman  rage  and 
kiry  could  invent,  with  what  "patience  they  have  borne,  with  what  willino-ness  em- 
biaced  it.     ''Though  he  kill  me,"  saith  Job,  "I  will  trust  in  him."     Justus  ''inex- 
pug/mbais,  as  Chrysostom  holds,  a  just  man  is  impregnable,  and  not  to  be  overcome. 
The  gout  may  hurt  his  hands,  lameness  his  feet,  convulsions  may  torture  his  joints, 
but  not  rectum  mentem^  his  soul  is  free. 

"  nempe  pecus,  rem,  I         ,.  "  Pf^rhaps,  you  mean, 


Lcclos,  argentum  lollas  licet;  in  manicis,  et  ^?.-^  cattle,  money,  moveables  or  land, 

t'ompeUibus  ssvo  teneas  custode" ^"^"  ^^^''  ''"'"'  'il'— ""l.  slave,  if  [  command, 

I  A  cruel  jailor  shall  thy  freedom  seize." 

''Take  away  his  money,  his  treasure  is  in  heaven :  banish  him  his  country,  he  is 
an  inhabitant  of  that  heavenly  Jerusalem  :  cast  him  into,  bands,  his  conscience  is 

»  An  quum  super  fimo  scilit  Job,  an  eum  omnia  ab-  i  concessit,  &c.  i^Psgl.  cxiii.     Do  terra  iriopHm  de 

stuht  diaboliis,  &c.  pecuniis  privatus  tiduciam  deo  ha-  I  steicore  erigit  pauperem.     "Micah.  viii.  7.      "  Pn.'i'ne, 


buit,  omni  thesauro  preciosiorem.  «  Ha;c  videnles 

sponte  philosophemini,  ncc  insipientum  alt'ectihus  agi- 

temur.        4  I  Sam.  i.  8.        «  James  i.  '2.    '■  My  brethren, 

count   it  an  exceeding  joy,  when  you  fall  into  divers 

temptations."        i  Alfliclio  dat  intellectnm  ;  (|uus  Deus 

diligit  caiitigat.  Deus  optimum  quemque  aut  mala  vale- 

tudine  aut  luctn  alJicit.  Seneca.        »auani  sordet  mihi 

terra  quum  cmlum  intueor.  «Senec  de  providentia 

cap. -2.    Diis  itu  visum,  dii   melius  norunt  quid  sit  in 

commodum  menm.  '"Hom.  Iliad   4.  "Hom   9     o  ■      •• 

voluiturbemtvrannuseverierre,  et  Deusnon  probibu'it      f^'"""^'"  ^  ^"/P"^  internciet,  at  iterum  resurget;  cum 

voluU  capl.vos  ducere,  non   impedivit;  volu^Crl;  I""'''"  P"'"^' "l"' '"'"  ^"'^^ 


preme,  ego  cum  Pindaro,  aSd-itTiOTo;  hfii.  ojj  ^tAAoj 
ut'  aXfia  immersibilis  sum  sicut  suber  super  maris  sep- 
tum. Liipsius.  '=  Hie  ure,  hie  seca,  ut  in  a;ternum 
parcas,  Austin.  Diis  fruitur  iratis,  supcral  et  crescit 
nialis.  Mutium  ignis,  Fabricium  paupertas,  Kegulum 
tormenta,  Socratem  venenum  superare  nou  potuit. 
"6Hor.  epist.  lb.  lib.  1.  i"  Honi.  5.  Auferr-t  ptcunias^ 
at  habet  in  coelis  :  patria  dejiciet  ?  at  in  coilestem  civi- 
tatem  mittet:  viiicula  injiciet?  at  habet  solutam  con- 


364 


Cure  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  2.  Sect.  3 


free;  kill  his  body,  it  shall  rise  again;  he  fights  with  a  shadow  that  contends  with 
an  upriglit  man  :"  lie  will  not  be  moved. 


'  si  fracttis  illabatur  orbis, 


Iiiipaviduin  ferient  ruinse." 

Though  heaven  itself  should  fall  on  his  head,  he  will  not  be  offended.  He  is  im- 
penetrable, as  an  anvil  hard,  as  constant  as  Job. 

'8"  Ipse  diMis  siinul  atque  volet  me  solvet  opinor."        1  "  A  God  .shall  set  nie  free  whene'er  I  pleaso." 

Be  thou  such  a  one ;  let  thy  misery  be  what  it  will,  what  it  can,  with  patience  en- 
dure it ;  thou  mayest  be  restored  as  he  was.  Terris  proscriptus,  ad  curiam  propcra; 
ah  hominihus  deserlus^  ad  deumfugc'.  "  The  poor  shall  not  always  be  forgotten,  the 
patient  abiding  of  the  meek  shall  not  perish  for  ever,"  Psal.  x.  xviii.  ver.  9.  "  The 
Lord  will  be  a  refuge  of  the  oppressed,  and  a  defence  in  the  time  of  trouble." 


"  Serviis  Epictetus,  inultilati  corporis,  Iriis 
I'auper:  at  hxc  inier  charus  ltui  superis.' 


"  Lame  was  Epiilrtus,  and  pour  Irus, 
Vet  to  them  both  God  was  propitious." 


Lodovicus  Vertomaimus,  that  famous  traveller,  endured  much  misery,  yet  surely, 
saith  Scaliger,  he  was  vir  deo  charus,  in  that  lie  did  escape  so  many  dangers,  '•  God 
especially  protected  him,  he  was  dear  unto  him  :"  Modo  in  egestale,  irtbulalion'^^ 
convalle  diplorationis,  Sfc.  "  Thou  art  now  in  the  vale  of  misery,  in  poverty,  in 
agony,  '^  in  temptation;  rest,  eternity,  happiness,  immortality,  shall  be  thy  reward," 
as  Chrysostom  pleads,  '*  if  thou  trust  in  God,  and  keep  thine  innocency."  A'o/i  si 
mule  nunc,  el  oliin  sic  crit  semper;  a  good  hour  may  come  upon  a  sudden;  ^expect 
a  little. 

Yea,  but  this  expectation  is  it  which  tortures  me  in  the  mean  time ;  ^^fulura 
expectans  prcvsentilus  angor,  whilst  the  grass  grows  the  horse  starves  :  '^  despair  not, 
but  hope  well, 

»"  Spera  Batte,  tibi  ineliiis  lux  Crastiiia  ducet ; 
Duiii  gpiras  sfiera" 

Cheer  up,  I  say,  be  not  dismayed  ;  Spes  alii  agricolas:  "  he  that  sows  in  tears,  shall 
reap  in  joy,"  Psal.  cxxvi.  7. 

*'  Si  fortune  me  tormenle, 
I:l>peraiice  Die  coiitente." 

Hope  refresheth,  as  much  as  misery  depresseth  ;  hard  beginnings  have  many  times 
prosperous  events,  and  that  may  happen  at  last  which  never  was  yet.  ''  A  desire 
accomplished  delights  the  soul,"  Prov.  xiii.  19. 

M., /-.     .  •   .  t-        w         .•  I '•  Which  iiiakea  m"  enjoy  my  joyit  lone  wish'd  al  la^l, 

«"  Grata  superveniet  qu*  non  Bp«rabilur  hora  :"         |     vVdcome  that  hour  thall  co.no  when  hope  ,h  past :" 

a  lowering  morning  may  turn  to  a  fair  afternoon,  ^'jYube  solct  pulsd  candidus  ire 
dies.  "  The  hope  that  is  deferred,  is  the  fainting  of  the  heart,  but  when  the  desire 
Cometh,  it  is  a  tree  of  life,"  Prov.  xiii.  12,  ^  suavissimum  est  voli  compos  fieri. 
Many  men  aie  both  wretched  and  miserable  at  first,  but  afterwards  most  huppv  : 
and  oftentimes  it  so  falls  out,  as  *^Machiavel  relates  of  Cosmo  de  Medici,  that 
fortunate  and  renowned  citizen  of  Europe,  *•'  that  all  his  youth  was  full  of  per- 
plexity, danger,  and  miser\',  till  forty  years  were  past,  and  then  upon  a  sudden 
the  sun  of  his  honour  broke  out  as  through  a  cloud."  Hunniades  was  fetched 
out  of  prison,  and  Henry  the  Third  of  Portugal  out  of  a  poor  monastery,  to  be 
crowned  kings. 

"  Multa  cuduiit  inter  caliceni  supremaque  labra,"        |    "  .Many  things  happen  b<;tween  the  cup  and  the  lip,' 

beyond  all  hope  and  expectation  many  things  fall  out,  and  who  knows  what  may 
happen  ?  JS'ondum  omnium  dierum  Soles  occiderunt,  as  Philippus  said,  all  the  suns 
are  not  yet  set,  a  day  may  come  to  make  amends  for  all.  "  Though  my  father  and 
mother  forsake  me,  yet  the  Lord  will  gather  me  up,"  Psal.  xxvii.  10.  "  Wait  patiently 
on  the  Lord,  and  hope  in  him,"  Psal.  xxxvii.  7.  "  Be  strong,  hope  and  trust  in 
the  Lord,  and  he  will  comfort  thee,  and  give  thee  thine  heart's  desire,"  Psal 
xxvii.  14. 

"  Sperate  et  vosmet  rebus  Ecrvate  secundig."  |  "  Hope,  and  reserve  your»elf  for  proiiperiiy." 


••Leonides.  "Modo  in  pressure,  in  tentatinni 

bus,  erit  pustea  honum  luum  requies,  iPterniias,  iinrnor- 
talitaa.  ^^Dabil  Deus  his  quoquc  tiiiern.  ''  Se- 

neca. 'S  Nemo  desperet  nieliora  lapsus.  *  Thco 

cxilua.    "  Hope  on,  Battus,  tomorrow  may  bring  b<-tter 


luck;  while  there's  life  there'*  hnpo."  »«Ovi(l 

»Ovid.  MThales.  a^  Lib.  7.  Flor.  hirl    (im- 

niuiu  fxlicissiniild,  et  lociipletis«iiiiii<i.  tec.  inrarx  rata* 
siEpn  adoleicentiam  (tericulo  mortis  habuil.itoliciluaiui* 
et  digcriminiii  pleuam,  Ac. 


Mem.  3.  Remedies  against  Discontents.  365 

Fret  not  thyself  because  thou  art  poor,  contemned,  or  not  so  well  foi  the  present  as 
thou  wouldest  be,  not  respected  as  thou  oughtest  to  be,  by  birth,  place,  worth ;  or 
that  which  is  a  double  corrosive,  thou  hast  been  happy,  honourable,  and  rich,  art 
now  distressed  and  poor,  a  scorn  of  men,  a  burden  to  the  world,  irksome  to  thyself 
and  others,  thou  hast  lost  all :  Miscrmn  est  fidsse  felicejn,  and  as  Boethius  calls  it, 
Infelicisflmiim  genus  infortunii;  this  made  Timon  half  mad  with  melancholv,  to 
think  of  his  former  fortunes  *and  present  misfortunes  :  this  alone  makes  many  mise- 
rable wretches  discontent.  I  confess  it  is  a  great  misery  to  have  been  happy,  the 
quintessence  of  infelicity,  to  have  been  honourable  and  rich,  but  yet  easily  to  be 
endured  :  ^*  security  succeeds,  and  to  a  judicious  man  a  far  better  estate.  The  loss 
of  thy  goods  and  money  is  no  loss;  ^''  thou  hast  lost  them,  they  would  otherwise 
have  lost  thee.""  If  thy  money  be  gone,  ^"thou  art  so  much  the  lighter,"  and  as 
Saint  Hierome  persuades  Rusticus  the  monk,  to  forsake  all  and  follow  Christ :  ''  Gold 
and  silver  are  too  heavy  metals  for  him  to  carry  that  seeks  heaven." 

3'-  Vel  nos  in  mare  proximum,  I  Siimnii  materiain  inali 

Gejiinias  et  lapidt-s,  aurum  et  inutile,  |  Mittamus,  scelerum  si  bene  pcenitel." 

Zeno  the  philosopher  lost  all  his  goods  by  shipwreck,  ''^he  might  like  of  it,  fortune 
had  done  him  a  good  turn :  Opes  d  ?«e,  animum  auferre  non  potest:  she  can  take 
away  my  means,  but  not  my  mind.  He  set  her  at  defiance  ever  after,  for  she  could 
not  rob  him  that  had  nought  to  lose :  for  he  was  able  to  contemn  more  than  they 
could  possess  or  desire.  Alexander  sent  a  hundred  talents  of  gold  to  Piiocion  of 
Athens  for  a  present,  because  he  heard  he  was  a  good  man  :  but  Phocion  returned 
liis  talents  back  again  with  a  permitte  me  in  posferum  virum  honum  esse  to  be  a  good 

man  still ;  let  me  be  as  I  am  :  J\''on  rn'i  aurum  posco,  nee  mi  precium^^ That  The- 

ban  Crates  flung  of  his  own  accord  his  money  into  the  sea,  abite  nummi,  ego  vos 
mergam.,  ne  mcrgar^  a  vohis,  I  liad  rather  drown  you.  than  you  should  drown  me. 
Can  stoics  and  epicures  thus  contemn  wealth,  and  shall  not  we  that  are  Christians  ? 
It  was  mascula  vox  et  pra;cJara,  a  generous  speech  of  Cotta  in  *'Sallust,  'Olany 
mi:?eries  have  happened  unto  me  at  home,  and  in  the  wars  abroad,  of  which  by  the 
lielp  of  God  some  I  have  endured,  some  I  have  repelled,  and  by  mine  own  valour 
overcome :  courage  was  never  wanting  to  my  designs,  nor  industry  to  my  intents  : 
prosperity  or  adversity  could  never  alter  my  disposition.  "A  wise  man's  mind,"  as 
Seneca  liolds,  ''^"is  like  the  state  of  the  world  above  the  moon,  ever  serene."  Come 
then  what  can  come,  befall  what  may  befall,  infractum  invictumque  ^  animum  oppo- 
vas:  Rebus  angusiis  animosus  atque  for tis  appare.  [Hor.  Od.W.Ub.l.)  Hope  and 
patience  are  two  sovereign  remedies  for  all,  the  surest  reposals,  the  softest  cushions 
to  lean  on  in  adversity : 

3;"  Durum  sed  Ii  viu3  fit  patientia,  I  „,.  ^  ,  ,       , 

Uuicquid  corrigere  est  nefas."  |  "  What  can't  be  cured  must  be  endured." 

If  it  cannot  be  helped,  or  amended,  ^^make  the  best  of  it;  ^^  necessitati  qui  se  accom- 
modate sapit,  he  is  wise  that  suits  himself  to  the  time.  As  at  a  game  at  tables,  so  do 
by  all  such  inevitable  accidents. 

«>•'  Ita  vita  est  hominum  quasi  cum  ludas  tesseris, 
Si  illud  quod  est  maxinie  opus  jactu  non  cadit, 
Illud  quod  cecidit  forte,  id  arte  ut  cornsas;" 

If  thou  canst  not  fling  what  thou  wouldst,  play  thy  cast  as  well  as  thou  canst 
Everything,  saith  ■*'  Epictetus,  hath  two  handles,  the  one  to  be  held  by,  the  other  not: 
'tis  in  our  choice  to  take  and  leave  whether  we  will  (all  which  Simplicius's  Com- 
mentator hath  illustrated  by  many  examples),  and  'tis  in  our  power,  as  they  say,  to 
make  or  mar  ourselves.  Conform  thyself  then  to  thy  present  fortune,  and  cut'  thy 
coat  according  to  thy  cloth,*^ Ut  quimus  (quod  aiunt)  quando  quod  volumus  non  licet, 

ssLiEtior  successit  securitas  que  simul  cum  divitiis  •  tute  mea;  nuiiquarn  animus  negotio  defuit,  nee  decretij 
cohahitare  ni-scit.  Camden.  29  Pecuniaui  perdiclisti,     labor;  nulla  res  nee  prospers  nee   ailversa;  in^eniuni 

fortassis  ilia  te  perderet  nianens.  Seneca.  soExpe-     mutabant.  35  Quaijs  mundi  statis  supra  luiiani 

ilitior  es  oh  pecuniarum  jacturam.     Fortuna  opes  au-  :  semper  serenus.  ^6  Bona  mens  nullum  irislioria 

ferre,  non  animum  potest.  Seneca.  ='  Hnr.     "  Let  \  fortunae  recipit  incursum,  Val.  lib.  4.  c.  1.     Qui  nil  po- 

us  cast  our  jewels  and  gems,  and  useless  sold,  the  cause     test  sperare,  desperet  nihil.  i'  flor.  »■  .Equ.-im. 

of  all  vice,  into  the  sea,  since  ne  truly  repent  of  our  I  m.'m.-nto  rebus  in  aniuis  servare  mentem.  lib.  -J.  Od.  i 
Bins."  ^■■' Jubet  me  posthac  fortuna  expeditius  Phi- I -aEpict.  c.  18.  «>  Ter.  Adel.  act.  4.  So.  7.  «' Una- 

losopbari.  33"  I  do  not  desire  riches,  nor  that  a     quajque  res  duas  habet  ansas,  alteram  quse  teneri,  alle- 

price  should  he  set  upon  me."  3<  In  frag.  Quiriies,     rain  quiE  non   potest;  in  manu  nostra  quaai  volumua 

EiUlta  mihi  pericula  domi,  militice  multa  adversa  fuere,  '  accipere.  «Ter.  And.  Act.  4.  sc.  ti 

•juorum  alia  toleravi,  aiia  deorum  auiilio  repuli  et  vir-  ] 

2r3 


366  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  3 

«  Be  contented  v;ith  thy  loss,  state,  and  calling,  whatsoever  it  is,  and  rest  as  well 
satisfied\\\  ith  thy  present  condition  in  this  life:" 

"  Esto  quod  es;  quod  sunt  alii,  sine  quernlihet  esse;      I  "  Be  as  tliou  art ;  and  as  they  are,  so  let 

Quod  lion  es,  riolis ;  quod  pol«s  esse,  velis."  |  Others  be  still;  what  is  and  may  he  covot." 

And  as  he  that  is  •'^invited  to  a  feast  eats  what  is  set  before  him,  and  looks  for  no 
other,  enjoy  that  thou  hast,  and  ask  no  more  of  God  than  what  he  tliinks  fit  to 
bestow  upon  thee.  Aon  cuivis  coulingit  adire  Corinthum,  we  may  not  be  all  gen- 
tlemen, all  Catop,  or  Lxlii,  as  Tully  telleth  us,  all  honourable,  illustrious,  and  serene, 
all  rich ;  but  because  mortal  men  want  many  things,  *•*"  therefore,"  saith  Theodoret, 
"  hath  God  diversely  distributed  his  gifts,  wealth  to  one,  skill  to  another,  that  rich 
men  might  encourage  and  set  poor  men  at  work,  poor  men  might  learn  several  trades 
to  the  common  good."  As  a  piece  of  arras  is  composed  of  several  parcels,  some 
wrought  of  silk,  some  of  gold,  silver,  crewel  of  diverse  colours,  all  to  serve  for  the 
exornation  of  the  whole  :  music  is  made  of  diverse  discords  and  keys,  a  total  sum 
of  many  small  numbers,  so  is  a  commonwealth  of  several  unequal  trades  and  call- 
ings. *^  If  all  should  be  Crresi  and  Darii,  all  idle,  all  in  fortunes  equal,  who  should 
till  the  land?  As  ^^Menenius  Agrippa  well  satisfu'd  the  luinulluoiis  rout  of  Koine, 
in  his  elegant  apologue  of  tlie  belly  and  the  rest  of  the  members.  Who  should  build 
houses,  make  our  several  stuffs  for  raiments }  We  should  all  be  starved  for  com- 
pany, as  Poverty  declared  at  large  in  Aristophanes'  Plutus,  and  sue  at  last  to  be  as 
we  were  at  first.  And  therefore  God  hath  appointed  this  inetjuality  of  stales,  orders, 
and  degrees,  a  subordination,  as  in  all  other  things.  The  earth  yields  nuurishinent 
to  vegetables,  sensible  creatures  feed  on  vegetables,  botli  are  substitutes  to  reasonable 
souls,  and  men  are  subject  amongst  themselves,  and  all  to  higher  powers,  so  God 
would  have  it.  All  things  then  being  rightly  examined  and  duly  considered  as  they 
ought,  there  is  no  such  cause  of  so  general  discontent,  'lis  not  in  the  matter  itself, 
but  in  our  mind,  as  we  moderate  our  passions  and  esteem  of  things.  J\'ihil  aliud 
necessariuin  ut  sis  miser  fsaith  ^'Cardan)  quani  ut  te  miserum  credus^  let  thy  fortune 
be  what  it  \vill,  'tis  thy  mind  alone  that  makes  thee  poor  or  rich,  miserable  or  happy. 
Vidi  ego  (saith  divine  .Seneca)  in  rUla  hilari  et  amtenii  ma-slos,  et  tnvdiu  soliliidiiie 
occupalos;  mm  locus  sed  animus  facit  ad  tranquilUlatem.  I  have  seen  jiien  misera- 
bly dejected  in  a  pleasant  village,  and  some  again  well  occupied  and  at  good  ease  in 
a  solitary  desert.  'Tis  tlie  mind  not  the  place  causeih  tranquillity,  and  that  gives 
true  content.  I  will  yet  add  a  word  or  two  for  a  corollary.  Many  rich  men,  I  dare 
boldly  say  it,  that  lie  on  down  beds,  with  delicacies  pampered  every  da\ ,  in  their 
well-iiirnished  houses,  live  at  less  heart's  eaise,  with  more  anguish,  more  bodily  pain, 
and  throus^h  their  intemperance,  more  bitter  hours,  than  many  a  prisoner  or  galley- 
slave;  ^  Mcpcenas  in  pluma  ague  vigilat  ac  Rcgulus  in  dolio:  those  poor  starved 
Hollanders,  whom  ■'^Barlison  their  captain  left  in  Nova  Zembla,  anno  1590,  or  those 
"eight  miserable  Englishmen  that  were  lately  left  behind,  to  winter  in  a  stove  in 
Greenland,  in  77  deg.  of  lat.,  1()30,  so  pitifully  forsaken,  and  forced  to  shift  for 
themselves  in  a  vast,  dark,  and  desert  place,  to  strive  and  struggle  with  hunger,  cold, 
desperation,  and  death  itself'.  'Tis  a  patient  and  quiet  mind  (1  say  it  again  and  again) 
gives  true  peace  and  content.  So  for  all  other  things,  they  are,  as  old  ^'  Chremes 
told  us,  as  we  use  them. 

"  Parenle»,  patriam,  anilff«,  gf  nu»,  roenato«,  divitias, 
llnfC  pvTiHiU;  flint  ac  illiiis  aniiiiUiiqiii  ea  p<>.<8idel; 
Uui  uli  ;cit.  ei  (xina  ;  qui  ulilur  nun  recti-,  mala." 

"  Parents,  friends,  fortunes,  country,  birth,  alliance,  Slc,  ebb  and  flow  with  our  con- 
ceil;  please  or  displease,  as  we  accept  and  construe  them,  or  apply 'them  to  our- 
selves." Fahcr  quisque  fortunat  sua,  and  in  some  sort  I  may  truly  say,  prosperity 
and  adversity  are  in  our  own  hands.  .Yamc  laditurnisi  a  scipso,iini\  which  Seneca 
confirms  out  of  his  judgment  and  experience.  "••  Every  man's  mind  is  stronger  than 
fortune,  and  leads  him  to  what  side  he  will ;  a  cause  to  himself  each  one  \»  of  his 

♦^Epictetas.  Invitatus  ad  convivium,  quiP  apponun-  t  quit  aratro  terrain  ^ulrarct,  quii  iwinentein  farcrel, 
tur  coiiiedis.  non  quteris  ultra  ;  in  niiindo  niiilla  meiia*  '  qui;*  planlas  s-reret,  qui*  vinuin  eipriinert'l  7  « lj». 
quie  dii  neeaiit.  «*Cap.  6.  de  providentia.     Mor-  I  lih.  I.  «  Lib.  3.  de  con*.  ♦"S.-nrca.  •Vi«l« 

t.Tjes  cMiii  fiiit  rerum  oinniiini  indigi,  iclco  deus  .-tlii«  '  inaarum  Ponlaiiuin  deKnpt.  Am^tirdaui.  lib.  9.  e.  ii. 
diviii.iH,    aliis    pauiM-rtafni   dislribiiit,    ut   qui    opibis    w  Vide  tjl.  Pelhanii  book  edit.  |ti30.  (>  liiauloa- 

pollciit,  oiaicrinni  siibniini:<tri-nt ;  qui  vero  inop*-*,  n-     ijm.  Act.  1.  Sc.  i.  'o  Epml  'Jr'.    Omni  forluna  »•■ 

rrcitatun  artibus  maniu  adnioveaal.  «^Si  tint     lentioripae  aiiiniuH,  in  ntrunii|ue  part.'m  ret  tuat  ducil 

onioes  equalea.  Decease  ect  ul  oniiies  fame  pereant :  ;  beaivque  ac  miterc  Titc  aibi  causa  eai. 


Mem.  4.] 


Remedies  asainst  Discontents. 


367 


good  or  ba]  life."  But  will  we,  or  nill  we,  make  the  worst  of  it,  and  suppose  a 
man  in  the  greatest  extremity,  'tis  a  fortune  which  some  indefinitely  prefer  beforr; 
prosperity  ;  of  two  extremes  it  is  the  best.  Luxuriant  animi  rebus  plerumque  spcun- 
dis,  men  in  ^^  prosperity  forget  God  and  themselves,  they  are  besotted  with  their 
wealth,  as  birds  with  henbane :  ^^  miserable  if  fortune  forsake  them,  but  more  mise- 
rable if  she  tarry  and  overwhelm  them :  for  when  they  come  to  be  in  great  place, 
rich,  they  that  were  most  temperate,  sober,  and  discreet  in  their  private  fortunes,  as 
Nero,  Otho^  Vitellius,  Heliogabalus  {opiirni  imj)cratores  nisi  imperassenf.')  degenerate 
on  a  sudden  into  brute  beasts,  so  prodigious  in  lust,  such  tyrannical  oppressors,  &.c., 
they  cannot  moderate  themselves,  they  become  monsters,  odious,  harpies,  what  not  ? 
Cum  triumphos^i  opes.,  honores  adcpti  sunt,  ad  voluptatem  et  otium  deinceps  se  conver- 
tunt:  'twas  ^^Cato's  note,  "they  cannot  contain."     For  that  caiiie  belike 


66"  Eutrapilus  ciiicunque  nocere  volebat, 

Vestimenta  dabat  pretiosa  :  beatus  enim  jam, 
Cum  pulcliris  tunicis  sumet  nova  cnnsilia  et  spes, 
Dormiet  in  lucem  scorlo,  postponet  honestum 
Officiiim" • 


"  Eutrapilus  when  he  would  hurt  a  knave, 
Gave  hnii  gay  clothes  and  wealth  to  make  him  brave: 
Because  now  rich  he  would  quite  change  his  mind, 
Keep  whores,  fiy  out,  set  honesty  behind." 


On  the  other  side,  in  adversity  many  mutter  and  repine,  despair,  &c.,  both  bad,  I 
confess, 

" "  ut  calceus  o!im 

Si  pede  major  erit,  subvertet:  si  minor,  uret." 

"As  a  shoe  too  big  or  too  little,  one  pincheth,  the  other  sets  the  foot  awry,"  sed  e 
malis  miniynum.  If  adversity  hath  killed  his  thousand,  prosperity  hath  killed  his 
ten  thousand  :  therefore  adversity  is  to  be  preferred  ;  ^^hcec  frceno  indigct.,  ilia  solatia: 
ilia  fallit.,hcec  instruit:  the  one  deceives,  the  •other  instructs;  the  one  miserably 
happy,  the  other  happily  miserable;  and  therefore  many  philosophers  have  volunta- 
rily sought  adversity,  and  so  much  commend  it  in  their  precepts.  Demetrius,  in 
Seneca,  esteemed  it  a  great  infelicity,  that  in  his  lifetime  he  had  no  misfortune,  mise- 
Tum  Old  nihil  unquam  accidisset  adversi.  Adversity  then  is  not  so  heavily  to  be 
taken,  and  we  ought  not  in  such  cases  so  much  to  macerate  ourselves :  there  is  no 
such  odds  in  poverty  and  riches.  To  conclude  in  ^^  Hierom's  words,  "  I  will  ask 
our  magnificoes  that  build  with  marble,  and  bestow  a  whole  manor  on  a  thread, 
what  difference  between  them  and  Paul  the  Eremite,  that  bare  old  man }  They 
drink  in  jewels,  he  in  his  hand :  he  is  poor  and  goes  to  heaven,  they  are  rich  and 
go  to  hell." 


MEMB.  IV. 

Against  Servitude,  Loss  of  Liberty,  Imprisonment,  Banishment. 

Servitude,  loss  of  liberty,  imprisonment,  are  no  such  miseries  as  they  are  held 
to  be :  we  are  slaves  and  servants  the  best  of  us  all :  as  we  do  reverence  our  mas- 
ters, so  do  our  masters  their  superiors :  gentlemen  serve  nobles,  and  nobles  subordi- 
nate to  kings,  omjie  sub  regno  graviore  rcgnum^  princes  themselves  are  God's  servants, 
reges  in  ipsos  imperium  est  Jovis.  They  are  subject  to  their  own  laws,  and  as  the 
kings  of  China  endure  more  than  slavish  imprisonment,  to  maintain  their  state  and 
greatness,  they  never  come  abroad.  Alexander  was  a  slave  to  fear,  Ciesar  of  pride, 
Vespasian  to  his  money  (^nikil  enim  refert,  rerum  sis  servus  an  homimmi).,^  Helioga- 
balus to  his  gut,  and  so  of  the  rest.  Lovers  are  slaves  to  their  mistresses,  rich  nien 
to  their  gold,  courtiers  generally  to  lust  and  ambition,  and  all  slaves  to  our  affec- 
tions, as  Evangelus  well  discourseth  in  ^'Macrobius,  and  ^^  Seneca  the  philosopher, 
assiduam  servitutem  extremam  et  ineluctabilem  he  calls  it,  a  continual  slavery,  to  be 
so  captivated  by  vices ;  and  who  is  free  ?  Why  then  dost  thou  repine  i  Satis  est 
potens,  Hierom  saith,  qui  scrvire  nan  cogitur.  Thou,  carriest  no  burdens,  ihou  art 
no  prisoner,  no  drudge,  and  thousands  want  that  liberty,  those  pleasures  which  thou 


63Fortuna  qupm  nimium  fovet  stultum  facil.  Pub. 
Mimus.  £■•<  Seneca  de  beat.  vit.  cap.  14.  miseri  si  de.«e- 
rantur  ab  ea,  miseriores  si  obruantur.  -*  Plutarch, 

vit.  ejus.  S6  Hor.  epist.  I.  1.  ep.  18.  "  Hor. 

»8  Boeth.  2.  69  Epist.  lib.  3.  vit.  Paul.  Ermit.  Libet 

eos  nunc  interrogare  q.ui  domus  marmoribiis  vcstiunt, 
qui  uao  filo  villarum  ponunt  precia,  huic  seni  mode 


quid  unquam  defuit?  vos  gemma  bihitis,  ille  concavis 
manibus  uaturiE  satisfecit;  ille  pauper  par;idi.>nm  capit, 
vos  avaros  cehenna  susciplet.  ^''"  It  matters  little 

vvhctlier  we  are  enslaved  by  men  or  Ihines."  ^'Satur. 
1.  11.  Alius  lihidini  scrvit.  alius  ambitioni,  omne* 
spei,  omues  timori.  w  Nat.  lib.  3. 


368  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  3. 

hdst.  Thou  art  not  sick,  and  what  wouklst  thou  liave  ?  But  nitimur  in  vetitum,  we 
niBst  all  eat  of  the  forbidden  fruit.  Were  we  enjoined  to  go  to  such  and  such  places, 
we  would  not  willingly  go :  but  being  barred  of  our  liberty,  this  alone  torments  our 
wandering  soul  that  we  may  not  go.  A  citizen  of  ours,  sailh  ^* Cardan,  was  sixty 
years  of  age,  and  had  never  been  forth  of  the  walls  of  the  city  of  Milan;  the  prince 
hearing  of  it,  commanded  him  not  to  stir  out :  being  now  forbidden  that  which  all 
his  life  he  had  neglected,  he  earnestly  desired,  and  being  denied,  dolore  confeclus 
mortem  obid,  he  died  for  grief. 

What  I  have  said  of  servitude,  I  again  say  of  imprisonment,  we  are  all  prisoners. 
^  What  is  our  life  but  a  prison  .''  We  are  all  imprisoned  in  an  island.  The  world 
itself  to  some  men  is  a  prison,  our  narrow  seas  as  so  many  ditches,  and  when  they 
have  compassed  the  globe  of  the  earth,  they  would  lain  go  see  what  is  done  in  the 
moon.  In  *' Muscovy  and  many  other  northern  parts,  all  over  Scandia,  lliey  are 
imprisoned  half  the  year  in  stoves,  they  dare  not  peep  out  for  cold.  At  ^''Aden  in 
Arabia  they  are  penned  in  all  day  long  with  that  other  extreme  of  heat,  and  keep 
their  markets  in  the  night.  What  is  a  ship  but  a  prison  ?  And  so  many  cities  are 
but  as  so  many  hives  of  bees,  ant-hills ;  but  that  which  thou  abhorrest,  many  seek : 
women  keep  in  all  winter,  and  most  part  of  summer,  to  preserve  their  beauties ; 
some  lor  love  of  study:  Demosthenes  shaved  his  beard  because  he  would  cut  olf  all 
t)ccasions  from  going  abroad :  how  many  monks  and  friars,  anchorites,  abandon  the 
world.  Monachus  in  urbe,  jjiscis  in  arido.  Art  in  prison  }  Make  right  use  of  it,  and 
mortify  thyself;  ""-'Where  may  a  man  contemplate  better  than  in  solitariness,"  or 
study  more  than  in  quietness  ?  Many  worthy  men  have  been  imprisoned  all  their 
lives,  and  it  hath  been  occasion  of  great  honour  and  glory  to  them,  much  public 
good  by  their  excellent  meditation.  ®*  Hiolemus  king  of  Egypt,  cum  viribus  atltnuatis 
injirina  valcludinc  labordret,  miro  descendi  studio  ajleclus,  tVc.  now  being  taken  with 
u  irrievous  intirmity  of  body  that  he  could  not  stir  abruad,  became  Strato's  scholar, 
Kll  hard  to  his  bouk,and  gave  himself  wholly  to  contemplation,  and  upon  that  occa- 
sion (^as  mine  author  adds),  pulc/urrimnm  rft^iip  opultnlicB  mnnumentum,  ^-c.y  to  his 
great  honour  buUt  that  renowned  library  at  .Alexandria,  wherein  were  40,000  volumes, 
beverinus  Boelhius  never  writ  so  elegantly  as  in  prison,  Paul  so  devoutly,  for  most 
of  his  epistles  were  dictated  in  his  bands:  "Joseph,"  saith  ''* Austin,  "got  more 
credit  in  prison,  than  when  he  distributed  corn,  and  was  lord  of  Pharaoh's  house." 
It  brings  many  a  lewd,  riotous  fellow  home,  many  wandering  rogues  it  settles,  that 
would  otherwise  have  been  like  raving  tigers,  ruined  themselves  and  others. 

Banishment  is  no  grievance  at  all,  Omne  solum  fort i  jmlria,  d^-c.  et  patria  est  ubi- 
cunc/ue  bene  est,  that's  a  man's  country  where  he  is  well  at  ease.  Many  travel  for 
pleasure  to  that  city,  saith  Seneca,  to  which  thou  art  banished,  and  what  a  part  of 
the  citizens  are  strangers  born  in  other  places  ?  '"Incoltntibus  patria,  'tis  their  coun- 
try that  are  born  in  it,  and  they  would  think  themselves  banished  to  go  to  the  place 
which  thou  leavesl,  and  from  which  thou  art  so  loath  to  depart.  'Tis  no  disparage- 
ment to  be  a  stranger,  or  so  irksome  to  be  an  exile.  "'"  The  rain  is  a  stranger  to  the 
earth,  rivers  to  the  sea,  Jupiter  in  Eg)'pt,  the  sun  to  us  all.  The  soul  is  an  alien  to 
the  body,  a  nigiitingale  to  the  air,  a  swallow  in  a  house,  and  Ganymede  in  heaven, 
an  elephant  at  Rome,  a  Ph(£nix  in  India;  and  such  things  commonly  please  us  best, 
which  are  most  strange  and  come  the  farthest  off.  Those  old  Hebrews  esteemed  the 
whole  world  Gentiles ;  the  Greeks  held  all  barbarians  but  themselves ;  our  modern 
Italians  account  of  us  as  dull  Transalpines  by  way  of  reproach,  they  scorn  thee  and 
thy  country  which  thou  so  much  admirest.  'Tis  a  childish  humour  to  hone  after 
home,  to  be  discontent  at  that  which  others  seek ;  to  prefer,  as  base  islanders  and 
Norwegians  do,  their  own  ragged  island  before  Italy  or  Greece,  the  gardens  of  ihe 
world.  There  is  a  base  nation  in  the  north,  saith'''  Pliny,  called  Chauci,  that  live 
amongst  rocks  and  sands  by  the  seaside,  feed  on  fish,  drink  water :  and  yet  these 
base  people  account  themselves  slaves  in  respect,  when  they  come  to  Home.    Jla  est 

•J<;o!i?ol.  I.  5.  "<»  aerierose,  quid  est  viia  nisi  I  datur  J(>8«ph  cum  rrumeiita  di»tribueret,iic  i|iium  rarer- 

•  arc'T  aniiiii!  «  Htrbasttiii.  ^  Vertoinannui    rem  habitarel.  '•  Boethrun.  i>  Fhil<»traiiii  in 

iiaviR.  I.  2.  c, 4.  Comnnrcia  in  nundinis  niKtu  hora  !  delinis.  Pensrini  «uiit  imltre^  in  terra  it  fluiii  in 
iw'cunda  oh  niiiiins  qui  sff'viunl  iiiteriliuiEstijspierctiil.  I  in.iri  Juidltr  np'id  ^tgypto*.  gnl  apurl  •tiiiiiei ;  tufitea 
■"fbi  vorifpf  contfmplHtio  qiiaiii  in  sdlitudine  ?  ubi  aiiiina  in  corp.re.  lunrinia  in  arre.  hirumlo  in  domo, 
studium  gohdius  quam  in  quiete  ?  «  Alei.  ab  Alex.  I  Ganymedeii  calo,  See.  "  I.ib.  16.  cap.  I.  N'ullani  frurroi 
iitt.  diet.  lib.  1.  cao.  2.  ^  in  Pi.  Ixjvi.  non  ita  lau-  I  tiab«at  Mtus  ex  laibre  :  Kt  be  c«ntea  m  viacantur,  tu 


Mem.  5.]  Remedies  against  Discontenls.  369 

profecto  (as  he  concludes)  multis  fortuna  parcit  in  pcenam,  so  it  is,  fortune  favours 
some  to  live  at  home,  to  their  further  punishment:  'tis  want  of  judgment.  All  places- 
are  distant  from  heaven  alike,  the  sun  shines  happily  as  warm  in  one  city  as  in 
another,  and  to  a  wise  man  there  is  no  difierence  of  climes ;  friends  are  everywhere 
to  him  that  behaves  himself  well,  and  a  prophet  is  not  esteemed  in  his  own  country. 
Alexander,  Caesar,  Trajan,  Adrian,  were  as  so  many  land-leapers,  now  in  the  east, 
n>w  in:the  west,  little  at  home;  and  Polus  Venetus,  Lod.  Vertomannus,  Pinzonus, 
Cadamustus,  Columbus,  Americus  Vespucius,  Vascus  Gama,  Drake,  Candish,  Oliver 
Anort,  Schoutien,  got  all  their  honour  by  voluntary  expeditions.  But  you  say  such 
men's  travel  is  voluntary;  we  are  compelled,  and  as  malefactors  must  depart;  yet 
know  this  of  "  Plato  to  be  true,  ultori  Deo  summa  cura  peregrinus  est^  God  hath  an 
especial  care  of  strangers,  "  and  when  he  wants  friends  and  allies,  he  shall  deserve 
better  and  find  more  favour  with  God  and  men."  Besides  the  pleasure  of  peregri- 
uation,  variety  of  objects  will  make  amends;  and  so  many  nobles,  TuUy,  Aristides, 
Themistocles,  Theseus,  Codrus,  Slc.  as  have  been  banished,  will  give  sufficient  credit 
unto  it.    Read  Pet.  Alcionius  his  two  books  of  this  subject. 


MEMB.  V. 

Against  Sorrow  for  Death  of  Friends  or  otherwise,  vain  Fear,  S^c. 

Death  and  departure  of  friends  are  things  generally  grievous,  ''*  Omnium  quce. 
in  humana  vita  contingunt,  Indus  atque  mors  sunt  acerbissima,  the  most  austere  and 
Ditter  accidents  that  can  happen  to  a  man  in  this  life,  in  cBternum  imledicere,  to  part 
for  ever,  to  forsake  the  world  and  all  our  friends,  'tis  ullimum  terribilium,  the  last 
and  the  greatest  terror,  most  irksome  and  troublesome  unto  us,  '^Homo  tolies  moritur, 
qv-oties  amittit  suos.  And  though  we  hope  for  a  better  life,  eternal  happiness,  after 
these  painful  and  miserable  days,  yet  we  cannot  compose  ourselves  willingly  to  die; 
the  remembrance  of  it  is  most  grievous  unto  us,  especially  to  such  who  are  fortunate 
and  rich  :  they  start  at  the  name  of  death,  as  a  horse  at  a  rotten  post.  Say  v/hat  you 
can  of  that  other  world,  ™  Montezuma  that  Indian  prince,  Bonum  est  esse  hie,  they 
had  rather  be  here.  Nay  many  generous  spirits,  and  grave  staid  men  otherwise,  are 
so  tender  in  this,  that  at  the  loss  of  a  dear  friend  they  will  cry  out,  roar,  and  tear 
their  hair,  lamenting  some  months  after,  howling  "  O  Hone,"  as  those  Irish  women 
and  "Greeks  at  their  graves,  commit  many  indecent  actions,  and  almost  go  beside 
themselves.  My  dear  father,  my  sweet  husband,  mine  only  brother's  dead,  to  whom 
shall  I  make  my  moan  .'  O  me  miserum !  Quis  dabit  in  lachrymas  fontem,  i^c.  What 
shall  I  do  ? 

"  'Sed  tolum  hoc  studiuni  luctu  fraterna  mihi  mora     I         "My  brother's  death  my  study  hath  undone, 
Abstiilit,  hei  misero  frater  adempte  mihi  ?"  |  Woe's  me,  alas  my  brother  he  is  gone '." 

Mezentius  would  not  live  after  his  son : 

""Nunc  vivo,  nee  adhuc  homines  lucemque  relinquo, 
Sed  linquara" 

And  Pompey's  wife  cried  out  at  the  news  of  her  husband's  death, 

W"Tur|)e  mori  post  te  solo  non  posse  dolorc, 
Violentu  luctu  et  nescia  tolerandi," 

as  ''  Tacitus  of  Agrippina,  not  able  lo  moderate  her  passions.  So  when  she  heard 
her  son  was  slain,  she  abruptly  broke  off  her  work,  changed  countenance  and  colour, 
tore  her  hair,  and  fell  a  roaring  downriglit. 

**" subitus  mi.-erze  color  ossa  reliquit, 

Eicussi  manibus  radii,  revolutaque  pensa: 
Evolat  infelix  et  foemineo  ululatu 
Scissa  comani" 


■^  Lib.  5.  de  legibus.  Cumque  cognatis  rareat  el  ami- 
aiB.  majorem  apud  deos  et  apud  homines  misericordiam 
meretiir.  '<  Cardan,  de  consol.  lib.  2.  ''^Seneca. 

'6  Benzo.       "  Siinimo  mane  ululatum  oriuntur,  pectora 


shall  resign  them."  «oLuean.    "  Overcome  by  grief, 

and  unable  to  endure  it,  she  exclaimed,  '  Not  to  be  able  t« 
die  through  sorrow  for  thee  were  base.'  "  '"■  3  Annal. 

"2  "  The  colour  suddenly  fled  her  cheek,  the  distaff  for- 


percutientes,  &.c.   miserabile  spectaculum  exhibentes.  [  sook  her  hand,  the  reel  revolved,  and  wit*  dishevelled 
Ortelius  in  Gra;cia.  '»Catullus.  "'Virgil.    "I     locks  she  broke  away,  wailing  as  a  womaji 

live  now,  nor  as  yet  relinquish  society  and  life,  but  I  ' 

47 


370  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  3. 

Another  would  needs  run  upon  the  sword's  point  after  Euryalus'  departure, 

S3"  Figito  me,  si  qua  est  pietas,  in  me  omnia  tela 
Coiijicite  6  Rulili  ;" 

O  let  me  die,  some  good  man  or  other  make  an  end  of  me.  How  did  Achilles  take 
on  for  Patroclus'  departure  ?  A  blacl*  cloud  of  sorrows  overshadowed  him,  sailh 
Homer.  Jacob  rent  his  clothes,  put  sackcloth  about  his  loins,  sorrowed  for  liis  son 
a  long  season,  and  could  not  be  comforted,  but  would  needs  go  down  into  the  grave 
unto  his  son.  Gen.  xxxvii.  37.  Many  years  after,  the  remembrance  of  sncli  friends, 
of  such  accidents,  is  most  grievous  unto  us,  to  see  or  hear  of  it,  though  it  concern 
not  ourselves  but  others.  Scaliger  saith  of  himself,  that  he  never  read  Socrates' 
death,  in  Plato's  Pha>don,  but  he  wept:  ^'Austin  shed  tears  when  he  read  tlie  de- 
struction of  Trov.  But  howsoever  this  passion  of  sorrow  be  violent,  hitter,  and 
seizeth  lamiliarly  on  wise,  valiant,  discreet  men,  yet  it  may  surely  be  Mithslood,  it 
may  be  diverted.  For  what  is  there  in  this  life,  that  it  sliould  be  so  dear  unto  us  } 
or  that  we  should  so  much  deplore  the  departure  of  a  friend }  The  greatest  plea- 
sures are  common  society,  to  enjoy  one  another's  presence,  feasting,  hawking,  liunt- 
ing,  brooks,  woods,  hills,  music,  dancing,  &.c.  all  this  is  but  vanity  and  loss  of  time, 
as  I  have  sulhciently  declared. 


> "(lum    bibimus,    iluin    serta,    unguenta, 

liuellas 
rosciuius,  olircpit  non  intellecta  senectus." 


'  WliiUt  we  drink,  prank  ourselves,  with  weiirhea 

dally. 
Old  age  upon  'a  at  unawares  duth  ?ally." 


As  alchymists  spend  that  small  modicum  they  have  to  get  gold,  and  never  find  it,  we 
lose  and  neglect  eternity,  for  a  little  momentary  pleasure  which  we  cannot  enjoy, 
nor  shall  ever  attain  to  in  this  life.  We  abhor  death,  pain,  and  grief,  all,  yet  we  will 
do  nothing  of  that  which  should  vindicate  us  from,  but  rather  voluntarily  thrust  our- 
selves upon  it.  ^^'The  lascivious  prefers  his  whore  before  his  life,  or  good  estate; 
an  angry  man  his  revenge  :  a  parasite  his  gut ;  ambitious,  honours;  covetous,  wealth; 
a  thief  his  booty ;  a  soldier  his  spoil ;  we  abhor  diseases,  and  yet  we  pull  them  upon 
us."  We  are  never  better  or  freer  from  cares  than  when  we  sleep,  and  yet,  which 
we  so  much  avoid  and  lament,  death  is  but  a  perpetual  sleep ;  and  why  should  it,  as 
"  Epicurus  argues,  so  much  alTright  us  ?  "  When  we  are,  death  is  not :  but  when 
death  is,  then  we  are  not:"  our  life  is  tedious  and  troublesome  unto  him  that  lives 
oest;  ^"  'tis  a  misery  to  be  born,  a  pain  to  live,  a  trouble  to  die  :"  death  makes  an 
end  of  our  miseries,  and  yet  we  cannot  consider  of  it ;  a  little  before  ''''Socrates 
drank  his  portion  of  cicuta,  he  bid  the  citizens  of  Athens  cheerfully  farewell,  and 
concluded  his  speech  with  this  short  sentence;  "3Iy  time  is  now  come  to  be  gone, 
I  to  my  death,  you  to  live  on ;  but  which  of  these  is  best,  God  alone  knows."  For 
there  is  no  pleasure  here  but  sorrow  is  annexed  to  it,  repentance  follows  it.  ^•'•If 
I  feed  liberally,  1  am  likely  sick  or  surfeit :  if  I  live  sparingly  my  hunger  and  thirst 
is  not  allayed ;  I  am  well  neither  full  nor  fasting ;  if  I  live  honest,  I  burn  in  lust ;" 
if  1  take  my  pleasure,  I  tire  and  starve  myself,  and  do  injury  to  my  body  and  soul. 
*'"0f  so  small  a  quantity  of  mirth,  how  much  sorrow  ?  after  so  little  pleasure,  how 
great  misery .'"  'Tis  both  ways  troublesome  to  me,  to  rise  and  go  to  bed,  to  eat  and 
provide  my  meat ;  cares  and  contentions  attend  me  all  day  long,  fears  and  suspicions 
all  my  lil'e.  I  am  discontented,  and  why  should  I  desire  so  much  to  live .'  But  a 
happy  death  will  make  an  end  of  all  our  woes  and  miseries ;  omnibus  una  mcis  cerla 
medeJa  mails ;  why  shouldst  not  thou  then  say  with  old  Simeon  since  thou  art  so 
well  afli^cted,  '•  Lord  now  let  thy  servant  depart  in  peace  :"  or  with  Paul,  ''  I  desire  to 
be  dissolved,  and  to  be  with  Christ  ?"  Bcata  mors  qua  ad  bcatam  vitam  aditum  aperit^ 
'tis  a  blessed  hour  that  leads  us  to  a  '^  blessed  life,  and  blessed  are  they  that  die  in 
the  Lord.  But  life  is  sweet,  and  death  is  not  so  terrible  in  itself  as  the  concomitants 
of  it,  a  loathsome  disease,  pain,  horror,  ice.  and  many  times  the  manner  of  it,  to  be 


»  Virg.  JEn.  10.  "Transfix  me,  O  Rtituli.  if  you  have 
any  piety:  pierce  me  with  your  thousand  arrows." 
••Confess.  I.  I.  "  Juvenalis.  (°  Auiatur  scMrtiim 

vitse  prsrponit.  iracumlus  vindictain,  parasitus  gulain, 
anihitiosus  hnnores,  avarus  opes,  inile<>  rapiiiuin,  fur 
prsedaiu  ;  iiKirbos  oflirnus  et  accersimiis.  Card.  "^S**. 
neca  ;  quum  nu:^  siinius,  mors  nun  adest ;  cum  vero  nmrs 
adest,  turn  ni>s  non  tiuuius.  ^  Bernard,  c.  3.  mi-d. 

sasci  uitserum,  viverc  (xena,  angustia  mori.        i"  Plato 


Apol.  Socratis.  Bed  jam  hora  est  hinc  abire.  lu. 
*>  C'omedi  ad  satietateni,  pravilat  nn:  otfrndit;  parciut 
edi,  nun  i-!<t  explelum  deiiidfriiiMi ;  viMrereai  deliciaj 
sequnr,  liinc  niorliiis,  la»s>itnitii.&r.  »  Hern.  c.  3.  uied. 
de  lantill.t  la-titia,  quanta  tristitia  ;  pl<^I  laniam  vot-jp. 
tatem  qiiani  uraviH  niiiiftia  ?  *'  K«l  enini  mora 

pioruni  fill  traniitusile  laburc  ad  rcfriecriijm,  de  et 
|)ectatione  ad  prxmiuin,  de  agone  a>J  bravium. 


Mem.  5. 


Remedies  eif^ainst  Discontenls. 


371 


hanged,  to  be  broken  on  the  wheel,  to  be  burned  alive.  '^Servetus  the  hereuc,  that 
suffered  in  Geneva,  wlien  he  was  brought  to  the  stake,  and  saw  the  executioner  come 
with  fire  in  his  hand,  homo  viso  igne  tarn  horrendum  exclamavit,  ut  universum  popu- 
lum  perterrefecerU,  roared  so  loud,  that  he  terrified  the  people.  An  old  stoic  would 
have  scorned  this.     It  troubles  some  to  be  unburied,  or  so  : 


"  non  te  optima  mater 

Conilet  liNiiii,  patriiive  oneralut  meJiibra  sepulcliro  ; 
Alitihiis  lliiL'iiere  feris,  et  j;iiri;ite  iiiersiim 
I'rula  Ceret,  piscesque  impasti  viiliicra  lambent." 


"  Thy  gentle  parents  shall  not  bury  thee, 
Amongst  thine  ancestors  enloiuhM  to  be. 
But  feral  fowl  thy  carcass  shall  devour. 
Or  drowned  corps  hungry  fish  maws  shall  scour. 


As  Socrates  told  Crito,  it  concerns  me  not  what  is  done  with  me  when  I  am  dead ; 
Facilis  jactura  scpiilchri :  J  care  not  so  long  as  I  feel  it  not ;  let  tliem  set  mine  head 

on   the  pike  of  Teneriffe,  and  my  quarters  in  the  four  parts  of  the  world, 

pnscam  licet  in  cruce  corves^  let  wolves  or  bears  devour  me; ^Cmlo  tegi.tur 

qui  non  hahet  urnam^  the  canopy  of  heaven  covers  him  that  hath  no  tomb.  So  "like- 
wise for  our  friends,  why  should  their  departure  so  much  trouble  us.?  They  are 
better  as  we  hope,  and  for  what  then  dost  thou  lament,  as  those  do  whom  Paul 
taxed  in  his  time,  1  Thes.  iv.  13.  "that  have  no  hope.?"  'Tis  fit  there  should  be 
some  solemnity. 

95"?ed  sepelire  decet  defunctum,  pectore  forti,  » 

Constantes,  uniimque  diem  fletui  indulgentes." 

Job's  friends  said  not  a  word  to  him  the  first  seven  days,  but  let  sorrow  and  discon- 
tent take  their  course,  themselves  sitting  sad  and  silent  by  him.  When  Jupiter  him- 
self wept  for  Sarpedon,  what  else  did  the  poet  insinuate,  but  that  some  sorrow  is 
good 

'^''Qiiis  matrem  nisi  mentis  inops  in  funere  nati 
Flere  vevat  ?" 

who  can  blame  a  tender  mother  if  she  weep  for  her  children  ?  Beside,  as  ^^  Plutarch 
holds,  'tis  not  in  our  power  not  to  lament,  Indolentia  non  cuivis  contingif,  it  takes 
away  mercy  and  pity,  not  to  be  sad ;  'tis  a  natural  passion  to  weep  for  our  friends, 
an  irresistible  passion  to  lament  and  grieve.  "I  know  not  how  (saith  Seneca)  but 
sometimes  'tis  good  to  be  miserable  in  misery  :  and  for  the  most  part  all  grief  evacu- 
ates itself  by  tears," 

^ "  est  qua;dam  flero  voluptas, 

E.^pletur  laclirymis  egeriturque  dolor  :" 

"yet  after  a  day's  mourning  or  two,  comfort  thyself  for  thy  heaviness,"  Eccles. 
xxxviii.  17.  ^^JYon  deed  defunctum  ignavo  qucestu  prosequi;  'twas  Germanicus' 
advice  of  old,  that  we  should  not  dwell  too  long  upon  our  passions,  to  be  desperately 
sad,  immoderate  grievers,  to  let  them  tyrannise,  there's  indolcnticB  ars,  a  medium  to 
be  kept:  we  do  not  (saith  ""^Austin)  forbid  men  to  grieve,  but  to  grieve  overmuch. 
"  I  forbid  not  a  man  to  be  angry,  but  1  ask  for  what  cause  he  is  so  .'  Not  to  be  sad, 
but  why  is  he  sad .'  Not  to  fear,  but  wherefore  is  he  afraid  ?"  I  require  a  moderation  as 
well  as  a  just  reason.  '  The  Romans  and  most  civil  commonwealths  have  set  a  time  to 
such  solenmities,  they  must  not  mourn  after  a  set  day,  "  or  if  in  a  family  a  child  be  born, 
a  daugliler  or  son  married,  some  state  or  honour  be  conferred,  a  brother  be  redeemed 
from  his  bands,  a  friend  from  his  enemies,"  or  tlie  like,  they  must  lament  no  more. 
And  'lis  fit  it  should  be  so ;  to  what  end  is  all  their  funeral  pomp,  complaints,  and 
tears  f  When  Socrates  was  dying,  his  friends  Apollodorus  and  Crito,  with  some 
others,  were  weeping  by  him,  which  he  perceiving,  asked  them  what  tliey  meant : 
^''for  that  very  cause  he  put  all  the  women  out  of  the  room,  upon  which  words  of 
his  they  were  abashed,  and  ceased  from  their  tears."  Lodovicus  Cortesius,  a  rich 
lawyer  of  Padua  (as  ^Bernardiiuis  Scardeonius  relates)  commanded  by  his  last  will, 
and  a  great  mulct  if  otherwise  to  his  heir,  that  no  funeral  should  be  kept  for  him,  no 
man  should  lament :  but  as  at  a  wedding,  music  and  minstrels  to  be  provided ;  and 
instead  of  black  mourners,  he  took  order,  ^ "  that  twelve  virgins  clad  in  green  should 


'^Vaticanus  vita  ejus.         siLnc.  ss  n.  y.  Homer. 

"  It  is  proper  that,  having  indulged  in  becoming  grief 
ior  one  whole  day,  you  should  commit  the  dead  to  the 
sepulchre."  WQvid.  »"Consol.  ad  Apolon.  non  est 
libertate  nostra  posilum  non  dolere.  misericordiani  abo- 
M,  &.C  »5  0vld,  4Trist.  s-s  Tacitus  lib.  4.  '°«Lib. 
9.  cap.  9  de  civitate  Dei.  Non  qnsero  cum  irascatursed 
cur,  nur  utrtm  sit  tristis  sed  unde,  non  utruni  timeat 


sed  quid  timeat.  «  Festus  verbo  minuitur.     Liictui 

dies  indicebatur  cum  liheri  nascantur,  cum  frater  abit, 
amicus  ab  hospite  captivus  domum  redeat,  puella  de- 
sponsetur.  a  Ob  banc  causam  mulieres  ablegarara  n« 
talia  facerent;  nos  hfec  audientes  erubuimus  et  desti- 
timus  a  larhrymi.si.  'Lib.  1.  class.  8.  dc  Claris.  Juris- 

consultis  Patavinis.  <  12.  Innuptx  puellie  amicts 

viridibus  pannis,  Sec. 


372  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  3. 

carry  Iiiin  to  the  church."  His  will  and  testament  was  accordingly  performed,  and 
'le  buried  in  St.  Sophia's  cliurch.  ^Tully  M'as  much  grieved  for  his  daughter  Tul- 
liola's  death  at  first,  untU  such  time  that  he  had  confirmed  his  mind  with  some  phi^ 
Visophical  precepts,  ^'••then  he  began  to  triumph  over  fortune  and  grief,  and  for  her 
reception  into  lieaven  to  be  much  more  joyed  than  before  he  was  troubled  for  her 
loss."  If  a  heathen  man  could  so  fortify  himself  from  philosophy,  what  sliall  a 
Christian  from  divinity.^  Why  dost  thou  so  macerate  thyself?  'Tis  an  inevitable 
chance,  tlie  first  statute  in  Magna  Chartu,  an  everlasting  Act  of  Parliament,  all  must 
^die. 

8 "Constat  a-'teriia  posiliimfjue  lege  est, 
Vt  constet  ^eiiituMi  nihil." 

It  cannot  be  revoked,  we  are  all  mortal,  and  these  all  commanding  gods  and  princes 

*••  die  like  men:"  ' involvit  humih;  parilir  et  celsttm  caput.,  (cquatque  sumi.iis 

injima.  "O  weak  condition  of  human  estate,"  Sylvius  exclaims  :  '"  Ljidislaus,  king 
of  Bohemia,  eighteen  years  of  ago.  in  tlie  flower  of  his  youth,  so  potent,  ricli,  for- 
tunate and  happy,  in  the  midst  of  all  his  friends,  amongst  st>  many  "  physicians,  now 
ready  to  be  '^married,  in  ihirty-six  hours  sickened  and  died.  We  must  so  be  gone 
sooner  or  later  all,  and  as  Calliopeius  in  the  comedy  took  his  leave  of  his  specta- 
tors and  auditors,  Vos  valcte  et  plaudite,  Calliopeius  recensui^  must  we  bid  liie  world 
farewell  (£x// Calliopeius),  and  having  now  played  our  parts,  for  ever  be  gone. 
Tombs  and  monuments  have  the  like  fate,  data  sunt  ipsis  quoquc  fata  sejtulchris, 
kingdoms,  provinces,  towns,  and  cities  have  their  periods,  and  are  consumed.  In 
those  fiourishing  times  of  Troy,  Mycenai  was  the  fairest  city  in  Greece,  UraciiP. 
cunctcp  iiiiperitabat,  but  it,  alas,  and  that  "'•  Assvrian  Nineveh  arc  (piite  overthrown  :" 
the  like  fate  liatli  that  Egyptian  and  Bccolian  Thebes,  Delos,  commune  Gnccue  con- 
ciliabulum,  the  common  council-house  of  Greece,  '*and  Babylon,  the  greatest  city 
that  ever  the  sun  shone  on,  hath  now  nothing  but  walls  and  rubbish  left.  ''•'  Quid 
Pandinnia;  reslat  nisi  nomrn  AtynaV  Thus  "' Paiisanias  complained  in  his  time.s. 
And  where  is  Troy  itself  now,  Persepolis,  Carthage,  Cizicum,  Sparta,  Argos,  and  all 
those  Grecian  cities.'  Syracuse  and  Agrigentum,  the  fairest  towns  iti  Sicily,  which 
liad  sometimes  700,000  iniiabitants,  are  now  decayed :  the  names  of  Hieron,  Empe- 
docles,  iic,  of  those  mighty  numbers  of  people,  only  left.  One  Anacharsis  is  re- 
membered amongst  the  Scythians;  tiie  world  itself  nmst  have  an  end;  and  every 
part  of  it.  Ccpterce  igitur  tirbrs  sunt  rnortales,  as  Peter  "Gillius  concludes  of  Con- 
stantinople, h(EC sane  quamdiu  erunt  homines,  futura  niihi  vidttur  immorlalis ;  bnt  'tis 
not  so:  nor  site,  nor  strength,  nor  sea  nor  land,  can  vindicate  a  city,  but  it  and  all 
must  vanish  at  last.     And  as  to  a  traveller  great  numntaiiis  seem  jjlains  afar  off,  at 

last  are  not  discerned  at  all;  cities,  men,  monumenLs  decay, n>c  salidisprodest 

xua  machina  terris,'^  the  names  are  only  left,  those  at  length  forgotten,  and  are  in- 
volved in  perpetual  night. 

"''•^Returning  out  of  Asia,  when  I  sailed  from  jEgina  toward  Megara,  I  began 
i^saith  Servius  Sulspicius,  in  a  consolatory  epistle  of  his  to  Tully)  to  view  the  coun- 
try round  about.  .Egina  was  behind  me,  Megara  before,  Piraeus  on  the  right  hand, 
Corinth  on  the  left,  what  flourishing  towns  heretofore,  now  prostrate  and  over- 
whelmed before  mine  eyes?  I  began  to  think  with  myself,  alas,  why  are  we  men 
so  much  disquieted  with  the  departure  of  a  friend,  whose  life  is  much  .shorter? 
*'When  so  many  goodly  cities  lie  buried  before  us.  Remember,  O  Servius,  thou  art 
a  man  ;  and  with  that  1  was  much  confirmed,  and  corrected  myself"  Correct  then 
likewise,  and  comfort  thyself  in  this,  that  we  must  necessarilv  die,  and  all  die,  that 
we  shall  rise  again:  as  Tully  held;  Jucundinrque  multu  congressus  nnster fulurus^ 
qumn  insuavis  et  ac^rbus  digressus,  our  second  meeting  shall  be  much  more  pleasant 
than  our  departure  was  grievous. 

•  Lib.  deconsol.  *  Prsceptis  philosophic  confirma- I  Seventh  of  France.  Obeunt  nocteiqup  diPMjue.  *& 
tus  adversiis  oninem  fortuns  vim,  et  te  coiisccraia  in  "  AMyriorum  regin  fumlilus  deleta.  '-^Oinniiimquot 
e(Bliiinr)iic  ri-crpla,  lanla  affectus  lu-titia  siiin  ac  volu|i-  I  unqiiani  Sol  as\,t;xn  urtmiin  iiiaxima.  "Ovid, 

tate.  qiiaiitain  ammo  caperc  posgiim.  ac  cxultare  plane  "  What  of  ancient  Athens  hut  lh»?  nnnip  retnainar* 
tnihi  viilcor,  virlnrqiie  deomiii  doloru  et  fortuna  triiim-  |  ''Arcad.  Iih  8  "  Prirfat.  Top'tr.  (•i)n«i.iririnop. 

phare.  '  Ut  lisnum  iiri  natuni.  arista  secari.  nic     •*-  Nor  can  il«  own  ittnirtiirf  prfWirve  ih"-  »'Ii  I  L'lohe"* 

bominen  mori.  •  Boeth.  lib.  2   m^t.  3.  »  Bocth.  j  »  Epist. 'lull.  Iih  T         *>a'ium  tut  uppidorun  cadaver* 

'•  Nic.  Hen»ol.  Breslaer.  fol.  47.  "Twenty  then  pre-  j  ante  oc'Jlui  projecta  jacent. 

ten'..  "Xo  Magdalen,  the  daughter  of  Charles  the  | 


Mem.  5.1  Remedies  against  Discontents.  372'. 

I,  but  he  was  my  most  dear  and  loving  friend,  my  sole  friend, 

21  "  aiiis  dcciderio  sit  piidor  aut  modus  I  ..  ^^^d  who  can  blame  my  woe  ?" 

Tam  cliari  capitis?" | 

Thou  mayest  be  ashamed,  I  say  with  ^Seneca,  to  confess  it,  "  in  sucli  a  ^  tempest 
as  this  to  have  but  one  anchor,"  go  seek  another :  and  for  his  part  thou  dost  him 
great  injury  to  desire  his  longer  life.  ^"Wilt  thou  have  him  crazed  and  sickly 
still,"  like  a  tired  traveller  that  comes  weary  to  his  inn,  begin  his  journey  afresh, 
"or  to  be  freed  from  his  miseries;  tliou  hast  more  need  rejoice  that  he  is  gone." 
Another  complains  of  a  most  sweet  wife,  a  young  wife,  JS'ondwn  suslulcrat  flavum 
Proserpina  cri7icm^  such  a  wife  as  no  mortal  man  ever  had,  so  good  a  wife,  but  she 
is  now  dead  and  gone,  lathaioqac  jacet  condila  sarcophago.  I  reply  to  him  in  Se- 
neca's words,  if  such  a  woman  at  least  ever  was  to  be  had,  ^'' "  He  did  either  so  find 
or  make  her;  if  he  found  her,  he  may  as  happily  find  another;"  if  he  made  her,  as 
Critobulus  in  Xeiiophon  did  by  his,  he  may  as  good  cheap  inform  another,  i:t  bona 
tam  scquitur.,  quani  bona  prima  fait ;  he  need  not  despair,  so  long  as  the  same  master 
is  to  be  had.  But  was  she  good  .''  Had  she  been  so  tired  peradventure  as  that  Ephe- 
sian  widow  hi  Petronius,  by  some  swaggering  soldier,  she  might  not  have  held  out. 
Many  a  man  would  have  been  willingly  rid  of  his  :  before  thou  wast  bound,  now 
thou  art  free-,  ^®''and  'tis  but  a  folly  to  love  thy  fetters  though  they  be  of  gold." 
Come  into  a  third  place,  you  shall  have  an  aged  father  sighing  for  a  son,  a  pretty 
child ; 

2?  "  Inipiibe  pectus  quale  vel  impia  ]  "  He  now  lies  asli-pp, 

Molliret  Tliracuin  pectora."  j  Would  make  an  impious  Tliracian  weep." 

Or  some  fine  daughter  that  died  young,  JVondum  expcrta  novi  gaudia  prima  tor- 
Or  a  forlorn  son  for  his  deceased  father.  But  why.?  Prior  exiit.,  prior  inlravit.,  he 
came  first,  and  he  must  go  first.  ^^Tu  frustra  pius.,  hcu.,  Sfc.  What,  wouldst  thou 
have  the  laws  of  nature  altered,  and  him  lo  live  always.?  Julius  Cssar,  Augustus, 
Alcibiades,  Galen,  Aristotle,  lost  their  fathers  young.  And  why  on  the  other  side 
shouldst  thou  so  heavily  take  the  death  of  thy  little  son  t 

2^"  Nutn  quia  nec  fato,  merila  nee  morte  peribal, 
Sed  mi.s(;r  ante  diem" 

he  died  before  his  time,  perhaps,  not  yet  come  to  the  solstice  of  his  age,  yet  was  he 
not  mortal  ?  Hear  that  divine  '^Epictetus,  "  If  thou  coA^et  thy  wife,  friends,  children 
should  live  always,  thou  art  a  fool."  He  was  a  fine  child  indeed,  dignus  ApoUineis 
lachrytnis,  a  sweet,  a  loving,  a  fair,  a  witty  child,  of  great  hope,  another  Eteoneus, 
whom  Pindarus  the  poet  and  Aristides  the  rhetorician  so  much  lament;  but  who  can 
tell  whether  he  would  have  been  an  honest  man  .?  He  might  have  proved  a  thief,  a 
rogue,  a  spendthrift,  a  disobedient  son,  vexed  and  galled  thee  more  than  all  the  world 
beside,  he  might  have  wrangled  with  thee  and  disagreed,  or  with  his  brothers,  as 
Eteocles  and  Polynices,  and  broke  thy  heart;  he  is  now  gone  to  eternity,  as  another 
Ganymede,  in  the  *'  flower  of  his  youth,  "•  as  if  he  had  risen,"  saith  ^^Plutarch,  "  from 
the  midst  of  a  feast"  before  he  was  drunk,  "  the  longer  he  had  lived,  the  worse  he 
would  have  been,"  et  quo  vita  longior.,  (Ambrose  thinks)  culpa  numcrosior.,  more  sin- 
ful, more  to  answer  he  would  ha\e  had.  If  he  was  naught,  thou  mayest  be  glad  he 
is  gone;  if  good,  be  glad  thou  hadst  such  a  son.  Or  art  thou  sure  he  was  good  .'  (l 
may  be  he  was  an  hypocrite,  as  many  are,  and  howsoever  he  spake  thee  fair,  perad- 
venture he  prayed,  amongst  the  rest  that  Icaro  Menippus  heard  at  Jupiter's  whisper- 
ing place  in  Lucian,  for  his  fadrer's  death,  because  he  now  kept  him  short,  he  was 
to  inherit  much  goods,  and  many  fair  manors  after  his  decease.  Or  put  case  he  was 
very  good,  suppose  the  best,  may  not  thy  dead  son  expostulate  with  thee,  as  he  did 
in  the  same  ^^ Lucian,  "why  dost  thou  lament  my  death,  or  call  me  miserable  that 
am  much  more  happy  than  tiiyself.?  what  misfortune  is  befallen  me?    Is  it  because  1 

:i  Hor.  lili.  1.  Od.  24.       »^  Dc  remed.  fortuit.       23  gru-  \  Menan.  32  Consul,  ad  Apol.    Apolloniu?  filius  t;iui« 

be=ce  lanta  tfmpr-state  quod  ad  unain  anchoramstnbas.  I  in  flore   dpcessit.  ante  nos  ad   icternitaipui  dieressiis 

"Vis  a-cruru.et  niorbidum.fitibundum saude  potius  ^  tanquam  e  convivio  ahiens,  priu.equaui  in  crroreui  ali- 

qiiod  his  uialis  libcratus  sit.  2sU.\orpni  hunaui  aut  1  quein  e  temulentia  iucidi'ret.  quales  u\  loui'a  .sern-cta 

inveiii.sti,  aut  sir  fccisti;  si  invcneris.  aliain  liabere  te  i  ycciden;  soleiit.  ssTmn.  1.  Tract,  de  liictu.     Cluiu 

p.issee.v  h.ic  iiit>'lli;aiMUs:  si  f-reris.  bene  spores,  saKus  I  me  mortuum  uiiseriiin  vocas,  qui  tesiim  inultD  felirior? 
est  arlife.x.  -"Stulti  est  comp^-des  licet  aureas  aniare.  .aut  quid  aterhi  mihi  put.'is  contisisse?  an  quia  non 
-Hor.  -"  Hor.  lib.  1.  OJ.  24.  ^^  Virg.  4.  iT^u.    sum  malus  seuex,  ut  tu  facie  ruirrisus,  incurvus,  ic. 

soCap.  in.  Si  id  sludes  ut  uxor,  amici.  libi-ri  perpetiio  >  ()  demens,  quid  t-bi  videtiir  in  vita  bfii?  nimiruin 
vivaiit,  stultus  es.        si  Deos  quos  diligit  juvenes  rapit,  I  amicilias,  coenas,  &c.   Longe  melius  non  ;surire  quam 

2G 


374  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  3. 

am  not  so  bald,  crooked,  old,  rotten,  as  thou  art  ?  Wliat  have  I  lost,  some  oi  your 
good  cheer,  gay  clothes,  music,  singing,  dancing,  kissing,  merry-meetings,  thalami 
hibentias,  Sfc.,  is  that  it?  Is  it  not  much  belter  not  to  hunger  at  all  than  to  eat:  not 
to  thirst  than  to  drink  to  satisfv  thirst :  not  to  be  cold  than  to  put  on  clothes  to 
drive  away  cold  ?  You  had  more  need  rejoice  that  I  am  freed  from  diseases,  agues, 
cares,  anxieties,  livor,  love,  covetousness,  hatred,  envy,  malice,  that  1  fear  no  more 
thieves,  tyrants,  enemies,  as  you  do."  ^Id  cincrcm  et  ^uaiics  crrdis  curare  scjmltos'^ 
"  Do  they  concern  us  at  all,  think  you,  when  we  are  t)nce  dead  .^"  Condole  not 
others  then  overmuch,  ''wish  not  or  fear  thy  death."  '■^Sumtnum  nee  optes  diem  nee 
vieluas;  'jis  to  no  purpose. 

"  Kxressi  c  vitii-  leruiiiiiis  Tarilisqiie  luheiisque  I    "  I  loft  this  irksome  life  with  all  mine  lu'art, 

No  jierjoru  ipsu  imirte  dehiiic  vide.nm."  |       Lest  worse  (haii  death  should  happen  to  my  part." 

'"Cardinal  Brundusinus  caused  this  epitaph  in  Rome  to  be  inscribed  on  his  tomb,  to 
show  his  willingness  to  die,  and  tax  those  that  were  so  loth  to  depart.  Weep  and 
howl  no  more  then,  'lis  to  small  purpose;  and  as  TuUy  adviselh  us  in  the  like  case, 
jS\)n  qnos  amisimiis,  sed  quanluin  Iiigere  par  sit  cogitcrnus :  think  w  hat  we  do,  not 
whom  we  have  lost.  So  David  did,  2  Sam.  xxii.,  ^' While  ihe  child  was  yet  alive,  I 
fa.*ted  and  wept;  but  being  now  dead,  why  siiould  I  fast.'  Can  I  bring  him  again.' 
I  sliall  go  to  hin),  but  he  cannot  return  to  (iic-'^  He  that  doth  otherwise  is  an  inlem- 
jifrate,  a  weak,  a  silly,  and  indiscreet  man.  Though  Aiist<nle  deny  any  part  of 
iiitcnipeiance  to  be  conversant  about  sorrow,  I  am  of  '"  Seneca\s  mind,  "he  lliat  is 
wise  is  temperate,  and  he  that  is  temperate  is  constant,  free  from  j)assion,  and  he  that 
is  such  a  one,  is  witliout  sorrow,"  as  all  wise  men  should  be.  The  '"Thiacians 
wept  still  v.hen  a  child  was  born,  feasted  and  made  mirth  when  any  man  was  buried: 
and  so  should  we  rather  be  glad  for  such  as  die  well,  that  they  are  so  happily  freed 
from  the  miseries  of  this  lile.  When  Eieoneus,  that  noble  young  Greek,  was  ski 
generally  lamented  by  his  friends,  rindarus  the  poet  feigns  some  god  saying,  Si/ete 
homines,  wm  enim  miser  csf,  «^c.  be  quiet  good  folks,  this  yoimg  man  is  not  so  mise- 
ral)le  as  you  think; -he  is  neither  gone  to  Styx  nor  Acheron,  sed  gloriosus  et  send 
erpcrs  heros,  he  lives  for  ever  in  the  Elysian  fields.  He  now  enjoys  that  happiness 
wliich  your  great  kings  so  earnestly  seek,  and  wears  that  garland  for  which  ye  con- 
teiul.  Jf  our  present  weakness  is  such,  we  cannot  moderate  our  passions  in  this 
behalf,  we  must  divert  them  by  all  means,  by  iloiiig  something  elsf,  thinking  of 
another  subject.  The  llahans  uiost  jiart  sleep  away  care  and  grief,  if  it  unseason- 
ahly  seize  upon  them,  I)anes,  Dutchmen,  Polanders  and  Bohemians  drink  it  down, 
our  counlrymen  go  to  plays :  do  some'hing  or  other,  let  it  not  transpose  thee,  or  !>y 
'^'"  premetiitation  make  such  accidents  familiar,"  as  LHysses  that  wept  for  his  dog,  but 
not  for  his  wife,  quod  parutns  esset  animo  ohfirniato.,  [Plut.  de  anim.  tranq.)  ''accus- 
tom ihyselt,  and  harden  beforehand  by  seeing  other  men's  calamities,  and  applying 
them  to  thy  present  estate;"  Prmusum  est  levius  quod  f nit  ante  malum.  1  will  con- 
clude wiih  "Epictetus,  •»  If  thou  lovest  a  pot,  remember  'tis  but  a  pot  thou  lovest, 
and  thou  wilt  not  be  troubled  when  Ms  broken  :  if  thou  lovest  a  son  or  wife,  remem- 
ber they  were  mortal,  and  thou  wilt  not  be  so  impatient."  And  for  lalse  fears  and  all 
olher  fortuitous  inconveniences,  mischances,  calamities,  to  resist  and  prepare  our- 
selves, not  to  faint  is  best:  ^'Stullum  est  timere  quod  vitari  non  potest,  'tis  a  folly  to 
fear  that  which  cannot  be  avoided,  or  to  be  discouraged  at  all, 

*^"  Nam  qiiiiiqiiig  Irepiduit  pavet  vel  nptat, 
.Abjecit  civpeuii),  locfiqiie  rootus 
Neclit  qua  val.-at  Irahi  cateiiam." 

"ior  he  that  so  faints  or  fears,  and  yields  to  his  passion,  flings  away  his  own 
weapons,  makes  a  cord  to  bind  himself,  and  pulls  a  beam  upon  his  own  head." 

(.l.re;  iion  silire.  &.c.  Gaude  potiui!  quod  niorb.«(  et  iiiiiin.  Aj-'uefacere  noii  casibuii  delii  iiiu*.  'Pull.  lib.  .1 
f^br.s  trt",i^>ri:ii,  aiif;orem  aiiiuii,  ice.  Ejulutus  <|iiid  Tugculan.  quasi.  '"Cnp.S.  8»i  ollam  ilili;:.n».  in.  mefito 
prod-M   quid    larhryma;,   tec.  "Virzil.  >^  Hor.     le  ollaiii  dilii-.-re,   iiou   p.-rturbalMriii  .a   LMiirra-ia;   «• 

«Cliytreiisdelicii''ENrniia'.  »>  Epist.t'o.  >S.irilus  ilium  aut  uxorem.  iiieiiieiin.  iKmiiiiiiii  a  le  dili;;!.  4u 
de    liior.  cen.  «^  Priimeditatione    facilem  n.ldere  !  u  Seneca.        «  Boiilh.  lib.  1.  pro*.  4. 

qu-mque  caeum.  Dutarchus  cunsolaliune    ad  Apollo- 1 


Mem.  6.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.  375 

MEMB.  VI. 

Against  Envy^  Livor,  Emulation.,  Hatred,  Ambition,   Self-love,  and  all  other 

Affections. 

Against  those  other  ^passions  and  affections,  there  is  no  Detter  remedy  than  as 
mariners  when  they  go  to  sea,  provide  all  things  necessary  to  resist  a  tempest :  to 
furnish  ourselves  with  philosophical  and  Divine  precepts,  other  men's  examples, 
**Periculitm  ex  aliis  faccre,  sibi  quod  ex  usu  siet:  To  balance  our  hearts  with  love, 
charity,  meekness,  patience,  and  counterpoise  those  irregular  motions  of  envy,  livor, 
spleen,  hatred,  M'ith  their  opposite  virtues,  as  we  bend  a  crooked  staff  another  v/ay, 
to  oppose  ^^•' sufferance  to  labour,  patience  to  reproach,"  bounty  to  covetousness, 
fortitude  to  pusillanimity,  meekness  to  anger,  humility  to  pride,  to  examine  ourselves 
for  what  cause  we  are  so  much  disquieted,  on  what  ground,  what  occasion,  is  it  just 
or  feigned  ?  And  then  either  to  pacify  ourselves  by  reason,  to  divert  by  some  other 
object,  contrary  passion,  or  premeditation.  '^^Meditari  secum  oportet  quo  pacto  adver- 
sam  (P.rumnam  ferat,  Paricla,  damna,  exilia  peregre  rediens  semjjer  cogilct,  aut  Jilii 
pecca/icrn,  aut  uxor  is  mortem,  aut  morbum  JilicB,  communia  esse  hcec  :  fieri  posse,  ul  ne 
quid  animo  sit  novum.  To  make  them  familiar,  even  all  kind  of  calamities,  that  when 
they  happen  they  may  be  less  troublesome  unto  us.  In  secundis  meditare,  quo  pacto 
feras  adcersa:  or  out  of  mature  judgment  to  avoid  the  effect,  or  disannul  the  cause, 
as  they  do  that  are  troubled  with  toothache,  pull  them  quite  out. 

4"  "  Ut  vivat  castor,  sibi  testes  ampiitat  ipse  ;  I        "  The  beaver  bites  otTs  stones  to  save  the  rest : 

Tu  quoque  siqiia  nocent,  abjice,  cutiis  eris."  |  Do  thou  tile  like  with  that  thou  art  opprest." 

Or  as  they  that  play  at  wasters,  exercise  themselves  by  a  few  cudgels  how  to  avoid 
an  enemy-s  blows :  let  us  arm  ourselves  against  all  such  violent  incursions,  which 
may  invade  our  minds.  A  little  experience  and  practice  will  inure  us  to  it ;  vetula 
vulpes,  as  the  proverb  saith,  laqueo  liaud  capitur,  an  old  fox  is  not  so  easily  taken 
in  a  snare  ^  an  old  soldier  in  the  world  methinks  should  not  be  disquieted,  but  ready 
to  receive  all  fortunes,  encounters,  and  Avith  that  resolute  captain,  come  what  may 
come,  to  make  answer, 

non  ulla  laborum 


O  v'lTso  nova  mi  facies  inopinaque  surgit,  "  ^"  labour  comes  at  unawares  to  me, 

Omnia  ptrcepi  atque  animo  mecum  ante  peregi."     |  F^r  I  'la^e  long  before  cast  what  may  be." 

■** "  non  hoc  primum  mea  pectora  vulnus 

Senserunt,  graviora  tuli" 

The  commonwealth  of  ^°  Venice  in  their  armoury  have  this  inscription,  "  Happy  is 
that  city  which  in  time  of  peace  thinks  of  war,"  a  ht  motto  for  every  man's  private 
house ;  happy  is  the  man  that  provides  for  a  future  assault.  But  many  times  we 
complain,  repine  and  mutter  without  a  cause,  we  give  way  to  passions  we  may  resist, 
and  will  not.  Socrates  was  bad  by  nature,  envious,  as  he  confessed  to  Zopirus  the 
physiognomer,  accusing  him  of  it,  froward  and  lascivious  :  but  as  he  was  Socrates, 
lie  did  correct  and  amend  himself  Thou  art  malicious,  envious,  covetous,  impa- 
tient, no  doubt,  and  lascivious,  yet  as  thou  art  a  Christian,  correct  and  moderate  thy- 
self 'Tis  something,  I  confess,  and  able  to  move  any  man,  to  see  himself  contemned, 
obscure,  neglected,  di.sgraced,  undervalued,  ^' "  left  behind;"  some  cannot  endure  it, 
no  not  constant  Lipsius,  a  man  discreet  otherwise,  yet  too  weak  and  passionate  in 
this,  as  his  words  express,  ^-  collegas  olim,  quos  ego  sine  fremifu  non  intueor,  nuper 
terra;  filios,  nunc  Mcpcenates  et  Agrippas  habeo, — summo  jam  monte  potitos.  But  he 
was  much  to  blame  for  it:  to  a  wise  staid  man  this  is  nothin<j,  we  cannot  all  be 
honoured  and  rich,  all  Cajsars ;  if  we  will  be  content,  our  present  state  is  good,  and 
in  some  men's  opinion  to  be  preferred.  Let  them  go  on,  get  wealth,  offices,  titles, 
honours,  preferments,  and  what  they  will  themselves,  by  chance,  fraud,  imposture, 
simony,  and  indirect  means,  as  too  many  do,  by  bribery,  flattery,  and  parasitical 
insinuation,  by  impudence  and  time-serving,  let  them  climb  up  to  advancement  in 
despite  of  virtue,  let  them  "go  before,  cross  me  on  every  side,"  me    non   offendunt 


376  Cure  of  Melancholy.  Tart.  2.  Sect.  3. 

modo  non  in  ociilos  mci/rrrtn/,^  as  he  said,  correcting  his  former  error,  they  do  not 
offend  me,  so  long  as  they  run  not  into  mine  eyes.  I  am  inglorious  and  poor,  com- 
positd  pauperlate,  but  1  live  secure  and  quiet :  they  are  dignified,  have  great  means, 
pomp,  and  state,  they  aie  glorious  ;  but  what  have  they  with  it .?  ""  Envy,  trouble, 
anxiety,  as  much  labour  to  maintain  their  place  with  credit,  as  to  get  it  at  first."  I 
am  contented  with  my  fortunes,  spectator  e  longinquo,  and  love  jYeptunum  procid  a 
terra  spcctarc  furcntem:  he  is  ambitious,  and  not  satisfied  with  his:  "but  wliat 
**gets  he  by  it  .^  to  have  all  his  life  laid  open,  his  reproaches  seen:  not  one  of  a 
thousand  but  he  hath  done  more  worthy  of  dispraise  and  animadversion  than  com- 
mendation ;  no  better  means  to  help  this  than  to  be  private."  Let  them  rnn,  ride, 
strive  as  so  many  fishes  for  a  crumb,  scrape,  climb,  catch,  snatch,  cozen,  collogue, 
temporise  and  fleire,  take  all  amongst  them,  wealth,  honour,  ^  and  get  wluit  tliey 
can,  it  offends  me  not : 

M "  nie  nii-a  tellua 

Lare  secretu  tuluijue  tegat," 

"  I  am  well  pleased  with  my  fortunes,"  ^Vivo  et  regno  simul  ista  relinqnens. 

I  have  learned  "  in  what  state  soever  I  am,  therewith  to  be  contented,"  Pbilip.  iv 
11.  Come  what  can  come,  ]  am  prepared.  J\'ave  ferar  magna  an  parca,  feruf 
itnus  et  idem.  I  am  the  same.  I  was  once  so  mad  to  bustle  abroad,  and  seek,  abou 
for  preferment,  tire  myself,  and  trouble  all  my  friends,  sed  nihil  labor  tanlus  profecit 
nam  diim  alios  amicorum  mors  avocat,  aliis  ignotus  sum,  his  invisus,  alii  large  pro- 
mittunt,,  intercedunt  illi  meciim  soliciti,  hi  i-ana  spe  laclant ;  dum  alios  ambio,  lios 
capto,  illis  innotcsco,  atas  pcrit,  anni  dejluunl,  umici  fatiganlur,  ego  deferor,  et  jam, 
mundi  tasiis,  humano'que  satur  in/idelitatis  acquiesco.  **And  so  I  say  still  ;  although 
I  may  not  deny,  but  that  I  liave  had  some '*boimtiful  patrons,  and  noble  benefactors, 
ne  sim  interim  ingratus,  and  I  do  thankfully  acknowledge  it,  I  have  received  some 
kindness,  quod  Dens  illis  bencjicium  rependat,  si  non  pro  votis,fortasse  pro  merit  is, 
more  peradventure  than  I  deservi-,  though  iu)t  to  my  desire,  more  of  them  than  I  did 
expect,  yet  not  of  others  to  my  desert;  neither  am  I  ambitious  or  covetous,  for  this 
while,  or  a  Suffenus  to  myself;  what  I  have  said,  without  prejudice  or  alteration 
shall  stand.  And  now  as  a  mired  horse  that  slruggh's  at  first  with  all  his  might  and 
main  to  get  out,  but  when  he  sees  no  remetly,  that  his  beating  will  not  serve,  lies 
still,  I  have  laboured  in  vain,  rest  satisfied,  and  if  1  may  usurp  that  of  "'  Prudentius, 

"  Iiiveiii  |Nirtiini ;  *t»:a  et  fortuna  valete,  I       "  .Mine  haven  'g  fDund,  r<<rtuiir  anil  lio|i)!  mlieu. 

Nil  iiiitii  vubiscuui.  lutlile  nunc  alio*."  |  Muck  ulberi  ouw,  (ur  1  have  dune  wiili  you." 


xMOIB.  VII. 

.igainst  Repulse,  Muses,  Injuries,  Conttrnpts,  Disgraces,  Contumelies,  Slanders, 

ScoJ's,  •^•c. 

Repulse.]  ]  MAY  not  yet  conclude,  think  to  appease  passions,  or  quiet  the  mind, 
till  such  time  as  1  have  likewise  removed  some  other  <jf  their  more  eminent  and 
ordinary  causes,  which  produce  so  grievous  tortures  and  discontents  :  to  divert  all, 
I  cannot  hope;  to  point  alone  at  some  few  of  the  chiefest,  is  that  which  I  aim  at. 

lU'pulse  and  disgrace  are  two  main  causes  of  discontent,  but  to  an  un(k'r.><iaiuling 
man  not  so  hardly  to  be  taken.  Ca.'sar  himself  hath  been  denied,  ''-'and  when  two 
stand  equal  in  fortune,  birth,  and  all  other  qualities  alike,  one  of  necessity  must  lose. 
Why  shouldst  thou  take  it  so  grievously.'  It  hath  a  familiar  thing  for  thee  thyself 
to  deny  others.     If  ever)-  man  might  have  what  he  would,  we  should  all  be  deified, 

**  Lipeius  eplBt.  lib.  1.  episi.  7.  ^  Gloria  coinitem  |  canvaMinif  one  party,  eaptlvatine    another,  making 

liabfl  iiividiaiii,  pari  onere  premitur  reliiiemlo  ac  ac-  niyfelf  kimw  n  lo  a  lliini,  niv  age  increiiKii",  year*  sli<la 
quirenilo.  »  Uuiil  aliiiil  anil.itiosu*  sihi  parat  <)uafu     awav,   i  am   put  itt.  ami  now    lir.  il  i.t' iln-  uorld,  and 

ut  prolira  ejus  pateaiit?  nemo  vivens  qui  non  habet  m  iurfe'iled  with  human  wortliJersifirHit.  I  r.  »t  conlnii." 
vita  plura  vitu[>eratione  <|uan)  laiide  digiirt  ;  his  malis  "The  right  honourable  Lmly  Franris  0.>.riie««  Tkiw- 
lion  melius  occurritur.  quain  si  bene  latueri*.  i*  Et  i  ager  of  Enter.     The  l.oril  Ik-rkli-y.  •   Umtiih  "O 

•  unnea  I'ania  per  urbes  garrula  laudet.  '^  Sen.  Her.     ejus  in  niiliteni  ChriHtianiini  eflmr-.    Kiifraven  lui  tliv 

fur.  "nor.     '•  1  live  like  a  kinj;  without  any  of    tomb  of  Kr.  Pucciust  the  Klorenlini- in  lli.in.-.     flivtr.u* 

these  arquisitions."  »••  But  all  my  lalxiur  wa«     in  deliciiw.        >"  Fieder.-ihm  iii  'MHt  l.ari-ilu- lormii  uu. 

unprofitable :    lor  while   death   took   off  .•'oiiie  of  uiy     nieruin  mm  eh-ctua  rii<it,  irratulari  »c  ilicriia  civitstt  ut 
frieiidii,  to  others  I  remain  unknown, or  litiie  liked  and     habere  300  civea  ■«  meliure*. 
tUeae  deceive  me  with  false   proiuiiies.      Whilst  1  ami 


Mem.  7.]  Remedies  against  Siscontents.  377 

emperors,  kings,  princes  ;  if  whatsoever  vain  hope  suggests,  insatiable  appetite  affects, 
our  preposterous  judgment  thinks  fit  were  granted,  we  should  have  another  chaos  in 
an  instant,  a  mere  confusion.  It  is  some  satisfaction  to  him  that  is  repelled,  that 
dignities,  honours,  offices,  are  not  always  given  by  desert  or  worth,  but  for  love, 
affinity,  friendship,  affection,  ^^  great  men's  letters,  or  as  commonly  they  are  bought 
i.nd  sold.  ^ "  Honours  in  court  are  bestowed  not  according  to  men's  virtues  and 
good  conditions  (as  an  old  courtier  observes),  but  as  every  man  hath  means,  or  more 
potent  friends,  so  he  is  preferred."  With  us  in  France  (^^  for  so  their  own  country- 
man relates)  "  most  part  the  matter  is  carried  by  favour  and  grace ;  he  that  can  get 
a  great  man  to  be  his  mediator,  runs  away  with  all  the  preferment."  Indignissimus 
plenimque  prcefurtur,  Vatinius  Catonif  illaudatus  laudatissimo; 

6S "  servj  (iominaiitur  ;  aselli 

Ornantur  phaleris,  dephalerantiir  eqni." 

An  illiterate  fool  sits  in  a  man's  seat,  and  the  common  people  hold  him  learned, 
grave  and  wise.  "  Oiie  professeth  (^'  Cardan  well  notes)  for  a  thousand  crowns,  but 
he  deserves  not  ten,  when  as  he  that  deserves  a  thousand  cannot  get  ten."  Solarium 
non  dal  muJtis  salem.  As  good  horses  draw  in  carts,  as  coaches.  And  oftentimes, 
which  Machiavel  seconds,  ^^Principes  non  sunt  qui  ob  insignem  virtutem  principatu 
digni  sunt,  he  that  is  most  worthy  wants  employment ;  he  tiiat  hatli  skill  to  be  a 
pilot  wants  a  ship,  and  he  that  could  govern  a  commonwealth,  a  world  itself,  a  king 
in  conceit,  wants  means  to  exercise  his  worth,  hath  not  a  poor  office  to  manage,  and 
yet  all  this  while  he  is  a  better  man  that  is  fit  to  reign,  etsi  careat  regno,  though  he 
want  a  kingdom,  *^"than  he  that  hath  one,  and  knows  not  how  to  rule  it:"  a  lion 
serves  not  always  his  keeper,  but  oftentimes  the  keeper  the  lion,  and  as  "°Polydore 
Virgil  hath  it,  multi  reges  ul  pupilli  oh  inscitiam  non  regunt  sed  reguntur.  Hieron 
of  Syracuse  was  a  brave  king,  but  wanted  a  kingdom ;  Perseus  of  Macedon  had 
nothing  of  a  king,  but  the  bare  name  and  title,  for  he  could  not  govern  it :  so  great 
places  are  often  ill  bestowed,  worthy  persons  unrespected.  Many  times,  too,  the 
servants  have  more  means  than  the  masters  whom  they  serve,  which  ''  Epictetus 
counts  an  eye-sore  and  inconvenient.  But  who  can  help  it  ?  It  is  an  ordinary  thing 
in  these  days  to  see  a  base  impudent  ass,  illiterate,  unworthy,  insufficient,  to  be  pre- 
ferred before  his  betters,  because  he  can  put  himself  forward,  because  he  looks  big, 
can  bustle  in  the  world,  hath  a  fair  outside,  can  temporise,  ccUogue,  insinuate,  or  hatii 
good  store  of  friends  and  money,  whereas  a  more  discreet,  modest,  and  better-deserv- 
ing man  shall  lie  hid  or  have  a  repulse.     'Twas  so  of  old,  and  ever  will  be,  and  which 

Tiresias  advised  Ulyses  in  the  "  poet, '■^Accipe  qua  ratione  queas  ditcsccrc,  ^'C-^" 

is  still  in  use  ;  lie,  flatter,  and  dissemble  :  if  not,  as  he  concludes, '■•Ergo  pauper 

eris,''''  then  go  like  a  beggar  as  thou  art.  Erasmus,  Melancthon,  Lipsius,  Budajus,  Car- 
dan, lived  and  died  poor.  Gesner  was  a  silly  old  man,  haculo  innixus,  amongst  all 
those  huffing  cardinals,  swelling  bishops  that  flourished  in  his  time,  and  rode  on  foot- 
clothes.  It  is  not  honesty,  learning,  worth,  wisdom,  that  prefers  men,  "  The  race  is 
not  to  the  swift,  nor  the  battle  to  the  strong,"  but  as  the  wise  man  said,  '^Chance, 
and  sometimes  a  ridiculous  chance.  '''^  Casus  pier  unique  ridiculus  multos  elevavit. 
'Tis  fortune's  doings,  as  they  say,  which  made  Brutus  now  dying  exclaim,  0  misera 
virtus,  ergo  nihil  qudni  verba  eras,  atqui  ego  te  tanquam  rem  exerccbani,  sed  tu  ser- 
viebas  fortuncB.''^  Believe  it  hereafter,  O  my  friends !  virtue  serves  fortune.  Yet  be 
not  discouraged  (O  my  well  deserving  spirits)  with  this  which  I  have  said,  it  may 
be  otherwise,  though  seldom  I  confess,  yet  sometimes  it  is.  But  to  your  farther 
content,  I'll  tell  you  a  '^  tale.  In  Maronia  pia,  or  Maronia  faelix,  I  know  not  wliether, 
nor  how  long  since,  nor  in  what  cathedral  church,  a  fat  prebend  fell  void.  The 
carcass  scarce  cold,  many  suitors  were  up  in  an  instant.     The  first  had  rich  friends, 

S3  Kissing  goes  by  favour.         "►>  ^Eiieas  Syl.  de  miser,  i  mille  dignus,  vix  decern  coiibeqiii  potpst.  «  Epist. 

curial.  Dantur  honores  in  ciiriis  non  secundum  honores  dedict.  disput.  Zeubbeo  Bnndfimontio,  et  Co.«mo  Ruce- 
el  virlutfs,  sed  ut  quisque  ditiorest  alque  potentior,  eo     laio.  k)  Q,tiuni  is  qui  regiiat,  ct  rrgnandi  sit  inipe- 

maais  honoratur.  ^ogegeHius  lib.  2.  de  repub.  Gal-     ritus.  '"  Lib. 'i3.  liist.  "  Miiiistri  loriipletiores 


linuni.  Favore  apiid  nos  et  gratia  plerumque  res  agitur; 
et  qui  conunnduni  aliquem  nacti  sunt  intercessorem, 
aditum  Ore  habeiit  ad  omnes  prKfecturas.  66"Siaves 
govprr.  ;  asses  are  decked  with  trappings;  horses  are 
deprived  of  :heui."  67  Imppritus  periti  niunus  oc- 

cupat,  et  sic  apud  viilgus  habetur.  Ille  profitetur  inille 
coronatis,  cum  nee  decern  mereatur;  alius  e  diverso  1  Valeiit.  Andream  Apolog.  manip.  5.  apol.  3i), 

48  2  G  2 


sunt  iis  quibus  niinistratur.  "  Hur.  lib.  2.  Sat.  5. 

"  Learn  how  to  grow  rich."  "s Solomon  Eccles.  \x.  11. 
■■'Sat.  Men i p.  "^"O  wretched  virtue!  you  are 

therefore  nothing  but  words,  and  1  have  all  this  time 
been  looking  upon  you  as  a  reality,  while  you  are  your- 
self the  slave  of  fortune."  "Tale  quid  est  apud 


378  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  3 

a  good  pur.se,  and  lie  was  resolved  to  outbid  any  man  before  he  would  lose  it,  eveiy 
man  supposed  he  should  carry  it.  The  second  was  my  lord  Bishop''s  chaplain  (in 
whose  gill  it  was),  and  he  thought  it  his  due  to  have  it.  The  third  was  nobly  born, 
and  he  meant  to  get  it  by  his  great  parents,  patrons,  and  allies.  The  fourth  stood 
upon  his  worth,  he  had  newly  found  out  strange  mysteries  in  chemistry,  and  other 
rare  inventions,  which  he  would  detect  to  the  public  good.  The  fifth  was  a  painful 
preacher,  and  he  was  commended  by  the  whole  parish  where  he  dwelt,  he  had  all 
their  hands  to  his  certificate.  The  sixth  was  the  prebendary's  son  lately  deceased, 
his  father  died  in  debt  (for  it,  as  they  say),  lelt  a  wife  and  many  poor  children.  The 
seventh  stood  upon  fair  promises,  which  to  him  and  his  noble  friends  had  been  for- 
merly made  for  the  next  place  in  his  lordship's  gift.  The  eighth  pretended  great 
losses,  and  what  he  had  sutlered  for  the  church,  what  pains  he  had  taken  at  home 
and  abroad,  and  besides  he  brought  noblemen's  letters.  The  ninth  had  married  a 
kinswoman,  and  he  sent  his  wife  to  sue  for  him.  The  tenth  was  a  foreign  doctor, 
a  late  convert,  and  wanted  means.  The  eleventh  M'ould  exchange  for  another,  he 
did  not  like  the  former's  site,  could  not  agree  with  his  neighbours  and  fellows  upon 
any  terms,  he  would  be  gone.  The  twelfth  and  last  was  (a  suitor  in  conceit)  a  right 
honest,  civil,  sober  man,  an  excellent  scholar,  and  such  a  one  as  lived  private  in  the 
university,  but  he  had  neither  means  nor  money  to  compass  it ;  besides  he  hated  all 
such  courses,  he  could  not  speak  for  himself,  neither  had  he  any  frieruls  to  solicit 
his  cause,  and  therefore  made  no  suit,  could  not  expect,  neither  did  he  ho|)e  for,  or 
look  alter  it.  The  good  bishop  amongst  a  jury  of  competitors  thus  perj)lexed,  and 
not  yet  resolved  what  to  do,  or  on  whom  to  bestow  it,  at  the  last,  of  his  own  accord, 
mere  motion,  and  bountiful  nature,  gave  it  freely  to  the  university  student,  altogether 
unknown  to  him  but  by  fame ;  and  to  be  brief,  the  academical  scholar  had  the  pre- 
bend sent  him  for  a  present.  The  news  was  no  sooner  published  abroad,  but  all 
good  students  rejoiced,  and  were  much  cheered  up  with  it,  though  some  would  not 
believe  it;  others,  as  men  amazed,  said  it  was  a  miracle;  but  one  amongst  the  rest 
thanked  God  for  it,  and  said,  .Vtinc  jurat  tandem  sludiosuni  esse^ct  Deo  inte^ro  curde 
servirf.  You  have  heard  my  tale:  but  alas  it  is  but  a  tale,  a  mere  fiction, 'twas 
never  so,  never  like  to  be,  and  so  let  it  rest.  Well,  be  it  so  then,  they  have  wealth 
and  honour,  fortune  and  preferment,  every  man  (there's  no  reniedy)  must  scramble 
as  he  may,  and  shift  as  he  can;  yet  Cardan  comforted  himself  with  this,  ''' ••  the  star 
Tomahant  would  make  him  innnortal,"  and  that  •' after  his  decease  his  books  should 
be  founil  in  ladies'  studies:  ''' Dit^nitm  laude  viruin  Musa  vetat  rnori.  liut  why 
shouhlest  thou  lake  thy  neglect,  thy  canvas  so  to  heart?  It  may  be  thou  art  not  fit; 
but  a  "^  child  that  puts  on  his  father's  shoes,  hat,  headpiece,  breastplate,  breeches, 
or  holds  liis  spear,  but  is  neither  able  to  wield  the  one,  or  wear  the  other ;  so 
wouldest  thou  do  by  such  an  otFice,  place,  or  magistracy:  thou  art  unfit:  "And 
what  is  dignity  to  an  unworthy  man,  but  (as  "Salvianus  holds)  a  gold  ring  in  a 
swine's  snout .'"  Thou  art  a  brute.  Like  a  bad  actor  (so  '"Plutarch  compares  such 
men  in  a  tragedy,  diademafert,  at  vox  non  auditur:  Thou  wouldest  play  a  king's 
part,  but  actest  a  clown,  speakest  like  an  ass.  ^JSIagnu  jjctis  Phaeton  et  quc£  non 
virihus  istis^  6)-c.,  as  James  and  John,  the  sons  of  Zebedee,  did  ask  they  knew  iu»t 
what:  7iescis  ttmcrarie  nescis;  thou  dost,  as  another  Suffenus,  overween  thyself;  thou 
art  wise  in  thine  own  conceit,  but  in  other  more  mature  judgment  altogether  unlit  to 
manage  such  a  business.  Or  be  it  thou  art  more  deserving  than  any  of  thy  rank,  God 
in  his  providence  hath  reserved  thee  for  some  other  fortunes,  sic  sxiperis  visum.  Thou 
art  humble  as  thou  art,  it  may  be ;  hadst  thou  been  preferred,  thou  wouldest  have 
forgotten  God  and  thyself,  insulted  over  others,  contemned  thy  friends,  "^  been  a 
block,  a  tyrant,  or  a  demi-god,  sequiturqnt  i^uperbia  formam  :  *'•*■  Therefore,"  saith 
Chrysostom,  '■•  good  men  do  not  always  find  grace  and  favour,  lest  they  should  be 
puffed  up  with  turgent  lilies,  grow  insolent  and  proud." 

Injuries,  abuses,  are  \ery  offensive,  and  so  much  the  more  in  that  they  think  vetcrem 
ferendo  invitant  novam,  "by  taking  one  they  provoke  another  :"  but  it  is  an  erroneous 

'*Stell;i  Fomahaiit  iminnrtalitalein  rialiit.  '' I,ih.  I  •' In  Lysamlro.  "=Ovi<l.  M»-l.  ■  « 

<1>*  Itb.  |irii|>ii«.       ''»  Mor.    "The  iiiu«p  fi>rhiits  the  praiie-     viruiii  imiicat.  "  l.l»-«>  Ih>iii  virj  alui  n 

worthy  man  to  die."  fOUui  iniluit  thorarem  ant    non  arcipiuni,  n«>  in  •iip«:r'>i«in  elfV<-iii  .  •» 

palKam,  k.c  »>  Lib.  4.  de  gulier.  Dei.   Quid  eat  dig.  I  Jactanlic,  oe  altitutlo  niuneri*  ««f  l«nli<>i<.«  cUictau 

uiiaa  indigoo    nisi  circulua  aureus   in    nanbua  luia.  ^ 


Mem.  7.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.  379 

opinion,  for  if  that  were  true,  there  would  be  no  end  of  abusing  ea^h  other;  Us 
litem  generat;  'tis  much  better  with  patience  to  bear,  or  quietly  to  put  it  up.  If  an 
ass  kick  me,  saith  Socrates,  shall  I  strike  him  again  .'  And  when  ^°  his  wife  Xantippe 
struck  and  misused  him,  to  some  friends  that  would  have  had  him  strike  her  again, 
he  replied,  that  he  would  not  make  them  sport,  or  that  they  should  stand  by  and 
say,  Eia  Socrates,  eia  Xantippe,  as  we  do  when  dogs  fight,  animate  them  the  more 
by  clapping  of  hands.  JMany  men  spend  themselves,  their  goods,  friends,  fortunes, 
upon  small  quarrels,  and  sometimes  at  other  men's  procurements,  with  much  vexa- 
tion of  spirit  and  anguish  of  mind,  all  which  with  good  advice,  or  mediation  of 
friends,  might  have  been  happily  composed,  or  if  patience  had  taken  place.  Patience 
in  such  cases  is  a  most  sovereign  remedy,  to  put  up,  conceal,  or  dissemble  it,  to 
^''forget  and  forgive,  ^^"  not  seven,  but  seventy-seven  times,  as  often  as  he  repents  for- 
give him  ;"  Luke  xvii.  3.  as  our  Saviour  enjoins  us,  stricken,  "  to  turn  the  other  side :" 
as  our  ^^  AposUe  persuades  us,  "  to  recompence  no  man  evil  for  evil,  but  as  much  as 
is  possible  to  have  peace  with  all  men :  not  to  avenge  ourselves,  and  we  shall  heap 
burning  coals  upon  our  adversary's  head."  "  For  ^°  if  you  put  up  wrong  (as  Chry- 
sostom  comments),  you  get  the  victory;  he  that  loseth  his  money,  losedi  not  the 
conquest  in  this  our  philosophy."  If  he  contend  with  thee,  submit  thyself  unto  him 
first,  yield  to  him.  Durum  et  durum  nonfaciunt  rmirum^as  the  diverb  is,  two  refrac- 
tory spirits  will  never  agree,  the  only  means  to  overcome  is  to  relent,  ohscquio  vinces. 
Euclid  in  Plutarch,  when  his  brother  had  angered  him,  swore  he  would  be  revenged; 
but  he  gently  replied,  ^' "  Let  me  not  live  if  I  do  not  make  thee  to  love  me  again," 
upon  which  meek  answer  he  was  pacified. 


8-  "  Flf'Ctitiir  obseqiiio  ciirvatiis  ah  arhore  ramus, 

Frai];;is  si  vires  experire  luas." 


"  A  brancli  if  easily  bended  yields  to  thee. 
Pull  liard  it  breaks  :  tlie  difference  you  see." 


The  noble  family  of  the  Colonni  in  Rome,  when  they  were  expelled  the  city  by 
that  furious  Alexander  the  Sixth,  gave  the  bendiilg  branch  therefore  as  an  impres.s, 
with  this  motto.  Fleet i  potest,  frangi  non  potest,  to  signify  that  he  might  break  them 
by  force,  but  so  never  make  them  stoop,  for  they  fled  in  the  midst  of  their  hard 
usage  to  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  and  w^re  honourably  entertained  by  Frederick  the 
king,  according  to  their  callings.  Gentleness  in  this  case  might  have  done  much 
more,  and  let  thine  adversary  be  never  so  perverse,  it  may  be  by  that  means  thou 
mayest  win  him;  ^^favore  et  henevolentla  etiam  immanis  animus  mansuescit,  soft  words 
pacify  wrath,  and  the  fiercest  spirits  are  so  soonest  overcome;  ^*a  generous  lion  will 
not  hurt  a  beast  that  lies  prostrate,  nor  an  elephant  an  innocuous  creature,  but  is 
infestus  infcstis,  a  terror  and  scourge  alone  to  such  as  are  stubborn,  and  make  resist- 
ance. It  was  the  symbol  of  Emanuel  Philibert,  Duke  of  Savoy,  and  he  was  not 
mistaken  in  it,  for 


95'- Quo  qnifciiie  est  major,  magis  est  placahilis  irs, 
El  t'ar.iltis  mollis  mens  generosa  capit." 


"  A  greater  man  is  soonest  pacified, 
A  noble  spirit  quickly  satisfied." 


It  is  reported  by  ^  Gualter  Mapes,  an  old  historiographer  of  ours  (who  lived  400 
years  since),  that  King  Edward  senior,  and  Llewellyn  prince  of  Wales,  being  at  an 
interview  near  Aust  upon  Severn,  in  Gloucestershire,  and  the  prince  sent  for,  refused 
to  come  to  the  king;  he  would  needs  go  over  to  him;  which  Llewellyn  perceiving, 
'■"went  up  to  the  arms  in  water,  and  embracing  his  boat,  would  have  carried  him 
out  upon  his  shoulders,  adding  that  his  humility  and  wisdom  had  triumphed  over 
his  piide  and  folly,  and  thereupon  he  was  reconciled  unto  him  and  did  his  homage. 
If  thou  canst  not  so  win  him,  put  it  up,  if  thou  beest  a  true  Christian,  a  good  divine, 
an  imitator  of  Christ,  ^^'•'•for  he  was  reviled  and  put  it  up,  whipped  and  sought  no 
revenge,")  thou  wilt  pray  for  thine  enemies,  ^''•'and  bless  them  that  persecute  thee;" 
be  patient,  meek,  humble,  Sec.  An  honest  man  will  not  ofi'er  thee  injury,  probus  non 
vuU;  if  he  were  a  brangling  knave,  'tis  his  fashion  so  to  do;  where  is  least  heart  is 
most  tongue ;  quo  quisque  stultior,  eo  inagis  insolescit^  the  more  sottish  he  is,  still 


^■'..^lian.  67  Injuriarum   remedium   est  oblivio. 

8*  .Mat.  xviii.  2-2.  Mat.  v.  39.  ts  Rom.  xii.  17.  sogi 
toleras  injuriain,  victor  evadis;  qui  enim  pecuniis  pri- 
vatus  est,  non  est  privatus  victoria  in  hac  philosophia. 
S'Dispereain  nisi  te  ultus  fuero :  dispeream  nisi  ut  me 
deiucepsameseffecero.  ^^  Joach.  Canierarius  Kmbl.21. 
cent.  J.  S3  Heliodnrus.  *>Reipsa  reperi  nihil 

esse  bomiui  melius  facilitate  et  dementia.  Ter.  Adelph. 


MQvid.  36 Camden  in  Glouc.         s' Usque  ad  pectus 

ingressus  est,  aquam,  &c.  cyrabam  amplectens,  sapien- 
tissime  rex  ait,  tua  humilitas  meani  vicit  snperbiam, 
et  sapientia  triumpliavit  ineptiain ;  col!um  ascende 
quod  contra  te  fatiius  erexi,  intrabis  terrain  quam  hodia 
ficil  tuam  benigni'as,  &c.  "--Chrysosloiii,  contiimenia 
affectus  est  et  ea»  yertulit;  opprobriis,  nee  ullusest; 
verberibus  cisus,  nee  vif«m  reddidit.       s'  Rom.  xii.  14. 


380  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  3 

the  more  insolent :  "*"  Do  not  answer  a  fool  according  to  his  folly."  If  he  be  thy 
superior,  '"bear  it  by  all  means,  grieve  not  at  it,  let  him  take  his  course;  Anitus 
and  Melitus  ^'Miiay  kill  me,  they  cannot  hurt  me;"  as  that  generous  Socrates  made 
answer  in  like  case.  Mens  imm'ota  manet,  though  the  body  be  torn  in  pieces  with 
wild  horses,  broken  on  the  wheel,  pinched  witli  fiery  tongs,  the  soul  cannot  be  dis- 
tracted. 'Tis  an  ordinary  thing  for  great  men  to  vilify  and  insult,  oppress,  injure, 
tyrannise,  to  take  what  liberty  they  list,  and  who  dare  speak  against  ?  Miscrutn  est 
lib  eo  Icedi.,  a  quo  non  possis  qiieri.,  a  miserable  thing  'tis  to  be  injured  of  him,  from 
whom  is  no  appeal :  ''and  not  safe  to  write  against  hun  that  can  proscribe  and  punish 
a  man  at  his  pleasure,  which  Asinius  Pollio  was  aware  of,  when  Octaviauus  provoked 
him.  'Tis  hard  I  confess  to  be  so  injured  :  one  of  Chilo's  three  (Ullicult  things  : 
*"  To  keep  counsel;  spend  his  time  well ;  put  up  injuries:"  but  be  thou  j)atient, 
and  'leave  revenge  unto  the  Lord.  *" Vengeance  is  mine  and  I  will  rej)ay,  saith  the 
Lord" — '^I  know  the  Lord,"  sailh  'David,  "will  avenge  the  aiHicted  and  judge  the 
poor." — "  No  man  (^as  "  Plato  farther  adils)  can  so  severely  punish  his  adversary,  as 
God  will  such  as  oppress  miserable  men." 

>"  Iteriiiii  ille  rem  Jiiiticutani  jiitlicat, 
Slaj<ire((ue  iiiulcia  luulciat." 

If  there  be  any  religion,  any  God,  and  that  God  be  just,  it  shall  be  so ;  if  thou  be- 
lievest  the  one,  believe  the  other  :  Eril,  crity  it  shall  be  so.  JVcmesis  cumes  after, 
scro  scd  serio,  stay  but  a  little  and  thou  shalt  see  God's  just  judgment  overtake  him. 

»»"  Raro  antuceilenleni  sceleslutn  I    "  Y<:t  with  sure  gtepii.  IhouKli  lamp  unit  Blr)W, 

Ufseruit  iiccle  jicjtna  clauilo."  |       Vengeanre  u'erlakes  llie  tremtiliiiy  villaia'ii  Hpt-uil." 

Thou  shalt  perceive  that  verified  of  Samuel  to  Agag,  1  Sara.  xv.  33.  "  Thy  sword 
hath  made  many  women  childU-ss,  so  shall  thy  motlier  be  childless  amongst  other 
women."  It  shall  be  done  to  thent  as  they  have  done  to  others.  Conraihnus,  that 
brave  Suevian  prince,  came  with  a  well-pri'parrd  army  into  tlie  kingdom  of  Naples, 
was  taken  prisoner  by  king  Charles,  and  put  to  death  in  the  tlovver  of  liis  youth ;  a 
little  after  [uUionem  Conrudini  mortis,  Pandulplius  CoUmutius  Hist.  JWajj.  lib.  5. 
calls  it).  King  Charles's  own  son,  witli  two  hundred  nobles,  was  so  taken  prisoner, 
and  beheaded  in  like  sort.  Not  in  this  only,  but  in  all  other  oilLiues,  quo  quisqtie 
peccat  in  eo  punietur,  "  they  shall  be  punished  in  the  same  kind,  in  the  same  part, 
like  nature,  eye  with  or  in  the  eye,  head  with  or  in  the  head,  persecution  with  per- 
secution, lust  with  eflects  of  lust ;  let  them  march  on  with  ensigns  displayed,  let 
drums  beat  on,  trumpets  sound  taratantarrd,  let  them  sack  cities,  take  the  spoil  of 
countries,  murder  infants,  detlower  virgins,  destroy,  burn,  persecute,  and  tyrannise, 
they  sliall  be  fully  rewarded  at  last  in  the  same  measure,  they  and  theirs,  and  that  to 
their  desert. 

H"  Ad  generum  Cereris  ?ine  cjfde  et  sanguine  pauci      I  "  Few  tyrants  in  their  beds  do  die, 

Descrndmit  reges  et  sicca  umrte  lyrauni."  |  But  slaljb'd  or  maim'd  to  lall  tlicy  hie." 

Oftentimes  too  a  base  contemptible  fellow  is  the  instrument  of  God's  justice  to 
punish,  to  torture,  and  vex  them,  as  an  ichneumon  doth  a  crocodile.  They  shall  be 
recompensed  according  to  the  works  of  their  hands,  as  Haman  was  hanged  on  the 
gallows  he  provided  for  Mordecai;  "They  shall  have  sorrow  of  heart,  and  be  de- 
stroyed from  under  the  heaven,"  Thre.  iii.  64,65,  66.  Only  be  thou  patient :  ^^vincit 
qui  patitur:  and  in  the  end  thou  shalt  be  crowned.  Yea,  but  'tis  a  hard  matter  to 
do  this  flesh  and  blood  may  not  abide  it;  his  ff race, grave!  no  (Clirysostom  replies) 
non  est  grave,  b  homo',  'tis  not  so  grievous,  '*"  neither  had  God  commandeii  it,  it  it 
had  been  so  difficult."  But  how  shall  it  be  done?  "Easily,"  as  he  follows  it,  "if 
thou  shalt  look  to  heaven,  behold  the  beauty  of  it,  and  what  God  hath  promised  to 
such  as  put  up  injuries."  But  if  thou  resist  and  go  about  vim  vi  repellere,  as  the 
custom  of  the  world  is,  to  right  thyself,  or  hast  given  just  cause  of  oflLnce,  'tis  no 
injury  then  but  a  condign  punishment;  thou  hast  deserved  as  much:  Ji  te  princi- 

JBoPro.  t Contend  not  with  a  greater  man.  Pro.  ■'•  He  adjudicates  judgment  aijain.  and  piuiishea  with  a 

•  Occiilere  possum.  »  Non  facile  aut  tutum  in  eum  I  still  greater  p«'nally."  '"  Hur.  3  <»<l  'J.  "  Wisd. 

Bcribere  qui  potest  proscribere.  «  Arrnna  tacere,  I  xi.  fi.  n  Juvenal.  i*  Apud  Cliriitiiani>*  non  c|'ji 

otiuiii  fclecollocare,  injuriam  posse  ferre.dilficillinium.  patitur,  sed  qui  facit  injuriam  miser  t-fl.  Li-o  p-r. 
»Psal.  ilv.         •  Rom.  xii.         '  Psa.  xiii.  12.  '.Nullus     '•  .Neque  pra;cepis»et  Ueus  si  grave  r>iiF*et;  sed  qua  ra. 

tarn  severe  inimicuin  suum  ulcisci  [Mite;:!,  quam  Deus  tione  piitero  ?  facile  si  calum  susp<>xeiis;  el  tjus  pul- 
■olet  miserorum  oppressores.  *  Arcturus  in  Plaut.  |  cbiitudine,  et  quod  poUicelur  D«us,  &.C.. 


ilem.  7.J  Remedies  against  Discontents.  381 

pimn,  .n  te  recrc^it  crimen  quod  a  te  fuit ;  peccasti,quiesce,  as  Ambrose  expostulates 
with  Cain,  lib.  3.  de  Mel  et  Cain.  '^Dionysius  of  Syracuse,  in  his  exile,  was  made 
to  stand  without  doox,  patienter  ferendiim,fortasse  nos  tale  quid  fecimus,  quiun  in 
honore  esscrnus.,  he  wisely  put  it  up,  and  laid  the  fault  where  it  was,  on  his  own 
pride  and  scorn,  which  in  his  prosperity  he  had  formerly  showed  others.  'Tis 
'^Tully's  axiom, y^rre  ea  molestissime  homines  non  dchent,  quce  ipsorum  culpa  con- 
tractu sunt,  self  do,  self  have,  as  the  saying  is,  they  may  thank  themselves.  For 
he  that  doth  wrong  must  look  to  be  wronged  again;  habet  ct  miisca  splenem,  et  for- 
mica' sua  bills  inest.  The  least  fly  hath  a  spleen,  and  a  little  bee  a  sting.  ''An  ass 
overwhelmed  a  thistlewarp's  nest,  the  little  bird  pecked  his  galled  back  in  revensre ; 
and  the  humble-bee  in  the  fable  flung  down  the  eagle's  eggs  out  of  Jupiter's  lap. 
Bracides,  in  Plutarch,  put  his  hand  into  a  mouse's  nest  and  hurt  her  young  ones,  she 
bit  him  by  the  finger :  ''  I  see  now  (saith  he)  there  is  no  creature  so  contemptible, 
that  will  not  be  revenged.  'Tis  lex  talionis,  and  the  nature  of  all  things  so  to  do : 
it'  thou  wilt  live  quietly  thyself,  '^do  no  wrong  to  others;  if  any  be  done  thee,  put 
it  up,  with  patience  endure  it,  for  '^"'-  this  is  thankworthy,"  saith  our  apostle,  '-if  any 
man  for  conscience  towards  God  endure  grief,  and  suffer  wrong  undeserved  ;  for  what 
praise  is  it,  if  when  ye  be  buffeted  for  you  faults,  ye  take  it  patiently  ?  But  if  when 
■  you  do  well,  ye  suffer  wrong,  and  lake  it  patiently,  there  is  thanks  with  God ;  for 
hereunto  verily  we  are  called."  Qui  mala  nonfert,  ipse  sibi  testis  est  per  impaiien- 
tiam  quod  bonus  non  est.,  '-he  that  cannot  bear  injuries,  witnesseth  against  himself 
that  he  is  no  good  man,"  as  Gregory  holds.  ^'""Tis  ilie  nature  of  wicked  men  to 
do  injuries,  as  it  is  the  property  of  all  honest  men  patiently  to  bear  them."  Impro- 
hitas  nullo  Jlectitur  obscquio.  The  wolf  in  the  -emblem  sucked  the  goat  (so  the 
shepherd  would  have  it),  but  he  kept  nevertheless  a  wolf's  nature;  "a  knave  will 
be  a  knave.  Injury  is  on  the  other  side  a  good  man's  footboy,  hisjidus  Achates, 
and  as  a  lackey  follows  him  wheresoever  he  goes.  Besides,  misera  est  forluna  qucB 
caret  inimlco,  he  is  in  a  miserable  estate  that  wants  enemies:'^*  it  is  a  thing  not  to 
be  avoided,  and  therefore  with  more  patience  to  be  endured.  Cato  Censorius,  that 
upright  Cato  of  whom  Paterculus  gives  that  honourable  eulogiura,  bene  fecit  quod 
aliter  facere  non  potuit,  was  "fifty  times  indicted  and  accused  by  his  fellow  citizens, 
and  as  ^''Ammianus  well  hath  it,  Qulserit  innocens  si  clam  vel  palam  accusasse  sujp- 
ciat?  if  it  be  sufficient  to  accuse  a  man  openly  or  in  private,  who  shall  be  free  ?  If 
there  were  no  other  respect  than  that  of  Christianity,  religidn  and  the  like,  to  induce 
men  to  be  long-suffering  and  patient,  yet  methinks  the  nature  of  injury  itself  is  suf- 
ficient to  keep  them  quiet,  the  tumults,  uproars,  miseries,  discontents,  anguish,  loss, 
dangers  that  attend  upon  it  might  restrain  the  calamities  of  contention  :  for  as  it  is 
with  ordinary  gamesters,  the  gams  go  to  the  box,  so  falls  it  out  to  such  as  contend ; 
the  lawyers  get  all ;  and  therefore  if  they  would  consider  of  it,  aliena  pcricula  cautos, 
other  men's  misfortunes  in  this  kind,  and  common  experience  might  detain  them. 
"'The  more  they  contend,  the  more  they  are  involved  in  a  labyrinth  of  woes,  and 
the  catastrophe  is  to  consume  one  another,  like  the  elephant  and  dragon's  conflict  in 
Pliny  ;^  the  dragon  got  under  the  elephant's  belly,  and  sucked  his  blood  so  long, 
till  he  fell  down  dead  upon  the  dragon,  and  kflled  him  with  the  fall,  so  both  were 
ruined.  'Tis  a  hydra^s  head,  contention;  the  more  they  strive,  the  more  they  may: 
and  as  Praxiteles  did  by  his  glass,  when  he  saw  a  scurvy  face  in  it,  brake  it  in 
pieces  :  but  for  that  one  he  saw  many  more  as  bad  in  a  moment:  for  one  injury  done 
they  provoke  another  cum  foenore,  and  twenty  enemies  for  one.  JVoli  irrilare  cra- 
hrones,  oppose  not  thyself  to  a  multitude  :  but  if  thou  hast  received  a  wrong,  wisely 
consider  of  it,  and  if  thou  canst  possibly,  compose  thyself  with  patience  to  bear  it. 
This  is  the  safest  course,  and  thou  shalt  find  greatest  ease  to  be  quiet. 

^  I  say  the  same  of  scoffs,  slanders,  contumelies,  obloquies,  defamations,  detrac- 

is  Valer.  lib.  4.  cap.  1.  i^  Ep.  Q.  frat.         i' Came- i  missis  non  excandesces.     Epictetus.  is  piutarch. 

rarius,  emb.  75.  cen.  2.  '=  Pape,  inquit :  nullum    quinquagies  Catoni  dies  dicta  ab  inimicis.        "^  Lib.  18. 

animal  lani  pusillum  quod  non  cupiat  ulcisci.     'k  Ciuod  ]  ^^  Hoc  scio  pro  certo  quod  si  cum  stercore  cerlo,  vinco 


tibi  fieri  n   n  vis,  alteri  ne  feceris.  so  j  pgt,  jj. 

s'Siquidem  nialorurn  proprium  est  inferre  danina,  et 
bonoruin  pedissequa  est  injuria.  s^Alciat.  emb. 

■^  Naturaiii  e.xpellas  furca  licet  usque  recurret.  24  By 
many  indignities  we  come  to  dignities.  Tibi  subjicito 
<(uee  Sunt  aliis.  furtum  convitia,  &c.     Et  ia  lis  in  te  ad- 


seu  vincor,  semper  ego  maculor.  ^  Lib.  ri.  cap.  i 

■^Obloquutus  est,  probrumque  tibi  intulit  quispiam, 
sive  vera  is  dixerit,  sive  falsa,  maiimam  tibi  coronaiR 
tesueris  si  mansuete  eonvitium  tuleris.  Cfc  ya.  in  6. 
cap.  ad  Rom.  ser.  10. 


382  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  3 

tions,  pasquilling  libels,  and  the  like,  which  may  tend  any  way  to  our  disgrace :  -tis 
but  opinion ;  if  we  could  neglect,  contemn,  or  with  patience  digest  them,  tlicy  wouUi 
reflect  on  them  that  oflered  them  at  first.  A  wise  citizen,  I  know  not  whence,  had 
a  scold  to  his  wife :  when  she  brawled,  he  played  on  his  drum,  and  by  tliat  meaiw 
madded  her  more,  because  slie  saw  that  he  would  not  be  moved.  Diogenes  in  a 
crowd  when  one  called  him  back,  and  told  him  how  the  boys  laughed  him  to  scorn, 
Ego^  inquit,  non  ridcor,  took  no  notice  of  it.  Socrates  was  brougiit  upon  the  stage 
by  Aristophanes,  and  misused  to  his  face,  but  he  laughed  as  if  it  concerned  him  not 
and  as  ^Elian  relates  of  him,  whatsoever  good  or  bad  accident  or  fortune  befel  iiim 
going  in  or  coming  out,  Socrates  still  kept  the  same  countenance ;  even  so  should  a 
Christian  do,  as  Hierom  describes  him,  per  infamiam  et  bonamfcinKwi  grassari  ad 
inwwrlolifatcm,  march  on  through  good  and  bad  reports  to  inunortalily,  *  not  to  be 
moved  :  lor  honesty  is  a  suflicient  reward,  probitas  sibi  prcnniiim  ;  and  in  our  times 
the  sole  recompense  to  do  well,  is,  to  do  well :  but  naughtiness  will  punish  itself  at 
last,  ^^Improbis  ipsa  nequitia  supplicium.     As  the  diverb  is, 

"  Qui  bPiie  fcceruiit,  illi  sua  facia  sequentur ;  I  "  Thty  that  do  well,  shall  liave  reward  at  last : 

Urn  male  lecerunt,  facta  s.-nuentur  cos:"  |  Hut  tht-y  that  ill,  r^hail  sulfer  fur  llial's  past." 

Yea,  but  I  am  ashamed,  disgraced,  dishonoured,  degraded,  exploded  :  my  noto- 
rious crimes  and  villanies  are  come  to  light  [deprendi  miscrum  est),  my  filthy  lust, 
abominable  oppression  and  avarice  lies  open,  my  good  name  's  lost,  my  fortune  's 
gone,  I  have  been  stigmatised,  whipt  at  post,  arraigned  and  condemned,  I  am  a  com- 
mon obloquy,  [  have  lost  my  ears,  odious,  execrable,  abhorred  of  God  aiul  men.  Be 
content,  'tis  but  a  nine  days'  wonder,  and  as  one  sorrow  drives  out  another,  one  pas 
sion  another,  one  cloud  another,  one  rumour  is  expelled  by  another ;  every  day 
almost,  come  new  news  unto  our  ears,  as  how  the  sun  was  eclipsed,  meteors  seen 
in  the  air,  monsters  horn,  prodigies,  liow  the  Turks  were  overthrown  in  Persia,  an 
earthtjiiake  in  Helvetia,  Calabria,  Japan,  or  Cliina,  an  inundation  in  Holland,  a  great 
plague'  in  Constantinople,  a  lire  at  Prague,  a  dearth  in  Germany,  such  a  man  is  made 
a  lord,  a  bishop,  another  hanged,  deposed,  pressed  to  death,  for  some  innnh-r,  trea- 
son. rai)e,  theft,  oppression,  all  which  we  do  hear  at  first  with  a  kind  of  aihniialion, 
detestation,  consternation,  but  by  and  by  they  are  buried  in  silence:  thy  father's 
dead,  thy  brother  robbed,  wife  runs  mad,  neighbour  hath  killed  liimself;  'tis  heavy, 
ghastly,  fearful  news  a!  first,  in  every  man's  mouth,  table  talk ;  but  after  a  while 
who  speaks  or  thinks  of.il.'  It  will  be  so  with  thee  and  thine  offence,  it  will  be 
forgotten  in  an  instant,  be  it  theft,  rape,  sodomy,  murder,  incest,  treason,  &.C.,  thou 
art  not  the  first  offender,  nor  shall  not  be  the  last,  'tis  no  wonder,  every  hour  such 
malefactors  are  called  in  question,  nothing  so  common,  Quocunque  in  populo,  quo- 
cunque  sub  axe?'^  Cornforl  thyself,  thou  art  not  the  sole  man.  If  he  that  were 
guiltless  himself  should  fling  the  first  stone  at  thee,  and  he  alone  should  accu.se  thee 
that  were  faultless,  how  many  executioners,  how  many  accusers  wouldst  thou  have  ? 
If  every  man's  sins  were  written  in  his  forehead,  and  secret  faults  known,  how  many 
thousands  would  parallel,  if  not  exceed  thine  oflence  .'  it  may  be  the  judge  that 
gave  sentence,  the  jury  that  coiulemned  thee,  the  spectators  that  gazed  on  tliee,  de- 
served much  more,  and  were  far  more  guilty  than  thou  thyself  But  it  is  thine  infe- 
licity to  be  taken,  to  be  made  a  public  example  of  justice,  to  be  a  terror  to  the  rest; 
yet  should  every  man  have  his  desert,  thou  wouldcsl  peradventure  be  a  saint  in  com- 
parison ;  vexat  censura  coluinbas,  poor  souls  are  punished ;  the  great  ones  do  twenty 
thouse'^d  times  worse,  and  are  not  so  much  as  spoken  of. 

«9"  Non  retp  accipitri  tcndilur  neque  iiiilvi...  I      ••  The  net  '»  not  laid  for  kites  or  hirds  of  pn-y. 

Qui  male  I'aciiiiil  iiolii<i ;  illis  (|iii  ml  fuciunl  tenditur."   |         Uiit  for  the  harmleM  Htill  our  eiti<i  w<-  lay." 

Be  not  dismayed  then,  httmamim  est  errare,  we  are  all  sinners,  daily  and  hourly 
subject  to  teiuptations,  the  best  of  us  is  a  hypocrite,  a  grievous  offender  in  God's 
sight,  Noah,  Lot,  David,  Peter,  &.C.,  how  many  mortal  sins  do  we  commit .'  Shall 
I  .say,  be  penitent,  ask  forgiveness,  and  make  amends  by  the  sequel  of  thy  life,  for 
that  foul  offence  thou  hast  committed  "'  recover  thy  credit  by  some  noble  exploit,  as 
Themistocles  did,  for  he  was  a  most  debauched  and  vicious  youth,  scd  juvenUe  ma- 
culas  pr  cedar  is  faclis  delevitj  but  made  the  world  amends  by  brave  exploits ;  at  last 


MTullius  epitt.  Dolab«lla,  tu  fnrti  sii  aiiimo;  n  tua  I  »  Boi^thius  eon«ol.  lib.  4.  pro*.  3.  n-'Amonfal  pr«- 

noderaliu,     constantia,     eorum     infamel     iiijuriaiii.  |  pie  in  every  cliojate."  "I'er.  Pbor. 


Mem.  7.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.  383 

become  a  new  man,  and  seek  to  be  reformed.  He  that  runs  away  in  a  battle,  as 
Demosthenes  said,  may  fight  again ;  and  he  that  hath  a  fall  may  stand  as  upright  as 
ever  he  did  before.  JYemo  desperet  meliora  lapsus,  a  wicked  liver  may  be  reclaimed, 
and  prove  an  honest  man ;  he  that  is  odious  in  present,  hissed  out,  an  exile,  mav  be 
received  again  with  all  men's  favours,  and  singular  applause ;  so  Tully  was  in  Rome 
Alcibiades  in  Athens.  Let  thy  disgrace  then  be  what  it  will,  quod  Jit,  infectum  non 
potest  esse,  that  which  is  past  cannot  be  recalled ;  trouble  not  thyself,  vex  and  grieve 
thyself  no  more,  be  it  obloquy,  disgrace,  &c.  No  better  way,  than  to  neglect,  con- 
temn, or  seem  not  to  regard  it,  to  make  no  reckoning  of  it,' i^eesse  rohur  arguit  dica- 
citas :  if  thou  be  guiltless  it  concerns  thee  not : — 

34 "  Irrita  vaniloqus  quid  cures  spicula  lingua, 
Latraiitem  curatne  alta  Diana  caiieni  ?" 

Doth  the  moon  care  for  the  barking  of  a  dog .'  They  detract,  scoff  and  rail,  saith 
one,  ^^  and  bark  at  me  on  every  side,  but  I,  like  that  Albanian  dog  sometimes  given 
to  Alexander  for  a  present,  vindico  me  ah  illis  solo  contemptu,  I  lie  still  and  sleep, 
vindicate  myself  by  contempt  alone.  ^Expers  terroris  Achilles  ar?natus:  as  a  tor- 
toise in  his  shell,  ''^  virtute  med  me  involvo,  or  an  urchin  round,  nil  moror  ictus,  ^  a 
lizard  in  camomile,  I  decline  their  fury  and  am  safe. 

"  Intpgrifas  virtusqiie  suo  munimine  tuta,  I      "  Virtue  and  integrity  are  their  own  fence, 

Non  patet  adversa;  niorsibus  invidiae  ;"  |        Care  not  for  envy  or  what  comes  from  tlience." 

Let  them  rail  then,  scoff,  and  slander,  sapiens  contumelia  non  ajjicitur,  a  wise  man, 
Seneca  thinks,  is  not  moved,  because  he  knows,  contra  Sycophantce  morsum  non  est 
remediu7n,  there  is  no  remedy  for  it :  kings  and  princes,  wise,  grave,  prudent,  holy, 
good  men,  divine,  are  all  so  served  alike.  '■^^OJane  a  tergo  quern  nulla  ciconia  pins'it, 
Antevorta  and  Postvorta,  Jupiter's  guardians,  may  not  help  in  this  case,  thev  cannot 
protect;  JMoses  had  a  Dathan,  a  Corath,  David  a  "Shimei,  God  himself  is  blasphemed: 
7iondum  felix  es  si  te  nonduni  turba  deridet.  It  is  an  ordinary  thing- so  to  be  mis- 
used. ''"Regium  est  cum  hene  facer  is  male  aiidire,  the  chiefest  men  and  most  under- 
standing are  so  vilified ;  let  him  take  his  ■"  course.  And  as  that  lusty  courser  in 
^sop,  that  contemned  the  poor  ass,  came  by  and  by  after  with  his  bowels  burst,  a 
pack  on  his  back,  and  was  derided  of  the  same  ass :  contemnentur  ah  Us  quos  ipsi 
prius  contempsere,  et  irridebuntur  ab  Us  quos  ipsi  prliis  irrisere,  they  shall  be  con- 
temned and  laughed  to  scorn  of  those  whom  they  have  formerly  derided.  Let  them 
contemn,  defame,  or  undervalue,  insult,  oppress,  scofJ^  slander,  abuse,  wrong,  curse 
and  swear,  feign  and  lie,  do  thou  comfort  thyself  with  a  good  conscience,  in  sinu 
gaudeas,  when  they  have  all  done,  ''^"a  good  conscience  is  a  continual  feast,"  inno- 
cency  will  vindicate  itself:  and  which  the  poet  gave  out  of  Hercules,  diis  fruitur 
iratis,  enjoy  thyself,  though  all  the  world  be  set  against  thee,  contemn  and  say  with 
him,  Elogiiwi  mihi  prce  foribus,  my  posy  is,  ''  not  to  be  moved,  that  ''^my  palladium, 
my  breast-plate,  my  buckler,  with  which  I  ward  all  injuries,  offences,  lies,  slanders; 
I  lean  upon  that  stake  of  modesty,  so  receive  and  break  asunder  all  that  foolish  force 
of  liver  and  spleen."  And  whosoever  he  is  that  shall  observe  these  short  instruc- 
tions, without  all  question  he  shall  much  ease  and  benefit  himself. 

hi  fine,  if  princes  would  do  justice,  judges  be  upright,  clergymen  truly  devout,  and 
so  live  as  they  teach,  if  great  men  would  not  be  so  insolent,  if  soldiers  would  quietly 
defend  us,  the  poor  would  be  patient,  rich  men  would  be  liberal  and  humble,  citizens 
honest,  magistrates  meek,  superiors  would  give  good  example,  subjects  peaceable, 
young  men  would  stand  in  awe  :  if  parents  would  be  kind  to  their  children,  and 
liiey  again  obedient  to  their  parents,  brethren  agree  amongst  themselves,  enemies  be 
reconciled,  servants  trusty  to  their  masters,  virgins  chaste,  wives  modest,  husbands 
would  be  loving  and  less  jealous  :  if  we  could  imitate  Christ  and  his  apostles,  live 
after  God's  laws,  these  mischiefs  would  not  so  frequently  happen  amongst  us ;  but 
being  most  pait  so  irreconcilable  as  we  are,  perverse,  proud,  insolent,  factious,  and 

*<Camerar.  citib.  61.  cent.  3.     "Why  should  you  re-  insipientis   sermone   pendere?    Tulliiis  2.  de   finibus. 

gard  the  harmless  shafts  of  a  vain-speaking  tongue—  «j-Qa  te  coiisrientia  salvare,  in  cuhiculuni  ingredere, 

does  tlie  exalted  Diana  care  for  the  barking  of  a  dog?"  \  ubi  secure  requiescas.     Alinuit  se  quoilauimodo  proba 

•^Lipsius  elect,  lib.  3.  ull.  Latrant  nie  jaceo,  ac  taceo,  i  bonitas  conscientii  secretuni,   Boethius.  1.   1.  proa.  4, 

tc.        '^Catullus.  s'The  symbol  of  I.  Kevenheder,  ^3 Riiigai,t„r  ijcet  et  nialedicant;  Paliadium  illud  pec- 

a  Carinthian  baron,  saith  Sainbucus.         ^xhe  symbol  tori  oppono,  non  moveri :  consisto  niodestis  veluti  sudi 

Of  Gonzaga,  D.ike  of  Mantua.  S'J  Pers.  sat.  1.  j  innitens,  excipio  et  frango  stultissimum  impetum  livii- 

WMagni   mimi  est  injurlas  despicere,  Seneca  de  ira, ;  ris.    Putean.  lib. -2.  epist.  58. 
cap.  31.             *'Q.uid  turpius  quam  sapientis  vitam  ex  I 


384 


Cure  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  2.  Sec.  3. 


malicious,  prone  to  contention,  anger  and  revenge,  of  such  fiery  spirits,  so  captious, 
impious,  irreligious,  so  opposite  to  virtue,  void  of  grace,  how  should  it  otherwise 
be  ?  Many  men  are  very  testy  by  nature,  apt  to  mistake,  apt  to  quarrel,  apt  to  pro- 
voke and  misinterpret  to  the  worst,  everything  that  is  said  or  done,  and  thereupon 
heap  unto  themselves  a  great  deal  of  trouble,  and  disquietncss  to  others,  smatterers 
in  other  men's  matters,  tale-bearers,  whisperers,  liars,  they  cannot  speak  in  season, 
or  hold  their  tongues  when  they  should,  **Et  suam  partem  itidem  tacere^  cum  aliena 
est  oratio :  they  will  speak  more  than  comes  to  their  shares,  in  all  companies,  and 
by  those  bad  courses  accumulate  much  evil  to  their  own  souls  [qui  ctmtendit,  sibi 
coyiviciitmfacit),  their  life  is  a  perpetual  brawl,  they  snarl  like  so  many  dogs,  with 
their  wives,  children,  servants,  neighbours,  and  all  the  rest  of  their  friends,  they  can 
agree  with  nobody.  But  to  such  as  are  judicious,  meek,  submissive,  and  quiet,  these 
matters  are  easily  remedied  :  they  will  forbear  upon  all  such  occasions,  neglect,  con- 
temn, or  take  no  notice  of  them,  dissemble,  or  wisely  turn  it  off.  If  it  be  a  natural 
impediment,  as  a  red  nose,  squint  eyes,  ciooked  legs,  or  any  such  imperfection,  in- 
firmity, disgrace,  reproach,  the  best  way  is  to  speak  of  it  first  thyself,*^  and  so  thou 
shah  surely  take  away  all  occasions  from  others  to  jest  at,  or  contemn,  that  they 
may  perceive  thee  to  be  careless  of  it.  Vatinius  was  wont  to  scoff  at  his  own  de- 
formed feet,  to  prevent  his  enemies'  obloquies  and  sarcasms  in  that  kind  ;  or  else  by 
j)revention,  as  Cutys,  king  of  Thrace,  thai  brake  a  company  of  fine  glasses  presented 
u>  him,  with  his  own  hands,  lest  he  should  be  overniuch  moved  when  they  were 
broken  by  chance.  And  sometimes  again,  so  that  it  be  discreetly  and  moderately 
doiie,  it  shall  not  be  amiss  to  make  resistiince,  to  take  down  such  a  saucy  companion, 
no  better  means  to  vindicate  himself  to  purchase  final  peace:  fi^r  he  that  sutlers  him- 
self to  be  ridden,  or  through  pusillanimity  or  sottishness  will  let  every  man  baflle 
him,  shall  be  a  common  laughing  stock  to  fiout  at.  As  a  cur  that  goes  through  a 
village,  if  he  clap  his  tail  between  his  legs,  and  run  away,  every  cur  will  insult  over 
him  :  but  if  he  bristle  up  himself,  and  stand  to  it,  give  but  a  counter-snarl,  there's 
not  a  dog  dares  meddle  with  him  :  nmch  is  in  a  man's  courage  and  discreet  carriage 
of  himself 

Many  other  grievances  there  are,  which  happen  to  mortals  in  this  life,  from  friends, 
wives,  children,  servants,  masters,  companions,  neighbours,  our  own  defaults,  igno- 
rance, errors,  intemperance,  indiscretion,  inlirmities,  itc,  and  many  good  remedies 
to  mitigate  and  oppose  tliem,  many  divine  precepts  to  counter|)oise  our  hearts,  special 
antidotes  both  in  Scriptures  and  human  authors,  which,  whoso  will  observe,  shall 
purchase  much  ease  and  quietness  unto  himself:  1  wdl  point  out  a  few.  Those 
prophetical,  apostolical  admonitions  are  well  known  to  all ;  what  Solomon,  Siracides, 
our  Saviour  Christ  himself  hath  .said  tending  to  this  purpose,  as  '•  fear  God  :  cjbey 
the  prince  :  be  sober  and  watch  :  pray  continually  :  be  angry  but  sin  not :  remember 
thy  last :  fashion  not  yourselves  to  this  world,  &.C.,  apply  yourselves  to  the  times  : 
strive  not  with  a  mighty  man  :  recompense  good  for  evil,  let  nothing  be  done  through 
contention  or  vain-glory,  but  with  Uieekness  of  mind,  every  man  esteeming  of  others 
better  than  himself:  love  one  another;"  or  that  epitome  of  the  law  and  the  prophets, 
which  our  Saviour  inculcates,  'Move  God  above  all,  thy  neighbour  as  thyself:"  and 
"  whatsoever  you  would  that  men  should  do  unto  you,  so  do  unto  them,"  which 
•Alexander  Severus  writ  in  letters  of  gold,  and  used  as  a  motto,  **  Hierom  commends 
to  Celantia  as  an  excellent  way,  amongst  so  many  enticements  and  worldly  provo- 
cations, to  rectify  her  life.  Out  of  human  authors  take  these  few  cautions,  *' ^'  know 
thyself  ^"Be  contented  with  thy  lot.  *' Trust  not  wealth,  beauty,  m>r  jiarasites, 
they  will  bring  thee  to  destruction,  '*'Have  peace  with  all  men,  war  witfi  vice. 
"Be  not  idle.  "Look  before  you  leap.  "Beware  of  Had  1  wist.  '' Honour  thy 
parents,  speak  well  of  friends.  Be  temperate  in  four  things,  lingua.,  loci.s,  oculis^  tt 
pocuUs.     Watch  thine  eye.     ^  Moderate  thine  expenses.     Hear  much,  speak  little. 


M  Mil.  glor.  Act.  3.     Plautus.  «•  Bion  saiil  hii 

father  waM  a  T»i\iv.  hi:'  iimih^r  a  whore,  to  pn-vt-nt  »)>• 
liiquy,  anil  to  xhow  that  iioui;ht  belonged  to  him  l>ut 
i^ooils  of  thf  iiiiMil.  «  Lib. 'J.  ep.  25.  *' Nowe  trip. 
•  um.        •(■orii>-iitii8  abi.  ^  Ne  fiilas  npibij!).  iicque 

parajitix,  trahiiiit  in  preciuiliuni.  *<>  Pace  cum  horn i- 
nibus  habe,  bt;lluiii  cum  vims.    Otho.  2.  imperal.iymb. 


*>  Decmon  te  nunquam  oliosum  inveniat.  Hieron. 
'^Oiii  deliberandum  quod  tlaluenduni  eil  M-mr-l.  "lo- 
gipieiitii  Put  iJicere  non  puliram.  >*  \n\rt  parcnlrtn. 
II  equuni.  aliler  ferai :  pmlt-s  parcntibua  pi>-iai<-ai, 
amicm  dilectioiiem.  '^Comprime  Inifuiin  U'lid  d« 
quoque  viro  el  cui  dicaa  *rpe  caveto.  Libentiui  audiaa 
quAm  luquaria;  vive  ut  vivaa 


Wem.  7.]  Remedies  against  Discontents.-  385 

^sustine  et  ahstine.  If  thou  seest  ought  amiss  in  another,  mend  it  in  thyself.  Keep 
tiiine  own  counsel,  reveal  not  thy  secrets,  be  silent  in  thine  intentions.  *'Give  not 
ear  to  tale-tellers,  babblers,  be  not  scurrilous  in  conversation  :  °*jest  without  bitter- 
ness :  give  no  man  cause  of  offence  :  set  thine  house  in  order  •  ^^  take  heed  of  surety- 
ship. ^°Fide  et  dijjide^  as  a  fox  on  the  ice,  take  heed  whom  you  trust.  ^'  Live  not 
beyond  thy  means.  ^^Give  cheerfully.  Pay  thy  dues  willingly.  Be  not  a  slave  to 
tiy  money;  ^^omit  not  occasion,  embrace  opportunity,  lose  no  time.  Be  humble 
o  thy  superiors,  respective  to  thine  equals,  affable  to  all,  ®'  but  not  familiar.  Flatter 
o  man.  ^'Lie  not,  dissemble  not.  Keep  thy  word  and  promise,  be  constant  in  a 
good  resolution.  Speak  truth.  Be  not  opiniative,  maintain  no  factions.  Lay  no 
w  agers,  make  no  comparisons.  ^^  Find  no  faults,  meddle  not  with  other  men's  mat- 
ters. Admire  not  thyself.  *^Be  not  proud  or  popular.  Insult  not.  Forlunam  reve- 
rentur  hahe.  ^''Fear  not  that  which  cannot  be  avoided.  ^^  Grieve  not  for  that  which 
cannot  be  recalled.  ™  Undervalue  not  thyself.  ''  Accuse  no  man,  commend  no  man 
rashly.  Go  not  to  law  without  great  cause.  Strive  not  with  a  greater  man.  Cast 
not  off  an  old  friend,  take  heed  of  a  reconciled  enemy.  '^  If  thou  come  as  a  guest 
stay  not  too  long.  Be  not  unthankful.  Be  meek,  merciful,  and  patient.  Do  good 
to  all.  Be  not  fond  of  fair  words.  ?Be  not  a  neuter  in  a  faction ;  moderate  thy 
passions.  "Think  no  place  without  a  witness.  "''Admonish  thy  friend  in  secret, 
commend  him  in  public.  Keep  good  company.  "^Love  others  to  be  beloved  thy- 
self. Jlma  tanquam  osurus.  Amicus  tardofias.  Provide  for  a  tempest.  JS'oli  irritare 
crabrones.  Do  not  prostitute  thy  soul  for  gain.  Make  not  a  fool  of  thyself  to  make 
others  merry.  Marry  not  an  old  crony  or  a  fool  for  money.  Be  not  over  solicitous 
or  curious.  Seek  that  which  may  be  found.  Seem  not  greater  than  thou  art.  Take 
thy  pleasure  soberly.  Ocymwn  ne  terito.  "  Live  merrily  as  thou  canst.  "*  Take 
heed  by  other  men's  examples.  Go  as  thou  wouldst  be  met,  sit  as  thou  wouldst  be 
found,  '^  yield  to  the  time,  follow  the  stream.  Wilt  thou  live  free  from  fears  and 
cares  t  '°Live  innocently,  keep  thyself  upright,  thou  needest  no  other  keeper,  &c." 
Look  for  more  in  Isocrates,  Seneca,  Plutasch,  Epictetus,  Stc,  and  for  defect,  consult 
with  cheese-trenchers  and  painted  cloths. 


MEMB.  VIII. 

Against  Melancholy  itself. 


'•Every  man,"  saith  *' Seneca,  "thinks  his  own  burthen  the  heaviest,"  and  ^ 
melancholy  man  abov^  all  others  complains  most;  weariness  of  life,  abhorring  all 
company  ami  light,  fear,  sorrow,  suspicion,  anguisli  of  mind,  bashfulness,  and  those 
other  dread  symptoms  of  body  and  mind,  must  needs  aggravate  this  miserj-;  yet 
compared  to  other  maladies,  they  are  not  so  heinous  as  they  be  taken.  For  firsr 
this  disease  is  either  in  habit  or  disposition,  curable  or  incurable.  If  new  and  ia 
^disposition,  'tis  commonly  pleasant,  and  it  may  be  helped.  If  inveterate,  or  a  habit, 
yet  they  have  lucida  intervalla,  sometimes  well,  and  sometimes  ill ;  or  if  more  con- 
tinuate,  as  the  "^^  Vejentes  were  to  the  Romans, 'tis  Jioslis  rnagis  assidims  qudrn  gravis, 
a  more  durable  enemy  than  dangerous  :  and  amongst  many  inconveniences,  some 
comforts  are  annexed  to  it.  First  it  is  hot  catching,  and  as  Erasmus  comforted  him- 
self, when  he  was  grievously  sick  of  the  stone,  though  it  was  most  troublesome,  and 
an  intolerable  pain  to  him,  yet  it  was  no  whit  offensive  to  others,  not  loathsome  to 


^Epictetus  :  optime  feceris  ?i  ea  fiigeris  quae  in  alio 
reprehendis.  Nemini  dixeris  quiE  nolis  efferri.  »' Fuge 
susurrones.     Percontatorem   fugito,  &c.  ^Sint 

eales  sine  vilitatp.  Sen.  "'Sponde,  presto  noxa. 

•"Cam^rar.  emb.  55.  cent.  2.  cave  cui  credas,  vel  nemini 
(Idas  Epicarmus.  6' Tecum  habita.  e^Bisdat 

qui  cito  dar.  ^  Post  est  occasio  calva.  m  Nj. 

mia  faniiliaritas  parit  contemptum.  ^oMendacium 

servile  vitiiim.  "«  Arcanum  neque  in.scrutaberis 

ullius  unquam,  commissumque  teges,  Hor.  lib.  1,  ep.  19. 
Nee  tua  '.audabis  studia  aut  aliena  reprendes.  Hur.  ep. 
lib.  18.  s' \e  te  quKsiveris  extra.  ^Slultum 

»st  timere,  quod  vitari  non  potest.  "Dereamissa 

ureparabili  ne  doleas.  ^"Tant  eris  aliis  quanti    suiun  onus  intolerabile  videlur  ■'Lirius 

49  2H 


tibi  fucris.  "Neminem  esto  laudes  vel  accuse* 

"^Nullius  hnspitis  grata  est  mora  longa.  '3Soloni« 

lex  apud.  Aristotelera  Gellius  lib.  2.  cap.  12.  '<  Nullum 
locum  putes  sine  teste,  semper  adesse  Deum  cogita. 
"^Secreto  amicos  adtuone,  lauda  palam.  ■' Ut 

ameris  amabilis  esto.  Eros  et  anterosgemelli  Veneris, 
amatio  et  redamatio.  Plat.  "Dum  fata  sinunt 

vivite  laeti,  Seneca.  'fid  apprime  in  vita  utile,  ex 

aliis  observare  sibi  quod  ex  usu  siet.     Ter.  ''Dum 

furor  in  cursu  current!  cede  furori.  Cretizandum  cum 
Crete.  Temporibus  servi,  nee  contra  flainina  flala. 
">  Nulla  certiorcustodia  innocentia:  inexpugnabile  mo^ 
nimenium  munimento  nun  egere.  ''  t/nicuiqut' 


3S6  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  3. 

the  spectators,  crhastly,  fulsome,  terrible,  as  plagues,  apoplexies,  leprosies,  wounds, 
sores,  tetters,  pox,  pestilent  a^ues  are,  which  eitlier  adnut  of  no  company,  ternty  or 
'Offend  those  that  are  present.  In  tliis  malady,  that  which  is,  is  wholly  to  them- 
selves- and  those  symptoms  not  so  dreadful,  if  tliey  be  compared  to  the  opposite 
.>xtremes.  They  are  most  part  bashful,  suspicious,  solitar>',  J^c,  therefore  no  such 
ambitious,  impudent  intruders  as  some,  are,  no  sharkers,  no  conycatchers,  no 
prowlers,  no  smell-feasts,  praters,  panders,  parasites,  bawds,  drunkards,  whoremas- 
ters;  necessity  and  defect  compel  them  to  be  honest;  as  Mitio  told  Demea  m  tlie 
^  comedy, 


■  H:pc  si  iieqiie  Pgo  nequp  tu  fncimus, 
Noil  sunt  cgtstas  facere  iio«." 


"  If  we  be  honest  'twas  poverty  made  us  so :"  if  we  melancholy  men  be  not  as  bad 
as  he  that  is  worst,  'tis  our  dame  melancholy  kept  us  so :  .Yon  dccral  cohmtas  sed 

Be^iic'les  thev  are  freed  in  this  from  many  other  infirmities,  solitarine.ss  makes  them 
more  apt  to  contemplate,  suspicion  wary,  which  is  a  necessary  hiim..ur  in  these 
times,  "^.Yam  pol  qui  maxime  cavel,  is  sape  cautor  capliis  est,  ''  he  that  lakes  most 
heed,  is  often  circumvented,  and  overtaken."     Fear  and  sorrow  keep  them  temperate 
and  sober,  and  free  them  from  anv  dissolute  acts,  which  jollity  and  boldness  thrust  men 
upon  •  thev  arc  therefore  no  sicarii,  roaring  boys,  thieves  or  assassins.     As  they  are 
soon  dejected,  so  thev  are  as  soon,  by  soft  words  and  good  persuasions,  reared. 
Wearisomeness  of  life'  makes  them  they  are  not  so  besotted  on  the  transitory  vam 
pleasures  of  llic  world.     If  thev  dote  in  one  thing,  they  are  wise  and  w.-  1  under- 
standinrr  in  most  other.     If  it  he  inveterate,  they  are  insenmti,  most  part  dotmg,  or 
quite  imid,  insensible  of  any  wrongs,  ri(hculous  to  others,  but  most  happy  and  secure 
to  them-^elves.     Dotage  is  a  state  which  many  much  magnity  and  cunimiMid  :  so  is 
simplicity,  and  fully,  as  he  said,  ''hie  furor  o  superi,  sit  m,hi  perpetuus.     Some  think 
fools   and  dizzards  live  the  merriest  lives,  as  Ajax  in  Sophocles,  AV*//  scire  vita 
jucundissima,  "  'tis  the  pleasantest  life  to  know  nothing ;"  iners  vialorum  remednim 
Unoranlia,  "  ignorance  is  a  downright  remedy  of  evils."     These  curious  arts  am 
laborious  sciences,  Galen's,  Tullv's,  Aristotle's,  Justinian's,  do  but  trouble  the  world 
some  think;  we  might  live  belter  with  that  illiterate  Virginian  simplicity,  and  gross 
icrnorance-   entire  idiots  do  best,  they  are  not  macerated  with  cares,  tormented  with 
fears,  ami  anxiety,  as  other  wise  men  are :  for  as  '^  he  said,  if  folly  were  a  pain,  you 
should  hear  them  howl,  roar,  and  cry  out  in  every  house,  as  you  go  by  in  the  street, 
but  they  are  most  free,  jocund,  and  inerrv,  and  in  some  *  countries,  as  amongst  the 
Turks,"honoured  for  saints,  and  abundantly  maintained  out  of  the  common  stock. 
They  are  no  dissemblers,  liars,  hypocrites,  for  fools  and  madmen  tell  commonly 
truth.     In  a  word,  as  thev  are  distressed,  so  are  they  pitied,  >%  Inch  some  hold  belter 
than  to  be  envied,  better  to  be  sad  than  merry,  better  to  be  fof.lisli  and  quiet,  quain 
.sapere  et  ringi,  to  be  wi.se  and  still  vexed;  better  to  be  miserable  than  liappy :  of 
two  extremes  it  is  the  best. 


SECT.  IV.  MEMB.  I. 

SuBSECT.  I— Of  Physic  vhich  cureth  with  Medicines. 

After  a  long  and  tedious  discourse  of  these  six  non-natural  things  and  their 
several  reclificati'ons,  all  which  are  comprehended  in  diet,  I  am  come  now  at  last  to 
Pharmaceutics  or  that  kind  of  phvsic  which  cureth  by  medicines,  which  apotheca- 
ries most  part  make,  miiiule,  or  sell  in  their  shops.  Many  cavil  at  this  kind  ol 
physic,  and  hold  it  unnecessary,  unprofitable  to  this  or  any  other  ihsease,  because 
those  countries  which  use  it  least,  live  longest,  and  are  best  in  health,  as  '*  Hector 
Boethius  relates  o'  the  isles  of  Orcades,  the  people  are  still  scniiui  <>l  b.xly  and 
mind,  without  any  use  of  physic,  they  live  commonly  120  years,  and  Ortelms  in  his 

■  T«-r  Men  2   .Melphui.  « "  "Twas  not  the  ivill  I  dire..        ••  Bu.b.qi»iu«.  Aindfc  111..  I.  f-.l.  W-        * <3J«|»<| 

•«  Prtn.niu.  (-aiiil  »'  Par.ii.no  Csclestina-.  Art.  «.     iininuimatmu.  frui.  flat.  Mmip.  "  Ub.  Ilul 

8]  stuUitia  dulor  e»et,  in  uulla  iiou  duiuu  ejulaliu  au- 


Mem.  1.]  Medicinal  Physic.  3S7 

itinerary  of  tlie  inliabifaiits  of  the  Forest  of  Arden,  ®' "  they  are  very  painful,  louir- 
"ived,  sound,"  Sec.  "Martianus  Capella,  speaking  of  the  hidians  of  his  time,  saith, 
they  were  (much  like  our  western  Indians  nowj  "  bigger  than  ordinary  men,  bred 
_  coarsely,  very  long-lived,  insomuch,  that  he  that  died  at  a  hundred  years  of  a^e, 
went  before  his  time,"'  Sec.  Damianus  A-Goes,  Saxo-Grammaticus,  Aubanus  Bohe- 
mus,  say  the  like  of  them  that  live  in  Norway,  Lapland,  Finmark,  Biarraia,  Corelia, 
all  over  Scandia,  and  those  northern  countries,  they  are  most  healthful,  and  very 
long-lived,  in  which  places  there  is  no  use  at  all  of  physic,  the  name  of  it  is  not  once 
heard.  Dithmarus  Bleskenius  in  his  accurate  description  of  Iceland,  1607,  makes 
mention,  amongst  other  matters,  of  the  inhabitants,  and  their  manner  of  liviuii, 
""  which  is  dried  fish  instead  of  bread,  butter,  cheese,  and  salt  meats,  most  part  they 
drink  water  and  whey,  and  yet  without  physic  or  physician,  they  live  many  of  tiieni 
250  years."  I  find  the  same  relation  by  Lerius,  and  some  other  writers,  of  Indians 
in  America.  Paulus  Jovius  in  his  description  of  Britain,  and  Levinus  Lemnius,  ob- 
serve as  much  of  this  our  island,  that  there  was  of  old  no  use  of  ®' physic  amon<r>:l 
lis,  and  but  little  at  this  day,  except  it  be  for  a  few  nice  idle  citizens,  surfeiting  cour- 
tiers, and  stall-fed  gentlemen  lubbers.  The  country  people  use  kitchen  physic,  and 
common  experience  tells  us,  that  they  live  freest  from  all  manner  of  infirmities,  that 
make  least  use  of  apothecaries'  physic.  Many  are  overthrown  by  preposterous  use  of  iti 
and  thereby  get  their  bane,  that  might  otherwise  have  escaped :  '^^some  think  physicians 
kill  as  many  as  they  save,  and  who  can  tell,  ^Quot  Thcmison  cegros  auttanno  occi- 
derit  unoP''  "How  many  murders  they  make  in  a  year,"  quihus  impunc  licet  homi- 
nem  occidere,  "  that  may  freely  kill  folks,"  and  have  a  reward  for  it,  and  according 
to  the  Dutch  proverb,  a  new  physician  must  have  a  new  church-yard  ;  and  who 
daily  observes  it  not .'  Many  that  did  ill  under  physicians'  hands,  have  happily 
escaped,  when  they  have  been  given  over  by  them,  left  to  God  and  nature,  and  them- 
selves ;  'twas  Phny's  dilemma  of  old,  '*' "  every  disease  is  either  curable  or  incr.rable, 
a  man  recovers  of  it  or  is  killed  by  it ;  both  ways  physic  is  to  be  rejected.  If  it  be 
deadly,  it  cannot  be  cured;  if  it  may  be  helped,  it  requires  no  physician,  nature  will 
expel  it  of  itself."  Plato  made  it  a  great  sign  of  an  intemperate  and  corrupt  com- 
monwealth, where  lawyers  and  physicians  did  abound  ;  and  the  Romans  distasted 
them  so  much  that  they  were  often  banished  out  of  their  city,  as  Pliny  and  Celsus 
relate,  for  600  years  not  admitted.  It  is  no  art  at  all,  as  some  hold,  no  not  worthy 
the  name  of  a  liberal  .'science  (nor  law  neither),  as  ^*Pet.  And.  Canonherius  a  patri- 
cian of  Piome  and  a  great  doctor  himself,  "  one  of  their  own  tribe,"  proves  bv  sixteen 
arguments,  because  it  is  mercenary  as  now  used,  base,  and  as  fiddlers  plav  for  a  re- 
ward. Juridicis^  medicis,  Jisco,  fas  vivere  rapfo,  'tis  a  corrupt  trade,  no  science,  art. 
no  profession ;  the  beginning,  practice,  and  progress  of  U,  all  is  naught,  full  of  im- 
posture, uncertainty,  and  dofh  generally  more  harm  than  good.  The  devil  himself 
was  the  first  inventor  of  it :  Inventum  est  medicina  mev.m^  said  Apollo,  and  what 
was  Apollo,  but  the  devil?  The  Greeks  first  made  an  art  of  it,  and  they  were  all 
deluded  by  Apollo's  sons,  priests,  oracles.  If  we  may  believe  Varro,  Pliny,  Colu- 
mella, most  of  their  best  medicines  were  derived  from  his  oracles.  iEsculapius  his 
son  had  his  te.mples  erected  to  his  deity,  and  did  many  famous  cures  ;  but,  as  Lac- 
tantius  holds,  he  was  a  magician,  a  mere  impostor,  and  as  his  successors,  Phaon, 
Podalirius,  Melampius,  Menecrates,  (another  God),  by  charms,  spells,  and  ministry 
of  bad  spirits,  performed  most  of  their  cures.  The  first  that  ever  wrote  in  phvsic 
to  any  purpose,  was  Hippocrates,  and  his  disciple  and  commentator  Galen,  whom 
ScaWgev  calls  Fiinhriam  Hippocratis ;  but  as  °®  Cardan  censures  them,  both  imme- 
thodical  and  obscure,  as  all  those  old  ones  are,  their  precepts  confused,  their  medi- 
cines obsolete,  and  now  most  part  rejected.  Those  cures  which  they  did,  Paracelsus 
holds,  were  rather  done  out  of  their  patients'  confidence,  ""and  good  opinion  they 

9'- Parvo  viventes  laboriosi,  longiEvi,  siio  conlenti.  ad     inipiinitas  summa.     Plinius.  '^Jiiven.         sr  Oinnis 

ceiiluin  annos  vivuht-  i«  Lib.  6.  de  Nup.  Pliilol.     morbus  lethalis  aut  ciirnbilis,  in  vitam  definit  aut  in 

Ultra  hiimaiiam  fragilitatem  prolixi,  ut  immature  pc-    mnrlem.     Utroque   igitur   modo  medicina   inutilis:si 
real  qui  centenariuis  moriatur,  &c.  so  Vicius  eorum    lethalis,  curari   iion    potest ;  si  curahilis.  iiori   r.;quiril 

r.asffo  et  lacte  consistit,  potus  aqua  et  serum;  pisces    medicum:  natura  expellet.  »' In  interpretationes 

loco  pariis  babi^nt;  ita  multos  annos  srepe  250  absque  i  politico-morales  in  7  Aphorism.  Hippoc.  lihros.     -^  Prae- 
niedico  et  medicina  vivunt.  9i  Lib.  de  4.  complex,  j  fat.  de  contrad.  med.        i™  Opinio  facit  mi;dico-  :  a  fail 

»5  Per  mortes  aiunt  experimenta  et  animas  nostras  ne-    gown,  a  velvet  cap,  the  Mame  of  a  doctor  is  all  ia  all. 
gotiantur;  el  quod  aliis  exitiale  hominem  occider«   '^vl 


388  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  4. 

had  of  them,  tiian  out  of  any  skill  of  theirs,  which  was  very  small,  he  saith,  they 
themselves  idiots  and  infants,  as  are  all  tlieir  academical  followers.  The  Arabians 
eccived  it  from  the  Greeks,  and  so  the  Latins,  adding  new  precepts  and  medicines 
ol'  their  own,  but  so  imperfect  still,  that  through  ignorance  of  professors,  impostois, 
mountebanks,  empirics,  disagreeing  of  sectaries,  (which  are  as  many  almost  as  there 
be  diseases)  envy,  covetousness,  and  the  like,  they  do  much  harm  amongst  us.  They 
are  so  difierent  in  their  consultations,  prescriptions,  mistaking  many  times  the  par-» 
lies'  constitution,  'disease,  and  causes  of  it,  they  give  quite  contrary  piiysic ;  ^''•one 
sailh  this,  another  that,"  out  of  singularity  or  opposition,  as  he  said  of  Adrian,  mvl- 
fitiulo  jiudicorum  principe/n  inlerftcil^  ^' a  multitude  of  physicians  hath  killed  the 
emperor  •"  plus  a  medico  quain  a  morho  pericuH^  '» more  danger  there  is  from  the 
j)hysician,  than  from  the  disease."  Besides,  there  is  much  imposture  and  malic* 
amongst  them.  *•  All  arts  (saith  ^Carilaii)  admit  of  cozening,  physic,  amongst  the 
rest,  doth  appropriate  it  to  herself;"  and  tells  a  story  of  one  Curtius,  a  physician 
m  Venice  :  because  he  w.is  a  stranger,  and  practised  amongst  them,  the  rest  of  the 
physicians  did  still  cross  him  in  all  his  precepts.  If  he  prescribed  hot  medicines 
the}'  would  prescribe  cold,  miscentes  pro  culidis  frigidtu  j>ro  frigidis  humida^  pro 
purgantil/us  astringenlid,  binders  for  purgativt-s,  omnia  pcrlurbubanf.  If  the  party 
miscarried,  CurCium  damnubant,  Curlius  killed  him,  that  disagreed  from  them  :  if  he 
recovered,  then  *  they  cured  him  themselves.  Much  emulation,  imposture,  malice, 
there  is  amongst  them  :  if  they  be  honest  and  mean  well,  yet  a  knave  apothecary 
that  administers  the  physic,  and  makes  the  medicine,  may  do  infinite  harm,  by  his 
i»ld  obsolete  doses,  adulterine  drugs,  bad  mixtures,  quid  pro  quo,  Sfc.  See  Fuchsius 
lib.  1.  sect.  1.  cap.  8.  Cordus'  Dispensatory,  and  Brassivuhrs  Euamen  siiiipl.  t^r. 
But  it  is  their  ignorance  that  doth  mort-  harm  than  rashness,  their  art  is  wholly  con- 
jectural, if  it  be  an  art,  uncertain,  imperfi-ct,  and  got  by  killing  of  men,  they  are  a 
kmd  of  butchers,  leeches,  men-slayt-rs  ;  chirurgetms  and  apothtcaries  especially,  that 
are  indeed  the  physicians' hangman,  rar/jZ/ifts,  and  common  executioners;  though 
to  say  truth,  physicians  themselves  comi-  not  far  behind;  for  according  to  that  facele 
epigram  of  .Maximilianus  Urentius,  what's  the  diflereace  ? 

•  '•C'hirurgicu*  ni<*<lico  quo  iliifert  T  iscilicet  iilo, 
Kiifcut  hit  Slid  M,  i-iiecui  illf  iiidiiu  : 
Cariiilire  hiic  auibo  laiituiu  ilitlerre  viilentur, 
Tarilius  hi  taci'jfil,  quixt  facil  ille  cili)." 

But  I  return  to  their  skill ;  many  disease.s  they  cannot  cure  at  all,  as  apoplexy, 
epilepsy,  stone,  strangury,  gout,  Tullere  nodosarn  ncscit  medicina  Podugram ;  '"ipiar- 
Uiii  agues,  a  common  a^ue  sometimes  stumbles  them  all,  they  cannot  so  much  as 
ease,  they  know  not  how  to  judge  of  it.  If  by  pulses,  that  doctrine,  some  hold,  is 
wholly  superstitious,  and  I  dare  boldly  say  with  '  Andrew  Dudeth,  "  that  variety  of 
pulses  described  by  Galen,  is  neither  observed  nor  understood  of  any."  And  lor 
urine,  that  is  meretrix  medicorum,  the  most  deceitful  thing  of  all,  as  Forestus  and 
>^ome  other  physicians  have  proveil  at  large :  I  say  nothing  of  critic  days,  errors  in 
indications,  kc.  The  nujst  rational  of  them,  and  skilful,  are  so  often  deceived,  that 
:ts  "Tholosanns  infers,  "  I  had  rather  believe  and  commit  myself  to  a  mere  empiric-, 
than  to  a  mere  doctor,  and  I  cannot  sufficiently  commend  that  custom  of  the  B.aby- 
lonians,  that  have  no  professed  physicians,  but  bring  all  their  patients  to  the  market 
to  be  cured  •."  which  Herodotus  relates  of  the  .-Ej^yptians  :  Strabo,  Sardus,  and  Au- 
banus  Bohemus  of  many  other  nations.  And  those  that  prescribed  physic,  amongst 
them,  did  not  so  arrogantly  take  upon  them  to  cure  all  diseases,  as  our  professors 
do,  but  some  one,  some  another,  as  their  skill  and  experience  did  serve;  *'"One 
cured  the  eyes,  a  second  the  teeth,  a  third  the  head,  another  the  lower  parts,"  &.c^ 
not  for  gain,  but  in  charity,  to  do  good,  they  made  neither  art,  professi(m,  nor  trade 

>  Morbus  alius  pro  alio  curatur;  aliud  retneiiiuin  pro  \  i  Lib.  3.  Crat.  ep.  Winceslao  Rapho-no.     Aiiiim  ilicrre. 

alio-  *L'ontrarias  profcrunt  8<:ntfiitia«.    C'aril.  to(   piii«u<iiii  diirrreiilia^,  qiiT   (le»cril>unliir  a  Galtriio, 

*Kil>.  3.  de  snp.     Omnes  arles  fraudem  ailniiliiiiil.  siila  iiec  a  <|ij(H|uani  iiitfllii.'i,  nee  ubitertari  pi<»i4:.  *  l>itk 

liieilicina  spoiile  cam  accersit.  •Oiiiiii!i  S'lfrotus,  a^.  cap.  7.   liynlai.   art.   iiiirab.     >Ji«lleiii    •  i,'"   ••ip'-rlii 

pro|>ria  culpa  p<-ril,scd  iietnn  nisi  meilici  hencticiu  rc<iii-  crMilerc    anluiii.    quaiii     iii>-re    rali'>tiii.i  't<ie 

liiKur.     Aznppn.  •"  How  does  the  surei'on  iJitr>.-r  si-iliit   laudare    p<ii>siiiii    iii»tiluliiiii     U^i  itc 

U')m  the  iloclor?     In  Ihis  respect:  one  kill»  liy  (lriii;i),  •  llt-riNl.    £uler|>e  ile   Ki;>p(iiii.     Apiid  •  'uic 

the  otli>rr  by  (he  hamt ;  both  only  ilitTer  from  the  hang-  niurlHiruni  siinl  iciipiili  iiirilici  ;  aliu*  rural  uculv't.  alitU 

luan  in  this  wnv.  they  ilo  Klonly  what  he  duc-i  in  uii  m-  deiitea,  alius  caput,  parte*  ucculcaa  aliu*. 
iiant."         •"  Medicine  caanut  cure  the  knotty  gout." 


ftlem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Medicinal  Physic.  3Si) 

of  it,  which  in  other  places  was  accustomed  :  and  therefore  Cambyses  in  '°  Xonophon 
told  Cyrus,  that  to  his  thinking,  physicians  "  were  like  tailors  and  cobblers,  the  one 
mended  our  sick  bodies,  as  the  other  did  our  clothes."  But  I  will  urge  these  cavil- 
ling and  contumelious  arguments  no  farther,  lest  some  physician  should  mistake  me, 
and  deny  me  physic  when  I  am  sick  :  for  my  part,  I  am  well  persuaded  of  physic  : 
.  I  can  distinguish  the  abuse  from  the  use,  in  this  and  many  other  arts  and  sciences  : 
^^  Jiliud  vinam^  aliiid  ebrietas,  wine  and  drunkenness  are  two  distinct  things.  I 
acknowledge  it  a  most  noble  and  divine  science,  in  so  much  that  Apollo,  iEsculapius, 
and  the  first  founders  of  it,  merito  pro  diis  habifi.,  were  worthily  counted  gods  by  suc- 
ceeeding  ages,  for  the  excellency  of  their  invention.  And  whereas  Apollo  at  i)elos, 
Venus  at  Cyprus,  Diana  at  Ephesus,  and  those  other  gods  were  confined  and  adored 
alone  in  some  peculiar  places:  iEsculapius  and  his  temple  and  altars  everywhere,  in 
Corinth,  Lacedaemon,  Athens,  Thebes,  Epidaurus,  &c.  Pausanius  records,  for  the 
latitude  of  his  art,  diety,  worth,  and  necessity.  With  all  virtuous  and  wise  men 
therefore  I  honour  the  name  and  calling,  as  I  am  enjoined  "  to  honour  the  physician 
for  necessity's  sake.  The  knowledge  of  the  physician  lifteth  up  his  head,  "and  in 
the  sight  of  great  men  he  shall  be  admired.  The  Lord  hath  created  medicines  of  the 
earth,  and  he  that  is  wise  will  not  abhor  them,"  Eccles.  Iviii  1.  But  of  this  noble 
■  subject,  how  many  panegyrics  are  worthily  written.^  For  my  part,  as  Sallust  said 
of  Carthage,  prcsstat  silere,  qiiam  pauca  diccre ;  I  have  said,  yet  one  thing  I  will  add, 
that  this  kind  of  physic  is  very  moderately  and  advisedly  to  be  used,  upon  good 
occasion,  when  the  former  of  diet  will  not  take  place.  And  'tis  no  other  which  I 
say,  than  that  which  Arnoldus  prescribes  in  his  8.  Aphoris.  '^ "  A  discreet  and  goodly 
physician  doth  first  endeavour  to  expel  a  disease  by  medicinal  diet,  than  by  pure 
medicine:"  and  in  his  ninth,  '^'^he  that  may  be  cured  by  diet,  must  not  meddle 
with  physic."  So  in  11.  Aphoris.  ''"'A  modest  and  wise  physician  will  never  hasten 
to  use  medicines,  but  upon  urgent  necessity,  and  that  sparingly  too:"  because  (as 
he  adds  in  his  13.  Aphoris.)  '^''Whosoever  takes  much  physic  in  his  youth,  shall 
soon  bewail  it  in  his  old  age :"  purgative  physic  especially,  which  doth  much  debi- 
litate nature.  For  which  causes  some  physicians  refrain  from  tlie  use  of  purgatives, 
or  else  sparingly  use  them.  "*Henricus  Ayrerus  in  a  consultation  for  a  melancholy 
person,  would  have  him  take  as  few  purges  as  he  could,  "because  there  be  no  such 
medicines,  which  do  not  steal  away  some  of  our  strength,  and  rob  the  pans  of  our 
body,  weaken  nature,  and  cause  that  cacochymia,"  which  "Celsus  and  others  observe, 
or  ill  digestion,  and  bad  juice  through  all  the  parts  of  it.  Galen  himself  confesseth, 
'*'••  that  purgative  physic  is  contrary  to  nature,  takes  away  some  of  our  best  spirits, 
and  consumes  the  very  substance  of  our  bodies  :"  But  this,  without  question,  is  to 
be  understood  of  such  purges  as  are  unseasonably  or  immoderately  taken:  they  have 
iheir  excellent  use  in  this,  as  well  as  most  other  infirmities.  Of  alteratives  aiid  cor- 
dials no  man  doubts,  be  they  simples  or  compounds.  I  will  amongst  that  infinite 
variety  of  medicines,  which  I  find  in  every  pharmacopoeia,  every  physician,  lierb- 
alist,  Stc,  single  out  some  of  the  chiefest. 

Sldsect.  II. — Simples  proper  to  Melancholy,  against  Exotic  Si?nplcs. 

Medicines  properly  applied  to  melancholy,  are  either  simple  or  compound. 
Simples  are  alterative  or  purgative.  Alteratives  are  such  as  correct,  strengthen 
nature,  alter,  any  way  hinder  or  resist  the  disease;  and  they  be  herbs,  stones,  mine- 
rals, &.C.  all  proper  to  this  humour.  For  as  there  be  diverse  distinct  infirmities 
continually  vexing  us, 

AvToi^uTot  0o<r<S<7i  KaKd  ii-i'ro-LCt  ibhuvaai  "  [^'^-eai-os  ste.il  hoth  day  and  nieht  on  men 

v,„K    ;-c,  I, ,„^„  ;r '1  ■        ■y       "  '  f'lr  Jupiter  hath  taken  voice  from  tieiii:' 

So  there  be  several  remedies,  as  ^he  saith,  "each  disease  a  medicine,  for  every 

'oCyrip.  lih.  1.    Vohit  vrstiiiiu   fractarurn    resnrcina-  I  tutn,  di-fl.hit  in  sonectiitp.  lellildish.  spic.  iJ.  de 

tores,  &c.  "Chrys.  horn.  I'^Prndens  .t    piiir;     nif  I.  fnl.  27(>.     Nulla  est  firine  modicina  puriaiis.  giiae 

niPdiciis,  rnorhmn  ante  cxpellere  sataiiit.  cihi^^  niedici-  uon  alif|i\ain  de  virihiis  la  partihus  corporis  depncdalrir. 
nalihiis,  quani  |)iiris  iiie<ii(  jnis.  'sC'ijicunque  potest     '■  l.jh.  1.  et  Bart.  lih.  8.  c.ip.  1-'.  "•  De  vict.  ariit. 

per  alirnciita  restitui  sanjtas.  frnsiendus  est  pcnitns  Oniiie  piirsans  niedlcanientiiin,  corpori  puri'ato  con- 
usu.-!  mediraineiitorutn.  "  iMoMestiis  et  sapiens  niedi  '  trarinni.  &c.  .sticco.s  et  spiritus  abilurit.  siibstanliam 
cus,  nunquani  propeiahit  ad  pliarniaciani,  nisi  co^enle    corporm  autert.  '9  Hesiori.  op.  «>  Ileurnius  pref. 

neojssitate.  '^Ciuicunque  pharmacatur  in  jnven-    pra.  ined.     auot  morborum  sunt  idcE,  tot  remcdicrum 

2  H  3 


390  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sect.  4. 

humour ;  and  as  some  hold,  every  clime,  every  country,  and  more  than  that,  every 
private  place  hath  his  proper  remedies  growing  iii  it,  peculiar  annost  to  the  domi- 
neering and  most  frequent  maladies  of  it,  As  ^'  one  discourseth,  ''  wormwood  grow  s 
sparingly  in  Italy,  because  most  part  there  they  be  misaftecled  with  hot  diseases  : 
but  henbane,  poppy,  and  such  cold  herbs  :  with  us  in  Germany  and  I'oland,  great 
store  of  it  in  every  waste."  Baracellus  Horto  gniinli^  aiul  Bajitisla  Porta  P/n/siog- 
noviiccB^  lib.  0.  cap.  23,  give  many  instances  and  examples  of  it,  and  bring  many 
other  proofs.  For  that  cause  belike  that  learned  Fuchsius  of  Nurcmburg,  '"'•'when 
he  came  into  a  village,  considered  always  what  herbs  did  grow  most  frequently 
about  it,  and  those  he  distilled  in  a  silver  alembic,  making  use  of  others  amongst 
them  as  occasion  served."  I  know  that  many  are  of  opinion,  our  northern  simples 
are  weak,  imperfect,  not  so  well  concocted,  of  such  force,  as  those  in  the  southern 
parts,  not  so  fit  to  be  used  in  physic,  and  will  therefore  fetch  their  drugs  afar  olf: 
senna,  cassia  out  of  ^gy'pt,  rhubarb  from  liarbary,  aloes  from  Socotra;  turbilh, 
agaric,  mirabolanes,  hermoductils,  from  the  East  Indies,  tobacco  from  the  west,  and 
some  as  iar  as  Cliina,  hellebore  from  the  Anlicvnc,  or  that  of  Austria  which  bears 
the  purple  flower,  which  Mathiolus  so  much  approves,  and  so  of  the  rest.  In  the 
kingdom  of  Valencia,  in  Spain,  -'.Maginus  commends  two  mountains,  Mariohi  and 
Henairolosu,  famous  for  simples  ;^*  Leander  Albertus,  ^  Baldus  a  mountain  near  the 
I,:di(;  Benacus  in  the  territory  of  Verona,  to  which  all  the  herbalists  in  the  country 
rotitinually  dock;  Ortelius  one  in  A[>ulia,  .Munster  Mons  major  in  Istria;  others  Mont- 
|)elier  in  France;  Prosper  Altinus  prefers  Egyptian  simples,  Garcias  ab  Horta  Indian 
before  the  rest,  another  those  of  Italy,  Crete,  &.c.  Matiy  times  they  are  over-curious 
in  this  kind,  whom  Fuchsius  taxeth,  Jmtil.  I.  \.sec.  I.  cap.  1.  *"that  think  they 
do  nothiiisr,  except  they  rake  all  over  India,  Arabia,  illlhiopia  for  remedies,  and  fetch 
their  physic  from  the  three  tpiarters  of  the  world,  and  from  beyond  the  Garamantes. 
Many  an  old  wife  t)r  country  woman  doth  often  more  good  with  a  few  known  and 
connnon  garden  herbs,  than  our  bombast  physicians,  with  all  their  pr(»digi(ms,  sun)p- 
tuous,  far-fetched,  rare,  conjectural  medicines:"  without  all  cpiesticju  if  we  have 
not  these  rare  exotic  simples,  we  hold  that  at  home,  which  is  in  virtue  e(]uivalent 
unto  tliem*  ours  will  serve  as  well  as  theirs,  if  they  be  taken  in  proportionable  quan- 
tity, tilled  nud  qualified  aright,  if  not  much  belter,  and  more  proper  to  our  constiiu- 
lutions.  Bui  so  'tis  for  the  most  part,  as  Plinv  writes  to  Gallus,  ''"  We  are  careless 
of  tliat  which  is  near  us,  and  follow  that  which  is  afar  off,  to  know  whicli  we  will 
travel  and  sail  beyond  the  seas,  wholly  neglecting  that  which  is  under  our  eyes." 
Opium  in  Turkey  doth  scarce  oflend,  with  us  in  a  small  quantity  it  stupifies ;  cicula 
or  hendotk  is  a  strong  poison  in  Greece,  but  with  us  it  hath  no  such  violent  effects: 
1  conclude  with  1.  Voschius,  who  as  he  much  inveighs  against  those  exotic  medi- 
cines, so  he  promiseth  by  our  European,  a  full  cure  and  abs(jlute  of  all  diseases;  a 
capile  ad  c(i/cem^  noslrcc  rcghmis  h^rbce  nnstris  cnrpnrifnis  magis  conducunt,  our  own 
simples  agree  best  with  us.  It  was  a  thing  that  Feriudius  much  laboured  in  his 
F'rench  practice,  to  reduce  all  his  cure  to  our  proper  and  domestic  physic;  so  did 
"^  Janus  Cornarius,  and  Martin  Hulandus  in  Germany,  T.  B.  with  us,  as  apixareth  by 
a  treatise  of  his  divulged  in  our  tongue  1(5 1 5,  to  prove  the  sudiciency  of  English 
medicines,  to  the  cure  of  all  maimer  of  diseases.  If  our  simples  be  not  altogether 
of  such  force,  or  so  apposite,  it  may  be,  if  like  industry  were  used,  thi>se  far  fetched 
drugs  would  prosper  as  well  with  us,  as  in  those  countries  whence  now  we  have 
tlu-m.  as  well  as  cherries,  artichokes,  tobacco,  and  many  such.  There  have  fteen 
diverse  worthy  physicians,  which  have  tried  excellent  conclusions  in  this  kind,  and 
many  diligent,  painful  apothecaries,  as  Gesner,  Besler,  Gerard,  Slc,  but  amongst  the 
rest  those  famous  public  gardens  of  Padua  in  Italy,  Nuremburg  in  Germany,  Leyden 


e.^nera  variis  potfntiisilecorala.  '■  Ppiioitiisilen-ir.    eerus  Hint-r.  r.nUia.        >^  Biililun  nioim  pri>|in  IWiianim 

inMil.     Qiiicciiiiqiit^  rPKio  proijiicit  siiiipliria.  |irii  inorhU  j  !>•  rl>il(-L'i«  iiiasiiiit^  iiolii*.  ^Uui  nv  iiiliil  tlfrYii^a 

r.-aiiiiii>;  crt-scii  raro  ahsyiiiliiiii-i  in  lt;ilia,  niiiiil  ilii  '  arliitranl'ir.  iii.-i  liuliain  ./T^UiiDpiuiii,  Aruln.iiii.  t-i  iilira 
|il<'niriique  tiiortii  raliili,  s.'d  cii-ula.  p:ipuv»r,  l-1  IhtIhe  |  GaraiiianlaH  d  lnlj.i>i  iiiuiuli  pnrlWiii»  fii|iii.i(,i  ri-iii<'ilia 
Iriaida' ;  apiiil  im*  <.i>rmani>9  et  Polmioii  ubiquc  priivciiit  rorradmil  Tuliiii.  «a'p.'  iii.il.  i.ir  ni-ii.  i  iim.  una,  ice 
at>^yMthllllIl.        »-Uriiini  in   villani  vimiiI,  coiikiiI)  ravit  { '-'^  Ep.  li>i.R.   Pri.Jiiiiioriiiii  n  .  ,  ..  riainur. 

qua- il)i  cri'so-hant  nii'tlii-niii>'tiia.  :<iniplicia  freqiifiitiora,  |  «•!  aii  ea  ciciioM-iMiita  lU-r  p  .uiiii<-ra 

rl  lin   pliTiitiqiie   utiiis  (li>itilla(i!i,  rt   alitcr,  allinli.'icniii     «iitiMiiii:i ;  at  qux  i^ub  (m-iiIi-  ,  >*  Kx* 

i'li-4>  ar:;f>>li'iini  riri'iinifi'ri'ns.  ^  M' rim- tni-Jiris  ijlilc-i  '  niira  r^jxit,  (liiiiii-itlicM  nolnin  iij3  cuntinlu*  f«««  Vu- 
"iiiiiiiiin  in  .Miulia  tVraiisisiiiiiE.  "Ooc  ad  qu.>s  i  lull.     .Mrlcb.  AUamu*  vil.  «ju». 

iua|iiu«  herbariurum  nuuierus  undique  cuufluit.    6iu-  | 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  3.] 


Medicinal  Physic. 


391 

in  Holland,  Montpelier  in  France,  (and  our's  in  Oxford  now  in  Jieri,  at  the  cost  and 
charges  of  the  Right  Honourable  the  Lord  Danvers  Earl  of  Dauby)  are  much  to  be 
commended,  wherein  all  exotic  plants  almost  are  to  be  seen,  and  liberal  allowance 
yearly  made  for  their  better  maintenance,  that  young  students  may  be  the  sooner 
informed  in  the  knowledge  of  them  :  which  as  ^^  Fuchsius  holds,  "  is  most  neces- 
sary for  that  exquisite  manner  of  curing,"  and  as  great  a  shame  for  a  physician  not 
to  observe  them,  as  ibr  a  workman  not  to  know  his  axe,  saw,  square,  or  any  other 
tool  which  he  must  of  necessity  use. 

Sub  SECT.  HI. — Mteratives,  Herbs,  other  Vegetables,  Sfc. 

Amongst  these  800  simples,  which  Galeottus  reckons  up,  lib.  3.  de  promise,  doc- 
tor, caj}.  3,  and  many  exquisite  herbalists  have  written  of,  these  few  following  alone 
I  lind  appropriated  to  this  humour:  of  which  some  be  alteratives;  ^°"' which  by  a 
secret  force,"  saith  Renodaeus,  "  and  special  quality  expel  future  diseases,  perfectly 
cure  those  which  are,  and  many  such  incurable  ellects."  This  is  as  well  observed 
in  other  plants,  stones,  minerals,  and  creatures,  as  in  herbs,  in  other  maladies  as  iu 
this.  How  many  things  are  related  of  a  man's  skull .?  What  several  virtues  of 
corns  in  a  horse-kg,  *'  of  a  wolf's  liver,  &c.  Of  ^"diverse  excrements  of  beasts,  all 
good  against  several  diseases  }  What  extraordinary  virtues  are  ascribed  unto  plants.? 
^■^ Satyr ium  ct  eruca  j)enem  erigimt,  vitex  et  nymphea  semen  exti?igimnf,  ^■' some  herbs 
provoke  lust,  some  agahi,  as  agnus  castus,  water-lily,  quite  extinguisheth  seed  ;  poppy 
causeth  sleep,  cabbage  resisteth  drunkenness,  &c.,  and  that  which  is  more  to  be  ad- 
mired, that  such  and  such  plants  should  have  a  peculiar  virtue  to  such  particular 
parts,  ^'  as  to  the  head  aniseeds,  foalfoot,  betony,  calamint,  eye-bright,  lavender,  bays, 
roses,  rue,  sage,  marjoram,  peony,  &c.  For  the  lungs  calamint,  liquorice,  ennula 
campana,  hyssop,  horehound,  water  germander,  &c.  For  the  heart,  borage,  bugloss, 
saffron,  balm,  basil,  rosemary,  violet,  roses,  &c.  For  the  stomach,  wormwood,  mints, 
betony,  balm,  centaury,  sorrel,  parslan.  For  the  liver,  darthspine  or  camagou^'.  ger- 
mander, agrimony,  fennel,  endive,  succory,  liverwort,  barberries.  For  the  3?ieen, 
maiden-hair,  finger-fern,  dodder  of  thyme,  hop,  the  rind  of  ash,  betony.  i"  or  the 
kidneys,  grumel,  parsley,  saxifrage,  plaintain,  mallow.  For  the  womb,  mugwori, 
pennyroyal,  fetherfew,  savine,  &.c.  For  the  joints,  camomile,  St.  John's  wort,  organ, 
rue,  cowslips,  centaury  the  less,  &c.  And  so  to  peculiar  diseases.  To  this  of  me- 
lancholy you  shall  find  a  catalogue  of  herbs  proper,  and  that  in  every  part.  See 
more  in  Wecker,  Renodeus,  Heurnius  lib.  2.  cup.  19.  &c.  I  will  briefly  speak  of 
them,  as  first  of  alteratives,  which  Galen,  in  his  third  book  of  diseased  parts,  prefers 
before  diminutives,  and  Trallianus  brags,  that  he  hath  done  more  cures  on  melan- 
choly men  *by  moistening,  than  by  purging  of  them. 

Borage.]  In  this  catalogue,  borage  and  bugloss  may  challenge  tlie  chiefest  place, 
whether  in  substance,  juice,  roots,  seeds,  flowers,  leaves,  decoctions,  distilled  waters, 
extracts,  oils,  &c.,  for  such  kind  of  herbs  be  diversely  varied.  Bugloss  is  hot  and 
moist,  and  therefore  worthily  reckoned  up  amongst  those  herbs  which  expel  melan- 
choly, and  ^'exhilarate  the  heart,  Galen,  lib.  6.  cap.  80.  de  simpl.  med.  Dioscorides, 
lib.  4.  cap.  123.  Pliny  much  magnifies  this  plant.  It  may  be  diversely  used;  as  in 
broth,  in  ^'^  wine,  in  conserves,  syrups.  Sec.  It  is  an  excellent  cordial,  and  against 
this  malady  most  frequently  prescribed ;  a  herb  indeed  of  such  sovereignty,  that  as 
Diodorus,  lib.  7.  bibl.  Plinius,  lib.  25.  cap.  2.  et  lib.  21.  cap.  22.  Plutarch,  sympos. 
lib.  1.  cap.  1.  Dioscorides,  lib.  5.  cap.  40.  Cajlius,  lib.  19.  c.  3.  suppose  it  was 
that  famous  Nepenthes  of  ^^  Homer,  which  Polydamna,  Thonis's  wife  (then  king  of 
Thebes  in  Egypt),  sent  Helena  for  a  token,  of  such  rare  virtue,  ''  that  if  taken 
steeped  in  wine,  if  wife  and  children,  father  and  mother,  brother  and  sister,  and  all 
thy  dearest  friends  should  die  before  thy  face,  thou  couldst  not  grieve  or  shed  a  tear 
for  them." 


*  Iiistit.  1.1.  cap.  8.  sec.  1.  ad  exquisitam  curaiidi 
ratianmii,  quorum  cogniiio  imprimis  iiecesj^aria  est. 
»Q.iia;  ca;ci  vi  ac  sp;  iMlica  qualitute  mofbos  fiituros 
drci'iit.  lib.  Leap.  10.   l:l^^lt.  Pilar.  3i Galen,  lib. 

epar  lupi  epaticos  ciir.it.  s^Stercus  pecoris  ad  Epi- 

Itpsiam,  <kc.  -^  I'riLStpintle,  rocket.  34Sabiua 


fcBtum  educit.  ^Wecktr.  Vide  Oswaldum  CroUium, 
lib.  de  internis  rerum  signaturis,  de  herlii*  pariicilari- 
bus  parti  cuique  conveiuenlibus.  ^''  Mem  l.iaureu 

tius,  c.  9.  37  Dicor  borage  gauilia  semper  agu 

*=  Vino  infusum  liilaritatcm  facit.        '»OJ>ss.  A. 


592  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  4. 

"Qui  spinel  iil  patera  riiistum  Neppnllies  laccho 
Haiiscrit,  hie  lachryinaiii,  noii  si  suax  issiiiia  proles, 
Si  geriiiniius  ei  charus,  iiiaterqiie  pateniue 
Opptlal,  ante  oculus  I'erro  coiifossus  alri>ci.'' 

Helena's  commended  bowl  to  exhilarate  the  heart,  had  no  other  ingredient,  as  most 
of  our  critics  conjecture,  than  this  of  borate. 

Balm.]  Melis.sa  balm  hath  an  admirable  virtue  to  alter  melancholy,  be  it  steeped 
in  our  ordinary  drhik,  extracted,  or  otherwise  taken.  Cardan,  lib.  8.  much  admires 
this  herb.  It  lieats  and  dries,  saiih  '•'  xlei;rnius,  in  tlie  secontl  degree,  with  a  wonder- 
ful virtue  comforts  the  heart,  and  purgeth  all  melancholy  vapours  from  the  sipirits, 
]\latihiol.  in  lib.  3.  cap.  10.  in  Dioscoridcm.  Besides  they  ascribe  other  virtues  to  it, 
■•'  "  as  to  help  concoction,  to  cleanse  the  brain,  expel  all  careful  thoughts,  and  anxious 
imaginations :"  the  same  words  in  ellt^ct  are  in  Avicemia,  Pliny,  Simon  Sethi,  Puch- 
sius,  Leobel,  Dclacampius,  and  every  herbalist.  N«>thing  better  for  him  that  is  me- 
lancholy than  to  steep  this  and  borage  in  his  ordinary  drink. 

Mathiolus,  in  his  tilth  book  of  .Medicinal  Ppistles,  reckons  up  scorzonera,  ''^•^not 
against  poison  only,  falling  sickness,  and  such  as  are  vertiginous,  but  to  this  malady; 
the  root  of  it  taken  by  itself  expels  sorrow,  causeth  mirth  and  lightness  of  heart."' 

Antonius  Musa,  that  renowned  physician  to  Ca'sar  Augustus,  in  his  book  which 
he  writ  of  the  virtues  of  betony,  cap.  G.  wonderfully  commends  ihat  herb,  animus 
huminum  et  corpora  custodit,  securas  de  melu  reddit^  it  preserves  botli  body  and  mind, 
from  fears,  cares,  griefs ;  cures  falling  sickness,  this  and  many  other  diseases,  to 
whom  Galen  subscribes,  lib.  7.  simp.  med.     Dioscorides,  lib.  4.  cap.  1.  SiC. 

.Marigold  is  much  ajiproved  against  melancholy,  and  often  used  therefore  in  our 
ordinary  broth,  as  good  against  this  and  many  other  diseases. 

Hop.]  Lupulus,  hop,  is  a  sovereign  remedv ;  Puchsius,  cap.  58.  Plant,  hist,  much 
extols  it;  '""it  purgeth  all  choler,  and  purities  the  blood.  Mutihiol.  cap.  1  iO.  in  4. 
Diosc'jr.  wonders  the  physicians  of  his  time  made  no  more  use  of  it,  because  it 
rarities  and  deanseth  :  we  use  it  to  this  purpose  in  our  ordinary  beer,  wiiich  before 
was  thick  and  fulsome. 

Wormwood,  centaur)',  pennyroyal,  are  likewise  magnified  and  much  prescribed 
(as  I  shall  after  show),  especially  ia  hypochondriac  melancholy,  daily  to  be  used, 
sod  in  wliey  :  and  as  Huli'us  Kphesias,  **  Areteus  relate,  by  breaking  wind,  helping 
concoction,  many  melancholy  men  have  been  cured  with  the  frequent  use  of  them 
alone. 

And  because  the  spleen  and  blood  are  often  misallected  in  melancholy,  I  may  not 
omit  endive,  succory,  dandelion,  fumitory,  ktc,  whicli  cleanse  tlie  blood,  Scolopen- 
dria,  cuscuta,  ceterache,  mugwort,  liverwort,  ash,  tamarisk,  genist,  maidenhair,  fcic, 
which  must  help  and  ease  the  spleen. 

To  these  I  may  add  roses,  violets,  capers,  feathcrfcw,  scordium,  staechas,  rosemary, 
ros  solis,  satfron,  ocliyme,  sweet  apples,  wine,  tobacco,  sanders,  inc.  Tliat  Peruvian 
chunnco,  nionstrosd  facultatf.,  t^c,  Linshcosteus  Datura;  and  to  such  as  are  c<»ltl,  the 
■•^decoction  of  guiacum,  China  sarsaparilla,  sassafras,  tlie  flowers  of  carduus  bene- 
dicius,  which  1  find  much  used  by  Montanus  in  his  Consultations,  Julius  .Alexandri- 
iius,  Lelius,  Egubinus,  and  others.  **  Beniardus  Penotlus  prefers  his  herba  solis,  or 
])utch  sin-law,  before  all  the  rest  in  this  disease,  '•  and  will  admit  of  n«j  herb  upon 
the  earth  to  be  comparable  to  it."  It  excels  Homer's  moly,  cures  this,  faUing  sick- 
ness, and  almost  all  otlier  intirmities.  The  same  Penottus  speaks  of  an  excellent 
balm  out  of  Aponensis,  which,  taken  to  the  quantity  of  three  drops  in  a  cup  of  wine, 
*  "  will  cause  a  sudden  alteration,  drive  away  dump.s,  and  cheer  up  the  heart."  Ant. 
(juianerius,  in  his  Antidotary,  hath  many  such.  **  Jacobus  de  Dondis  the  airgre- 
gator,  repeats  ambergrcase,  nutmegs,  and  allspice  amongst  the  rest.  Put  that  cannot 
be  general.     Amber  and  spice  will  make  a  hot  brain  mad,  good  for  cold  and  moist. 

M  Lib.  3.  cap. -2.  prax.iiied.  mira  vi  Ixtitiam  prxbet  el  '  cap.  5.  Laiet.  occit.  Imtie  dencrip.  lib.  10.  cap.  X 
cor  ciiiitirioal,  vaporeH  iiiflaiictinliciis  pursnt  a  spiriii-  '  "  lleuniini,  I.  2.  ciinitil.  185.  t^iilizii  con-'  "  ••  rrj^f. 
lui  *   Propriiiin  est  ejiid  aniiiiiiiii  hilari-iii  rxlil'Tc.  '  drnar.  riit'cl.     OrHiieii  riipilit  Uoliirfii  •!  )i<   .  I 

ci'iiriKtii'iii'in   juvare,   cerebri    olmtruclioiies    ivHTari;,     In;  kiu.'<  nulluni  hi'rbaiii  in  lerrm  Iiiik  ^  ui 

F'lljiritiiiliiies  mgare,  f)ollicita»    irna^'iMutinries   t<  ll.re.     virihuit  et  boiiitate  iiakci.  •^0|i(iiii. 

lN-iirz"«iiera  "  .Von  solum  ad  vi|H'rarinii  iimritug,    luni  in  crleri  curUii  coiifort.itione,  it  a<i 

I'oinitiulcei,  vprtigino5oii;  iieil  per  »e  accoriiinridata  radix     lantur,  &C.  *>  Ki.ii<:ol<'liii«.     Kl>  n 

tri!ititiain  diM:iitiI,  hilaritateinque  coiiciliut.      *^  liilein     hahel  iiiiraoi  ad  hilaniiiteni  i-t  iiiuiti  pro  n, , ...,,,      .l 
iilra:u<iue  Ueiratiit,  saiiguinem  purgat.  **  Lib.  7.  !  Sckenkiu*  ubcvrv.  oied.  ceu.  5.  oUmtv.  Mi. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  4.]  Medicinal  Physic.  393 

Garcias  ab  Horto  hath  many  Indian  plants,  whose  virtnes  he  mucli  magnifies  in  this 
disease.  Lemnius.  instit.  cap.  58.  admires  rue,  and  commends  it  to  have  excellent 
virtue,  ''^'•to  expel  vain  imaginations,  devils,  and  to  ease  afflicted  souls."  Other 
things  are  much  magnified  ""by  writers,  as  an  old  cock,  a  ram's  head,  a  wolfs  heart 
borne  or  eaten,  which  Mercurialis  approves ;  Prosper  Altinus  the  water  of  Nilus  , 
Gomesius  all  sea- water,  and  at  seasonable  times  to  be  sea-sick :  goat's  milk 
whey,  &.C. 

SuBSECT.  IV. — Precious  Stones.,  Metals,  Minerals,  Alteratives. 

Precious  stones  are  diversely  censured;  many  explode  the  use  of  them  or  an'^' 
minerals  in  physic,  of  whom  Thomas  Erastus  is  the  chief,  in  his  tract  against  Para- 
celsus, and  in  an  epistle  of  his  to  Peter  Monavius,  ^' "  That  stones  can  work  any 
wonders,  let  them  believe  that  list,  no  man  shall  persuade  me ;  for  my  part,  I  have 
found  by  experience  there  is  no  virtue  in  them."  But  Matthiolus,  in  his  comment 
upon  ^-  Dioscorides,  is  as  profuse  on  the  other  side,  in  their  commendation ;  so  is 
Cardan,  Kenodeus,  Alardus,  Pvueus,  Encelius,  Marbodeus,  &c.  °^ Matthiolus  specifies 
in  coral :  and  Oswaldus  Crollius,  Basil.  Chijm.  prefers  the  salt  of  coral.  ^*  Christoph. 
FiUcelius,  lib.  3.  cap.  131.  will  have  them  to  be  as  so  many  several  medicines  against 
melancholy,  sorrow,  fear,  dulness,  and  the  like  ;  '"''  Renodeus  admires  them,  '•  besides 
they  adorn  kings'  crowns,  grace  the  fingers,  enrich  our  houseiiold  stufi;  defend  us 
from  enchantments,  preserve  health,  cure  diseases,  they  drive  away  grief,  cares,  and 
exhilarate  the  mind."     The  particulars  be  these. 

Granatus,  a  precious  stone  so  called,  because  it  is  like  the  kernels  of  a  pomegid- 
granaie,  an  imperfect  kind  of  ruby,  it  comes  from  Calecut;  ^^'-if  hung  about  the 
neck,  or  taken  in  drink,  it  much  resistelh  sorrow,  and  recreates  the  heart."  The 
same  properties  I  find  ascribed  to  the  hyacinth  and  topaz.  °' They  allay  anger,  grief, 
diminish  madness,  much  delight  and  exhilarate  the  mind.  ^*'*  If  it  be  either  earned 
about,  or  taken  in  a  potion,  it  will  increase  wisdom,"  saith  Cardan,  "  expel  fear;  he 
brags  that  he  hath  cured  many  madmen  with  it,  which,  when  they  laid  by  the  stone, 
were  as  mad  again  as  ever  they  were  at  first."  Petrus  Bayerus,  lih.  2.  cap.  13.  vent 
mccum.,  Fran.  Rueus,  cap.  19.  de  gcmmis,  say  as  much  of  the  chrysolite,  ^''a  friend 
of  wisdom,  an  enemy  to  folly.  Pliny,  lib.  37.  Solinus,  cap.  52.  Albertus  de  Lapid. 
Cardan.  Encelius,  lib.  3.  cap.  66.  highly  magnifies  the  virtue  of  the  beryl,  ^'"it 
much  avails  to  a  good  understanding,  represseth  vain  conceits,  evil  thoughts',  causeth 
mirth,"  &.c.  In  the  belly  of  a  swallow  there  is  a  stone  found  called  chelidonius, 
^' "  which  if  it  be  lapped  in  a  fair  cloth,  and  tied  to  the  right  arm,  will  cure  lunatics, 
madmen,  make  them  amiable  and  merry." 

There  is  a  kind  of  onyx  called  a  chalcedony,  which  hath  the  same  qualities, 
"  "•  avails  much  against  fantastic  illusions  which  proceed  from  melancholy,"  preserves 
the  vigour  and  good  estate  of  the  whole  body. 

The  Eban  stone,  which  goldsmiths  use  to  sleeken  their  gwld  with,  borne  about  or 
given  to  drink,  ^^hath  the  same  properties,  or  not  much  unlike. 

Levinus  Lemnius,  Institut.  ad  vit.  cap.  58.  amongst  other  jewels,  makes  mention 
of  two  more  notable  ;  carbuncle  and  coral,  ^^ '-'  which  drive  away  childish  fears,  devils, 
overcome  sorrow,  and  hung  about  the  neck  repress  troublesome  dreams,"  which  pro- 
perties almost  Cardan  gives  to  that  green-coloured  '^^emmetris  if  it  be  carried  about, 
or  worn  in  a  ring ;  Rueus  to  the  diamond. 

Nicholas  Cabeus,  a  Jesuit  of  Ferrara,  in  the  first  book  of  his  Magnetical  Philoso- 

^Afflictas   meiiles  relevat,  animi  imaninationes  et  ,  sedat  et  animi  trijtitiain  pullit.  S8  Lapis  hie  sres- 

daemoiies  expt- Hit.  ^oSckenkius,  MizuUlus,  Rliasis.    talus  aut  .bir.itiis  prudeiitiaiii  aiiget.  nocturiios  timores 

6iCratonis  ep.  vol.  1.  Credat  qui  vult  ireuiiiias  niirahilia    pellit;  insarios  hac  saiiavi,  et  quuni  lapidem  ahjecerint, 
efficere;  luihi  qui  et  ratioiie  et  experientia  didici   ali-    erupit  iteriiin  stultitia.  SMn.lucit  sapientiam, 

ter  rem  liabere,  iiullus  facile  persuadeliit  I'alsum  esse    fu^at    stultitiani.     Idem    Cardanus,    lunaticos   jiivat. 
verum.  -2  L.  de  gemmis.  S3  Margarit.e  et  co-  '  eoconferl  ad  boiium  jntellectura,  comprimit  malas  cogi- 

ralluni  ad  inelancholiam  praicipue  valent.  «  Mar-  i  tationes,  fcc.     Alacres  reddit.  ^-  Alhertus,  Ence- 

ganta!  et  gemmse  spiritus  confortant  et  cor,  melanclio-  j  lius,  cap.  44.  Mb.  3.     Pliii.  lib.  37.  cap.  10.     Jacobus  de 
liam  f.igant.  wPrajfat.  ad  lap.  prec.  lib.  2.  sect.  2.  I  Dondis:  dextro  brachio  alligatus  saiiat  lunaticos,  insa. 

de  mat.  nied.    Regum  coronas  ornant,  digitos  illustrant,  !  iios,  facit  amabiles,  jucundos.  e^Valet  contra 

6up.^i:eciilem  ditant,  e  fasciiio  tuentur,  morhis  meden-  i  phantasticas  illusiones  e.T  inelancliolia.  w  .AmentPS 

.ur,  saiiitatem  coiiservaiit,  mentem  cxhilaraiit,  tristi-    sanat,  tristitiain  pellit,  iraiii,  &;c.  ^Valetadfii- 

tiaiM  p.-llunt.  -6  Encelius,  I.  3.  c.  4.     Suspeiisus    gaudos  timores  et  dipmones,  turbulenta  soinnia  abigit, 

vel    ebiliitus    tnstitia;   mullum  resistit,  et  cor  recrcat.    et  nocturnos  puerorum  timores  compescit.        "^Sorania 
*>"  Idem.  cap.  5.  et  cap.  C.de  Hyacintlio  et  Topazio.  Irani  ,  l;fta  fatU  arijeuteo  auaulo  gestalus. 

50 


394  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  4^ 

phy,  cap.  3.  speaking  of  the  virtues  of  a  loadstone,  recites  many  several  opinions ; 
some  say  that  if  it  be  taken  in  parcels  inward,  si  quis  per  frustra  voret^  jucniutem 
reslituel^  it  will,  like  viper's  wine,  restore  one  to  his  youth ;  and  yet  if  carried  about 
them,  others  will  have  it  to  cause  melancholy;  let  experience  determine. 

Mercurialis  admires  the  emerald  for  its  virtues  in  pacifying  all  allections  of  the 
ndiid;  others  the  sapphire,  which  is  "the  *** fairest  of  all  precious  stones,  of  sky 
colour,  and  a  great  enemy  to  black  choler,  frees  the  niinth  mends  manners,"  Stc 
Jacobus  de  Dondis,  in  his  catalogue  of  simples,  liath  ambergrease,  os  in  corde  cervi.^ 
*"'  the  bone  in  a  stag's  heart,  a  monocerot's  horn,  bezoar's  stone  C"*  of  which  else- 
where), it  is  found  in  the  belly  of  a  little  beast  in  the  East  Indies,  brought  into 
Europe  by  Hollanders,  and  our  countrymen  merchants.  Renodeus,  cap.  2ti.  lib.  3. 
de  merit,  vied,  saith  he  saw  two  of  these  beasts  alive,  in  the  castle  of  the  Lord  of 
Vitiy  at  Coubert. 

Lapis  lazuli  and  armenus,  because  they  purge,  shall  be  mentioned  in  their  place. 

Of  the  rest  in  brief  thus  much  1  will  add  out  of  Cardan,  Renodeus,  cap.  23.  lib.  3. 
Rondoletius, //7>.  \.de  Testat.c.  IS.cSr.*'"  That  almost  all  jewels  and  precious  stones 
have  excellent  virtues  to  pacify  the  aflections  of  the  mind,  for  which  cause  rich  men 
so  much  covet  to  have  them  :  ™and  those  smaller  unions  which  are  found  in  shells 
amongst  the  Persians  and  Indians,  by  the  consent  of  all  writers,  are  very  coriiial,  and 
most  part  avail  to  the  exhilaration  of  the  heart." 

Minerals.]  Most  men  say  as  much  of  gold  and  some  other  minerals,  as  these 
have  dune  of  precious  stones.  Erastus  still  maintains  the  opposite  part.  JJisput. 
in  Paracchum.  cap.  i.fol.  I'JG.  he  confesselh  of  gold,  "''ttiat  it  makes  the  heart 
merry,  but  in  no  other  sense  but  as  it  is  in  a  miser's  chest:"  at  mild  plaiido  simul 
ac  nitmmos  contemplor  in  area.,  as  he  said  in  the  poet,  it  so  revives  tlie  spirits,  and  is 
an  excellent  recipe  against  melancholy, 

'■-  for  gold  in  p^trie  u  •  cordiaj, 
TktrtJoTt  he  loreil  guld  in  tpeeial. 

Aurum  potabile^  he  disconmiends  and  inveighs  against  it,  by  reason  of  the  corrosive 
Maters  which  are  used  in  it :  which  argument  our  Dr.  Guin  urgeth  against  D.  Anto- 
nius.  '^Erastus  concludes  their  pliilosuphical  stones  and  potable  gnld,  itc.  *■'  to  be 
no  better  ihan  poison,"  a  mere  imposture,  a  nun  ens ;  dug  out  of  that  broody  hill 
belike  iliis  gt)lden  stone  is,  iibi  miscclur  ridiculus  mus.  Paracelsus  and  his  chemis- 
tical  followers,  as  so  many  Promethti,  wUI  fetch  tiie  from  heaven,  will  cure  all  man- 
ner ot  diseases  with  minerals,  accounting  them  the  only  physic  on  tlie  other  side. 
'^Paracelsus  calls  Galen,  Hippocrates,  and  all  their  adherents,  infants,  idiots,  sophis- 
ters,  kc.  Apugcsis  istos  qui  Vulcanias  isias  metamorphoses  sugillant,  inscitice  sobo- 
/ts,  supincc  pertinacice  alumnus,  tSjc,  not  worthy  the  name  of  physicians,  for  want 
ot  these  remedies :  and  brags  that  by  them  he  can  make  a  man  live  100  years,  or  to 
the  world's  end,  with  their  '"^Altxiphar  mac  urns,  Panaceas,  Mummias,  unguentum  Ar- 
marium, and  such  magnetical  cures,  Lumpas  vita  et  mortis,  Balneum  Diinup,  lial- 
samum,  Electrum  Magiciy-physicum,  Amuleta  Martialia,  4"C.  What  will  not  he  and 
his  lolluwers  etlect .'  He  brags,  moreover,  that  he  was  primus  medicurum,  and  did 
more  famous  cures  than  all  the  physicians  in  Europe  besides,  ""a  drop  of  iiis  pre- 
l)aratiL»ns  should  go  farther  than  a  drachm,  or  ounce  of  iheirs,"  those  loathsome  and 
lulsome  filihy  poti«)ns,  heteroclitical  pills  ',so  he  calls  them),  horse  medicines,  ad 
(juoram  aspectum  Ct/clups  Polyphemus  eihorresceret.  And  though  some  condemn 
their  skill  and  magnetical  cures  as  tending  to  magical  superstition,  witchery,  charms, 
&.C.,  yet  they  admire,  stillly  vindicate  nevertheless,  and  infmitely  prefer  thenj.  But 
these  are  both  in  extremes,  the  middle  sort  approve  of  minerals,  though  not  in  so 
high  a  degree.     Lemnius  lib.  3.  cap.  6.  de  occult,  nat.  mir.  commends  gold  inwardly 


nAtro;  bill  adversalur.  omnium  ^t-minaruin  pulclit-r- 
rinia.  cali  cnloreni  refert,  animum  ab  errure  liberal, 
mures  iii  melius  inutat.  s'  LtOiigis  mceronbus  fpliciter 
incdftur,  dfliguiis,  .Soc.  "*St:r.  5.  Memb.  I.  Subs.  3. 

■"Gestaiiien  lapiilum  ct  ccmmariini  niaxiiiiiiiu  Tert  aiixi- 

lium  et  juvainen  ;  unite  qui  dites  sunt  ^emiiiad  s.-cuin  '  doctinrfit  sunt  quaiii  vcdir  (iaieuiio  ei  A 
ferre  stuileiit.  '<>  Marzarits  el  unioiieii  que  i  cun- I  mt-a    plu<   eipi-ria   fiit  quaiii  ii-alr-r  Tum 

cbi3  el  pi^ibus  apuil  Persas  et  liidos,  valdu  cordiales  '<Vide  Krnestuin  Hiiri:ratiiiin.  t-dii.  I 
aunt.  Sec.  ^  '>  Aurum  la-titiam  general,  non  in  ronle,  '  Kill.  Crnlliun  and  olher*.  '  Clii*  prutl. 
sed  in  area  viroruin.  '^Chaucer.  ^  Auruio  uon  ,  quaiu  tot  euruoi  ilractuuc  et  umix. 


aurum.  Noxiuiu  ob  aquax  ro<lente«.  "  Kp.  ail  .Mona- 
vium.  Melallica  omnia  in  univrr.'tuiii  quovKintxlo  pa- 
rata,  nee  tiitii  nee  eo[iiiii<Mj£  inlr.i  rurpMn  k'liiii.  '>|p 
parag.  SlulliiMtimiig  pilun  nccipilii  im  i  piim  •rit.  qiiam 
ouiiiea  vei^lri   dxrloren,   el   rulC'-onini    iii' '  ".in   iiun'.li 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  5.]  Compound  Jilieralives.  395 

and  outwardly  used,  as  in  rings,  excellent  good  in  medicines ;  and  such  mixtures  as  are 
made  for  melancholy  men,  saith  Wecker,  anlid.spcc.  lib.  1.  to  whom  Renodeus  sub- 
scribes, ]lb.  2.  cap.  2.  Ficinus,  lib.  2.  cap.  19.  Fernel.  7neth.  vied.  lib.  5.  cap.  21.  de 
Cardiacis.  Daniel  Sennerius,  lib.  I.  part.  2.  cap.  9.  Audernacus,  Libavius,  Quer- 
cetanus,  Oswaldus  Crollius,  Euvonymus,  Rubeus,  and  Matthiolus  in  the  fourth  book 
of  his  Episues,  Jlndreas  a  Blawen  epist.  ad  Malthiolum.,  as  commended  and  formerly 
used  by  Avicenna,  Arnoldus,  and  many  others:  '* Matthiolus  in  the  same  place  ap- 
proves of  potable  gold,  mercury,  with  many  such  chemical  confections,  and  goes  so 
far  in  approbation  of  them,  that  lie  holds  ™  "  no  man  can  be  an  excellent  physician 
that  liath  not  some  skill  in  chemistical  distillations,  aud  that  chronic  diseases  can 
liardly  be  cured  without  mineral  medicines :"  look  for  antimony  among  purgers. 

SuBSECT.  V. —  Compound  Alter ativ e,s ;  censure  of  Compounds.,  and  mixed  Physic. 

Pliny,  lib.  24.  c.  1,  bitterly  taxeth  all  compound  medicines,  ^"  Men's  knavery, 
imposture,  and  captious  wits,  have  invented  those  shops,  in  which  every  man's  life 
is  set  to  sale  :  and  by  and  by  came  in  those  compositions  and  inexplicable  mixtures, 
far-fetched  out  of  India  and  Arabia ;  a  medicine  for  a  botch  must  be  had  as  far  as 
tlie  Red  Sea."  And  'tis  not  without  cause  which  he  saith;  for  out  of  question  they 
are  much  to  ^'  blame  in  their  compositions,  whilst  they  make  infinite  variety  of  mix- 
tures, as  "Fuchsius  notes.  "They  think  they  get  themselves  great  credit,  excel 
others,  and  to  be  more  learned  than  the  rest,  because  they  make  many  variations ; 
but  he  accounts  them  fools,  and  whilst  they  brag  of  their  skill,  and  think  to  get 
themselves  a  name,  they  become  ridiculous,  betray  their  ignorance  and  error."  A 
few  simples  well  prepared  and  understood,  are  better  than  such  a  heap  of  noiisease, 
confused  compounds,  which  are  in  apothecaries'  shops  ordinarily  sold.  '■''  In  which 
many  vain,  superfluous,  corrupt,  exolete,  things  out  of  date  are  to  be  had  (saith 
Cornarius) ;  a  company  of  barbarous  names  given  to  syrups,  juleps,  an  unnecessary 
company  of  mixed  medicines ;"  rudis  indigestaque  moles.  Many  times  (as  Agrippa 
taxeth)  there  is  by  this  means  ^^'^  more  danger  from  the  medicine  than  from  the  dis- 
ease," when  they  put  together  they  know  not  what,  or  leave  it  to  an  illiterate  apothe- 
cary to  be  made,  they  cause  death  and  horror  for  health.  Those  old  physicians  had 
no  such  mixtures  ;  a  simple  potion  of  hellebore  in  Hippocrates'  time  was  the  ordi- 
nary purge;  and  at  this  day,  saith  ^*Mat.  Riccius,  in  that  flourishing  commonwealth 
of  China,  ■'  their  physicians  give  precepts  quite  opposite  to  ours,  not  unhappy  in 
tlieir  physic ;  they  use  altogether  roots,  herbs,  and  simples  in  their  medicines,  and 
all  their  physic  in  a  manner  is  coiuprehended  in  a  herbal:  no  science,  no  school,  no 
art,  no  degree,  but  like  a  trade,  every  man  in  private  is  instructed  of  his  master." 
^'Cardan  cracks  that  he  can  cure  all  diseases  with  water  alone,  as  Hippocrates  of  old 
did  most  infirmities  with  one  medicine.  Let  the  best  of  our  rational  physicians  de- 
monstrate and  give  a  sufficient  reason  for  those  intricate  mixtures,  why  just  so  many 
simples  in  mithridate  or  treacle,  why  such  and  such  quantity;  may  they  not  be  re- 
duced to  half  or  a  quarter  ?  Frustrajit  per  plura  (as  the  saying  is)  quod  fieri  potest 
jier  pandora ;  300  simples  in  a  julep,  potion,  or  a  little  pill,  to  what  end  or  pur- 
j)ose  .'  I  know  not  what  ^  Alkindus,  Capivaccius,  ^Montagna,  and  Simon  Eitover,  the 
best  of  them  all  and  most  rational,  have  said  in  this  kind ;  but  neither  he,  they,  nor 
any  one  of  them,  gives  his  reader,  to  my  judgment,  that  satisfaction  which  he  ought; 
why  sucli,  so  many  simples" }  Rog.  Bacon  hath  taxed  many  errors  in  his  tract  de 
graduationibus.,  explained  some  things,  but  not  cleared.  Mercurialis  in  his  book  de 
composit.  medicin.  gives  instance  in  Hamech,  and  Philonium  Romanum,  which  Ha- 
mech  an  Arabian,  and  Philonius  a  Roman,  long  since  composed,  but  crasse  as  the 

''  Noiiiiulli  liuic  supra  niodiiiii  in(lul?eiit,  usuin  elsi  I  lauilem  sibi  comparare  student,  ft  iu  hoc  stuciio  alt^r 
noil   ndHO   iiiairniini,    iion    taiuen   abjiciiMidum   censeo.  |  alteruni  supi?rare  conatur,  durn  (luisqui!  quo  plura  mis 

cunrit,  eo  se  doctioreui  putot,  inde  fit  ut  suani  prodan. 
inscitiam.  duiii  ostentaiit  peritiain,  et  se  riiliculos  ex- 
hibeant,  &c.  eSMulto  plus  periouli  a  ini;dicaniento, 

quam  a  mnrbn,  &c.  **  Eipedit.  in  Sinas,  lib.  1.  c.  5. 

Prscepta  ineilici  dant  nootirs  diversa.  in  niedendo  non 
infelices,  pharraacis  utuntur  siinplir.ibus,  ln-rbis,  radi- 
cibus,  &K.  lota  eoruin  niedicina  nostrs  lierbariie  prtB- 
ceptis  CDulinetur,  null..*  Aldus  hujus  arlis,  quisque  pri  • 
vatus  a  quolibet  magistro  eruditur.  i»Lib.  de  Aqua. 
*•>  Opusc.  de  Dos. 


"^  Aiisiin  diceri'  uprniniMU  medicuin  excelluntcni  qui  non 
ill  liar  distillatione  cbyjiiica  sit  versatus.  Morbi  chro- 
nici  dfvinci  citra  nietallica  vix  possint,  aut  ubi  sanguis 
corruuipilur.  m  Fraudes  hominiiin  et  ingenioruin 

capluriv,  niticinas  invenere  istas.  in  quibus  sua  cuique 
vciialis  proniitlitur  vita;  statim  compositiones  et  mix- 
t'ir;p  itiexplicabi^os  ex  Arabia  et  [ndia,  ulceri  parvo 
iih'ilicina  a  riibri)  mari  iinportatur.  t-'  Arncddus 

Aphor.  15.  Fallax  inedicus  qui  potens  mederi  simplici- 
bus,  cuijipositu  dolose  aut  frustra  qiiasrit.  '•''Lib.  1. 

sect.  1.  cap.   8.      Dum   iafinita  medicainenta  Diisccut, 


390  Ctire  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  i 

rest.  If  they  be  so  exact,  as  by  him  it  seems  they  were,  and  those  mixtures  so  per- 
fect, why  cloth  Fernelius  alter  the  one,  and  why  is  the  other  obsolete.-'  *^CardHi 
taxeth  Galen  for  presuming  out  of  his  ambition  to  correct  Theriachum  Androinaclii 
and  we  as  justly  may  carp  at  all  the  rest.  Galen's  medicines  are  now  exploded  ant- 
rejected  ;  what  Nicliolas  Meripsa,  Mesne,  Celsus,  Scribanius,  Actuariiis,  &.c.  writ  of 
old,  are  most  part  contemned.  Mellichius,  Cordus,  Wecker,  Querecetan,  Hhenodeus 
the  Venetian,  Florentine  states  have  their  several  receipts,  and  magistrals  :  they  of 
Nuremburg  have  theirs,  and  Augustana  Pharmacopceia,  peculiar  medicines  to  the 
meridian  of  the  city:  London  hers,  every  city,  town,  almost  every  private  man  hath 
his  own  mixtures,  compositions,  receipts,  magistrals,  precepts,  as  if  he  scorned  anti- 
quity, and  all  others  in  respect  of  himself.  Hut  each  man  must  correct  and  alter  to 
show  his  skill,  every  opinionative  fellow  must  maintain  his  own  parado.x,  be  it  what 
it  will;  Delirant.  reges^  plecluntur  ^ic/in'i :  they  dote,  and  in  the  meantime  the  poor 
patients  pay  for  their  new  experiments,  the  commonalty  rue  it. 

Thus  others  object,  thus  I  may  conceive  out  of  the  weakness  of  my  apprehension  ; 
but  to  say  truth,  there  is  no  such  fault,  no  such  ambition,  no  novelty,  or  ostentation, 
as  some  suppose ;  but  as  **  one  answers,  this  of  compound  medicines,  '•  is  a  most 
noble  and  profitable  invention  found  out,  and  brought  into  physic  witli  great  judg- 
ment, wisdom,  counsel  and  discrt'tion."  Mixed  diseases  must  have  mi.xi-d  remeilies, 
and  such  siu)ples  are  conmioidy  mixed  as  have  reference  to  the  part  alltcttd,  some 
to  (|ualify,  the  rest  to  comfort,  some  one  part,  some  another.  Cardan  and  Brassavola 
both  hold  that  .%'«//«/«  simplvx  mtdicaincntum  sine  nard,  no  simple  medicine  is  with- 
out hurt  (jr  otli-nce ;  and  although  Hippocrates,  Erasistratus,  Diodes  of  old,  in  the 
infancy  of  this  art,  were  content  with  ordinary  simples:  yet  now,  sailh  "".Etius, 
*•  necessity  compelleth  to  seek  for  new  remedies,  and  to  make  compounds  of  simples, 
as  well  to  correct  their  harms  if  cold,  dry,  hot,  thick,  thin,  insi|>itl,  noisome  to 
smell,  to  make  them  savoury  to  the  {Kilate,  pleasant  to  taste  and  take,  and  to  preserve 
them  for  continuance,  by  admixtion  of  sugar,  honey,  to  make  them  last  months  and 
years  for  several  uses."  In  such  cases,  compound  medicines  may  be  approved,  and 
Arnoldus  in  his  18.  aphorism,  doth  allow  of  it.  '""Jf  simples  caimot,  necessity 
compels  us  to  use  compt)unds ;"  so  for  receipts  and  magistrals,  dits  diem  docil,  one 
day  teacheth  another,  and  they  are  as  so  manv  words  or  phiases.  Que  nunc  sunt  m 
honore  vocahula  si  volet  usus,  ebb  and  llow  with  the  season,  and  as  wits  varv,  so 
they  may  be  infmitely  varied.  "  Quisque  suum  plucitum  quo  capiatnr  hub* I.''''  "Every 
man  as  he  likes,  so  many  men  so  many  minds,'"  and  yet  all  lending  to  good  pur- 
pose, though  not  the  same  way.  As  arts  and  Bcitnces,  so  physic  is  still  perfected 
amongst  the  rest ;  Horci  niusarum  nutricis,  and  experience  teacheth  us  every  day 
^' many  things  which  (mr  predecessors  knew  not  of.  Nature  is  not  eflete,  as  he 
saith,  or  so  lavish,  to  bestow  all  her  gifts  upon  an  age,  but  hath  reserved  some  for 
posterity,  to  show  her  power,  that  she  is  still  the  same,  and  not  old  or  consumeil. 
Birds  and  beasts  can  cure  themselves  by  nature,  ^natura  ttsu  ea  plerumque  cognos- 
cunt  qucB  homines  vix  longo  labore  et  doctrina  assequuntur^  but  "  men  must  use  much 
labour  and  industry  to  find  it  out."     But  I  digress. 

Compound  medicines  are  inwardly  taken,  or  outwardly  applied.  Inwardly  taken, 
be  either  liquid  or  solid  :  liquid,  are  fluid  or  consisting.  Fluid,  as  wines  and  syrii()s. 
The  wines  ordinarily  used  to  this  disease  are  wormwood  wine,  tamarisk,  and  bu- 
glossatum,  wine  made  of  borage  and  bugloss,  the  composition  of  which  is  speciiied 
in  Arnoldus  VUlanovanus,  Uh.  de  vinis,  of  borage,  bilm,  bugloss,  cinnamon,  kc.  and 
liighly  commended  for  its  virtues  :  *^  ••  it  drives  away  leprosy,  scabs,  clears  the  blood, 
recreates  the  spirits,  exhilarates  the  mind,  purgeth  the  brain  of  those  anxious  black 
melancholy  fumes,  and  cleanseth  the  whole  body  of  that  black  humour  l»y  urine. 
To  which  I  add,"  saiili  Villanovanus,  '*  that  it  will  bring  madmen,  and  sucli  raging 

»^ Subtil,  cnp.  (le  !u:ientiis.  '"UuiErcctan.  phar-  '  lepraiu  curat,  cpiritui  recreat,  et   aniniuin   ezbilarat. 

niariip.  rt'stitut.  cap.  2.     Nohilissiinuiii  et  utilmsiinum     .Melaiirhuliciw  huinores  p«r  urinam  etJurii    ■  >  <  •  '•  >.'<■") 
iiivenlum  suiiiuia  lmjui  neccsitiitate  adinveniuiii  et  in-     i  cranMia.  ■•ruiiiMiwiii  nielaiii-bolia:  ruimx  | 
trcxjuctijin.  "'('a|).  i5.  Tetrabib.  4.  ser.  -i.     N»-ces-  [  ailtlodefu<?iilei(  rt  ruriodm  viiiculii  r>  Tii..-ri 

Rita*  niiiir  rngic  aliqiiaiulu  noxia  qucrere  reiiieilia,  et     Juval.  et  a<l  ratiuniii  umim  ducit.     T<-<li 

ex  siiiiplirihua  coni|>nsitas  farere.  tuiii  ad  saporein,  <  Kieiilia,  quod  videriiii  malronaiii  i|iiji«I.'iiii  liiur  .n..  . ,, 
ndoreiii.  palati  eratiaiii,  ad  cnrrectionein  ^impliciuiii,  |  laiii,  <|uc  rr<-qu>-iiliuii  ex  iraciinilia  i|fiii>-ii>,  it  n  i|..  . 
luni  ad  fiituri)!*  inun,  coiiservatumem.  tr.  •ufum  I  ariiini  diceiida  tarenda  l"><|u>-t>alur,  a'!--"  fiireii»  m  h.-  I'l 

siiiipliria  iixn  posduiii  nere^sitas  c>><!it  ad  cntnposita.  I  ci  isc  r*- 1  u  r  Fuit  i-i  pra-<itaiiti<«iiiiM  riim.lio  tirii  r-'i  k 
•' Lip'*.    Kpisl.  '•'TheiMl.   PiMlroiiiiij   Amor,   lib   0.  I  usuo,  iiidicaiux  A  p*-re);riiio  houiiiie  iii<-iidiro,  eleii;j   >;  . 

**8aueuiiiein    corruptum    eiuiiculat,    Kabiem    abolet,  |  aaiu  pre  furibut  ilictc  matruoc  iiupluraab*. 


Mem.  2.  Subs   1.]  Compound  Mierutives.  397 

bedlamites  as  are  tied  in  chains,  to  the  use  of  their  reason  again.  My  conscience 
bears  me  witness,  that  I  do  not  lie,  I  saw  a  grave  matron  helped  by  this  means;  she 
was  so  choleric,  and  so  furious  sometimes,  that  she  was  almost  mad,  and  beside  her- 
self;  she  said,  and  did  she  knew  not  what,  scolded,  beat  her  maids,  and  was  now 
ready  to  be  bound  till  she  drank  of  this  borage  wine,  and  by  this  excellent  remedy 
was  cured,  which  a  poor  foreigner,  a  silly  beggar,  taught  her  by  chance,  that  came 
to  crave  an  alms  from  door  to  door."  The  juice  of  borage,  if  it  be  clarified,  and 
drunk  in  wine,  will  do  as  much,  the  roots  sliced  and  steeped,  &c.  saith  Ant.  3Iizaldus, 
art.  7ned.  who  cities  this  story  verbatim  out  of  Villanovanus,  and  so  doth  ^iagninus 
a  physician  of  Milan,  in  his  regimen  of  health.  Such  another  excellent  compound 
water  I  find  in  Rubeus  de  distill,  sect.  3.  which  he  highly  magnifies  out  of  Savauarola, 
*'  ••  for  such  as  are  solitary,  dull,  heavy  or  sad  without  a  cause,  or  be  troubled  with 
trembling  of  heart."  Other  excellent  compound  waters  for  melancholy,  he  cites  in 
the  same  place.  ^' "  If  their  melancholy  be  not  inflamed,  or  their  temperature  over- 
hot."  Evonimus  hath  a  precious  aquavitce.  to  this  purpose,  for  such  as  are  cold.  But 
he  and  most  commend  aurum  potabile,  and  every  writer  prescribes  clarified  whey, 
with  borage,  bugloss,  endive,  succory,  &c.  of  goat's  milk  especially,  some  indefinitely 
at  all  times,  some  thirty  days  together  in  the  spring,  every  morning  fasting,  a  good 
draught.  Syrups  are  very  good,  and  often  used  to  digest  this  humour  in  the  heart, 
spleen,  liver,  &c.  As  syrup  of  borage  (there  is  a  famous  syrup  of  borage  highly 
conmiended  by  Laurentius  to  this  purpose  in  his  tract  of  melancholy),  de,  pomis  of 
king  Sabor,  now  obsolete,  of  thyme  and  epithyme,  hops,  scolopendria,  fumitory, 
maidenhair,  bizantine,  &c.  These  are  most  used  for  preparatives  to  other  physic, 
mixed  with  distilled  waters  of  like  nature,  or  in  juleps  otherwise. 

Consisting,  are  conserves  or  confections ;  conserves  of  borage,  bugloss,  balm, 
fumitory,  succory,  maidenhair,  violets,  roses,  wormwood,  &c.  Confections,  treacle, 
mithridate,  eclegms,  or  linctures,  &c.  Solid,  as  aromatical  confections  :  hot,  diambra., 
diamarguritiuii  calidum,  diantJms.,  dlamoschum  dulce.,  electuarium  de  gemmis  Iccliji- 
cans  Gal'iii  ct  Rhasis,  diagalinga,  dlacimynum  dianisum.,  dialrion  piperion.,  diazin- 
zibcr,  diucapcrs.,  diacinnamonum  :  Cold,  as  diamargaritiim  frigidum,  diacorolU,  diar- 
rhodon  abbatis,  diacodion,  S)'c.  as  every  pharmacopceia  will  show  you,  with  their 
tables  or  losings  that  are  made  out  of  them  :  with  condites  and  the  like. 

Outwardly  used  as  occasion  serves,  as  amulets,  oils  hot  and  cold,  as  of  camomile, 
staechados,  violets,  roses,  almonds,  poppy,  nymphea,  mandrake,  Slc.  to  be  used  after 
bathing,  or  to  procure  sleep. 

Omtments  composed  of  the  said  species,  oils  and  wax,  &c.,  as  Alablastritum  Popvr- 
Icum,  some  hot,  some  cold,  to  moisten,  procure  sleep,  and  correct  other  accidents. 

Liniments  are  made  of  the  same  matter  to  the  like  purpose :  emplasters  of  herbs, 
flowers,  roots,  &.C.,  with  oils,  and  other  liquors  mixed  and  boiled  together. 

Cataplasms,  salves,  or  poultices  made  of  green  herbs,  pounded,  or  sod  in  water 
till  they  be  soft,  which  are  applied  to  the  hypochondries,  and  other  parts,  when  the 
body  is  empty. 

Cerotes  are  applied  to  several  parts  and  frontals,  to  take  away  pain,  grief,  heat,  pro- 
cure sleep.  Fomentations  or  sponges,  wet  in  some  decoctions,  &.C.,  epithemata,  or 
tho.se  moist  medicines,  laid  on  linen,  to  bathe  and  cool  several  parts  misaffecied. 

Sacculi,  or  little  bags  of  herbs,  flowers,  seeds,  roots,  and  the  like,  applied  to  the 
head,  heart,  stomach,  &c.,  odoraments,  balls,  perfumes,  posies  to  smell  to,  all  which 
have  their  several  uses  in  melancholy,  as  shall  be  shown,  Avhen  I  treat  of  the  cure 
of  the  distinct  species  by  themselves. 


MEMB.  II. 

SDBSE..r.  I. — Purging  Simples  upward. 

Melanagoga,  or  melancholy  purging  medicines,  are  either  simple  or  compound, 
and  that  gently,  or  violently,  purging  upward  or  downward.  These  following  purge 
upward.    '**  Afearum,  or  Asrabecca,  which,  as  Mesne  saith,  is  hot  in  the  second  degree, 

s'lis  qui   tristantur  sine  causa,  et  vitant  ainicnruin  I  metur  niclanchnlia,  aut  calidiore  teniperamento  SiUl. 
socsetatein  el  treuiunl  corde  soModo  non  inflam-  |  s^Heuruius:  datur  ia  sero  lactis,  aut  vino 


393  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  4. 

and  dry  in  the  tliird,  "  it  is  commonly  taken  in  wine,  whey,"  or  as  with  us,  the  juice 
of  two  or  three  leaves  or  more  sometimes,  pounded  in  posset  drink  qualified  with  a 
little  liquorice,  or  aniseed,  to  avoid  the  fulsomeness  of  the  taste,  or  as  Diaserum 
Fernelii.  Brassivola  in  Catart.  reckons  it  up  amongst  those  simples  that  only  purge 
melanclioly,  and  Huellius  confirms  as  much  out  of  his  experience,  that  it  pur^jeih 
^^  black  clioler,  like  hellebore  itself.  Galen,  lib.  G.  simplic.  and  '*'Matthiulus  ascribe 
other  virtues  to  it,  and  will  have  it  purge  other  humours  as  well  as  this. 

Laurel,  by  lleurnius's  method,  ad  prax.  lib.  2.  cap.  24.  is  put  amongst  the  strong 
purgers  of  melancholy ;  it  is  hot  and  dry  in  tlie  fourth  degree.  Dioscorides,  lib.  1 1. 
cap.  114.  adds  other  effects  to  it. '■'^  Pliny  sets  down  fifteen  berries  in  drink  for  a 
sufficient  potion :  it  is  commoidy  corrected  with  his  opposites,  cold  and  moist,  as 
juice  of  en(hve,  purslane,  and  is  taken  in  a  potion  to  seven  grains  and  a  half.  But 
this  and  asrabecca,  every  gentlewoman  in  the  country  knows  how  to  give,  they  are 
two  common  vomits. 

Scilla,  or  sea-onion,  is  hot  and  dry  in  the  tiiird  degree.  Brassivola  in  Catart.  out 
of  Mesne,  others,  and  his  own  experience,  will  have  this  simple  to  purge  '"'melan- 
choly alone.  It  is  an  ordinary  vomit,  vinttm  scilliticum,  mixed  with  rubel  in  a  litiie 
white  wine. 

White  hellebore,  which  some  call  sneezing-powder,  a  strong  purger  upward,  which 
many  reject,  as  being  too  violent:  Mesne  and  Averroes  will  not  aihnit  of  it,  '"by 
reason  of  danger  of  sutli>cati(>n,"  ••'•great  pain  and  trouble  it  puts  the  poor  patient 
to,"  saith  Dodonieiis.  Yet  iialen,  lib.  i).  siinpl.  incd.  and  Dioscorides,  c«/^  145.ali(nv 
of  it.  It  was  indeed  ^"terrible  in  lormt-r  times,"  as  Pliny  notes,  but  now  famihar. 
insomuch  that  many  took  it  in  those  days,  *"•  that  were  students,  to  quicken  tinir 
wits,"  which  Persius  Sat.  1.  objects  to  Accius  the  poet,  I  lias  Acci  ibria  veratro. 
*''  It  helps  melancholy,  tlje  falling  sickness,  niadness,  gout,  &.C.,  but  not  to  be  taken 
of  old  men,  youths,  such  as  are  weaklings,  nice,  or  etK-minale,  troubled  with  head- 
ache, liigli-col(jured,  or  fear  strangling,"  saith  Dioscoride.-.  'Oribasius,  an  old  phy- 
sician, hath  written  very  copiously,  and  approves  of  it,  ^^  in  such  aflt'Ctions  which 
can  otherwise  liardly  be  cured."  Hernius,  lib.  2.  prax.  med.  de  vomitoriis^  will  not 
have  it  used  ^^'but  with  great  caution,  by  reason  of  its  strength,  and  then  when 
antimony  will  do  no  good,"  which  caused  Hermophilus  to  compare  it  to  a  stout 
captain  (as  Codroneus  observes  cap.  7.  comment,  df  Ilelleb.)  that  will  see  all  his 
soldiers  go  before  him  and  come  post  principia.  like  the  bragging  soldier,  last*  hirn- 
selt;**\vhen  other  helps  fail  in  inveterate  melancholy,  in  a  desperate  case,  this  vomit 
is  to  be  taken.  And  yet  for  all  this,  if  it  be  well  prepared,  it  may  be  '•'securely  given 
at  first.  '"Matthiolus  brags,  that  he  hath  often,  to  the  good  of  many,  marie  use  of 
it,  and  Heurnius,  " 'Mhat  he  hath  happil)  used  it,  prepared  after  his  own  prescript," 
and  with  good  success.  Christophorus  a  \'ega,  lib.  3.  c.  41,  is  of  the  .same  opinion, 
that  it  may  be  lawfully  given ;  and  our  country  gentlewomen  find  it  by  their  comnmn 
practice,  that  there  is  no  such  great  danger  in  it.  Dr.  Turner,  speaking  of  this  plant 
in  his  Herbal,  telleth  us,  that  in  his  time  it  was  an  ordinary  receipt  among  good 
wives,  to  give  hellebore  in  powder  to  ii^  weight,  and  he  is  not  much  against  it.  But 
they  do  commonly  exceed,  for  who  so  bold  as  blind  Bayard,  and  prescribe  it  by 
pennyworths,  and  such  irrational  ways,  as  I  have  heard  myself  market  folks  a.sk  for 
it  in  an  apothecary's  shop  :  but  with  w  hat  success  God  knows ;  they  smart  often  for 
their  rash  boldness  and  fully,  break  a  vein,  make  their  eyes  ready  to  sLiri  out  <jf 
their  heads,  or  kill  themselves.  So  that  the  fault  is  not  in  the  physic,  but  in  the 
rude  and  indiscreet  handling  of  it.  He  that  will  know,  therefore,  when  to  use,  how 
to  prepare  it  aright,  and  in  what  dose,  let  him  read  Heurnius  lib.  2.  prax.  mtd.  Bias- 
sivola  de   Catart.  Godefridus  Stegius  the  emperor  Kudolphus'  physician  cap.  16. 


"Veratri  modo  expurgat  cerebrum,  robnrat  memo- 
ri.ini.     Fucli:tius.  >"Cra.<viis  et  biliu«>s  Imuiiireit 

JHT  voiiiiliiiii  e'liicit.  w  Vomit  urn  et  iiiviihi.-s  cit. 

valft  ail  bjilrop.  Sec.  i*  Materiaa  olras  ••(liicil. 

>  Ab  vrii!  iJeo  rrjiciendum,  ob  p*-ririiliim  eutiiicationiii. 


8.  rap.  n    in  aff>-ctionibu«  ii(  quv  HilTiciillt-r  ciirantur, 
Hellebr>ruiii  ilaiiiu*.      *        '  Non  nine  Kiiiiiina  cauiiu  at 

hiic  ri-(iieilii>  ulfiiiiir  ;  e«t  enim  valiili"«i- •   — im 

vitv»  Aiitiiiiniiii  contcninil  morbus,  in  .:  i 

tur,  iiio<lo  valide  virpn  rtnorr-iicant. 


*i;ap.   M>.  inacna  vi  educit,  et  iiiolesiia  cum  oinriina.  'cap.  I.  n«r^.     lis  iM>liiin  dan  vnlt   Hell •  .■■irii, 

*  Quonilnrii  It-rriliik-.  <  .MuKi  ^tll<:lorurll  i>ra(Hi  iul     (jm  wvus  ipvui  non  hab«-nl,  non  im  iui  r*)rnco|M-in  li- 

prnvKlfiiila  amux  r|(ie  cnmini.-nlal>antiir.  ^  .Mt-dftnr     nieni,  &c.  *  Cum  falule  mullonim.  >*Cap. 

eomilialibu8.  iiiflaiictioliri<<.  [KHlasriis;   vetalur  ■em-     13.  d>- iiiorbii  cap.  ■>  Nua  (kfiU'uic  utimur  Bovtrc 

bu*.  pueri»,  inollibu»  et  clfiFaiinatM.  *Cullect.  lib.  i  prepvralu  Hellcburo  albo. 


Mem.  2.  Siibs.  2.]  Purging  Simples.  Sgg 

Matthiolus  in  Dioscor.  and  that  excellent  commentary  of  Baptista  Codroncus,  which 
IS  instar  omnium  de  Helleb.  alb.  where  we  shall  find  great  diversity  of  examples  and 
receipts.  ^ 

Antimony  or  stibium,  which  our  chemists  so  much  magnify,  is  either  taken  in 
substance  or  mfusion,  &c.,  and  frequently  prescribed  in  this  disease.     "  It  helps  all 
mfirmities,"  saith  '' IVIatthiolus,  'Mvhich  proceed  from  black  choler,  fallincr  sickne^^s 
and   hypochondriacal  passions ;"  and  for  farther  proof  of  his  assertion"^  he  aives 
several  instances  of  such  as  have  been  freed  with  it:  '^one  of  Andrew  Gallus,  a  phy- 
sician of  Trent,  that  after  many  other  essays,  '^  imputes  the  recovery  of  his  health, 
next  after  God,  to  this  remedy  alone."     Another  of  George  Handshius,  that  in  like 
sort,  when  other  medicines  failed,  ""was  by  this  restored  to  his  former  health,  and 
which  of  his  knowledge  others  have  likewise  tried,  and  by  the  help  of  this  admi- 
rable medicine,  been  recovered."     A  third  of  a  parish  priest  at  Prao-ue  in  Bohemia, 
=  "that  was  so  far  gone  with  melancholy,  that  he  doted,  and  spake  he  knew  not 
what ;  but  after  he  had  taken  twelve  grains  of  stibium,  (as  I  mvself  saw,  and  can 
witness,  for  I  was  called  to  see  this  miraculous  accident)  he  was  pureed  of  a  deal  of 
black  choler,  like  little  gobbets  of  flesh,  and  all  his  excrements  were"  as  black  blood 
(a  medicine  fitter  for  a  horse  than  a  man),  yet  it  did  him  so  much  <Tood,  that  the 
next  day  he  was  perfectly  cured."     This  very  story  of  the  Bohemian  priest,  Scken- 
kius  relates  verbatim,  Exoter.  experiment,  ad.  var.  morb.  cent.  6.  observ.  6.  with  great 
approbation  of  it.     Hercules  de  Saxonia  calls  it  a  profitable  medicine,  if  it  be  taken 
alter  meat  to  six  or  eight  grains,  of  such  as  are  apt  to  vomit.     Rodericus  a  Fonseca 
the  Spaniard,  and  late  professor  of  Padua  in  Italy,  extols  it  to  this  disease,  Tom.  2. 
consul.  85.  so  doth  Lod.  Mercatus  de  inter,  morb.  cur.  lib.  1.  cap.  17.  with  many 
others.     Jacobus  Gervinus  a  French  physician,  on  the  other  side,  lib.  2.  de  venenis 
conjut.  explodes  all  this,  and  saith  he  took  three  grains  only  upon  Mattliiolu.'?  and 
some  others'  commendation,  but  it  almo.st  killed  him,  whereupon  he   concludes, 
"antimony  is  rather  poison  than  a  medicine."     Th.  Erastus  concurs  with  him  in 
his  opinion,  and  so  doth  ^Elian  Montaltus  cap.  30  de  melan.     But  what  do  I  talk  > 
'tis  the  subject  of  whole  books  ;  I  might  cite  a  century  of  authors  pro  and  con.     I 
will  conclude  with  ''  Zuinger,  antimony  is  like  Scanderbeg's  sword,  which  is  either 
good  or  bad,  strong  or  weak,  as  the  party  is  that  prescribes,  or  useth  it :  "a  worthy 
medicine  it  it  be  rightly  applied  to  a  strong  man,  otherwise  poison."     For  the  pre- 
paring of  it,  look  in  Evonimi  thesaurus,  Quercctan,  Osivaldus  CrolUus,  Basil.  Cliim. 
Basil.  Valcntius,  &)-c. 

Tobacco,  divine,  rare,  superexcellent  tobacco,  which  goes  far  beyond  all  tlie  pana- 
ceas, potable  gold,  and  philosopher's  stones,  a  sovereign  remedy  to  all  diseases.  A 
good  vomit,  I  confess,  a  virtuous  herb,  if  it  be  well  qualified,  opportunely  taken,  and 
medicinally  used  ;  but  as  it  is  commonly  abused  by  most  men,  which  take  it  as 
tinkers  do  ale,  'tis  a  plague,  a  mischief,  a  violent  purger  of  goods,  lands,  health, 
hellish,  devilish  and  damned  tobacco,  the  ruin  and  overthrow  of  body  and  soul. 

SuBSECT.  II. — Simples  purging  Melancholy  dovmward. 

Polypody  and  epithyme  are,  without  all  exceptions,  gentle  purgers  of  melan- 
choly. Dioscorides  will  have  them  void  phlegm;  but  Brassivola  out  of  his  expe- 
rience averreth,  that  they  purge  this  humour ;  they  are  used  in  decoction,  infusion, 
kc.  simple,  mixed,  &c. 

Mirabolanes,  all  five  kinds,  are  happily  '^prescribed  against  melancholy  and  quar- 
tan agues ;  Brassivola  speaks  out  '^ "  of  a  thousand"  experiences,  he  gave  them  in 
pills,  decoctions,  &c.,  look  for  peculiar  receipts  in  him. 

Stoechas,  fumitory,  dodder,  herb  mercury,  roots  of  capers,  genista  or  broom,  pen- 

12  In  lib. 5.  Dioscor.  cap.  3.  Omnilius  npitiilatur  mor- 
biii,  quns  atrabilis  exnitavit  cniuitialibus  ii>qije  prescr- 
tini  qui  Hvpocoiidriacas  oblirierit  passiones.  '^  An- 

dreas Galliis,  Triilentinus  inedicus,  salutem  liiiic  medi- 
camento  post  Deum  debet.  k  Integra;  sanitati, 

brevi  resiitutus.  Id  quod  aliis  accidii?se  scio,  qui  hoc 
mirabili  nieilicamenio  usi  sunt.  '^dui  n!elanch<i- 

•  icus  factus  plane  deEipiebat,  multaque  stulte  biqueba- 
tuT,  huic  exhibilum  1-2.  gr.  stibium,  quod  paulo  post 
atram  bileiii  ex  alvo  eduxit  (ut  ego  vidi.  qui  vocatus 


tanquarn  ad  miraculum  adfiii  testari  possum.)  et  ra- 
nieiita  taiiqiiam  carnis  disserta  in  partes  totum  eicre- 
mentuui  tanquarn  sanguinem  nigerriiiiuni  reprjesenia- 
bat.  "  .Antimoniuni  venenum,  non  niedicamentuoi. 

"  Cratonis  ep.  sect,  vel  ad  Monaviura  ep.  In  utramque 
partem  dignissinium  medicanientum,  si  recte  utenlur. 
spcus  venenum.  i*  ^Ma-rores  fugant;  utiijsgimd 

dantur  melanchnlicis  et  qiiaternariis.  "Milliw 

horum  vires  expertus  sum. 


400 


Cure  of  Melancholy. 


[Part.  2.  Sec.  4 


nyroyal  and  half-boiled  cabbage,  I  find  in  this  catalogue  of  purgers  of  black  choler, 
origan,  featherfevv,  ammoniac^"  salt,  saltpetre.  But  these  are  very  gentle ;  alyppus, 
dragon  root,  centaury,  ditany,  colutea,  which  Fuchsius  cap.  108  and  others  take  for 
senna,  but  most  distinguish.  Senna  is  in  the  middle  of  violent  and  gentle  purgers 
downward,  hot  in  the  second  degree,  dry  in  the  first.  Brassivola  calls  it  ■^'  *•'•  a  won- 
derful herb  against  melancholy,  it  scours  the  blood,  lightens  the  spirits,  shakes  off 
sorrow,  a  most  profitable  medicine,"  as  ^^Dodonajus  terms  it,  invented  by  the  Arabians, 
and  not  heard  of  beibre.  It  is  taken  diverse  ways,  in  powder,  infusion,  but  most 
commonly  in  the  infusion,  with  ginger,  or  some  cordial  fiowers  added  to  correct  it- 
Actuarius  commends  it  sodden  in  broth,  with  an  old  cock,  or  in  whey,  wliich  is  the 
common  conveyor  of  all  such  things  as  purge  black  choler;  or  steeped  in  wine, 
which  Ileurnius  accounts  sufficient,  without  any  farther  correction. 

Aloes  by  most  is  said  to  purge  choler,  but  Aurelianus  lib.  '2.  c.  6.  de  morh.  chron. 
Arculanus  cap.  6.  in  9.  Rhas'is  Julius  .Alexandrinus,  consil.  1H5.  Scollz.  Crato  coTh- 
sil.  189.  Scollz.  prescribe  it  to  this  disease;  as  good  for  the  stomach  and  to  open  the 
haemorrhoids,  out  of  Mesue,  Khasis,  Serapio,  Avicenna:  Menardus  ep.  lib.  l.epist.  1. 
opposeth  it,  aloes  ^"doth  not  open  the  veins,"  or  move  the  htemorrhoids,  which 
Leonhartus  Fuchsius  jaarfl(/o.r.  lib.  1.  likewise  affirms;  but  Brassivola  and  Dodona;u8 
defend  Mesue  out  of  their  exjierience ;  let  '^^  Valesius  end  the  controversy. 

Lapis  armenus  and  lazuli  are  much  magnified  by  ^'Alexander  lib.  1.  cap.  16.  Avi- 
cenna, /Etius,  and  Actuarius,  if  they  be  well  washed,  that  the  water  be  no  more 
coloured,  fifty  times  some  say.  *'*That  good  Alexander  (saith  Ciuianerus)  puts 
such  confitlence  in  this  one  medicine,  that  he  thought  all  melaiuholy  passions  might 
be  cured  by  it ;  and  1  for  my  part  have  oftentimes  ha|)pily  used  it,  and  was  never 
deceived  in  the  operation  of  it."  The  like  may  be  said  of  lapis  lazuli,  tbougli  it  be 
somewhat  weaker  than  the  other.  Garcias  ab  lU>rU>,  hist.  lib.  1.  c«/<.  (if),  relates, 
that  the  ^physicians  of  the  .Moors  familiarly  prescribe  it  to  all  melanchnly  passions, 
and  Matthiolus  ep.  lib.  '.i.  *"  brags  of  that  liappy  success  which  he  still  had  in  the 
administration  of  it.  Nicholas  Meripsa  puts  it  amongst  the  best  remedie.<i,  sec^  I. 
cap.  12.  in  .Anlidotis;  ^"and  if  this  will  not  serve  (saitb  Khasis)  then  there  remains 
nothing  but  lapis  armenus  and  hellebore  iljjeU."  Valescus  and  Jason  Fratensis  much 
conmiend  pulvis  hali,  which  is  made  of  it.  James  Damascen.  2.  cap.  12.  Hercules 
de  Saxonia,  8tc.,  speaks  well  of  it.  Crato  will  not  approve  this;  it  and  both  helle- 
bores, he  saith,  are  no  belter  than  poison.  Victor  Trincavelius,  lib.  2.  cap.  14.  found 
it  in  his  experience,  *"to  be  very  noisome,  to  trouble  the  stomach,  and  hurt  their 
bodies  that  take  it  overmuch." 

Black  hellebore,  that  most  renowned  plant,  and  famous  purger  of  melancholy, 
which  all  antiquity  so  much  used  and  admired,  was  first  found  out  by  Melanpodius 
a  shepherd,  as  Fliny  records,  lib.  25.  cap.  5.  *'  who,  seeing  it  to  purge  his  goats  when 
they  raved,  practised  it  upon  Elige  and  Calene,  King  Frastus'  daughters,  that  ruled 
in  Arcadia,  near  the  fountain  Clitorius,  and  restored  them  to  their  former  health.  In 
llippocrales's  lime  it  was  in  only  request,  insomuch  that  he  writ  a  b(jok  of  it,  a 
fragment  of  which  remains  yet.  Theophrastus,  *^  Galen,  Fliny,  Cailius  .Aurelianus, 
as  ancient  as  Galen,  lib.  1.  cap.  6.  Aretus  lib.  1.  cap.  5.  Oribasius  lib.T.  collect,  a 
famous  Greek,  vEtius  ser.  3,  cap.  112  &.  1 13  p.  iEgineta,  Galen's  Ape,  lib.  7.  cap.  4. 
Actuarius,  Trallianus  lib.  5.  cap.  15.  Cornelius  Celsus  only  remaining  of  the  old 
Latins,  lib.  3.  cap.  23,  extol  and  admire  this  excellent  plant ;  and  it  was  generally 
so  much  esteemed  of  the  ancients  for  this  disease  amongst  the  rest,  that  they  sent 
all  such  as  were  crazed,  or  that  doted,  to  the  Anticyra,  or  to  Fhocis  in  Achaia,  to 
l)e  purged,  where  this  plant  was  in  abundance  to  be  had.  In  Slrabo's  time  it  was  an 
ordinary  voyage,  jVaviget  Anticyrus;  a  common  proverb  among  the  Greeks  and 
I.,atins,  to  bid  a  dizzard  or  a  mad  man  go  take  hellebore ;  as  in  Lucian,  .Menippus  to 


"Sal  nitriim,  sial  aniiiinniacuni,  Dracontij  radii,  diic- 
lamnum.  "  I'alit  online  gecuiido,  ticcal  prinin, 

a<lv>>rsu!>  omnia  vitia  alrx  liilis  valci,  aanguinern  iiiuii- 
ila(.  «|iirilu:i  illii:itrat,  iii:(.'romii  di^ulit  hi-rba  iiiiril^ca. 
"Cap.  4.  lib.  i.  °  Ri  Tf  ntiores  iieeaiit  ora  veiiaruni 

reiecare.  *•  \n  a!o«  ap^ri.u  ora  vrnaruin   lib  U. 

emit.  3.  ^  Vap<ire><  ali.<teigit  a  vitalibu<t  parlibus. 

«Tr»et.  15.  c.  0.  Boimg  Alexander,  lanlaiii  lapide  .^r- 
aM^no  ciinridentiani  habuiC.  ut  oinnes  melancliulicas  pa»- 
iiooei  ab  eo  curari  yvMe  c/ederel,  e(  ego,  ludti  acpi*' 


■line  uaui  lum.  et  in  ejus  Piliibitmne  nunquam  Trauda- 
tui  fui.  *' Maiiforum  inedici  h<K  lapi'l>-  |<N'riiiii(|ua 

piirganl  melancholiMin.  Ac         *>(iijoef  t'-r 

uiU!i  tiini.  rl  magiio  rum  auxilio.  <. 

nihil  rental  niii  Melleb<>riii,  rl  lapif  Arv  -ii 

I&4.  Scoltrh  *  Multa  mrpora  vidi  jraM--i  i'    '    mc 

aeitata.  el  itoniacho  in'illuin  ohrniMe.  >■  rmii  vili*. 
■It  ab  eo  curari  capra*  rurentra,  kx..  *>  Lib.  6  nuipl. 
med. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  2.]  Purging  Simples.  iOl 

Tantalus,  Taniale  desipis,  hellchoro  cpolo  tihi  opus  esf^  eoque  sane  meraco,  thou  art 
out  of  thy  little  wit,  O  Tantalus,  and  must  needs  drink  hellebore,  and  that  without 
mixture.  Aristophanes  iti  Vespis,  drink  hellebore,  &c.  and  Harpax  in  the  ^^Comoe- 
dian,  told  Simo  and  Ballio,  two  doting  fellows,  that  they  had  need  to  be  purged  with 
this  plant.  When  that  proud  Menacrates  6  ^ttij,  had  writ  an  arrogant  letter  to  Philip 
of  Macedon,  he  sent  back  no  other  answer  but  this,  Consulo  tibi  ut  ad  Jlnllcyram 
^:-  confcras,  noting  thereby  that  he  was  crazed,  atque  ellcbore  indigerc,  had  much 
need  of  a  good  purge.  Lilius  Geraldus  saith,  that  Hercules,  after  all  his  mad 
pranks  upon  his  wife  and  children,  was  perfectly  cured  by  a  purge  of  helle- 
bore, which  an  Anticyrian  administered  unto  him.  They  that  were  sound  com- 
monly took  it  to  quicken  their  wits,  (as  Ennis  of  old,  ^^Qui  non  nisi  polus  ad 
arma  —  proslhut  diccnda,  and  as  our  poets  drink  sack  to  improve  their  inven- 
tions (]  find  it  so  registered  by  Agellius  lib.  17.  cap.  15.)  Carneades  the  academic, 
when  he  was  to  write  against  Zeno  the  stoic,  purged  himself  with  hellebore  first, 
which  ^'Petronius  puts  upon  Chrysippus.  In  such  esteem  it  continued  for  many  ages, 
till  at  length  Mesne  and  some  other  Arabians  began  to  reject  and  reprehend  it,  upon 
whose  authority  for  many  foUovj'ing  lustres,  it  was  much  debased  and  quite  out  of 
request,  held  to  be  poison  and  no  medicine ;  and  is  still  oppugned  to  this  day  by 
*Crato  and  some  junior  physicians.  Their  reasons  are,  because  Aristotle  /.  I.  de 
plant,  c.  3.  said,  henbane  and  hellebore  were  poison  ;  and  Alexander  Aphrodiseus,  in 
the  preface  of  his  problems,  gave  out,  that  (speaking  of  hellebore)  ^' "  Quails  fed  on 
that  which  was  poison  to  men."  Galen.  I.  6.  Epid.  com.  5.  Text.  35.  confirms  as 
much  :  ^*  Constantine  the  emperor  in  his  Geoponicks,  attributes  no  other  virtue  to 
it,  than  to  kill  mice  and  rats,  flies  and  mouldwarps,  and  so  Mizaldus,  Nicander  of 
old,  Gervinus,  Sckenkius,  and  some  other  Neoterics  that  have  written  of  poisons, 
speak  of  hellebore  in  a  chief  place.  ^^  Nicholas  Leonicus  hath  a  story  of  Solon, 
that  besieging,  I  know  not  what  city,  steeped  hellebore  in  a  spring  of  water,  v/hich 
by  pipes  was  conveyed  into  the  middle  of  the  town,  and  so  either  poisoned,  or  else 
made  them  so  feeble  and  weak  by  purging,  that  they  were  not  able  to  bear  arms. 
Notwithstanchng  all  these  cavils  and  objections,  most  of  our  late  writers  do  much 
approve  of  it.  ''°  Gariopontus  lib.  1.  cap.  13.  Codronchus  com.  dc  helleb.  Fallopius 
lib.  de  med.  purg.  simpl.  cap.  69.  et  consil.  15.  Trincavelii,  Montanus  239.  Friseme- 
lica  consil.  14.  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  so  that  it  be  opportunely  given.  Jacobus  de 
Dondis,  Agg.  Amatus,  Lucet.  cent.  66.  Godef.  Stegius  cap.  13.  Hollerius,  and  all  our 
herbalists  subscribe.  Fernelius  meth.  med.  lib.  5.  cap.  16.  "  confesseth  it  to  be  a 
•*'  terrible  purge  and  hard  to  take,  yet  well  given  to  strong  men,  and  such  as  have 
able  bodies."  P.  Forestus  and  Capivaccius  forbid  it  to  be  taken  in  substance,  but 
allow  it  in  decoction  or  infusion,  both  which  ways  P.  Monavius  approves  above  all 
others,  Episl.  231.  Scoltzii,  Jacchinus  in  9.  Rhasis,  commends  a  receipt  of  his  own 
preparing;  Penottus  another  of  his  chemically  prepared,  Evonimus  another.  Hilde-  ' 
sheim  spied.  2.  de  mel.  hath  many  examples  how  it  should  be  used,  with  diversity 
of  receipts.  Heurnius  lib.  7.  prax.  med.  cap.  14.  '•'calls  it  an  '^"innocent  medicine 
howsoever,  if  it  be  well  prepared."  The  root  of  it  is  only  in  use,  ^v♦hich  may  be 
kept  many  years,  and  by  some  given  in  substance,  as  by  Fallopius  and  Brassivola 
amongst  the  rest,  who  ''^  brags  that  he  was  the  first  that  restored  it  again  to  its  use, 
and  tells  a  story  how  he  cured  one  Melatasta,  a  madman,  that  was  thought  to  be 
possessed,  in  the  Duke  of  Ferrara's  court,  with  one  purge  of  black  hellebore  in  sub- 
.stance  :  the  receipt  is  there  to  be  seen  ;  his  excrements  were  like  ink,  "  he  perfectly 
healed  at  once ;  Vidus  Vidius,  a  Dutch  physician,  will  not  admit  of  it  in  substance, 
to  whom  most  subscribe,  but  as  before,  in  the  decoction,  infusion,  or  which  is  all  in 
all,  in  the  extract,  which  he  prefers  before  the  rest,  and  calls  suave  medicamcntum^  a 
sweet  medicine,  an  easy,  that  may  be  securely  given  to  women,  children,  and  weak- 
lings.    Baracellus,  liorto  geniali.,  terms  it  maximce  prcestantia  medicamentum.)  a  medi- 


33  Pseudolo  act.  4.  seen.  ult.  helleboro  hisce  hoininibus 
opus  est.  a<  Hor.  a=  In  Satyr.  ssCrato 

coDsil.  10.  1.2.  Etsi  tmilti  magni  viri  probent,  in  honatn 
;)ariem  accipiarit  medici,  non  probeni.  ^  Vescun- 

tur  veratro   coturnioes  quod   hoininibus   toxicuin   est. 
■"  Lib.  23.  c.  7.  1-'.  14.  ss  De  var.  hist.  «  Corpus 

iiicoiume  reddit,  et  juvenile  efficit.  •'i  Veteres  non 

sine  causa  usi  sunt :  Dilficilis  ex  Helleboro  purgatio,  et 

51  2i2 


terroris  plena,  sed  robustis  datur  tamen,  tc.  "  In- 

nocens  medicamentura,  modo  rite  paretur.  *^  Absit 

jactantia,  ego  primus  prtebere  aepi,  &.c.  *•  In  Ca- 

tart.  Ex  una  sola  evacuatione  furor  cessavit  et  quietus 
inde  vixit.  Tale  exempluin  apud  Sckenkium  et  aoud 
Scoltziuin,  ep.  231.  P.  .Monavius  se  stolidum  .caras*? 
jactat  hoc  epoto  tribus  aut  quatuor  v'cibus. 


402  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  4. 

cine  of  great  worth  and  note.  Qiiercetan  in  his  Spagir  Phar.  and  many  others,  tel" 
wonders  of  the  extract.  Paracelsus,  above  all  the  rest,  is  the  greatest  admirer  of  this 
plant ;  and  especially  the  extract,  he  calls  it  Theriacum^  tcrreslre  Balsamiim,  another 
treacle,  a  terrestrial  halm.,  instar  omnmm,  "all  in  all,  the  ^'sole  and  last  refiifi^e  to  cure 
this  malady,  the  gout,  epilepsy,  leprosy,  &c."  If  this  will  not  help,  no  physic  in 
the  world  ran  but  mineral,  it  is  the  upshot  of  all.  Matlhiolus  laughs  at  tliose  that 
except  against  it,  and  tliough  some  abhor  it  out  of  the  authority  of  Mesne,  and  dare 
not  adventure  to  prescribe  it,  ^*"yel  I  (sailh  he)  have  happily  used  it  six  hundred 
limes  without  otR-nce,  and  communicated  it  to  divers  worthy  physicians,  wlio  have 
given  me  great  thanks  for  it."  Look  for  receipts,  dose,  preparation,  and  other 
cautions  concerning  this  simple,  in  hin»,  Brassivula,  Baracelsus,  Codronchus,  and 
the  rest. 

SuBSECT.  Ul.-^Compound  Puri^ers. 

CoMPOiXD  medicines  which  purge  melancholy,  are  either  taken  in  the  superior  oi 
mferior  parts  :  superior  at  mouth  or  nostrils.  At  the  mouth  swallowed  or  not  swal- 
lowed :  If  swallowed  liquid  or  solid  :  liquid,  as  compound  wine  of  helh'I)ore,  scilla 
or  sea-onion,  senna,  Vinum  ScilUlicum,  Helleboratiim.,  which  *^Quercetan  so  much 
applauds  '•  for  melancholy  and  madness,  either  inwardly  taken,  or  outwarilly  applied 
to  tlie  head,  with  little  pieces  of  linen  dipped  warm  in  it."  OxymeL  Scilliticum^ 
S,i/rupus  Ilellfhoraliis  major  and  miuor  in  Quercetiin,  and  Syrupus  (ienisl<r  for  hypo- 
chondriacal melancholy  in  the  same  author,  compound  syrup  of  succory,  of  fumitory, 
polipody,  kc.  lleuriiius  his  pursuing  coek-brolli.  Some  except  against  these  syrups, 
as  appears  bv  ^"^  I'dalriims  Leonorus  his  epistle  to  Matlhiolus,  as  most  pernicious,  and 
that  out  of  Hippocrates,  coda  movers,  et  mcdicari.,  nun  criifla,  no  raw  things  to  be 
used  in  physic;  but  this  in  the  following  epistle  is  exi)lodL'd  and  soundly  confuted 
by  Matlhiolus  :  many  juleps,  potions,  receipt-s,  are  composed  of  these,  as  you  sliall 
tind  in  liilde>5heim  spicel.  2.  Ileurnius  lib.  2.  cap.  14.  George  Sckenkius  Jtul.  mcd. 
prax.  &(c. 

Solid  purges  are  confections,  electuaries,  pills  by  themselves,  or  compound  with 
others,  as  dc  lapide  lazulo^  armeno,  pil.  indce.,  of  fumituryy  6^-c.  Confection  uf  Ha- 
mech,  which  though  most  approve,  Solenander  stc.  5.  cunsil.  22.  bitterly  inveighs 
against,  so  doth  Hondoletius  Pharmacop.  otilcina,  Fernelius  and  others ;  diasena, 
diapolypodium,  diacassia,  diacatliolicon,  VVecker's  electuarie  de  Epithynio,  Ptolemy's 
hierologadium,  of  which  divers  receipts  are  daily  made. 

jEtius  22.  23.  commends  Ilieram  Rujji.  Trincavelius  consil.  12.  lib.  4.  apjiroves 
of  Hiera;  nan,  inquit,  inrenio  nulius  medicumentum,  I  lind  no  belter  medicine,  he 
saith.  Heurnius  adds  pil.  agiirrgat.  pills  de  Eptlhymo.  pil.  Ind.  Mesne  describes 
in  the  Flon-ntiw  Antidotary,  Pilulce  sine  quibus  esse  nolo.,  Pilulce  Cochiir  cum  Ilel- 
leboro,  Pil.  Arabica.,  Fietidn,  de  quinque  generibus  nurabnlanorum,  i^-c.  .More  proper 
to  melancholy,  not  excluiling  in  the  meantime,  turbith,  maima,  riiubarf),  agaric, 
elescophe,  Slc.  wliich  are  not  so  projKjr  to  this  humour.  For,  as  Montaltus  holds 
cap.  30.  and  Montanus  cholera  etiarn  purganda.,  quod  alrce  sit  pabulum,  clioler  is  to 
be  purged  because  it  feeds  the  other:  and  some  are  of  an  opinion,  as  Erasistratns 
and  Asclepiades  maintained  of  old,  against  whom  Galen  disputes,  *^"  that  no  physic 
doth  purge  one  humour  alone,  but  all  alike  or  what  is  next."  Most  tlierefore  in 
iheir  receipts  and  magistrals  which  are  coined  here,  make  a  mixture  of  several  sim- 
ples and  compounds  to  purge  all  humours  in  general  as  well  as  this.  Some  rather 
use  potions  than  pills  to  purge  this  humour,  becau.se  that  as  Heurnius  and  Crate 
observe,  hie  succus  il  sicco  remedio  agre  trahitur.,  this  juice  is  not  so  easily  drawn 
by  dry  remedies,  and  as  Montanus  adviseth  25  can.'?.  '■•All  "drying  medicines  are 
to  be  repelled,  as  aloe,  hiera,"  and  all  pills  whatsoever,  because  the  disease  is  dr>'  of 
itself. 

I  might  here  insert  many  receipts  of  prescribed  potions,  boles,  &.c.     The  dose«  of 

«Ultiniumrefii;ium,Pxtremuin  medicamentum.  quod  I  turn  extra,  w>ciif  capili  cum  lintrol.n  in  m  ni'lcfulM 

rclera  oiiiniaclaudicqiiacuiiqiie  csteris  laialivm  pelli     tppid«  adnioiiim.  ••  f m-i    \\:,u,   \,u    i     T>ii«>« 

non  pmsuiil  ail  hmic  [H-rtirieiit ;  »i   non  hiiic.  iiulli  re-  |  Syru|>i    micf  iitiiiiijini    el    nn 
durit.  ^Te&luri  poitfuiu  me  KexceiilM  h'liiiiiiibiii  '  •  Purgaiilia  ceiii>fbant  iiie>:r 

XcUehnrum  nii'miii  fxhibuiMe.  niillo  prormis  iiiroiniiiM-     rem  ailrabere,  M-d  t|ueaicur.>,  .    ..:...   _a...  :,*. 

di«.  *.c.  *■  PhartiiBcnp.  rt|>(im>im  est  ail  inaniam  et     lurain  tonvertere.  *«  Krlisanlur  iiiun*^  rXBiccaatca 

•uinea  njelaacbulicoti  uITmI-u.  turn  intra  aMuniptuin,     aicdicinc,  ul  Aloe,  Hiera,  pilule  quKcuD<|U(. 


Mem.  3.] 


Chirurgical  Remedies. 


403 


these,  but  that  they  are  common  in  every  good  physician,  and  that  I  am  loth  to  incur 
the  censure  of  Forestus,  lib.  3.  cap.  6.  de  urinis,  ^'  "  against  those  that  divulge  c.A  pub- 
lish medicines  in  their  mother-tongue,"  and  lest  I  should  give  occasion  thereby  to  s«>aie 
ignorant  reader  to  practise  on  himself,  without  the  consent  of  a  good  physician. 

Such  as  are  not  swallowed,  but  only  kept  in  the  mouth,  are  gargarisms  used  com- 
monly after  a  purge,  when  the  body  is  soluble  and  loose.  Or  apophlegmatisms,  mas- 
ticatories,  to  be  held  and  chewed  in  the  mouth,  which  are  gentle,  as  hyssop,  origan, 
pennyroyal,  thyme,  mustard  ;  strong,  as  pellitory,  pepper,  ginger,  &.c. 

Such  as  are  taken  into  the  nostrils,  errhina  are  liquid  or  dry,  juice  of  pimpernel, 
onions,  &c.,  castor,  pepper,  white  hellebore,  &c.  To  these  you  may  add  odora- 
inents,  perfumes,  and  suffumigations,  &c. 

Taken  into  the  inferior  parts  are  clysters  strong  or  weak,  suppositories  of  Castilian 
soap,  honey  boiled  to  a  consistence ;  or  stronger  of  scammony,  hellebore.  Sac. 

These  are  all  used,  and  prescribed  to  this  malady  upon  several  occasions,  as  shall 
be  shown  in  its  place. 


MEMB.  III. 
'         Chirurgical  Remedies. 

In  letting  of  blood  three  main  circumstances  are  to  be  considered,  *^"Who,  how 
much,  when."  That  is,  that  it  be  done  to  such  a  one  as  may  endure  it,  or  to  w'hom 
it  may  belong,  that  he  be  of  a  competent  age,  not  too  young,  nor  too  old,  overweak, 
fat,  or  lean,  sore  laboured,  but  to  such  as  have  need,  are  full  of  bad  blood,  noxious 
humours,  and  may  be  eased  by  it. 

The  quantity  depends  upon  the  party's  habit  of  body,  as  he  is  strong  or  weak, 
full  or  empty,  may  spare  more  or  less. 

In  the  morning  is  the  fittest  time  :  some  doubt  whether  it  be  best  fasting,  or  full, 
whether  the  moon's  motion  or  aspect  of  planets  be  to  be  observed ;  some  affirm, 
some  deny,  some  grant  in  acute,  but  not  in  chronic  diseases,  whether  before  or  after 
physic.  'Tis  Heurnius'  aphorism  a  phlebotomia  auspicandiim  esse  curiationem,  non 
d  pharmacia.,  you  must  begin  with  blood-letting  and  not  physic ;  some  except  this 
peculiar  malady.  But  what  do  I }  Horatius  Augenius,  a  physician  of  Padua,  hath 
lately  writ  17  books  of  this  subject,  Jobertus,  &c. 

Particular  kinds  of  blood-letting  in  use  ^^are  three,  first  is  that  opening  a  vein  in 
the  arm  with  a  sharp  knife,  or  in  the  head,  knees,  or  any  other  parts,  as  shall  be 
thought  fit. 

Cupping-glasses  with  or  without  scarification,  ocyssime  compescunt.,  saith  Ferne- 
lius,  they  work  presently,  and  are  applied  to  several  parts,  to  divert  humours,  aches, 
winds,  &c. 

Horse-leeches  are  much  used  in  melancholy,  applied  especially  to  the  haemorrhoids. 
Horatius  Augenius,  lib.  10.  cap.  10.  Platerus  de  mentis  alienat.  cap.  3.  Altomarus, 
Piso,  and  many  others,  prefer  them  before  any  evacuations  in  this  kind. 

^^  Cauteries.,  or  searing  with  hot  irons,  combustions,  borings,  lancings,  which, 
because  they  are  terrible,  Dropax  and  Sinapismus  are  invented  by  plasters  to  raise 
blisters,  and  eating  medicines  of  pitch,  mustard-seed,  and  the  like. 

Issues  still  to  be  kept  open,  made  as  the  former,  and  applied  in  and  to  several 
parts,  have  their  use  here  on  divers  occasions,  as  shall  be  shown. 


SECT.  V.    MEMB.  I. 

SuBSECT.  I. — Particular  Cure  of  the  three  several  Kinds;  of  Head  Melancholy. 

The  general  cures  thus  briefly  examined  and  discussed,  it  remains  now  to  apply 
these  medicines  to  the  three  particular  species  or  kinds,  that,  according  to  the  several 
parts  aflected,  each  man  may  tell  in  some  sort  how  to  help  or  ease  himself.    I  will 


siContra.eos  qui  lingua  viilgari  er  vernacula  remedia 
et  medicamenta  proescribunt,  et  quibusvis  commiinia 
fauiuRt.         5- duis,  quantum,  quando.        "Fernelius, 


lib.  2.  cap.  19.  "Renodeus,  lib.  5.  cap.  21.  de  his 

Mercurialis  lib.  3.  de  composit.  med.  cap.  24.    Heurnius, 
lib.  1.  prax.  med.  Weclier,  &c. 


<04  C^irc  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  5 

irpat  (if  head  melancholy  first,  in  which,  as  in  all  other  good  cures,  we  must  begin 
with  diet,  as  a  matter  of  most  moment,  able  oftentimes  of  itself  to  work  this  elFect 
I  have  read,  .^aith  Laurentius,  cop.  8.  de  Melanch.  that  in  old  diseases  which  have 
gotten  the  upper  hand  or  a  habit,  the  manner  of  living  is  to  more  purpose,  tluui 
whatsoever  can  be  drawn  out  of  the  most  precious  boxes  of  the  apothecaries.  This 
f!iet,  as  I  have  said,  is  not  only  in  choice  of  njeat  and  drink,  but  of  all  those  other 
non-natural  things.  Let  air  be  clear  and  moist  most  part :  diet  moistening,  of  good 
juice,  easy  of  digestion,  and  not  windy:  drink  clear,  and  well  brewed,  not  too 
sifong,  nor  too  small.  ^Olake  a  melancholy  man  fat,"  as  ^^llhasis  saith,  "and  thou 
liast  finished  the  cure."  Exercise  not  too  remiss,  nor  too  violent.  Sleep  a  little  more 
tlian  ordinary.  *  Excrements  daily  to  be  voided  by  art  or  nature;  and  which  Fer- 
nelins  enjoins  his  patient,  consil.  44,  above  the  rest,  to  avoid  all  passions  and  pertur- 
bations of  the  mind.  Let  him  not  be  alone  or  idle  (in  any  kind  of  melancholy),  but 
still  accompanied  with  such  friends  and  familiars  he  most  affects,  neatly  dressed, 
washed,  anti  combed,  according  to  his  ability  at  least,  in  clean  sweet  linen,  spruce, 
liandsome,  decent,  and  good  apparel ;  for  nothing  sooner  dejects  a  man  than  want, 
squalor,  and  nastiness,  foul,  or  old  clothes  out  of  fashion.  Concerning  the  medicinal 
part,  he  that  will  satisfy  himself  at  large  t^in  this  precedent  of  diet)  and  see  all  at 
(lice  the  whole  cure  and  manner  of  it  in  every  distinct  species,  let  him  consult  wiiii 
Gordonius,  Valescus,  with  Prosper  Calenius,  lib.  de.  atra  bik  ad  Card.  Ca.'siuin,  Lau- 
rentius, cap.  8.  et  9.  dc  mela.  JEVmn  !\Iontaltus,  de  mel.  cap.  2G.  27.  28.  29.  30.  Donal. 
ah.  Allomari.,  cap.  7.  artis  med.  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  in  Panth.  cap.  7.  et  Tract,  ejus 
peculiar,  rf**  melan.  per  Bolzrtam,  edit.  Venetiis  1620.  cap.  17.  18.  19.  Savanarola, 
Rub.  82.  Tract.  8.  cap.  1.  Sckenkius,  in  prax.  curat.  Ital.  med.  Ileurnius,  cap.  12. 
de  morb.  Victorius  Faventius,  pract.  Magn.  el  Empir.  Ilildesheim,  Spicel.  2.  dc  man. 
et  mel.  Fel.  Platter,  Stokerus,  Bruil.  P.  liaverus,  Forestus,  Fuchsius,  Cappivaccius, 
Ivondoletius,  Jason  Pratensis.  SuUusl.  Sah  ian.  de  remed.  lib.  2.  cap.  1 .  Jacchinus,  tn  9. 
Rliasis,  Lod.  Mercatus,  de  Inter,  morb.  cur.  lib.  I .  cap.  17.  .Mexan.  Messaria, /<r</c/.  mi  d. 
Itb.  1.  cap.  21.  de  mel.  Piso.  Ilollerius,  Sec.  that  have  culled  out  of  those  old  Greeks, 
.Arabians,  and  Latins,  whatsoever  is  observable  or  fit  to  be  used.  Or  let  him  read 
liiose  counsels  and  consultations  of  Hugo  Senensis,  consil.  13.  et  14.  llenerus  S<»li- 
i:ander,  ccmsit.  G.  sec.  1.  et  consil.  3.  sec.  3.  Crato,  consil.  IG.  lib.  1.  Moniauus  20. 
22.  and  his  following  counsels,  Lajlius  a  Fonte.  Egubinus,  consult.  44.  GO.  77.  125. 
129.  142.  Fernelius,  consil.  44.  45.  4G.  Jul.  Cx'sar  Claudinus,  Mercurialis,  Frambe- 
sarius,  Sennertus,  kc.  Wherein  he  shall  find  particular  receipts,  the  whole  method, 
preparatives,  purgers,  correcters,  averters,  cordials  in  great  variety  and  abundance  : 
out  of  which,  because  every  man  caimot  attend  to  read  or  peiuse  tliem,  1  will  colled 
lor  the  benefit  of  the  reader,  some  few  more  notable  medicines. 

SuESECT.  H. — Blood-letting. 

Phlebotomy  is  promiscuously  used  before  and  after  physic,  comnaonly  before, 
and  upon  occasion  is  often  reiterated,  if  there  be  any  need  at  le.-ist  of  it.  For  Galen, 
and  many  others,  make  a  doubt  of  bleeding  at  all  in  this  kind  of  head-melancholy. 
If  the  malady,  saith  Piso,  cap.  23.  and  Altomarus,  cwp.  7.  Fuchsius,  cap.  33.  ^' "  shall 
proceed  prijnarily  from  the  mi.saffected  brain,  the  patient  in  such  case  shall  not  need 
:it  all  to  bleed,  except  the  blood  otherwise  abound,  the  veins  be  full,  infiamed  blood, 
and  the  party  ready  to  run  mad."  In  immaterial  melancholy,  which  especially  comes 
from  a  cold  distemperature  of  spirits,  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  cap.  17.  will  not  admit 
of  phlebotomy;  Laurentius,  cap.  9,  approves  it  out  of  the  authority  of  tlie  Arabians; 
but  as  Mesne,  Pvhasis,  Alexander  appoint,  ^ "  especially  in  the  head,"  to  open  the 
veins  of  the  forehead,  nose  and  ears  is  good.  They  commonly  set  cupping-glasses 
(>n  the  party's  shoulders,  having  first  scarified  the  place,  they  apply  hi>rse-leeehea 
on  the  head,  and  in  all  melancholy  diseases,  whether  essential  or  accidental,  thejr 
cause  the  haemorrhoids  to  be  opened,  having  the  eleventh  aphorism   of  the  sixth 


>*Cont.  lib.  I.  e.  9.  fpstinpi  ad  impinKuaiionrm,  ec  i  niti  ob  ■lias  caiua*  sanfuia  millalar.  m  MUlliia  ip 
mm  iinpinguantur.  reinnvetur  malum.  **  Brnpfiriiiin  vai>if.  Skt.  fructra  enim  faiicatur  cor|Mia,A«.  **Cofk 
*>-iitris.  "Si  ex  priniariu  rcrdiri  afleclii  rn-ian-     petit  iia  pttlebutumia  frunlia. 

^holin  cTaaerint,  •anguiiiia  delractione  ooii  iDdigeot,  . 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  3.]  Preparatives  and  Purgers.  405 

book  of  Hippocrates  for  their  ground  and  warrant,  which  saith,  "  That  iii  melan- 
choly and  mad  men,  the  varicose  tumour  or  hajmorroids  appearing  doth  heal  the 
same."  Valescus  prescribes  blood-letting  in  all  tliree  kinds,  whom  Sallust.  Salvian 
follows.  ^^"  If  llie  blood  abound,  which  is  discerned  by  the  fulness  of  the  veins, 
his  precedent  diet,  the  party's  laughter,  age,  Slc.  begin  with  the  median  or  middle 
vein  of  the  arm :  if  the  blood  be  ruddy  and  clear,  stop  it,  but  if  black  in  the  spring  time, 
or  a  good  season,  or  thick,  let  it  run, according  to  the  party's  strength :  and  some  eight  or 
twelve  days  after,  open  the  head  vein,  and  the  veins  in  the  forehead,  or  provoke  it 
out  of  the  nostrils,  or  cupping-glasses,"  &.c.  Trallianus  allows  of  this,  *'" "  If  there 
have  been  any  suppression  or  stopping  of  blood  at  nose,  or  haemorrhoids,  or  women's 
months,  then  to  open  a  vein  in  the  head  or  about  the  ankles."  Yet  he  doth  hardly 
approve  of  this  course,  if  melancholy  be  situated  in  the  head  alone,  or  in  any  other 
dotage,  ®'"  except  it  primarily  proceed  from  blood,  or  that  the  malady  be  increased 
by  it;  for  blood-letting  refrigerates  and  dries  up,  except  the  body  be  very  full  of 
blood,  and  a  kind  of  ruddiness  in  the  face."  Therefore  I  conclude  with  Areteus, 
®^"  before  you  let  blood,  deliberate  of  it,"  and  well  consider  all  circumstances  be- 
longing to  it. 

SuBSECT.  III. — Preparatives  and  Purgers. 

After  blood-letting  we  must  proceed  to  other  medicines  ;  first  prepare,  and  tlien 
purge,  JlugecB  stabulum  purgare,  make  the  body  clean  before  we  hope  to  do  any 
good.  Walter  Bruel  would  have  a  practitioner  begin  first  with  a  clyster  of  his, 
which  he  prescribes  before  blood-letting :  the  common  sort,  as  Mercurialis.  Montal- 
tus  cap.  3U.  6fc.  proceed  from  lenitives  to  preparatives,  and  so  to  purgers.  Lenitives 
are  well  known,  elcctuarium  Ie7iitivu7n,  dlaphcnicum  dlacalholicon,  Syc.  Preparatives 
are  usually  syrups  of  borage,  bugloss,  apples,  fumitory,  thyme  and  epithyme,  witli 
double  as  much  of  the  same  decoction  or  distilled  water,  or  of  the  waters  of  bu- 
gloss, balm,  hops,  endive,  scolopendry,  fumitory.  Sec.  or  these  sodden  in  whey,  which 
must  be  reiterated  and  used  for  many  days  together.  Purges  come  last,  "  which 
must  not  be  used  at  all,  if  the  malady  may  be  otherwise  helped,"  because  they 
weaken  nature  and  dry  so  much;  and  in  giving  of  them,  ^'''•'  we  must  begin  with  the 
gentlest  first."  Some  forbid  all  hot  medicines,  as  Alexander,  and  Salvianus,  &c. 
JYe  insaniores  indejiant,  hot  medicines  increase  the  disease  ^^"^  by  drying  loo  much." 
Purge  downward  rather  than  upward,  use  potions  rather  than  pills,  and  when  you 
begin  physic,  persevere  and  continue  in  a  course  ;  for  as  one  observes,  ^'"move.re  et 
nan  educere  in  omnibus  malum  est ;  to  stir  up  the  humour  (as  one  purge  commofnly 
doth)  and  not  to  prosecute,  doth  more  harm  than  good.  They  must  contiime  in  a 
course  of  physic,  yet  not  so  that  they  tire  and  oppress  nature,  danda  quies  nattirif., 
they  must  now  and  then  remit,  and  let  nature  have  some  rest.  The  most  gentle 
purges  to  begin  with,  are  ^^  senna,  cassia,  epithyme,  myrabolanea,  catholicon  :  if  these 
prevail  not,  we  may  proceed  to  stronger,  as  the  confection  of  haniech,  pil.  Indce, 
fumitorife,  de  assaieret,  of  lapis  armenus  and  lazuli,  diasena.  Or  if  pills  be  too 
dry;  "some  prescribe  both  hellebores  in  the  last  place,  amongst  the  rest  Arelus, 
^''■'•because  this  disease  will  resist  a  gentle  medicine."  Laurentius  and  Hercules  de 
Saxonia  would  have  antimony  tried  last,  ''if  the  ''^ party  be  strong,  and  it  warily 
given."  ™Tnncavelius  prefers  hierologodium,  to  whom  Francis  Alexander  in  his 
Apol.  rad.  5.  subscribes,  a  very  good  medicine  they  account  it.  But  Crato  in  a 
counsel  of  his,  for  the  duke  of  Bavaria's  chancellor,  wholly  rejects  it. 

I  find  a  vast  chaos  of  medicines,  a  contusion  of  receipts  and  magistrals,  amongst 
writers,  appropriated  to  this  disease ;  some  of  the  chiefest  I  will  rehearse.     "'  To  be 

*^Si  sanguis  ahundet,  quod  scitur  ex  venariim  reple-     sananinem    detrahere    oporiet,    deliberationn   indiget. 
tione,  victus   ratioiie   pncfdente,  risu  oecri,  state  et  ■  Areteus,  lib.  7.  c.  .5.  <^  .\  leiiioribus  aiispicaiidum. 

aliis.  Tuiidatiir  nieiliaiia;  et  si  sanguis  apparet  clarus  i  (Valescus,  Piso,  Bruel)  rariusqiie  niedicainentis  purgan- 
et  ruber,  suppriuialur;  aut  si  vere,  si  iiiirer  aut  crassus  tibus  iitenduin.  ui  sit  opus.  WQuia  corpus  exiccant. 
perniittatur  (lucre  pro  virilius  tegri,  de'ii  post  8.  vel.  H.     morhum  anient.  MQuianerius  'I'ract.  J5.  c.  6. 

diem  aperiatur  ceplialica  partis  niasisi  affecla;,  el  vena  <*  Piso.  or  Ri,a5is,  sa-pe  valeiit  ex  Hellebnro.  «  I,ih. 
froiitis,  aut  saiifjuis  provocetur  setis  per  tiares,  &c.  7.  Exi?iiis  rnpilicameiilis  morbus  non  ohseqiiiliir. 
"  Si  quibils  c.oiisuetsB  su;e  suppress®  sunt  menses,  &c.     69  \fo,|o  caute  detur  et  robijstis.  '«Consil.  1>).  I.  I, 

lalosecare  oportet,  ant  veua  tVouiis  si  sanguis  peccet  "  Plin.  I.  31.  c.  6.  NaviL'ationes  oh  vouiltioneui  prosnnt 
cerebro.  "'  Nisi  orluin  ducat  a  sanguine,  ne  morbus     pliirimis  morbis  capitis,  et  omnibus  ob  qua;  Helletwrui'i 

inde  ause.'itur-  nhlebotoniia  refriv'erat  et  exsiccat,  nisi  bibitur.  Idem  Dioscorides,  lib.  5.  cap.  J3.  Avicenna 
torpus  sii  valdc  sang'iineum,  rubicundum.  f* Cum    tenia  imprimis. 


406  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  5. 

sea-sick  first  is  very  good  at  seasonable  times.  Helleborismus  Malthioli,  witli  whit  h 
ne  vaunts  and  boasts  he  did  so  many  several  cures,  "''  I  never  gave  it  (saith  he),  but 
after  once  or  twice,  by  the  help  of"  God,  tliey  were  happily,  cured."  The  manner 
of  making  it  he  sets  down  at  large  in  his  third  book  of  Epist.  to  George  IIank.-jhius 
a  physician.  Walter  Bruel,  and  lleurnins,  make  mention  of  it  with  great  aj)proba- 
tion  ;  so  doth  Sckenkius  in  his  memorable  cures,  and  experimental  medicines,  cen.  6. 
ohser.  37.  That  famous  Helleborisme  of  Montanus,  which  he  so  often  repeats  in 
his  consultations  and  counsels,  as  'Z'S.  ■pro.inelan.  sacerdote^  ct  consil.  1 48.  pro  ht/po^ 
cliondriaco,  and  cracks,  '^"-to  be  a  most  sovereign  remedy  for  all  melancholy  per- 
sons, which  he  hath  often  given  willioul  olfence,  and  found  by  long  experience  and 
observations  to  be  such." 

Quercetan  prefers  a  syrup  of  hellebore  in  his  Spagirica  Pharmac.  and  Hellebore's 
extract  cnp.  5.  of  his  invention  likewise  (^"'a  most  safe  medicine  "and  not  unfit  to 
be  given  ciiildren")  before  all  remedies  whatsoever. 

Paracelsus,  in  his  book  of  black  hellebore,  admits  this  medicine,  but  as  it  is  pre- 
pared by  him.  '*"  It  is  most  certain  i^saiih  he)  that  the  virtue  of  this  herb  is  great 
and  admirable  in  eflect,  and  little  didering  from  bahn  itself;  and  he  that  knows  well 
liow  tf)  make  use  of  it,  hath  more  art  than  all  their  books  contain,  or  all  the  doctors* 
in  Germany  can  show." 

-'ll^lianus  .Montalius  in  his  excjuisile  work  dc  morh.  capitis;.,  cap.  31.  de  mel.  sets  a 
.special  receipt  of  his  own,  which  in  his  practice  ''"he  fortunately  used;  because  it 
is  but  short  I  will  set  it  dov.n." 

"R  Syriipf  (le  poiiiig  o'j.  hquip  borag.  o'''J- 
EllfliDri  iiigri  pi-r  niM-teiii  iiirii«i  iii  ligutura 
6  v>  I  ti  \it.  iiiaiiO  factu  collniura  exhilie." 

Other  receipts  of  the  same  to  this  purpose  you  shall  find  in  him.  Valescus  admires 
piihus  Hali.,  and  Jason  Pratensis  after  liim  :  the  confection  of  which  our  new  Lon- 
don Pliar'nacopceia  hath  lately  revived.  ""Put  case  (saith  he)  all  other  medicines 
fail,  by  the  help  of  God  this  alone  shall  do  it,  and  'lis  a  crowned  medicine  which 
must  be  kept  in  secret." 

"R.  Epiihyiiii  seiiiunc.  Inpidis  lazuli,  ugarici  ana  3'J-  * 

Scaiiiiiioiiii.  ^j,  Chario|ihill<>riini  iiiiiiu'rn,  -jo  |iiilveri>icntiir 
Uiuiiia.  et  i(Miu<  pulveri*  scrup.  4.  iinguli*  septiiiianiH  aMUinat." 

To  iliese  I  may  add  ./3r/jo/J/  vifitim  Buglossulum,  or  horage  wine  before  mentioned, 
vhich  ''*Mizaldus  calls  vifiiim  miruhile.,  a  wonderful  wine,  and  Stockerus  vouchsafes 
to  repeal  i"(rAa///ft  amongst  other  receipts.  Iliibeus  his  '"compound  water  out  of 
Savonarola:  Pinetus  his  balm;  Cardan's  Pulvis  Ilyacinlhiywhh  which,  in  his  book 
de  curis  admirnjidis,  he  boasts  that  he  had  cureil  many  melancholy  persons  in  eight 
days,  which  *" Sckenkius  puts  auiongst  his  observable  medicines;  Altomarns  his 
syruj),  with  which  *'  he  calls  God  so  solemnly  to  witness,  he  hath  in  his  kind  done 
many  excellent  cures,  and  which  Sckenkius  ccnl.  7.  observ.  80.  menlionelh,  Danitl 
Sennerlus  lib.  I.  part.  2.  cap.  12.  so  much  commends;  Rulandus'  admirable  water 
f<*r  melancholy,  which  ceyit.  2.  cap.  96.  he  names  Spirilum  vitce  aureum,  Panaceairu 
uliat  not,  a-id  his  absolute  medicine  of  50  eggs,  curat.  Empir.  cent.  1.  cur.  5.  to  be 
taken  three  in  a  morning,  with  a  powder  of  his.  ''^  Faventinus  prac.  Emper.  dou- 
bles this  number  of  eggs,  and  will  have  101  to  be  taken  by  three  and  three  in  like 
sort,  which  Sallust  Salvian  approves  de  red.  vied.  lib.  2.  c.  1.  with  some  of  the  i-ame 
pov/der,  till  all  be  spent,  a  most  excellent  remedy  for  all  melancholy  and  mad  men. 

••R.     Epithymi,  iliyiiii,  ana  drachmas  diia«,  gacchari  aibi  unciani  unain,  croci  grana  iria, 
Ciiiamoiiii  drucliniain  unaiii;  uiMe,  fiat  putvis." 

^  Xiinquam  "ledimus.qiiin  ex  una  aut  altera  assiinip-  '  citer  usus  sum.  ■"  Hdc  posito  quod  allw  mr-dirina 

lioi.i'.  IK-o  jijvante,  fuerint  adsalutnm  restituti.  ''  Lib.  I  non  valeant,  iifta  tunc  Dei  ii)i«Tic<>rdia  val>-bil,  i-t  e»t 
2  Iiitrr  coinpoi^ila  pur?antia  inclaiicholiani.  "♦  Ldiis')  i  mediciiia  coronata,  qua;  s«'creti!'«iui^  ti-m-atur  '"  Lib. 
exjieriniciito  a  se  nbservaluin  esse,  ni>>lancholicos  sine    de  artit".  inerf.  '«fv-ct.  3.     Optiiniiu)  refn'-diuui 

otl'fMsa  Pirrcaig  rurandos  valere.     Mem  respousione  ad     aqua  cnuiposita  Savanarnl.T.  ««  jS.  keiikiun,  utmi  rv. 

Aubertuni.  verntruui  iiisruin.  alias  liniiduni  el   periin-  '  31.  »' Donatus  ah  Allnniari,  cap.  7.  'IVnior  I>*-uni, 

losum  villi  jipiritu  etiam  et  oico  coinnuHluui  sic  Usui  me  muling  m'-ljincliolifus  hiijuii  soliiist  i^yrupi  \i*\i  ru- 
redilitiir    iit    etiam    pueris    lulo    ncliniiiistrari    poMsil.  |  ra::<e.  lacla  priu^  purgatione.  "•Ontiiiii  nva  et 

"•"Ortum  est  liiijus  h«-rh;p  virtuteni  iiia.xiiiiani  et  niira-  uiiiini,  quolihi-l  mane  iiiinaiit  o%'0  wirlulia.  ruin  »^qiienli 
biicui  FSje.  pnriiiii<|iie  di'lare  ,i  hal^'aino.  Et  qui  iKiril  piilvere  supra  iiviiiii  a^perna,  et  cnntiiieani  qii'MiMju* 
e."i  r-cte  uti  plus  lialiet  arlis  qiiam  lota  scrilientium  c.i.  a<(<*uiiip''>-riiit  cenliini  et  iinuro,  maniaci«  et  melancbo- 
horii  aui  oiunea  doctures  in  Germania.  ''•  Quo  fell-  1  licia  utilis:tiuiuiii  rtmediuia. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  4.]  Aoerters.  407 

All  these  yet  are  nothing  to  those  ^'chemical  preparatives  oi  Jlqua  C/tflZ(cZon  a, quint- 
essence of  hellebore,  salts,  extracts,  distillations,  oils,  Aurum  potahile,  ^-c.  Dr. 
Anthony  in  his  book  de  auro  potab.  edit.  1600.  is  all  in  all  for  it.  ""And  though 
all  the  schools  of  Galenists,  with  a  wicked  and  unthankful  pride  and  scorn,  detest  it 
in  their  practice,  yet  in  more  grievous  diseases,  when  their  vegetals  will  do  no  good," 
they  are  compelled  to  seek  the  help  of  minerals,  though  they  '^  use  them  rashlv, 
unprofitably,  slackly,  and  to  no  purpose."  Rhenanus,  a  Dutch  chemist,  in  his  book 
dc  Sale  e  puteo  emergente,  takes  upon  him  to  apologise  for  Anthony,  and  sets  lio-ht 
by  all  that  speak  against  him.  But  what  do  I  meddle  with  this  great  controversy, 
which  is  the  subject  of  many  volumes .''  Let  Paracelsus,  Quercetan,  CroUius,  and 
the  brethren  of  the  rosy  cross,  defend  themselves  as  they  may.  Crato,  Erastus,  and 
the  Galenists  oppugn.  Paracelsus,  he  brags  on  the  other  side,  he  did  more  famous 
cures  by  this  means,  than  all  the  Galenists  in  Europe,  and  calls  himself  a  monarch ; 
Galen,  Hippocrates,  infants,  illiterate,  &c.  As  Thessalus  of  old  railed  against  those 
ancient  Asclepiadean  writers,  '^'•'he  condemns  others,  insults,  triumphs,  overcomes 
all  antiquity  (saith  Galen  as  if  he  spake  to  him),  declares  himself  a  conqueror,  and 
crowns  his  own  doings.  ^®  One  drop  of  their  chemical  preparatives  shall  do  more 
good  than  all  their  fulsome  potions."  Erastus,  and  the  rest  of  the  Galenists  vilify 
them  on  the  other  side,  as  heretics  in  physic ;  *" "  Paracelsus  did  that  in  physic, 
which  Luther  in  Divinity.  ^*  A  drunken  rogue  he  was,  a  base  fellow,  a  magician,  he 
had  the  devil  for  his  master,  devils  his  familiar  companions,  and  what  he  did,  was 
done  by  the  help  of  the  devil."  Thus  they  contend  and  rail,  and  every  mart  write 
books  pro  and  con,  et  adhuc  sub  judice  Us  est:  let  them  agree  as  they  will,  I  proceed. 

Sub  SECT.  IV. — Jlveriers. 

AvERTERs  and  purgers  must  go  together,  as  tending  all  to  the  same  purpose,  to 
divert  this  rebellious  humour,  and  turn  it  another  way.  In  this  range,  clysters  and 
suppositories  challenge  a  chief  place,  to  draw  this  humour  from  the  brain  and  heart, 
to  the  more  ignoble  parts.  Some  would  have  them  still  used  a  few  days  between, 
and  those  to  be  made  with  the  boiled  seeds  of  anise,  fennel,  and  bastard  saffron, 
hops,  thyme,  epithyme,  mallows,  fumitory,  bugloss,  polypody,  senna,  diasene, 
hamech,  cassia,  diacatholicon,  hierologodium,  oil  of  violets,  sweet  almonds,  &c. 
For  without  question,  a  clyster  opportunely  used,  cannot  choose  in  this,  as  most 
other  maladies,  but  to  do  very  much  good;  Clysteres  nulriunt,  sometimes  clysters  nou- 
rish, as  they  may  be  prepared,  as  1  was  informed  not  long  since  by  a  learned  lecture 
of  our  natural  philosophy  ^^  reader,  which  he  handled  by  Avay  of  discourse,  out  of 
some  other  noted  physicians.  Such  things  as  provoke  urine  most  commend,  but  not 
sweat.  Trincavelius  consil.  16.  cap.  1.  in  head-melancholy  forbids  it.  P.  Byarus 
and  others  approve  frictions  of  the  outward  parts,  and  to  batlie  them  with  warm 
water.  Instead  of  ordinary  frictions.  Cardan  prescribes  rubbing  with  nettles  till  they 
blister  the  skin,  which  likewise  ®°Basardus  Visontinus  so  much  magnifies. 

Sneezing,  masticatories,  and  nasals  are  generally  received.  Montaltus  c.  34.  Hil- 
dcsheim  spied.  3.foJ.  136  and  238.  give  several  receipts  of  all  three.  Hercules  de 
Saxonia  relates  of  an  empiric  in  Venice  ®' "  that  had  a  strong  water  to  purge  by  the 
mouth  and  nostrils,  which  he  still  used  in  head-melancholy,  and  would  sell  for  no 
gold." 

To  open  months  and  haemorrhoids  is  very  good  physic,  ®^"  If  they  have  been 
formerly  stopped."  Faventinus  would  have  them  opened  with  horse-leeches,  so 
would  Hercul.  de  Sax.  Julius  Alexandrinus  cojisil.  185.  Scoltzii  thinks  aloes  litter: 
^  most  approve  horse-leeches  m  this  case,  to  be  applied  to  the  forehead,  *^  nostrils, 
and  other  places. 

Montaltus  cap.  29.  out  of  Alexander  and  others,  prescribes  '^"  cupping-glasses,  and 

K' U'l.'Tcetaii.cap.  4.  Phar.  Oswaldus  Crolliiis.  MCap.  l  loeia.  **  Disjiut.  in  cundein,  parte  1.  Mau'us  ebriiiR, 
1.  Licet  lota  Guleiii»t:iruin  schnia,  inineralia  nnn  sine  illiteratus.  claBiiioiiem  priKceplnrein  hahiiit.  ila^iiionos  tn- 
iiiipio  el  in&rato  fastii  asua  practica  (letestentur ;  tamen     iniliares,  &c.  *'^  Master  D.  Lapwortli.  *  Ant. 

in  graviorihus  inorbis  nuini  vegelabilium  derelicto  sub-     Philos.  cap.  demelan.  frictio  Venice,  &c.  "'  Aqua 

sidio,  ad  niiiieraliu  CDiifugiunl,  lioel  ea  teniere,  i^navi-  fortissima  pur-rans  os,  nares,  qiiani  iioii  vult  auro  vrn- 
ter,  et  inutiliter  usurpr'iii.  Ad  fiiieiii  libri.        '■^  Vi-teres    dere.  "^Mer.urialis  consil   6.  et  ;J0.  h.-EiiMirniiduni  el 

niale.lictis  incessit,  vincil.  et  contra  oinncni  antiquita-  mensium  provocalio  jiivat,  modo  ex  eoruni  su[)pressione 
teiii  coronalur,  ipseque  a  se  victor  declaratur.    Gal.  lib.    ortuni  liabuerit.  as  Laurentius,  Bruel,  &c.         "'P. 

1.  iii>-th.  c.  2.  >^  Codronchus  de  sale  absyntliii.     Bayerus,  I.  2.  cap.  13.  naribus.  Sec.  "'  Cucurbituta 

'^  liieiii  Paracelsus  in  uiediciQa.quodLutiierus  in  Theo-  |  sices,  et  fontanellse  crure  siuistro. 


408  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sect,  b 

issues  in  the  left  thi^h."  Aretus  lib.  1.  cap.  Z.  ^Paulus  Regoliiuis,  Sylvius  will 
have  them  without  scarification,  '•'■  applied  to  tlie  shoulders  and  back,  thiglis  and  feet:'* 
*'Moutaltus  cap.  34.  "bids  open  an  issue  in  the  arm,  or  hinder  part  of  the  head." 
'^Piso  enjoins  ligatures,  frictions,  suppositories,  and  cupping-glasses,  still  without 
scarification,  and  the  rest. 

Cauteries  and  hot  irons  are  to  be  used  ^'"in  the  suture  of  the  crown,  and  the 
seared  or  ulcerated  place  suffered  to  run  a  good  while.  'Tis  not  amiss  to  bore  ihe 
skull  with  an  instrument,  to  let  out  the  fuliginous  vapours."  Sallus.  Sidvianus  de  re 
medic,  lib.  2.  cap.  1.  '"^"because  this  humour  hardly  yields  to  other  piiysic,  would 
have  the  leg  cauterised,  or  the  left  leg,  below  the  knee,  '  and  the  head  bored  in  two 
or  three  places,"  for  that  it  much  avails  to  the  exhalation  of  the  vapours;  ^'•'  I  saw 
(saith  he)  a  melancholy  man  at  Rome,  that  by  no  remedies  could  be  healed,  but 
when  by  chance  he  was  wounded  in  the  head,  ami  the  skull  broken,  he  was  excel- 
lently cured."  Another,  to  the  admiration  of  tlie  beholders,  *'»  breaking  his  head 
with  a  fall  from  on  high,  was  instantly  recovered  of  his  dotage."  Clordonius  cap, 
13.  part.  2.  would  have  these  cauteries  tried  last,  when  no  other  physic  w  ill  serve. 
*''The  head  to  be  shaved  and  bored  to  let  out  fumes,  which  witliout  doubt  will  do 
much  good.  I  saw  a  melancholy  man  wounded  in  the  head  with  a  sword,  his  brain- 
pan broken  ;  so  long  as  the  wound  was  open  he  was  well,  but  when  his  wound  was 
healed,  liis  dotage  returned  again."  But  Ale.xander  Messaria  a  professor  in  Padua, 
lib.  \.  pract.  vud.  cap.  21.  de  melanchal.  will  allow  no  cauteries  at  all,  'tis  too  stiff 
a  humour  and  too  thick  as  he  holds,  to  be  so  evaporated. 

Guianerius  c.  8.  Tract.  15.  cured  a  nobleman  in  Siivoy,  by  boring  alone,  "^'^  leaving 
the  iiole  open  a  month  together,"  bv  nuans  of  which,  after  two  years'  melancholy 
and  matines.s,  he  was  delivered.  All  approve  of  this  remedy  in  the  suture  of  the 
crown  ;  but  Arculanus  would  have  the  cautery  to  be  made  w ilh  gold.  In  many 
other  parts,  these  cauteries  are  prescribed  for  nulaticholy  men,  as  in  the  thighs, 
{JMerctirialis  consil.  80.)  amis,  legs.  Idem  cansil.  0.  and  lU  and  25.  .Montaiius  80. 
Rjdericus  a  Fonseca  torn.  2.  cuu-sutt.  84.  pro  hypocliond.  coxd  dextrd^  6fc.,  but  most 
m  the  head,  "  if  other  physic  will  do  no  good." 


Slbsect.  y. 


Alteratives  and  Cordials,  corroborating,  resolving  the  lieliques,  and 
mending  the  Temperament. 

Because  this  humour  is  so  malign  of  itself,  and  so  hard  to  be  renioved,  the  re- 
liques  are  to  be  cleansed,  by  alteratives,  cordials,  and  such  means :  the  temper  is  to 
be  altered  and  amended,  with  such  things  as  fortify  and  strengthen  the  heart  and 
brain,  * '^  which  are  commonly  both  aflected  in  this  malady,  and  do  mutually  mis- 
aflect  one  another :  which  are  still  to  be  given  every  other  day,  or  some  lew  days 
inserted  after  a  purge,  f)r  like  physic,  as  occasion  serves,  and  are  of  such  force,  tha» 
many  time^  they  help  alone,  and  as  '  Arnoldus  holds  in  his  Aphorisms,  are  to  be 
"  preferred  before  all  other  medicines,  in  what  kind  soever." 

Amongst  this  number  of  cordials  and  alteratives,  J  do  not  find  a  more  present 
remedy,  than  a  cup  of  wine  or  strong  drink,  if  it  be  soberly  and  opportunely  used. 
It  makes  a  man  bold,  hardv,  courageous,  '••  whetteili  the  wit,"  if  moderately  taken, 
(^and  as  Piutarch  *  saith,  Symp.  7.  qucesl.  12.)  "it  makes  tlmse  which  are  otherwise 
dull,  to  exhale  and  evaporate  like  frankincense,  or  quicken  (Xenophon  addsj  '"aa 
oil  doth  fire.     "•'  A  famous  cordial"  Matthiolus  in  Dioscoridum  calls  it,  ^  an  excel- 

*>  HildHsheim  ^piccl. 'J.  Va|Mjr»-*  a  riTebro  traheiiili  lioiiein ;  vidi  im-lanrholicurii  A  fortunu  el.-iili<i  vutii).-ra- 
sum  trii-liiiiiihu!!  iiniver«i,  cucurtiitiili»  iticri^,  tium<  ri*  tuiii.  fl  rraiiiuiii  rractuiii,  <|iiaiii  ilni  viiliiiiii  ii|M-r(iiiii, 
ac  doriuj  atfixis.  circa  pedesi  <^t  crura.  <^  Foiilunplluiii  curHtui  opliiii*- ;  al  cum  vuliiu»  faiialiiiii,  ri-v»-r»«  t»l 
a|»-ri  jiixi;i  m-cipitum,  aul  lirucliniiii.         »■  Ua!.-!!!.  Iisja-     mama.  •  l.'i.i|iif  ad  ilurain  inalrcni  lr<  )i«iiari  iVti. 

t.irit,  t'rictiiiiifii,  ice.  •"("autfriuiii  tiat  «utijra  cnro-     el  (wr  mensatii  a(i«-rl»-  «lftit.  •(.'uniix  rHlio  M-uipi-r 

iiali,  diu   Autre  |M.-rinittaiiltir  li>ca   uletfruna.     Trcpaiio     lialM-iida  qutid  o-retim  ci>iii|ialitiir,  «■(  rew   iiimc-iii  offi- 
rliuni    cranii  dcusilas  immiiiui    |)ott.-ri(,  ul   vaporihus     ciuiil.  '' .Aphor.  >.   .Mediciiin  Tlirrin'  >  ui 

fuliijiiineiii  esituspatKat.  >i»(tiioriiHiii  ditticulter    t-ligfridi.  •  Caleii.  dv  l<Miip.  lib.  :!  >:« 

ccdil  ahiD  mediramoiitid.  idt'O  (ial  III  vi-rtio- cauti-nuiii.     viiium  •iiniptum.  aciil  iiigriiiuin.  •  !  'I 

aiit  crure  ^iriUlro  infra  genu.  >  Fiaiit  duo  aut  tria     lriii(i-«  llmria  in  iiioduni  viliHlan.- farit  •  i. 

caul»-ri:i.  cum  u«8is  iMfrfuratione.  *  Vidi  Kmna:  mu-  ;  tem  ut  olc uiii  tl'iiiiiuaiii  fxcilsl.         ■'  Vn  ii 

iaiich'dicuiii  qui  adhihitm  iiiullis  remi.-diis,  Kanari   nun     c^irdiac:iiii  eiiiiiiuiii.  ii'iirr  H'Im  •■■■h-   n 
pottrrat  ;  sfd  cum  cranium  eladio  rrartum  t-n^t-t.  i^pliuie     tiiiiuin.  a-lal'-iu  tlori.i  i, 

eaiialuit  fiil.  ■  Et  altcruui  vidi  uieliiiiclndicuiii.  qui     cmriicliiineiii  juvat  <« 

ft  alio  eadens  non  kiiih  asl;iii:iiiiii  admirutii>ii>.-.  Iitx-     \iiiin  parni,  uriiiaui  i  i 

ralunrct.  «  Kadalur  caput  el  fiat  caul«-rium  in  '  ftiviJon  rl:ilii»  di»«ipal,  cra^ai^i  Uuu.  -t'.s  aUcuual.  t'j 

capitc;  procul  dubio  ia(a  faciuni  ad  fuiiiuruui  extiala  I  quit,  diacuUI,  itc. 


Mem.  1    Subs.  5.]  Alteratives.  409 

lent  nutriment  to  refresh  the  body,  it  makes  a  good  colour,  a  flourisliing  age,  helps 
concoction,  fortifies  the  stomach,  takes  away  obstructions,  provokes  urine,  dnves  out 
excrements,  procures  sleep,  clears  the  blood,  expels  wind  and  cold  poisons,'attenu- 
ates,  concocts,  dissipates  all  thick  vapours,  and  fuliginous  humours."  And  that 
which  is  all  in  all  to  my  purpose,  it  takes  away  fear  and  sorrow.  '^Ciiras  edaces 
dissipat  Evius.  "  It  glads  the  heart  of  man,"  Psal.  civ.  15.  hilaritatis  dulce  s"mi- 
narmm.     Helena's  bowl,  the   sole  nectar  of  the  godo,   or  that  true  nepenthes  in 

Homer,  which  puts  away  care  and  grief,  as  Oribasius  5.  Collect,  cap.  7.  and  some 
others  will,  was  nought  else  but  a  cup  of  good  wine.  "  It  makes  the  mind  of  the 
king  and  of  the  fatherless  both  one,  of  the  bond  and  freeman,  poor  and  rich ;  it 
turneth  all  his  thoughts  to  joy  and  mirth,  makes  him  remember  no  sorrow  or  debt, 
but  enncheth  his  heart,  and  makes  him  speak  bv  talents,"  Esdras  iii.  19,  20,  21.  It 
gives  life  itself,  spirits,  wit,  &c.  For  which  cause  the  ancients  called  Bacchus, 
Liber  pater  d  liberando,  and  '■'sacrificed  to  Bacchus  and  Pallas  still  upon  an  altar. 

"  Wine  measurably  drunk,  and  in  time,  brings  gladness  and  cheerfulness  of  mind, 
It  cheereth  God  and  men,"  Judges  ix.  13.  Icstitio'  Bacchus  dafor,  it  makes  an  old 
wife  dance,  and  such  as  are  in  misery  to  forget  evil,  and  be  '^  merry. 

-  Bacchus  et  afflictis  requiem  mortalibus  affert,         I  "  Wine  maizes  a  troubled  soul  to  rnst 

Crura  licet  duro  co.iipede  v.ncta  forent."  |  Ttiougl.  feet  with  letters  be  opprest." 

Demetrius  in  Plutarch,  when  he  fell  into  Seleucus's  hands,  and  was  prisoner  in  Svria, 
'"spent  his  time  with  dice  and  drink  that  he  might  so  ease  his  discontented  mind, 
and  avoid  those  continual  cogitations  of  his  present  condition  wherewith  he  was 
tormented."     Therefore  Solomon,  Prov.  xxxi.  6,  bids  "  wine  be  ffiven  to  him  that 
IS  ready  to  '« perish,  and  to  him  that  hath  grief  of  heart,  let  him  dmik  that  he  forget 
his  poverty,  and   remember  his  misery  no  more."      SolUcitls  animis  onus  eximit,  it 
easeth  a  burdened  soul,  nothing  speedier,  nothing  better ;  which  the  prophet  Zacha- 
riah  perceived,  «^hen  he  said,  '^  that  in  the  time  of  .Messias,  they  of  Ephraim  should 
be  glad,  and  their  heart  should  rejoice  as  through  wine."    All  which  makes  me  very 
well  approve  of  that  pretty  description  of  a  feast  in  '^  Bartholomeus  Angiicus,  when 
grace  was  said,  their  hands  washed,  and  the  guests  sufficiently  exhilarated,  with  good 
discourse,  sweet  music,  dainty  fare,  exhilarationis  gratia,  pocula  iteruni  alque  iterum 
offeruntur,  as  a  corollary  to  conclude  the  feast,  and  continue  their  mirth,  a  grace  cup 
came  in  to  cheer  their  hearts,  and  they  drank  healths  to  one  another  again  and  acmin. 
Which  as  I.  Fredericus  Matenesius,  Crit.  Christ,  lib.  2.  cap.  5,  6,  k  7,  was  an'' old 
custom  in  all  ages  in  every  commonwealth,  so  as  they  be  not  enforced,  blbere  per 
violent lam,  but  as  in  that  royal  feast  of  -'^Ahasuerus,  which  lasted  180  days,  "  with- 
out compulsion  they  drank  by  order  in  golden  vessels,"  when  and  what  they  would 
themselves.     This  of  drink  is  a  most  easy  and  parable  remedy,  a  common,  a  cheap, 
stdl  ready  against  fear,  sorrow,  and  such  troublesome  thoughts,  that  molest  the  mind; 
as  brimstone  with  fire,  the  spirits  on  a  sudden  are  enlightened  by  it.     '-jNTo  better 
physic"  (saith  "  Riiasis)  "  for  a  melancholy  man  :  and  he  that  can  keep  company, 
and  carouse,  needs  no  other  medicines,"  'tis  enough.     His  countryman  Avicenna, 
31.  doc.  2.  cap.  8.  proceeds  farther  yet,  and  will  have  him  that  is  troubled  in  mind, 
or  melancholy,  not  to  drink  only,  but  now  and  then  to  be  drunk  :  excellent  good 
physic  it  is  for  this  and  many  other  diseases.     Magnlnus  Reg.  san.  part.  3.  c.  31. 
will  have  them  to  be  so  once  a  month  at  least,  and  gives  his  reasons  for  it,  ^'•' be- 
cause It  scours  the  body  by  vomit,  urine,  sweat,  of  all  manner  of  superfluit'ies,  and 
keeps  It  clean."     Of  the  same  mind  is  Seneca  the  philosopher,  in  his  book  de  tran- 
quil, lib.  1.  c.  15.  nonnunquam  ut  in  allis  morbls  ad  eb.'ietnleni  usque  venicndum  ; 
Curus  deprlmlt,  tristitlce  medetiir,  it  is  good  sometimes  lu  be  drunk,  ii  helps  sorrow', 
depresseth  cares,  and  so  concludes  this  tract  with  a  cup  of  wine :  Habes,  Serene 
charlssime,  qucB  ad  tranqulllitatem  aninuB  pertinent.     But  these  are  epicureal  tenets, 

care^"''  "'l3?;rt".^«^A  "  ^h  P '""  "^'^^^'P^'^,?  corroding  I  so  Esther,  i.  8.  ai  Tract,  l.cont.  1. 1.  NMn  estres  lauda- 
cares.  "  Odyss.  A  "  Pausamas.        i-Syracides,     bilior  eo,  vel  nura  melior;  qui  rael.-.ncliol.cis,  ut^lur 

mIuHW  vfr.n,  ^^f,""''  «'  P"-'^'  Catonis.  &epe  inero  societate  hoininum  et  biberia  ;  et  qui  potest  suslinera 
etnsferr.P  fn„=  ,V'"  •'".'^'''a  ^^  aleam  se  priecipitavit,  usum  vini,  non  imlisot  alia  medicina.  quod  eo  g-.R. 
W;^  J,   1,   1  '^  ,  . ""'•  '"  '^"'■^"'  crapula  mentem    omnia  ad  usum  necessaria  hiijus  passionis.  ^Tnm 

iJ^LhL'.nr^^hr  ".'*   prsse.i tis    co?i la tioi.es  q ,.i hus  [  quod   seq.iaiur   inde  sudor,   vomitio,  urina.   a  qu.bus 

of  oW  i.  4^H^="r  \T^'-    ,       H  ^.'*'^ "'^  Athenians  [  superfluitates  a  corpore  re^oventur  et  remai.et  wrpn^ 
ol  old,  as  bu Idas  relates,  and  so  do  the  Germans  at  this  |  mundum. 
day.  19  Lib  6.  cap.  23.  et  24.  de  reruin  proprietat. 

52  2K 


410  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec   5. 

lending  to  looseness  of  life,  luxury  and  atheism,  maintained  alone  by  some  heatr.5iis, 
dissolute  Arabians,  prol'ane  Christians,  and  are  exploded  by  Rabbi  Moses,  tract.  4. 
Guliel,  Placentius,  lib.  1.  cap.  8.  Valescus  de  Taranta^  and  most  accurately  venti- 
lated by  Jo.  Sylvaticus,  a  late  -writer  and  physician  of  .Milan,  mtd.  cont.  cap.  14. 
where  you  shall  find  this  tenet  copiously  confuted. 

Howsoever  you  say,  if  this  be  true,  that  wine  and  strong  drink  have  such  virtue 
to  expel  fear  and  sorrow,  and  to  exhilarate  the  mind,  ever  hereafter  let's  drink  and 
be  merry. 

23  "  Prome  reconditum,  Lyile  stremia,  cxcubum,  I  "  Come,  lusty  I  yda,  fiU's!  a  cup  of  sack, 

Ciipntiiirfs  |iuer  hue  afTer  Scyplios,  And,  sirrah  druwt-r,  liiL-ger  pots  wi- luck,     , 

EtCluu  Vina  aut  Lesbia."  |  And  Scio  wines  that  haveso  goixl  a  smack." 

I  say  wiih  him  in  ''''A.  Gellius,  "let  us  maintain  the  vigour  of  our  souls  with  a  mo- 
ilerate  cup  of  wine,"  ^.Yatis  in  iisum  latitue  sci/phis,  "  and  drink  to  refresh  our  mind; 

il   there  he  any  cold  sorrow  in  it.  or  torpid  baslifulness,  let's  wasli  it  all  away.'' 

JWinc  vino  pel  lite  cur  as ;  so  sailh  ^Horace,  so  sailh  Anacreon, 

''  MiOiJoi'Ta  yap  fit  Ktiadai 
IloXii  Kpnaaov  Ij  Oaidvra." 

Let's  drive  down  care  with  a  cup  of  wine  :  and  so  say  I  too,  (thouijh  /  drink  none 
iiiysell  )  for  all  tliis  may  be  done,  so  that  it  be  modestly,  soberly,  oj)j)ortunely  used  : 
s<)  that  ••  they  l)e  not  drunk  with  wine,  wherein  is  excess,"  which  our  -'Apostle  fore- 
warns ;  for  as  Chrysostom  well  comments  on  that  place,  ad  Uetiliani  datum  est  vinum 
iiun  ad  ebrietatetn^  his  ioT  mirth  wine,  but  not  for  madness:  and  will  you  know 
wliere,  when,  and  how  that  is  to  be  understood.'  Vis  discere  ubi  bonum  sit  vinum? 
Audi  quid  dicat  Scripluru,  hear  the  Scriptures,  "Give  wine  to  them  that  are  in  sor- 
row," or  as  Paul  bid  Timothy  drink  wine  for  his  stomach's  sake,  for  concocti«)n, 
health,  or  some  such  honest  occasion.  Otherwise,  as  *  Pliny  telleth  us  ;  if  singular 
moderation  be  not  had,  ^-Miothing  so  pernicious,  'tis  mere  vineirar,  blandus  dumon, 
|>oison  itself"  But  hear  a  more  (earful  doom,  Ilabac.  ii.  15.  and  Iti.  '•  Woe  be  to 
liiin  that  makes  his  neighbour  drunk,  shameful  spewing  shall  be  upon  his  glory." 
Let  not  good  fellows  triumph  tlierefore  ( yaitli  Matlhiolus;  that  I  have  so  much  com- 
mended wine;  if  it  be  immotlerately  taken,  ••  instead  of  making  glad,  it  ctjufounds 
both  body  and  soul,  it  makes  a  giddy  head,  a  sorrowful  heart."  And  'twas  well  said 
ot  the  poet  of  old,  "Vine  causeth  mirth  and  grief,  ** nothing  so  good  for  some,  so 
bad  for  others,  especially  as  ^'  one  observes,  qui  a  causa  calida  malt  hubrnt,  that  are 
iiot  or  intlamed.  And  so  of  spices,  they  alone,  as  I  have  showed,  cause  head-me- 
lancholy themselves,  they  must  not  use  wine  as  an  **  ordinary  drink,  or  in  their  diet. 
But  to  determine  with  Laurentius,  c.  8.  de  melan.  wine  is  bad  for  madmen,  and  such 
as  are  troubled  with  heat  in  their  inner  parts  or  brains ;  but  to  melancholy,  which 
is  cold  (as  most  is),  wine,  sobeny  used,  may  be  very  good. 

I  may  say  the  same  of  the  decoction  of  China  roots,  sassafras,  sarsaparilla,  guaia- 
cum :  China,  .saith  Manardus,  makes  a  good  colour  in  the  face,  takes  away  melan- 
clioly,  and  all  infirmities  proceeding  from  cold,  even  so  sarsaparilla  prov(jkes  sweat 
mighiily,  guaiacum  dries,  Claudinus,  consult.  89.  &.  46.  >Iontanus,  Capivaccius, 
consult.  188.  5co//;u,  make  frequent  and  good  use  of  guaiacum  and  China,  ^"  so 
that  the  liver  be  not  incensed,"  good  for  such  as  are  cold,  as  most  melancholy  men 
are.  but  by  no  means  to  be  mentioned  in  hot. 

The  Turks  have  a  drink  called  cotrue  (for  they  use  no  wine),  so  named  of  a  berry 
as  black  as  soot,  and  as  bitter,  (like  lliat  black  drink  which  was  in  use  amongst  the 
I^cedajmoniaiis,  and  perhaps  the  same,)  which  they  sip  still  of,  and  sup  as  warm  as 
they  can  sutler;  they  spend  much  time  in  those  cotTee-houses,  which  are  somewhat 
like  our  alehouses  or  taverns,  and  there  they  sit  chatting  and  drinking  to  drive  away 
the  time,  and  to  be  merry  together,  because  they  lind  by  experience  that  kind  of 
drink,  so  used,  helpeth  digestion,  and  procureth  alacrity.  Some  of  them  take  opium 
to  this  purpose. 


«  Hor.  "  Lib.  15.  2.  noct.  Alt.  Vigorem  animi 

inoderalo  villi  uau  tueamur,  et  calefaclo  !<iiiiul,  rrfii- 

j<|ue  aiiimo  si  quid  in  eo  vkI  frigida:  trutltix,  vcl  tor- 

peiiti«  vereciiiidia?  tuerit,  diluamus.  ''^  Hor.  I.   I. 

od. -iT.  M  Od.  7.  lib.  1.  20.     N.im  pra-stal  ebrium  uic     ^ 

quain  inortuuin  jarrrt*.  ^  Ephi's.  v.  18.  ler.  III.  in  .  non  luceudaiur. 

Mp.  i.  *>  Lab.  14.  5.  Nihil  perniciuaui  viribut  u 


oioduf  abait,  venenum.  **Tlifnrrilui  idyl.  1.1  vin* 

dan  iKliliam  ft  d<^diirein.         »  Ri-iiimIfii«.  ~>  M.  r.  ,. 

rialis  runml.  -ZS     Viiium  frieidm  opiimuin   ' 
Terina  mr-lniicliolia.  >'  fVrri.'lius  f  ■ 

viuuiii  proliibt'l  iMiduuiD.et  aroinata. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  5.J  Cure  of  Head-Melancholy.  411 

Borage,  balm,  saffron,  golJ,  I  have  spoken  of;  Montaltus,  c.  23.  commends  scor- 
zonera  roots  contlite.  Garcius  ab  Horto,  plant,  hist.  lib.  2.  cap.  25.  makes  mention 
of  an  herb  called  datura,  ^^'•'  which,  if  it  be  eaten  for  twenty- four  hours  following, 
takes  away  all  sense  of  grief,  makes  them  incline  to  laughter  and  mirth  :"  and  an- 
other called  bauge,  like  in  effect  to  opium,  "  which  puts  them  for  a  time  into  a  kind 
of  ecstacy."  and  makes  them  gently  to  laugh.  One  of  the  Roman  emperors  had  a 
seed,  which  he  did  ordinarily  eat  to  exhilarate  himself.  ^^ Cln-istophorus  Ayrerus 
prefers  bezoar  stone,  and  the  confection  of  alkermes,  before  other  cordials,  and  amber 
in  some  cases.  ''^ "  Alkermes  comforts  the  inner  parts;"  and  bezoar  stone  hath  an 
especial  virtue  against  all  melancholy  affections,  ^'  '•'  it  refresheth  the  heart,  and  cor- 
roborates the  whole  body."  '^^  Amber  provokes  urine,  helps  the  body,  breaks  wind, 
&-C.  After  a  purge,  3  or  4  grains  of  bezoar  stone,  and  3  grains  of  ambergrease, 
drunk  or  taken  in  borage  or  bugloss  water,  in  which  gold  hot  hath  been  quenched, 
will  do  much  good,  and  the  purge  shall  diminish  less  (the  heart  so  refreshed)  of  the 
strength  and  substance  of  the  body. 

"R.  confect.  Alkermes  3f5  lap-  Bezor.  9j. 
Siiccini  aibi  subtiliss.  [nilverisat.  9jj.  cum 
Syrup,  de  oort.  cilri ;  fiat  elecluariuiii." 

To  bezoar  stone  most  subscribe,  Manardus,  and  ^^many  others;  "  it  takes  away 
sadness,  and  makes  him  merry  that  useth  it;  I  have  seen  some  that  have  been  much 
diseased  with  faintness,  swooning,  and  melancholy,  that  taking  the  weight  of  three 
grains  of  this  stone,  in  the  water  of  oxtongue,  have  been  cured."  Garcias  ab  Horto 
brags  how  many  desperate  cures  he  hath  done  upon  melancholy  men  by  this  alone, 
when  all  physicians  had  forsaken  them.  But  alkermes  many  except  against;  in  some 
cases  it  may  help,  if  it  be  good  and  of  the  best,  such  as  that  of  Montpclier  in  France, 
whicli  ■"'  lodocus  Sincerus,  Jlinerario  Gallics,  so  much  magnifies,  and  would  have  no 
traveller  omit  to  see  it  made.  But  it  is  not  so  general  a  medicine  as  the  other.  Fer- 
nelius,  cojisil.  49,  suspects  alkermes,  by  reason  of  its  heat,  *' "  nothing  (saith  he) 
sooner  exasperates  this  disease,  than  the  use  of  hot  working  meats  and  medicines, 
and  M'ould  have  them  for  that  cause  warily  taken."  I  conclude,  therefore,  of  tliis 
and  all  other  medicines,  as  Thucydides  of  the  plague  at  Athens,  no  reiiiedy  could 
be  prescribed  for  it,  JYam  quod  uni  prof  nit,  hoc  aids  erat  exitio :  there  is  no  Catholic 
medicine  to  be  had  :  that  which  helps  one,  is  pernicious  to  another. 

Di amargnritum  frigidinn,  diamhra,  diaboraginatum,  electuarium  IcEtificans  Galeni 
et  Rhasis.,  dc  gennnis,  dianthos,  diamoscum  dulce  et  amarum,  electuarium  conciliatoris, 
syrirp.  Cidoniorum  de  pomis,  conserves  of  roses,  violets,  fumitory,  enula  campana, 
satyrion,  lemons,  orange-pills,  condite,  &c.,  have  their  good  use. 

■•■"R.  Diaiiioschi  dulcis  et  amari  ana  5jj- 

Diabuglnssati,  Diaboragiiiati,  saccliari  violacei 
ana  j.  misce  cum  syrupo  de  pomis." 

Every  physician  is  full  of  such  receipts :  one  only  I  will  add  for  the  rareness  of  it, 
which  I  find  recorded  by  many  learned  authors,  as  an  approved  medicine  against 
dotage,  head-melancholy,  and  such  diseases  of  the  brain.  Take  a  ''^  ram's  head  that 
i^.ever  meddled  with  an  ewe,  cut  off  at  a  blow,  and  the  horns  only  take  away,  boil 
it  well,  skin  and  wool  together;  after  it  is  well  sod,  take  out  the  brains,  and  put 
these  spices  to  it,  cinnamon,  ginger,  nutmeg,  mace,  cloves,  ana  3  fi,  mingle  the 
powder  of  these  spices  with  it,  and  heat  them  in  a  platter  upon  a  chafing-dish  of  coals 
together,  stirring  them  well,  that  they  do  not  burn  ;  take  heed  it  be  not  overmuch 
dried,  or  drier  than  a  calf's  brains  ready  to  be  eaten.  Keep  it  so  prepared,  and  for 
tliree  days  give  it  the  patient  fasting,  so  that  he  fast  two  hours  after  it.     It  may  be 


^  Per  24  horas  sensuni  doloris  omnem  tnllit,  et  ridere 
facit.  ■•'5  Hildesheim,  spicel.  2.  3s  Alker.iies.  omnia 
vitalia  viscera  mire  confortat.  3? Contra  omnes 

melancholicnsaffectus  confert,  ac  certum  est  ipsius  usu 
oirine.  cordis  et  corporis  vires  mirum  in  modum  refici. 
soSuo.inum  vero  albissinium  confortat  ventriculum, 
siaJiiin  discutit,  urinam  movet,  &,c.  s^Gartias  ab 

Horto  aromatum  lib.  1.  cap.  15.  adversus  omnes  morbos 
inelanchnlicos  conducit,  et  venerium.  E<;o  (intuit)  utnr 
in  morbis  melancholici^,  &c.  et  deploratos  hujus  usu  ad 
pri.slinam  sanitatem  restitui.  See  more  in  Bauhinus' 
book  dc  lap.  Bezoar  c.  45.  ^o  Edit.  1617.    Monspelii  i 


electuarium  fit  preciocissimum  Alcherm.  &c.  <'  Nihil 
morbum  hunc  .•eque  e.\asperat,  ac  alimentorum  vel 
calidiorurn  usus.  Alcliermes  ideo  su.«pectus,  et  quod 
seme]  moneam,  caute  adliibenda  calida  medicamenta. 
"Sckenkius  1.  1.  Observat.  de  .Mania,  ad  nieiilis  aliena- 
tionem,  et  desipientiam  vitio  cerebri  obortam,  in  inanu- 
scripto  codice  Germanico,  tale  niedicamentum  reperi. 
^3  Caput  arietis  nondura  experli  venereni,  uno  ictu 
amputatum,  cornibiis  tantum  demntis,  inleirrum  cum 
lana  et  pelle  bene  eli.\abis,  turn  aperto  cerebrum  exioics, 
et  addens  aromata,  &c. 


n2  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  5. 

eaten  witli  })read  in  an  cgs;  or  broth,  or  any  way,  so  it  be  taken.  For  fourteen  (ia\> 
let  him  use  this  diet,  drink  no  wine,  Sic.  Gesner,  hist,  animal,  lib.  I.  pair.  \)11. 
Caricterius,  j5rrtr<.  13.  in  J^ich.  de  metri.  pag.  129.  Jatro  :  Witenberg.  edit.  Tubing 
pag.  62,  mention  this  medicine,  though  with  some  variation ;  he  that  hst  may  try 
it,  ''^and  many  such. 

Odoraments  to  smell  to,  of  rose-w'ater,  violet  flowers,  balm,  rose-cakes,  vinegar.  Sec, 
do  much  recreate  the  brains  and  spirits,  according  to  Solomon.  Prov.  xxvii.  9.  "  They 
rejoice  the  heart,"  and  as  some  say,  nourisli ;  'tis  a  question  connnonly  contro- 
verted in  our  schools,  an  adores  nutriant ;  let  Ficinus,  lib.  2.  cap.  18.  deciile  it; 
■*'  many  arguments  he  brings  to  prove  it ;  as  of  Demo^riius,  that  lived  by  the  iJinell 
of  bread  alone,  applied  to  his  nostrils,  for  some  few  da\s,  when  for  old  age  he  could 
eat  no  meat.  Ferrerius,  lib.  2.  vieth.  speaks  of  an  excellent  confection  of  his  making, 
of  wine,  saffron,  &.C.,  which  he  prescribed  to  dull,  weak,  feeble,  and  dying  men  t«) 
smell  to,  and  by  it  to  have  done  very  mudi  good,  ceque  fere  profuissc  olfaclu.,  et 
jiotu,  as  if  he  had  given  them  drink.  Our  noble  and  learned  Lord  ^"Verulam,  in  his 
book  de  vitii  et  morte,  commends,  therefore,  all  such  cold  smells  as  any  way  serve 
to  refrigerate  the  spirits.  xMontanus,  cansil.  31,  prescribes  a  form  which  he  woulil 
have  his  melancholy  patient  never  to  have  out  of  his  hands.  If  you  will  have  them 
spugirically  prepared,  look  in  Oswaldus  Crollius,  basil.  Chymica. 

Irrigations  of  the  head  shaven,  ^''•of  the  flowers  of  water  lilies,  lettuce,  violets, 
ramomilc,  wild  mallows,  wether's-head,  Jkc,"  nmst  be  used  many  mornings  together. 
.Muntan.  coiisil.  31,  would  have  the  head  so  washed  once  a  week.  La,'lius  a  fonte 
Kugubinu;>  consult.  44,  lor  an  Italian  count,  troubled  with  head-melancholy,  repeals 
many  medicines  which  he  tried,  ^'"but  t\v«)  alone  which  did  the  cure;  u>e  of  whey 
made  of  goat's  milk,  with  the  extract  of  helhbore,  and  irrigations  of  the  head  with 
water  lilies,  lettucf,  violets,  camomile,  Stc,  upon  the  suture  of  the  crown."  I'i.so 
commetids  a  ram's  lungs  applied  hot  to  tht-  fore  part  of  the  head,  *'or  a  young  lumb 
diviiled  in  the  back,  exenlerated,  kc. ;  all  acknowledge  the  chief  cure  in  moisten- 
ing thritughout.  Some,  sailh  I^urentius,  use  powders  and  caps  to  the  brain  ;  but 
forasmuch  as  such  aromatical  thmgs  are  hot  and  dry,  they  must  be  sparingly  ad- 
ministered. 

L  iito  the  heart  we  may  do  well  to  apply  bags,  epithemes,  ointmetits,  of  uhich 
Ixiurentius,  c.  9.  de  vietan.  gives  examples.  Bruel  prescribes  an  epitheme  for  the 
heart,  of  bugloss,  borage,  water-lily,  violet  waters,  sweet-wine,  balm  leaves,  nutmegs, 
cloves,  &.C. 

For  the  belly,  make  a  fomentation  of  oil,  "in  which  the  si-eds  of  cummin,  rue, 
carrots,  dill,  have  been  boiled. 

Baths  are  of  wonderful  great  force  in  this  malady,  much  admired  by  *'  Galen, 
"^^•^tius,  Khasis,  Stc,  of  sweet  water,  in  which  is  boiled  the  h-uves  of  mallows,  rosew, 
violets,  water-lilies,  wetlier's-ht-ail,  flowers  of  bugloss,  camomile,  melihit,  kc.  Giiianer, 
cap.  8.  tract.  15,  would  have  them  used  twice  a  day,  and  when  they  came  I'orlh  of 
the  baths,  their  back  bones  to  be  anointed  with  oil  of  almonds,  violets,  nymphea, 
fresh  caj)on  grease,  gtc. 

Amulets  arul  things  to  be  borne  about,  I  And  prescribed,  taxed  by  some,  apprrivcd 
by  Renodeus,  Platerus,  (amulela  inquit  nan  negligenda)  and  others;  look  for  them 
in  Mizaldus,  Porta,  Albertus,  &.c.  Bassardus  Viscontinus,  ant.  philos.  conmiends 
hypericon,  or  St.  John's  wort  gathered  on  a  "Friday  in  the  hour  of  ^^  Jupiter,  when 
it  comes  to  his  eflfectual  operation  (that  is  about  the  full  moon  in  July);  so  gathered 
and  borne,  or  hung  about  the  neck,  it  mightily  helps  this  affection,  and  drives  away 
all  fantastical  spirits."  "  Philes,  a  Greek  author  that  flouri.-fu-d  in  the  time  of  .Michael 
Paleologus,  writes  that  a  sheep  or  kid's  skin,  whom  a  wolf  worried,  '^Hwdus  nihn- 
mani  raptus  ab  ore  lupi.,  ought  not  at  all  to  be  worn  about  a  man,  '*  because  it  causeih 

MCinis  li.-iiludinis  uxtuii,  Pt  vino  potua  melancholiam  I  el   pulino  arietU,  calidu*  ai;nu(  per  dnrsum   diviMjt 
curat,  et   raxiira  coriiu   Rhinoceroti*.  &.c.   ^keiikiui.  i  cienteralui.  adiiiotus  (incipili.  **  .•v,„,i,a  rinnini, 

•  Iiiiilat  iu  matrice,  quTxJ  sursuin  ot  deur<*iifii  ud  odori*  I  rule,  dauri  anetlii  cocta.  "  Lit)   3.  de  li«ri«  allML 

eensiiiii  (ir»r,i[)iiHiur.      "  Viscount  St.  Alban'si.       <•  Ki  ]  ««Tetrab.  2.  <«r.  1.  cap.  10.  •»(•»(.   di-  uir\.  collecluin 

deciicto  tloruni  nyrnphea-,  lactue,  violaruuj,  rtianioinitx,  I  die  vener.  horn  Jovin  cum  ai|   K.n.  r.-iun  i.mi   r    I    ad 


alih^3P.  capiti<i  ververuiii,  ice.  *"  Inlt-r  auxiliu  niulta 
■dhiltita,  duo  Vina  «>unt  reniedium  iidlVrii',  u*»»  ten 
caprini  rum  extracto  Hellebori,  et  irri|{ntio  ex  lacle 
Nyinpheir,  viol.'irum,  jcc.  Rutiirc  roronali  udliibila  ;  his 
remediK  taoitatd  prirttioam  adeptus  est.         <■  Confcrt 


pleiiilunium   Jiilii,   Hide 
atfi.ftum  apprime  juvat  it'  i 

»«  L.  de  pr'iprielnt.  aiiinial  -  ,      •  ■• 

n<m  enw  pro  induiiiento  corpuri*  u*ur|>aiiil«ut,   cufdia 
eaiio  palpilaliuoeiii  cxeitat,  fcc  *•  Mart. 


Mem.  1.  Subs  6.]  Cure  of  Head-Melancholy.  4ig 

palpitation  of  the  heart,"'  not  for  any  fear,  but  a  secret  virtue  which  amulets  have 
A  ring  made  of  the  hoof  of  an  ass's  right  fore  foot  carried  about,  &c.  I  sav  will 
"'Renodeus,  they  are  not  altogether  to  be  rejected.  Paeony  doth  cure  epilepsy 
precious  stones  most  diseases;  ^'a  wolf's  dung  borne  with  one  helps  the  colic,  ^i 
spider  an  ague,  &c.  Being  in  the  country  in  the  vacation  time  not  many  years  since 
at  Lindley  in  Leicestershire,  my  father's  house,  I  first  observed  this  amulet  of  a  spidei 
in  a  nut-shell  lapped  in  silk,  &c.,  so  applied  for  an  ague  by  ^"my  mother;  whom 
although  I  knew  to  have  excellent  skill  in  chirurgery,  sore  eyes,  aches,  kc.  and 
such  experimental  medicines,  as  all  the  country  where  she  dwelt  can  witness,  to 
have  done  many  famous  and  good  cures  upon  diverse  poor  folks,  that  were  other- 
wise destitute  of  help :  yet  among  all  other  experiments,  this  methought  was  most 
absurd  and  ridiculous,  I  could  see  no  warrant  for  it.  Quid  aranca  cumfebre?  For 
what  antipathy.^  till  at  length  rambling  amongst  authors  (as  often  I  do)  I  found 
this  very  medicine  in  Dioscorides,  approved  by  Matthiolus,  repeated  by  Alderovan- 
dus,  cap.  de  Jlranea,  lib.  de  insecds,  I  began  to  have  a  better  opinion  of  it,  and  to 
give  more  credit  to  amulets,  when  I  saw  it  in  some  parties  answer  to  experience. 
Some  medicines  are  to  be  exploded,  that  consist  of  words,  characters,  spells,  and 
charms,  which  can  do  no  good  at  all,  but  out  of  a  strong  conceit,  as  Pomponatius 
•  proves ;  or  the  devil's  policy,  who  is  the  first  founder  and  teacher  of  them. 

ScBSECT.  Yl— Correctors  of  Accidents  to  procure  Sleep.    Against  fearful  Dreams, 

Redness.,  ^c. 

When  you  have  used  all  good  means  and  helps  of  alteratives,  averters,  diminu- 
tives, yet  there  will  be  still  certain  accidents  to  be  corrected  and  amended,  as  waking 
fearful  dreams,  flushing  in  the  face  to  some  ruddiness,  &c.  ° 

Waking,  by  reason  of  their  continual  cares,  fears,  sorrows,  dry  brains,  is  a  symp- 
tom that  much  crucifies  melancholy  men,  and  must  therefore  be  speedily  helped',  and 
sleep  by  all  means  procured,  which  sometimes  is  a  suflicient  '*°  remedy  of  itself  with- 
out any  other  physic.  Sckenkius,  in  his  observations,  hath  an  example  of  a  woman 
that  was  so  cured.  The  means  to  procure  it,  are  inward  or  outward.  Inwardlv 
taken,  are  simples,  or  compounds;  simples,  as  poppy,  nymphea,  violets,  roses, 
lettuce,  mandrake,  henbane,  nightshade  or  solanum,  saffron,  hemp-seed,  nutmegs, 
willows,  with  their  seeds,  juice,  decoctions,  distilled  waters,  &c.  Compounds  are 
syrups,  or  opiates,  syrup  of  poppy,  violets,  verbasco,  which  are  commonly  taken 
With  distilled  waters. 

H  diacodii  3j.  diascordii  3(S  aqua  lactucae  Sjjj.  ft 
niista  fiat  polio  ad  horam  soiiuii  suraenda. 

Requies  JViclwlai,  Philonium  Romanum,  Triphera  magna,  pilulce  de  Cynoglossa, 
Dioscordium,  Laudanum  Paracelsi,  Opium,  are  in  use,  &c.  Country  folks  com- 
monly make  a  posset  of  hemp-seed,  which  Fuchsius  in  his  herbal  so  much  discom- 
mends ;  yet  I  have  seen  the  good  effect,  and  it  may  be  used  where  better  medicines 
are  not  to  be  had. 

Laudanum  Paracelsi  is  prescribed  in  two  or  three  grains,  with  a  drachm  of  Dios- 
cnrdium,  which  Oswald.  Crollius  commends.  Opium  itself  is  most  part  used  out- 
wardly, to  smell  to  in  a  ball,  though  commonly  so  taken  by  the  Turks  to  the  same 
quantity  "  for  a  cordial,  and  at  Goa  in  the  Indies ;  the  dose'  40  or  50  grains. 

Rulandus  calls  Requiem  JYicholai,  ultimum  rcfigium,  the  last  refuge;  but  of  this 
•iiid  the  rest  look  for  peculiar  receipts  in  Victorius  Faventinus,  cap.  de  phrensi. 
Heurnius  cap.  de  mania.  Hildesheim  spicel.  4.  de  somno  et  vigil,  ^-c.  Outwardly  used, 
as  oil  of  nutmegs  by  extraction,  or  expression  with  rosewater  to  anoint  the  temples, 
oils  of  poppy,  nenuphar,  mandrake,  purslan,  violets,  all  to  the  same  purpose. 

Montana  consil.  24  c,  25.  much  commends  ordoraments  of  opium,  vinegar,  and 
rosewater.  Laurentius  cap.  9.  prescribes  pomanders  and  nodules ;  see  the  receipts 
in  him  ;  Codronchus  "  wormwood  to  smell  to. 

llnguentiim  Mabastritum,  populeum,  are  used  to  anoint  the  temples,  nostrils,  or  if 


M  Pilar,  lib   ].  cap.  12.  5'  ^tius  cap.  31.  Tet.  3. 

!.tr.  4.  50  Dioscorides,  Uly.-ises  Alderovandus  de 

sranea.  m  Mistress  Dorothy  Burton,  she  died,  1629. 

•"  Solo  buinnu  curata  est  cilra  medici  auxilium,  fol.  154. 


5>  Bflloiiius  obscrvat.  I.  3.  c.  15.  las.^itudins-m  et  lahores 
aninii  tollunt;  inde  Garcias  ab  Horto,  lib.  1.  cap.  4 
simp.  med.  ^  Absynthium  somnoa  allicit  olfactu. 


414  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  5. 

they  be  too  weak,  they  mL\  saffron  and  opium.  Take  a  grain  or  two  of  opium,  and 
dissolve  it  with  three  or  four  drops  of  rosewater  in  a  spoon,  and  after  mingle  with  it 
as  much  Unffuentum  populeiim  as  a  nut,  use  it  as  before  :  or  else  take  half  a  dradnn 
of  opium,  Unguentum  popideum,  oil  of  nenuphar,  rosewater,  rose-vinegar,  of  eacli 
lialf  an  ounce,  with  as  much  virgin  wax  as  a  nut,  anoint  your  temples  with  some 
of  it,  ad  horam  somni. 

Sacks  of  wormwood,  ^  mandrake, "  henbane,  roses  made  like  pillows  and  laid 
under  the  patient's  head,  are  mentioned  by  *^  Cardan  and  Mizaldus,  ''  to  anoint  the 
soles  of  the  feet  with  the  fat  of  a  dormouse,  the  teeth  with  ear  wax  of  a  dog,  swine's 
gall,  hare's  ears  :"  cliarms,  &c. 

Frontlets  are  well  known  to  every  good  wife,  rosewater  and  vinegar,  with  a  little 
woman's  milk,  and  nutmegs  grated  upon  a  rose-cake  applied  to  both  temples. 

For  an  cmplaster,  take  of  castoriiun  a  drachm  and  a  half,  of  opium  iialf  a  scruple, 
mixed  both  together  with  a  little  water  of  life,  make  two  small  plasters  thereof,  and 
apply  them  to  the  temples. 

Kulandus  cent.  1.  cur.  17.  cent.  3.  eiir.  94.  prescribes  epithemes  and  lotions  of  the 
head,  with  the  decoction  of  flowers  of  nymphea,  violet-leaves,  mandrake  roots, 
nenbane,  white  poppy.  Here,  de  Saxonia,  stillicidia.,  or  droppings,  &c.  Lotions  of 
the  feet  do  much  avail  of  the  said  herbs  :  by  tliese  means,  saith  Laurentius,  I  think 
vou  may  procure  sleep  to  the  most  melancholy  man  in  the  world.  Some  use  horse- 
leeches beliind  the  cars,  and  apply  opium  to  the  place. 

*^BavtTus  lih.'Z.  c.  13.  sets  (k)wn  some  remedies  against  fearful  dreams,  and  .wch 
as  walk  and  talk  in  tiieir  sleep.  Baptista  Porta  Mag.  juit.  J.  2.  c.  6.  to  procure  plea- 
sant dreams  and  quiet  rest,  would  have  you  take  hippoglos.xa,  or  the  herb  horse-  " 
tongue,  balm,  to  use  them  or  their  distilled  waters  after  supper,  &c.  Such  men  mu-^t 
not  eat  beans,  peas,  garlic,  onions,  cabbage,  venison,  hare,  use  black  wines,  or  any 
meat  hard  «>f  digestion  at  supper,  or  lie  on  their  backs,  kc. 

Riisticns  jnidor,  bashfulness,  llushing  in  the  face,  high  colour,  ruddiness,  are  com- 
mon grievances,  which  much  torture  many  melancholy  men,  when  tliey  meet  a  man, 
or  come  in  *'' company  of  their  betters,  strangers,  after  a  meal,  or  if  they  drink  a  cup 
of  wine  or  strong  drink,  they  are  as  red  and  llect,  and  sweat  as  if  they  had  been  at 
a  mayor's  feast,  pmsertiin  si  metus  accesserit^  it  exceeds,  *•  they  think  every  man 
observes,  takes  notice  of  it :  and  fear  alone  will  efft-ct  it,  suspicion  without  any  other 
cause.  Sckenkius  uhserv.  vied.  lib.  1.  sp-aks  of  a  waiting  gentlewoman  in  the  Duke 
of  Savoy's  court,  that  was  so  much  oHended  with  it,  that  she  kneeled  down  to  him, 
and  otlered  Biarus,  a  physician,  all  that  she  had  to  be  cured  of  it.  And  'lis  most 
true,  lliat  ^''Antony  Ludovicus  saith  in  his  Uotik  de  Pudore,  "  bashfulness  either  hurls 
or  helps,"  such  men  1  am  sure  it  hurts.  If  it  proceed  from  suspicion  tn  fear,  '"Felix 
Plater  prescribes  no  other  remedy  but  to  reject  and  contemn  it :  Id  popnlus  curat 
scilicet.,  as  a  "  worthy  physician  in  our  town  said  to  a  friend  of  mine  in  like  case, 
complaining  wiiliout  a  cause,  suppose  one  look  red,  what  matter  is  it,  make  light  of 
it,  who  observes  it } 

If  it  trouble  at  or  after  meals,  (as  '^  Jobertus  observes  med.  pract.  1.  I.e.  7.)  after 
a  little  exercise  or  stirring,  ft)r  many  are  then  hot  and  red  in  the  face,  or  if  they  do 
nothing  at  all,  especially  women ;  he  would  have  them  let  blood  in  both  arms,  first 
one,  tlien  another,  two  or  three  days  between,  if  blood  abound ;  to  use  frictions  of 
the  other  parts,  feet  especially,  and  washing  of  them,  because  of  that  consent  which 
is  between  the  head  and  the  feet.  "^  And  w  ithal  to  refrigerate  the  face,  by  washing 
it  often  with  rose, violet,  nenuphar,  lettuce,  lovage  waters,  and  the  like:  but  the  best 
of  all  is  that  lac  virginalc,  or  strained  liquor  of  lilargy:  it  is  diversely  prepared;  by 
Jobertus  thus;  R.  Uthar.  argrnt.  unc.  y  cerussce  cundidissimcE.,  SJLJJ-  caphiir(T,  9jj. 
dissolvantur  aquarum  solani,  lactucce^  et  nenupharis  ana  unc.  jjj.  aceli  vini  albi.  unc. 
jj.  aliquot  haras  resideat,  deinde  transmiltatur  per  philt.  aqua  servetur  in  vase  vilreo^ 

'3  Reail   I>-ninius  lib.   her.  hib.  cap.  2-  nf  .MnnJrake.  '='  n'dicui;  pudor  sut  jiiv.it  am  hrdil. 

•<  Hydjcjaiiiiis  sub  corvicali  viriiiis.                  "^  Plaiitiiiii  ii  "  .M.  D- ■  tor  A»li«rorlti 

pedis  iiiiinsere  piiii:iiedin»' gliris  dicunt  p(!)caci!»iniiirii.  |    -  njaxiine  c«li-l   r'l'.  i.j  :.   -i  ~-  i mfj- 

el  qiirnl  vix  rreili  potest, dtriitps  iniinrtim  ex  Mirdilir-  hii.  |  I  i  .   iiMiinulii*  qui>-<w                                        it, 

tiuiii  cams  fiiiniiiuiii  proruniliiiii  oiiiciiiare,  &c.   Cardan  t  rtiiii :  cau>a  quicqu                                  <'■■ 

de  rrruiii  varifiat.            "  Veni  mi^cuin  lib.            "  Aut  l  .  .  mif-in  faeil.               ''  1        ■                         ■,•.• 

Ki  quid  iiicaiitiiia  excidfrit  aiil,  dec.                  **  Nam  qua  cieiuluiu  iit  nt*t  rrtrii;«-ri>tur  ;  ulruuiiii     ;T±-itbkl  In 

»u«e   pAvur  •iinul    est    piidur   additua    illi.     Slatiut.  quen«p«ilioex  aqua  ruaaruoi,  violarum.  ncnuphafia.iic 


Mem.  2.] 


Cure  of  Melanclioly  over  all  the  Body. 


415 


ac  ea  his  terve  fades  giiof idle  irroretur.  '''*  Quercetan  spagir.  phar.  cap.  ^.  coxnxnendiS 
the  water  of  frog's  spawn  for  ruddiness  in  the  face.  "^Crato  consll.  283.  Scoltzii 
would  fain  have  them  use  all  summer  the  condite  flowers  of  succory,  strawberry 
water,  roses  (cupping-glasses  are  good  for  the  time),  consH.  285.  et  286.  and  to  defe- 
cate impure  blood  with  the  infusion  of  senna,  savory,  balm  water.  ''^HoUerius  knew 
one  cured  alone  with  the  use  of  succory  boiled,  and  drunk  for  five  months,  every 
morning  in  the  summer.  "  It  is  good  overnight  to  anoint  the  face  with  hare's 
blood,  and  in  the  morning  to  wash  it  with  strawberry  and  cowslip  water,  the  juice 
of  distilled  lemons,  juice  of  cucumbers,  or  to  use  the  seeds  of  melons,  or  kernels 
of  peaches  beaten  small,  or  the  roots  of  Aron,  and  mixed  with  wheat  bran  to  bake 
it  in  an  oven,  and  to  crumble  it  in  strawberry  water,  '"^  or  to  put  fresh  clieese  curds 
to  a  red  face. 

If,  it  trouble  them  at  meal  times  that  flushing,  as  oft  it  doth,  with  sweating  or  ths 
like,  they  must  avoid  all  violent  passions  and  actions,  as  laughing,  &c.,  strong  drink, 
and  drink  very  little,  ''"one  draught,  saith  Crato,  and  that  about  die  midst  of  their 
meal ;  avoid  at  all  times  indurate  salt,  and  especially  spice  and  windy  meat. 

*  Crato  prescribes  the  condite  fruit  of  wild  rose,  to  a  nobleman  his  patient,  to  be 
taken  before  dinner  or  supper,  to  the  quantity  of  a  chestnut.  It  is  made  of  sugar, 
as  that  of  quinces.  The  decoction  of  the  roots  of  sowthistle  before  meat,  by  the 
same  author  is  much  approved.  To  eat  of  a  baked  apple  some  advice,  or  of  a  pre- 
served quince,  cumminseed  prepared  with  meat  instead  of  salt,  to  keep  down  fumes : 
not  to  study  or  to  be  intentive  after  meals. 

K.  Niicleonim  persic.  seminis  melonum  ana  unc.  BiJ 
aquE  fragroruni  I.  ij.  iiiisce,  utatur  niane." 

^'  To  apply  cupping  glasses  to  the  shoulders  is  very  good.  For  the  other  kind  of 
ruddiness  which  is  settled  in  the  face  with  pimples,  &c.,  because  it  pertains  not  to 
my  subject,  I  will  not  meddle  with  it.  I  refer  you  to  Crato's  counsels,  Arnoldus 
lib  1.  hreviar.  cap.  39.  I.  Rulande,  Peter  Forestus  de  Fuco,  lib.  31.  obser.  2.  To 
Platerus,  Mercurialis,  Ulmus,  Rondoletius,  Heurnius,  Menadous,  and  others  that  have 
written  largely  of  it. 

Those  other  grievances  and  symptoms  of  headache,  palpitation  of  heart,  Vertigo^ 
deliquiiun,  Sfc,  which  trouble  many  melancholy  men,  because  they  are  copiously 
handled  apart  in  every  physician,  I  do  voluntarily  omit. 


MEMB.  II. 

Cure  of  Melancholy  over  all  the  Body. 

Where  the  melancholy  blood  possesseth  the  whole  body  with  the  brain,  ^Mt  is 
best  to  begin  with  blood-letting.  The  Greeks  prescribe  the  *^  median  or  middle  vein 
to  be  opened,  and  so  much  blood  to  be  taken  away  as  the  patient  may  well  spare, 
and  the  cut  that  is  made  must  be  Avide  enough.  The  Arabians  hold  it  fittest  to  be 
taken  from  that  arm  on  which  side  there  is  more  pain  and  heaviness  in  the  head  :  if 
black  blood  issue  forth,  bleed  on ;  if  it  be  clear  and  good,  let  it  be  instantly  sup- 
pressed, ^"^  because  the  malice  of  melancholy  is  much  corrected  by  the  o-oodness  of 
the  blood."  If  the  party's  strength  will  not  admit  much  evacuation  in  this  kind  at 
once,  it  must  be  assayed  again  and  again :  if  it  may  not  be  conveniently  taken  from 
the  arm,  it  must  be  taken  from  the  knees  and  ankles,  especially  to  such  men  or 
women  whose  hajmorrhoids  or  months  have  been  stopped.  *^  If  the  maladv  continue, 
It  is  not  amiss  to  evacuate  in  a  part  in  the  forehead,  and  to  virgins  in  the  ankles,  who 
are  melancholy  for  love  matters ;  so  to  widows  that  are  much  grieved  antl  troubled 
with  sorrow  and  cares :  for  bad  blood  flows  in  the  heart,  and  so  crucifies  the  mind. 


'<Ad  faciei  riiborem  aqua  spermatis  ranaruni. 
^Kectn  utantiir  in  (Estate  tlorihns  Cichorii  sacchoro 
conditis  vd  saccharo  rosaceo,  tc.  "^Sclo  iisu  decocti 
Cichorii.  "Utile  inipriinis  nnctu   facicm  illinirp 

sanguine  loporino,  et  mane  aqua  frasrrnrum  vel  aqua 
floribus  verhasci  cum  succo  liuionuni  distillato  abluere. 
'*  Utile  ruheiitj  faciei  caseum  recentem  impoiiere. 
"t'onsil.  2'    ''b     unico    vini    haustu    sit    contentus. 


8"  Idem  ccnsil.  283.  Scoltzii  landatur  conditus  ms« 
canins  friictus  ante  prandium  et  CcTneni  ad  niasnitudi- 
nem  castanc-e.  Decnctuui  radium  Souclii.si  ante  cihuin 
siimatur,  valet  plurimum.  si  Cucurbit,  ad  scapulas 

apposita?.  *- Piso.  sa^jcdiana   pra;  ceteris. 

•^  Succi  inelancliolici  malitia  a  sanguinis  bonitat'e  cor. 
rigitur.  "•'■  Pcrseverante  malo  e.\  quacunque  parte 

sanguinis  detralii  debet. 


416  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  5. 

The  haemorrhoids  are  to  be  opened  with  an  instrument  or  horse-leeches,  &c.  See 
more  in  IMontahus,  cap.  29.  ^  Sckenkius  hath  an  example  of  one  that  was  cured  by 
an  accidental  wound  in  his  thigh,  much  bleeding  freed  him  from  melancholy.  Diet, 
diminutives,  alteratives,  cordials,  correctors  as  before,  intermixed  as  occasion  serves, 
''••all  their  study  must  be  to  make  a  melancholy  man  fat,  and  then  the  cure  is 
ended."  Diuretics,  or  medicines  to  procure  urine,  are  prescribed  by  some  in  this 
kind,  hot  and  cold  :  hot  where  tlie  heat  of  the  liver  doth  not  forbid ;  cold  where  the 
heat  of  the  liver  is  very  great :  **  amongst  hot  are  parsley  roots,  lovage,  femiel,  &.c.  : 
cold,  melon  seeds,  &c.,  with  whey  of  goat''s  milk,  which  is  the  common  conveyer. 

To  purge  and  ^purify  the  blood,  use  sowthistle,  succory,  senna,  endive,  carduus 
bcnedictus,  dandelion,  hop,  maiden-hair,  fumitory,  bugloss,  borage,  Jkc,  witli  their 
juice,  decoctions,  distilled  waters,  syrups,  Stc. 

Oswaldus,  CroUius,  basil  Chijm.  much  admires  salt  of  corals  in  this  case,  and 
jEtius,  ietrabib.  ser.  2.  cap.  114.  Hieram  Archigenis,  which  is  an  excellfnt  medicine 
to  purify  the  blood,  "  for  all  melancholy  affections,  falling  sickness,  none  to  be  com- 
pared to  it." 


MEMB.  III. 

SuBSECT.  I. —  Cure  of  Hypochondriacal  Melancholy. 

In  this  cure,  as  in  the  rest,  is  especially  retpiired  tlie  rectification  of  those  six  non- 
natural  things  above  all,  as  good  diet,  which  .Montaims,  consil.  27.  enj<jius  a  French 
nobleman,  "to  have  an  especial  care  of  it,  without  which  all  other  remedies  are  in 
vain."  Hlood-letting  is  not  to  be  used,  except  the  patient's  botty  be  very  full  of 
l>lood,  and  that  it  be  derived  from  the  livt-rand  spleen  to  the  stomach  and  his  ve.ssels, 
then  *  to  dniw  it  back,  to  cut  the  inner  vein  of  either  arm,  some  say  the  sahuiletla, 
and  if  the  malady  he  continuate,  •'  to  open  a  vein  in  the  forehead. 

Preparatives  and  alteratives  may  be  used  as  before,  saving  that  there  nmst  be 
respect  had  as  well  to  the  liver,  spleen,  stomach,  hypoohondries,  as  to  the  heart  and 
brain.  To  comfort  the  "stomach  ami  inner  parts  against  wind  and  obstructions,  by 
Areteus,  Galen,  .-Etius,  .\urelianus,  &r.,  and  ujany  latter  writers,  are  still  prescribed 
the  decoctions  of  wormwooil,  centaury,  pennyroyal,  belony  sodden  in  whey,  and 
daily  drunk  :  many  have  been  cured  by  this  medicine  alone. 

Prosper  Aliinus  anil  some  others  as  much  magnify  the  water  of  Nile  against  this 
malady,  an  especial  good  remedy  for  windy  melanclii)ly.  For  which  reas(m  belike 
Ptolemeus  Pliiladelphus,  when  he  married  his  daughter  Berenice  to  the  king  of 
Assyria  (asCeUus,  lib. 2.  records!,  magnis  im]>ensis  ,S'ili  uquam  ajferri  jussit^  to  his 
great  charge  caused  the  water  of  Nile  to  be  carried  with  her,  and  gave  conunand, 
that  during  her  life  she  should  use  no  other  drink.  I  find  those  that  commend  use 
of  apples,  in  splenetic  and  this  kind  of  melancholy  (lamb's-wuol  some  call  it),  which 
howsoever  approved,  must  certainly  be  corrected  of  ci»ld  rawness  and  wind. 

Codronchus  in  his  book  de  sale  absyn.  magnifies  the  oil  and  salt  of  wormwood 
above  all  other  remedies,  ""which  works  better  and  speedier  than  any  simple  wlial- 
soever,  and  much  to  be  preferred  before  all  those  fulsome  decoctions  and  infusions, 
which  must  oflend  by  reason  of  their  quantity;  this  alone  in  a  small  measure  taken, 
expels  wind,  and  that  most  forcibly,  moves  urine,  cleanseth  the  stomach  of  all  gross 
humours,  crudities,  helps  appetite,"  &tc.  Amoldus  hath  a  wormwood  wine  which 
he  would  have  used,  which  every  pharmacopteia  speaks  of. 

Diminutives  and  purges  may  **  be  taken  as  before,  of  hiera,  nianna,  cassia,  which 
Montanus  cmml.  230.  for  an  Italian  abbot,  in  this  kind  prefers  before  all  i>llier  simples, 

«Ob«;rvat.  fed.  154.  curatiu  ei  viilnere  in  crure  ob  i  p«rtinai  morbiii.  venam  fronle  •«abi«.  Brui-ll      ■>  Eco 
rruoreni  ariii««uin.  "Studnim  ml  omrie  ut  nirlan-  I  iiiaxiiiiam  curani  moniucti.)  ilt  l.i.'aN  •    i  «  u    M"ra(iiinua 

I'Mohcus  iiii|)ini!iictiir:  px  quo  eniin  iniigiiHs  et  carnrfii.  '  hh. -2  c   7.  »»('iliii«  i-r  •  ■    -^rx. 

illico  »ani  »iiiit.  •  Hildi,iheini  apirel.  2   Inlt-r  calicia     iiuam  »<>lent  dw-ixla  ac  di  ri 

radu  pelri.fVlini.  apii,  iVmculi  ;   Inter  frigida  fniuNnj     marna  cum  a-auinpnliiini 


■rniini*  Mi^-loniiiii  rum  •u-ro  caprinn  quiMl  eat  rnmmurie 
v>'hiciiliini.  •»  Hoc  iinuin  prirmiineo  domine  ut  ma 

JilHtrns  rirra  virlum.  airie  quo  cetera  reiiicdia  fru^lra 
■dhibenlur.  *>  Laurentiui  cap.  IS.  evulsioiii*  fralia 

v«nain  luieriiam  alivnus  hrachii  secamua.  *>g| 


bic  •al  etftcaciter  diMipal.  uriii.iin  n 
craMO*  abfleritit,  ■loinachiiin  r; r>  (le  r 
(atem.  nauicain  apfieteiiiiain  miniin  in 
vat,  4tc.  *<rMo,  Aliomarui,  Lisurciiiiua  c.  1^ 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1.]  Cure  of  Hypochondriacal  Melancholy.  417 

^'"And  these  must  'oe  often  used,  still  abstaining  from  those  which  are  more  violent, 
lest  they  do  exasperate  the  stomach,  &.C.,  and  the  mischief  by  that  means  be  in- 
creased." Tliough  in  some  physicians  I  find  very  strong  purgers,  hellebore  itself 
prescribed  in  this  affection.  If  it  long  continue,  vomits  may  be  taken  after  meat,  or 
otherwise  gently  procured  with  warm  water,  oxymel,  Stc,  now  and  then.  Fuchsius 
cap.  3.3.  prescribes  hellebore ;  but  still  take  heed  in  this  malady,  which  I  have  often 
warned,  of  hot  medicines,  ^"because  (as  Salvianus  adds)  drought  follows  heat, 
whicli  increaseth  the  disease:"  and  yet  Baptista  Sylvaticus  conlrov.  32.  forbids  cold 
medicines,  ^' "  because  they  increase  obstructions  and  other  bad  symptoms."  But 
this  varies  as  the  parties  do,  and  'tis  not  easy  to  determine  which  to  use.  ^^ "  The 
stomach  most  part  in  this  infirmity  is  cold,  the  liver  hot;  scarce  therefore  (which 
Montanus  insinuates  cons'il.  229.  for  the  Earl  of  Manfort)  can  you  help  the  one  and 
not  hurt  the  other:"  much  discretion  must  be  used;  take  no  physic  at  all  he  con- 
cludes witliout  great  need.  Laslius  ^Egubinus  consil.  for  an  hypochondriacal  German 
prince,  used  many  medicines ;  but  it  was  after  signified  to  him  in  '^'' letters,  that  the 
decoction  of  China  and  sassafras,  and  salt  of  sassafras  wrouglit  him  an  incredible 
good."  In  his  108  consult,  he  used  as  happily  the  same  remedies;  this  to  a  third 
might  have  been  poison,  by  overheating  his  liver  and  blood. 

For  the  other  parts  look  for  remedies  in  Savanarola,  Gordonius,  IMassaria,  Merca- 
tus,  Johnson,  &lc.  One  for  the  spleen,  amongst  many  other,  I  will  not  omit,  cited 
by  Hildesheim,  spicel.  2.  prescribed  by  Mat.  Flaccus,  and  out  of  the  authority  of 
Benevenius.  Antony  Benevenius  in  a  hypochondriacal  passion,  "*'"  cured  an  exceed- 
ing great  swelling  of  the  spleen  with  capers  alone,  a  meat  befitting  that  infirmity, 
and  frequent  use  of  "the  water  of  a  smith's  forge;  by  this  physic  he  helped  a  sick 
man,  whom  all  other  physicians  had  fcwsaken,  that  for  seven  years  had  been  sple- 
netic." And  of  such  force  is  this  water,  ' "  that  those  creatures  as  drink  of  it,  have 
commonly  little  or  no  spleen."  See  more  excellent  medicines  for  the  spleen  in  him 
and  ^Lod.  Mercatus,  who  is  a  great  magnifier  of  this  medicine.  This  Chalybs  prce- 
paratus,  or  steel-drink,  is  much  likewise  commended  to  this  disease  by  Daniel  Sen- 
nertus  I.  I.  part.  2.  cap.  12.  and  admired  by  J.Caesar  Claudinus  Respons.  29.  he  calls 
steel  the  proper  ^ alexipharmacum  of  this  malady,  and  much  magnifies  it;  look  for 
receipts  in  them.  Averters  must  be  used  to  the  liver  and  spleen,  and  to  scour  the 
meseraic  veins :  and  they  are  either  too  open  or  provoke  urine.  You  can  open  no 
place  better  than  the  hcEmorrhoids,  "  which  if  by  horse-leeches  they  be  made  to 
flow,  ■*  tliere  may  be  again  such  an  excellent  remedy,"  as  Plater  holds.  Sallust.  Sal- 
vian  will  admit  no  other  phlebotomy  but  this ;  and  by  his  experience  in  an  hospital 
which  he  kept,  he  found  all  mad  and  melancholy  men  worse  for  other  blood-letting 
Laurentius  cap.  15.  calls  this  of  horse-leeches  a  sure  remedy  to  empty  the  spleeo 
and  meseraic  membrane.  Only  3lontanus  consil.  241.  is  against  it;  ^'-  to  other  mei' 
(saith  he)  tliis  opening  of  the  haemorrhoids  seems  to  be  a  profitable  remedy;  for  my 
part  I  do  not  approve  of  it,  because  it  draws  away  the  thinnest  blood,  and  leaves  tht 
thickest  behind." 

^tius,  Vidus  Vidius,  Mercurialis,  Fuchsius,  recommend  diuretics,  or  such  things 
as  provoke  urine,  as  aniseeds,  dill,  fennel,  germander,  ground  pine,  sodden  in  water, 
or  drunk  in  powder :  and  yet  ®P.  Bayerus  is  against  them  :  and  so  is  HoUerius  ;  "-All 
melancholy  men  (saith  he)  must  avoid  such  things  as  provoke  urine,  because  by 
them  the  subtile  or  thinnest  is  evacuated,  the  thicker  matter  remains." 

Clysters  are  in  good  request.  Trincavelius  lib.  3.  cap.  38.  for  a  young  nobleman, 
esteems  of  them  in  the  first  place,  and  Hercules  de  Saxonia  Panfh.  lib.  1.  cap.  16.  is 
a  great  approver  of  them.     '^'■'1  have  found   (saith  he)   by  experience,  that  many 


85  His  utcmlutn  sippius  iteratis:  a  vc-hementioribus 
semper  ahstiiieiuliiin  ne  ventrem  exa?perent.  s^Lib. 
2.  cap.  1.  duoriiaiu  caliditate  conjuncta  est  siccitas 
quaB  maliiin  aiiget.  3"  Q,iii?quis  frigidis  auxiliis  hoc 

morbo  usiisfuerit,  isobstructionem  aliaquesyiriptoinata 
augebit.  s*  Ventriculus  plenimque  frigidus,  epar 

caliduiii ;  qiiomodo  ergo  ventriculum  calefaciet,  vel  re- 
fiigeraliil  liepar  sine  altering  maximo  detrimento? 
*9Si!.'i]iticatiitn  per  literas,  incredibilem  utilitatcm  ex 
decocto  Chiiiffi,  et  Sassafras  percepisse.  "lOTumo- 

rem  spleiiis  ihciirabilein  sola  cappari  curavit,  cibo  tali 


malia  quae  apiid  hos  fabros  educantiir,  exiguog  Mabent 
lienes.  ^  L.  1.  cap  17.  aContiiiuiis  ejus  iisiia 

semper  felicem  in  ffigris  finem  est  assequutus.  *  Si 

Hemorrr)ides  fluxerint,  nullum  prjEstantins  esset  reine- 
dium,  quffisanguifrigis  admotis  provocari  piiteriint.  ob- 
servat.  lib.  1.  pro  hypoc.  legulcio.  =  Aliis  apertio 

hiPc  in  hoc  morbo  videtnr  utilissima ;  mihi  noii  ii<lnio. 
dum  probatur,  quia  sanguineni  tenuem  attrahit  et  eras- 
sum  relinquit.  «  Lib.  2.  cap.  13.  omnes  nielancholici 
debent  oinittere  urinam  provocaiitia,  quoniam  per  ea 
educitur  subtile,  et  remannt  crassum.  '  Ego  expe- 


a>L'ritudine  apti.ssimo:  Soliique  usu  aqufe,  in  qua  faber  j  rientia  probavi,  multos  Hypocondriacos  solo  usu  Clys- 
ferrariussa'pecandeiisferrumextinierat.&.c.         lAni-  I  terum  fuisse  sanatos. 

53 


418  Cure  of  Melancholy.  [Part.  2.  Sec.  5 

liypochondriacal  melancholy  men  have  been  cured  by  the  sole  use  of  clysters," 
receipts  are  to  be  had  in  him. 

Besides  those  fomentations,  irriirations,  inunctions,  odorameuts,  prescribed  for  the 
head,  there  must  be  the  like  used  for  the  liver,  spleen,  stomach,  hypochondries,  &.o. 
*••  In  crjuiily  (saith  Piso)  'tis  good  to  bind  the  stomach  hard"  to  hinder  wind,  and 
to  help  concoction. 

Of  inward  medicines  I  need  not  speak ;  use  the  same  cordials  as  before.  In  tliis 
kind  of  nielancholv,  some  prescribe  ^  treacle  in  winter,  especially  before  or  after 
purges,  or  in  tlie  spring,  as  Avicenna,  '"  Trincavellius  mithridaie,  "  Montaltus  paiony 
seed,  unicorn's  horn ;  os  de  corde  cervi^  Sfc. 

Amonsjst  topics  or  outward  medicines,  none  are  more  precious  than  baths,  but  of 
them  I  have  spoken.  Fomentations  to  the  hypochondries  are  very  gt>od,  of  wine 
and  water  in  which  are  sadden  southernwood,  melilot,  epithyme,  mugwort,  senna, 
polypody,  as  also  '^cerotes,  '^plaisters,  liniments,  ointments  for  the  spleen,  liver,  and 
hypochondries,  of  which  look  for  examples  in  Laurentius,  Jobertus  lib.  3.  c.  1.  pra. 
med.  Montanus  consil.  231.  Montaltus  cap.  33.  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  Favcntinus. 
And  so  of  epithemes,  digestive  powders,  bags,  oils,  Octavius  Iloratianus  lib.  2.  c.  5. 
prescribes  ealastic  cataplasms,  or  dry  purging  medicines;  Piso  '^  dropaces  of  pitch, 
and  oil  of  rue,  applied  at  certain  times  to  tlie  stomach,  to  the  metaphrene,  or  part  of 
ilie  back  whicli  is  over  against  the  heart,  ,'Ktius  sinapisms;  Montaltus  c«y>.  35.  would 
have  the  thighs  to  be  '^cauterised,  .Mercurialis  prescribes  beneath'  tlie  knees;  Ladius 
.^Egubinus  consil.  77.  for  a  hypochondriacal  Dutchman,  will  have  tlie  cautery  made 
111  the  right  tliigli,  and  so  Montaiius  consil.  55.  The  same  Moiitanus  cimsil.  3  i. 
approves  of  issues  in  the  arms  or  hinder  part  of  the  head.  Berjiarchis  Palernus  in 
llildesheini  spicrl  2.  would  have  '"issues  made  in  both  the  thighs;  "  Lod.  .Mercatus 
]):escribes  tliem  near  the  spleen,  nut  prope  ventriculi  regimen,  or  in  either  of  the 
thighs.  Ligatures,  frictions,  and  cupping-glasses  above  or  about  the  belly,  without 
scantication,  which  ''  Felix  Platerus  so  much  approves,  may  be  used  as  before. 

SuBSECT.  II. —  Correctors  to  expel  fVind.    Against  Costiveness,  ^*c. 

l.\  this  kind  of  melancholy  one  of  the  most  offensive  .symptoms  is  wind,  which, 
as  in  the  otlu-r  species,  so  in  this,  hath  great  need  to  be  corrected  and  expelled. 

The  medicines  to  expel  it  are  either  inwardly  taken,  or  outwardly.  Inwardly  to 
expel  wind,  are  simples  or  compounds  :  simples  are  herbs,  roots,  Stc,  as  galaiiga, 
gentian,  angelica,  enuia,  calamus  aromaticus,  valerian,  zeodoti,  iris,  coiuhte  ginger, 
ari.«tolochy,  cicliminus,  China,  dittander,  pennyroyal,  rue,  calamint,  bay-berries,  and 
bay-leaves,  beiony,  rosemary,  hyssop,  sabine,  centaury,  mint,  camomile,  stajchas, 
agnns  castns,  broom-flowers,  origan,  orange-pills,  kc. ;  spices,  as  saHVon,  cinnamon, 
bezoar  stone,  myirh,  mace,  nutmegs,  pepper,  cloves,  ginger,  seeds  of  annis,  fennel, 
anmi.  cari,  nettle,  rue,  Stc,  juniper  berries,  grana  paradisi ;  compounds,  dianisum, 
diagalanga,  diaciminum,  diacalaminth,  t/^c/uartM/zi  de  baccis  lauri.,benedicta  laxativa, 
pulvis  ad  status,  antid.  Jlorent.  pulcis  carniinativus,  aromaticuvi  rosulum,  treacle^ 
miihridate,  S^-c.  This  one  caution  of  '*Gualter  Bruell  is  to  be  observed  in  the  admin- 
istering of  these  hot  medicines  and  dry,  '•  that  whilst  they  covet  to  expel  wind, 
they  do  not  inflame  the  blood,  and  increase  the  disease;  sometimes  (as  he  saith^ 
medicines  must  more  decline  to  heal,  sometimes  more  to  cold,  as  the  circumstances 
require,  and  as  the  parties  are  inclined  to  heat  or  cold. 

Outwardly  taken  to  expel  winds,  are  oils,  as  of  camomile,  rue,  bays,  Stc. ;  foment- 
ations of  the  byj)ocliondrie3,  with  the  decoctions  of  dill,  pennyroyal,  rue,  bay  leaves, 
cummin,  Stc,  bags  of  camomile  flowers,  aniseed,  cummin,  bays,  rue,  wormwoo«l, 
ointments   of   the    oil  of  spikenard,   wormwood,    rue,   &.c,      ^'Areleus    prescribes 

^  III  cpiditate  optimum,  ventriculum  arctius  alligari.  |  teriamque  evoeant.  »Gavendiim  hie  dilisenler  4 

»  3j-  Theriaca?,  Vere  prsserlim  et  irstate.  '"Cons,  i  mullum  calrfariHriiibm,  aln'i<-  i-i»iciaiititm«,  mvc  all. 

Vi.  I.  1.  "Cap.  33.  i='Triricavi,-llius  c>>ii"iil.  15.  '  menta  f'jirnii  luc.  iiivc  iihmIi.  iim.-iiia     ii<'iiiimIIi  riiun 

cerciiuin  pro  gpiie  nielanchulu-o  ad  j.-cur  i.piiiiiiiin.  ut  vfriloaiiaii.-s  t-t  rusitii*  c..ij|.--.  .i-i  h.  -u.Ii  .l.-n- 
»' Eiiiplaslra  pro  splriie.  Fernel.  consil.  45.         "  Dr.ipa*     Ip«  medicaiiifiilis.  pluriiiinir,  i- 

f   pice  iiavali,  ct  oleo  rutaceo  atfiifatiir  vprilriculo,  el  l  genie* :  di-U-nt  <-iiim  iin-ilici  i. 

ti.ti  niPtaphreni.  "Caultria  cruribus  miiita.     vel  frisiduin  »-rijii.liirii  en-  i. 

'«  Fontanell*  »iiit  in  utroqiie  crure.  "  Lib.  1.  c.  17.  \  "el  ul  patien*  inclinal  ad  cal.  cl  !n-i ;.  *'  C-^-  i 

X  Oe  mentis  alienat.  c.  3.  daiuii  egregie  discutmnt  ma-  |  lil>-  7. 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  2.]  Cure  of  Hypochondriacal  Melancholy.  419 

cataplasms  of  camomile  flowers,  fennel,  aniseeds,  cummin,  roseniary,  wormwood- 
leaves,  &c. 

^'  Cupping-glasses  applied  to  the  hypochondries,  without  scarification,  do  wonder- 
fully resolve  wind.  Fernelius  consil.  43.  much  approves  of  them  at  the  lower  end 
of  the  belly;  ^^Lod.  Mercatus  calls  them  a  powerful  remedy,  and  testifies  moreover 
out  of  his  own  knowledge,  how  many  he  hath  seen  suddenly  eased  by  them.  Julius 
Ca?sar  Claudinus  respons.  ?ned.  resp.  33.  admires  these  cupping-glasses,  which  he 
calls  out  of  Galen,  ^''^'a  kind  of  enchantment,  they  cause  such  present  help." 

Empyrics  have  a  myriad  of  medicines,  as  to  swallow  a  bullet  of  lead,  Stc,  which 
I  voluntarily  omit.  Amatus  Lusilanus,  cent.  4.  curat.  54.  for  a  hypochondriacal  per- 
son, that  was  extremely  tormented  with  wind,  prescribes  a  strange  remedy.  Put 
a  pair  of  bellows  end  into  a  clyster  pipe,  and  applying  it  into  the  fundament,  open 
the  bowels,  so  draw  forth  the  wind,  natura  non  admittit  vacuum.  He  vaunts  he  was 
the  first  invented  this  remedy,  and  by  means  of  it  speedily  eased  a  melancholy  man. 
Of  the  cure  of  this  flatuous  melancholy,  read  more  in  Fienus  dejlatibus,  cap.  26. 
cl  passim  alias. 

Against  headache,  vertigo,  vapours  which  ascend  forth  of  the  stomach  to  molest 
the  head,  read  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  and  others. 

If  costiveness  olfend  in  this,  or  any  other  of  the  three  species,  it  is  to  be  corrected 
with  suppositories,  clysters  or  lenitives,  powder  of  senna,  condite  prunes,  &c.  R. 
Elect.  Itnit.  e  succo'rosar.  ana  '2  j.  misce.  Take  as  much  as  a  nutmeg  at  a  time, 
half  an  hour  before  dinner  or  supper,  or  pil.  mastichin.  Sj.  in  six  pills,  a  pill  or  two 
at  a  time.  See  more  in  Montan.  consil.  229.  Hildesheim  spied.  2.  P.  Cnemander, 
and  Montanus  commend  ^^ "  Cyprian  turpentine,  which  they  would  have  familiarly 
taken,  to  the  quantity  of  a  small  nut,  two  or  three  hours  before  dinner  and  supper, 
twice  or  thrice  a  week  if  need  be;  for  besides  that  it  keeps  the  belly  soluble,  it  clears 
the  stomach,  opens  obstructions,  cleanseth  the  liver,  provokes  urine." 

These  in  brief  are  the  ordinary  medicines  which  belong  to  the  cure  of  melan- 
choly, which  if  they  be  used  aright,  no  doubt  may  do  much  good ;  Si  non  levando 
saltern  Icniendo  valcnt,  peculiaria  bene  selecta,  saith  Bessardus,  a  good  choice  of  par- 
ticular receipts  must  needs  ease,  if  not  quite  cure,  not  one,  but  all  or  most,  as  occa- 
sion serves.     Et  qum  non  jirosunt  singula.,  multa  jiwant. 

2'  Piso  Eruel.  mire  flatus  resolvit.  22  Lib.  1.  c.  17. 1  tern  deglutiant  nucis  parvse,  tribus  horis  ante  prnndiuin 

noniiiiUos  prajtensione  ventris  deploratos  illico  restitu-  vel  coenam,  ter  singulis  septiiiianis  proiil  expeilire  viile- 
(i)s  Ins  videiiius.  23  Velut  iiicantainentuin  quoddain    bitur;  nam  praterquam  quoil  alvuin  mollern  elficit,  ob. 

ex  riuiioso  sniritu,  doloreni  ortuni  levant.  '^  Tere-    structiones  aperit,  ventriculum  purgat,  urinam  provocal 

li/jiilnii.iin  Cypiiaiu  liabeaut  familiarein,  ad  quantita- I  hepar  mundilicat. 


(420  ) 


THE 


SYNOrSYS  OF  THE  THIRD  PARTITION 


Division 
or  kinds,    • 
Subs.  2. 


Heroical 
or  Love- 
Melan- 
choly, in 
whicli 
consider, 


is 


Profitable, 
Hubs.  1. 


r  Simple, 

which  n,  . 

,     ,     ,  rieasant, 

hath  three  <  ^^^^  ^ 

objects, 

as  M.  1. 


Honest, 
Suba.  3. 

Mixed  of 
all  three, 
which 
extendi!  to 
M.  3. 


Preface  or  Introduction.     Subsect  1. 

Love's  definition,  pedigree,  object,  fair,  amiable,  gracious,  and  pleasant,  from   whicr.   come? 
beauty,  grace,  which  all  desire  and  love,  parts  affected. 

r Natural,  in  thinj^s  without  life,  as  love  and  hatred  of  elements  ;  and  with  life,  as 
vegetable,  vine  and  elm,  sympathy,  antipathy,  &c. 
Sensible,  as  of  beasts,  for  pleasure,  pjeservation  of  kind,  mutual  agreement,  custom, 
bringing  up  together,  &c. 

fD-^c-Li-    f Health,  wealth,  honour,  we  love  our  benefactors: 

nothing  so  amiable  as  profit,  or  that  which  iiaih 

a  show  of  commodity. 

r Things  without  life,   made  by  art,  pictures,  sports, 

games,  sensible  objects,  as  hawks,  hounds,  horses: 

i       Or  men   themselves    for  siinilituiie  of   manners, 

I       natural  ailection,  as  to  friends,  children,  kinsmen, 

J       &c.,  for  glory  such  as  commend  us. 

i  liefore  marriage,  as  Htroicul  Mtl.     Sect. 
Of   wo-  1       2.  vidt  qp 

men,  as  ]  Or  after  marriage,  as  Jealousy,  Sect.  3. 
I-      vide  y, 
fFucate  in  show,  by  some  error  or  hypocrisy  ;  some 
f      seem  and   are  not  ;  or  truly  for  virtue,  honesty, 
[      good  parts,  learning,  eloquence,  &c. 
Common    good,    our     neighbour,    country,    friends,    which     u 
charity ;  the  defect  of  which  is  cause  of  much  discontent  aiiJ 
{       melancholy. 

or  fin  excess,  t'lV/e  n 

God,  Sect.  4.1  In  defect,  vide  25- 
{Memb.  1. 

His  pedigree,  power,  extent  to  vegetables  and  sensible  creatures,  as  well  as  meu,  to 

spirits,  devils,  ice. 
His  name,  definition,  object,  part  afTectcd,  tyranny. 

Tatars,  temperature,  full  diet,    place,  country,  clime,  condition,   idleness, 
S.  1. 
Natural  allurements,  and  causes  of   love,  as  beauty,  its  praise,  how   it 

alluretb. 
Comeliness,  grace,  resulting  from  the  whole  or  some  parts,  as  face,  eyes, 
hair,  hands,  &c.  Subs.  '2. 
{  Artificial  allurements,  and  provocations  of  lust  and  love,  gestures,  apparel, 

I       dowry,  money.  &c. 
Quest.   Whether  beauty  owe  more  to  Art  or  Nature  ?     Subs.  3. 
I  Opportunity   of  time    and   place,  conference,    discourse,    music,  sini^ing, 

I      dancing,  amorous  tales,  lascivious  objects,  familiarity,  gifts,  promiiM's, 
(kc.  Subs.  4. 
L  Bawds  and  Philters,  Subs.  5. 

r  Dryness,  paleness,  leanness,  waking,  sighing,  ttc 
t  Quest.  An  detur  pulsus  amaturius  ? 
I  f  Fear,  sorrow,  suspicion,  anxiety.  Sec. 

I     Bad,  as    <  A  hell,  torment,  tire,  blindness,  &c. 
[t»l  mind.    J         Qj  I  Dotage,  slavery,  neglect  of  business. 

n      1  j  Spruceness,   neatness,  courage,  aptness  to  learn 

!_  y      music,  singing,  dancing,  poetry,  dec. 

Prognostics ;  despair,  madness,  phrensy,  death,  Memb.  4. 
By  labour,  diet,  physic,  abstinence,  .Subs.  1. 

To  withstand  the  beginnings,  avoid  occasions,  fair  and  foul  means,  change 
of  place,  contrary   passion,  witty  inventions,  discommend   the  former, 
bring  in  another.  Subs.  2. 
By  p"  a1  counsel,  persuasion,  from  future  miseries,  inconveniences,  &c.  ^'.  3. 


Causes, 
Memb.  2. 


Symp- 
toms or 
si'^^ns, 
M>imb.  3. 


Of  body 


Of  mind. 


Cures, 
Memb.  5 


.  hy  philters,  magical,  and  poetical  cures,  .Subs.  4. 

I  To  let  them  have  their  desire  disputed  pro  and  eon.     Impediments  re- 

l     moved,  'e 


-easons  for  it.  Subs.  5. 


Synopsis  of  the  Third  Partition. 

His  name,  definition,  extent,  power,  tyranny,  Memb.  1. 
Division, 
Equivo- 
cations, 
kinds. 
Subs.  1. 


421 


r    I 


mproper 


Causes, 
Sect.  2. 


f 


Proper 
In  the  par- 


To  many  beasts ;  as  swans,  cocks,  bulls. 

To  kings  and  princes,  of  their  subjects,  successors. 

To  friends,  parents,  tutors  over  their  children,  or  otherwise. 
/Before  marriage,  corrivals,  &c. 
[After,  as  in  this  place  our  present  subject, 
r Idleness,  impotency  in  one  party,  melancholy,  long  absence. 


Symptoms, 
Mcmt).  2. 
Prognostics, 
Memb.  3. 

Cures, 
Memb.  4. 


Causes, 
Subs.  2. 


rin  excess 
of  such  as 
do  that 
which  is 
not  re- 
quired. 
Memb.  1. 


J  ties  themselves,  -;  They  have  been  naught  themselves.     Hard  usage,  unkindncss, 
j  or  1^      wantonness,  inequality  of  years,  persons,  fortunes,  6lc. 

I     from  others.        Outward  enticements  and  provocations  of  others. 
^  Fear,   sorrow,   suspicion,  anguish  of  mind,  strange    actions,    gestures,   looks, 
^      speeches,  locking  up,  outrages,  severe  laws,  prodigious  trials,  &c. 
^  Despair,  madness,  to  make  away  themselves, 
)      and  others, 
f  By  avoiding  occasions,  always  busy,  never  to  be  idle. 

By  good  counsel,  advice  of  friends,  to  contemn  or  dissemble  it.    Subs.  I. 
{  By  prevention  before  marriage.      Plato's  communion. 

I  To  marry  such  as  are  equal  in  years,  b-.rth,  fortunes,  beauty,  of  like  conditions,  &c. 
l^Of  a  good  family,  good  education.     To  use  them  well. 
A  proof  that  there  is  such  a  species  of  melancholy,  name,  object  God,  what  his 
beauty  is,  how  it  allureth,  part    and  parties  alTected,  superstitious,  idolaters, 
prophets,  heretics,  &c.  Subs.  1. 

r  ("The   devil's    allurements,   false    miracles,   priests  for 

I  From   others  I      their  gain.     Politicians  to  keep  men  in  obedience, 
■i  or  [      bad  instructors,  blind  guides. 

from  them-  J  Simplicity,  fear,  ignorance,  solitariness,  melancholy, 
\  curiosity,  pride,  vain-glory,  decayed  image  of  God. 
rZeal  without  knowledge,  obstinacy,  superstition, 
J  strange  devotion,  stupidity,  confidence,  stiff' defence 
I  of  their  tenets,  mutual  love  and  hate  of  other 
'^  sects,  belief  of  incredibilities,  impossibilities, 
f  Of  heretics,  pride,  contumacy,  contempt  of  others, 
I  wilfulness,  vain-glory,  singularity,  prodigious  para- 
j      doxes. 

I  In  superstitious  blind  zeal,  obedience,  strange  works, 
fasting,  sacrifices,  oblations,  prayers,  vows,  pseudo- 
martyrdom,  mad  and  ridiculous  customs,  ceremo- 
I      nies,  observations. 

I  In  pseudo-prophets,  visions,  revelations,  dreams, 
I  prophecies,  new  doctrines,  &c.,  of  Jews,  Gentiles. 
^      Mahometans,  &c. 

J  New  doctrines,  paradoxes,  blasphemies,  madness,  stu- 
[      pidily,  despair,  damnation. 
By  physic,    if  need    be,    conference,    good    counsel, 
persuasion,    compulsion,    correction,    punishment. 
Quxritur  an  cogi  debent  1     AJJir. 


selves. 


General 


Symptoms,. 
S-ub».  3. 


< 


I  Pariicralar.  { 


Prognostics,  Subs.  4. 
Cures,  Subs.  5. 


In  defect, 
as  Memb. 
2. 


I 


Secure, 

of  grace  and 

fears. 


Old  ["Epicures,  atheists,  magicians,  hypocrites,  such  as  have  cauterised 
<       consciences,  or  else  are  in    a  reprobate  sense,  worldly-secure. 


Distrustful, 
or  too  timor- 
ous, as  des- 
perate. In 
despair  con- 
^sider. 


some  philosophers,  impenitent  sinners.  Subs.  1. 

'The  devil  and   his  allurements,  rigid  preachers,  that 
wound  their  consciences,  melancholy,  contempla- 
.       tion,  solitariness. 

I  How  melancholy  and  despair  differ.     Distrust,  weak- 
ness of  faith.      Guilty  conscience  for  offence  com- 
mitted, misunderstanding  Scr. 
("Fear,  sorrow,  anguish  of  mind,  extreme   tortures 
^      and  horror  of  conscience,  fearful  dreams,  con- 
\      ceits,  visions,  &c. 

Blasphemy,  violent  death,  Subs.  4. 
f Physic,  as  occasion  serves,  conference,  not  to  be 
l^ Cures,  S.  5.    <       idle  or  alone.     Good  counsel,  good  company,  all 


f    Causes, 
Subs.  2. 


\   Symptoms, 
Subs.  3. 

Prognostics. 


comforts  and  contents,  &c. 


2L 


(422) 


THE  THIRD    PARTITION. 

LOVE-MELANCHOLY. 


THE  FIRST  SECTION,  MEMBER,  SUBSECTION. 


The  Preface. 

THERE  will  not  be  wanting,  I  presume,  one  or  other  that  will  nuirh  disrommciul 
some  part  of  lliis  treatise  of  love-melancholy,  and  olyect  (wliith  '  Erasmus  in 
his  preface  to  Sir  Thomas  .More  suspects  of  his)  '•  that  it  is  too  lij^ht  for  a  divine,  too 
comical  a  subject  to  speak,  of  love  symptoms,  too  fantastical,  and  fit  alone  for  a 
■•anton  poet,  a  feeliiiiT  young  love-sick  gallant,  an  eill'minate  courtier,  or  some  such 
iiile  person."  .\nd  'tis  true  they  say :  for  by  the  nauohtiness  of  men  it  is  so  come 
to  pass,  as  ^Caussinus  observes,  «/  castis  auribus  vox  amnris  suspecla  sj7,  et  incisa, 
'he  very  name  of  love  is  oihous  to  chaster  ears;  and  therefore  sonie  again,  out  of 
in  affected  gravity,  will  dislike  all  for  the  name's  sake  beiore  they  read  a  word ;  dis- 
sembling with  him  in  ^Petronius,  and  seem  to  be  angry  that  their  ears  are  violated 
with  such  obscene  speeches,  that  so  they  may  be  admired  for  grave  philosophers 
and  staid  carriage.  They  cannot  abide  to  hear  talk  of  love  toys,  or  amorous  dis- 
courses, rultu.,  gvstu,  ocitlis  in  their  outward  actions  averse,  and  yet  in  their  c<>i.'itri- 
tions  they  are  all  out  as  bail,  if  not  worse  than  others. 

•  *-  Eruhuit,  p<i«iii(quf  mcum  Lucpeiia  librum 
tied  curaiu  Bruiu,  Brute  recede,  legil." 

But  let  these  cavillers  and  counterfeit  Catos  know,  that  as  the  Lord  John  answered 
the  Queen  in  that  Italian  ^Guazzo,  an  old,  a  grave  discreet  man  is  iitlest  to  discourse 
of  love  matters,  because  he  hath  likely  more  experience,  observed  more,  hath  a  more 
staid  judgment,  can  better  discern,  resolve,  discuss,  advise,  give  better  cautions,  and 
more  solid  precepts,  better  inform  his  auditors  in  such  a  subject,  and  by  reason  of 
his  riper  years  sooner  divert.  Besides,  nihil  in  hac  amoris  voce  sublimendum,  there 
is  nothing  here  to  be  excepted  at ;  \pve  is  a  species  of  melancholy,  and  a  necessary 
part  of  this  my  treatise,  which  I  may  not  omit;  open  svsceplo  xnsrrviendnm  fuit  : 
so  Jacobus  Mysillius  pleadeth  for  himself  in  his  translation  of  Lucian's  dialotrues, 
and  so  do  I ;  I  must  and  will  perform  my  task.  And  that  short  excuse  of  Mercerus, 
for  his  edition  of  Aristaenetus  shall  be  mine,  *"  If  1  have  spent  my  time  ill  to  write, 
let  not  them  be  so  idle  as  to  read."  But  I  am  persuaded  it  is  not  so  ill  spent,  I  ought 
not  to  excuse  or  repent  myself  of  this  suliject,  on  which  many  grave  and  worthy 
men  have  written  whole  volumes,  Plato,  Plutarch,  Plotinus,  .Maximus,  Tyrius.  Alci- 
nous,  Avicenna,  Leon  Ilebreus  in  tliree  large  dialogiles,  Xenophon  synipos.  Theo- 
phrastus,  if  we  may  believe  Athena?us,  lib.  13.  cap.  9.  Picus  Mirandula,  Glaring, 
/Etjuicola,  both  in  Italian,  Kornrnannus  de  linea  Amoris.,  lib.  3.     Petrus  Godefridus 

•  Encrjin.  Moric  leviores  es^c  nu^ai  qiiain  ut  Theo-  I  quam  unam  ex  Phil<i«ophi9  inluerentiir.  «  MarlM* 

lojCUin  d«-ceaiil.  »I.ib.  8.   ElmiucTif.  cap  M.  de  aff-c-     "  In  Brutui'  presence  L.<icretia  hlu*hnl  ar  ' '    ■'  --     '      X 

\>\m*  innrtalium  vitio  fit  qui  pro-clar.-i  i|u:r(|iie  in  pravun     aaide  ;  when  he  retired,  iilie  lixik  il  up  n. 
u«iis  vert'ui*  '(iuotieg  de  ainatDriiji  iiientio  facta  '  » l.ih.  4.  of  tivil  eoiivernainiii.  'Si  .  .  .,  f»l 

eft,  taui  veheinenter  rxcaiidui ;    tain  veverx  trislitia  !  <>p«ra  KribeiiUo,  ne  ipai  loccot  in  l<'(riiiiu. 
violari  aurcs  niea*  ubaceno  •ermoac  noiui,  ut  nie  tan- 1 


Mein.  1.  Subs.  1.]  Preface.  423 

hath  handled  in  three  books,  P.  Haedus,  and  which  almost  every  physician,  as  Arnol- 
dus,  Villanovanus,  Yalleriola  ohservat.  mecl.  lib.  2.  ohscrv.  7.  iElian  Montaltus  and 
Laurentius  in  their  treatises  of  melancholy,  Jason  Pratensis  de  morh.  cap.  V^lescus 
de  Taranta,  Gordonius,  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  Savanarola,  Langius,  &c.,  have  treated 
of  apart,  and  in  their  works.  I  excuse  myself,  therefore,  with  Peter  Godefridus, 
Valleriola,  Ficinus,  and  in  ''  Langius'  words.  Cadmus  Milesius  writ  fourteen  books 
of  love,  •'  and  why  should  I  be-  ashamed  to  write  an  epistle  in  favour  of  young  men, 
of  this  subject  ?"  A  company  of  stern  readers  dislike  the  second  of  the  jEneids, 
and  VirgiPs  gravity,  for  inserting  such  amorous  passions  in  an  heroical  subject;  but 
^Servius,  his  commentator,  justly  vindicates  the  poet's  worth,  wisdom,  and  discretion 
in  doing  as  he  did.  Castalio  would  not  have  young  men  read  the  ^  Canticles,  be- 
cause to  his  thinking  it  was  too  light  and  amorous  a  tract,  a  ballad  of  ballads,  as 
our  old  English  translation  hath  it.  He  might  as  well  forbid  the  reading  of  Genesis, 
because  of  the  loves  of  Jacob  and  Rachael,  the  stories  of  Sicliem  and  Dinah,  Judah 
and  Tliamar;  reject  the  Book  of  Numbers,  for  the  fornications  of  the  people  of 
Israel  with  the.  Moabites ;  that  of  Judges  for  Samson  and  Dalilah's  embracings ;  that 
of  the  Kings,  for  David  and  Bersheba's  adulteries,  the  incest  of  Amnion  and  Thamar, 
Solomon's  concubines,  &.c.  The  stories  of  Esther,  Judith,  Susanna,  and  many  such. 
Dicearchus,  and  some  other,  carp  at  Plato's  majesty,  that  he  would  vouchsafe  to 
indite  such  love  toys :  amongst  the  rest,  for  that  dalliance  with  Agatho, 

"Suavia  dans  Agathoni,  animam  ipse  in  labra  teiiebam ; 
^gra  eteniin  [iroperans  taiiquam  abitura  fuit." 

For  my  part,  saith  '"Maximus  Tyrius,  a  great  platonist  himself,  7ne  non  tanUun 
admiratio  habet,  sed  etiam  stupor,^  I  do  not  only  admire,  but  stand  amazed  to  read, 
that  Plato  and  Socrates  both  should  expel  Homer  from  their  city,  because  he  writ 
of  such  light  and  wanton  subjects,  Quod  Junonem  cum  Jove  in  Ida  concumbentss 
inducit,  ab  immortali  nube  contectos,  Vulcan's  net.  !Mars  and  Venus'  fopperies  before 
all  the  gods,  because  Apollo  fled,  when  he  was  persecuted  by  Achilles,  the  "gods 
were  wounded  and  ran  whining  away,  as  Mars  that  roared  louder  than  Stentor,  and 
covered  nine  acres  of  ground  witli  his  fall ;  Vulcan  was  a  summer's  day  falling  down 
from  heaven,  and  in  Lemnos  Isle  brake  his  leg,  Sec,  with  such  ridiculous  passages ; 
when  as  both  Socrates  and  Plato,  by  his  testimony,  writ  lighter  themselves :  quid 
enim  lam  distal  (as  he  follows  it)  quam  amans  a  temper  ante.,  for  mar  urn  admiral  or  a 
demcnte^  what  can  be  more  absurd  than  for  grave  philosophers  to  treat  of  such 
fooleries,  to  admire  Autiloquus,  Alcibiades,  for  tlieir  beauties  as  they  did,  to  run  after, 
to  gaze,  to  dote  on  fair  Phaedrus,  delicate  Agatho,  young  Lysis,  flue  Charmides, 
haccine  Philosophmn  deccnl?  Doth  tiiis  become  grave  philosophers?  Tiius  perad- 
venture  Callias,  Thrasimachus,  Polus,  Aristophanes,  or  some  of  his  adversaries  and 
emulators  might  object;  but  neither  they  nor  '^Anytus  and  Melitus  his  bitter  ene- 
mies, that  condemned  him  for  teaching  Crilias  to  tyrannise,  his  impiety  for  swearing 
by  dogs  and  plain  trees,  for  his  juggling  sophistry,  Sec,  never  so  much  as  upbraided 
him  with  impure  love,  writing  or  speaking  of  that  subject;  and  theretbre  without 
question,  as  he  concludes,  both  Socrates  and  Plato  in  this  are  justly  to  be  excused. 
But  suppose  they  had  been  a  little  overseen,  should  divine  Plato  be  defamed  ?  no, 
rather  as  he  said  of  Cato's  drunkenness,  if  Cato  were  drunk,  it  should  be  no  vice  at 
all  to  be  drunk.  They  reprove  Plato  then,  but  without  cause  (as  "Ficinus  pleads) 
"  for  all  love  is  honest  and  good,  and  they  are  wortliy  to  be  loved  that  speak  well 
of  love."  Being  to  speak  of  this  admirable  affection  of  love  (saith  "Valleriola) 
"there  lies  open  a  vast  and  philosopliical  held  to  my  discourse,  by  which  many 
lovers  become  mad  ;  let  me  leave  my  more  serious  meditations,  wander  in  these  phi- 
losophical flelds,  and  look  into  those  pleasant  groves  of  the  Muses,  where  with 
unspeakable  variety  of  flowers,  we  may  nrake  garlands  to  ourselves,  not  to  adorn  us 
only,  but  with  their  pleasant  smell  and  juice  to  nourish  our  souls,  and  All  our  mintls 

'  Med.  ppist.  1.  l.ep.  14.  Cadmus  Milesius  teste  Suida.de  I  ainor,  &c.  '^Carpunt  alii  Platoiiicaiii  inajestatem 

hoc  Erotico  Aniore.  14.  libros  siripsii  Jiec  me  pigcbil  in  quod  aiiiori  niniiuni  imlulserit,  Dicearchus  el  alii;  sed 
iratiain  adolcscentum  iiancscribere  epi.-tolaiu.  "Cum-  inale.  Omnis  amor  lionestus  et  bonus,  et  aiiiore  digui 
neiit.  in  i!.  iEueid.         »  Meros  amures  meram  iuipudi.    qui    bene  dicunt  de   Amore.  n  Med.  obser.  lib. -2. 


litiam  sonare  videtur  nisi,  ic.  '".Ser.  8.  "Uuud 
»sum  et  eorum  amores  commemoret.  '^Ciuuni  nuilta 
e  objecissent  quod  Critiam  tyranuidein  docuisset,  quod 
Palonem  juraret  loquacem  sophistem,  &c.  accusa- 
ti)ueiu    umuris    uullam  fecerunt.    Ideoque    lionestus 


cap.  7.  de  adniirando  aiuoris  affectu  diclurus;  ingens 
patet    campus    ei    pbilosopliiciis,   quo    sa;pe    lioniinee 
ducuntur  ad  insaniam,  libeat  modo  vagari,  Ate.    Ciua 
non  ornent  modo,  sed  I'ragrantia  et  succulenlia  jucuaj^ 
plenius  alant,  &c. 


424  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  1 

desirous  of  knowledge,"  &c.  After  a  harsh  and  unpLasing  discourse  of  melancholy, 
Avhich  hath  hitherto  molested  your  patience,  and  tired  the  author,  give  him  leave 
with  ''^Godefridus  the  lawyer,  and  Laurentius  (cap.  5.)  to  recreate  himself  in  diis 
kind  after  his  laborious  studies,  "  since  so  many  grave  divine?,and  wortliy  men  have 
without  olTence  to  manners,  to  help  themselves  and  others,  voluntarily  written  of 
it."  Heliodorus,  a  bishop,  penned  a  love  story  of  Theagines  and  Chariclea,  and 
when  some  Catos  of  his  time  reprehended  him  for  it,  chose  rather,  sailh  "^Nicepho- 
rus,  to  leave  his  bishopric  than  his  book.  iEneas  Sylvius,  an  ancient  divine,  and  past 
forty  years  of  age,  (as  "he  confesseth  himself,  after  Pope  Pius  Secundus)  indited 
that  wanton  history  of  Euryalus  and  Lucretia.  And  how  many  superintendents  of 
learning  could  I  reckon  up  that  have  written  of  light  fantastical  subjects  }  Beroaldus, 
Erasmus,  Alpheratius,  twenty-four  times  printed  in  Spanish,  &C.  Give  me  leave  then 
to  refresh  my  muse  a  little,  and  my  weary  readers,  to  expatiate  in  this  deliglitsome 
field,  hoc  dcUciarum  campo,  as  Fonseca  terms  it,  to  '*  season  a  surly  discourse  with 
a  more  pleasing  aspersion  of  love  matters :  Edulcare  vUmn  convcnif.,  as  the  poet 
invites  us,  ctiras  Jimyis.,  ^-c,  'tis  good  to  sweeten  our  life  with  some  pleasing  toys  to 
relish  it,  and  as  Pliny  tells  us,  magna  pars  studlosorum  amcenilales  (jiuirimas,  most 
of  our  students  love  such  pleasant  "^  subjects.  Thougli  Macrobins  teach  us  other- 
wise, ^''that  those  old  sages  banished  all  such  liglit  tracts  from  their  studies,  to 
nurse's  cradles,  to  please  only  the  ear;"  yet  out  of  Apuleius  I  will  oppose  as  honour- 
able patrons,  Solon,  Plato,  '^'  Xenophon,  Adrian,  &c.  that  as  highly  approve  of  these 
treatises.  On  the  other  side  methinks  they  are  not  to  be  disliked,  they  are  not  so 
unfit.  I  will  not  peremptorily  say  as  one  did  '^^tam  snavia  dicum  fucinora.,  nt  male 
sit  ci  qui  talibus  non  dr/ectetur.,  I  will  tell  you  such  pretty  stories,  that  foul  befall 
him  that  is  not  pleased  with  them;  JVeque  dicam  ca  quce  vobis  iisni  sit  audiirissCi  et 
vohiptali  mrminisse^  with  that  confidence,  as  P/eroaldus  doth  his  enarrations  on  Pro- 
pertius.  1  will  not  expe(»t  or  hope  for  that  approbation,  which  Lipsius  gives  lo  his 
Epictetus ;  pluris  facio  quum  re  lego ;  semjnr  ul  norum.,  el  quum  repitivi.,repetendum^ 
the  more  I  reail,  the  more  shall  I  covet  to  read.  I  will  not  press  you  with  my 
pamphlets,  or  beg  attention,  but  if  you  like  them  you  may.  Pliny  holds  it  expedient, 
and  most  fit,  sereritafrm  jucunditale  etiam  in  scriptis  condire.,  to  season  our  works 
with  some  pleasant  discourse;  Synesius  approves  it,  licet  in  litdicris  ludere.,  the 
^poet  admires  it,  Omne  tulit  punclum  qui  iniscuil  utile  dulci;  and  there  be  those, 
without  question,  that  are  more  willing  to  read  such  toys,  than  ^*  I  am  to  write : 
''  Let  me  not  live,"  saith  Aretine''s  Antonia,  '•  If  1  had  not  rather  hear  thy  discourse, 
"than  see  a  play.'"  No  dt)ubt  but  there  be  mure  of  her  mind,  ever  have  been,  ever 
will  be,  as  *  Hierome  bears  me  witness.  A  far  greater  part  had  rather  read  Apuleius 
than  Plato :  TuUy  himself  confesseth  he  could  not  understand  Plato's  Tiuia;us,  and 
therefore  cared  less  for  it:  but  every  schoolboy  hath  that  famous  testament  of  Grun- 
nius  Corocotta  Porcellus  at  his  fingers'  ends.    The  comical  poet, 

"  " Id  Bibi  negnii  crediilit  soliiin  dari, 

Populo  ut  placerent,  quaii  fecigsit  fabulaii," 

made  this  his  only  care  and  sole  study  lo  please  the  people,  tickle  the  ear,  and  to 
delight;  but  mine  earnest  intent  is  as  much  to  profit  as  to  please ;  non  tarn  ut  populo 
plaorem,  qnam  ut  popuTuvi  juvlHrcm.,  STTcTthese  my  writings,  I  hope,  shall  take  like 
gilded  pills,  which  are  so  composed  as  well  to  tempt  the  appetite,  and  deceive  the 
palate,  as  to  help  and  medicinally  work  upon  the  whole  body;  my  lines  shall  not 
only  recreate,  but  rectify  the  mind.  I  think  I  have  said  enough;  if  not,  let  him  that 
is  otherwise  minded,  remember  that  of  ^  Maudarensis,  "  he  was  in  his  life  a  philoso- 
pher (as  Ausonius  apologizeth  for  him),  in  his  epigrams  a  lover,  in  his  precepts  most 

••Lib.  1.  pra'fat.  de  ninoribus  ageiis  relaiandi  aiiinii  |  dc  Amore  wripserunt.uterqueamnreii  Myrrhx.CyrHiipa, 
catjsJi  labiiriiisii^siuiis  studiis  fatiiiati ;  quaiido  et  Tlieiv  i  et  Adunidm.  8iiida«.  '■o  Pel.  Aretiiie  dial.  Ital. 


logi  se  hi.s  juvari  et  jiivare  illa'sis  nioribus  volmit? 
•'  Hist.  lib.  li.  cap.  :M.  "  Pra'fat.  quid  quadrngena- 

rio  cotivenit  cum  amore?  Kgo  vera  asnosco  aiiiatoriuin 
scriptuiii  iiiilii  non  coiivenire  :  qui  jam  meridiem  pr.T- 
tergressun  in  vesperein  I'eror.  iCiieas  Sylvius  prsfat. 
**  l)l  scveriora  studia  iis  aniicnitatibus  lector  rundire 
possit.  Accius.  '•  Distiim  qiiain  philosophum  aii- 

dire  maluiit.  *>  In  Som.  Sip.  6  sacrario  suo  turn  ad 

cunas  niitriniin  i^apientes  eliiiiinarunt,  solas  aurium 
delitins  pr<)tili;iitr8.  *>  Babyloniua  et  Epheoius,  qui 


*>  Hor.  "He  has  accomplished  every  point  who  hai 
joined  the  useful  to  the  aereealile."  «  I.rf-geMdi  cu- 

pidiores,  quain  eoo  Hcribcndi.  vaith  Liician.  *'  Plus 

capio  voliiplati'i  iiide,  quam  fpectandin  in  llieairo  ludis, 
'''*  i'ro€emiu  in  Ixaiin.  Multo  major  pars  Mile!iin«  Tabu 
las  revolventiuiii  quam  Platonis  lilinm.  ^  "  Tbii 

he  tfxik  to  b»'  hiH  only  busineji.  that  th'-  playn  which  hi 
wrote  i<houlil  please  the  people."  *  In  vita  phili 

sophuj,  in  Epigram,  ainator,  in  Epistnlii  petulaiu,  t 
prccrptis  leverui. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  1.]  Preface.  425 

se^'ere  ;  in  his  epistle  to  Cacrellia,  a  wanton.  Annianus,  Sulpicius,  Evenri  is,  Menan- 
der,  and  many  old  poets  besides,  did  in  scriptis  prurirc,  write  Fescennine's.,  Atlellanes, 
and  lascivious  songs ;  Icetam  materiam;  yet  tliey  had  in  moribus  censuram^  eL  sevcri- 
tatein,  tliey  were  chaste,  severe,  and  upright  livers. 

'»"Castum  esse  decet  pium  poetam 
Ipsuiii,  vcrsiculns  nihil  necesse  est, 
Ciiii  tuiii  (leriique  habeiit  salem  et  leporem." 

am  of  Catullus'  opinion,  and  make  the  same  apology  in  mine  own  behalf;  Hoc 
etiam  quod  scriho.,pendet  plerumque  ex  aliorum  sententid  et  auctorifale;  nee  ipse  for' 
san  insanio.,  sed  insanientes  sequor.  Atqui  deiur  hoc  insanire  me;  Semel  insanivimus 
omnes^i  et  tule  ipse  opinor  insanis  aliquando,  et  is,  et  ille,  et  ego,  scilicet.'-^  Homo 
sum^  Jmmani  d  me  nihil  alienum  pxito:^^  And  which  he  urgeth  for  himself,  accused 
of  the  like  fault,  I  as  justly  plead,  ^^lasciva  est  nobis  pagina,  vita  proba  est.  How- 
soever my  lines  err,  my  life  is  honest,  ^^  vita  verecunda  est,  musa  jocosa  7nihi.  But 
I  presume  I  need  no  such  apologies,  I  need  not,  as  Socrates  in  Plato,  cover  his  face 
when  he  spake  of  love,  or  blush  and  hide  mine  eyes,  as  Pallas  did  in  her  hood, 
when  she  was  consulted  by  Jupiter  about  Mercury's  marriage,  quod  super  nuptiis 
virgo  consulitur,  it  is  no  such  lascivious,  obscene,  or  wanton  discourse;  I  have  not 
offended  your  chaster  ears  with  anything  that  is  here  written,  as  many  French  and 
Italian  authors  in  tlieir  modern  language  of  late  have  done,  nay  some  of  our  Latin 
pontificial  writers,  Zanches,  Asorius,  Abulensis,  Burchardus,  &c.,  whom  ^  Rivet 
accuseth  to  be  more  lascivious  than  Virgil  in  Priapeiis,  Petronius  in  Catalectis,  Aris- 
tophanes in  Lycistratse,  Martialis,  or  any  other  pagan  profane  writer,  qui  tarn  atrociter 
(^  one  notes)  hoc  genere  peccdrunt  ut  multa  ingeniosissime  scripia  obsccetiitaium 
gratia  caslce  mentes  abhorreant.  'Tis  not  scurrile  this,  but  chaste,  honest,  most  part 
serious,  and  even  of  religion  itself.  ^''^  Incensed  (as  he  said)  with  the  love  of  find- 
ing love,  we  have  sought  it,  and  found  it."  More  yet,  I  have  augmented  and  added 
something  to  this  light  treatise  (if  light)  which  was  not  in  the  former  editions,  I  am 
not  ashamed  to  confess  it,  with  a  good  "'  author,  quod  extendi  et  locupletart  hoc  sub- 
rectum  plerique  poslulabant,  et  eorum  importunitaie  victus,  animum  utcunque  reni- 
entem  eb  adegi,  ut  jam  sexta  vice  calamum  in  manum  sumerem,  scriptionique  longe 
et  a  studiis  et  professione  mea  aliencB  me  accingerem,  horas  aliquas  a  seriis  meis 
occupationibus  interim  suffuratus,  easque  veluli  ludo  cuidam  ac  recrealio^ni  destinans; 

38  "  Cngor retrorsum 

Vela  dare,  atque  literare  cursus 
Glim  relictos" 

Etsi  non  ignorarcm  novos  fortasse  detractores  novis  hisce  interpolationibus  meis 
minime  defuturos.^^ 

And  til  us  much  I  have  thought  good  to  say  by  way  of  preface,  lest  any  man 
(which  '"'Godefridus  feared  in  his  book)  should  blame  in  me  lightness,  wantonness, 
rashness,  in  speaking  of  love's  causes,  enticements,  symptoms,  remedies,  lawful  and 
unlawful  loves,  and  lust  itself,  ■"  I  speak  it  only  to  tax  and  deter  otliers  from  it,  not 
to  teach,  but  to  show  the  vanities  and  fopperies  of  this  heroical  or  herculean  love,*^ 
and  to  apply  remedies  unto  it.     I  will  treat  of  this  with  like  liberty  as  of  the  rest. 

"  "  Sed  dicam  vobis,  vos  porro  dicite  inultis 

Millibiis,  et  facile  ii<Ec  cliarta  i(jqualnr  anus." 

Condemn  me  not  good  reader  then,  or  censure  me  hardly,  if  some  part  of  this  trea- 
tise to  thy  thinking  as  yet  be  too  light ;  but  consider  better  of  it ;   Omnia  munda 


""The  poet  himsi-lf  should  be  chaste  and  pious,  but 
his  verses  need  not  imitate  him  in  these  respects  ;  they 
may  therefore  contain  wit  and  humour."  '■^  •'  This 

that  I  write  depends  somelinica  upon  thn  opinion  and 
authority  of  others:  nor  perhaps  am  I  frantic,  I  only 
follow  madmen:  But  thus  far  I  may  be  deranged:  we 
have  all  bexn  so  at  some  one  time,  and  yourself,  I  think, 
art  sometiu)i'S  insane,  and  this  man,  and  that  man,  and 
I  also."  31  •'  I  3p^  mortal,  and  think  no  humane 

action  unsuited  to  me."  ^  Mart.  3^  Ovid. 

^  Isago.  ad  sac.  scrip,  cap.  13.  3.'  Barthius  nolis  in 

Coeleslinam,  luduni  Hisp.  '^Ficiiius  Coininent.  c. 

17.  .Amore  incensi  inveniendi  amnris,  anioreir  quasi- 
vimus  et  invenimus.  37  Author  CociesdnK  Barth. 

interprete.  "That,  overcome  by  the  solicitations  of 
friends,  who  requested  me  to  enlarge  and  improve  my 
volumes,  I  have  devoted  my  otherwise  reluctant  mind 
to  the  labour ;  and  now  for  the  sixth  time  have  I  taken 
up  my  pen,  and  applied  myself  to  literature  very  foreign 


54  2  L  2 


indeed  to  my  studies  and  professional  occupations, 
stealing  a  few  hours  from  serious  pursuits,  and  devot- 
ing them,  as  it  were,  to  recreation."  ^  Hor.  lib.  1. 
Ude  34.  "I  am  compelled  to  reverse  my  sails,  and  re- 
trace my  former  course."  s-*  "Althoui;h  1  was  by 
no  means  ignorant  that  new  calumniators  would  not 
be  wanting  to  censure  my  new  introductiotis."  <"  Hasc 
pra^dixi  ne  q  lis  temerS  nosputaretscripsissede  aniorum 
lenociniis,  de  praxi,  fornicalioniliiis,  adultcriis,  &e. 
<'  Taxando  et  ab  his  deterrendo  humanam  lasciviara  et 
insaniam,  sed  et  reniedia  docenrto:  non  igitur  candidus 
lector  nobis  surcenseat,  tc.  Commonitio  erit  juvenibus 
hiEC,  hisce  ut  abstineant  magis,  et  oniissa  lascivia  qu£B 
homines  reddit  insanos,  virtutis  incumbant  studiia 
(iEneas  Sylv.)  et  curam  amoris  si  quis  nescit  bine  pote- 
nt scire.  *^  Martianus  Capella  lib.  1.  de  nupt.  phi- 
lol.  virginali  sufTiisa  rubore  oculos  pt-plo  obnubens,  &e. 
"Catullus.  "What  I  tell  you,  do  you  tell  to  the  multi'. 
tude,  and  make  this  treatise  gossip  like  an  old  womaa.*' 


126  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  1. 

mundis,  *^  a  naked  man  to  a  modest  woman  is  no  otherwise  than  a  picture,  as  Augusta 
Livia  truly  said,  and  '*'  mala  metis,  mains  animus,  'tis  as  'tis  taken.  If  in  thy  censure 
ii  be  too  light,  I  advise  thee  as  Lipsius  did  liis  reader  for  some  places  of  Plautus, 
isfos  quasi  Sirennm  scopulos  pratcrvehare,  if  they  like  thee  not,  let  them  pass ;  or 
oppose  tliat  which  is  good  to  tliat  which  is  bad,  and  reject  not  therefore  all.  For  to 
invert  that  verse  of  ]Martial,  and  with  Ilieroin  WoUius  to  apply  it  to  my  present  pur- 
pose, sunt  mala,  sunt  quadam  tnediocria,  sunt  bona  plura;  some  is  good,  some  bad, 
some  is  indilFerent.  I  say  further  with  him  yet,  I  liave  inserted  {^'^Itvicula  qucedam 
et  ridicula  ascribcrc  non  sum  gravatiis,  circmnforanea  quadam  e  thrafris,  e  platcis, 
etiam  e  popinis)  some  things  more  homely,  liglu,  or  comical,  lilans  gratiis,  c^c. 
which  I  would  request  every  man  to  interpret  to  the  best^  and  as  Julius  Ctesar  Sca- 
liger  besought  Cardan  [si  quid  urbuniuscule  lusnm  a  nobis,  per  deos  iinmortales  te 
oro  Hienmynie  Cardane  nc  me  male  cajrias).  I  beseech  thee,  good  reader,  not  to 
mistake  me,  or  misconstrue  what  is  here  written  ;  Per  Musas  et  Charifes,  et  omnia 
Po'etarum  numina,  benigne  lector,  oro  te  nc  me  male  capias.  'Tis  a  comical  suliject; 
in  sober  sadness  I  crave  pardon  of  what  is  amiss,  and  desire  thee  to  suspend  ihy 
judgment,  wink  at  small  faults,  or  to  be  silent  at  least ;  but  if  thou  likest,  speak 
well  of  it,  and  wish  me  good  success.  Extremum  hunc  Jirethusa  mild  concede 
laborem.*^ 

I  am  resolved  howsoever,  velis,  nolis,  audacter  stadium  intrare,  in  tlie  Olympics, 
with  those  iEliensian  wrestlers  in  Philostratus,  boldly  to  show  myself  in  this  com- 
mon stage,  and  in  this  tragi-comedy  of  love,  to  act  several  parts,  some  satirically, 
some  comically,  some  in  a  mixed  tone,  as  the  subject  I  have  in  hand  gives  occasion, 
and  ])resent  scene  shall  recjuire,  or  otler  itself. 

SuBSECT.  II. — Love'^s  Beginning,  Object,  Definition,  Division. 

"Love's  limits  are  ample  and  great,  and  a  spacious  walk  it  hath,  beset  with 
"thorns,"'''  and  for  th.at  cause,  which  ^'Scaliger  reprehends  in  Cardan,  "  not  lightly  to 
be  passed  over."  Lest  I  incur  the  same  censure,  1  will  examine  all  the  kinds  of  love, 
}iis  nature,  beginning,  dillerence,  objects,  how  it  is  honest  or  dishonest,  a  virtue  or 
vice,  a  natural  passion,  or  a  disease,  his  power  and  ellects,  how  far  it  extends  :  of 
which,  altliough  something  has  been  said  in  the  first  partition,  in  those  sections  of 
perturbations  i^**"for  love  and  hatred  are  the  first  and  most  common  passions,  from 
which  all  the  rest  arise,  and  are  attendant,"  as  Picolomineus  holds,  or  as  Aich, 
Caussinus,  the  prinuun  mobile  of  all  other  afleclions,  which  carry  them  all  about 
them)  I  will  now  more  Copiously  dilate,  through  all  his  parts  and  several  branches, 
that  so  it  may  better  appear  what  love  is,  and  how  it  varies  with  the  objects,  how  ia 
defect,  or  (which  is  most  ordhiary  and  common)  immoderate,  and  in  excess,  causeth 
melancholy. 

j^,py<:>  imii^af^]iy  tftkf^n;  M  dftltipd  t"  ^ft  »  dfFJrp,  as  a  word  of  more  ample  signifi- 
cation_:  and  though  Leon  Ilebreus,  the  most  copious  writer  of  this  subject,  in  his 
third  dialogue  make  no  dillerence,  yet  in  his  first  he  distinguisheth  them  again,  and 
defines  love  by  desire.  "'••Love  is  a  vohmtarj'  affection,  and  desire  to  enjoy  that 
which  is  good.  ''  Desire  wisheth,  love  enjoys  ;  the  end  of  the  one  is  the  beginning 
of  the  other;  that  which  we  love  is  present;  that  which  we  desire  is  absent."  ""  It 
is  worth  the  labour,"  saiih  Plotinus,  '•  to  consider  well  of  love,  w  hether  it  be  a  god 
or  a  devil,  or  passion  of  the  mind,  or  partly-  god,  partly  devil,  partly  pa-ssixmi'  He 
concludes  love  to  participate  of  all  three,  to  arise  from  desire  of  that  which  is  beau- 
tiful and  fair,  and  delines  it  to  be  "an  action  of  the  mind  desirinsr  that  which  is 
good."  "Plato  calls  it  the  great  devil,  for  its  vehemency,  and  sovereignty  over  all 
other  passions,  and  defines  it  an  appetite,  ""by  which  we  desire  some  good  to  be 
present."     Ficinus  in  his  comment  adds  the  word  fair  to  this  definition.     Love  is  a 


♦•Viros  niiilos  casta?  feminje  nihil  i  s^tatuia  dii'tare. 
•  Hony  soit  r|iii  nial  y  peiipe.  ■••  Prsf.  Suiil.  «^  ••  O 
Arclhu-^a  smile  on  tliiii  my  last  labour."  *«  Eierc. 

901.    Campus  aiiiorij  inatiiiius  et  spinis  obsiiu-i,  nee 
leviosimn  |N'(l>Mransvolaiii|iis.  ■'uGrad.  I.  cap.  ?J. 


frui-ndi.              "  Degifleriiim  optanti*.  .1  ui. 

bijM  fruimur;  amorio  priiiripiuiii.detnw  ,m 

adcut.           •»  Pniicipio  I.  (It;  amor.-,     ii,  -» 

df  amnrc  coniijdfrari-,  iilrum   l)c-ii.<.  an  I'  n- 

no  quxdam   aiiiiiix,  an   purtiin  Lku*.  n. 


Ex  Platone.  priniif  et  cnnimunissimc  perturbationcs  ex     pa!>!iio  partiin,  ti.c.     Amnr  ei>t  actus  at 

quibus    celerae    oriuiitur   t!t    earum    sunt    (ledigsequie.  |  deranii.  "  .Maiihiis  Da-mnn  conviviu.  -^  Uuni 

"Amor  «:*t  voluntarius  atfectus  cl  detiderium  re  bona  ,  pulchriqiie  frueudi  de»ideriiiin. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Objects  of  Love.  427 

desire  of  enjoying  that  which  is  good  and  fair.  Austin  dilates  this  common  de/inx- 
tion,  and  will  have  love  to  be  a  delectation  of  the  heart,  ^^"for  something  which  we 
seek  to  win,  or  joy  to  have,  coveting  by  desire,  resting  in  joy."  ^''Scaliger  exerc. 
301.  taxeth  these  former  definitions,  and  will  not  have  love  to  be  defined  l)y  desire 
or  appetite ;  ''  for  when  we  enjoy  the  things  we  desire,  there  remains  no  more  appe- 
tite :"  as  he  defines  it,  "  Love  is  an  affection  by  which  we  are  either  united  to  the 
thing  we  love,  or  perpetuate  our  union ;"  which  agrees  in  part  with  Leon  Hebreus. 

Now  this  love  varies  as  its  object  varies,  which  is  always  good,  amiable,  fair,  ora- 
cious,  and  pleasant.  " '^  All  things  desire  that  which  is  good,"  as  we  are  taught  in 
the  Ethics,  or  at  least  that  Mdiich  to  them  seems  to  be  good ;' quid  enim  vis  niali  (as 
Austin  Avell  infers)  die  mihi  ?  pulo  nihil  in  omnihus  aclimiibus;  thow  wilt  wish  no 
harm,  I  suppose,  no  ill  in  all  thine  actions,  thoughts  or  desires,  niliil  maU  vis;  5- thou 
wilt  not  have  bad  corn,  bad  soil,  a  naughty  tree,  but  all  good  ;  a  good  servant,  a  good 
horse,  a  good  son,  a  good  friend,  a  good  neighbour,  a  good  wife.  From  this  good- 
ness comes  beauty,  from  beauty,  grace,  and  comeliness,  which  result  as  so  many 
rays  from  their  good  parts,  make  us  to  love,  and  so  to  covet  it :  for  were  it  not 
pleasing  and  gracious  in  our  eyes,  we  should  not  seek.  ^'^"No  man  loves  (saith 
Aristotle  9.  mar.  cap.  5.)  but  he  that  was  first  delighted  with  comeliness  and  beauty." 
As  this  fliir  object  varies,  so  doth  our  love ;  for  as  Proclus  holds,  Omne  pulchrim 
amabdc,  every  feir  thing  is  amiable,  and  what  Ave  love  is  fair  and  gracious  in  our 
eyes,  or  at  least  we  do  so  apprehend  and  still  esteem  of  it.  ^"^iiAmiahkufiss-OS-tbe 
objec^LofJove^jhe^scoj^e  audxiid-kto  whose  sake  we  love,  and  which 

our  mind  covets  to  enjoy."  And  it  seems  to  us  especially  fair  and  good  ;  for  good, 
fair,  and  unity,  cannot  be  separated.  Beauty  shines,  Plato  saith,  and  by  reason  of  its 
splendour  and  shuiing  causcth  admiration ;  and  the  fairer  the  object  is,  the  more 
eagerly  it  is  sought.  For  as  the  same  Plato  defines  it,  ^' ''  Beauty  is  a  lively,  shinin<r 
or  glittering  brightness,  resulting  from  effused  good,  by  ideas,  seeds,  reasons,  sha- 
dows, stirring  up  our  minds,  that  by  this  good  they  may  be  united  and  made  one. 
Others  will  have  beauty  to  be  the  perfection  of  the  whole  composition,  ^- "  caused 
out  of  the  congruous  symmetry,  measure,  order  and  manner  of  parts,  and  that  come- 
liness which  proceeds  from  this  beauty  is  called  grace,  and  from  thence  all  fair 
things  are  gracious."   J^or__£ra£e_a!idJieaiit3L-a*e-^e^  "ugo 

sweetly  and  gently  win  our  souls,  and  strongly  allure,  that  they  confound  our  judg- 
ment and  cannot  be  distinguished.  Beauty  and  grace  are  like  those  beams  and 
shinmgs  that  come  from  the  glorious  and  divine  sun,"  which  are  diverse,  as  they 
proceed  from  the  diverse  objects,  to  please  and  affect  our  several  senses.  ""As  the 
species  of  beauty  are  taken  at  our  eyes,  ears,  or  conceived  in  our  inner  soul,"  as 
Plato  disputes  at  large  in  his  Dialogue  dc  pulckro,  P/uedro,  Hi/ppias,  and  after  many 
sophistical  errors  confuted,  concludes  ttxaLbeaiity  is  a  gmceJu-ali-thi+igstT-ttetTolitintr 
the  eyes,  ears,  and  soul  itself;  so  that,  a's  Valesius  infers  hence,  whatso°ever  pleaseth 
our  ears,  eyes,  and  soul,  must  needs  be  beautiful,  fliir,  and  delightsome  to  us.  "'-And 
nothing  can  more  please  our  ears  than  music,  or  pacify  our  minds."  Fair  hoiises, 
pictures,  orchards,  gardens,  fields,  a  fair  hawk,  a  fliir  horse  is  most  acceptable  unto 
us;  whatsoever  pleasetli  our  eyes  and  ears,  we  call  beautiful  and  fair;  """Pleasure 
belongeth  to  the  rest  of  the  senses,  but  grace  and  beauty  to  these  two  alone."  As  the 
objects  vary  and  are  diverse,  so  they  diversely  affect  our  .eyes,  ears,  and  soul  itself. ' 
Which  gives  occa^on  to  some  to  make  so  many  several  kinds  of  love  as  there  be 
objects.    One  beauty  ariseth  from  God,  of  which  and  divine  love  S.  Dionysius,"'  with 

-Godefriiliis  l.l.cap.2.  Aninrcst  (lelortatiocordis,  ali-  |  idi-as,  somina,  rationes,  umbras  effusus.  animos  evci- 
cnjus  ail  a  uiuiil,proptural.(iU().l(l(jsi.l(,'nuin  inappeten-  i  tans  ut  perboiiurii  in  unuin  redigantur.  fisPnlchrj- 

rto.et  gaiuliiimperfrueruloperdesKicriumciirrens.reqiii-  j  tudo  est  per(i;ctio  compositi  ex  congrueiite  online,  nion- 
escen*  per  t'audiumMNon  est  amor  desid.Tiiiniautap.  sura  et  ratione  partium  consurgens,  et  venustas  inde 
petitiis  ul  ab  omnibus  hactenus  traditum;  nam  cum    prodiens  gratia  dicitur  et  res  omties  pulchra-  eratiosa; 


polimur  amata  re,  non  manet  appetituf  ;  est  jgitur  af-  :  os  Gratia  et  pulchriiudo  ita  suaviter  animos  demulcent! 

leclus  quo  cum  re  amata  aut  unimur,  ant  unionem  per-    ita  vehementer  al!iciunt,et  admirabiliter  connectuntur 

jetuajnus.        i' Omnia  appetunt  boniim.         5«-x'erram 

non  vis  malani,  malara  segetem,  sed  bonam  arborem, 

equum  bonum.cfec.  -'-'J  Nemo  amore  capitur  nisi  qui 

fuerit  ante  forma  specieque  delectatus.  «o  Aniabile 

ohjectnm  anioris  et  Scopus,  ciijus  adeptio  est  finis,  cujus 

gratia  aniamus.     Animus  enim  aspirat  ut  eo  fruatur, 

et  forniam  boni  habet  et  pra;cipue  videtur  et  placet. 

Picolomineus,    grad.   7.    cap.    2.    et    grad.   8.   cap.   35 

"  Forma  est  vitalis  fulgor  ex  ipso  bono  manans  pev 


ut  in  unum  confundant  et  distingui  non  possunt,  et  sunt 
tanquam  radii  et  splendores  divini  solis  in  rebus  variis 
vario  nn.do  fulgenles.  «<  Species  puldiritudini* 

lianriuntur  oculis,  auribus,  aut  concipiuntur  interna 
mente.  «  \iiiil  hinc  magis  animos  concilia!  qiiam 

musica,  pulclirae  picturK,  sedes,  &c.  ^  In  reliqui.4 

sensibus  voluptas,  in  his  pulchritudo  et  gratia.  6"  Liu 
4.  de  divinis.    Convivio  Platonis. 


428 


Love-Me  lancholy. 


[Part.  3.  St.c.  1. 


many  fathers  and  Neoterics,  have  written  just  volumes,  Dc  amore  Z)(.t,as  ihcy  term  it, 
many  parienetical  discourses;  another  from  his  creatures;  there  is  a  beauty  of  the  body, 
a  beauty  of  the  soul,  a  beauty  from  virtue,/c>?-mflw  martyrum,  Austin  calls  it,  quum  vidc- 
mus  oc'uUs  anhni,  which  we  see  with  the  eyes  of  our  mind;  which  beauty,  as  TuUy 
saith,  if  we  could  discern  with  these  corporeal  eyes,  admirabiU  sui  anions  excilurct, 
would  cause  admirable  aflections,  and  ravish  our  souls.  Tiiis  other  beauty  which  ariseth 
from  lhos£  extreme  par is^  and  graces  which,  proceed,  jjum  tjcaluigs,  speeches,  several 
"~~Tiro[r6ns,  and  proportions  of  eretttures,  men  and  women  ^^especially  from  women, 
which  made  those  old  poets  put  the  three  graces  still  in  Venus'  company,  as  attcnd- 
mg  on  her,  and  holding  up  her  train)  are  inrinite  almost,  and  vary  tlieir  nanus  with 
then-  obji'cts^.as-k>ve  of-mouey,  cuvtOousness,  love  uf  beauty,  lust,  innnoderatc  de- 
sire oTaivv  pleasure,  concupiscence,  friendship,  love,  good-\vill.  Sec.  and  is  either 
virtue  or  vice,  honest,  dishonest,  in  excess,  defect,  as  shall  be  sliowed  in  his  j)lace. 
Heroical  love,  religious  love,  &.c.  which  may  be  reduceil  to  a  twofold  division,  ac- 
cording to  the  principal  parts  which  are  allected,  the  brain  and  liver.  ^Jnior  el  (imi- 
cilia,  which  Scaliger  txtrcilal.  301.  Valesius  and  Melancthon  warrant  out  of  Flato 
iiXfn-  and  i^Mv  from  tliat  speech  of  Fausanias  belike,  tliat  makes  two  Veneres  and  two 
loves.  *'*"One\enus  is  ancient  witliout  a  mother,  and  descended  from  heaven, 
whom  we  call  celestial;  the  younger,  begotten  of  Jupiter  and  Dione,  whom  com- 
monly we  call  \'enus."  Ficinus,  in  his  connnent  upon  this  place,  cap.  8,  following 
Plato,  calls  these  two  loves,  two  devils,  "^or  good  and  bad  angels  accoriling  to  u.-j, 
which  are  still  hovering  about  our  souls.  '""The  one  rears  to  heaven,  the  t»ther  de- 
presseth  us  to  hell;  the  one  good,  which  stirs  us  up  to  the  ct)nteniplati'>n  of  that 
divine  beauty  for  whose  sake  we  perform  justice  and  all  g<»dly  ollices,  study  philoso- 
phy, iic. ;  the  other  base,  and  though  bail  yet  to  be  respected;  for  indeed  both  are 
good  in  their  own  natures  :  procreation  of  children  is  as  necessary  as  that  liiidmg 
out  of  truth,  but  therefore  called  bad,  because  it  is  abused,  and  vviliidraws  our  souls 
from  the  speculation  of  that  other  to  viler  objects,"  so  far  ricinus.  S.  Austin,  lib. 
15.  de  cic.  Dti  el  sup.  Psal.  Ixiv.,  hath  delivert-d  as  much  in  effect.  ""  Every  crea- 
ture is  good,  and  may  be  loved  well  or  ill:"  and  "'"Two  cities  make  tw'o  loves, 
Jerusalem  and  Babylon,  the  love  of  God  the  one,  the  love  of  the  world  the  other; 
of  these  two  cities  we  all  are  citizens,  as  by  examination  of  ourselves  we  may  soon 
Hnd,  ami  of  which."  JQuL-iJJAeJoveJ*-lluiju>oi  nf  all  Tni^rhicf,  ilt«  oilM»r  of  all  good. 
So,  in  his  13.  cup.  lib.  de  amor.  EccUsue.,  he  will  have  those  four  cardinal  virtues  to 
be  nought  else  but  love  rightly  comj>osed ;  in  his  15.  book  dc  cir.  JJti.,  cap.  22.  he 
calls  virtue  the  order  of  love,  whom  Thomas  following  1.  part.  2.  quiest.  55.  arl.  1. 
and  qiupst.  56.  3.  tjiicest.  62.  art.  2.  conlinns  a.s  much,  and  amplilies  in  many  words. 
/^  '^Lucian,  to  the  same  purpose,  hath  a  division  of  his  own,  "One  love  was  b(»rn  in 
V  Uie  sea,  which  is  as  various  and  raging  in  young  men's  breasts  as  the  sea  itself,  and 
I  causeth  burning  lust:  the  other  is  that  golden  chain  which  was  let  down  from 
I  heaven,  and  with  a  divine  fury  ravisheih  our  souls,  made  to  the  hnage  of  God,  and 
I  stirs  us  up  to  comprehend  the  innate  and  incorruptible  beauty  to  which  we  were  ouce 
I  created."     Beroaldus  hath  expressed  all  this  in  aa  epigram  of  his: — 


-  Oognia(a  <tivini  luetiiorant  si  vera  Plalonis, 
^uiit  gi'iuinaf  Wiit-reK,  et  geiiiinalu*  aiuur. 

OcBlesiiH  Vciiu4  est  iiullu  geiierata  |iar«iile, 
Qiiir  i-u»lii  saiictod  iieclil  uiuure  viri>«. 

Alt>-ra  M'<l  Veii>i!i  eist  lotuiii  vulgala  |irr  urtx^m, 
Qiiu-  ciivuiii  iiiifiitr:j  allii,'al,  atijue  iiouiiiiuui ; 

Iniprulia,  seduclrii,  p«tulaiis,  Slc." 


"  ir  divine  Plato'*  tenelf  Ihey  he  true, 
Tv»i>  Veiierf*   Ihu  Iovi-»  lliere  be, 
Tiie  one  Iroiii  heaven,  uiilirgi>llrii  atill. 

Which  kiiil*  our  «oiil»  m  iiiiiiii>. 
Tlie  olh>-r  I'.iiiiou*  ovi  r      ■  ■■  r'  |, 

BiiiJiiig  Ih.-  h.-arl>  nl   .  t  ; 

Dt>hoii>->l,  w.iiil'iii.  ail  i 

Kulea  H  houi  she  M  ill.  ti-/>ii  t\  ii''i>  am]  when.' 


This  twofold  division  of  love,  Origen  likewise  follows,  in  his  Comment  on  the 
Canticles,  one  from  God,  the  other  from  the  devil,  as  he  holds  (^understanding  it  m 
the  worse  sense)  which  many  others  repeat  and  imitate.  Both  which  (to  omit  all 
subdivisions)  in  excess  or  defect,  as  they  are  abused,  or  degenerate,  cause  melan- 


*  Due  Veneres  duo  aniores ;  quarum  una  anttqnior     ^  OmnU  creatura  cum  bona  iit.  el  hrn>>  amari  poletl  e 


et   tine   nialre,  cat<    iiata.  quaiii   csleiiteni  Veiirrviu     niale.  n  Uun*  civiialea  duo  fdciunt  iiiii' 

iiuricupaMiii!! ;  ali>-ra  ve."i  junior  a  Jovt- et  Dinnr  prog.     «alein  Tacit  amor   Di-i.  B^h>|iin>'ni   aiu<ir 
nata,  quiiiii  vul!i.'ir<>in  Vriierrni  vi'Canius.         **  Aiti-r  ad  i  qiii'que  w  quid   aiiiet   iiilerrngi-l.  el 


Jrm. 


•uperna  i-ri{ii,  alter  dcpriiuit  ad  lurfriia.  '"  Aitt-r 

eiciTat   h'liiiini-iii  a<l  divinam  pulrhritudinetn  hintran 
dam,  cujui  cauia  pbiloaoptii*   atudia  «t  jujtilic,  &c. 


fin».  ^  Alt>r  man  orlu",  ft-roi,  v«. .  i 

iiiani»,  juveuuni.  in»r>- rrferen*.  fce.    Alter  ah  .  .1  i«lri 
ciElo  deioiaaa  boouiii  furorcuj  mrotibua  iuiIIom,  4x. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.] 


Objects  of  Love. 


429 


choly  in  a  particular*lvind,  as  shall  be  shown  in  his  place.  Austin,  in  anotlier  Tract, 
makes  a  threefold  division  of  this  love,  which  we  may  use  well  or  ill  :  '••  "•  God,  our 
neighbour,  and  the  world :  God  above  us,  our  neighbour  next  us,  the  world  beneath 
us.  In  the  course  of  our  desires,  God  hath  three  things,  the  world  one,  our  neigh- 
bour two.  Our  desire  to  God,  is  either  from  God,  with  God,  or  to  God,  and  ordi- 
narily so  runs.  From  God,  when  it  receives  from  him,  whence,  and  for  which  it 
should  love  him :  with  God,  when  it  contradicts  his  will  in  nothing :  to  God,  wlien 
it  seeks  to  him,  and  rests  itself  in  him.  Our  love  to  our  neighbour  may  proceed 
from  him,  and  run  with  him,  not  to  him:  from  him,  as  when  we  rejoice  of  his  good 
safety,  and  well  doing:  with  him,  when  we  desire  to  have  him  a  fellow  and  com- 
panion of  our  journey  in  the  way  of  the  Lord :  not  in  him,  because  there  is  no  aid, 
hope,  or  confidence  in  man.  From  the  world  our  love  comes,  when  we  begin  to 
admire  the  Creator  in  his  works,  mid  glorify  God  in  his  creatures:  with  the  world 
it  should  run,  if,  according  to  the  mstability  of  all  temporalities,  it  should  be  de- 
jected in  adversity,  or  over  elevated  in  prosperity  :  to  the  world,  if  it  would  settle 
itself  in  its  vain  delights  and  studies."  Many  such  partitions  of  love  I  could  repeat, 
and  subdivisions,  but  least  (which  Scaliger  objects  to  Cardan,  Excrcilaf.  501.)  ''"  I 
confound  filthy  burning  lust  with  pure  and  divine  love,"  1  will  follow  that  accurate 
division  of  Leon  Hebreus,  dial.  2.  betwixt  Sophia  and  Philo,  where  he  speaks  of 
natural,  sensible,  and  rational  love,  and  handleth  each  apart.  Natliral  I'ove  orJmtredr^ 
is  that  s)^mpathyi_or  antipathy  which^Js  to  be  seen  in  animate  and  inanimate  crea- 
Jm-es,  mJlie_four_elem  stones,  gravia  tendunt  deorsum,  as  a  stone  to  his 

centre,  fire  upward,  and  rivers  to  the  sea.  The  sun,  moon,  and  stars  go  still  around, 
''^Amanles  naturce  debita  exercere,  for  love  of  perfection.  This  love  is  manifest,  I 
say,  in  inanimate  creatures.  How  comes  a  loadstone  to  draw  iron  to  it.^  jet  chaff? 
the  ground  to  covet  showers,  but  for  love }  No  creature,  S.  Hierom  concludes,  is 
to  be  found,  quod  non  aUquid  amal,  no  stock,  no  stone,  that  hath  not  some  feeling 
of  love.  'Tis  more  eminent  in  plants,  herbs,  and  is  especially  observed  in  vege- 
tables ;  as  between  the  vine  and  elm  a  great  sympathy,  between  the  vine  and  the 
cabbage,  between  the  vine  and  the  olive,  '''Virgo  fug  it  Bromiiim,  between  the  vine 
and  bays  a  great  antipathy,  the  vine  loves  not  the  bay,  '* "  nor  his  smell,  and  will 
kill  him,  if  he  grow  near  liim ;"  the  bur  and  the  lentil  cannot  endure  one  another, 
the  olive  '^and  the  myrtle  embrace  each  other,  in  roots  and  branches  if  they  grow 
near.  Read  more  of  this  in  Ficolomineus  grad.  7.  cap.  I.  Crescentius  lib.  o.  de 
agric.  Baptista  Porta  de  mag.  lib.  1.  cap.  de  plant,  dodio  et  element,  sym.  Fracasto- 
rius  de  sym.  et  antip.  of  the  love  and  hatred  of  planets,  consult  with  every  astrologer. 
Leon  Hebreus  gives  many  fabulous  reasons,  and  moraliseth  them  withal. 

Sj^iisible  lovg  is  that^fj)rute  beasts,  of  which  the  same  Leon  Hebreus  dial  2. 
assigns  these "caiisesT"  First  for  the  pleasureniey  take  in  the  act  of  generation,  male 
and  female  love  one  another.  Secondly,  for  the  preservation  of  the  species,  and 
desire  of  young  brood.  Thirdly,  for  the  mutual  agreement,  as  being  of  the  same 
kind  :  Sus  sui,  canis  cani,  bos  bovi..  et  asinus  asino  pulcherri7nus  vide tur,  as  Epichar- 
mus  held,  and  according  to  that  adage  of  Diogenianus,  Adsidct  usque  graculus  apud 
graculutu.,  they  much  delight  in  one  another's  company,  ^°Formic(R  grata  cstforinica. 
cicada  cicadce,  and  birds  of  a  feather  will  gather  together.  Fourthly,  for  custom, 
use,  and  familiarity,  as  if  a  dog  be  trained  up  with  a  lion  and  a  bear,  contrary  to 
their  natures,  they  will  love  each  other.  Hawks,  dogs,  horses,  love  their  masters 
and  keepers  :  many  stories  I  could  relate  in  this  kind,  but  see  Gillius  de  hist.  anim. 
lib.  8.  cap.  14.  those  tvv^o  Episdes  of  Lipsius,  of  dogs  and  horses,  Agellius,  &.c. 
Fifthly,  for  bringing  up,  as  if  a  bitch  bring  up  a  kid,  a  hen  ducklings,  a  hedge-spar- 
row a  cuckoo,  &.C. 

The  third  \Cmsl-^^r-xSmer-cognitiQmSj^3  Leon  calls  it,  rational  love^SntellecJivus 
amor,  and  is  proper  to  men,  on  which  I  must  insist.  This  appears  in  God,  angels, 
men.    God  is  love  itself,  the  fountain  of  love,  the  disciple  of  love,  as  Plato  styles 


"'Tri a  sunt,  quae  amnri  a  nobis  bene  vel  male  pos- 
sunt;  Di'iis,  proximus,  inini(iiis;  Deus  supra  nos  ;  jiixla 
lios  prnviiniis ;  infra  mis  muniliis.  Tria  Dens,  dun 
proximus.  unuiii  niiindus  haliel.  &<;.  '»  Ne  cnnfiiii- 

dam  vpsanos  et  fredos  amores  heatis,  scderatum  cum 
puro  diviuo  et  vero,  &r,  ^6  Fouseca  cap.  1.  Amor  ex 


.Auciistini  forsan  lib.  11.  de  Cii'it.  Dei.     Ainore  mcon- 
cussus  Stat  niundus,  &c.         I'Alciat.  ''Porta  Viiis 

lauruui   noil  aniat.  lu'C  ejus  odorem;  si  propn  cresrat. 
enecat.     Lappiis  lonti  adver=atiir.  i"  Syrnpathia 

olei  Pt  mvrti  raiiiorum  et  radicuin  se  complectentiuiii. 
Mizaldus  secret,  cent.  1.  47.         '«  Tlieocriius.  eid>11.9. 


430  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  1. 

him ;  the  servant  of  peace,  the  God  of  love  and  peace;  have  pe*e  with  all  men  and 
God  is  with  you. 

8>  " Qiiis()uis  veneratiir  Olyrnpiim, 

Ipse  sitii  muiidum  subjicit  atque  Deuiii." 

"  "  By  this  love  (saith  Gerson)  we  purchase  heaven,"  and  buy  the  kingdom  of 
God.  This  ^love  is  either  in  the  Trinity  itself  (for  the  Holy  Ghost  is  the  love  of  the 
Fatiier  and  the  Son,  &.c.  John  iii.  35,  and  v.  20,  and  xiv.  31 ),  or  towards  us  his  crea- 
tures, as  in  making  the  world,  ^imor  inundum  fecit.,  love  built  cities,  mundi  animuy 
invented  arts,  sciences,  and  all  *^good  things,  incites  us  to  virtue  and  humanity,  com- 
bines and  quickens ;  keeps  peace  on  earth,  quietness  by  sea,  nurlh  in  the  winds  and 
elements,  expels  all  fear,  anger,  and  rusticity;  Circnhis  d  bono  in  bonttm,  a  round 
circle  still  from  good  to  good ;  for  love  is  the  beginner  and  end  of  all  our  actions, 
the  edicient  and  instrumental  cause,  as  our  poets  in  their  symbols,  impresi>es, 
*^  emblems  of  rings,  squares,  &c.,  shadow  unto  us, 

'•  fi  reruiii  nnar's  fnerit  quis  finis  el  onus,  I        "  It' first  and  last  of  anything  ynu  wit, 

Desine  ;  nam  causa  est  uiiica  solus  amur."  |  LVase  ;  love's  the  sole  aiiU  only  cause  of  it." 

Love,  saith  ^  Leo,  made  the  world,  and  afterwards  in  redeeming  of  it,  "  God  so  loved 
the  world,  that  he  gave  his  only  begotten  sou  for  it,"  John  iii.  10.  ''Behold  what 
love  the  Father  hath  showed  on  us,  that  we  should  be  called  the  sons  of  God," 
I  Jolin  iii.  1.  Or  by  His  sweet  Providence,  in  protecting  of  it;  either  all  in  general, 
or  His  saints  elect  and  church  in  particular,  \vln>m  He  keeps  as  the  apple  of  His 
eye,  whom  He  loves  freely,  as  Hosea  xiv.  o.  speaks,  and  dearly  respects,  "'  Cluirior 
rt-t  ipsis  homo  qaam  sibi.  Not  that  we  are  fair,  nor  for  any  merit  or  grace  of  ours, 
for  we  are  most  vile  and  base;  but  out  of  His  incomparalile  love  and  goodness,  out 
illlis  Divine  Nature.  Ami  this  is  that  Homer's  goUlen  chain,  which  reacheth  down 
from  heaven  to  earth,  by  which  every  creature  is  annexed,  and  depends  on  his  Crea- 
tor.    He  made  all,  saith  ".Moses,  '•and  it  was  good;"  He  loves  it  as  good. 

The  love  of  angels  and  living  souls  is  nmiuul  amongst  themselves,  towards  us 
militant  in  the  church,  and  ull  such  us  love  God;  as  the  sunbeams  irradiate  the  earth 
from  those  celestial  thrones,  they  by  their  well  wishes  reflect  on  us,  ""in  salutt  homi- 
mim  promocendd  alacres,  ct  constantrs  udministriy  there  is  joy  in  heaven  for  every 
sinticr  tlial  rejK'iiteth  ;  they  pray  for  us,  are  solicitous  for  our  good,  "*  Casli  genii. 

*'"  L'lii  fegiiat  ehsritiM,  suave  lU-nikleriiini, 
lj'(iiii«i|>-ie  I't  auinr  Ueucoiijunctus." 

Love  proper  to  moital  men  is  the  third  member  of  this  subdivision,  and  the  subject 
of  mv  following  discourse. 


MEMB.  H. 

Slbsect.  1. — Love  of  JSIen^  which  rarifs  as  his  Objects,  Profitable^  Pleasant, 

Honest. 

Valesius,  lib.  3.  contr.  13,  defines  this  love  which  is  in  men,  "to  be  *-an  aflec- 
tion  of  botli  powers,  appetite  and  reason."  The  rational  resides  in  tlie  brain,  the 
other  in  the  liver  (^as  before  hath  been  said  out  of  Plato  and  others);  the  heart  is 
diversely  allected  of  both,  and  carried  a  thousand  wavs  by  cf>nsent.  The  sensitive 
faculty  most  part  overrules  reason,  the  soul  is  carried  hoodwinked,  anti  the  under- 
standing captive  like  a  beast.  ""The  heart  is  varifuisly  inclined,  sometimes  they 
are  merry,  sometimes  sad,  and  from  love  arise  hope  and  fear,  jealousy,  fury,  despera- 
tion." Now  this  love  of  men  is  diverse,  and  varies,  as  the  object  varies,  by  which 
tiiey  are  enticed,  as  virtue,  wisdom,  eloquence,  profit,  wealth,  money,  fame,  hotKJur, 
or  conreliness  of  person,  kc.  Leon  liubreus,  in  his  first  dialogue,  reduceth  them  all 
to  these  three,  utile,  jucundum^  hanestiim,  profitable,  plea-sant,'  honest;  (out  of  Aris- 

*'Manluan.           ■^Cbaritas  munifica,  qua  mprcauiur  I  "Caunina*.  ••TlM»««1nrrt  #  Plolino.         ""Whrr* 

i1.-  Doo  rfgnuni  Dei.             "Pulanus  partit.    Zanrtiius    rliarity   |  •     '                                                                    ■'« 

i!'-  naturii   D^-i,  c.  3.  cnpiose  de   hipc  nruure  Dei   agii.    (.imI  ar>  « 

■•  \f;h.    IJflliis,    discurg.   'itf.   de   aiiiaturibus,    virliit>  in     (x.finti  ■  ..  f 

pr.  vocal.  ri>ii^.crv:it  pacem  in  terra,  traiiguillital'in  m     Ij.  ",  •                ••' i  ■r    i.-im-   c  riii,.iiiir.    uimr 

a-re,  ventis  la-  itiam,  &c.           ^ C'auierarius  Emli.  Jim     i.  ,  iiuFrens;    (tatim   ex   tiuiurr   naacilui 

een.  S.              "i  Dial.  X             "  Juven.              "liKH.  l.[  '/.■  .    r,  ipea,  detperatiu. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.   ..] 


Objects  of  Love. 


431 


totle  belike  8.  moral.)  of  which  he  discourseth  at  large,  and  whatsover  is  beautiful 
and  lair,  is  referred  to  them,  or  any  Avay  to  be  desired.  ^' "  To  profitable  is  abscribed 
health,  wealth,  honour,  &c.,  which  is  rather  ambition,  desire,  covetousness,  than 
love  :"  friends,  children,  love  of  women,  ^^  all  delightful  and  pleasant  objects,  are 
referred  to  the  second.  The  love  of  honest  things  consists  in  virtue  and  wisdom, 
and  is  preferred  before  that  whicii  is  profitable  and  pleasant :  intellectual,  about  that 
which  is  honest.  ^"^  St.  Austin  calls  "  profitable,  worldly;  pleasant,  carnal ;  honest, 
piiitual.  ^' Of  and  from  all  three,  result  charity,  friendship,  and  true  love,  which 
respects  God  and  our  neighbour."  Of  each  of  these  I  will  briefly  dilate,  and  show 
in  vv'hat  sort  they  cause  melancholy. 

Amongst  all  tlippe  THir  untiring  r'bjprtg,  wht^h-f^r^mre  love,  and  bewitch  the  soul 
of  jiian,-  them-is  none  so  moving,  so  forcible  as  profit ;-  and  ihcitjyliich  caunieth-with 
it  aslicny  of  commodity.  Health  indeed  is  a  precious  thing,  to  recover  and  preserve 
which  we  will  undergo  any  misery,  drink  bitter  potions,  freely  give  our  goods : 
restore  a  man  to  his  health,  his  purse  lies  open  to  thee,  bountiful  he  is,  thankful  and 
beholding  to  thee;  but  give  him  wealth  and  honour,  give  him  gold,  or  what  shall  be 
for  his  advantage  and  preferment,  and  thou  shalt  command  his  affections,  oblige  him 
eternally  to  thee,  heart,  hand,  life,  and  all  is  at  thy  service,  thou  art  his  dear  and 
loving  friend,  good  and  gracious  lord  and  master,  his  Mecasnas;  he  is  thv  slave,  thy 
vassal,  most  devote,  affectioned,  and  bound  in  all  duty :  tell  him  good  tidings  in  this 
kind,  there  spoke  an  angel,  a  blessed  hour  that  brings  in  gain,  he  is  thy  creature, 
and  thou  his  creator,  he  hugs  and  admires  thee ;  he  is  thine  for  ever.  No  loadstone 
so  attractive  as  that  of  profit,  none  so  lair  an  object  as  this  of  gold;  ^*  nothing  wins  a 
man  sooner  than  a  good  turn,  bounty  and  liberality  command  body  and  soul : 


■  Munera  (erode  mihi)  placant  liominesque  deosque; 
Placatiir  iluiiis  Jupiter  ipse  datis." 


'Good  turns  doth  pacify  both  God  and  men. 
And  Jupiter  hinjself  is  won  by  tliHiu." 


Gold  of  all  Other  is  a  most  delicious  object;  a  sweet  light,  a  goodly  lustre  it  hath; 
gratlus  aurum  qudm  soleni  intuemur,  saith  Austin,  and  we  had  rather  see  it  than  the 
sun.  Sweet  and  pleasant  in  getting,  in  keeping;  it  seasons  all  our  labours,  intole- 
rable pains  we  take  for  it,  base  employments,  endure  bitter  flouts  and  taunts,  long 
journeys,  heavy  burdens,  all  are  made  light  and  easy  by  this  hope  of  gain:  .4^  mihi 
plaudo  ipse  domi,  simul  ac  nuvimos  conlemplor  in  area.  The  sight  of  gold  refresheth 
our  spirits,  and  ravisheth  our  hearts,  as  that  Babylonian  garment  and  ^^ golden  wedge 
did  Achan  in  the  camp,  the  very  sight  and  hearing  sets  on  fire  his  soul  with  desire 
of  it.  It  will  make  a  man  run  to  the  antipodes,  or  tarry  at  home  and  turn  parasite, 
lie,  flatter,  prostitute  himself,  swear  and  bear  false  witness ;  he  will  venture  his  body, 
kill  a  king,  murder  his  father,  and  damn  his  soul  to  come  at  it.  Forrnosior  auri 
viassa.,  as  '^*  he  well  observed,  the  mass  of  gold  is  fairer  than  all  your  Grecian  pictures, 
that  Apelles,  Phidias,  or  any  doating  painter  could  ever  make :  we  are  enamoured 
with  it, 

1"  Prima  fere  vota,  et  cunctis  notissima  teniplis, 
Divitiae  ut  crescant." 

All  our  labours,  studies,  endeavours,  vows,  prayers  and  wishes,  are  to  get,  ho\» 
to  compass  it. 

»"  Haec  est  ilia  cui  famulatur  maximus  orhis, 
Diva  potens  rerum,  doniitrixque  pocuiiia  fati." 

"  This  is  the  great  goddess  we  adore  and  worship ;  this  is  the  sole  object  of  our 
desire."  If  we  have  it,  as  we  think,  we  are  made  for  ever,  thrice  happy,  princes, 
lords,  &c.  If  we  lose  it,  we  are  dull,  heavy,  dejected,  discontent,  miserable,  des- 
perate, and  mad.  Our  estate  and  bene  esse  ebbs  and  flows  with  our  commodity ;  and 
as  we  are  endowed  or  enriched,  so  are  we  beloved  and  esteemed  :  it  lasts  no  longer 
than  our  wealth  ;  when  that  is  gone,  and  the  object  removed,  farewell  friendship . 
as  long  as  bounty,  good  cheer,  and  rewards  were  to  be  hoped,  friends  enough ;  they 
were  lied  to  tliee  by  the  teeth,  and  would  follow  thee  as  crows  do  a  carcass :  but 
when  thy  goods  are  gone  and  spent,  the  lamp  of  their  love  is  out,  and  thou  shalt  be 


w  Ad  utile  snnitas  rcfertur;  utilium  est  ambitio, 
rnjiiilo  desideriuin  potiii.<  quain  amor  cxcessus  avaritia. 
>»  I'lcoloin.  ;;rad.  7.  cap.  1.  sw  Lib.  de  aniicit.  utile 

nuindanum.   carnale  jucundum,   fpirituale   honestum. 
>' £x  singulis  tribus  fit  cliaritus  ct  auiicitia,  qu£  re- 


spicit  deum  et  proximum.  *=  Benefactores  prxcipue 

aniamiis.    Vives  3.  de  aiiima.         "Jos.  7.         "»  Pelro- 
liius  Arbiter.  «  Juvenalis.  '  Job  Secund.  lib. 

sylvarum. 


432  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  1. 

contemned,  scorned,  hated,  injured.  ^Lucian's  Timon,  when  he  lived  in  prosperity, 
was  the  sole  spectacle  of  Greece,  only  admired ;  wlio  but  Timon }  Everybody 
lovtv!,  honoured,  applauded  him,  each  man  offered  him  his  service,  and  sought  to  be 
kin  to  him;  but  when  his  gold  was  spent,  his  fair  possessions  gone,  farewell  Timon: 
none  so  ugly,  none  so  deformed,  so  odious  an  object  as  Timon,  no  man  so  ridiculous 
on  a  sudden,  they  gave  him  a  penny  to  buy  a  rope,  no  man  would  know  him. 

'Tis  the  general  humour  of  the  world,  commodity  steers  our  affections  through- 
out, we  love  those  that  arc  fortunate  and  rich,  that  thrive,  or  by  whom  we  may 
receive  mutual  kindness,  hope  for  like  cou^ebi^xi  ijct  any  gouil.  ^^ain^  or  piuiit-;  hate 
those,  and  abhor  on  the  other  side,  which  are  poor  and  miserable,  or  by  whom  we 
may  sustain  loss  or  inconvenience.  And  even  tliose  tiiat  were  now  familiar  and  deai 
unto  us,  our  loving  and  long  friends,  neighbours,  kinsmen,  allies,  with  whom  we 
have  conversed,  and  lived  as  so  many  Gtryons  for  some  years  past,  striving  still  to 
give  one  another  all  good  content  and  entertainment,  with  mutual  invitations,  fcast- 
ings,  disports,  offices,  for  whom  we  would  ride,  run,  spend  ourselves,  and  of  whom 
we  have  so  freely  and  hont>urdb[y  spoken,  to  whom  we  have  given  all  those  turgent 
titles,  and  magnificent  eulogiums,  most  excellent  and  most  noble,  wortiiy,  wise,  giave, 
learned,  valiant,  Stc,  and  magnified  beyond  measure :  if  any  controversy  arise  be- 
tween us,  some  tresspass,  injury,  abuse,  some  part  of  our  goods  be  detained,  a  |)iece 
of  land  come  to  be  litigious,  it  they  cross  us  in  our  suit,  or  touch  the  string  of  our 
commodity,  we  detest  and  depress  them  upon  a  sudden  :  neither  affinity,  consan- 
guinity, or  old  acquaintance  can  contain  us,  but  *ruplo  jecore  ci-ierit  Caprijicus.  A 
golden  apple  sets  altogether  by  the  ears,  as  if  a  marrowbone  or  honeyctimb  were 
tlung  amongst  bears  :  father  and  son,  brother  and  sister,  kinsmen  are  at  odds :  and 
look  what  malice,  deadly  hatred  can  invent,  that  shall  be  done,  TtrTible,dirum,pesti' 
lens,  alrox,feruin,  nmtual  injuries,  desire  of  revenge,  and  how  to  hurt  them,  him 
and  his,  are  all  our  studies.  If  our  pleasures  be  interrupt,  we  can  tolerate  it :  our 
bodies  hurt,  we  can  put  it  up  and  be  reconciled  :  but  touch  our  c«)minodities,  we  are 
most  impatient  :  fair  becomes  foul,  the  graces  are  turned  to  harpies,  friendly  saluta- 
tions to  bitter  imprecations,  mutual  t"ea.stings  to  plotting  villanies,  minings  and  conn- 
terminings ;  good  words  to  satires  and  invectives,  we  revile  e  contra,  nought  but  his 
imperfections  are  in  our  eyes,  he  is  a  base  knave,  a  tievil,  a  monster,  a  caterpillar,  a 
viper,  a  hogrubber,  SiC.  Dtsinit  in  pisceni  viulinr  furmusa  superne  ;^  tiie  scene  is 
altered  on  a  sudilen,  love  is  turned  to  hate,  mirth  to  inelanclioly  :  so  furiously  are 
we  most  part  bent,  our  atleclions  fixed  upon  this  object  of  couunodity,  and  upon 
money,  the  desire  of  which  in  excess  is  covetuusness  :  ambition  tyranniseih  over 
our  souls,  as  *  I  have  shown,  and  in  delect  crucifies  as  much,  as  if  a  man  by  negli- 
gence, ill  husbandry,  improvidence,  prodigality,  waste  and  consume  his  goods  and 
fortunes,  beggary  follows,  and  melancholy,  he  becomes  an  abject,  ^  odious  and  '•  worse 
than  an  infidel,  in  not  providing  for  his  family." 

Slbsect.  II. — Pleasant  Objects  of  Love. 

Pleasant  objects  are  infinite,  whether  they  be  such  as  have  life,  or  be  without 
life ;  inanimate  are  countries,  provinces,  towers,  towns,  cities,  as  he  said,  "Pulcherri- 
mam  insulam  vldemus,  etiam  cum  mm  videmus,  we  see  a  fair  island  by  description, 
when  we  see  it  not.  The  *sun  never  saw  a  fairer  city,  Tfiessala  Tempe,  orchards, 
gardens,  pleasant  walks,  groves,  fountains,  itc.  The  heaven  itself  is  said  to  be  '*'fair 
or  foul:  fair  buildings,  "fair  pictures,  all  artificial,  elaborate  and  curious  works, 
clothes,  give  an  admirable  lustre:  we  admire,  and  ifaze  upou  them,  ut  pw n  Jiinonis 
avem,  as  children  do  on  a  peacock  :  a  fair  dog,  a  fair  horse  and  hawk,  ice.  '-Thes- 
ealus  amat  equuin  puUinum,  buculum  jflgyplius,  Lacrdtemanius  Cululum,  4c-?  such 
things  we  love,  are  most  gracious  in  our  sight,  acceptable  unto  us,  and  whatsoever 
else  may  cause  this  passion,  if  it  be  superfluous  or  immoderately  lovetl,  as  Guianenus 
observes.  These  things  in  themselves  are  pleasing  and  good,  singular  ornaments, 
necessary,  comely,  and  tit  Hi  be  had ;  but  when  we  fix  an  immoderate  eye,  and  dote 

1  Lucianiii  Timon.  •  Pen.  •  ■  The  hud  of  a  |  Mrrnum.  calum  viMim  fnluin.    Polid.  lib.  I.  ito  AMfflla. 

kfaiiurul  »i>iiiaM  wiih  the  tail  •>!' a  (i^h."  •  I'art.  1.  i  >■  Cre<)o    trquiiJtriii    vivu*    ducral    •    laaroHHe    vullua 

»«c.  -i.  iiii.'iub.  tub.  li  1  1  Tim.  I.  tf.  •  Lip*.  <r(>i»l.     '»  Ma*.  1'yriua,  aef.  9. 

C^Hdeao.        ^UelAixdotHi  K>liuuiitl»liury.      ><>  t'usluin  | 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  2.]  Objects  of  Love.  433 ' 

on  them  over  much,  this  pleasure  may  turn  to  pain,  bring  much  sorrow  and  discon- 
tent unto  us,  work  our  final  overthrow,  and  cause  melancholy  in  the  end.  Many 
are  carried  away  with  those  bewitching  sports  of  gaming,  hawking,  liunting,  and 
such  vain  pleasures,  as  "  I  have  said  :  some  with  immoderate  desire  of  fame,  to  be 
crowned  in  the  Olympics,  knighted  in  the  field,  Stc,  and  by  these  means  ruinate 
themselves.  The  lascivious  dotes  on  his  fair  mistress,  the  glutton  on  his  dishes, 
which  are  infinitely  Aaried  to  please  the  palate,  the  epicure  on  his  several  pleasures, 
tlie  superstitious  on  his  idol,  and  fats  himself  with  future  joys,  as  Turks  feed  them- 
selves with  an  imaginary  persuasion  of  a  sensual  paradise :  so  several  pleasant  ob- 
jects diversely  affect  diverse  men.  But  the  fairest  objects  and  enticings  proceed 
from  men  themselves,  which  most  frequently  captivate,  allure,  and  make  them  dote 
beyond  all  measure  upon  one  another,  and  that  for  many  respects  :  first,  as  some 
suppose,  by  that  secret  force  of  stars,  ((^!<o(/  ?7ie  tibi  iempcrat  aslrum?)  They  do 
singularly  dote  on  such  a  man,  hate  such  agaia,  and  can  give  no  reason  for  it.  'Won 
amo  te  Sabid^  S^x.  Alexander  admired  Ephestion,  Adrian  Antinous,  Nero  Sporus, 
Sec.  The  physicians  refer  tliis  to  their  temperament,  astrologers  to  trine  and  sextile 
aspects,  or  opposite  of  their  several  ascendants,  lords  of  their  genitures,  love 
and  hatred  of  planets ;  '^  Cicogna,  to  concord  and  discord  of  spirits ;  but  most  to 
outward  graces.  A  merry  companion  is  welcome  and  acceptable  to  all  men,  and 
therefore,  saith  '^Gomesiiis,  princes  and  great  men  entertain  jesters  and  players  com- 
monly in  their  courts.  But  "Pares  cum  paribus  faciUime  congreganfur,  'tis  that 
'^  similJJ4ide_ofjiiai^i£i:£,_i^^  inseparable  link,  as  if  they  be 

addicted  to  the  same  studies  or  disports,  they  delight  in  one  another's  companies, 
"  birds  of  a  feather  will  gather  together :"  if  they  be  of  divers  inclinations,  or  oppo- 
site in  manners,  they  can  seldom  agree.  Secondly,  '^afiability,  custom,  aiuMami- 
li^rity,  mav  convert  nature,jmany-Jimes,__thou'gh  they  be  difl^erent  in  manners,  as  if 
tnry-b^countrymennelTou'-students,  coUeagues^'or  have  been  fellow-soldiers,  ^bre- 
thren in  affliction,  (^'  acerba  calami tatiim  societas.,  diversl  etiam  ingenii  humines  r.on- 
jungit)  affinity,  or  some  such  accidental  occasion,  though  they  cannot  agree  amongst 
themselves,  they  will  stick  together  like  burrs,  and  hold  against  a  third;  so  after 
some  discontinuance,  or  death,  enmity  ceaseth  ;  or  in  a  foreign  place  : 

"  Pascitnr  in  vivis  livor,  post  fata  quiescit : 
Et  cecidere  odia,  et  tristes  mors  obruil  iras." 

A  third^ause  of  love^and  hate,  mavjbe  jmitual_offices,  accepfum  benefcium,  ^-  com- 
"nT5nd  hm^iaseliim  kindly,  take  his  part  in  a  quarrel,  relieve  him  in  his  misery,  thou 
winnest  him  for  ever;  do  the  opposite,  and  be  sure  of  a  perpetual  enemv.  Praise 
and  dispraise  of  each  other,  do  as  much,  though  unknown,  as  ^^Schoppius  by  Scali- 
ger  and  Casaubonus  :  mulus  mulum  scabif;  who  but  Scaliger  with  him  ?  what  enco- 
miums, epithets,  eulogiums  ?  Antistes  sapientitp,  perpetuus  dictator,  litcrarum 
ornamcntum,  EuropcB  miracuhim,  noble  Scaliger, ^^  incredibilis  ingenii  prcestantia, 
^■c.,  diis  jyotius  quam  hominibus  per  omnia  comparandus,  scripta  ejus  aurea  ancylia 
de  coslo  delapsa  poplitibus  veneramur  Jlexis,^  Sfc,  but  when  they  becan  to  varv. 
none  so  absurd  as  Scaliger,  so  vile  and  base,  as  his  books  de  Burdonumfamilid^  and 
other  satirical  invectives  may  witness.  Ovid,  in  Ibin,  Archilocus  himself  was  not 
so  bitter.    <^^ther  greaMi£^)r_cajise_ofJoy^jJs(X)n^^  parents  are  dear  to 

their  childrenTchilcTi^i  to  their  parents,  brothers  and  sisters,  cousins  of  all  sorts,  as 
a  hen  and  chickens,  all  of  a  knot :  every  crow  thinks  her  own  bird  fairest.  Many 
memorable  examples  are  in  this  kind,  and  'tis  portenti  simile,  if  they  do  not  :  ^-'a 
mother  cannot  forget  her  child  :"  Solomon  so  found  out  the  true  owner;  love  of 
parents  may  not  be  concealed,  'tis  natural,  descends,  and  they  that  are  inhuman  in 
this  kind,  are  unworthy  of  that  air  they  breathe,  and  of  the  four  elements;  vet  many 
unnatural  examples  we  liavo  in  this  rank,  of  hard-hearted  parents,  disobedient  chil- 


is Part  i.  sec.  2.  memb.  3.  "Mart.         "Omnif. 

mag.  lib.  12.  cap.  3.  '^  De  sale  geniali,  1.  3.  c.  15. 

1' Tlieod.  Prodromus,  amor.  lib.  3.  '"Similitudo 

Dioruiii  parit  amicitiam.  is  Vivos  3.  de  aniina. 

■DQui  siiiiul  fecere  naufragium,  aiit  una  pertiilere  vjn- 
cula  vel  consilii  conjurationisve  societate  jiinjnintur, 
invici'in  aniaiit:  Brutuni  et  Cassiuiu  iiiviceiii  infensos 
CiBsarianns  doininatiis  conciliavit.  .£inilius  Lepidus 
•t  Julius  Flaccus,  quum  essent  inirnicissinii.  censores 
fcnunciati  siiuultates  illico  deposuere.    Scultet.  cap.  4. 


de  causa  amor.  2'  Papinius.  ^a  [socr^tes 

denioiiico  prscipit  ut  q'lum  alicujiis  amicitiam  veilet 
ilium  laudet,  quod  laus  initium  amoris  sit,  vitciperatio 
simultaiuin.  s^gmpect  led.  lib.  1.  cap. -2.  ai '•  The 
priest  of  wisdom,  perpetual  dictator,  ornampiit  of  lite- 
rature, wonder  of  Europe."  2iQ)|  incredible  e.xcf?|. 
lence  of  genius,  &c.,  more  comparable  to  gods'  than 
man's,  in  every  respect,  we  venerate  youi  wnrings  on 
bended  knees,  as  we  do  the  shield  that  fell  from  hea- 
ven."            as  isa.  ilix. 


55  2M 


434  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  1. 

dren,  of  ^  disagreeing  brothers,  nothing  so  common.  The  love  of  kinsmen  is  grown 
cold,  -"''many  kinsmen  (as  the  saying  is)  few  friends;"  if  thine  estate  he  good,  anj 
-hou  able,  par  pari  referre,  to  requite  their  kindness,  there  will  be  mntual  corre- 
spondence, otherwise  thou  art  a  burden,  most  odions  to  them  above  all  others.  The 
last  object  that  ties  man  and  man,  is-con«jlmej»:S-_Qf  jiersc^  and  beauty  almie,  as  men 
l<*V€-ux>meH-wiLh_a  wantmi^eve  :  which  xar'  t^o-^rii'  is  termed  heroical,  or  love-nielun- 
choly.  Other  loves  (saith  Picolominens)  are  so  called  with  some  contraction,  as  the 
love  of  wine,  gold,  Sec,  but  this  of  women  is  predominant  in  a  higher  strain,  whose 
,  part  affected  is  the  liver,  and  this  love  deserves  a  longer  explication,  and  shall  be 
dilated  apart  in  the  next  section. 

SuBSECT.  III. — Honest  Objects  of  Love. 

B^AUTV  in  the  cfiiQmon  object  of  alllove,  ""  as  jet  draws  a  straw,  so  doth  beauty 
Imp  -'J  virtue  and  honesty  are  great  motives,  and  give  as  fair  a  lustre  as  the  rest, 
especially  if  they  be  sincere  and  right,  not  fucate,  but  proceeding  from  true  form, 
and  an  incorrupt  judgment;  those  two  Venus' twins,  Eros  and  Anteros,  are  then 
most  firm  and  fast.  For  many  times  otherwise  men  are  deceived  by  their  flattering 
irnalhos,  dissemltling  camelions,  outsides,  hypocrites  that  make  a  show  of  great  love, 
ieaniiiig,  pretend  honesty,  virtue,  zeal,  modesty,  with  atlecled  looks  and  counterfeit 
gestures  :  feigned  protestations  often  steal  away  tiie  hearts  and  favours  of  men,  and 
deceive  them,  specie  virtulis  et  umbra,  when  as  recera.  and  indeed,  there  is  no  worth 
or  honesty  at  all  in  tliem,  no  truth,  but  mere  hypocrisy,  subtilty,  knavery,  and  the 
like.  As  true  friends  they  are,  as  he  that  Cielius  Secundus  met  by  the  highway  side; 
and  hard  it  is  in  this  temporising  age  to  distinguisii  such  companions,  or  to  linil  tiiein 
out.  Such  gnalhos  as  these  for  the  most  part  belong  to  great  men,  and  by  this 
glozing  flattery,  afliibility,  and  such  like  philters,  so  dive  and  insinuate  into  their 
favours,  that  they  are  taken  ft)r  men  of  excellent  worth,  wisilom,  learning,  demi- 
gods, and  so  screw  themselves  into  dignities,  honours,  offices ;  but  these  men  cause 
harsh  confusion  often,  and  as  many  times  stirs  a.s  Itehoboanrs  counselhirs  in  a  coni- 
•nonwcalih,  ttverthrew  themselves  and  others.  Tandlerus  and  some  authors  niake  a 
doubt,  whether  love  and  hatred  may  be  compelled  by  philters  or  characters ;  Cardan 
and  Marboilius,  by  precious  stones  and  amulets ;  astrologers  by  election  of  times, 
&.C.  as  *^  1  sliall  elsewhere  discuss,  'flte  tiue  ol^^txLui'.  tkU  Itonest  love  Ts  virtue, 
wiiijiiimr'htnn^y,'-"Tcai  wurllu  httrrmt  fornin,  and  this  love  cannot  deceive  or  be 
^.com^iidleil,  ut  aineris  amabilis  ca/o,  lui:t-iu*4fisTtreTOtrrt  potent  philtruni,  virtue  and 
wisdom,  gratia  gratum  faciens,  tlie  sole  and  only  grace,  not  counterfeit,  but  opei., 
honest,  simple,  naked, '""  desceiiding  from  heaven,"  as  our  apostle  hath  it,  an  infused 
habit  from  God,  which  hath  given  several  gifts,  as  wit,  leaniing,  tongues,  for  which 
they  shall  be  amiable  and  gracious,  Eph.  iv.  11.  as  to  Saul  stature  and  a  goodly  pre- 
sence, 1  Sam.  ix.  1.  Joseph  found  favour  in  Pharaoh's  court.  Gen.  xxxix,  for  ^'his 
person;  and  Daniel  with  the  princes  (»f  the  eunuchs,  Dan.  xix.  li).  Christ  was  gra- 
cious wiiii  God  and  men,  Luke  ii.  52,  There  is  still  some  peculiar  grace,  as  of  good 
di5Ct)ui-se,  eloquence,  wit,  honesty,  which  is  the  primurn  mobile,  first  mover,  and  a 
most  forcible  loadstone  to  draw  the  favours  and  good  wills  of  men's  eyes,  ears,  and 
afleclions  unto  them.  Wlien  '•  Jesux  -ifiake,  they  were  all  astonished  at  his  answers, 
(Luke  ii.  47.  and  wondered  at  his  gracious  word-i  which  proceeded  from  his  inoutli." 
An  orator  steals  away  the  hearts  of  men,  and  as  another  Orpheus,  quo  vull,  unde 
vult,  he  pulls  them  to  him  by  speech  alone :  a  sweet  voice  causeth  admiration ;  and 
he  that  can  utter  himself  in  good  words,  in  our  ordinary  phrase,  is  called  a  proper 
nian,  a  divine  spirit.  For  which  cause  belike,  our  old  poets,  Senalus  populusqw  poeta- 
rum,  made  Mercury  thegentleman-uslier  to  the  Graces,  captain  of  eloquence,  and  those 
charities  to  be  Jupiter's  and  Eurymone's  daughters,  descended  from  above.  Though 
they  be  otherwise  deformed,  crooked,  ugly  to  behold,  those  good  parts  of  the  mind 
denominate  them  fair.  Plato  commends  the  beauty  of  Socrates ;  yet  who  was  more  grim 
of  countenance,  stern  and  ghastly  to  look  upon?  So  are  and  have  been  many  great  phi- 

*"  Rara  fst  cDiTordia  fratruni.  ■Grad.  1.  rap  !M.  I  homine  prnbo.  ■  June*  iii.  10.  ''OratiorMI 

i^Vivt-fG  lie  auiiiia.  ut  pali-atn  fucciiiuiii  sic  fiirinairi  {  pulcbro  vuuient  t  corpvre  «irtiu. 
sjBur  iraJui.  *>  Sect.  aeq.  *' Nitul  diviuiiu  { 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  3.] 


Honest  Objects  of  Love. 


435 


V  fiopliers,  as  ^''Gregory  Nazianzen  observes,  " deformed  most  part  in  tliat  which  is  to 
Le  seen  witli  the  eyes,  but  most  elegant  in  that  which  is  not  to  be  seen."  Scepe  sub 
attrita  latitat  sapicntia.  veste.  iEsop,  Democritus,  Aristotle,  Politianus,  Melancthon, 
Gesner,  &c.  withered  old  men,  Sileni  Mcibladis.,  very  harsh  and  impolite  to  the  eye ; 
6ut  who  were  so  terse,  polite,  eloquent,  generally  learned,  temperate  and  modesi.' 
No  man  then  living  was  so  fair  as  Alcibiades,  so  lovely  quo  ad  sujicrjicieiu,  to  tlie 
eye,  as  ^'  Boethius  observes,  but  he  had  Corpus  turpissunum  inlcrne,  a  most  deformed 
soul ;  honesty,  virtue,  fair  conditions,  are  great  enticers  to  such  as  are  well  given, 
and  much  avail  to  get  the  favour  and  good-will  of  men.  Abdolominus  in  Curtius,  a 
poor  man,  (but  which  mine  author  notes,  '"'"the  cause  of  this  poverty  was  his 
honesty")  for  his  modesty  and  continency  from  a  private  person  (for  tlfey  found  liim 
digging  in  his  garden)  was  saluted  king,  and  preferred  before  all  the  magnificoes  of 
his  lime,  injecta  ei  vestis  purpura  auroque  distincta,  "  a  purple  embroidered  garment 
was  put  upon  him,  ''''and  they  bade  him  wash  himself,  and,  as  he  was  worthy,  take 
upon  him  the  style  and  spirit  of  a  king,"  continue  his  continency  and  the  rest  of  his 
good  parts.  Titus  Pomponius  Atticus,  that  noble  citizen  of  Rome,  was  so  fair  con- 
ditioned, of  so  sweet  a  carriage,  that  he  was  generally  beloved  of  all  good  men,  of 
Ctesar,  Pompey,  Antony,  Tully,  of  divers  sects,  &c.  multas  hcsreditates  (^^  Cornelius 
■Nepos  writes)  sold  bonitate  consequutus.  Operce  pretium  audire.,  &;c.  It  is  worthy 
of  your  attention,  Livy  cries,  ''^"you  that  scorn  all  but  riches,  and  give  no  esteem 
to  virtue,  except  they  be  wealthy  withal,  Q.  Cincinnatus  had  but  four  acres,  and  by 
the  consent  of  the  senate  was  chosen  dictator  of  Rome.  Of  such  account  were 
Cato,  Fabricius,  Aristides,  Antonius,  Probus,  for  their  eminent  worth:  so  Ctesar, 
Trajan,  Alexander,  admired  for  valour,  ■*"  ITiEphestion  loved  Alexander,  but  Parmenio 
the  kmg:  Titus  dclicice  kumani  generis.,  and  which  Aurelius  Victor  hath  of  Vespatian, 
the  darling  of  his  lime,  as  ■"  Edgar  Elheling  was  in  England,  for  his  ''^  excellent  vir- 
tues :  their  memory  is  yet  fresh,  swe-^t,  and  we  love  them  many  ages  after,  though 
they  be  dead:  Suavem  memoriam  sui  rejiquit.,  saith  Lipsius  of  his  friend,  living  and 
dead  they  are  all  one.  ''''"'I  have  ever  loved  as  thou  knowest  (so  Tully  wrote  to 
Dolabella)  Marcus  Brutus  for  his  great  wit,  singular  honesty,  constancy,  sweet  con- 
ditions;  and  believe  it  '*'' there  is  nothing  so  amiable  and  fair  as  virtue."  "I  '''do 
mightily  love  Calvisinus,  (so  Pliny  writes  to  Sossius)  a  most  industrious,  eloquent, 
upright  man,  which  is  all  in  all  with  me  :"  the  affection  came  from  his  good  parts. 
And  as  St.  Austin  comments  on  the  84th  Psalm,  *^"  there  is  a  peculiar  beauty  of  jus- 
tice, and  inward  beauty,  which  we  see  with  the  eyes  of  our  hearts,  love,  and  are 
enamoured  with,  as  in  martyrs,  though  their  bocUes  be  torn  in  pieces  with  wild 
beasts,  yet  this  beauty  shines,  and  we  love  their  virtues."  The  "/  stoics  are  of  opinion 
that  a  wise  man  is  only  fair;  and  Cato  in  Tully  3  de  Finibus  contends  the  same, 
that  the  lineaments  of  the  mind  are  far  fairer  than  those  of  the  body,  incomparably 
bevond  them  :  wisdom  and  valour  according  to  ''^Xenophon,  especially  deserve  the 
name  of  beauty,  and  denominate  one  fair,  et  incomparabilitcr  pulchrior  est  (as  Austin 
holds)  Veritas  Christ ianorum  quam  Helena  Gracorum.  '"Wine  is  strong,  the  king  is 
strong,  women  are  strong,  but  truth  overcometh  all  things,"  Esd.  i.  3,  10,  11,  12. 
"•  Blessed  is  the  man  that  fmdeth  wisdom,  and  gotteth  understanding,  for  the  mer- 
chandise thereof  is  better  than  silver,  and  the  gain  thereof  better  than  gold  :  it  is 
more  precious  than  pearls,  and  all  the  things  thou  canst  desire  are  not  to  be  com- 
pared to  her,"  Prov.  ii.  13,  14,  15,  a  wise,  true,  just,  upright,  and  good  man,  I  say 
it  again,  is  only  fair :  "^^  it  is  reported  of  Magdalene  Queen  of  France,  and  wife  to 
Lewis  11th,  a  Scottish  woman  by  birth,  that  walking  forth  in  an  evening  with  her 
ladies,  she  spied  M.  Alanus,  one  of  the  king's  chaplains,  a  silly,  old,  ^°  hard-favoured 


S'Orat.  18.  deformes  pleruiiique  philosoplii  ad  id  quod 
ill  .T^pKctiim  cadjt  ea  purte  elei;aiites  qua;  oculns  fii-rit. 
-•T  43  de  cniisol.  so  Causa  ei  paupertatis,  pliilosopliia, 
sicul    pleri>(iiip   proliitas   fuit.  ST^hlue  corpus   et 

cape  rt-fiis  ariiinum,  et  in  earn  fortunam  qua  digiius  es 
rniitineiitiiim  istarii  proCer.  ^^  Vita  ejus.  ^sqi,; 

]}':i-  ili\  itiis  liuinaua  spernunt,  noc  virtuti  locum  putaiit 
I  >i  vpes  artliiaut.  Q..  Oiticinnatus  consensu  patrnin  in 
(li,  nuor.Mu  Roinaiifiui  electus.  ■"'Curtius.  •'i  Edsar 
Kilielln^,  Kualaud's  darling'.  ■'-Moruin  suavitas, 

Olivia  coniila;-,  prompta  officia  mortaliuiii  animos  de- 
tnereiitur.  "  Episl.  lib.  8.  Semper  aniavi  lit  tu  scis, 
M   Brutum  piopler  ejus  summum  ingeuiuni,  suavissi- 


mo?  mores,  singularem  probitatem  et  constaiitiam : 
nihil  est,  niihi  crede,  virtute  forinosius,  nihil  aniabiliu.s. 
^J  .'Vrdeiites  amores  e.\citaret,  si  simulacrum  ejus  ad 
oculos  penetraret.  Plain  Phsdone.  •'^  Epist.  lil).  4. 

Validissime  ililiso  virum  rectum,  disertiini,  quod  apud 
me  potentissiinum  est.  ■'6  Est  quiedam  pulchriturto 

justiti;e  quam  videmus  ociilis  cordis,  airiainus,  et  e.xar- 
desciiiius,  ut  in  martyribus,  quum  eorum  membra 
bestiae  lacerarent,  etsi  alias  deformes,  <fcc.  *'  Lipsius 
inanuduc.  ad  Phys.  Stoic,  lib.  3.  ditf  17,  solus  sap'cn^i 
pulcher.  ■i«Furtitudo    et   pradentia    pulcliritud  nia 

laudem  priecipue  nierentur.  •»»  Franc.  Belforist    in 

hist.  an.  1430.         ^Erat  autem  fffide  deformis,  et  el 


436  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sei'.  1. 

man  fast  asleep  in  a  bower,  and  kissed  him  sweetly;  when  the  young  ladies  laughed 
at  her  lor  it,  she  replied,  that  it  was  not  his  person  that  she  did  embrace  and  reve- 
rence, but,  with  a  platoiiic  love,  the  divine  beauty  of  ''  his  soul.  Thus  in  all  agft 
virtue  hath  been  adored,  admired,  a  singular  lustre  hath  proceeded  from  it :  and  tlie 
more  virtuous  he  is,  the  more  orracious,  the  more  admired.  No  man  so  much  fol- 
lowed u|)on  earth  as  Christ  himself:  and  as  the  Psalmist  saith,  xlv.  2,  '-He  was 
fairer  tlian  the  sons  of  men."  Chrysostotn  Horn.  8  in  Mat.  Bernard  Scr.  I.  df  omni- 
bus Sanctis;  Austin.  Cassiodore,  ili'-r.  in  9  Mat.  interpret  it  of  the  ^beauty  of  his 
person ;  there  was  a  divine  majesty  in  liis  looks,  it  shined  like  lightning  and  drew 
all  men  to  it :  but  Basil,  Cyril,  lib.  6.  super.  55.  Esay.  Theodoret,  Arnobius,  kc.  of 
the  beauty  of  his  divinity,  justice,  grace,  eloquence,  iic.  Thomas  in  Psal.  xliv.  of 
both ;  and  so  doth  Baradius  and  Peter  Morales,  lib  de  pulchritud.  Jesit  et  Maricr^ 

adding  as  much  of  Joseph  and  the  Virgin  Mar\', hac  alias  forma,  pnrcesserit 

omnes,  ^according  to  that  prediction  of  Sibylla  Cumea.  Be  they  present  or  absent, 
near  us,  or  afar  off,  this  beauty  shines,  and  will  attract  men  many  miles  to  come  and 
visit  it.  Plato  and  Pythagoras  left  their  country,  to  see  those  wise  .l'.gyj)tian  priests; 
Apollonius  travelled  into  .'Ethiopia,  Persia,  to  consult  with  the  Magi,  Brachmaniii, 
gvmnosophisis.  The  Queen  of  Sheba  came  to  visit  Solomon;  and  '^  many,  saith 
"llierom,  went  out  of  Spain  and  remote  places  a  thousand  miles,  to  behold  tlial 
elo(pient  Livy:"  ^Multi  Rnmam  mm  ut  iirlnm  pulc/ierrimam.,  attt  urbis  et  orbis  duini- 
mim  Octavianuniy  sed  ut  /tunc  uninn  inviserrnt  audirentque.,  a  Gadibtis  jimffcti  sunt. 
No  beauty  leaves  such  an  im[»ression,  strikes  so  deep,  ^  or  links  the  souls  of  men 
closer  than  virtue. 

•f "  Non  pfr  df'x  «iil  pirtur  piiuel, 
Aul  ktaluuriiu  ullua  Aofrrr 
'J'alvui  puk'liritudiiieiu  i|iialfiii  virtu*  habrt ;" 

'•  no  painter,  no  graver,  no  carver  can  express  virtue's  lustre,  or  those  admirable  ravt 
that  come  frouj  it,  those  enchanting  ray.s  that  enamour  posterity,  those  everlasting 
rays  that  continue  to  the  world's  end."  Many,  .saith  Phavorinus,  that  loved  and 
admired  Alcibiades  in  his  youth,  knew  ni>t,  cared  n<»t  for  Alcjbiades  a  man,  nunc 
intmntts  qucrnbant  Alcibiadem;  but  the  lieauty  of  Socrates  is  still  the  same;  "vir- 
tue's lustre  never  fades,  is  ever  fresh  and  green,  seinpir  vii-a  to  all  succcedmg  ages, 
and  a  most  attractive  loadstone,  to  draw  ami  combine  such  as  are  present.  For  that 
reason  belike.  Homer  feigns  the  three  Graces  to  he  linked  and  tied  hand  in  hand, 
because  the  hearts  of  men  are  so  firmly  united  with  such  graces.  ^"O  sweet  bands 
(Seneca  exclaims),  which  so  happily  combine,  that  those  which  are  bound  by  them 
love  their  binders,  desiring  withal  much  more  harder  to  be  bound,"  and  as  so  many 
Gerv'ons  to  be  »miled"into  one.  For  the  nature  of  true  friendship  is  to  combine,  to 
be  like  affected,  of  one  mind, 

<•"  Vi-lle  ct  nolle  •mtxitxif  itiein,  Mlialaque  toto 
M«na  »»o" 

as  the  poet  saith,  still  to  continue  one  and  the  same.  And  where  this  love  takes 
place  there  is  peace  and  ({uietness,  a  true  correspondence,  perfect  amity,  a  dia[)asoa 
of  vows  and  wishes,  the  same  opinions,  as  between  *'  David  and  Jonathan,  Damon 
and  Pythias,  Pylades  and  Orestes,  "Nysus  and  Eurjalus,  Theseus  and  Piriihous, 
"they  will  live  and  die  together,  and  prosecute  one  another  with  jfood  turns.  *"A'/ot 
vinci  in  amnre  turpissimurn  putant,  not  only  living,  but  when  their  friends  are  dead, 
with  tombs  and  monuments,  Nenias,  epitaphs  elegies,  inscriptions,  pyramids,  obe- 
lisks, statues,  images,  pictures,  histories,  poems,  annals,  feasts,  anniver-saries,  many 
ages  after  fas  Plato's  scholars  did)  they  will  pnrentare  still,  omit  no  good  oflire  that 
may  tend  to  the  preservation  of  their  names,  honours,  and  eternal  memory.  "'Ilium 
coloribus,  ilium  cerd,  ilium  crre,  ^c.  ^  He  did  express  hLs  friends  in  cohmrs,  ia  wax, 
in  brass,  in  ivor}-,  marble,  gold,  and  silver  (as  Pliny  reports  of  a  citizen  in  Home), 

forma,  qua  ritius  |iueri  terreri  |K«*ent.  qjnm  invitiri     eari  tt   in    uimiui    r..lmi. 

ad    iiHruluni  piifllie.  ti  Drforinia   j 

■enex.  iliviiiuiii  niiiinuin  habel. 

•uo:  fulisor  i-l  itniiia  lunjc^iiaM  honiiir  - 

i*"8he  excelleil  nil  otliem  III  iK-auty.  "        -'I'rj-ii! 

vulgar.  "  Par*  iiiticrip.  Til   l.ivji  maluic  fa: 

"  A  true  Iovc'k  knot.         *'  SiiiImeu*  i  «:nrco.         >  - 

nuf,  pulcliri  nulla  triit  faries.  '■'O  ilukituiiiiii  |ii.|  i.  i       .  'm^il. 

qui   lain  (•  liril'-r  itcvinciunt,  ut  <>li.-iiii  i   viiictix  ilili-  ,  Je  vita  cjiu  libruu  iccitavil.  r^at 

^autur,  qui  d  gratiia  viiicti  fuiil,  cupiuut  arctiu*  lieli-      i 


«Sl,,l 

>*.  1. 
r.n. 

•'IC 

ti. 
•  im 

>II0 

.i.,i~_r 

Hii'.  (! 

Ii    aJtiil<-t« 

Mem.  3.]  ,  Division  of  Love.  437 

and  in  a  great  auditory  not  long  since  recited  a  just  volume  of  his  life."  In  another 
place,  '^"speaking  of  an  epigram  which  Martial  had  composed  in  praise  of  him,  ^'"Ile 
gave  me  as  much  as  he  might,  and  would  have  done  more  if  he  could  :  though  what 
carr  a  man  give  more  tkan  honour,  glory,  and  eternity  ?"  But  that  which  he  wrote 
peradventure,  will  not  continue,  yet  he  wrote  it  to  continue.  'Tis  all  tlie  recom- 
pense a  poor  scholar  can  malce  his  well-deserving  patron,  Mecaenas,  friend,  to  men- 
lion  him  in  his  works,  to  dedicate  a  book  to  his  name,  to  write  his  life,  Stc,  as  all 
our  poets,  orators,  historiographers  have  ever  done,  and  the  greatest  revenge  such 
men  take  of  their  adversaries,  to  persecute  them  with  satires,  invectives.  Sec,  and 
'tis  both  ways  of  great  moment,  as  ®*  Plato  gives  us  to  understand  Paulus  Jovius, 
in  the  fourth  book  of  the  life  and  deeds  of  Pope  Leo  Deciraus,  his  noble  patron., 
concludes  in  these  words,  '^'* "  Because  I  cannot  honour  him  as  other  rich  men  do, 
with  like  endeavour,  affection,  and  piety,  I  have  undertaken  to  write  his  life ;  since 
my  fortunes  will  not  give  me  leave  to  make  a  more  sumptuous  monument,  I  will 
perform  those  rites  to  his  sacred  ashes,  which  a  small,  perhaps,  but  a  liberal  wit  can 
afford."  But  I  rove.  Where  this  true  love  is  wanting,  there  can  be  no  firm  peace,  friend- 
sliip  from  teeth  outward,  counterfeit,  or  for  some  by-respects,  so  long  dissembled, 
lill  they  have  satisfied  their  own  ends,  which,  upon  every  small  occasion,  breaks  ou. 
into  enmity,  open  war,  defiance,  heart-burnings,  whispering,  calumnies,  contentions, 
and  all  manner  of  bitter  melancholy  discontents.  And  those  men  which  liave  no 
otlier  object  of  their  love,  than  greatness,  wealth,  authority,  kc,  are  rather  feared 
than  beloved;  nee  amant  quemquam^  ncc  amantur  ab  ullo :  and  howsoever  borne 
with  for  a  time,  yet  for  their  tyranny  and  oppression,  griping,  covetousness,  currish 
hardness,  folly,  intemperance,  imprudence,  and  such  like  vices,  they  are  generally 
odious,  abhorred  of  all,  both  God  and  men. 

"  Non  uxor  salviiin  te  viilt,  non  filius,  omiies 
Viciiii  ucJeruiit," 

'■'■  wife  and  children,  friends,  neighbours,  all  the  world  forsakes  them,  would  feign  be 
rid  of  them,"  and  are  compelled  many  limes  to  lay  violent  hands  on  them,  or  else 
God's  judgments  overtake  them  :  instead  of  graces,  come  furies.  So  when  fair 
™  Abigail,  a'woman  of  singular  wisdom,  was  acceptable  to  David,  Nabal  was  churlish 
and  evil-conditioned  ;  and  therefore  "  Mordecai  was  received,  when  Haman  was 
executed,  Haman  the  favourite,  '•'•  that  had  his  seat  above  the  other  princes,  to  whom 
all  the  king's  servants  that  stood  in  the  gates,  bowed  their  knees  and  reverenced." 
Though  they  flourished  many  times,  such  hypocrites,  such  temporising  foxes,  and 
blear  the  world's  eyes  by  flattery,  bribery,  dissembling  their  natures,  or  other  men's 
weakness,  that  cannot  so  apprehend  their  tricks,  yet  in  the  end  they  will  be  dis- 
cerned, and  precipitated  in  a  moment :  ''  surely,"  sailh  David,  "  thou  hast  set  them 
in  slippery  places,"  Ps.  xxxvii.  5.  as  so  many  Sejani,  they  will  come  down  to  the 
Gemonian  scales;  and  as  Eusebius  in  "^Ammianus,  that  was  in  such  authority,  ad 
jubendum  Imperatoretn,  be  cast  down  headlong  on  a  sudden.  Or  put  case  thev 
escape,  and  rest  unmasked  to  their  lives'  end,  yet  after  their  death  their  memory 
stinks  as  a  snufl"  of  a  candle  put  out,  and  those  that  durst  not  so  much  as  mutter 
against  lliem  in  their  lives,  will  prosecute  their  name  with  satires,  libels,  and  bitter 
imprecations,  they  shall  male  audire  in  all  succeeding  ages,  and  be  odious  to  the 
world's  end. 


MEMB.  III. 

Charily  composed  of  all  three  Kinds,  Pleasant,  Prof  table,  Honest. 

Besides  this  love  that  comes  from  profit,  pleasant,  honest  (for  one  good  turn  asks 
another  in  equity),  that  which  proceeds  from  the  law  of  nature,  or  from  discipline 
and  philosophy,  there  is  yet  another  love  compounded  of  all  these  three,  which  is 

*>Lib.  iv.  ep.  Gl.     Prisco  sun;  Dedit  milli  quantum  ;  enim  vim  habent,  &c.  ^a  peri  tamen  studio  et  pie- 

potuil  amxiiiniui,  daturus  ampliiis  si  potuisset.  Ta-  tate  conscribends  vitse  ejus  munus  suscepi,  et  post  quam 
lui-tsi  quid  lioMiiui  dari  potest  uiajus  quani  gloria,  laiis,  sumptuosa  condere  pro  fortuna  non  licuit,  exiguo  sed 
el  sternitas?  At  non  cruiit  fortasse  quae  scriiisii.  llle  j  eo  forte  liberalis  iiigenii  raotiuiiiento  justa  sanctissimo 
tanieii  S(;ripsit  taiiquaiii  essent  lulura.  «'  For,  genus  j  cineri  solventur.  ™1  Sam.  xxv.  3.  "  Esther,  iii.  2. 
irntabile  vatum.  «"  Lib.  13  de  Legibus.    Magnam  I  "  Amm.  Marcellinus,  I.  14. 

2m2 


438  Love-MclancJnhj.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  1. 

charity,  and  includes  piety,  dilection,  benevolence,  friendship,  even  all  those  virtuoiig 
habits'-,  for  love  is  the  circle  equant  of  all  other  affections,  of  wliich  Aristotle  dilates 
at  large  in  his  Ethics,  and  is  commanded  by  God,  which  no  man  can  well  perform, 
but  he  that  is  a  Christian, and  a  true  regenerate  man  ;  this  is,  ""To  love  God  above 
all,  and  our  neighbour  as  ourself ;"  for  tliis  love  is  li/chnus  accendens  et  accemvs,  a 
communicating  light,  apt  to  illuminate  itself  as  well  as  others.  All  other  objects 
are  fair,  and  very  beautiful,  I  confess;  kindred,  alliance,  friendship,  the  love  that  we 
o\ve  to  our  country,  nature,  wealth,  pleasure,  honour,  and  such  moral  respects,  tec, 
of  which  read  "^  copious  Aristotle  in  liis  morals  ;  a  man  is  beloved  of  a  man,  in  that 
he  is  a  man ;  I)ut  all  tliese  arc  far  more  eminent  and  great,  when  they  shall  proceed 
from  a  sanctified  spirit,  that  hath  a  true  touch  of  religion,  and  a  reference  to  God. 
Nature  binds  all  creatures  to  love  their  young  ones;  a  hen  to  preserve  her  brot)d 
will  run  upon  a  lion,  a  hind  will  fight  with  a  bull,  a  sow  with  a  bear,  a  silly  sheep 
with  a  fox.  So  the  same  nature  urgeth  a  man  to  love  his  parents,  ("r/(«  me  juiter 
omnes  odcrint^  ni  le  magis  quam  oculos  amem  meos  I)  and  this  love  cannot  be  dis- 
solved, as  Tully  holds,  '*"'  without  detestable  otlence:"  but  much  more  God's  com- 
mandment, which  enjoins  a  filial  love,  and  an  obedience  in  this  kind.  "''The  love 
of  brethren  is  great,  and  like  an  arch  of  stones,  where  if  one  be  displaced,  all  comes 
down,"  no  love  so  forcible  and  slronir,  honest,  to  the  combination  of  which,  nature, 
fortune,  virtue,  happily  concur;  yet  this  love  comes  short  of  it.  '^Dulce  et  decorum 
pro  putrid  vinri^  "it  cannot  be  expressed,  what  a  deal  of  charity  that  one  name  of 
countrv  contains.  Amur  hnid'is  et  patr'm  pro  stipendio  est ;  the  Decii  did  se  devo- 
vrre,  Iforaiii,Curii,  Sca;vola,  Hegulus,  Codrus,  sacrifice  themselves  for  their  country's 
peace  and  good. 

»"  Una  dies  Fabio*  ad  helium  iiiUerat  orones,  I  "  One  day  the  Fahii  *li>iilly  warrt-d, 

.All  lit-lliini  iiiiii«o«  |i«riliilit  una  dit-a."  j  Uiie  day  Ihe  Fabii  were  dt-slmyed." 

Fifty  thousand  Englishmen  lost  their  lives  vvillingly  near  Battle  Abbey,  in  defence 
of  their  country.  "'  P.  .'Emilius  /.  6.  speaks  of  six  senators  of  Calais,  that  came 
with  haltei-s  in  their  hands  to  the  king  of  Ens;laiid,  to  die  for  the  rest.  This  love 
makes  so  many  writers  lake  such  pains,  so  many  historiogrtiphers,  physicians,  kc, 
or  at  least,  as  they  prcteiul,  for  conuiion  safety,  and  their  country's  benefit.  ''Sanc- 
tum iiomiH  amicitue,  sociorum  communio  sacra ;  friendship  is  a  iioly  name,  and  a 
sacred  communion  of  friends.  ""As  the  sun  is  in  the  tirmament,  so  is  frieiidsiiip  in 
the  world,"  a  most  divine  and  heavenly  band.  As  nuptial  b»ve  makes,  this  perfeel.s 
mankind,  and  is  to  be  preferred  ill'  yuu  wdl  stand  l()  the  judgment  of  "'Cornelius 
Neposj  before  allinity  or  consanguinity ;  plus  in  amicitid  valet  siniilitudn  mornm. 
quam  ajjinitas,  «5)t.,  the  cords  of  love  bind  faster  than  any  other  wreath  whatsoever. 
Take  this  away,  and  take  all  pleasure,  joy,  comfort,  happiness,  and  true  content  out 
of  the  world;  'tis  the  gieatest  tie,  the  surest  indenture,  strongest  band,  and,  as  our 
modern  Maro  decides  it,  is  much  to  be  preferred  before  the  rest. 

«*"  Hard  is  Uw  douht,  and  dirfirult  lo  deem,  I       "  For  natural  alT'Clion  soon  dolli  cease, 

When  all  three  kindji  <■!'  luve  liigether  meet ;  And  guenrlied  i«  with  Cupid'^  greater  llame ; 

Ami  (III  dispnri  Ihe  Ihurt  »i(h  (Miuer  e\lrem<>.  But  t'^iitht'ul  rrieiidi-hip  dolh  tlieiii  tmth  i>iip|ireM, 

Whether  .•^hall  wei:;h  the  bal.iiice  ilnwn;  lu  wit.  And  Ih-ni  with  iiiantering  di!!<ipline  ilnlh  lame. 

The  ilear  airecliiui  iintu  kiiiilred  "vveet,  ,  Thri>u;;h  thouifhlii  ai>pirine  In  eternal  fame. 

Or  raL'i'is  (ire  t>(  li»ve  to  women  kind.  '  For  a*  tic  iumiI  dolh  rule  the  earllil>  inarit. 

Or  zeal  of  frieniis.  ciinibin°d  by  virtues  meet  ;  '  .And  all  tlie  wrvice  f>f  Ihe  tHuly  frame. 

But  of  iheiii  all  Ihe  band  of  virtiiuiM  mind.  So  love  of  hoiiI  doth  love  of  b<Hly  |ia>tK,  [bfa««." 

Methinks  the  gentle  heart  !>houlil  mo-it  assured  bind.  No    leM    than    |H-rfect   fold   aurmounls  Ihe   mean)-*! 

^A  faithful  friend  is  better  than  "gold,  a  medicine  of  mlserj',  ** an  only  possession; 
yet  this  love  of  friends,  nuptial,  lieroical,  profitable,  pleasant,  honest,  all  three  l«»ves 
put  together,  are  little  worth,  if  they  proceed  not  from  a  true  Christian  illurniiiated 
soul,  if  it  be  not  done  in  ordinc  ad  Drum,  fur  God's  sake.  "  Though  1  bad  the  gift 
of  prophecy,  spake  with  tongues  of  men  and  angels,  though  I  feed  the  poor  with  all 
mv  gootls,  give  my  body  to  be  burned,  and  have  not  this  love,  it  profileth  me  no- 
's t't  mundus  duohu?  polia  siisteiitatur  :  ila  lex  t)ei,  to  die  for  one's  country."  "  Dii  iinmorlale(,diri  nnn 
aniore  fVi  el  proximi  ;  diiolius  Ins  fundamenlis  vin- ;  p<iteat  quantum  chariialis  numeii  iliud  hahet.  '*Ovid. 
tilur;  machina  mundi  corruit.  si   una  de   p<ilis  lurba-     Fa«t.  "  Anno  1347.     Jacob  .Mayer      .Annal.  Flanil. 

tur;  iel  |M.'ril  diviiia  «i  una  i-x  his.  "•  -  et  !i  i  lib.  li         ""Tully.  ••  L^jrianus  Tmari      Amicilia 

hbro.  '-i  Ter.  .Adi'lph    4.5-  '<  De  '  iit  iml  in  mundo,  4ce.  **  Vil.  I'iim(»iii    Allicl. 

amicil.  '^Charitas  pareiilum  ililui  niRi  delcitabih    'A.Xpeiicer,  Faerie  Queene,   lib.A  cam.  U.  dalE    I.  i. 

MTelere  non  |K>teiit,  lapidum  fornicihus  simillima.casiira.     '*Svracide«.  (^  Plutarclf  prrfiixiim  nuinivms. 

iiM  le  invieeiii  »u«tentarel.    Seneca.        '"> "  It  is  «weet    •*  Xrnophuo,  reriu  ainicua  prcjtantiMioia  puMeaato. 


Mem.  3.]  Division  of  Love.  439 

thing,'''  1  Cor.  xiii.  1,  3.  'tis  splendidum  peccatiim,  without  charity.  This  is  an  all- 
apprehending  love,  a  deifying  love,  a  refined,  pure,  divine  love,  the  quintessence  of 
all  love,  the  true  philosopher's  stone,  JYon  potest  e7ii?n,  as  ^^  Austin  infers,  veracifer 
amicus  esse  hotniriis,  nisi  fucrit  ipsius  primitvs  veritalis.,  He  is  no  true  friend  that 
loves  not  God's  truth.  And  therefore  this  is  true  love  indeed,  the  cause  of  all  good 
to  mortal  men,  that  reconciles  all  creatures,  and  glues  them  together  in  perpetual 
amity  and  firm  league;  and  can  no  more  abide  bitterness,  hate,  malice,  than  fair  and 
foul  weather,  light  and  darkness,  sterility  and  plenty  maybe  togetlier;  as  the  sun  in 
the  firmament  (I  say),  so  is  love  in  the  world;  and  for  this  cause  'tis  love  without 
an  addition,  love,  love  of  God,  and  love  of  men.  ^  •'  The  love  of  God  begets  the 
love  of  man ;  and  by  this  love  of  our  neighbour,  the  love  of  God  is  nourished  and 
increased."  By  this  happy  union  of  love,  ^' "  all  well-governed  families  and  cities 
are  combined,  the  heavens  annexed,  and  divine  souls  complicated,  the  world  itself 
composed,  and  all  that  is  in  it  conjoined  in  God,  and  reduced  to  one.  ®"This  love 
causeth  true  and  absolute  virtues,  the  life,  spirit,  and  root  of  every  virtuous  action, 
it  finisheth  prosperity,  easeth  adversity,  corrects  all  natural  incumbrances,  inconve- 
niences, sustained  by  faith  and  hope,  which  with  this  our  love  make  an  indissoluble 
twist,  a  Gordian  knot,  an  equilateral  triangle,  and  yet  the  greatest  of  them  is  love," 
■  1  Cor.  xiii.  13,  ^^"  which  inflames  our  souls  with  a  divine  heat,  and  being  so  inflamed, 
purged,  and  so  purgeth,  elevates  to  God,  makes  an  atonement,  and  reconciles  us  unto 
him.  ®^  That  other  love  infects  the  soul  of  man,  this  cleanseth  ;  that  depresses,  this 
rears ;  that  causeth  cares  and  troubles,  this  quietness  of  mind ;  this  informs,  that 
deforms  our  life ;  that  leads  to  repentance,  this  to  heaven."  For  if  once  we  be  truly 
linked  and  touclied  with  this  charity,  we  shall  love  God  above  all,  our  neighbour  as 
ouvself,  as  we  are  enjoined,  Mark  xii.  31.  Matt.  xix.  19.  perform  those  duties  and 
exercises,  even  all  the  operations  of  a  good  Christian. 

"  This  love  sufTereth  long,  it  is  bountiful,  envieth  not,  boasteth  not  itself,  is  not 
puffed  up,  it  deceiv'eth  not,  it  seeketh  not  his  own  things,  is  not  provoked  to  anger, 
it  thiuketh  not  evil,  it  rejoiceth  not  in  iniquity,  but  in  truth.  It  sufFereth  all  things, 
believeth  all  things,  hopeth  all  things,"  1  Cor.  xiii.  4,  5,  6,  7 ;  "it  covereth  all  tres- 
passes," Prov.  X.  12;  "a  multitude  of  sins,"  1  Pet.  4.  as  our  Saviour  told  the  woman 
in  the  Gospel,  that  washed  his  feet,  "  many  sins  were  forgiven  her,  for  she  loved 
much,"  Luke  vii. 47;  "it  will  defend  the  fatherless  and  the  widow,"  Isa. i.  17;  "will 
seek  no  revenge,  or  be  mindful  of  wrong,"  Levit.  xix.  18;  "will  bring  home  his 
brother's  ox  if  he  go  astray,  as  it  is  commanded,"  Deut.  xxii.  1 ;  "  will  resist  evil, 
give  to  him  that  askelh,  and  not  turn  from  him  that  borroweth,  bless  them  that  curse 
him,  love  his  enemy,"  Matt,  v;  "bear  his  brother's  burthen,"  Gal.  vi.  7.  He  that  so 
loves  will  be  hospitable,  and  distribute  to  the  necessities  of  the  saints ;  he  will,  if  it 
be  possible,  have  peace  with  all  men,  "  feed  his  enemy  if  he  be  hungry,  if  he  be 
athirst  give  him  drink ;"  he  will  perform  those  seven  works  of  mercy,  "  he  will 
luake  himself  equal  to  them  of  the  lower  sort,  rejoice  with  them  that  rejoice,  weep 
with  them  that  weep,"  Rom.  xii;  he  will  speak  truth  to  his  neighbour,  be  courteous 
and  tender-hearted,  "  forgiving  others  for  Christ's  sake,  as  God  forgave  him,"  Eph. 
iv.  32;  "he  will  be  like  minded,"  Phil.  ii.  2.  "  Of  one  judgment ;  be  humble,  meek, 
long-suffering,"  Colos.  iii.  "Forbear,  forget  and  forgive,"  xii.  13.  23.  and  what  he 
doth  shall  be  heartily  done  to  God,  and  not  to  men.  "  Be  pitiful  and  courteous,"  1 
Pet.  iii.  "  Seek  peace  and  follow  it."  He  will  love  his  brother,  not  in  word  and 
tongue,  but  in  deed  and  truth,  John  iii.  18.  "and  he  that  loves  God,  Christ  will  love 
him  that  is  begotten  of  him,"  John  v.  1,  Sec.  Thus  should  we  willingly  do,  if  we 
had  a  true  touch  of  this  charity,  of  this  divine  love,  if  we  could  perfonu  this  which 
we  are  enjoined,  forget  and  forgive,  and  compose  ourselves  to  those  Christian  laws 
of  love. 

95 "  O  felJT  hominum  genus, 
Si  vestrns  aniinos  amor 
Q,uo  coeluin  regitur  regat!" 


^  Epist.  5-2.  WGrpg.     Pit  aninrem  Dei,  pmximi 

gigiiitiir;  et  per  hunc  amorejii  pruxiiiii,  Dei  miiritiir. 
•'  riccolnriiiiieiis,  grad.  7.  cap. -27.  hoc  feliri  arnoris  iioilo 
ligantur  raiiiili:e  civitates,  &;c.  *^  Veras  al)<nliitas 

haec  parit  virtules,  radix  omnium  virtiitiim,  mens  et  . 
epiritus.  ssjjivino  calore  aninios  incendit,  incen-  I 


SOS  piirgat,  pursatos  elevat  ad  Denni,  De-im  placat,  ho 
uiini'in  Deo  conciliat.  Bnrnard.  **  File  inficit,  hi» 

perticil.  ille  depriniit,  hie  elevat;  hie  tranqiiillitatetE 
ille  cnras  parit:  hie  vitam  rectfi  informal,  ille  deforraa* 
&c.  "'  Boethius,  lib.  2.  met.  8. 


440  Love-Melancholy  [Part.  3. 3oc   1. 

'^'\ngelical  souls,  how  blessed,  how  happy  should  we  be,  so  lovmg,  how  might  we 
triumph  over  the  devil,  and  have  another  heaven  upon  earth !" 

But  this  we  cannot  do;  and  which  is  the  cause  of  all  our  woes,  miseries,  discon- 
tent, melancholy,  ^  want  of  this  cliarity.  We  do  inviccm  angariure^  contenui,  con- 
suh,  vex,  torture,  molest,  and  hold  one  another''s  noses  to  the  grindstone  Juird,  pro- 
voke, rail,  scoir,  calumniate,  challenge,  hate,  abuse  (hard-hearted,  implacable,  mali- 
cious, peevish,  inexorable  as  we  are),  to  satisfy  our  lust  or  private  spleen,  for  ^  toys, 
trifles,  and  impertinent  occasions,  spend  ourselves,  goods,  friends,  fortunes,  to  be 
revenged  on  our  adversary,  to  ruin  him  and  his.  'Tis  all  our  study,  practice,  aiul 
business  how  to  plot  mischief,  mine,  countermine,  defeiul  and  oll'end,  ward  ourselves, 
injure  others,  hurt  all ;  as  if  we  were  born  to  do  mischief,  aiul  that  with  such  eager- 
ness and  bitterness,  with  such  rancour,  malice,  rage,  ami  fury,  we  prosfecute  our 
intended  designs,  tluit  neither  affinity  or  CDnsanguinity,  b»ve  or  ft-ar  of  God  or  men 
can  contain  us  :  no  satisfaction,  no  composilii>n  will  be  accepted,  no  ollices  will 
serve,  no  submission;  though  he  shall  upon  his  knees,  as  Sarpedon  did  to  (jlaucui^ 
in  Homer,  acknowledging  his  error,  yield,  hinist  If  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  beg  his  par- 
don, we  will  not  relent,  forgive,  or  forget,  till  we  have  confoundeil  him  and  his 
*•  made  dice  of  his  bones,"  as  thev  say,  see  him  rot  in  prison,  banish  his  friends, 
followers,  tt  oinru  incisum  gtnus^  rooted  him  out  and  all  his  posterity.  Monsters 
of  men  as  we  ire,  dogs,  wolves,  **  tigers,  Heads,  incarnate  devils,  we  do  not  only 
contend,  ojipress,  and  tyrannise  ourselves,  but  as  so  many  firebrands,  we  set  on,  and 
animate  others  :  our  whole  life  is  a  perpetual  combat,  a  conflict,  a  set  battle,  a  snarl- 
ing fit.  Eris  (lea  is  settled  in  our  tents,  ^ Omnia  df  lite^  «)pposing  wit  to  wit,  wealth 
to  wealth,  strength  to  strength,  fortunes  to  fortunes,  friends  to  iriends,  as  at  a  sea- 
Hght,  we  turn  our  broadsides,  or  two  millstones  with  continual  attrition,  we  fire  our- 
Kelves,  f)r  break  another's  backs,  and  both  are  ruined  and  consumed  in  the  end. 
Miserable  wretches,  to  fat  and  enrich  ourselves,  we  care  n<it  how  we  get  it,  Quncitti- 
quf  mndo  rtiti;  how  niaiiv  thousands  we  undo,  whom  we  oppress,  by  whose  ruin 
and  downfall  we  arise,  whoni  we  injure,  fatherless  children,  widows,  coinmoii  soci- 
eties, to  satisfy  our  own  private  lust.  Though  we  have  myriads,  abCmdance  of 
wealth  anil  treasure,  (pitiless,  merciless,  remorseless,  and  uncharitable  in  ibe  highest 
degree),  and  our  poor  brother  in  net-d,  sickness,  in  great  extremity,  and  now  ready 
to  be  starved  for  want  of  food,  we  had  rather,  as  the  fox  told  th«'  ape,  his  tail  should 
sweep  the  ground  still,  than  cover  his  buttocks  ;  rather  spend  it  idly,  consume  it  with 
dogs,  hawks,  hounds,  unnecessary  buildings,  in  riotous  apparel,  ingurgitate,  or  let  it 
be  lost,  than  be  sbould  have  part  of  it;  '*" rather  take  from  him  that  little  which  he 
hath,  than  relieve  him. 

Like  the  dog  in  the  manger,  we  neither  use  it  ourselves,  let  others  make  use  of  or 
enjoy  it ;  part  with  nothing  while  we  live :  for  want  of  disposing  our  household, 
and  setting  things  in  order,  set  all  the  world  together  by  the  ears  after  our  death. 
Poor  Lazarus  lies  howling  at  his  gates  for  a  few  crumbs,  he  only  seeks  chippings, 
oflals;  let  him  roar  and  howl,  famish,  and  eat  his  own  flesh,  he  respects  him  not. 
A  poor  decayed  kinsman  of  his  sets  upon  him  by  the  way  in  all  his  jollity,  and  runs 
begging  barebeaded  by  him,  conjuring  by  those  former  bonds  of  friendship,  alliance, 
consangi'inity,  kc,  uncle,  cousin,  brother,  father, 

"  Per  ego  ha*  lachrymal,  ileiirainque  luam  te, 

9t  quidqiiaiii  de  tr  loerui,  fuit  aut  tibi  (juidquam 
Duire  lueuui,  niiM-re  inei." 

••  Show  some  pity  for  Christ's  sake,  pity  a  sick  man,  an  old  man,  &.c.,"  he  care* 
not,  ride  on  :  pretend  sickness,  inevitable  loss  of  limbs,  goods,  plead  suretyship,  or 
shipwreck,  fires,  common  calamities,  show  thy  wants  and  imperfections, 

"  Et  »i  per  fanetum  Juratiii  dirat  Osyrim, 
C'redite,  noii  ludu,  cru<tele«  lollite  claudum.'* 

'•  Swear,  protest,  take  God  and  all  his  angels  to  witness,  quetre  peregrinum^  thou 
art  a  counterfeit  crank,  a  cheater,  he  is  not  touched  with  \U  pauper  ubi^ue  jacet^  ride 
on,  he  takes  no  notice  of  it."     Put  up  a  supplication  to  him  in  the  name  of  a  ibou- 

•■  DeliMuium  patitur  rhantai,  odium  ejui  loco  lucce-  |  ■  Heraelitu*.  ■■•Si  in  Kebeanam  abtt,  paapareaa  qmi 
dil.  Ba.iil.  .  aer.  iIh  instil,  iiion.  *^  Nudum  in  Kirpo  noo  alat.  quid  de  eo  det  qui  pauiwraia  dcoodalf 
^usrentes.  •*  Hircaaaique  admonint  ubera  tifrea.  j  Aiialia. 


Mem.  3.]  .    Charity.  44^ 

sand  orphans,  a  hospital,  a  spittel,  a  prison,  as  he  goes  by,  they  cry  out  to  him  for 
aid,  ride  on,  surdo  narras,  he  cares  not,  let  them  eat  stones,  devour  themselves  with 
vermin,  rot  in  their  own  dung,  he  cares  not.     Show  him  a  decayed  haven,  a  bridge, 
a  school,  a  fortification,  Stc.  or  some  public  work,  ride  on;  good  your  worsiiip, 
your  honour,  for  God's  sake,  your  country's  sake,  ride  on.     But  show  him  a  roli 
wherein  his  name  shall  be  registered  in  golden  letters,  and  commended  to  all  pos- 
tRrity,  his  arms  set  up,  with  his  devices  to  be  seen,  then  peradventure  he  will  stay 
and  contribute ;  or  if  thou  canst  thunder  upon  him,  as  Papists  do,  with  satisfactory 
and  meritorious  works,  or  persuade  him  by  this  means  he  shall  save  his  soul  out  of 
hell,  and  free  it  from  purgatory  (if  he  be  of  any  religion),  then  in  all  likeliiiood  he 
will  listen  and  stay ;  or  that  he  have  no  children,  no  near  kinsman,  heir,  he  cares 
for,  at  least,  or  cannot  well  tell  otherwise  how  or  where  to  bestow  his  possessions 
(for  carry  them  with  him  he  cannot),  it  may  be  then  he  will  build   some  school  or 
hospital  in  his  life,  or  be  induced  to  give  liberally  to  pious  uses  after  his  death.    For 
I  dare  boldly  say,  vain-glory,  tliat  opinion  of  merit,  and  this  enforced  necessity,  when 
tliey  know  not  otherwise  how  to  leave,  or  what  better  to  do  with  tliem,  is  the  main 
cause  of  most  of  our  good  works,     i  will  not  urge  this  to  derogate  from  any  man'a 
charitable  devotion,  or  bounty  in  this  kind,  to  censure  any  good  work;  no  doubt 
there  be  many  sanctified,  heroical,  and  worthy-minded  men,  that  in  true  zeal,  and 
for  virtue's  sake  (divine  spirits),  that  out  of  commiseration    and  pity  extend  their 
liberality,  and  as  much  as-  in  them  lies  do  good  to  all  men,  clothe  the  naked,  feed  the 
hungry,  comfort  the  sick  and  needy,  relieve  all,  forget  and  forgive  injuries,  as  true 
charity  requires ;  yet  most  part  there  is  simulatum  quid,  a  deal  of  hypocrisy  in  this 
kind,  nnu'li  default  and  defect.     '  Cosmo  de  Medici,  that  rich  citizen  of  Florence, 
ingeniously  confessed  to  a  near  friend  of  his,  that  would  know  of  him  why  he  built 
so  many  public  and  magnificent  palaces,  and  bestowed  so  liberally  on  scholars,  not 
that  he  loved  learning  more  than  others,  "  but  to  ^eternise  his  own  name,  to  be  im- 
mortal by  the  benefit  of  scholars ;  for  when  his  friends  were  dead,  walls  decayed, 
and  all  inscriptions  gone,  books  would  remain  to  the  world's  end."     The  lanthorn 
in  ^Athens  was  built  by  Zenocles,  the  theatre  by  Pericles,  the  famous  port  Pyra?um 
by  Musicles,  Pallas  Palladium  by  Phidias,  the  Pantheon  by  Callicratidas ;  but  these 
brave  monuments  are  decayed  all,  and  ruined  long  since,  their  builders'  names  alone 
llourish  by  meditation  of  writers.     And  as  ''he  said  of  that  3Iarian  oak,  now  cut 
down  and  dead,  nullius  Agricolcz  manu  viiUa  stirps  tarn  diulunia,  quani  qucB  poetce 
verm  scminari  potest,  no  plant  can  grow  so  long  as   that  which  is  ingcnio  sata,  set 
and  manured  by  those  ever-living  wits.     ^  AUon  Backuth,  that  weeping  oak,  under 
which  Deborah,  Rebecca's  nurse,  died,  and  was  buried,  may  not  survive  the  meniorv 
of  such  everlasting  monuments.     Vain-glory  and  emulation  (as  to  most  men)  was 
the  cause  eflicient,  and  to  be  a  trumpeter  of  his  own  fame,  Cosmo's  sole  intent  so  to 
do  good,  that  all  the  world  might  take  notice  of  it.     Such  for  the  most  part  is  the 
charity  of  our  times,  such  our  benefactors,  Meca^nates  and  patrons.  Show  me  amono-st 
so  many  myriads,  a  truly  devout,  a  right,  honest,  upright,  meek,  humble,  a  patient, 
innocuous,  innocent,  a  merciful,  a  loving,  a  charitable  man !     ^Probus  quis  nobiscum 

vioit?     Show  me  a  Caleb  or  a  Joshua!  Die  mihi  Musa  virum show  a  virtuous 

wom^n,  a  constant  wife,  a  good  neighbour,  a  trusty  servant,  an  obedient  child,  a 
true  friend,  &.c.  Crows  in  Africa  are  not  so  scant.  He  that  shall  examine  this 
'iron  age  wherein  we  live,  where  love  is  cold,  et  jam  terras  Astrea  reliquit,  justice 
fled  with  her  assistants,  virtue  expelled, 

8 "  Justitice  sornr, 

Iiicorrupta  fides,  nudaque  Veritas," 

all  goodness  gone,  where  vice  abounds,  the  devil  is  loose,  and  see  one  man  vilify 
and  insult  over  his  brother,  as  if  he  were  an  innocent,  or  a  block,  oppress,  tyrannise, 
prey  upon,  torture  him,  vex,  gall,  torment  and  crucify  him,  starve  him,  where  is 
charity  .?     He  that  shall  see  men  ®  swear  and  forswear,  lie  and  bear  false  witness,  to 


I  Jovius,  vita  ejus.  »  Immortalitatem  beneficio  i  sister  of  justice,  honour  luviolate,  and  naked  truth." 

Iiterariim,  iinmortali   glorinsa  quadam  ciipiriitate  con-  »Tull.   pro  Rose.      Mentiri   vis  causa   mea  ?  ego  vero 

cupivit.  (iuod  Gives quibus  benefecisset  perituri,niOBiiia  cupide  et  libenter  mentiar  tua  causa  ;  et  si  quando  me 

riiitura,  elsi  regiosumptu  ffidificata,  non  libri.        »  I'lu-  vis  perjurare,  ut  paululum  tu  compeni4ii  'aciaa,  para- 

tarch,  Pericle.        *  Tullius,  lib.  1,  de  legibus.        'Gen.  turn  fore  stito. 
*j[xv.8.        •  Hor.        1  Diirum  genus  sumus.        « '■  Ttie 

56 


442  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  i 

advantage  themselves,  prejudife  others,  hazard  goods,  lives,  fortunes,  credit,  all.  to 
be  revenged  on  their  enemies,  men  so  unspeakable  in  their  lusts,  unnatural  in  malice, 
f^uch  bloody  designments,  Italian  blaspheming,  Spanish  renouncing,  &c.,  may  well 
ask  where  is  charity  ?  He  tliat  shall  observe  so  many  lawsuits,  such  endless  con 
tentions,  such  plotting,  undermining,  so  much  money  spent  with  such  eagerness  ant! 
fury,  every  man  for  himself,  his  own  ends,  the  devil  for  all :  so  many  distressed 
souls,  such  lamentable  complaints,  so  many  factions,  conspiracies,  seditions,  oppres- 
sions, abuses,  injuries,  such  grudging,  repining,  discontent,  so  much  emulation,  envy, 
so  many  brawls,  quarrels,  monomachies,  Slc,  may  well  rc'([uire  what  is  become  of 
charily  .'  wlien  we  see  and  read  of  such  cruel  wars,  tumults,  uproars,  bloody  battles, 
so  many  '"men  slain,  so  many  cities  ruinated,  kc.  (for  what  tUv  is  tlie  subject  of  all 
our  stories  almost,  but  bills,  bows,  and  guns!)  so  many  murders  and  massacres,  kc, 
where  is  ciiarity  ;  Or  see  men  wholly  devote  to  God,  churchmen,  profes.sed  divines, 
holy  men,  ""  to  make  the  trumpet  of  the  gosprl  the  trumpet  of  war,"  a  company 
uf  hell-born  Jesuits,  and  fiery-spirited  friarSyf acem  prafirre  to  all  seditions  :  as  so 
many  firebrands  set  all  the  world  by  the  ears  (I  say  nothing  of  their  contentious  and 
railing  books,  wiiole  ages  spent  in  writing  one  against  another,  and  that  with  such 
virulency  and  bitterness,  Bionceis  sernionibus  el  sale  nigra),  and  by  their  bloody  in- 
tpiisitioiis,  that  in  thirty  years,  Bale  saith,  consumed  31)  princes,  148  earls,  '235 
barons,  14,755  commons;  worse  than  tiiose  ten  persecutions,  may  Jiistlv  doubt 
where  is  charity  .'  Ohstcro  vos  qualcs  hi  demum  Chrisliani !  Are  these  Christians  ? 
1  beseech  you  tell  me :  he  that  sliall  observe  and  see  these  things,  mav  say  to  them 
as  Cato  to  Ca'sar,  credo  quce  de  inferis  dicuntur  faha  eristirruis,  ''sure  I  think  thou 
art  of  oj)inion  there  is  neither  heaven  nor  hell."  Let  them  pretend  reli<;ion,  ze.il, 
make  what  shows  they  will,  give  alms,  peace-makers,  frequent  sermons,  if  we  may 
guess  at  the  tree  by  the  fruit,  they  are  no  belter  than  hypocrites,  epicures,  atheists, 
with  the  ^ '•  fool  in  their  hearts  they  say  there  is  no  Goil."  'Tis  no  marvel  then  if 
being  so  uncharitable,  hard-hearted  as  we  are,  we  have  so  frequent  and  so  many  iliscon- 
tents,  sueh  melancholy  fits,  so  many  bitter  pangs,  mutual  discords,  all  in  a  combus- 
tion, often  complaints,  so  coniiiion  grievances,  general  mischiefs,  si  tanlte  in  terrls 
tragtcdiiE,  (juibiis  labtfactutur  el  misere  laceratur  humanum  gewtSs  so  many  pesti- 
lences, wars,  uproars,  losses,  deluges,  fires,  inundations,  God's  vengeance  ami  all  the 
plagues  of  Egypt,  come  upon  us,  since  we  are  so  currish  one  towards  another,  so 
respeciless  of  God,  and  our  neighbours,  and  by  our  crying  sins  pull  these  miseries 
Jipon  our  own  heads.  Nay  more,  'tis  ju'stly  to  be  feared,  which  '^Josephus  once 
said  of  his  countrymen  Jews,  "if  the  Romans  hud  not  come  when  they  did  to  ."iack 
ihcir  city,  surely  it  had  been  swallowed  up  with  some  earthipiake,  deluj/e,  or  fired 
Irom  heaven  as  Sodom  and  Gomorrah  :  their  desperate  malice,  wickedness  and  pee- 
vishness was  such."  'Tis  to  be  suspected,  if  we  continue  these  wretched  ways,  we 
may  look  lur  the  like  heavy  visitations  to  come  upon  us.  If  we  had  any  sense  or 
feehng  of  these  things,  surely  we  should  not  go  on  as  we  do,  in  such  irregular 
courses,  practise  all  manner  of  impieties;  our  whole  carriage  woidd  not  be  so  averse 
Irom  God.  If  a  man  would  but  consider,  when  he  is  in  the  midst  and  full  career  of 
such  prodigious  and  uncharitable  actions,  how  displeasing  they  are  in  God's  sieht, 
how  noxious  to  himself,  as  Solomoh  told  Joab,  1  Kings,  ii.  ''The  Lord  shall  bring 
this  blood  upon  their  heads."  Prov.  i.  27,  "  sudden  desolation  and  destruction  shall 
come  like  a  whirlwind  upon  them:  affliction,  anguish,  the  reward  of  his  hand  shall 
be  given  him,"  Isa.  iii.  11,  itc,  "they  shall  fall  into  the  pit  they  have  digged  for 
others,"  and  when  they  are  scraping,  tyrannising,  getting,  wallowing  in  their  wea'th, 
"mis  lught,  O  tool,  I  will  lake  away  thy  soul,"  what  a  severe  account  thr>  must 
make;  and  how  ''gracious  on  the  other  side  a  charitable  man  is  in  God's  eyes, 
haurit  sibi  graliam.  Matt.  v.  7,  "  Blessed  are  the  merciful,  for  they  shall  obtain 
mercy  :  he  that  lendeth  to  the  poor,  gives  to  God,"  an<l  how  it  shall  be  restored  to 
them  again ;  "  how  by  their  patience  and  long-sufiering  they  shall  heap  coals  on 

'•Gallienun  in  Treb.  Pullio  lacpra.  ocriile,  mrn  mrntn     tfi     Putn  «i  Romani  rontra  new  rrnm  l»H»r»^n».  9Mt 
ira!«-«*r«'.     Rahii;  jt-cur  iiu-fiiUente  f*-ruiilur  jir  Hii  fiii^w  citilatiM  o 

Vuf)i»<MH  iif  Aur.liaii.     Tuntiiiii  Tuilil  ^aiisun  i  ac  .•*>Mlnnia  niin 

fum  qiiK  virii  |i..tiivit.       >>  Kvani^elii  tiibaiii  h<  u  (lopuli,  ice       >'B.-.  ..  « 

tiriiint:  III    (iiilpiliM  pao-m.  Ill  ci>llo<|iiii«  bcllnni   >ii.i-     -luc  vir  nii<i«riri>r>. 
deul.        >'i  Paal.  mi.  1.         '*  De  bello  Jiiilaico,  lib.  6.  c  I 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  1.] 


Love's  Power  and  Extent. 


443 


their  enemies'  heads,"  Rom.  xii.  "  and  he  that  foUoweth  after  righteousness  and 
merry,  shall  find  righteousness  and  glory;"  surely  they  would  check  their  desires, 
curb  in  iheir  unnatural,  inordinate  affections,  agree  amongst  themselves,  abstain  from 
doing  evil,  amend  their  lives,  and  learn  to  do  well,  "Behold  how. comely  and  o-ood 
a  thing  it  is  for  brethren  to  live  together  in  '*  union :  it  is  like  the  precious  ointment, 
&.C.  How  odious  to  contend  one  with  the  other!"  ^^ Miser iqiiid  Juctaliimculis 
hlsce  voluinus  ?  ecce  mors  supra  caput  est,  et  supreimim  illud  trilunal,  uU  et  dicta 
et  facta  nostra  examinanda  sunt :  Sapiamus !  "  Why  do  we  contend  and  vex  one 
another.?  behold  death  is  over  our  heads,  and  we  must  shortly  give  an  account  of  all 
our  uncharitable  words  and  actions  :  think  upon  it :  and  be  wise." 


SECT.  II.   MEMB.  I. 


SuBSECT.  T. — Heroical  love  causeth  Melancholy.  His  Pedigree,  Power,  and  Extent. 

L\  the  preceding  section  mention  was  made,  amongst  other  pleasant  objects,  of 
this  comeliness  and  beauty  which  proceeds  from  women,  that  causeth  heroical,  or 
love-melancholy,  is  more  eminent  above  the  rest,  and  properly  called  love.  The 
part  affected  in  men  is  the  liver,  and  therefore  called  heroical,  because  commonly 
gallants.  Noblemen,  and  the  most  generous  spirits  are  possessed  with  it.  His 
power  and  extent  is  very  large,  '"  and  in  that  twofold  division  of  love,  ^tXiiv  and  i^Mv 
'^  those  two  veneries  which  Plato  and  some  other  make  mention  of  it  is  most  emi- 
nent, and  zar'  ilox-riv  called  Venus,  as  I  have  said,  or  love  itself.  Which  although  it 
be  denominated  from  men,  and  most  evident  in  them,  yet  it  extends  and  shows  itself 
in  vegetal  and  sensible  creatures,  those  incorporeal  substances  (as  shall  be  specified), 
and  hath  a  large  dominion  of  sovereignty  over  them.  His  pedigree  is  very  ancient, 
derived  from  the  beginning  of  the  world,  as  '^  Phasdrus  contends,  and  his  -'^  parent- 
age of  such  antiquity,  that  no  poet  could  ever  find  it  out.  Hesiod  makes  ^'  Terra 
and  Chaos  to  be  Love's  parents,  before  the  Gods  were  born :  Ante  deos  omnes  pri- 
mum  generavit  amorem.  Some  think  it  is  the  self-same  fire  Prometheus  fetched  from 
heaven.  Plutarcli  amator.  libello,  will  have  Love  to  be  the  son  of  Iris  and  Favo- 
nius ;  but  Socrates  in  tliat  pleasant  dialogue  of  Plato,  when  it  came  to  his  turn  to 
speak  of  love,  (of  which  subject  Agatho  the  rhetorician,  magniloquus  Agatho,  that 
chaunter  Agatho,  had  newly  given  occasion)  in  a  poetical  strain,  lelleth  this  tale: 
M'lien  Venus  was  born,  all  the  gods  were  invited  to  a  banquet,  and  amongst  the  rest, 
^"  Porus  the  god  of  bounty  and  wealth ;  Penia  or  Poverty  came  a  begging  to  tlie 
door;  Porus  well  whittled  with  nectar  (for  there  was  no  wine  in  those  days)  walk- 
ing in  Jupiter's  garden,  in  a  bower  met  with  Penia,  and  in  his  drink  got  her  with 
chdd,  of  whom  was  born  Love;  and  because  he  was  begotten  on  Venus's  birthday, 
Venus  still  attends  upon  him.  The  moral  of  this  is  in  ^^Ficinus.  Another  tale  is 
there  borrowed  out  of  Aristophanes  :  ^^in  the  beginning  of  the  world,  men  had  four 
arms  and  four  feet,  but  for  their  pride,  because  they  compared  themselves  with  the 
gods,  were  parted  into  halves,  and  now  peradventure  by  love  they  hope  to  be  united 
again  and  made  one.  Otherwise  thus,  ^'Vulcan  met  two  lovers,  and  bid  them  ask 
what  they  would  and  they  should  have  it;  but  they  made  answer,  O  Vulcane  faber 
Dcorum,  S^x.  "  O  Vulcan  the  gods'  great  smith,  we  beseech  thee  to  work  us  anew 
in  thy  furnace,  and  of  two  make  us  one;  which  he  presently  did,  and  ever  since 
true  lovers  are  either  all  one,  or  else  desire  to  be  united."  Many  such  tales  you 
shall  find  in  Leon  Ilcbraeus,  dial.  3.  and  their  moral  to  them.  The  reason  why  Love 
was  still  painted  young,  (as  Phornutus  ^^and  others  will)  ""is  because  young  men 


'^Concordia  maens  ree  crescunt,  discordia  masimoe 
rfilaliiintur.  isj^ipsjus.  "  Memb.  1.  Siilis.  2. 

K  Ainnr  ft  ainicitia.  '^  Phsdrus  orat.  in  laiuleni 

amnris  Platoiiis  convivio.         20  Vide  Boccas.  de  Genial 
(leonini.  2'  See  the  moral  in  Pint,  of  that  fiction. 

2!  Atiliienti.fi  Deus.  '^Cap.  7.  Comment,  in  Plat, 

convivinni.  -<  See  more  in  Valesius,  lih.  3.  cont. 

mftd.  et  cont.  13.        -»  Vives  3.  de  anima ;  oramus  te  nt 
Cms  arlibus  et  caminis  nos  refingas,  et  exduobus  unuin 


facias ;  quoj  et  fecit,  et  exinde  amatores  uiinm  sunt  et 
unuin  esse  petuiit.  '^^Sce  more  in  Xatalis  Comes 

Iniag.  Deornni  Philostratns  de  Ima^inibus.  Lilius  Gi- 
raldus  Syntag.  do  diis.     Phornutus,  <fcc.  ^'  Juvenis 

pin!;itnr  quod  ainore  [derumque  juvenps  capiuntiir ;  sic 
et  mollis,  formosus,  nudus,  quod  simple.x  et  apertu3  hie 
atil'clus;  ridet  quod  oblectauientiira  pr<£  se  ferat,  cum 
pharetra,  &c. 


4  i4  Loi'e -Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2 

are  most  apt  t)  love;  soft,  fair,  and  fat,  because  such  folks  are  soonest  taken  :  nakec., 
hecanse  all  tri  e  afiection  is  simple  and  open :  he  smiles,  because  merry  and  given  to 
dclig-hts  :  hath  a  quiver,  to  show  his  power,  none  can  escape  :  is  blind,  because  he 
sofs  not  where  he  strikes,  whom  he  hits,  &.c."  His  power  and  sovereignty  is  ex- 
|)rossed  bv  the  *  poets,  in  that  he  is  held  to  be  a  god,  and  a  great  conunanding  god. 
aliove  Jnjnter  himself;  Magnus  Daemon,  as  Plato  calls  him,  the  strongest  and  juer- 
riest  of  all  the  gods  according  to  Alcinous  anil  **Athemeus.  Amor  virorum  rer,  amor 
rrr  rl  deiim,  as  Euripides,  the  god  of  gods  and  governor  of  men ;  for  we  must  all 
do  liomasre  to  him,  keep  a  holiday  for  his  deity,  adore  in  his  temples,  worship  his 
image,  (niimcn  enim  hoc  von  est  nudum  nomen)  and  sacrifice  to  his  altar,  that  conquera 
all,  and  rules  all: 

"•  •'  Mallem  rum  icone,  cc rvo  el  apro  iEolico, 
Cum  Aiili'o  ct  Slymplialiuid  avibus  liictari 
Uniiiii  cum  aiii'ire" 

'••  1  had  rather  contend  with  bulls,  lions,  bears,  and  giants,  than  with  Love ;"  he  is  so 

powerful,  enforceth  "all   to  pay  tribute  to  him,  domineers  over  all,  aiul   can  make 

mad  and  sober  whom  he  list ;  insomuch  that  Caicilius  in  Tully's  Tiisculans,  holds 

him  to  be  no  better  than  a  fool  or  an  idiot,  that  dotli  not  acknowledge  Love  to  be  a 

great  g^*<\- 

*-"Cui  in  mutiu  til  ijuem  e^^e  lieiiipiitem  v>lil, 
iiut-iii  ^^l|lt're,  giuiii  iii  iiiorbuui  iiijici,  &c." 

Tliat  can  make  sick,  and  cure  whom  he  list.  Homer  and  Stesichonis  were  both 
made  blind,  if  you  will  believe  ■'l^enn  Ih-breus,  for  speaking  against  his  godhead: 
and  though  Aristophanes  degrade  him,  and  say  that  he  wa.s  ^scornfully  rejected  from 
the  council  of  the  goil.s,  had  his  winifs  clipped  besides,  that  he  might  come  no  more 
amongst  them,  and  to  his  farther  disgrace  baiiislied  heaven  for  ever,  and  confined  to 
dwell  on  eaiih,  yet  he  is  of  tliat  ■''power,  majesty,  uuinipotency,  and  dominion,  that 
no  creature  can  withstand  him. 

**  '-  linperal  Ciipidn  •ttiaiii  ilii*  pro  arbitrio. 

£t  ip«uui  arc«re  iie  aruti^xtleii*  (xilot  Jupiler." 

lie  is  more  than  quarter-master  with  the  goiln, 

V ••  'I'eiiPl 

Theliilt!  arquor,  uoihra*  vf!aen,  ctkluiu  Jovo 

iiid  hath  not  so  much  possession  as  dominion.  Jupiter  hnnself  was  turned  into  a 
•atyr,  shepherd,  a  bull,  a  swan,  a  golden  shower,  and  what  not,  for  li»ve ;  that  as 
'  Luciun's  Juno  right  well  objectetl  lo  him,  Indus  amons  lu  es,  thi»u  art  Cupid's 
whirligig  :  how  did  he  insult  over  all  the  other  gods,  .Mars,  Neptune,  Pan,  ."Mercury, 
ISacchus,  and  the  rest.'  *^  Lucian  brings  in  Jupiter  complaining  of  Cu[iid  tlial  he 
lould  not  be  quiet  lor  him  ;  and  the  moon  lamenting  that  she  was  so  impotently  be- 
sotted on  Endymion,  even  Venus  herself  confessing  as  much,  how  rudely  and  in 
what  sort  her  own  son  Cupid  had  used  her  being  his  "^  nioiher,  ^»  now  drawing  her 
to  Mount  Ida,  for  the  love  of  chat  Trojan  .Anchises,  now  to  Libanus  for  that  Assyrian 
youth's  sake.  And  although  she  threatened  to  break  his  bow  and  arrows,  to  clip 
his  wings,  ^'and  whi|)ped  him  besides  on  the  bare  buttocks  with  her  phanlophlc,  yet 
all  would  not  serve,  he  was  too  headstrong  and  unruly."  That  monsler-conquermg 
Hercules  was  tamed  by  him  : 

"  Qiicm  iKin  mille  Terse,  quern  noti  Sthenelejui  b<)«li<,   I        VVbom  nultier  b^air*  nor  erii'oiii'it  coiild  lame. 
Sic  poluit  Juno  viacert- .  vicit  ainor."  j        Nor  Juno's  iniglit  auUlue,  1jov«  qufM'd  (Ik-  »auie. 

Your  bravest  soldiers  and  most  generous  spirits  are  enervated  with  it,  *^uhi  nntlieri' 
hus  blunditiis  permillunt  se,  el  irujuinantur  amplexibus.  Apollo,  thai  took  upon  him 
lo  cure  all  diseases,  "could  not  help  himself  of  this;  aiul  therefore  "  Socrates  calls 
Love  a  tyrant,  and  brings  him  triumphing  in  a  chariot,  whom  Petrarch  inwUites  in 
his  triimiph  of  Love,  and  Fracastorius,  in  an  elegant  poem  expresseth  at  large,  Cupid 
riding.  Mars  and  Apollo  following  his  chariot.  Psyche  weeping,  &c. 

In  vegetal  creatures  what  sovereignly  love  liath,  by  many  pregnant  proofs  and 

**  A  p«tt.v  Pope  claveii  hab«t  superorum  et  inO-roruui,  I  Heaven,  witb  Jovr."  —Tt>m.i.  ■  no. 

»5  Orpbeufi,  tc.  *  I.ib.  Vi.  cap.  5.  D)pbfio.-o.     umi.  3.  "Quippe  malrcin  i|>^  '.\* 

•»  Rf-gnal    el   in    guperns    ju«    hab<-i    ille   cleoa.     Ovul.     nie  aflicil.  nunc  in   IJam   ailii;>  n«   Aii' '  JccT" 

»  Pl.iulu*.  ^-'Seldcn  pro  leg.  3.  cap.  tie  (iiiii  S>ri!t.     «>  Janipriilern  ft  plaga<  i|wi   in    nalt*  ii>r>|.-,    -.I'aIki. 

■  Dial.  3.  **  A  coiirilio  Deorum  rt-jt?ctu(  el  ad  inajo-     *'  Altopihii,  ful.  7V.  o  N'ulli«  am>>r  nl  ni>tjicabilw 

rwin  pjua  ignoniiniani.  kc.  >*  Fulniini  concil.itior.  I  berbm.  **  Plularrh  in  Aiiialuriu.     Uictalor  quo 

*>  Sfiphnclen.  "  "  tie  divides  Die  empire  of  llie  »ea  I  creato  ceatanl  reliqui  maiialraiua. 

with   TheiK,  — of  ibe  Shade*,   with   i£acua,  —  of  t^te  1 


vlein   1   Subs.  1.]  Love's  Power  and  Extent.  445 

tainiliar  examples  ma}  be  proved,  especially  of  palm-trees,  which  are  both  he  and 
she,  and  express  not  a  sympathy  but  a  love-passion,  and  by  many  observations  have 
been  confirmed. 

«S"  Vivunt  in  venerem  frondes,  omnisque  vicissim 
Felix  arljor  amat,  nutaiit  et  miitua  palmae 
Foedera,  populeo  suspirat  pnpulus  irtu, 
Et  platano  platanus,  ainoque  assibilat  ainus." 

Constantine  de  Agric.  lib.  10.  cap.  4.  gives  an  instance  out  of  Florentius  his 
Georgics,  of  a  palm-tree  that  loved  most  fervently,  ^® "  and  would  not  be  comforted 
until  such  time  her  love  applied  herself  unto  her  ;  you  might  see  the  two  trees  bend, 
and  of  their  own  accords  stretch  out  their  boughs  to  embrace  and  kiss  each  other : 
they  will  give  manifest  signs  of  mutual  love."  Ammianus  Marcellinus,  lib.  24,  re- 
ports that  they  marry  one  another,  and  fall  in  love  if  they  grow  in  sight ;  and  when 
the  wind  brings  the  smell  to  them,  they  are  marvellously  affected.  Philostratus  in 
Imaginibus,  observes  as  much,  and  Galen  lib.  6.  de  locis  affectis^  cap.  5.  they  will  be 
sick  forluve;  ready  to  die  and  pine  away,  which  the  husbandmen  perceiving,  saith 
"'Constantine,  "stroke  many  palms  that  grow  together,  and  so  stroking  again  the 
palm  that  is  enamoured,  they  carry  kisses  from  the  one  to  the  other :"  or  tying  the 
leaves  and  branches  of  the  one  to  the  stem  of  the  other,  will  make  them  both 
flourish  and  prosper  a  great  deal  better:  ''^"  which  are  enamoured,  they  can  perceive 
by  the  bending  of  boughs,  and  inclination  of  their  bodies."  If  any  man  think  this 
which  I  say  to  be  a  tale,  let  him  read  that  story  of  two  palm-trees  in  Italy,  the  male 
growing  at  Brundusium,  the  female  at  Otranto  (related  by  Jovianus  Pontanus  in  an 
excellent  poem,  sometimes  tutor  to  Alphonsus  junior.  King  of  Naples,  his  secretary 
of  state,  and  a  great  philosopher)  "  which  were  barren,  and  so  continued  a  long 
time,"  till  they  came  to  see  one  another  growing  up  higher,  though  many  stadiums 
asunder.  Pierius  in  his  Hieroglyphics,  and  Melchior  Guilandinus,  Mem.  3.  tract,  de 
papyro.  cites  this  story  of  Pontanus  for  a  truth.  See  more  in  Salmuth  Comment,  in 
Pancirol.  de  JVova  rcpert.  Tit.  1.  de  noco  orbc,  Mizaldus  Arcanorum  lib.  2.  Sand's 
Voyages,  lib.  'Z.fol.  103.  S^-c. 

U  such  fury  be  in  vegetals,  what  shall  we  think  of  sensible  creatures,  how  much 
more  violent  and  apparent  shall  it  be  in  them ! 

.„  ,  „  ,  .  •     .  u      •  e    „....„  I  "  All  kind  of  creatures  in  the  earth, 

^9"  Oiiine  adeo  genus  in  terns  hnmiiiiimque  fcrarum.  And  fi  he*  of  the  «ea 

Et  Kenus  squoreum,  pecudes.  picta-qne  volucres  ^^^^   ^^^~^^^j  ^j^^,^  ,,;  ^'       ^y^^^ 

In  furias  ignemque  ruunt ;  amor  omnihns  idem.  j  ^I^J^  ,^^.^  [^^^^^  equal  sway." 

50"  Ilic  Deus  et  terras  et  niaria  alta  doinal." 

Common  experience  and  our  sense  will  inform  us  how  violently  brute  beasts  are 

carried  away  with  this  passion,  horses  above  the  rest, furor  est  insignis  equa- 

rum.  ^'"  Cupid  in  Lucian  bids  Venus  his  mother  be  of  good  cheer,  for  he  was  now 
familiar  with  lions,  and  oftentimes  did  get  on  their  backs,  hold  them  by  the  mane, 
and  ride  them  about  like  horses,  and  they  would  fawn  upon  him  s\'\l\\  their  tails." 
Bulls,  bears,  and  boars  are  so  furious  m  this  kind  they  kill  one  another :  but  espe- 
cially cocks,  ^^  lions,  and  harts,  which  are  so  fierce  that  you  may  hear  them  fight 
half  a  mile  ofT,  saiih  ^^Turberville,  and  many  times  kill  each  other,  or  compel  them 
to  abandon  the  rut,  that  they  may  remain  masters  in  their  places ;  "  and  when  one 
hath  driven  his  co-rival  away,  he  raiseth  his  nose  up  into  the  air,  and  looks  aloft,  as 
though  he  gave  thanks  to  nature,"  which  affords  him  such  great  delight.  How  birds 
are  affected  in  this  kind,  appears  out  of  Aristotle,  he  will  have  them  to  sing  obfutu- 
ram  venerem^  for  joy  or  in  hope  of  their  venery  which  is  to  come. 

"■■.'E(;ri;i'  prinium  volucres  te  Diva  tnumque 
SigiiiticHnt  initiiin,  pircnlsiL-  corda  tua  vi." 

"Fishes  pine  away  for  love  and  wax  lean,"  if  "Gomesius's  authority  may  be  taken, 
and  are  rampant  too,  some  of  them:   Peter  Gellius,  lib.  10.  de  hist,  annual,  tells 

«Claudian.   descript.  vener.   auls.    "Trees   are   in-    hitns  eratiam  facit.  ■>8(iiiam  vero  ipsa  deside ret 

fluenced  hv  love,  atid  every  fjniirlshinp  tree  in  turn  feels  !  afiVctu  ramoriim  significat,  et  adiillam  respir.it ;  aman- 
the  passion  :  pahns  nod  mutual  vows,  poplar  sijhs  to  '  tiir,  &;c.  «Vir?.  3.  Georg.  Mpropertiiis.  »'  Uial. 
poplar,  plane  to  plane,  and  alder  breathes  to  alder."  deoruni.  Confide  mater,  leonibus  ipsis  fanriliaris  jam 
•:«  N'eque  prius   in    iis  desideriiim  ressat  dum  dejiclns  |  faetus  sum,  et  sa-pe  consceiidi  eorum  ter^-a  et  appre- 


cons(detur;  vidercenim  est  ipsam  arhorem  incurvatani, 
ultro  raniis  ab  utrisquc  vinissini  ad  osculum  e.\porrectis. 
Manifesta   dant   mutiij    dcsidcrii    signa.  ■■"  Mullas 

palmas  conliiiEens  quE  sinml  crcscunt.  riirsusque  ad 
amantem  n-grediens,  ennique  inanu  aitintrens.  quasi 
osculum  muluo  minislrare  videtur,  et  expediti  coiicu- 


hendi  jubas;  eqiinrum  more  insidens  eos  asito,  el  illi 
niihi  caiidis  adblandiuntur.  ^2  Leones  \>r£  amore 

furunt,  Plin.  1.8.  c.  Iti.  Arist.  I.  6.  hist.  aMininl.       k)  Cap. 
17.  of  his  book  of  hunting.  ^  Lurrftius.  b;  Ug 

sale  lib.  I.  c.  21.   Pisces  ob  amorem  marccscunt,  pallcs- 
cunt,  to. 


2N 


4  46  Love-Melanchohj.  [Part.  3.  Ser.  2. 

wonders  of  a  triton  in  Epirus :  there  was  a  well  not  far  from  the  shore,  where  the 
country  wenches  fetched  water,  they,  **tiitons,  stuprl  causa  would  set  upon  them 
and  carry  them  to  the  sea,  and  there  drown. them,  if  tliey  would  not  yield  ;  so  love 
tyranniseth  in  dumb  creatures.  Yet  this  is  natural  for  one  beast  to  dote  upon  an- 
other of  the  same  kind ;  but  wliat  strange  fury  is  tliat,  when  a  beast  shall  dote  upon 
a  n)an.'  Saxo  Grannnaticus,  lib.  lU.  Diii\  hist,  haih  a  story  of  a  bear  that  loved  a 
woman,  kept  her  in  his  lUm  a  long  time  and  begot  a  son  of  her,  out  of  whose  loins 
proceeded  many  northern  kings :  tliis  is  the  original  belike  of  that  conunon  tale  of 
Valentine  and  Orson  :  iElian,  Pliny,  Peter  Giliius,  are  full  of  such  relations.  A  pea- 
rock  in  Lucadia  loved  a  n'.aid,  and  when  she  died,  the  jieacock  pined.  ^'"  A  dolphin 
loved  a  bov  called  Hernias,  and  when  he  died,  the  lish  came  on  lanil,  and  so  perished." 
Tlie  like  adds  Gellius,  lib.  10.  cap.  22.  out  of  Appion,  .Ei^ijpt.  lib.  15.  a  dolphin  at 
Putcoli  loved  a  child,  would  come  often  to  him,  let  him  get  on  his  back,  and  carry 
him  about,  "^*and  when  by  sickness  the  child  was  taken  away,  tlie  dolpiiin  died." — 
''"••  Every  book  is  full  (saith  Busbequius,  the  emperor's  orator  with  the  grand  signior, 
not  long  since,  ep.  3.  legal.  Tiirc.).,  and  yields  such  instances,  to  believe  which  1 
was  always  afraid  lest  1  should  be  thought  to  give  credit  to  fables,  untd  I  saw  a  lynx 
which  I  hud  from  Assyria,  so  afl'ected  towards  one  of  my  men,  that  it  cannot  be 
denied  but  that  he  was  in  love  with  him.  When  my  n)an  was  present,  the  beast 
would  use  many  in)table  enticements  and  |)leasant  motions,  arul  when  he  was  going, 
hold  him  h;ick,  and  look  after  him  when  he  was  gone,  verv  sad  in  iiis  altsence,  but 
most  jocund  when  he  returned  :  and  when  my  man  went  frt>m  me,  the  beast  e.xpreased 
his  love  with  continual  sickness,  and  after  he  had  pined  away  some  few  days,  liied." 
.'^nch  another  story  he  halh  of  a  crane  of  .Majorca,  that  loved  a  Spaniard,  that  would 
walk  any  way  with  him,  and  in  his  absence  seek  about  fi>r  him,  make  a  noise  that 
he  might  ht-ar  her,  and  knock  at  his  door,  **'"and  when  he  took  liis  last  farewell, 
famished  herself."     Such  pretty  pranks  can  love  play  with  birds,  tishes,  beasts: 

•'  ••('u'l^.tii  xthtTi*.  I*. mi,  tt-rrje  clavi*  li.ifM-t  Wiiut, 
iS>l:ique  l>loruui  ■•miiiHiiii  llli|irriillu  otitlllCl."^ 

and  if  all  Ije  certain  that  is  credibly  reported,  with  the  spirits  of  the  air,  and  devils 
of  hell  themselves,  wht)  are  as  much  enamoured  and  dote  (if  I  may  use  that  word) 
as  any  other  creatures  whatsoever.  For  if  those  stories  be  true  that  are  written  of 
incubus  and  succubus,  ai  nymphs,  lascivious  fauns,  satyrs,  and  those  heathen  gods 
which  were  devils,  tliose  '  s  Telchines,  of  whom  the  Platonists  tell  so  many 

fal)les;  or  those  familiar  i  a  our  days,  and  conifKiny  of  witches  and  devils, 

there  is  some  proba!)ility  Um  u.  1  know  that  Piarmannus,  Wierus,  lib.  1.  cap.  19. 
ft  24.  and  some  others  stoutly  ileny  it,  that  the  divil  hath  any  carnal  copulation  with 
women,  that  the  devil  takes  no  pleasure  in  such  facts,  they  be  mere  fantasies,  all 
such  relations  of  incul>i,  succubi,  lies  and  tales;  but  Austin,  lib.  15.  de  civil.  JJeiy 
doih  acknowledge  it:  Era.r.lus  de  Liimiis,  Jacobus  Sprenger  and  his  Cf)lleagues,  Stc. 
''-  Zunchius.  cap.  1 1\.  lib.  4.  d''  np*'r.  Dei.  Dandinus,  in  Jrisl.  de  Jnimd,  lib.  2.  If.rl.  29. 
com.  'H).  Podin,  lib.  2.  cap.  7.  and  Paracelsus,  a  great  champion  of  this  tenet  amongst 
the  rest,  wliich  give  sundry  peculiar  instances,  by  many  testimonies,  proofs,  and  con- 
fessions evince  it.  Hector  Boeiliius,  in  his  Scottish  history,  hath  tliree  <^r  four  such 
examples,  which  Cardan  contirms  out  of  him,  lib.  !(>.  cup',  l.i.  of  such  as  have  hat. 
familiar  company  many  years  w  itli  them,  and  that  in  the  habit  of  men  and  w<jmen 
Philostratus  in  his  fourth  book  dc  rila  .ipollonti,  hath  a  memorable  instance  in  this 
kind,  which  I  may  not  omit,  of  one  Menippus  Lycius,  a  young  man  twenty-live  years 
of  age,  that  going  between  Cenchreas  and  Corinth,  met  such  a  phantasm  m  the  habit 
of  a  fair  gentlewoman,  which  taking  him  by  the  hand,  carritd  him  home  to  her 
house  in  tlie  suburbs  of  Corinth,  and  told  him  she  was  a  Phu-nician  by  birth,  and 
if  lie  would  tarry  with  her,  "-he  should  hear  her  sing  and  plav,  and 'drink  such 


«« Haiiriendie   aque  cauM   veni>-ntP3   ex   in«i(lii>  a  deriuni   tuum    (ectatu*   pn«I   inrdiam  ali.|.i..i   .11.  rum 

Trit..i.rr..iii|ir.heiitMt;.  4.C.  "  riiii.  I.  10.  c.  5.  .|H'iiii.  inlrriil.         "  Orpti«u»  li>uiiiu  Veil.    -X.  ■    e 

J  !.   af".riii  I.  unHsi.ite  Kr"*"*'  H.ri.i.i,.  in  siico  piftm  keyi  of  llie  air.  lanh,  wa.  anil  ►lie  hi 

'iviroit  -^  l'o:jtqnain    pm-r  nmrbo  aluil,  H.   n».c  c.jiiirii.ui.l    .  f  .ill  "'  ''-(iMJ    l..ic     m  .1 

•!  il.  ^Tl.-iii  siiiit  liliri  t|inli'ii  f.ra   III  In. 

'■  •  :jinats  riierunt.  in   quibu     rgn   riiii.lini  <^- ' 

>  -  Hii  diiglinui.  v.-ri(u«  ne  fabiiliwa  rmlt;.  iju  .  ,.:.in 

f.-iii     ii.ii.c    M.li   lynceiii  quHin   liahui  tt,  .A»»)ria.  mc  pukli/.>  a.il..m  lu;(.IjXl,  cuuUuic  m  u  ji   el  luuti.-i. 
aOi'tliiiu  crga  unuiu  de  nieii  buaiiuibu*.  ice         "Drti- 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  1.]  Love's  Power  and  Extent.  447 

wine  as  never  any  drank,  and  no  man  should  molest  him  ;  but  she  beinij  fair  and 
lo\ely  would  live  and  die  with  him,  that  was  fair  and  lovely  to  behold."  The 
young  man  a  philosopher,  otherwise  staid  and  discreet,  able  to  moderate  his  pas- 
.sions,  though  not  this  of  love,  tarried  with  her  awhile  to  his  great  content,  and  at 
last  married  her,  to  whose  wedding,  amongst  other  guests,  came  Apollonius,  who, 
by  some  probable  conjectures,  found  her  out  to  be  a  serpent,  a  lamia,  and  that  ail  her 
furniture  was  like  Tantalus's  gold  described  by  Homer,  no  substance,  but  mere  illu- 
sions. When  she  saw  herself  descried,  she  wept,  and  desired  Apollonius  to  be  silent, 
but  he  would  not  be  moved,  and  thereupon  she,  plate,  house,  and  all  that  was  in  it, 
vanished  in  an  instant :  ''^  *■'  many  thousands  took  notice  of  this  fact,  for  it  was  done  in 
the  midst  of  Greece."  Sabine  in  his  Comment  on  the  tenth  of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses, 
at  the  tale  of  Orpheus,  telleth  us  of  a  gentleman  of  Bavaria,  that  for  many  months 
together  bewailed  the  loss  of  his  dear  wife ;  at  length  the  devil  in  her  habit  came 
and  comforted  him,  and  told  him,  because  he  was  so  importunate  for  her,  that  she 
would  come  and  live  with  him  again,  on  that  condition  he  would  be  new  married, 
never  swear  and  blaspheme  as  he  used  formerly  to  do;  for  if  he  did,  she  should  be 
gone  :  *^^  ■'  he  vowed  it,  married,  and  lived  with  her,  she  brought  him  children,  and 
governed  his  house,  but  was  still  pale  and  sad,  and  so  continued,  till  one  day  falling 
out  with  him,  he  fell  a  swearing;  she  vanished  thereupon,  and  was  never  after  seen. 
^^  This  I  have  heard,"  saith  Sabine,  "■  from  persons  of  good  credit,  which  told  me  tliat 
the  Duke  of  Bavaria  did  tell  it  for  a  certainty  to  the  Duke  of  Saxony."  One  more 
I  will  relate  out  of  Florilegus,  ad  annum  1058,  an  honest  historian  of  our  nation^ 
because  he  telleth  it  so  confidently,  as  a  thing  in  those  days  talked  of  all  over 
Europe  :  a  young  gentleman  of  Rome,  the  same  clay  that  he  w^as  married,  after  din- 
ner with  the  bride  and  his  friends  went  a  walking  into  the  fields,  and  towards  even- 
ing to  the  tennis-court  to  recreate  himself;  whilst  he  played,  he  put  his  ring  upon 
the  finger  of  Venus  statua,  which  was  thereby  made  in  brass  ;  after  he  had  sufficiently 
played,  and  now  made  an  end  of  liis  sport,  he  came  to  fetch  his  ring,  but  Yenus  had 
bowed  her  finger  in,  and  he  could  not  get  it  off.  Whereupon  loth  to  make  his  com- 
pany tarry  at  present,  there  left  it,  intending  to  fetch  it  the  next  day,  or  at  some  more 
convenient  time,  went  thence  to  supper,  and  so  to  bed.  In  the  night,  when  he  sliould 
come  to  perform  those  nuptial  rites,  Venus  steps  between  him  and  his  wife  (unseen 
or  felt  of  her),  and  told  her  that  she  was  his  wife,  that  he  had  betrothed  himself  unto 
her  by  that  ring,  which  he  put  upon  her  finger :  she  troubled  him  for  some  follow- 
ing nights.  He  not  knowing  how  to  help  himself,  made  his  moan  to  one  Palumbus, 
a  learned  magician  in  those  days,  who  gave  him  a  letter,  and  bid  him  at  such  a  time 
of  the  night,  in  such  a  cross-way,  at- the  town's  end,  where  old  Saturn  would  pass 
by  with  his  associates  in  procession,  as  commonly  he  did,  deliver  that  script  with 
his  own  hands  to  Saturn  himself;  the  young  man  of  a  bold  spirit,  accordingly  did 
it ;  and  when  the  old  fiend  had  read  it,  he  called  Ven-us  to  him,  who  rode  before  him, 
and  cammanded  her  to  deliver  his  ring,  winch  forthwith  slie  did,  and  so  the  gentle- 
man was  freed.  Many  such  stories  I  find  in  several  '"'authors  to  confirm  tliis  which 
I  have  said ;  as  .that  more  notable  amongst  the  rest,  of  Philinium  and  .Macliates  in 
®*  Phlegon's  Tract,  de  rebus  mirahililms^  and  though  many  be  against  it,  yet  I,  for  my 
j)art,  will  subscribe  to  Lactantius,  lib.  14.  cap.  15.  ®°"God  sent  angels  to  the  tuition 
of  men  ;  but  whilst  they  lived  amongst  us,  that  miscliievous  all-commander  of  the 
earth,  and  hot  in  lust,  enticed  tliem  by  little  and  little  to  this  vice,  and  defiled  them 
with  the  company  of  women  :  and  Anaxagoras,  de  resurrect.  ™Many  of  those  spi- 
ritual bodies,  overcome  by  the  love  of  maids,  and  lust,  failed,  of  whom  those  were 
born  we  call  giants."  Justin  Martyr,  Clemens  Alexandrinus,  Sulpitiu.-"  Severus, 
Eusebius,  Stc,  to  this  sense  make  a  twofold  fall  of  angels,  one  from  the  oeginning 
of  the  world,  another  a  little  before  the  deluge,  as  Moses  teacheth  us,  "'  openly  pro- 
fessing that  these  genii  can  beget,  and  have  carnal  copulation  with  women.    At  Japan 

"  Multi  factum  lior,  cognovere,  quod  in  media  Grjpcia  i  misit  ad  tutclam  cultumque  generis  humani ;  sfid  illns 
gfstiim  sit.  65  liL'in  curans  doniesticain,  ut  ante,  |  cum  hominibus  cominoraiites,  doniinator  illeterra;  sala- 

peperit  aliquot  lilieros,  semper  tameu  tristis  et  [lallida.  j  cissimus  paulatim  ad  vitia  pelle.vit,  et  inulierum  coii- 
*>  H;ec  audivi  a  multis  tiile  dignis  qui  asseveral-ant  du-    gressibus  iii(|uinavit.  ">(iurlam  ex  illo  capti  sunt 

cem  Bavarian  eadem  rctiili.sse  Duci  Sa.vniii^  pro  veris.    amore  virginuui.  et  libidine  vitti  ilefecernnt,  ex  quibiia 
"■  I'iibula  Daiiiaiati    el    Aristoiiis   in    Herddoio   lib.  C.  uiiyantKS  qui  vocaiuur,  nati  i-iiul.  ''Pertriusia 

Eraiu.  6t  Interpret  Mersi:  isaUeus  Anjjelos    Gen.  liii.  tj.  c.  C.  ver.  1.  Zanc.  &,c. 


448  Lovc-Mehincholy.  [Part.  3    Sect.  2 

in  the  East  Indies,  at  this  present  (if  we  may  believe  the  relation  of  "  travcllers\ 
there  is  an  idol  called  Teuchedy,  to  whom  one  of  the  fairest  virgins  in  the  country 
is  monthly  brought,  and  left  in  a  private  room,  in  the  foloqni,  or  church,  where  &he 
sits  alone  to  be  deflowered.  At  certain  times  '^  the  Teuchedy  (which  is  thought  to 
be  the  devil)  appears  to  her,  and  knoweth  her  carnally.  Every  month  a  fair  virgin 
is  taken  in;  but  what  becomes  of  the  old,  no  man  can  tell.  In  that  goodly  temple 
of  Jupiter  Belus  in  Babylon,  there  was  a  fair  chapel,  '^saith  Hcroiiotus,  an  eye-wit- 
ness of  it,  in  which  was  sphndide  stratus  lectus  et  apposita  viensn  aurea^  a  brave 
bed,  a  table  of  gold,  Slc,  into  which  no  creature  came  but  one  only  woman,  which 
their  god  made  choice  of,  as  the  Chaldean  priests  told  him,  and  that  their  god  lay 
with  her  himself,  as  at  Thebes  in  -^gypt  was  the  like  done  of  old.  So  that  you  see 
this  is  no  news,  the  devils  themselves,  or  their  juggling  priests,  have  played  such 
pranks  in  all  ages.  Many  divines  stiflly  contradict  this ;  but  I  will  conclude  with 
"Lipsius,  that  since  ''examples,  testimonies,  and  confessions,  of  those  unhappy 
women  are  so  manifest  on  the  other  side,  and  many  even  in  this  our  town  of 
Louvain,  tiiat  it  is  likely  to  be  so.  "One  thing  I  will  add,  tiiat  I  su|)pose  that 
in  no  age  past,  I  know  not  by  what  destiny  of  this  uidiappy  time,  have  there 
ever  appeared  or  showed  themselves  so  many  lecherous  devils,  satyrs,  and  genii, 
as  in  this  of  ours,  as  appears  by  the  daily  narrations,  and  ju(hcial  sentences  upon 
record."  Read  more  of  this  question  in  Plutarch,  rit.  .\Hw/<r,  Austin  de  civ. 
Dei.  lib.  15.  Wierus,  lib.  3.  dc  prcvsfig.  Diem.  CJiraldus  Cambrensis,  itinerar. 
Cainb.  lib.  1.  yiuUvuSy  jfuilejic.  qucest.  b.  part.  1.  Jacobus  Keussus,  lib.  5.  cap.  0. 
fol.  54.  Godehnan,  /ii.  2.  cap.  4.  Eraslus,  Vulrsius  de  sacra  philo.  cup.  40.  John 
Nider,  Fomicar.  lib.  5.  cnp.  9.  Stroz.  Cict)gna.  lib.  3.  cap.  3.  Delrio,  Lipsius 
Bodine,  dcemonol.  lib.  2.  cap.  7.  Pererius  in  (Jen.  lib.  8.  in  0.  cap.  ver.  2.  King 
James,  S(.c. 

Slbsect.  II. — How  Lui-e  tyranms'-tk  m-er  men.     Loce,  or  Heroical  AJilancholy,  Ins 

dejinition,  part  affected. 

You  have  heard  how  this  tyrant  Love  rageih  with  brute  beasts  and  spirits ;  now 
let  us  consider  what  passions  it  causeth  amongst  men. 

"" Improbe  amor  quid  non  mortalia  pectora  cugisf     IIow  it  tickles  the  hearts  of 

mortal  men,  Horresco  referensj 1  am  almost  afraid   to  relate,  amazed,  "and 

ashamed,  it  hath  wrought  such  stujMjiidous  and  pnuhgiuus  tlllcts,  such  foul  oilL-nces. 
Love  indeed  [^l  may  not  deny)  hrst  united  provinces,  built  cities,  and  by  a  perjieiual 
generation  makes  and  preseives  mankind,  propagates  the  church ;  but  if  it  rage  it  is 
no  more  love,  but  burning  lust,  a  disease,  frenzy,  madness,  hell.  ''^  Est  orcus  illr, 
vis  est  immrdicabilis,  est  rabies  insana;  'lis  no  virtuous  habit  this,  but  a  vehement 
perturbation  of  the  mind,  a  motjster  of  nature,  wit,  and  art,  as  Alexis  in  "^Athenxus 
sets  it  out,  ririliter  audax,  muHebriler  liinidum,  furore  praceps,  labore  injractum^ 
mel fclUiun.,  blanda  percttssio,  6fc.  It  subverts  kingdoms,  overthrows  cities,  towns, 
families,  mars,  corruj)ts,  and  makes  a  massacre  of  men  ;  tliunder  and  lightning,  wart., 
fires,  plagues,  have  not  done  that  mischief  to  mankind,  as  this  burning  lust,  this 
brutish   passion.     Let  Soduin  and  Gomorrah,  Troy,  (which  Dares   Phrygius,  and 

Dictis  Cretensis  will  make  good)  and  I  know  not  how  many  cities  bear  record, 

et  fiiit  ante  Hclrnam,  tSc,  all  succeeding  ages  will  .sub.scribe :  Joanna  of  Kaj»le«  in 
Italy,  Fredegunde  and  Brunhalt  in  France,  all  histories  are  full  of  these  basilisks. 
Besides  those  daily  monomachies,  murders,  etiiisioii  of  blood,  ra|)es,  riot,  and  immu- 
derate  expense,  to  satisfy  their  lusts,  beggary,  shame,  loss,  torture,  punishment,  dis- 
grace, loathsome  diseases  that  proceed  from  thence,  worse  than  calenture^  and  |K.'sti- 
lent  fevers,  those  often  gouts,  pox,  arthritis,  palsies,  cramps,  sciulica,  convuUiuiis, 
aches,  combustions,  &.c.,  which  torment  the  body,  that  feral  melancholy  which  cru- 
cities  the  soul  in  this  life,  and  everlastingly  torments  in  the  world  to  c«iiiie. 

Notwithstanding  they  know  these  and  many  such  miseries,  threats,  turtures,  will 

TurrhoK  Hark  jMistli.  par.  I.  till  4.cap  1.  S.  7-  "In 
»'llO.  '*  IhMisi  ipse  lioccutiili  rxqiiiur-rrhd.  '»  t*ll>>|i>li>. 
fixSioicoriiiii  I.  l.cap.-JU.  Si  lipiritus  un>le  W'incn  ii-'.&c-. 
al  «i.-iiiplit  tiirliaiit  iii>!i;  iiiiilitruiii  (|iMliiliaiiu.' oiiid-!.- 
■ioiifx  (!>'  iiii4ti>>ne  oniiil-ii  n!<«i'riiiit.  d  »uiit  in  hac  urtx' 
Lovaiim  exeiuplo.  '*  Liiuoi  dixcru,  uuii  upiiiari    v.  1:^  i"  f  lutaicti,  kutatur  liu. 


':■'  rvo 

taiiiai 

•  -sm. 

,   Oiii 

■  ■ruin 

IIIC 

..irrati 

•iiien. 

, 

■  fr. 

ii:;I. 

1  •■ 

r  ii   1- 

«k 

>l°  llMlM  llli 

iiie«  Hhicli  an- 

d< 

(ii>- 

..Itli.-,, 

..i.U 

Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Love''3  Power  and  Extent.  449 

5urc'ly  come  upon  them,  rewards,  exhortations,  e  contra;  yet  either  out  of  their  own 
weakness,  a  depraved  nature,  or  love''s  tyranny,  which  so  furiously  rageth,  they  suffer 
themselves  to  he  led  like  an  ox  to  the  slaughter :  [Facilis  desceaisus  Jlverni)  they 
go  down  headlong  to  their  own  perdition,  they  will  commit  folly  with  beasts,  men 
••  leaving  the  natural  use  of  women,"  as  ^'  Paul  saith,  "  burned  in  lust  one  towards 
another,  and  man  with  man  wrought  filthiness." 

Semiramis  eqao.,  Pasiphae  tanro,  Aristo  Ephesius  asince  se  comnilscuit,  Fulvius  equce., 
alii  canibus,  capris,  S^c.  unde  monstra  naf^cuntur  aUquandu.,  Centauri,  Sylvani,  et  ad 
lerrorem  hominum  prodigiosa  spectra :  J\\'c  cum  hrutis,  sed  ipsis  hominibus  rem  ha- 
bent,  quud  peccatiun  Sodomiae  vulgb  dicitur ;  et  frequens  ollm  vitiuin  apud  Orienlalis 
illosfuit,  Grtecos  nimirum,,  Italos,  Afros,  Asianos:  *- Hercules  Hylam  habidt^  Poly- 
cletum,  Dionem,  Perithoonta,  Abderum  et  Phryga;  alii  et  Euristium  ab  Ilercule  ama- 
tum  tradunt.  Socrates  pulchrorum  Jldolescentum  causa  frequens  Gymnasium  adibat, 
Jlagitiosque  spectaculo  pascebal  oculos,  quod  et  Philebus  et  Phsedon  Rivales,  Charm- 
ides  et  ^^reliqui  Platonis  Dialogic,  satis  superque  testatum  faciunt :  quud  verb  Alci- 
biades  dc  eodem  Socrate  loqualur^  lubcns  conticesco,  sed  et  abhorreo ;  tantum  incila- 
mentum  prmbet  Ubidini.  At  hunc  perstrinxit  Theodoretus  lib.  de  curat,  grccc.  affect. 
cap.  ultimo.  Quin  et  ipse  Plato  suum  demiratur  Agathonem,  Xenophon,  Cliniam, 
•  Virgilius  Alexin,  Anacreon  Balhyllum :  Quod  autem  de  Nerone,  Claudio,  ccsterorum- 
que  portentosd  Ubidine  memori(Z  proditum,  malleni  a  Petronio,  Suetonio,  ccelerisque 
petatis.,  quandu  omnem  Jidcm  exccdat^  quUm  a  me  expectetis ;  sed  Vetera  querimur. 
'*^Jlpud  Asianos,  Turcas,  Ttalos,  nunquhn  frequentius  hoc  quuvi  hodierno  die  vitium; 

Diana  Romanorum  Sodomia;  ojjicince  horum  alicubi  apud  Turcas, "^ui  saxis 

semina  mandanO'' arenas  arantes;  et  frcquentes  querela^  etiam  inter  ipsos  con- 

juges  hac  de  re,  qua3  virorum  concubitum  illicitum  calceo  in  oppositam  partem  verso 
magistratui  indicant;  nullum  apud  Italos  familiare  magis  peccatum.,  qui  et  post  ^^Lu- 
cianum  et  '''Tatium,  scripiis  voluminibis  defcndunt.  .Tohannes  de  la  Casa,  Beventinus 
Episcopus,  divinum  opus  vocal.,  suave  scelus,  adeoque  jactat.,  se  non  alia  usum  Venere. 
JWiil  usitatius  apud  77ionachos,  Cardinales,  sacrificulos,  etiam  ^' furor  hie  ad  rnorton, 
ad  insaniam.  "Angelus  Politianus,  ob  pueri  amorcm.,  violentas  sibi  munus  injccit. 
Et  horrendum  sane  dictu,  quantum  apud  nos  patruni  memorid.,  scelus  detestandum  hoc 
scevierit!  Quum  enim  Anno  1538.  prudentissimus  Rex  Henricus  Octavus  cucullato- 
rum  ccenobia,  et  sacrilicorum  collegia,  votariorum,  per  venerabiles  legum  Doctores 
Thomam  Leum,  Richardum  Laytonum  visitari  fecerat.  Sec,  tanto  numero  reperli  sunt 
apud  eos  scortatores,  cinaedi,  ganeones,  paedicones,  puerarii,  peederastfe,  Sodomitte, 
{''^Balei  verbis  utor)  Ganiraedes,  Slc.  ut  in  unoquoque  eorum  novam  credideris  Go- 
morrham.  Sed  vide  si  lubet  eorundem  Catalogum  apud  eundem  Baleum;  Puellaj 
(inquit)  in  lectis  do^-mire  non  poterant  ob  fratres  necromanticos.  Hcec  si  apud  vota- 
rios.1  monachos,  sanctos  scilicet  homuneiones,  quid  in  foro.,  quid  in  aula  factum  sus- 
picerisf  quid  apud  nobiles,  quid  inter  for  nice  s,  quam  non  fceditatem,  quam  non  spur- 
citiem?  Sileo  interim  turpesillas^et  ne  nominandas  quidem  monachorum  ^mastrupa- 
tiones,  masturbatores.  ®'  Rodericus  a  Castro  vocat.,  turn  et  eos  qui  se  invicem  ad  Vene- 
rem  excitandam  Jlagris  ccedunt.)  Spintrias,  Succubas,  Ambubeias,  et  lascivienle  lumbo 
Tribades  illas  mulierculas.,  quce  se  invicem  fricant,,  et  pr ester  Eunuchos  etiam  ad 
Venerem  explendam.,  artificiosa  ilia  veretra  habent.  hnmo  quod  magls  mirere.,fa£mina 
fcRminam  Constantinopoli  non  ita  pridem  deperiit,  ausa  rem  plane  incredibilcm,  mu- 
tato  cultu  mentita  virum  de  nuptiis  sermonem  init.,  et  brevi  nupta  est:  sed  authorcm 
ipsum  consule.,  Busbequium.  Omttto  *^  Salanarios  illos  Egyptiacos,  qui  cum  formosa- 
rum  cadaveribus  concumbunt ;  et  eorum  vesanam  libidinem,  qui  etiam  idola  et  ima- 
gines depereunt.  JVota  est  fabula  Pigmalionis  apud  ^^Ovidiura;  Mundi  et  Paulin: 
apud  jEgesippum  beUi  Jud.  lib.  2.  cap.  4.  Pontius  C.  Cossaris  legatus,  refercnle  Plinio, 
lib.  .35.  cap.  3.  quem  suspicor  eum  esse  qui  Christum  crucifixit,  picturis  AtalantoB  e*. 
Helenae  adeo  Ubidine  incensus,  ut  tollere  cas  vellet  si  nalura  tectorii  permisisset,  alius 
statuam  bones  Fortunae  deperiit  (Jilianus,  lib.  9.  cap.  37.)  alius  Bonce  decs.,  et  ne  qua 


'SI  Eom.  i.  27.  'f-'Lilius  Giraldus,  vita  ejus.  ^  Pueros 
amare  solis  Philosophis  rplinqufiidiim  vult  Liiciaiius 
dia!.  Amorum.  «  Busbeqiiiu*.  *5  Achilles  Tatiiis 
lib.  2.  t«  Lucianus  Charidemo.  ''"  Non  est  ha;c 

raentula  demens.  Mart.         »=  Jowiiis  Muse.     >■«  Prsfat. 
lecK)ri  111),  de  vilis  pontif.  «>  .Vlerciirialis  cap.  de 

Priapismo.  Coilius  I.  11.  antic,  lect.  cap.  14.  Galenas  ti. 

57  2  s  2 


de  locis  aff.  s'  De  innrb.  mulier.  lib.   I.  c.    it,. 

*- Herodotus  1.2.  EulerpK:  uiores  insigniiim  viroruui 
noil  statim  vita  functas  tra^lunt  condendas.  ac  ne  eas 
nuidein  fiBminas  quE  formos^  sunt,  sed  quatriduo 
ante  defunctas,  ne  cum  iis  salinarii  concumbant,  Ica 
"Metam.  13. 


450  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

pars  prohro  vacet.  **  Raptus  ad  stupra  (quod  ait  ille)  et  ne  ^  os  quidem  a  libidine 
exceptum.  Heliogabalus,  per  omnia  cava  corporis  libidinem  rece.pit.,  Lamprid.  vita 
ejus.  '^  liostius  qiiidam  specula  fecit,  et  ita  disposuit,  at  quum  virum  ipse  pateretur, 
aversus  omnes  admissarii  iiiotus  in  specnlo  videret,  ac  deinde  Jalsa  magnitiidine  ipyius 
membri  tanqnam  vera  gauderet,  simul  virum  et  firminam  passus,  quod  diclu  fvediim 
tt  ahomiiKindum.  Ut  vtram  plane  sit,  quod  apud  ''^  PlutaiTluiiii  Giyllus  L  lyssi  ohjecit. 
Ad  hunc  usque  diem  apud  nos  ncque  mas  uiarcm,  neipie  la-miiia  laMiiiiium  amavit, 
ipialia  mulla  apud  vos  memorabiles  et  prarlari  viri  leccruni:  ut  vdes  missus  liiciiun, 
Hercules  imbLrbem  sectans  socium,  amicus  deseruit.  is.c.  \'estnL'  libidines  intra  suus 
naturie  tines  cuerceri  non  pussunt,  quin  instar  lluvii  exuiulantis  atrocem  lueditalum, 
lumuitum,  couliisiunemque  natura;  gignanl  in  re  Venerea:  nam  et  capras,  pt)rcus, 
equus  inierunt  viri  et  fteminae,  insano  besiiarum  aniure  exiuscrunt,  unde  Minotauri, 
Centauri,  Sylvani,  Sphinges,  Stc.  Sed  ne  cnnjulando  doceam,  aut  ca  J'oras  ejl'iram, 
qu(B  non  omnes  scire  convenit  iho'c  enim  doctis  solnmniodo,  quod  cawsa  non  absimili 
■*  Rodericus,  scripta  velim)  ne  levissimis  ingentis  et  dej\ravatis  menlibus  fccdissimi 
sceleris  notitiam,  (^c,  nolo  quern  diutiits  hisce  sordibus  inquinare. 

J  come  at  last  to  that  heroical  love  which  is  proper  to  men  and  women,  is  a  fre- 
quent cause  of  melancholy,  and  deserves  nnich  rather  to  be  called  burning  lust,  than 
by  such  an  honourable  title.  There  is  an  honest  love,  I  confess,  which  is  natural, 
laqueus  occult  us  captivans  corda  hnminuin,  ut  a  muinribus  nun  possint  sijiarari,  "a 
secret  snare  to  captivate  the  hearts  of  men,"  as  "' t'liristupher  Fonsecu  proves,  a 
strong  allurement,  of  a  most  attractive,  i»ccult,  adamantine  property,  aiid  powerful 
virtue,  and  no  man  living  can  avoid  it.  ''*' Et  qui  cim  non  sensit  amoris,aul  lapis  est, 
aut  bellua.  He  is  not  a  man  but  a  block,  a  very  stone,  aut  Wumen,  aut  .S'ebuchad- 
nezzar,  he  haih  a  gourd  for  his  head,  a  ptpon  for  his  heart,  that  hath  nut  felt  the 
power  of  it,  and  a  rare  creature  to  be  found,  one  in  an  age,  Qui  nunquain  visa  Jla- 
gravit  amorc  puella;*  for  semel  insanivimus  omnes,  dote  we  either  voung  or  old,  as 
^  he  saiti,  and  none  are  excepted  but  Minerva  and  the  Muses:  so  Cupid  in  *  Lucian 
complains  to  his  mother  V'enu.s,  that  amongst  all  the  rest  his  arrows  could  not  pierce 
them.  But  this  nuptial  love  isa  common  {>a.s8ion,  an  honest,  for  men  to  love  in  the 
%vay  of  marriage ;  ut  materia  apjjftit  furmam,  sic  mulier  virum. ^  You  know  marriage 
is  honourable,  a  blessed  calling,  appointed  by  Gud  him.self  in  Paradise;  it  breeds 
true  peace,  tramptillity,  content,  and  happiness,  qua  nulla  est  aut  fuit  unquam  sanc- 
tior  cifnJunctKK  as  I)aphna.-us  in  *  Plutarcli  could  well  prove,  et  qute  generi  humtmo 
immortalitattm  parat,  when  they  live  without  jarring,  scolding,  lovingly  as  they 
should  do. 


'  Fi-licen  ter  et  ainpliui 

Unui^ruiilit  teiitl  cupula,  nre  ullu 
Divulsus  qutTllllDllll!) 

Supreiiiu  ciliui  »<)lvii  aiiiur  die." 


'Thrice  happy  Uiey,  and  more  than  that, 
Whom  ImiiiiI  uI  Iuvk  to  liriiily  lii'it, 
Thnt  without  brawlD  till  il>-ulh  tli>-iii  part, 
"I'k  uinliMolv'tl  and  iii-v'-r  du->  " 


As  Seneca  lived  with  his  Paulina,  Abraham  and  Sarah,  Orpheus  and  Euridyce,  Airia 
and  Poetus,  Artemisia  and  Mausolus,  Rubenius  Celer,  that  would  needs  have  it  en 
graven  on  his  tomb,  he  had  led  his  life  with  Knnea,  his  dear  wife,  forty-three  years 
eight  months,  and  never  fell  out.     There  is  no  pleasure  in  this  world  comparable 

to  it,  'tis  suinnutm  mortalitatis  bonum *hominuin  dwitrnque  vohiptas,  .lima  I'enui 

latei  enim  in  mulirre  aliquid  majus  potmliusque  omnibus  altis  humanis  volnpla- 

tibus.,  as  'one  holds,  there's  something  in  a  woman  beyond  all  human  delight;  a 
magnetic  virtue,  a  charming  quality,  an  occult  and  powerful  motive.  The  husband 
rules  her  as  head,  but  she  again  commands  his  heart,  he  is  her  sen-ant,  she  is  only 
joy  and  content:  no  haj)piness  is  like  unto  it,  no  love  so  great  as  this  of  man  and 
wife,  no  such  comfort  as  "^ plactns  «.ror,  a  sweet  wife:  "  (Jmnis  amor  magnus,  sed 
aperto  in  conjnge  major.  Wlien  they  love  at  last  as  fresh  as  they  did  at  first,  '^Cha- 
Tuque  charo  consenescit  conjugi,  as  Homer  brings  Paris  kissing  Helen,  after  they  had 
been  married  ten  years,  protesting  withal  that  he  loved  her  as  dear  as  he  did  the  first 

••Senrca  de  ira,  I.  II.  r.  |H.            w^N'ullu*  e«t  mraiut  I  no  iiiaidirii'*  brauly  had  ••vt-r  air.rtt-d  "             't'hauccr. 

•d  tjiieiii   noil   p;tteat  a>litiis   iiiipudicitiip.  Clem.  Altri.  I  •Tuin.  I.   dial.  dtHiruiii    l..uriaiiu«.   .Aiiiore   mm    ardrnt 

pinia:;.  lib.  3.  c.  D.        **  ."Vnixa  1.  nal.  qur»t.      n  ■y.,,.  \i.,.«.             «' A>  niatler  ••■•>»  I'oriit.  m>  itoniaii  lurna 

f  (iryllo.       *  De  niorbi*  iiiiilieruiii  I.  I.e.  15.      *'   '  I'l  man."              'In  aiuator    >tiiiH.|;.             ^  llor. 

pliith«'Bl.  amor,  cap  4  interpret,  (urtio.           ""A  ■  iiu«.            •  KoniM-ca.            ►"Ho/.          "  I'ropcn. 

Siylviua  Jiivi-nal.    "  And  be  mIio  liai  nut  fell  Ihf  i .-..unnidea,  gnec  "  Slie  (rowi  oU  in  lotvatHlia  jtan 

cnce  iif  luve  i*  •iilier  a  »tone  or  a  heant."           '  Tertul.  i  tnfeltwr.'' 

prover.  lib.  4.  adver>u<  .Manr.  cap.  40.         *"  One  whom  | 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Love's  Poiccr  and  Extent.  451 

hour  that  he  was  betrothed.    And  in  their  old  age,  when  they  make  much  of  one 
another,  saying,  as  he  did  to  his  wife  in  tlie  poet, 


'  Uxor  vivamup  quod  vi.\iin«is,  et  mnriamur, 
Servaiitcs  iioiiien  suinpsiimis  in  Ihalamo  ; 
Ncc  ferat  ulla  dies  ut  coinimitetniir  in  tevo, 
Q,uiii  tibi  siin  juvenis,  tuque  puella  inihi." 


"  Dear  wife,  let's  live  in  love,  and  die  together, 
As  liitherto  we  have  in  all  good  will : 
Let  no  day  change  or  alter  our  alTeclions, 
But  let's  he  young  to  one  another  still." 


Such  should  conjugal  love  be,  still  the  same,  and  as  they  are  one  tlesh,  so  shoulc* 
they  be  of  one  mind,  as  in  an  aristocratical  government,  one  consent,  '^  Geyron-like. 
coalesccre  in  imum,  have  one  heart  in  two  bodies,  will  and  nill  the  same.  A  good 
wife,  according  to  Plutarch,  should  be  as  a  looking-glass  to  represent  lier  husband's 
face  and  passion:  if  he  be  pleasant,  she  shonld  be  merry:  if  he  laugh,  she  should 
smile :  if  he  look  sad,  she  should  participate  of  his  sorrow,  and  bear  a  part  with 
him,  and  so  should  they  continue  in  mutual  love  one  towards  another. 

I5-'  Et  nie  ah  amore  tuo  deducet  nulla  senectus,  I     "  No  age  shall  part  my  love  from  thee,  sweet  wife, 

Sive  ego  Tythonus,  sive  ego  Nestor  ero."  |  Though  I  live  Nestor  or  Tithonus'  life." 

And  she  again  to  him,  as  the  '^  Bride  saluted  the  Bridegroom  of  old  in  Rome,  Ubi  tu 
Caius,  ego  semjyer  Caia,  be  thou  still  Caius,  I'll  be  Caia. 

'Tis  a  happy  state  this  indeed,  when  the  fountain  is  blessed  (saith  Solomon,  Prov. 
V.  17.)  "and  he  rejoiceth  with  the  wife  of  his  youth,  and  she  is  to  him  as  the  loving 
hind  and  pleasant  roe,  and  he  delights  in  her  continually."  But  this  love  of  ours  is 
immoderate,  inordinate,  and  not  to  be  comprehended  in  any  bounds.  It  will  not 
contain  itself  within  the  union  of  marriage,  or  apply  to  one  object,  but  is  a  wander- 
ing, extravagant,  a  domineering,  a  boundless,  an  irrefragable,  a  destructive  passion  : 
sometimes  this  burning  lust  rageth  after  marriage,  and  then  it  is  properly  called 
jealousy;  sometimes  before,  and  then  it  is  called  heroical  melancholy;  it  extends 
sometimes  to  co-rivals,  Stc,  begets  rapes,  incests,  murders :  Marcus  .kntonius  com- 
pressit  Faustinam  sororem,  Caracalla  Juliam  jyovercam.,  J^ero  Matrem,  Caligula 
sorores,  Cyneras  MyrrJmmJiliaiii,  ^-c.  But  it  is  confined  within  no  terms  of  blood, 
years,  sex,  or  whatsoever  else.  Some  furiously  rage  before  they  come  to  discretion 
or  age.  "  Quartilla  in  Petronius  never  remembered  she  was  a  maid ;  and  the  wife 
of  Bath   in  Chaucer,  cracks, 

Sint,e  J  was  twelve  years  old,  believe. 
Husbands  at  Kirk-door  had  I  five. 

'^  Aratine  Lucretia  sold  her  maidenhead  a  thousand  times  before  she  was  twenty-four 
years  old,  jj/w-s  milics  vendidcrant  virglnitatem,  Sfc.  ncque  te  celabo^  non  deerant  qui 
ut  integrum  amhirent  Rahab,  that  harlot,  began  to  be  a  professed  quean  at  ten  years 
of  age,  and  was  but  fifteen  when  she  hid  the  spies,  as  '^Hugh  Broughton  proves,  to 
M'hom  Serrarius  the  Jesuit,  qucest.  6.  in  cap.  2.  Josue,  subscribes.  Generallv  women 
begin  pubcscerc,  as  they  call  it,  or  catidlire,  as  Julius  Pollux  cites,  lib.  2.  cap.  3. 
onomast  out  of  Aristophanes,  ^"at  fourteen  years  old,  then  they  do  offer  themselves, 
and  some  plainly  rage.  ^'  Leo  Afer  saith,  that  in  Africa  a  man  shall  scarce  find  a 
maid  at  fourteen  years  of  age,  they  are  so  forward,  and  many  amongst  us  after  they 
come  into  the  teens  do  not  live  without  husbands,  but  linger.  What  pranks  in  this 
kind  the  middle  ages  have  played  is  not  to  be  recorded.  Si  mild  sint  centum  lingua:.! 
sint  oraquc  centum.,  no  tongue  can  sufficiently  declare,  every  story  is  full  of  men  and 
■women's  insatiable  lust,  Nero's,  Heliogabali,  Boiiosi,  &c.  "  Coiltus  Jlmphilcnum.,  std 
Quintius  Jlmphdinam  depereunt.,  Sj-c.  They  neigh  after  other  men's  wives  (as  Jeremia, 
cap.  V.  8.  complaineth)  like  fed  horses,  or  range  like  town  bulls,  rapt  ores  virginum 
et  viduarum.,  as  many  of  our  great  ones  do.  Solomon's  wisdom  was  extinguished 
in  this  fire  of  lust,  Samson's  strength  enervated,  piety  in  Lot's  daughters  quite  for- 
got, gravity  of  priesthood  in  Eli's  sons,  reverend  old  age  in  the  Elders  that  would 
violate  Susanna,  filial  duty  in  Absalom  to  his  stepmoiher,  brotherly  love  in  Ammon 
towards  his  sister.  Human,  divine  laws,  precepts,  exhortations,  fear  of  God  and 
men,  fair,  foul  means,  fame,  fortune,  shame,  disgrace,  honour  cannot  oppose,  stave 
off,  or  withstand  the  fury  of  it,  omnia  vincit  amor.,  Sfc.    No  cord  nor  cable  can  so 

13  Ausoniiis.  HGeryon  amirits  syniholuni.  i  interp.  Casp.  Barthio  ex  Iial.  w  _\ngelico  scriptur 

15  Proper!.  I.  2.         '^  Plutarch,  c.  30.  Rom.  Hist.       '' Ju-  j  concentu.        20  Epjctetus  c.  42.  mulieres  statim  ab  anno 
nonein  habeam  iratam.  si  unquarn  nieniinerim  me  vir-  \  14.  movere  incipiunt,  &c  attrectari  se  sinunt  et  expo- 
ginem  fuisse.     Infans  enim   paribus  iiiquinata  sum,  et  i  iiunt.     Levinu /..emnius.        '' Lib.  3.  fol.  lift        ^'Ca- 
subinde  majoribus  me  applicui,  donee  ad  s-tatem  per-     tullus. 
veiii ;  ut  Mile  vitulum,  tc.        '^  Parnodidasc.  dial.  lat.  I 


452  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2 

(■'leililv  draw,  or  hold  so  fast,  as  love  can  do  with  a  twined  thread.  The  scorcliing 
beams  under  the  equinoctial,  or  extremity  of  cold  within  the  circle  arctic,  where  the 
^  ery  seas  are  frozen,  cold  or  torrid  zone,  cannot  avoid  or  expel  this  heat,  fury,  and 
•^ffe  of  mortal  men. 

53"(iiio  fiigis  ab  deniens,  nulla  est  fuga,  tu  licet  usque 
Ad  Taiiaim  fiigias,  usque  sequetur  amor." 

Of  women's  unnatural,  ^Mnsatiable  lust,  what  country,  what  village  doth  not  com- 
plain }  Mother  and  daughter  sometimes  dote  on  the  same  man,  flither  and  son, 
master  and  servant,  on  one  woman. 

S5" S<>d  aiuor,  SPtI  iiicftrcnata  lihidn, 

Quid  cu.'^luiii  in  ti-rris  iiit(Mitattiriu|iie  reliquit  ?" 

What  breach  of  vows  and  oaths,  fury,  dotage,  madness,  might  I  reckon  up  ?  Yet 
this  is  more  tolerable  in  youth,  and  sucli  as  are  still  in  their  hot  blood ;  but  for  an 
old  fool  to  dote,  to  see  an  old  lecher,  what  more  odious,  what  can  be  more  absurd  ? 
and  vet  what  so  conmion  ?  Who  so  furious  ?  ^Amare  ca  cctute,  si  occipcrinl^mullo 
insaniunt  acrius.  Some  dote  then  more  than  ever  they  did  in/tlieir  youlli.  llovv 
many  decrepit,  hoary,  harsh,  wriilien,  burstenbellied,  crooked,  toothless,  bald,  blear- 
eyed,  impotent,  rotten,  old  men  shall  you  see  flickering  still  in  every  place  ?  One 
trel.s  him  a  voung  wife,  another  a  courtezan,  and  when  he  can  scarce  lift  his  leg  over 
a  sill,  and  hath  one  foot  already  in  Cliaron's  boat,  when  he  hath  the  trembling  in  his 
joints,  the  gout  in  his  feet,  a  perpetual  rheum  in  his  head,  "  a  contiuuale  cough," 
^  his  sight  fails  him,  thick  of  hearing,  his  breath  stinks,  all  his  moisture  is  dried  up 
.iud  gone,  may  not  spit  from  him,  a  very  child  again,  that  cannot  dress  himself,  or 
cut  his  own  meat,  yet  he  will  be  dreaming  of,  and  honing  after  wenches,  what  can 
lie  more  unseendv  ?  Worse  it  is  in  women  than  in  men,  when  she  is  celate  dcclivis, 
dill  vidua,  maler  olim,  pnriim  drcnre  inatriinnnium  siujui  cidtlur,  an  old  wi(k)W,  a 
mother  so  long  since  (''in  Pliny's  opini.)n),  she  dt>th  very  unseemly  seek  to  marry, 
pt  whilst  she  is  ®  so  old  a  crone,  a  beldam,  slie  can  neither  see,  nor  hear,  go  nor  stand, 
mere  ^carcass,  a  witch,  and  scarce  feel;  she  catterwauls,  and  must  have  a  stallion, 
;i  champion,  she  must  and  will  marry  again,  and  betioth  herself  to  some  young 
man,  ^'  that  hates  to  look  on,  but  for  her  goods ;  abhors  the  sight  of  her,  to  the 
■  prejudice  of  her  good  name,  her  own  undoing,  grief  of  friends,  and  ruin  of  her 
children.  • 

But  to  enlarge  or  illustrate  this  power  and  ellects  of  love,  is  to  set  a  candle  in  the 
sun.  ^^  It  rageth  w  iih  all  sorts  and  conditions  of  men,  yet  is  most  evident  among 
such  as  are  young  and  lusty,  in  tlie  tlower  of  their  years,  nobly  descended,  high 
led,  such  as  live  idlv,  and  at  ease ;  and  for  that  cause  (which  our  divines  call  burn- 
mg  lust)  this  ^fertnus  insunus  amor,  this  n;ad  and  beastly  passion,  as  I  have  said,  is 
named  by  our  physicians  heroical  love,  and  a  more  honourable  title  put  upon  it, 
Amor  nobiJis,  as  **  Savanarola  styles  it,  because  noble  men  and  women  make  a  com- 
mon practice  of  it,  and  are  so  ordinarily  affected  with  it.  Avicenna,  lib.  3.  Fen,  1. 
tract.  4.  cap.  23.  calleth  this  passion  Ilishi,  and  defines  it  ''•'  to  be  a  disease  or  me- 
lancholy vexation,  or  anguish  of  mind,  in  which  a  man  continually  meditates  of  the 
beauty,  gesture,  manners  of  his  mistress,  and  troubles  himself  about  it :  desiring," 
as  Savanarola  adds)  with  all  intentions  and  eagerness  of  mind,  ^  to  compass  or 
enjoy  her,  ^  as  commonly  hunters  trouble  themselves  about  their  sports,  the  covetous 
about  their  gold  and  goods,  so  is  he  tormented  still  about  his  mistress  "  Arnoltlus 
Villanovanus,  in  his  book  of  heroical  love,  defines  it,  ^"a  continual  cogiuition  of 
that  which  he  desires,  with  a  confidence  or  hope  of  compassing  it ;"  which  defini- 


2*  Buripides.  "  Whithersoever  cnra?pd  you  fly  there 
i.<  no  ps<!a|)e.  .Although  you  reach  the  Tanais,  love  will 
»lill  pursue  you."  '^  Ue  niulierum  ine.xhHusla  libi- 

dine  hnuqiie  insatiabili  omnesaque  regioiu'S  conqueri 
pn3!«e  ..-xii'tiuio.  Steph.  »*  "  What  have  lust  and 


exemplii?  iT.neas  Silviu!<.  QuiB  tri^e.-iiinuin  annum 
iinliis  nullurii  airiiiri!«cuu!!a  peregjt  inML'oe  laiinui"  ?  ppo 
de  nie  facio  noiiji-cluraiu.  quein  amor  in  niille  pt-riculit 
uii!'il.  S3  Fore* I u!!.  Plato.  -M'ract.  major.  Trutt. 
li.  cap.  1.  Rub.  11.  lie  lEsril.  cap.  quod  Ins  uiulluni   con- 


jnrcsirainedilesire  left  chaste  »r  inviolaie  upon  earth  .'"  ;  lingat.  "  Ha:c  a-.'riludo  est  lolicituilo  tiii-lancholica 

-»  Plautuj.        "  Oculi  cali^aiit.  anres  eraviter  audiuni,  {  in  qua  homo  applicat  sibi  continuam  couiiaiiiniein  »u. 
'-apilli  tluunt.  cutis  aie«:it,  flatus  olel,  tus..*!-!,  tc.    I'y-     per  pnlcliri'udint?  ip»iij»  quaiii   auial,  gi-niuum   nioruin.>. 
prian.         *'  Lib.  H.  Epist.  Kulfinu.-i.         =»  ilialque  turpi:!  |  «  Aniiui  forte  accidens  quo  qui*  rni;  li;ili.-rr  iiiiina  «vi- 
inter  arida-i  nates  podex.  *>('adaverf«a  adeo  ul  ab  |  dilate   conciipi«.-il.  ut  ludiw  veiialoni'.  uuruiii  i-l   opet 

liifena    reverna    videri    posiiil,    vult    adhuc    caiiillir)'.     avari.  »•  .\!.»idua  cogitalio  »up<-r  n-m  ilpnidfratiim. 

>'  Nam  et  iiialrimnniis  est  de«pec:um  senium,     i^^ieas     ciiiii  confldentia  oblineudi,  ul  spc-   appri.li<-iiiiuio  d«lrc. 
Silvius.       >-Uuid  loto  terraruin  orbe  (.immuiii'is  .'  qu.-e  i  labile,  Slc. 
tivitas,  quod   oppiduni,  quie  I'auiilia   vacat  aaia^.>ruiu  | 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  1.] 


Causes  of  Love-Melancholy. 


453 


,ion  his  commentator  cavils  at.  For  continual  cogitation  is  not  the  genus  but  a 
symptom  of  love ;  we  continually  think  of  that  which  we  hate  and  abhor,  as  well 
as  that  which  we  love;  and  many  things  we  covet  and  desire,  without  all  hope  of 
attaining.  Carolus  a  Lorme,  in  his  Questions,  makes  a  doubt,  ,^n  amor  sit  viorhus,, 
whether  this  heroical  love  be  a  disease:  Julius  Pollux  Onniiiasl.  lib.  Q.'cap.  41.  de- 
termines it.  They  that  are  in  love  are  likewise '^^  sick  ;  lascwus.,  salax.lascivlrn^^ 
et  qui  in  vcneremfurit.,  vere  est  crgrolus.  Arnoldus  will  have  it  improperly  so  called, 
and  a  malady  rather  of  the  body  than  mind.  Tully,  in  his  Tiiscuhms,  defines  it  a 
furious  disease  of  the  mind.  Plato,  madness  itself.  Ficinus,  his  Commentator,  cap. 
12.  a  species  of  madness,  "  for  many  have  run  mad  for  women,"  Esdr.  iv.  26.  But 
*®Rhases  "a  melancholy  passion:"  and  most  physicians  make  it  a  species  or  kind 
of  melancholy  (as  will  appear  by  the  symptoms),  and  treat  of  it  apart;  whom  I 
mean  to  imitate,  and  to  discuss  it  in  all  his  kinds,  to  examine  his  several  causes,  to 
show  his  symptoms,  indications,  prognostics,  effect,  that  so  it  may  be  v.ith  more 
facility  cured. 

The  part  affected  in  the  meantime,  as  '"'Arnoldus  supposeth,  "is  the  former  part 
of  the  head  for  want  of  moisture,"  which  his  Commentator  rejects.  Langius,  rued. 
episL  lib.  1.  cap.  24.  will  have  this  passion  seated  in  the  liver,  and  to  keep  residence 
in  the  heart,  ■"  "  to  proceed  first  from  the  eyes  so  carried  by  our  spirits,  and  kindled 
with  imagination  in  the  liver  and  heart ;'.'  coget  amare  jecur,  as  the  saying  is.  Me- 
dium fcret  per  epar.,  as  Cupid  in  Anacreon.  For  some  such  cause  belike  ''^Horner 
feigns  Titius'  liver  (who  was  enamoured  of  Latona)  to  be  still  gnawed  by  two  vul- 
tures day  and  night  in  hell,  ''^"for  that  young  men's  bowels  thus  enamoured,  are  so 
continually  tormented  by  love."  Gordonius,  cap.  2.  part.  2.  '''*''' will  have  the  testi- 
cles an  immediate  subject  or  cause,  the  liver  an  antecedent."  Fracastorius  agrees  in 
this  v.'itli  Gordonius,  inde  primittis  imagina/io  venerea.,  erecfio,  Sfc.  tilillatissimam 
partem  vocat.,  ita  id  nisi  exlniso  semine  gestiens  volupfas  non  cessaf.,  nee  assidua  ve- 
neris recordatio,  addit  Gnastivinius  Comment.  4:.  Sect.  prob.  27.  Jlrist.  But ''''pro- 
perly it  is  a  passion  of  the  brain,  as  all  other  melancholy,  by  reason  of  corrupt 
imagination,  and  so  doth  Jason  Pratensis,  c.  19.  de  morb.  cerebri  (wdio  writes  copi- 
ously of  this  erotical  love),  place  and  reckon  it  amongst  the  affections  of  the  brain. 
*^  Melancthon  dc  anima  confutes  those  that  make  the  liver  a  part  affected,  and  Guia- 
nerius.  Tract.  15.  cap.  13  et  17.  though  many  put  all  the  affections  in  the  heart,  refers 
it  to  the  brain.  Ficinus,  cap.  7.  in  Convivium  Platonis,  "  will  have  tlie  blood  to  be 
the  part  affected."  Jo.-  Frielagius,  cujy.  14.  noct.  med.  supposeth  all  four  affecte<l, 
heart,  liver,  brahi,  blood;  but  the  major  part  concur  upon  the  brain,  ''"'tis  imaginatio 
Joisa  ;  and  both  imagination  and  reason  are  misaftected;  because  of  his  corrupt  judg- 
ment, and  continual  meditation  of  that  wliich  he  desires,  he  may  truly  be  said  to  be 
melancholy.  If  it  be  violent,  or  his  disease  inveterate,  as  I  have  determined  in  the 
precedent  partitions,  both  imagination  and  reason  are  misafTected,  first  one,  then  the 
other. 


MEMB.  II. 

SuBSECT.  I.     Causes  of  Heroical  Lnre^  Temperature  full  Diet,  Idleness,  Place, 

Climate,  S^c. 

Of  all  causes  the  remotest  are  stars.  ''*  Ficinus  cap.  19.  sailh  they  are  most  prone 
to  this  burnirig  lust,  that  have  Venus  in  Leo  in  their  horoscope,  when  the  Moon  and 
Venus  be  mutually  aspecled,  or  such  as  be  of  Venus'  complexion.     ""^  Plutarch  inter- 

®  Morbus  corporis  potius  quani  animi.  3'  Amor 

est  passio  inelancliolira.  ■"'  Ol)  c.'ik'factioiiem 

spiriliiuiii  p:irs  aiilerior  capitis  laliorat  ub  coiisiiinp- 
tiiiiii'iii  luiiiiiilitatis.  ->  Aliectiis  aiiiini  coiiciipi-icibili.; 
e  desiiltTii)  rui  aiiiaU-e  per  ociilus  in  ineiile  r.oiicepln, 
spirilus  ill  corilo  et  jucore  iiicfiidciis.  "Oilyss.  et 

AJetaiiior.  4.  Dvitl.  «  Ciuoil  talem  caniiticiiiaiii 

ia  adiilcsceiiliiin  viscerihiis  amor  facial  iiic  xplihihs. 
<*Testiciili  qiioatl  caiisam  conjunctani,  cpar  antcriiilfii- 
'.em,  possuiit  esse  siibjectuiii.  -ij  I'roprie  passio 

cerebri  est  ub  cornipiaiu  imagiiiatioiiem.  *''0'ap.  de 


affectihus.  <'  Est  corruplio  iiriaginativic  et  ^stimativae 
t'aciillatis,  ob  roriiiaiii  fortiter  affi.vam,  corriiptiiinqaH 
jiidiriuiii.  iit?(Miiper  de  eo  coiritet,  ideoqiie  rede  inelaii- 
clioliciis  appellatiir.  Cmiciipisceiitia  velieiiieiis  px  cor- 
rupto  jinlicid  arstiiiiativa;  virtutis.  *"C'iiiiiiient.  iit 

cuMviviiiiii  Platniiis.  Irrctiunlur  nito  qiiibiis  iiascenli- 
bus  Vcims  riierit  in  Leone,  vrl  Luna  veiierein  velie 
nieiiter  aspexcrit,  et  qui  eadeni  coinplexione  sunt  pnz- 
diti.  ^'  Plerunique  aiiiatores  sunt,  el  si  foeiiiiiix  :n»- 
relrices,  1.  de  audieiid. 


454  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

prets  astrologically  that  tale  of  Mars  and  Venus,  "  in  whose  genitures  t  and  ?  are  in 
oonjunctioii,"  thev  are  commonlv  lascivious,  and  if  women  queans ;  ''  as  the  good 
wife  of  Bath  confessed  in  Chaucer ;" 

Ifolloiredaije  mine  inrlinntioti. 
By  virtue  of  my  constellation. 

But  of  all  those  astrological  aphorisms  which  I  have  ever  read,  that  of  Cardan  is 
most  memoi able,  for  which  howsoever  he  is  bitterly  censured  by  ^"Marinus  Marcen- 
nus,  a  malapert  friar,  and  some  others  (wiiich  ^' he  himself  suspected)  yet  methinks 
it  is  free,  downright,  plain  and  ingenious.  In  his  ^^  eighth  Gcniture,  or  example,  he 
hath  these  words  of  himself  6  -f  and  ^  in  'i  dignUatibus  assiduain  mihi  Vtncrcorum 
cogilatlanem  praslahunt.,  ita  ul  nunquaiu  qui^scam.  Et  paulo  post,  Cogitallo  Venere- 
oruvi  me  torqtul  perpeluo.,  et  qua/n  facto  imphre  nan  '<cm//,  aulficissc  polentcm  puduit^ 
cogitatione  assiduu  mentltits  sum  voluptatem.  Et  alibi,  ob  (  ct  i  dominium  et  radiorunt 
mixtionem^  profundum  fuit  ingenium,  sed  lascivum^  egoque  turpi  libidini  dcditus  et 
obsccenus.  So  lar  Cariian  of  himself,  quod  de  sc  fatetur  ideo  ^^  ul  utdiiutem  udferut 
studiosis  hujusce  disciplimr.,  and  for  lliis  he  is  traduced  by  Marcennus,  when  as  in 
eflect  he  saith  no  more  than  what  Gregory  Nazianzen  of  old,  to  Chilo  his  scholar, 
offerebant  se  mild  vise  iuUb  mulic  res.,  quarniu  prcecellcitli  elegant  id  et  decore  spcctabiU 
tentabatur  mccB  integritus  pudicitice.  Et  quidcm  Jlugitium  vitavi  fornicationis,  at 
munditia  virginalis Jlorem  urcanl  cordis  cogitatione  fueduvi.  Sed  ad  rem.  Aptiores 
ad  masculinain  vt'uerem  sunt  quorum  genesi  Venus  est  in  sigiio  masculinu,  et  ia 
Saturni  tinibus  aut  opposilione,  Sec.  Ptolomeus  in  quadripart.  plura  de  his  et  speci- 
alia  habet  aphorismata,  longo  proculdubio  usu  confirmata,  et  ab  expericntia  multa 
perlecta,  inquit  commentator  ejus  Cardanus.  Tho.  Campanella  Jlstroli>gia:  lib.  4. 
cup.S.  articulis  4  and  o.  in>aniam  amatoriam  remonstrantia,  multa  prie  cieteris  accu- 
niulat  aj)horismala,  quie  tpii  vulet,  consulat.  Cliiromaniici  ex  cingulo  Veneris  ple- 
rumque  conjecturanj  faciiml,  et  monte  Veneris,  de  quorum  decretis,  Tuisnerum, 
Jt»han.  de  Jndagine,  (jocknium,  celerusque  si  lubet,  inspicias.  Physicians  divine 
wholly  from  the  temperature  and  complexion  ;  phlegmatic  persons  are  seldom  taken, 
according  to  Ficinus  Comment,  cup.  V;  naturally  melancholy  less  than  they,  but 
once  taken  tliey  are  never  freed  ;  thougli  many  are  of  opinion  fiatuous  or  hypochon- 
driacal melancholy  are  nmsi  subject  of  all  others  to  this  infirujity.  Valescus  assigns 
their  strt)ng  imagination  for  a  cause,  Bodiue  abundance  of  wind,  Gordonius  of  seed, 
and  spirits,  or  atomi  in  the  seed,  which  cause  their  violent  and  furious  passions. 
Sanguine  thence  are  soon  caught,  young  folks  most  apt  to  love,  and  by  their  good 
wills,  saith  **  Lucian,  ^"  would  have  a  bout  with  every  one  they  see :"  the  colt's  evil 
is  common  to  all  conq)lexi(>ns.  Theomesius  a  young  and  lusty  gallant  acknowledg- 
eth  (in  the  said  author)  all  this  to  be  verified  in  him,  "•  I  am  so  amorously  given, 
"you  may  sooner  number  the  sea-sands,  and  snow  falling  from  the  skies,  than  my 
several  loves.  Cupid  had  shot  all  his  arrows  at  me,  1  am  deluded  with  various 
desires,  one  love  succeeds  another,  and  that  so  soon,  that  before  one  is  ended,  I 
begin  with  a  second ;  slie  that  is  last  is  stdl  fairest,  and  she  that  is  present  pleaseth 
me  most :  as  an  hydra's  head  my  loves  increase,  no  lolaus  can  help  me.  Mine  eyes 
are  so  moist  a  refuge  and  sanctuary  of  love,  that  they  draw  all  beauties  to  them,  and 
are  never  satisried.  I  am  in  a  doubt  what  fury  of  Venus  this  should  be:  alas,  how 
have  I  olTended  her  so  to  vex  me,  what  Ilippolitus  am  I!"  What  Telchin  is  my 
genius  ?  or  is  it  a  natural  impertection,  an  hereditary  passion  ?  Another  in  *"Anacreon 
confesseth  that  he  had  twenty  sweethearts  in  Athens  at  once,  fifteen  at  Corinib,  as 
many  at  Tliebes,  at  Lesbos,  and  at  Rhodes,  twice  as  many  in  Ionia,  thrice  in  Caria, 
wenty  thousand  in  all :  or  in  a  word,  «.  <^wj)i  ndvta,  &c. 


'°  Fiili;t  arlMiruiii  nniniuni  iti 
\ij:?li  retfrrt-  cuncta, 
Aut  corupuiare  arfiia:! 
Ill  xquiire  uiiiver:<a!i, 
S4iluni  io<-i>ruiii  aiiioriim 
Te  fecero  lonistam  ?" 


■C»n«t  count  the  leave*  in  May, 

Or  "iaiuls  rUi"oc>'an  »fa  ? 
Tht'ii  count  uiy  loven  1  pray." 


His  eyes  are  like  a  balance,  apt,  to  propend  each  way,  and  to  be  weighed  down 

'*  CoiiMiient.  in  Genes,  cap.  3.  "  Rt  si  in  h'>c  parijin  alii  aninri-*  aliia  mircirduiil,  ac  priuixiiinin  <l>.-«inant  pri- 
i  pra>i:liira  infaniia  stiilliiiaqiu-  alM-ro.  viiirit  laineii  orp«,  iiicipiuiil  rK-qurMt'-i.  Aileo  IiuiiihIki  orulii>  iiii-ua 
aniiir  vtrritutiK.  *^  hlilil.  UaMil.  1J33.  C'lini  (.'oiiiinciiiiir.  j  iiihahitat  AkvIu!!  ouiiieiii  r<iriiiuiii  ad  m-  rHpiciiii,  ul  nulla 
III  Ptulouia-i  <|ii:i'lrip,irtituin.  "  Ful.  44.V  lia!>il.  I  itati»-lnie  expleatur.      CluKuaiu   luce   ira   Vi-nerii,  Itc 

t>lit.  -' l>.  il   uuKiruiu.  i^'Ciiifisi  niarn  rturiuii    ^  Nuiu.  lixii. 

el  Ul  veu  cwlu  aobueQltui  uuineraru  quaui  auiuren  lueu* ;  | 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  1.] 


Causes  of  Love-MelancJioIy. 


455 


with  every  wench's  looks,  his  heart  a  weathercock,  his  affection  tinder,  or  napthe 
itself,  which  every  fair  object,  sweet  smile,  or  mistress's  favour  sets  on  fire.  Guia- 
ncrius  tract  15.  cop.  14.  refers  all  this  ^' to  ''•the  hot  temperature  of  the  testicles," 
Ferandus  a  Frenchman  in  his  Erofiquc  Mel.  (wliich  ■''^book  came  first  to  my  hands 
after  the  third  edition)  to  certain  atomi  in  the  seed,  '■'•  such  as  are  very  spermatic  and 
full  of  seed."  1  find  the  s^me  in  Aristol.  sect.  4.  prob.  17.  si  non  seccniatur  seinen^ 
cessare  tentigines  non  possunt.,  as  Gaustavinius  his  commentator  translates  it :  for 
M'hich  cause  these  young  men  that  be  strong  set,  of  able  bodies,  are  so  subject  to  it. 
Hercules  de  Saxonia  hath  the  same  words  in  effect.  But  most  part  I  say,  such  as 
are  aptest  to  love  that  are  young  and  lusty,  live  at  ease,  stall-fed,  free  from  cares,  like 
cattle  in  a  rank  pasture,  idle  and  solitary  persons,  they  must  needs  hirquituUlrc,  as 
Guastavinius  recites  out  of  Censorinus. 


•■  Mens  erit  apta  capi  turn  quum  Icetissinia  reruiii. 
Ut  seges  in  jiiiigui  luxuriabit  huino." 


"  Tlie  mind  is  apt  to  lust,  and  liol  or  nil,!. 
As  corn  luxuriates  in  a  better  mould." 


The  place  itself  makes  much  wherein  we  live,  the  clime,  air,  and  discipline  if  they 
concur.  In  our  Misnia,  saith  Galen,  near  to  Pergamus,  thou  slialt  scarce  find  an 
adulterer,  but  many  at  Rome,  by  reason  of  the  delights  of  the  seat.  It  was  that 
plenty  of  all  things,  wliich  made  ''"Corinth  so  infamous  of  old,  and  the  opportunity 
of  the  place  to  entertain  those  foreign  comers ;  every  day  strangers  came  in,  at  each 
gate,  from  all  quarters.  In  that  one  temple  of  Venus  a  thousand  whores  did  prosti- 
tute themselves,  as  Strabo  writes,  besides  Lais  and  the  rest  of  better  note  :  all  nations 
resorted  thither,  as  to  a  school  of  Venus.  Your  hot  and  southern  countries  are 
prone  to  lust,  and  far  more  incontinent  than  those  that  live  in  the  north,  as  Bodine  dis- 
courseth  at  large.  Method,  hist.  cap.  5.  Molles  Jlsiatici^  so  are  Turks,  Greeks,  Span- 
iards, Italians,  even  all  that  latitude;  and  in  those  tracts,  such  as  ai'e  more  fruitful, 
plentiful,  and  delicious,  as  Valence  in  Spain,  Capua  in  Italy,  dnmicilium  luxus  Tully 
terms  it,  and  (which  Hannibal's  soldiers  can  witness)  Canopus  in  Egypt,  Sybaris, 
Phoeacia,  Baiaj,  ^'Cyprus,  Lampsacus.  In  ''^Naples  the  fruit  of  the  soil  and  pleasant 
air  enervate  their  bodies,  and  alter  constitutions  :  insomuch  that  Florus  calls  it  Cer- 
lamen  Bacchi  et  Veneris.,  but  ^^Foiiot  admires  it.  In  Italy  and  Spain  they  have  their 
stews  in  every  great  city,  as  in  Rome,  Venice,  Florence,  v/lierein,  some  say,  dwell 
ninety  thousand  iidiabitants,  of  wliich  ten  thousand  are  courtezans ;  and  yet  for  all 
this,  every  gentleman  almost  hath  a  peculiar  mistress ;  fornications,  adulteries,  are 
nowhere  so  common  :  urbs  est  jam  tota  lupanar;  how  should  a  man  live  honest 
amongst  so  many  provocations  .'  now  if  vigour  of  youth,  greatness,  liberty  I  mean, 
and  that  impunity  of  sin  which  grandees  take  iuito  themselves  in  this  kind  shall 
meet,  what  a  gap  must  it  needs  open  to  all  manner  of  vice,  with  what  fury  will  it 
rage  .''  For,  as  ^laximus  Tyrius  the  Platonist  observes,  libido  consequuta  quum  fucrit 
maieriam  improbam,  et  prcpruptam  licentiam,  el  effrenatam  audaciam^  Stc,  what  will 
not  lust  effect  in  such  persons  .''  For  commonly  princes  and  great  men  niake  no 
scruple  at  all  of  such  matters,  but  with  that  whore  in  Spartian,  quicquid  libel  licet^ 
they  think  they  may  do  what  they  list,  profess  it  publicly,  and  rather  brag  with  Pro- 
cuhis  (that  writ  to  a  friend  of  his  in  Rome,  ^^  what  famous  exploits  he  had  done  in 
that  kind)  than  any  way  be  abashed  at  it.  ^^  Nicholas  Sanders  relates  of  Henry  VIll. 
(1  know  not  how  truly)  Quod  paucas  vidit  pulchriores  quas  non  concupieril,,  et  pau- 
cissimas  non  concupieril  quas  non  violaril,  '-'•  He  saw  very  few  maids  that  he  did  not 
desire,  and  desired  fewer  whom  he  did  not  enjoy:"  nothing  so  familiar  amongst 
them,  'tis  most  of  their  business  :  Sardanapalus,  Messalina,  and  Joan  of  Naples,  are 
not  comparable  to  ''^  meaner  men  and  women  ;  Solomon  of  old  had  a  thousand  concu- 
bines; Ahasiierus  liis  eunuchs  and  keepers;  Nero  his  TigiUinus  panders,  and  bawds; 
the  Turks, '''Muscovites,  Mogors,  Xeriffs  of  Barbary,  and  Persian  Sophies,  are  no 
whit  inferior  to  them  in  our  times.  Delectus  Jit  omnium  puellarum  toto  regno  forma 


''Qui  calidum  t''sticuIorum  crisin  hahent,  &c. 
^  Priuleii  at  Paris  Itii-l.  seven  years  after  my  first  edi- 
tie*:.  ^soviddeart.  ""Gerbelius,  de.script. 

Grsciae.  Rerum  omnium  affluentia  et  loci  mira  oppor- 
lunit««,  nullo  non  die  liospltes  in  portas  advertcbant. 
Tenipio  Veneris  niille  meretrices  se  pro?tituehant 
"' 'I'lita  Cypri  in.^iila  delitiis  inenmbit,  et  ob  id  tantnm 
ln\i;rire  dedita  ut  sic  .dun  Wneri  sacrata.  Ortidius, 
Lampsacus,  olim   I'riapo  sacer  ob  vinum  gencrosum,  et 


loci  dclicias.     Idem.  62  Acri  Neapolitan!  deleclat..), 

ele^antia,  amsnitas,  vix  intra  molnm  humaiinm  con- 
sistere  videtur;  unde, &c.  Leainl.  .\ll)(!r.  in  Campania. 
•i^Lib.  de  land.  urb.  Neap.  Dispiitat.  <U:  iiiorbis  aninii, 
Reinoldo  Interpret.  ^<  l,aiiipridin-«,  (lu«.d  decetu 

iioctibus  centum  virgines  fi-cisfft  ninlicres.  '*  Vita 

ejus.  ™  If  they  contain  themselves,  many  licnes  il 

is  not  virtutis  amore;  non  deest  voluntas  sed  faculta' 
*'  In  Muscov. 


456  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2 

prcpstantlonim  fsaith  Joviiis^  pro  impcratorc ;  it  quas  ilh  Unqiilt,  nohilrs  hahait: 
thev  press  and  muster  up  wenches  as  we  do  soldiers,  and  have  their  choice  of  tli« 
rarest  beauties  iheir  countries  can  atlord,  and  yet  all  this  cannot  keep  them  from 
adultery,  mcest,  sodomy,  buirsfery,  and  such  prodigious  lusts.  We  may  conclude, 
that  if  they  be  youns^,  fortunate,  rich,  high-fed,  anil  idle  withal,  it  is  almost  impos- 
sible that  they  should  live  honest,  not  rage,  and  precipitate  themselves  into  these 
inconveuiences  of  burning  lust. 

^"•'Otiiini  et  ri'aea  (iriiis  i-t  beaias 
rinliilil  iirUes." 

Idleness  overthrows  all,  Vacuo  pecture  rci^nat  amor,  love  tyranniseth  in  an  idle 
person.     Amorc  abundas  Antipho.     If  thou   hast  nothing  to  do,  ^^'''Invidia  vti 

amore  miser  torquehcrc Thou  shalt  be  naieu   in  pieces  with  envy,  lust,  some 

passion  or  other.  Ifomines  nihil  agendo  male  agere  discunt ;  'tis  Aristotle's  simile, 
■"'•as  match  or  touchwood  takes  fire,  so  doth  an  idle  person  love."  QiKrritur 
jEgistus  fjuare  sit  factus  aduitir,  fvC,  why  was  .'Egistus  a  whoremaster .'  You 
need  not  ask  a  reason  of  it.  Ismeiiedora  stole  Baccho,  a  woman  forced  a  man,  as 
"Aurora  did  C'ephalus  :  no  marvel,  saiih  "  Plutarch.  Lururians  opihiis  mon  humiiiinn 
Tiiuliir  agit :  she  was  rich,  fortunate  and  jolly,  and  doth  but  as  men  do  in  that  case, 
as  Jupiter  did  by  Europa,  Neptune  by  Amymone.  The  poets  therefore  did  well  to 
feign  all  shepherds  lovers,  tt>  give  tlu-mselvt's  to  songs  and  dalliances,  because  they 
liveil  such  idle  lives.  For  love,  as  "Theophrostus  defines  it,  is  o//o>/  animi  ajfcittts^ 
an  aflectior)  of  an  idle  mind,  or  as  "Seneca  describes  it,  Juctnta  gignittir,  jiiiu 
nutritur,feriis  alitur,  otioqut  iiittr  lata  fortuna-  bonie ;  youth  begets  it,  riot  main- 
tains it,  idleness  nourisheth  it,  &c.  which  makes  '^Gordonius  the  physician  cap.  'iO. 
part.  2.  call  this  disease  the  proper  passion  of  nobiliry.  Now  if  a  weak  judgment 
and  a  strong  apprehension  do  concur,  lu»w,  pailh  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  shall  they 
resist .'  Savanarola  appropriates  it  almost  t«>  '"»*  uionks,  friars,  and  religious  persons, 
because  they  live  solitarily,  fair  daintily,  and  do  nothing  :"  aiuJ  well  he  may,  for  how 
should  they  otherwise  choose  .' 

Diet  alone  is  able  to  cause  it :  a  rare  thing  to  see  a  young  man  or  a  woman  that 
lives  idlv  and  lares  well,  of  what  condition  soever,  not  to  be  in  love.  "  Alcibiades 
was  still  dallying  with  wanton  young  women,  immoderate  in  his  expenses,  ellt-nii- 
nate  in  his  apparel,  ever  in  love,  but  why.'  he  was  over-delicate  in  his  diet,  too  fre- 
<pient  and  excessive  in  banrjuets,  L  bicunque  securitas,  ibi  libido  dominotur ;  lust 
aiitl  strurity  domineer  together,  as  St.  Hierome  averreth.  All  which  tlie  wife  of  Bath 
in  Chaucer  freely  justifies. 

For  all  to  lifktr,  ai  cold  nffeudretk  kail, 

A  linuoritk  tmtgut  mutt  kaee  a  li^uoruk  tail. 

Especially  if  they  sliall  further  it  by  clioicc  diet,  as  many  times  those  Sybarites  aiul 
Pha-aces  do,  fceil  liberallv,  and  by  their  good  will  eat  notldng  else  but  lascivious 
meats.  '"Vinum  imprimis  gcntrnsum,  Irgumin,  fubas,  radices  omnitim  gmrnim 
bene  conditas,  et  largo  pipere  aspersas,  carduos  hortulanos,  lactucits,  ''' erucas, 
ropas,  pvrros,  ra-pas,  niictm  piceum,  amygdalas  dulcrs,  elcctuaria,  syrnpos,  siircos, 
covhUas,  conchas,  piscts  optime  prwparatns,  nviculas,  testiculos  animaliiim,  ova, 
condimtnta  divtrsorvm  gtntrum,  moUcs  Ivctos,  pulvinaria,  S^c.  Et  qiiia/uid  fere 
mtdici  iinpotcntia  rei  venertce  lahoranti  prcescrihunt,  hoc  quasi  diasalyrion  habtnt 
in  delitiis,  et  his  daprs  multb  delicatiores ;  muhum,  erquisitas  et  eroticas  frugis, 
aronuita,  placenta.'^,  espressos  succo.s  multis  firciitis  varia/os,  ipsumqiir  vinum  sua- 
vitate  rincentfs,  et  quicquid  culina,  pharntacopcea,  aut  quceque  fire  ojfiiiua  siibmi- 
nistrare  possit.  Et  hoc  plerumque  virtu  quum  se  gam  ones  infarciout,  *"  ut  illr  ob 
Chreseida  suam,  se  bulbis  it  cvrhleis  curavit ;  etiam  ad  Venerem  se  pnnnt,  it  ad 
hanc  piilestram  se  eierccant,  qui  fieri  posiit,  ut  non  miscre  dipereant,  *'  uf  non  peni- 
tu.t  in'saniant  ^     .^luans  venter  cito  despuit  in  libidinem,  Ilieronymus  ait.     ''^  Post 

"■Cslullu*  ail  l.»'»hiarn.  "nor.  '•Polil.  H.  iiiriirrit  bcr  paMin  Militarioa  deliliow  vivrnt<>«.  inenn. 

H  ini    :-.  Ill  tiaplha.  ad  i:;npm,  sic  amor  ail  ill'is  <i'ii  i-'f  tiii4Miie«.  relieioMM,  4ie.                     ''PIui.ikIi  ni.riua. 

"  faui^ania:!  Attic.  Ilh.  I.     i                         Vina  pnrniit  jiiiiiiim  venrri.                '•''.~  <  ir 

<■    Jitveni*   nh  aiirnrn    raptii<   •                            >  iiint  biilr>i(|iit:  nalace*;  liiiproha  npc  ;  i. 

,„  1.              J  Im  aiiiatnriu.                                         iii'i      fuil                    "  Pelroiii,.  .   x 

•  lira  f-t  ?<>llicituili:u».  I                                                      "I'l  .k.iifii, 

iin  I't  ailrtueiiliani  di-  i  ■,                                      im-ni  it  qu.>  ,  rutiino 

'  iiiciirnri'.             '•  .\r-  n.                                  niprriait.                          -  J. 

leulrr  iai-^icir  >iai  oU>'*4iu  kitaiii  agil.  ut  couiniuii her 


IVlein.  2.  Subs.  2.] 


Causes  of  Love-MelanclwCy. 


457 

praiidia,  Callyroenda.  Quis  cnim  contincre  se  potest  ?  ^^Luxuriosa  res  vinuni, 
fommtum  libidinis  vocat  Augustiiui.s,  bland um  d(emone?n,  Bernardus  ;  lac  veneris,, 
Aristophanes.  Non  JEUva,  non  Vesuvius  tantis  ardoribus  sestuant,  ac  juveniles  me- 
dullae  vino  plena?,  addif  *'^  llieronynius  :  unde  oh  optimum  viniim  Lamsacus  oUm 
Priapo  srjfcr:  ct  vcnerandi  Bacclii  socio,  apud  ^^Orpheuni  Venus  omo'zV.     Hcbc  si 

vinum  simplex,  et  per  sc  sumptum  prcrstare  possit,  nam '^  quo  me  Bacche 

rapis  tui  plenum?  quam  non  insoniam,  quern  non  furorem  u  cccteris  cxpectemus? 
^'Gomesius  saJcm  enumcrat  inter  ea  qum  intempstivam  libidinem  prooocare  solent, 
et  salaciores  fieri  fceniinas  obesum  salis  conteudit :  Venerem  ideo  dicunt  ab  Oceano 
ortam. 

fS"  Unde  rot  in  Veneta  scnitornm  millia  cur  sunt  ? 
In  promptu  causa  est,  est  Venus  orta  mari." 

Et  hinc  foeta  mater  Salacea  Oceani  conjux,  verbumqiie  furtasse  salax  a  sale  effiurit. 
3'lala  Bacchica  tantum  oliin  in  amoribus  pravalucrunt,  ut  coroncs  ex  illis  statucB 
Bacchi  ponerentur.  ^Cubebis  in  vino  maceratis  utuntur  Jndi  Orientales  ad  Vene- 
rem excitandum,  et  ^ Surax  radice  Africani.  Chinae  radix  eosdetn  tffectus  habet, 
talisqiie  herbce,  meminit  mag.  nat.  lib.  2.  cap.  16.  *"  Baptista  Porta  ex  India  cdlatce, 
cujus  mcniioncm  facit  et  Theophrastus.  Sed  itifinita  his  similia  apud  Rhasin,  Mat- 
thiolum,  Mizaldum,  cceterosqiie  medicos  occurrunt,  quorum  ideo  mentionem  feci,  ne 
quis  imperitior  in  Jios  scopulos  impingat,  sed  pro  virili  tanquam  syrtes  et  cautes 
consultb  ejfugiat. 


SuBSECT.  II. —  Other  causes  of  Love-Melancholy^  Sight,  Beauty  from  the  Face, 
Eyes,  other  parts,  and  hmo  it  picrceth. 

Man^y  such  causes  may  be  reckoned  up,  but  they  cannot  avail,  except  opportunity 
be  offered  of  time,  place,  and  those  other  beautiful  objects,  or  artificial  enticements, 
as  kissing,  conference,  discourse,  gestures  concur,  with  such  like  lascivious  provoca- 
cations.  Kornmannus,  in  his  book  de  linea  amoris,  makes  five  degrees  of  lust,  out 
of  ^Lucian  belike,  which  he  handles  in  five  chapters,  Visits,  Colloquium,  Convictus, 
Oscula,  Tactus?^  Sight,  of  all  other,  is  the  first  step  of  this  unruly  love,  though 
sometime  it  be  prevented  by  relation  or  hearing,  or  rather  incensed.  For  there  be 
those  so  apt,  credulous,  and  facile  to  love,  that  if  they  hear  of  a  proper  man,  or  wo- 
man, they  are  in  love  before  they  see  them,  and  that  merely  by  relation,  as  Achilles 
Tatius  observes.  ^■*Sucli  is  their  intemperance  and  lust,  that  they  are  as  much 
maimed  by  report,  as  if  they  saw  them.  Callisthenes  a  rich  young  gentleman  of 
Byzance  in  Thrace,  hearing  of  ^^Leucippe,  Sostraius'  fair  daughter,  was  far  in  love 
with  her,  and,  out  of  fame  and  common  rumour,  so  much  incensed,  that  he  would 
needs  have  her  to  be  his  wife."  And  sometimes  by  reading  they  are  so  aflected,  as 
he  in  ^''Lucian  confesseth  of  himself,  "•  1  never  read  that  place  of  Panthea  in  Xeno- 
phon,  but  I  am  as  much  aflected  as  if  I  were  present  with  her."  Sucli  persons  com- 
monly ^' feign  a  kind  of  beauty  to  themselves;  and  so  did  those  three  gendewomen 
in  ^^Balthasar  Castillo  fall  in  love  with  a  young  man  whom  they  never  knew,  but 
only  heard  him  commended  :  or  by  reading  of  a  letter ;  for  there  is  a  grace  cometh 
from  hearing,  ^^  as  a  moral  philosopher  informeth  us,  "■  as  well  from  sight ;  and  the 
species  of  love  are  received  into  the  fantasy  by  relation  alone :"  '"^  ut  cupere  ab 
aspectu,  sic  velle  ab  audUu,  both  senses  affect.  Jnterdum  ct  absentes  amamus,  some- 
times we  love  those  that  are  absent,  saith  Philostratus,  and  gives  instance  in  his 
friend  Athenorodus,  that  loved  a  maid  at  Corinth  whom  he  never  saw ;  non  ocull  sed 
mens  videt,  we  see  with  the  eyes  of  our  understanding. 

But  the  most  familiar  and  usual  cause  of  love  is  that  which  comes  by  sight,  which 


*3Siraciiles.    Nox,  et  amor  vinumque  nihil  modera- 
Llle  suadcnt.  ^^  Lip.  ail  Olyinpiaui.  s>5  Uvnmo. 

«H(jr.    I.  3.   0(I.  25.  f  Ue  sale  lib.  cap.  -21. 

^^  Knrnmanniis  lib.  de  virgjnitate.  t'-'Garcias  ah 

horto  aronialuni,  lilt.  1.  cap.  26.  s^Surax  radix  ad 

coitum  siinime  facit  si  quis  comedat,  ant  iiifusioneni 
bibat,  nioinbruni  subito  erigitur.  Leo  Afer.  lib.  9.  cap. 
ult.  »i  duEE  non  solum  edentibus  sed  et  genitale 

langenlibiis  tanluni  valet,  ut  coire  suninie  desiderent ; 
quoties  fere  veliiit,  possint;  alios  duodecies  profecisse, 
alios  ad  CO  vices  pervenisse  refert.  "^  Lucian.  Tom. 

4.  Dial,  aiiiorum.         ^  "  Sight,  couference,  association, 


58 


2  0 


kisses,  touch."  94  Ea  enim  honiinuni  intemperan- 

tiuni  libido  est  ut  ctiam  faiiia  ad  amanilum  impellaiitur, 
et  audienles  jeque  alficiuntur  ac  videiites.  s^  For- 

niosain  Sostrato  filiam  audiens,  uxorein  cupit,  et  sola 
illius,  auditione  ardct.  '•■Uuoties  de  Panthea  Xe- 

nnphontis  locum  jierlego,  ita  aninioali>ctus  ac  si  coram 
intuerer.  "•  Pulchritudinem  sibi  ipsis  confingunt. 

Imagines.  9*  De  anlico  lib.  2.  t'ol.  ll(j.  'tis  a  pleasant 
story,  and  related  at  large  by  him.  «* Gratia  venit 

ab  iiuditu  a-que  ac  visu  et  species  amoris  in  phanta- 
siain  recipiuiil.9ola  relatione.  Picolomineus  grad.  8.  c. 
38.         ""^  Lips.  cent.  2.  epist.  SJi    Beautic's  Encoiaions. 


438  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

couvevs  those  admirable  rays  of  beauty  aiul  pleasing  graces  to  the  heart.  Plotinus  de- 
rives love  from  sight,  i'pwj  quasi  oijootj.  '  Si  7uscis,  ocull  sunt  in  amore  duces^  "the  eyes 
are  the  harbingers  of  love,"  and  the  first  step  of  love  -is  sight,  as  ^Lilius  Giraldua 
proves  at  large,  hist.  dear,  syntcig.  13.  tliey  as  two  sluices  let  iu  the  intlueuces  of  that 
divine,  powerful,  soul-ravishing,  and  captivating  beauty,  Mhich,  as  ^  one  saith,  "  is 
fcharper  than  any  dart  or  needle,  wounds  deeper  into  the  heart;  and  opens  a  gap 
tlirough  our  eyes  to  that  lovely  wound,  which  pierceth  the  soul  itself"  (Ecclus.  18.) 
Through  it  love  is  kindled  like  a  lire.  This  amazing,  confounding,  admirable,  amia- 
ble beauty,  '*"■  than  which  in  all  nature's  treasure  (saith  Isocrales;  there  is  nothing 
so  niajestical  and  sacred,  nothing  so  divine,  lovely,  precious,"  'tis  nature's  crown, 
gold  and  glorv;  bonum  si  non  su/nmum,  dc  summis  tavwn  nan  infrequentcr  triumphans^ 
uhose  power  hence  may  be  discerned  ;  we  contemn  and  abhor  generally  such  things 
as  are  foul  and  ugly  to  behold,  account  them  filthy,  but  love  and  covet  that  which 
is  fair.  'Tis  ^  beauty  in  all  things  which  pleaseth  and  allureth  us,  a  lair  hawk,  a  fine 
garment,  a  goodly  building,  a  fair  house,  &.c.  That  Persian  Xerxes  wiien  he  de- 
stroyed all  those  temples  of  the  gods  in  Greece,  caused  that  of  Diana,  in  integrum 
servctri,  to  be  spared  alone  for  tliat  excellent  beauty  and  magnificence  of  it.  Inani- 
mate beauty  can  so  command.  'Tis  that  which  painters,  artificers,  orators,  all  aim 
at,  as  Eriximachus  the  physician,  in  Plato  contends,  '"^It  was  beauty  first  that  min- 
istered occasion  to  art,  to  find  out  the  knowledge  of  carving,  painting,  building,  to 
find  out  models,  perspectives,  rich  furnitures,  and  so  many  rare  inventions."  White- 
ness in  the  lilv,  red  in  the  rose,  purple  in  the  violet,  a  lustre  in  all  things  without 
life,  the  clear  light  of  the  moon,  the  bright  beams  of  the  sun,  splendour  of  gold, 
purple,  sparkling  diamond,  the  excellent  feature  of  the  horse,  the  majesty  of  the  lion, 
the  colour  of  birds,  peacock's  tails,  the  silver  scales  of  fish,  we  behold  with  singular 
delight  and  admiration.  '''And  which  is  rich  in  plants,  delightful  in  flowers,  won- 
derful in  beasts,  but  most  glorious  in  men,"  doth  make  us  afl'ect  and  earnestly  desire 
it,  as  when  we  hear  any  sweet  harmony,  an  ehxiuent  tongue,  see  any  excellent 
cpialitv,  curious  work  of  man,  elaborate  art,  or  aught  that  is  exquisite,  there  ariseth 
instantly  in  us  a  longing  for  the  same.  We  love  such  men,  but  most  part  for  come- 
liness of  person ;  we  call  them  jt'kIs  and  godesses,  divine,  serene,  haj)py,  &.c.  And 
c»f  all  mortal  men  they  alone  ("Calcagninus  holds)  are  free  from  calumny;  qui  divi- 
iiis^  ma^istrdtu  et  gloria  Jlorcnt,  injuria  laccssiinus^  we  backbite,  wrong,  liate  re- 
nowned, rich,  and  happy  men,  we  repine  at  their  felicity,  they  are  undeserving  we 
think,  fortune  is  a  step-mother  to  us,  a  parent  to  them.  '•  We  envy  ^  saith  *  Isocrates) 
wise,  just,  honest  men,  except  with  mutual  ofiices  and  kindnesses,  some  good  turn 
or  other,  thev  extort  this  love  troin  us ;  only  fair  persons  we  love  at  first  sight,  desire 
their  acquaintance,  and  adore  them  as  so  many  gods  :  we  had  rather  serve  them  than 
command  others,  and  accoimt  ourselves  the  more  beholding  to  them,  the  more  ser- 
vice thev  enjoin  us :  though  they  be  otherwise  vicious,  dishonest,  we  love  them, 
favour  them,  and  are  ready  to  do  them  any  good  office  for  their  '"beauty's  sake, 
though  thev  have  no  other  goiid  quality  beside.  Die  igitur  b  formosc  adolcsccns  (as 
that  eloquent  Piiavorinus  breaks  out  in  "  Stobeus)  die  Jiutiloquc.,  suaciits  nectare 
loqueris ;  die  6  Telemache^  vchcmentiiis  Ulysse  dicis;  die  Jilcibiades  utcunquc  cbrius, 
libtntiits  till  licit  ebrio  auscultabimus.  ''  Speak,  fair  youth,  speak  Autiloquus,  thy 
words  are  sweeter  than  nectar,  speak  O  Telemachus,  thou  art  more  powerful  than 
Ulysses,  speak  Alcibiades  though  drunk,  we  will  willingly-  hear  thee  as  thou  art." 
Faults  in  such  are  no  faults:  for  when  the  said  Alcibiades  had  stolen  Anytus  his  gold 
and  silver  plate,  he  was  so  far  from  prosecuting  so  foul  a  fict  (thougli  every  man 
else  condemned  his  inq)udence  and  insolency)  that  he  wished  it  had  been  more,  and 
much  better  (he  loved  him  dearly)  for  his  sweet  sake.  '-No  worth  is  eminent  iv 
such  lovely  persons,  all  imperfections  hid ;"  7ion  enim  facile  de  his  quos  ylunmun 


I  Proprrt.  •  Ainoria  primum  gradum  viuis  liabet, 

uc  a^piciat  rem  anialum.  >  AcliilU-:)  Tatiu*  lib.  1. 

Forma  tel<>  quuvis  .'iitutiur  a<l  infereiiduiii  vuluuii.  perque 
bruliM  ainatoriu  vuliieri  aililuiii  palelaciens  in  aniiiiuni 
p«-iielrat.  •Iiitntii  reruiii  iialiira  nihil  t'urniadiviiiiu«, 
nihil  aiiifiisliui).  nihil  prtrlinxius.  ciiju:>  virrt  liiiic  facile 
iMlelliijUMtiir,  ice.  •t'hris'l.  Koiiiwia.  *i.  L. 

"•  Briiy*  proh.  II.  ile  foraia  i  I.,uciani>!i.  •  Ljb.  Ue 

calumiiia.  KoriiiiMi  CaUiniiiinia  vacant  ;  ilnleoiu:!  alio* 
MMliure  locu  putfiiiM.l'uriuuaio  nubu  uuvcrcam  illu,  ^c 


•  Invidenius  Kapienlibos,  juslio,  niiii  benedcii<  aaaidut 
anioreiii  exturqueiil ;  fuiloii  rMriniifo*  amaniiK  rt  primo 
velul  aspt'ctii  tM.-iii.-volenlia  oiiijiin^iiniir.  •>!  ei.«  laii- 
quaiii  L)<'U*  coliinuii,  lit>eiiliii«  \^i  »t-rviniiii'  i|iiniii  alii* 
iiU|H.Taniu«,  iiiaj'<rc-iiii|up.  tc.  '"  V'tima-  iimj-  »l»l»-iii 

Barbdri  verentur,  nee  iilii  inaj'irt-K  ))iiuiii  i|ii>>i>  rxiuiia 
foriua  nalura  donala  h<>(.  HeriNl  lilt.  i.  Curlin*  i<  \ri>i 
Polii.  >i  derm.  63L  PIviarch.  Tit.  ejua.  Uriioniua 

ijirabo. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  2.] 


Causes  of  Love-Melancholy. 


459 


diligimus^  turpitudinejti  snspicanmr^  for  hearing,  sight,  touch,  Stc,  oui  mind  and  all 
our  senses  are  captivated,  omnes  scnsus  fqrmosus  deler.tat.  Many  men  liave  been 
preferred  for  their  person  alone,  chosen  kings,  as  amongst  the  Indians,  Persians, 
ii'thiopiaiis  of  okl ;  tlie  properest  man  of  person  the  country  could  afford,  was 
elected  their  sovereign  lord;  Gratior  est  pulchro  veniens  e  corpore  virtus,  '^and  so 
have  many  other  nations  thought  and  done,  as  '^Curtius  observes:  Ingens  enim 
in  corporis  raajestate  venerutio  est,  "  for  there  is  a  majestical  presence  in  such 
men ;"  and  so  far  was  beauty  adored  amongst  them,  that  no  man  was  thought  fit  to 
reio-n,  that  was  not  in  all  parts  complete  and  supereminent.  Agis,  king  of  Lacedfemon, 
had  like  to  have  been  deposed,  because  he  married  a  little  wife,  they  would  not  have 
their  royal  issue  degenerate.  Who  wonld  ever  have  thouglit  that  Adrian  the  Fourth, 
an  English  monk's  bastard  (as  '^  Papirius  Massovius  writes  in  his  life),  inops  a  suis 
rrlictus^squalidus  et  miser,  a  poor  forsaken  child,  should  ever  come  to  be  pope  of  Rome.'' 
But  why  was  it?  Erat  acri  ingmio^facundid  expeditd  eleganti  corpore,  facieque 
lata  ac  hilari,  (as  he  follows  it  out  of  '^Nubrigensis,  for  he  ploughs  with  his  heifer,) 
"•  he  was  wise,  learned,  eloquent,  of  a  pleasant,  a  promising  countenance,  a  goodly, 
proper  man ;  he  had,  in  a  word,  a  winning  look  of  his  own,"  and  that  carried  it,  for 
that  he  was  especially  advanced.  So  "  Saul  was  a  goodly  person  and  a  fair."  3Iaxi- 
minus  elected  emperor,  &c.  Branchus  the  son  of  Apollo,  whom  he  begot  of  Jance, 
Succron's  daughter  (saith  Lactantius),  when  he  kept  King  Admetus'  herds  in  Thessaly, 
now  grown  a  man,  was  an  earnest  suitor  to  his  mother  to  know  his  father;  the 
nymph  denied  him,  because  Apollo  had  conjured  her  to  the  contrary;  yet  overcome 
by  his  importunity  at  last  she  sent  him  to  his  father;  when  he  came  into  Apollo's 
presence,  malas  Dei  reverenter  osculatus,  he  carried  himself  so  well,  and  was  so 
fair  a  young  man,  that  Apollo  was  infinitely  taken  with  the  beauty  of  his  person,  he 
could  scarce  look  off"  him,  and  said  he  was  wortliy  of  such  parents,  gave  him  a 
crown  of  grold,  the  spirit  of  divination,  and  in  conclusion  made  him  a  demi-god.  O 
vis  sujjerba  formce,  a  goddess  beauty  is,  whom  the  very  gods  adore,  nam  pulchros 
dii  amant;  she  is  Jimoris  domina,  love's  harbinger,  love's  loadstone,  a  witch,  a 
charm,  Stc.  Beauty  is  a  dower  of  itself,  a  sufficient  patrimony,  an  ample  commend- 
ation, an  accurate  epistle,  as  '*Lucian,  '"Apuleius,  Tiraquellus,  and  some  others  con- 
clude. Impcrio  digna  forma,  beauty  deserves  a  kingdom,  saith  Abulensis,  paradox 
2.  cap.  110.  immortality;  and  '^''more  have  got  this  honour  and  eternity  for  their 
beauty,  than  for  all  other  virtues  besides  :"  and  such  as  are  fair,  "  are  worthy  to  be 
honoured  of  God  and  men."  That  Idalian  Ganymede  was  therefore  fetched  by 
Jupiter  into  heaven,  Hephaestion  dear  to  Alexander,  Antinous  to  Adrian.  Plato  calls 
beauty  for  that  cause  a  privilege  of  nature,  JYatiirce  gaudcntis  opus,  nature's  master- 
piece, a  dumb  comment ;  Theophrastus,  a  silent  fraud  ;  still  rhetoric  Carneades,  that 
persuades  without  speech,  a  kingdom  without  a  guard,  because  beautiful  persons 
command  as  so  many  captains;  Socrates,  a  tyranny,  ''which  tyranniseth  over  tyrants 
themselves ;  which  made  Diogenes  belike  call  proper  women  queens,  quod  facerent 
hoitiines  quce,  prceciperenf,  because  men  were  so  obedient  to  their  commands.  They 
will  adore,  cringe,  compliment,  and  bow  to  a  common  wench  (if  she  be  fair)  as  if 
she  were  a  noble  Avoman,  a  countess,  a  queen,  or  a  goddess.  Those  intemperate 
young  men  of  Greece  erected  at  Delphos  a  golden  image  with  infinite  cost,  to  the 
eternal  memory  of  Phryne  the  courtezan,  as  Jillian  relates,  for  she  was  a  most  beau- 
tiful woiuan,  insomuch,  saith  '^Athemeus,  that  Apelles  and  Praxiteles  drew  Venus's 
picture  from  her.  Thus  young  men  will  adore  and  honour  beauty;  nay  kings  them- 
selves 1  sav  will  do  it,  and  voluntarily  submit  their  sovereignty  to  a  lovely  woman. 
•"Wine  is  strong,  kings  are  strong,  but  a  woman  strongest,"  1  Esd.  iv.  10.  as  Zero- 
babel  proved  at  large  to  King  Darius,  his  princes  and  noblemen.  "  Kings  sit  still 
and  command  sea  and  land,  kc,  all  pay  tribute  to  the  king;  but  women  make  kings 
pay  tribute,  and  iiave  dominion  over  them.  When  they  have  got  gold  and  silver, 
they  submit  all  to  a  beautiful  woman,  give  themselves  wholly  to  her,  gape  and  gaze 


'2  "Virtue  appear-s  more  gracefully  in  a  lovely  per- 
sonage." 'S  hib.  5.  maKMoruiiK)"'" ;  opcruin  iioii 
alios  capaces  piitant  quatii  ipios  eximia  sptcie  iiatura 
dxiiavit.  "  Lib.  de  vitis  Ponlifirum.  Rotii.  i-^Lib. 
2.  cap.  6.  "  Dial,  aiiinrniii.  c.  i.  <le  ma»ia.  Lib.  2. 
roniiub.  cap.  27.  Virgo  foriiiosa  vX  si  oppido  pauper, 
abunde  est  dotala.  »"  Isocrates  plures  ob  formam 


iiiimortalilateiu  adepli  sunt  quam  ob  reliqiias  uinnes 
virtut«s.  16  Luciaii  Tom.  4.  Charida;inon.  Q,u\ 

pulcliri,  merito  apud  Dcos  et  apud  hoiiiini'S  lionore  af 
fecli.  .Miita  coiiiinvntatio.  qiiavis  epistola  ad  commen. 
daiiduiii  elficacior.  i»  Lib. 9.  Var.hist.  tanta  forimB 

elegantia  ut  ab  ea  nuda,  &.c. 


460  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2 

on  her,  and  all  men  desire  her  more  than  gold  or  silver,  or  any  precious  thing:  iliey 
will  leave  father  and  mother,  and  venture  their  lives  for  her,  labour  and  travel  to  gel, 
and  bring  all  their  gains  to  women,  steal,  tight,  and  spoil  for  their  mistress's  sake. 
And  no  king  so  strong,  but  a  fair  woman  is  strongc-  han  he  is.  All  things  (as  ^"hc 
proceeds)  fear  to  touch  the  king;  yet  I  saw  liim  and  Apame  his  concubine,  tlic 
daughter  of  the  famous  Bartacns,  sitting  on  the  right  hand  of  the  king,  and  she  took 
the  crown  off' liis  head,  and  put  it  on  her  own,  and  stioke  him  with  her  left  hand; 
yet  the  king  gaped  and  gazed  on  her,  and  when  she  laughed  he  laughed,  and  wlien 
she  was  angry  he  flattered  to  be  reconciled  to  her."  So  beauty  cumniands  even 
kings  themselves;  nay  whole  armies  and  kingdoms  are  captivated  together  with  their 
kings:  ^'Forina  vincil  armatos,  ferrum  jmlchriludo  caplivat ;  vinccniiir  specie^  qui 
non  vincenlur  prcelio.  And  'tis  a  great  matter  saith  *"  Xcnophon,  "  and  of  which  all 
fair  persons  may  worthily  brag,  that  a  strong  man  must  labour  for  his  living  if  he 
will  have  aught,  a  valiant  nian  must  fight  and  emlanger  himself  for  it,  a  wise  man 
speak,  show  himself,  and  toil ;  but  a  fair  and  beautiful  person  doth  all  with  ease,  he 
comj)asseth  his  desire  without  any  pains-taking:"  God  and  men,  heaven  and  earth 
conspire  to  honour  him;  every  one  pities  liim  above  other,  if  he  be  m  need,  "and 
all  the  world  is  willing  to  do  him  good.  -^  Chariclea  fell  into  the  hand  of  jjirates, 
but  when  all  the  rest  were  put  to  the  edge  of  the  sword,  she  alone  was  preserved  for 
her  person.  ^  When  Constantinople  was  sacked  by  the  Turk,  Irene  escaped,  and 
v.ds  so  far  from  being  made  a  captive,  that  she  even  captivated  the  Grand  Seignior 
himself.     So  did  Rosamond  insult  over  King  Henry  the  Second. 

* "  I  wns  no  fair  an  object ; 

Whom  fortiiiiK  niade  my  kiiiir.  my  love  made  iubject ; 
He  fouiiil  by  priKif  the  privili-ee  of  U-auly, 
That  II  had  p<iwer  to  countermand  all  duty." 

It  captivates  the  very  gods  themselves,  Morosiora  nuniina, 

" "  Drui  i[>*e  dforiim 

Factu*  ob  haiic  formam  b<)»,  e<|iiu«  iiiiber  olor." 

And  those  mali  genii  are  taken  with  it,  as  *  I  have  already  proved.  Formosam  Bar- 
hari  verenlur^  cl  ad  spectuin  pulchrum  immanis  animus  munsuescit.  (Heliodor. /ti.  5.) 
The  barbarians  stand  in  awe  of  a  t'air  woman,  and  at  a  beautiful  aspect  a  tierce  spirit 
is  pacified.  For  when  as  Troy  was  taken,  and  the  wars  ended  (as  Clemens  '^Alex 
andiinus  quotes  out  of  Euripides  i  angry  .Meiielaus  with  rage  and  fury  armed,  came 
with  his  sword  drawn,  to  have  killed  Helen,  with  his  own  hands,  as  being  the  sole 
cause  of  all  those  wars  and  miseries  :  but  when  he  saw  her  fair  face,  as  tJiie  amazed 
at  her  divine  beauty,  he  let  his  weapon  fall,  and  emf)raced  iier  l^esides,  he  had  no 
power  to  strike  so  sweet  a  creature.  Ergo  habetantur  eases  pulc/iritudine,  the  edge 
of  a  sharp  sword  (as  the  saying  is)  is  dulled  with  a  beautiful  aspect,  and  severity 
itself  is  overcome.  Hiperides  the  orator,  when  Pliryne  his  client  was  accused  at 
Athens  for  her  lewdness,  used  no  other  defence  in  her  cause,  but  tearing  her  upper 
garment,  disclosed  her  naked  breast  to  the  judges,  with  which  comeliness  of  her 
body  and  amiable  gesture  they  were  so  moved  and  astonished,  that  they  did  acquit 
her  forthwith,  and  let  her  go.  O  noble  piece  of  justice!  mine  author  exclaims  :  and 
who  is  he  that  would  not  rather  lose  his  seat  and  robes,  forfeit  his  office,  than  give 
sentence  against  the  majesty  of  beauty .'  Sucli  prerogatives  have  fair  persons,  and 
thev  alone  are  free  from  danger.  Paithenopa;us  was  so  lovely  and  fair,  that  when 
he  ibuglit  in  the  Theban  wars,  if  his  face  had  been  by  chance  bare,  no  enemy  would 
offer  to  strike  at  or  hurt  him,  such  immunities  hath  beauty.  Beasts  themselves  are 
moved  with  it.  Sinalda  was  a  woman  of  such  excellent  feature,  "and  a  queen,  that 
when  she  was  to  be  trodden  on  by  wild  horses  for  a  punishment,  "the  wild  beasLs 
stood  in  admiration  of  her  person,  (Saxo  Grammaticus  lib.  8.  JJan.  hist.)  and  would 
not  hurt  her."     Wherefore  did  that  royal  virgin  in  ^'Apuleius,  when  she  fled  from 

»  Esdrac.  iv.  29.  "  Origen  horn.  23.  in  Xiimb.  ■  count  of  thin  beauty  became  a  bull,  a  »hnw»T,  s  iw«n.» 

In  Ipso*  tyrannoK  tyranniilem  ciercLl.  »  mud    *  S.ci.  2.  M'ln   1  *ih.  1.  a-Pir.  '    ,    »l 

wrte  nia»niiiii  <>b  quod  i;l<iriari  ponsiint  formf>«i.  quod  1  raptam  Trujiiiu  cum   impetu  ferretiir.  .  m 

robuMw   iitci»iiiriuni  »it  laborare.  t'c.rt.iii  periculi*  i-e     M.-N n  im    -t    p   re  adeo  pulchriludiiii«  r  i   ' 

objicere.  MipieiiUin,  &c.  »>  .Majorem  viin  liabet  ad     r  Sec.  «»TaMtir  r..rin»    lit   ui   turn 

comuiendanaam  f..rnia,quam  accurate  »< npla  rpist.da.     »  "<  eipo«ita  foret.  equoniin  ral,  ilma  ol>- 

Ari»t.  »»  ni-lio.lor.  lib.  I.  »  Kiio»%le<.  hi»t.  '  t.  j  uiiriitis  adiniralioni  full .  Udere  uoly«. 

Turcica.  *  Daiii»'l  in  coniplaiiit  of  Ro«amond.  i  rum.  "  Lib.  e.  luulea. 

"Buuza  fliiua  Epi^.     "The  king  uf  the  cods  on  ac-  I 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  2.]  Beauty  a  Cause.  461 

the  thieves'  den,  in  a  desert,  make  such  an  apostrophe  to  her  ass  on  whom  slie  rode; 
(for  what  knew  she  to  the  contrary,  but  that  he  was  an  ass  ?)  Si  me  parentibus  ci 
proco  fonnoso  reddideris,  quas  tibi  gratlas^  quos  honorcs  habcbo,  quos  cibos  exhi- 
bebo?^-  She  would  comb' him,  dress  him,  feed  him,  and  trick  him  every  day  her- 
self, and  he  should  work  no  more,  toil  no  more,  but  rest  and  play,  &c.  And  besides 
she  would  have  a  dainty  picture  drawn,  in  perpetual  remembrance,  a  virgin  riding 
upon  an  ass's  back  with  this  motto,  Asino  vectorc  regia  virgo  fugiens  captivitalem; 
why  said  she  all  this  t  why  did  she  make  such  promises  to  a  dumb  beast .?  but  that 
she  perceived  the  poor  ass  to  be  taken  with  her  beauty;  for  he  did  often  obliquo 
cnlJo  pedes  puel/cB  dccoros  basiare,  kiss  her  feet  as  she  rode,  et  ad  delicalulas  vocu- 
las  tentabat.  adhinnire,  offer  to  give  consent  as  much  as  in  him  was  to  her  delicate 
speeches,  and  besides  he  had  some  feeling,  as  she  conceived  of  her  misery.  And 
why  did  Tiieogine's  horse  in  Heliodorus  ^^ curvet,  prance,  and  go  so  proudly,  cxultuns 
alacriler  ci  superbicns.,  t^-c,  but  that  such  as  mine  author  supposeth,  he  was  in  love 
with  his  master  ?  dixisses  ipsum  equum  pulclirum  intclligcre  pulcliram  domini  for- 
mamf  A  fly  lighted  on  ^^Malthius'  cheek  as  he  lay  asleep;  but  why.'  Not  to  hurt 
him,  as  a  parasite  of  his,  standing  by,  well  perceived,  non  ut  pungerct,  sed  ut  oscula- 
rciur^  but  certainly  to  kiss  him,  as  ravished  with  his  divine  looks.  Inanimate  crea- 
tures, ]  suppose,  have  a  touch  of  this.  When  a  drop  of  ^^  Psyche's  candle  fell  on 
Cupid's  shoulder,  I  think  sure  it  was  to  kiss  it.  When  Venus  ran  to  meet  her  rose- 
cheeked  Adonis,  as  an  elegant  '^  poet  of  our's  sets  her  out, 

"the  hushes  in  the  way 

Some  catch  her  neck,  some  kiss  her  face, 
Some  twine  ahoiit  her  le^s  to  make  her  stay, 
And  all  did  covf  I  lier  tor  to  embrace. " 

Aer  ipse  amore  iiificitur,  as  Heliodorus  holds,  the  air  itself  is  in  love:  for  when  Hero 
plaid  upon  her  lute, 

''"The  wanton  air  in  twenty  sweet  foriiis  danc't 
After  her  finaers" 

and  those  lascivious  winds  stayed  Daphne  when  she  fled  from  Apollo; 

"  luidahant  corpora  venti. 


Obviaque  adversas  vibrabant  tiamina  vcstcs." 

Boreas  Ventus  loved  Hyacinthus,  and  Orilhya  Ericthons's  daughter  of  Athens  :  vi 
rapuit^  Sfc.  lie  took  her  away  by  force,  as  she  was  playing  with  other  wenches  at 
llissus,  and  begat  Zetes  and  Galias  his  two  sons  of  her.  That  seas  and  waters  are 
enamoured  with  this  our  beauty,  is  all  out  as  likely  as  that  of  the  air  and  winds ; 
for  when  Leander  swam  in  the  Hellespont,  Neptune  with  his  trident  did  beat  down 
the  waves,  but 

"  They  still  mounted  up  intending  to  li»ve  kiss'd  him, 
And  fell  in  drops  like  tears  because  they  missed  him." 

The  '^  river  Alpheus  was  in  love  with  Arethusa,  as  she  tells  the  tale  herself, 

*> "  viridesque  manu  siccata  capillos, 

Fluminis  Alphei  veteios  recitavit  amores; 
Pars  ego  Nyiiipharuin,"  &.c. 

When  our  Thame  and  Isis  meet 

<i  "  Oscula  inille  sonant,  connexu  brachia  patient, 
Mutuaque  explicitis  connectuiit  colla  lacertis." 

Inachus  and  Pineus,  and  how  many  loving  rivers  can  I  reckon  -up,  whom  beauty 
hath  enthralled !  I  say  nothing  all  this  while  of  idols  themselves  that  have  com- 
mitted idolatry  in  this  kind,  of  looking-glasses,  that  have  been  rapt^in  love  (if  you 
will  believe  ^- poets),  when  their  ladies  and  mistresses  looked  on  to  dress  them. 

"  Et  si  non  habeo  sensuin,  tiia  gratia  sensuin  |  "  Though  I  no  sense  at  all  of  feeling  have, 

Exhibef,  et  calidi  sentio  anions  onus.  Yet  your  sweet  looks  do  animate  and  save; 

Dirigis  hue  quoties  spectantia  luinina,  flamma  i  And  when  your  speaking  eyes  do  this  way  turn. 

Succtndunt  inopi  saucia  membra  milii."  I  Methinks  my  wounded  members  live  and  burn."' 

1  could  tell  you  such  another  story  of  a  spindle  that  was  fired  by  a  fair  lady's  ""^ looks, 

^' "  If  you  will  restore  ine  to  my  parents,  and  my     began  to  relate  the  loves  of  Alpheus.  I  was  formerly  an 


beautiful  lover,  what  thanks,  what  honour  shall  I 
owe  you,  what  provender  shall  I  not  supply  you?" 
«>  iEthiop.  1.  3.  84  Atheneus,  lib.  8.  36  ..\pu|pi„s 

Aur.  asino.  ^^shakspeare.  3' Marlowe.  mqv. 
,Met.  1.  »Ovid.  Met.  lib.  5.  ■'""And  with  her 

hand  wiping  off  the  drops  from  her  green  tresses,  thus 


Achaian  nymph."  •"  Leiand.     ■'  Tlieir  lips  resound 

with  thousand  kisses,  their  arms  are  pallid  with  the 
close  embrace,  and  their  necks  are  mutually  entwined 
by  their  fond  caresses."  ^-  .^ngerianus.  ^^g; 

longe  aspiciens  hsc  urit  lumine  divos  atque  houiine* 
prope,  cur  urere  lina  nequit?    Angerianus. 


2o2 


402  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

oi  finders,  some  say,  I  know  not  well  whether,  but  fired  it  was  by  report,  and  of  a 
Cold  bath  that  suddenly  smoked,  and  was  very  hot  when  naked  Ccelia  oanie  into  it, 
Miramur  quls  sit  taritus  et  unde  vapor.,''''**  &iC.  But  of  all  the  tales  in  this  kintl,  that 
is  the  most  memorable  of  *^  Death  himself,  when  he  should  have  strucken  a  sw^et 
young  vir<rin  with  his  dart,  he  fell  in  love  with  the  object.  Many  more  such  coul;l 
1  relate  which  are  to  be  believed  with  a  poetical  faith.  So  (himb  and  deail  creatures 
dote,  but  men  are  mad,  stupiried  many  times  at  the  first  sight  of  beauty,  amazed, 
**a8  that  fisherman  in  Arista;netus  that  spied  a  maid  bathing  herself  by  the  sca-sule, 

<'"Soliita  inihi  sunt  omnia  inetiibra 

A  ca|iite  ail  calceiii.  $eii8Ui<qiie  oiniiis  periit 

De  pt'i'ture,  taiii  ituiiitfiisiis  etupur  aiiiiiiaiii  iiivasit  iiiilii." 

And  as  *^Lucian,  in  his  images,  confesses  of  himself,  that  he  was  at  his  mistress's 
presence  void  of  all  sense,  immovable,  as  if  lie  had  seen  a  Gorgon's  head:  which 
was  no  such  cruel  monster  (as  ^'Cieliiis  interprets  it,  lib.  3.  cap.  9.),  ''but  the  very 
quintessence  of  beauty,"  some  fair  cre-ature,  as  without  doubt  the  poet  understood 
in  the  first  fiction  of  it,  at  which  the  spectators  were  amazed.  ^Miseri  quibus  in- 
tenlala  nites,  poor  wretches  are  compelled  at  the  very  sight  of  iier  ravishing  looks  to 
run  mad,  or  make  away  witii  themselves. 

W'Thfy  wait  the  Mjnieiiee  of  her  icnrnrul  eye*; 
And  M'hiiin  the  favours  liveii,  tliu  other  <Ja-8." 

'- Ileliodorus,  lib.  1.  brings  in  Thyamis  almost  besides  himself,  wiien  he  saw  Cha- 
ridia  first,  and  not  daring  to  look  upon  her  a  second  time,  "for  he  tliought  it  impos- 
sible for  aiiv  man  living  to  see  her  and  contain  himself"  Tiie  very  fame  of  beauty 
will  fetcii  them  to  it  many  miles  otl'  (such  an  attractive  power  this  loadstone  hath), 
and  they  will  seem  but  short,  they  will  undertake  any  toil  or  trouble,  "  long  journeys. 
Fenia  or  Atalanta  shall  not  overgo  them,  tiirough  seas,  deserts,  mountains,  and  dan- 
gerous places,  as  they  did  to  gaze  on  F'syche :  "  many  mortal  men  came  far  and  near 
to  see  that  glorious  object  of  her  age,"  Paris  for  Helena,  Corebus  to  Troja. 

••  nii*  Trojam  nui  forte  tlii-tiui 

V'enerat  iDiauu  C'aMaiiilra;  iiiieii*u«  amore." 

'  who  inflamed  with  a  violent  passion  for  Cassandra,  happened  then  to  be  in  Troy." 
King  John  of  France,  once  prisoner  in  England,  came  to  visit  his  old  friends  again, 
crossing  the  seas;  but  the  truth  is,  his  coming  was  to  see  the  Countess  of  Salisbiirv, 
the  nonpjireil  of  those  limes,  and  his  dear  mistress.  That  infernal  God  Pluto  came 
.from  hell  itself,  to  steal  Prtiserpine ;  Achilles  left  all  his  friends  for  Polixena's  sake, 
his  enemy's  daughter;  aiul  all  the  **Gra?cian  gods  forsook  their  heavenly  mansions 
for  that  fair  lady,  Philo  Dioneus  daughter's  .sake,  the  paragon  of  Greece  in  those 
days;  ed  enim  venustate  fuil.,  ul  earn  cerlatim  onines  dii  cmijugem  expelerent  :  "for 
she  was  of  such  surpassing  beauty,  that  all  the  gods  contended  for  her  love."  ^For- 
mosa divis  impcrat  puclla.  ••  The  beautiful  maid  commands  the  gods."  They  will 
not  only  come  to  see,  but  as  a  falcon  makes  a  hungry  hawk  hover  about,  follow, 
give  attendance  and  service,  spend  goods,  lives,  and  all  their  fortunes  to  attain ; 

"  Were  ht-aiily  under  twenty  lock*  kept  fast. 
Yet  luve  breaks  through,  and  picks  them  all  at  lait." 

When  fair  ^  Hero  came  abroad,  the  eyes,  hearts,  and  affections  of  her  spectators  were 
still  attendant  on  her. 

••"  Et  inedios  inter  vultui  supereminel  omne*.  I      ••"So  far  above  the  re«t  fair  Hero  ahined. 

Cerquu  urteui  a«piciunt  veiiieiiteiii  nuiiiiiii!i  instar."  |  Anil  «lole  away  the  enchanted  gazer'*  mind." 

''When  Peter  Aretine's  Lucretia  came  first  to  Rome,  and  that  the  fame  of  her  beauty, 
ad  urbanarum  deliciarum  sectatores  venerat.,  nemo  Jion  ad  videndam  earn,  tl!>r.  was 
spread  abroad,  they  came  in  (as  they  say)  thick  and  threefold  to  see  her,  and  hovered 


♦♦"  We  wonder  how  great  the  vapour,  and  whence  it  virrinii  rpnnte  fugit  inianui  fere,  et  impoaaihile  ciif- 
eonipd."  «»  Idem  An?er.  ••Obstupuit  mirahiinda*  timant  ut  «imul  earn  aipicere  cjui*  posrnt,  et  intra  lem- 
niinihrorum  ele^'aiiliam.  &.C.  E(>.  7  «' Sloba-u«  ft     peranli*  nietas  »e  rnnlinere.         »»  Apuleni*.  I.  4.   M'llti 

grarn.     "My    limbs  ln'Came  relaxed,   I  wa<  overcome     niortalei  lonn»  ilineribu»,  Ac.  i*  Nic.  Gerbel.  I.  5. 

friMii  head  to  loot,  all  (M-ll'-ponKesoiim   fl<-d,  po  ereat  a     Achaia.  »*  I.  rieenndui  basiorum  lib.  x.Muiviia 

ftupor  overburdene<l  my  iiiiiiil."  *  Pnnim  abfiiit  i|uo  Ilia  autem  bene  moraia.  |ier  a-deni  iiii'f'iiKiue  vaja- 
iiiiiiii<)  xaxiiiii  ex  homiiie  fartds  Rum.  ipHia  iitatum  im-  haliir.  •eqiienlem  menlem  hah>-liat  e  i«ul>>«.  et  rurda 
niDiiilirireni  me  fecit.  "  Vetere«  Uor»oni»  fiibulain  1  virorum.  »' Homer  ••.Marlowe.  ••Porno 

foiiliiixeruni,  eximiiim  forms  decu*  itupidua  redden*,  didancalo  dial  Ital.  Latin,  dunat.  4  l>a«p.  Barthio  tier 
■*  Hor.  Ode  jw  "  MarltM  Hero.  *■  Aapectum  ,  maiio. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  2.] 


Beauty  a  Cause. 


463 


about  lier  gates,  as  they  did  of  old  to  Lais  of  Corinth,  and  Phryne  of  Thebes,  ^Ad 
cujus  jacuit  Grcecia  tota  fores,  "at  whose  gates  lay  all  Greece."  ^'"  Every  man 
sought  to  get  her  love,  some  with  gallant  and  costly  apparel,  some  with  an  affected 
pace,  some  with  music,  others  with  rich  gifts,  pleasant  discourse,  multitude  of  fol- 
lowers;  others  with  letters,  vows,  and  promises,  to  commend  themselves,  and  to  be 
gracious  in  her  eyes."  Happy  was  he  that  could  see  her,  thrice  happy  that  enjoyed 
her  company.  Charmides  '^'in  Plato  was  a  proper  young  man  in  comeliness  of  per- 
son, "  and  all  good  qualities,  far  exceeding  others  ;  whensoever  fair  Charmides  came 
abroad,  they  seemed  all  to  be  in  love  with  him  (as  Critias  describes  their  carriage"), 
and  were  troubled  at  the  very  sight  of  him ;  many  came  near  him,  many  followed 
him  wheresoever  he  went,"  as  those  ^^formarum  speciatores  did  Acontius,  if  at  any 
time  he  walked  abroad  :  the  Athenian  lasses  stared  on  Alcibiades ;  Sappho  and  the 
Mitilenean  women  on  Phaon  the  fair.  Such  lovely  sights  do  not  only  please,  entice, 
but  ravish  and  amaze.  Cleonimus,  a  delicate  and  tender  youth,  present  at  a  feast 
which  Androcles  his  uncle  made  in  Piraso  at  Athens,  when  he  sacrificed  to  Mercury, 
so  stupified  the  guests,  Dineas,  Aristippus,  Agasthenes.  and  the  rest  (als  Charidemus 
in  ®^  Lucian  relates  it),  that  they  could  not  eat  their  meat,  they  sat  all  supper  time 
gazing,  glancing  at  him,  stealing  looks,  and  admiring  of  his  beauty.  3Iany  will  con- 
demn these  men  that  are  so  enamoured,  for  fools ;  but  some  again  commend  them 
for  it;  many  reject  Paris's  judgment,  and  yet  Lucian  approves  of  it,  admiring  Paris 
for  his  choice ;  he  would  have  done  as  much  himself,  and  by  good  desert  in  his 
mmd  :  beauty  is  to  be  preferred  ^*"  before  wealth  or  wisdom."  ^Athenaeus  Deip- 
nosophist,  lib.  13.  cap.  7,  holds  it  not  such  indisrnity  for  the  Trojans  and  Greeks  to 
contend  ten  years,  to  spend  so  much  labour,  lose  so  many  men's  lives  for  Helen's 
sake,  ^'for  so  fair  a  lady's  sake, 

"Ob  taleni  uxnrem  rui  praslaatissima  forma, 
Nil  mortale  refert." 

That  one  woman  was  worth  a  kingdom,  a  hundred  thousand  other  women,  a  world 
itself.  Well  might  ^*  Sterpsichores  be  blind  for  carping  at  so  fair  a  creature,  and  a 
just  punishment  it  was.  The  same  testimony  gives  Homer  of  the  old  men  of  Troy, 
that  were  spectators  of  that  single  combat  between  Paris  and  Menelaus  at  the  Seian 
gate,  when  Helen  stood  in  presence ;  they  said  all,  the  war  was  worthily  prolonged 
and  undertaken  ^^for  her  sake.  The  very  gods  themselves  (as  Homer  and  ™  Isocrates 
record)  fought  more  for  Helen,  than  they  did  against  the  giants.  When  "'Venus  lost 
ner  son  Cupid,  she  made  proclamation  by  [Mercury,  that  he  that  could  bringr  tidings 
of  him  should  have  seven  kisses ;  a  noble  reward  some  say,  and  much  better  than 
so  many  golden  talents;  seven  such  kisses  to  many  men  were  more  precious  than 
seven  cities,  or  so  many  provinces.  One  such  a  kiss  alone  would  recover  a  man  if 
he  were  a  dying,  '^  Suaviolum  Sfygia  sic  tc  de  vallc  reducet,  Sfc.  Great  Alexander 
married  Roxane,  a  poor  man's  child,  only  for  her  person.  "  'Twas  well  done  of 
Alexander,  and  heroically  done  ;  I  admire  him  for  it.  Orlando  was  mad  for  Angelica, 
and  who  doth  not  condole  his  mishap  ?  Thisbe  died  for  Pyramus,  Dido  for  lEneas; 
who  doth  not  weep,  as  (before  his  conversion)  ^^  Austin  did  in  commiseration  of  her 
estate !  she  died  for  him ;  "•  methinks  (as  he  said)  I  could  die  for  her." 

But  this  is  not  the  matter  in  hand ;  what  prerogative  this  beauty  hath,  of  what 
power  and  sovereignty  it  is,  and  how  far  such  psrsons  that  so  much  admire,  and 
dote  upon  it,  are  to  be  justified;  no  man  doubts  of  these  matters;  the  question  is, 
how  and  by  what  means  beauty  produceth  this  effect  ?  By  sight :  the  eye  betravs 
the  soul,  and  is  both  active  and  passive  in  this  business ;  it  wounds  and  is  wounded, 
is  an  especial  cause  and  instrument,  both  in  the  subject  and  in  the  object.  "^''As 
tears,  it  begins  in  the  eyes,  descends  to  the  breast;"  it  conveys  these  beauteous  ravs, 
as  I  have  said,  unto  the  heart.    Ut  vidi  ut  perii.   '^Mars  videt  hanc,  visamque  cvpil. 


*"  Propertius.  6'Vestium  splendore  et  elesantia 

ambitione  incessus,  donis,  cantilenis,  &c.  eratiam  adi- 
pisci.  '^  PriB  csetpris  corporis  proceritate  et  esregia 

indole  mirandiis   apparebat,  ceteri   aiitpm   capti   ejus 
amore    videhantur,    <k.c.  f3  _^ri?ten^tiis,    ep.    10. 

•iTom.  4.  dial,  meretr.  respicientes  et  ad  formam  ejii? 
obstupi!.«rfTiles.  65  jn  chnridemo  sapientiac  merllo 

palchritudo  prafertur  et  opibus.  '^  Indisnum  nihil 

est  Troas  fortes  et  Achivos  tempore  tain  longo   per. 


ppssos  esse  lahore.  ^  Disna  qiiidem  facies  pro  qua 

vol  obiret  .Achilles,  vel  Prianins,  belli  causa  prnlianda 
fuir.    Proper,  lib.  2.  s^Coecus  qui    riclpnae   formain 

carpserat.  ''Those  mutinous  Turks  that  munnured 
at  Mahomet,  when  they  saw  Frene,  e.vcused  his  ahst-nce 
Knowls.  '"  In- laudem  Helena;  erat.  "' .Apu. 

miles,  lib.  4.  "Secun.  bas.  i:!.  "Curtius,  I    ] 

'"Confc'sgj.  "Seneca,    AvaoT   in    ocuiis    oritui 

■«  Ovid  Fast. 


«di  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

Schechem  saw  Dinah  the  daughter  of  Leah,  and  defiled  her,  Gen.  xxxiv.  3.  Jacob, 
Rachel,  xxix.  17,  ''for  she  was  beautiful  and  fair."  David  spied  Balhsheba  afar  off, 
2  Sam.  xi.  2.  The  Elders,  Susanna,  "as  that  Orthonienian  Strato  saw  fair  Aristoclea 
daughter  of  Theophanes,  bathing  herself  at  that  Ilercyne  well  in  Lebadea,  and  were 
captivated  in  an  instant.  Vidcrunt  ocuU^rajmcrunt  pectora  Jlammcc;  Amnion  fell  sick 
for  Thamur"'s  sake,  2  Sam.  xiii.  2.  The  beauty  of  Esther  was  such,  that  slie  found 
favour  wiA  only  in  the  sight  of  xMiasueriis,  '•  but  of  all  those  that  looked  upon  her." 
Geison,  Origen,  and  some  others,  contended  tliat  Christ  himself  was  the  fairest  of 
the  sons  of  men,  and  Joseph  next  unto  him,  speciosus  prct  filiis  hominutn^  and  they 
will  have  it  literally  taken  ;  his  very  person  was  such,  that  he  found  grace  and  favour 
of  all  those  that  looked  upon  him.  Joseph  was  so  liiir,  that,  as  the  ordinary  gloss 
hath  it,  /?//cc  dccnrrerent  per  murum,  el  ad  fenestras,  they  ran  to  the  top  of  the  walls 
and  to  the  windows  to  gaze  on  him,  as  we  do  commoidy  to  see  some  great  person- 
age go  by:  and  so  Matthew  Paris  describes  Matilda  the  Empress  going  through 
Cullen.  '"  P.  Morales  the  Jesuit  saith  a.s  much  of  the  Virgin  .Mary.  Antony  no 
sooner  saw  Cleopatra,  but,  saith  Appian,  lib.  1,  he  was  enamoured  of  her.  '*Theseus 
at  the  first  sight  of  Ilel^n  was  so  besotted,  that  he  esteemed  himself  the  happiest 
man  in  the  world  if  he  might  enjoy  her,  and  to  that  purpose  kneeled  down,  and 
made  his  pathetical  prayers  unto  the  gods.  ^Charicles,  by  chance,  espying  that 
curious  picture  of  smiling  Venus  naked  in  her  temple,  stood  a  great  while  gazing,  as 
one  amazed;  at  length,  he  brake  into  that  mad  passionate  speech,  "O  fortunate  god 
Mars,  tiiat  wast  bound  in  chains,  and  made  ridiculous  lor  her  sake!"  He  could  not 
contain  himself,  [)ut  kissed  her  picture,  I  know  not  how  oft,  and  heartily  desired  to  be 
'o  disirrticed  as  Mars  was.    And  what  did  he  that  his  betters  had  not  done  before  him  ? 

» ■■ ati|iie  iili<|iii«  de  tins  nun  trinlibud  optal 

Sic  fleri  turpi*" 

When  Venus  came  first  to  heaven,  her  comeliness  was  such,  that  (as  mine  author 
saith)  ""all  the  gods  came  (locking  about,  and  saluted  her,  each  of  tliem  went  to 
Jupiter,  and  desired  he  might  have  her  to  be  his  wife."  When  fair  '^Antilochus 
came  in  presence,  as  a  candle  in  the  dark  his  beauty  shined,  all  nieiTs  eyes  (as  Xeno- 
phon  describes  the  manner  of  it)  "  were  instantly  fixed  on  him,  and  moved  at  the 
sight,  insomuch  that  they  could  not  conceal  themselves,  but  in  gesture  or  looks  it 
was  discerned  and  expressed."  Those  other  senses,  hearing,  touching,  may  much 
penetrate  and  affect,  but  none  so  much,  none  so  forcible  as  sight.  Forma  liriseis 
mediis  in  armis  mm-it  Jlchillem,  Achilles  was  moved  in  the  midst  of  a  battle  by  fair 
Briseis,  Ajax  byTecmessa;  Judith  captivated  that  great  Captain  Ilolofernes:  Dalilah, 
Samson  ;  Rosamund,  °*  Henry  the  Second  ;  Roxolana,  Solyman  the  3Iagnificent,  Stc. 

*•  "  Ni«a  01  Ka'l  aiitpav 
K'<<  "svp  «aA4  ri(  oiea. 

"  A  fair  woman  overcomes  fire  and  sword." 

*'•  \(iii?ht  iMiiler  heaven  so  sironsly  doth  allure  |  Driven  with  the  power  f)f  an  heart-burning  eye. 

The  •>  iiiif  111'  man  and  all  \i\*  mind  p<>s.M-<>t,  i  And  lapt  in  flowfra  of  a  gulden  tre«a. 

As  beauty's  lovelii>si  bait,  that  doth  procure  That  c>in  with  nn-ltiiii;  pleaxure  molliry 

Great  wurrinr«  erst  their  rigour  to  nuppress.  Their  harden'd  heart*  inur'd  to  cruelty." 

And  mighty  hands  lurget  tlieir  manlines*. 

•'Clitiphon  ingenuously  confesseth,  that  he  no  sooner  came  in  Leucippe's  presence, 
but  that  he  ilid  corde  tremtre,  el  oculis  lasctviits  intueri  •  '*  he  was  wounded  at  the 
first  sisflit,  his  heart  panted,  and  he  could  not  possibly  turn  his  eyes  from  her.  So 
doth  Calysins  in  Heliodorus,  lib.  2.  Isis  Priest,  a  reverend  old  man,  cotuplain,  who 
by  chance  at  Memphis  seeing  that  Thracian  Rodophe,  might  not  hold  his  eyes  off 
her  :  '^^  I  will  not  conceal  it,  she  overcame  ine  with  her  presence,  and  quite  assaulted 
my  continency  which  I  had  kept  unto  mine  old  age;  ]  resisted  a  long  time  my 
bodily  eyes  with  the  eyes  of  my  understanding ;  at  last  I  was  conquered,  and  as 
in  a  tempest  carried  headlong."  "  Xenophiles,  a  philosopher,  railed  at  women  down- 


■"  P^tarrh.  '*  Lib.  de  pulchrit.     Je^u  et  .Marie 

''V  Lurian  I'linridcmnn  »upra  oinne*  ninnaic*  Mui*ai- 
ni'iiii  SI  hnr  frill  pussit.  ">  Lucian  anmr.     Insaniim 

()iii'litam  nc  liirihundum  exclanian*.  O  f<irtiinati<sinie 
di'nrniii  Mars  nui  propter  hanc  vinctus  fuiiiii.  "  Or.^ 
Met.  I.  3.  '*Utnnes  dii  coinplexrsuni,  et   in  uxorero 


vincil  et  vrl  isnem,  ferrumqiie  si  qua  pulchraeat-  Ana- 
creon,  2.  "Spenser  in  hi»  Faerie  QiK-ene.  >"  Achil- 
les Tatius,  lib.  1.  ^  8laliiii  ac  eani  conleniplalut 
sum,  ocridi  ;  or/ilns  i  vircine  averti-re  conaiiis  sum.  sed 
illi  repiii>mb.ifi(.  •*  Puiirt  dicere.  non  «el«fxi  lanien. 
M'-lliphiin   ve    i>-iis    nie   vicit.  >-l    ronlirienli.iiii    eipu| 


•ibi  petieruMl.  Vat.  '.'onies  de  Venir.;.  "  L'l  cum  lux  navit.  qiiam  ad  senectiilem  usque  servaram.  oru'i*  c^T 
noclit  af^ilL'*-!.  oiiiiiiiiin  otuIim  incurrit :  sic  Antiin<|iiu(  pons,  Ice.  *°  Nunc  primuin  circa  hanc  annus  an.iai 
^c        '■Iiclcvit  imnes  ex  aniaio  niulieres.  >*  Ngn]  |  bxreo.     Aristcnetut,  ep.  17 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  2.]  Beauty  a  Cause.  405 

riglit  for  many  years  together,  scorned,  hated,  scoffed  at  them ;  coming  at  last  into 
Daphnis  a  fair  maid's  company  (as  he  condoles  his  mishap  to  his  frien°d  Demaritis), 
though  free  before,  Intactus  nullis  ante  cupkUnihus^  was  far  in  love,  and  quite  over- 
come upon  a  sudden.      Viclus  sumfaleor  a  Daphdde.,  4-c.     I  confess  1  am  taken, 

i"  "  Sola  ha;c  iiiflexit  seiisiis,  aniinumque  labentem 
Ifiipulit" 

could  liold  out  no  longer.  Such  another  mishap,  but  worse,  had  Stratocles  the 
physician,  that  blear-eyed  old  mnn,  muco  plenus  {so  "Prodromus  describes  him);  he 
was  a  severe  woman'=j-liater  all  his  life./tE^a  el  contiimeliosa  semper  in  fceminas  pro- 
faiiis.,  a  bitter  persecutor  of  the  whole  sex,  humanas  aspidcs  et  viperas  appellubat, 
he  forswore  them  all  still,  and  mocked  them  wheresoever  he  came,  in  such  vile 
terms,  ut  matrem  et  sorores  odisses,  that  if  thou  hadst  heard  him,  thou  wouldst  have 
loatlied  thine  own  mother  and  sisters  for  his  word's  sake.  Yet  this  old  doting  fool 
was  taken  at  last  with  that  celestial  and  divine  look  of  Myrilla,  the  daughter  of  An- 
ticles  the  gardener,  that  smirking  wench,  that  he  shaved  oiTliis  bushy  beard,  painted 
his  face,  ^=^  curled  his  hair,  wore  a  laurel  crown  to  cover  his  bald  pate,  and  for  her 
love  besides  was  ready  to  run  mad.  For  the  very  day  thaf  he  married  he  was  so 
furious,  ut  soils  occasum  minus  expeciare  posset  (a  terrible,  a  monstrous  long  dav), 
he  could  not  stay  till  it  was  night,  sed  omnibus  insalutalis  in  thalamum  festinans 
irrupil.,  the  meat  scarce  out  of  his  mouth,  without  any  leave  taking,  he  would  needs 
go  presently  to  bed.  What  young  man,  therefore,  if  ohl  men  be  so  intemperate,  can 
secure  himself.^  Who  can  say  I  will  not  be  taken  with  a  beautiful  object.?  I  can, 
1  will  contain.  Nq^  j.^^}^  ^^Lucian  of  his  mistress,  she  is  so  fair,  that  if  thou  dost 
but  see  her,  she  will  stupify  thee,  kill  thee  straight,  and.  Medusa  like,  turn  thee  to  a 
stone ;  thou  canst  not  pull  thine  eyes  from  her,  but,  as  an  adamant  doth  iron,  she 
will  carry  thee  bound  headlong  whither  she  will  herself,  infect  thee  like  a  basilisk. 
It  holds  both  in  men  and  women.  Dido  was  amazed  at  ^Eneas'  presence ;  Obstujmit 
prima  aspectu  Sidonia  Bido ;  and  as  he  feelingly  verified  out  of  his  experience  • 

•ft " auam  ego  pnstqiiam  vidi,  non  ita  ama vi  ut  sani  solent  I  "I  lov'd  her  not  as  others  soberly 

lioiiiiiies,  sed  eudem  pacto  ut  iiisaiii  soleiit."  |  But  as  a  madman  raj;tith,  so  did 'l." 

So  Museus  of  Leander,  nMS5'Ma7n  lumen  detorquet  ah  ilia;  and  ^  Chaucer  of  Palamon 

He  cast  his  eye  upon  Kmilic., 

And  thereicitk  he  blcnl  and  cried  ha,  ha, 

As  thovgh  he  had  been  stroke  unto  the  kcarta. 

If  you  desire  to  know  more  particularly  what  this  beauty  is,  how  it  doth  Influere 
how  it  doth  fascinate  (for,  as  all  hold,  love  is  a  fascination),  thus  in  brief.  ^''"  This' 
comeliness  or  beauty  ariseth  from  the  due  proportion  of  the  whole,  or  from  each 
several  part."  For  an  exact  delineation  of  which,  I  refer  you  to  poets,  historio- 
graphers, and  those  amorous  writers,  to  Lucian's  Imaofes,  and  Charidemus,  Xeno- 
phon's  description  of  Panthea,  Petronius  Calalectes,  Heliodorus  Chariclia,  Tacius 
Leucippe,  Longus  Sophista's  Daphnis  and  Cloe,  Theodorus  Prodromus  his  Khodan- 
thfts,  Aristoenetus  and  Philostratus  Epistles,  Balthasar  Castillo,  lib.  4.  de  aulico. 
Laurentius,  cap.  10,  de  melan.  iEneas  Sylvius  his  Lucretia,  and  every  poet  almost, 
which  have  most  accurately  described  a  perfect  beauty,  an  absolute  feature,  and  that 
through  every  member,  both  in  men  and  women.  Each  part  must  concur  to  the 
perfection  of  it ;  for  as  Seneca  saith,  Ep.  3-3.  lib.  4.  ^Ton  est  formosa  mulier  cujus 
cms  laudatur  ct  brachiu?n,  sed  ilia  cujus  simul  universa  fades  admirationcm  singulis 
partibus  dedit ;  "  she  is  no  fair  woman,  whose  arm,  thigh,  &c.  are  commended  ex- 
cept the  face  and  all  the  other  parts  be  correspondent."  And  the  face  espec'iallv 
gives  a  lustre  to  the  rest :  the  face  is  it  that  commonly  denominates  a  fair  or  foul': 
arx  for nicB  fades,  the  face  is  beauty's  tower ;  and  though  the  other  parts  be  deformed, 
yet  a  good  face  carries  it  {fades  non  uxor  a?nafur)  that  alone  is  most  part  respected, 
principally  valued,  delidis  suisferox,  and  of  itself  able  to  captivate. 

"8"  Urit  le  Glycera;  nitor, 
Urit  grata  protervitas, 
Et  vultud  nimium  lubricus  aspici." 


;„  "j  ^^■■*-       ^''®  '''""^  •'^'•^  captivated  my  feel-  '  fncultas  oculos  ab  ea  amovendi ;  abducet  te  alligatiim- 

ings,  and  hxert  my  wavering  mind."  92  Amaranto  .  quocunque  volnerit,  ut  ferrura  ad  se  trahere  ferunt  ada- 

flial  '"Cornafque  ad  speculum  disposuit.  ^Mmag.  |  niantem.  "  Plaut.  Merc.  »6  jn  the  Ki,ij;ht's  Tale, 
roiistrato.  Si  1 1  lam  saltern  intuearis,  statuig  immo-  i  <»  Ex  debita  totius  proportione  aptaque  partium  com- 
■uiorem  te  facet :  at  coaspeieris  earn,  non  relinquetur  |  positione.    Piccolomineus.  »  Hor.  Od.  19.  lib  U 

59 


4fi6  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

*'  Glycera's  too  fair  a  face  va?  it  that  set  liim  on  fire,  too  fine  to  be  beheld."  When 
*^  Clia;rca  saw  the  singing  wench's  sweet  looks,  he  was  so  taken,  that  he  cried  out, 
O  fuckm  fiiJchrum,  dclco  omncs  drhinc  ex  animo  7tm]ieres^  fcnlet  qnolidiamirum  ha- 
rnm  formarum  !  "O  fair  face,  Til  never  love  any  but  her,  look  on  any  other  here- 
after but  her;  I  am  weary  of  these  oniiiuiry  beauties,  away  with  them.""     The  more 

he  sees  her,  the  worse  he  is, vritqur  videndo^  as  in  a  burninu-ulass.  the  sunbeams 

are  re-collected  to  a  centre,  tlie  rays  of  love  are  projected  from  her  eyes.  It  was 
..Eneas''s  countenance  ravished  Queen  Dido,  Os  humerosque  Deo  sunilis.,  he  had  an 
angelical  face. 

'*<"'  O  sarro?  viiltus  Barcho  vfl  Apniline  ilieiios,         I  '•  O  snm  <l  looks.  I.efittine  ninjpsty. 

Qui'S  vir,  iiuds  tuiu  fu-iiiiiia  nulla  videt  I"  |  VVInrli  iie\er  iiiurlal  ui;:hl  c>  uld  ('Uleiy  tsee." 

Alihougli  for  the  greater  part  this  beauty  l)e  most  eminent  in  the  face,  yet  many  times 
those  other  members  yield  a  most  pleasinir  grace,  and  are  alone  siiincient  to  enamour. 
A  high  brow  like  unto  the  bright  lieavens,  cipli  pulchrrima  pl(ig(U  Frmis  uhi  vivit 
honor,  frons  uhi  liidil  nmor,  white  and  smooth  like  the  polished  alabaster,  a  pair  of 
cheeks  of  vt-rmilion  colour,  in  which  love  jodgeth  ;  KJmor  qui  moUibus  genis  putUce 
pernoclds  :  a  coral  lip,  auuviorvrn  diluhrum,  in  whicii  Jiasia  millr  patent,  ?msia  tttille 
latent,  '•  A  llioutiaiid  appear,  as  many  are  concealed  ;■'  trratiarum  sedes  gratissima  ; 
a  sweet-Muelling  llower,  from  which  bees  may  gather  honey,  ^Mellilcgie  volucrcs  quid 
adhuc  cava  t/ii/ma  rosasque,  «!sr. 

'•Onint'ii  a>l  (lomiriiF  labra  v«;tiile  iiioa', 
Ill.-i  riisaii  s|iirai,  '  Slc. 

A  white  and  round  neck,  that  via  lactea,  dimple  in  the  chin,  black  eye-brows,  Cupi' 
dinis  urcus,  sweet  breath,  wliite  and  even  teeth,  which  some  call  the  sale])iece,  a  fine 
soft  round  jwip,  gives  an  excellent  ^i-ncc,^  Quale  dtcus  tumidis  Pario  dc  marmore 
mammis  r''  *and  make  a  pleasant  valley /«c/*Mm  s/huw,  between  two  chalky  hills, 
Sororiantes  popillulas,  et  ad  pruritum  frigidos  atnatores  solo  aspectu  excitantes. 
Unde  is,  ''Forma  papillarum  quam  fuit  apta  prrmi  ! — Again  Urehant  oculns  dura 
stantesqur  inamilhe.  A  flaxen  hair ;  golden  hair  was  even  in  great  account,  for 
which  Virgil  commends  Dido,  S'imdum  siistuleral  fiavum  Proscrpinina  crinem,  Et 
crines  nodanlur  in  aurum.  Apollonius  {Argcmant.  lib.  4.  Jasonis  flava  coma  incendit 
ear  Medcip)  will  have  Jason's  golden  iiair  to  be  the  main  cause  of  Medea's  dotage 
on  him.  Castor  and  Pollux  were  both  vellow  haired.  Paris,  Mciielaiis,  and  most 
amorous  young  men,  have  been  such  in  all  ajjes,  moUes  ac  suavrs,  as  Baplista  Porta 
infers,  ''Ptntsifg.  lib.  2.  lovely  to  behojd.  Homer  so  commends  Helen,  makes  Palro- 
clus  and  Achilles  both  yellow  haired  :  Pulchricoma  \'enns,  and  Cupid  himself  was 
yellow  haired,  in  aurum  corusrante  et  crispante  capillo,  like  that  neat  picture  of  Nar 
cissus  in  Callistratus ;  for  so  '  Psyche  spied  him  asleep,  Briseis,  Polixena,  S^-c.Jlnvi 
coma  omnes^ 

"  and  Hero  ihe  fair, 

Whom  ynuair  Awillo  courted  for  her  liair." 

Leland  commends  Guithera,  kinw  Arthur's  wife,  for  a  flaxen  hair:  so  Paulus  ^milius 
sets  out  Clodeveus,  that  lovely  king  of  France.  "Synesius  holds  every  efletninate 
fellow  or  adulterer  is  fair  haired  :  and  Apuleius  adds  that  Venus  lierself,  goddess  of 
love,  cannot  delight,  '"•thousrh  she  come  accompanied  with  the  graces,  and  all 
Cupid's  train  to  attend  upon  lier,  girt  with  her  own  girdle,  and  smell  of  cinnamon 
and  balm,  yet  if  she  he  bald  or  badhaired,  she  cannot  please  her  Vulcan."  Which 
belike  makes  our  Venetian  ladies  at  this  day  to  counterfeit  yellow  hair  so  much, 
great  women  to  calamistrate  and  curl  it  up,  rihrantes  ad  gratiam  crijirs,  ct  tot  orbi- 
hus  in  captii'ilatem  Jlexos,  to  adorn  their  heads  with  spangles,  pearls,  and  made- 
flowers ;  and  all  courtiers  to  effect  a  pleasing  grace  in  this  kind.  In  a  worfl,  '"••  the 
hairs  are  Cupid's  nets,  to  catch  all  comers,  a  brushv  wood,  in  which  Cupid  builds 
his  nest,  and  under  whose  shadow  all  loves  a  thousand  several  ways  sport  themselves. 


••Ter.  Eunuch.  An. -2.  fcon.  3.  allirit  anrra  ciiia.        •  Venn*  iimn  non  pi  i 

Catall.  'S<ipli<K-l<'s.  .\ntieone.  »i  niiilaia.  capinr  UMiJiala,  n  i|""l'*  'P""  Vt-i. 

ba<.  ]!).         •  l.<iTh*u«.  •  .Arainiu*.     Vi  vir^' in  cralinruin  rh'T..  ..ii|.  ,i.i    .  i  i    i 

siiiia  £  dunhiK  iiKoitiliii'i  rniniHisila  nivi-i-i.  •lui.l.  |ti<p<ilii  ronriniialn.   h>il<>' 

•  Pill.  77.   r)a|Mil*-K  hilar>-<i  aniator*-*.  acr.                i  \Vli<-n  vranii.  el  lialnaina,  «i  r.i! 
C'upid  »lcpl      t';i-tiirirni  aiir»'arii   halM-nlcm.  iihi  P^ylie  lf«l  Vulcano  «iio.         '•  \ 

vidil.  in.ili.>nin'ii>  hi  anihro^ia  orvirj-m  iiiwpi-iK,  rriius  ni«,  •viva  c«lua,   in  qua   i.itliUcjt   (  ijjjiUa 

fri!<j>i>».  pfirp'irpa*  if..ii««  raniliila«)>i<-.  *r.     ApulPiut  umbra  amorn  mille  in<idi«  we  psercrnl. 

•  lu  Uudi-ni  culv! ;  <|iieuiliUa  cuiiia  ijuKqut;  adulter  e«t; 


xMem.  2.  Subs,  2.]  Beau!y  a  Cause.  467 

A  little  soft  hand,  pretty  little  mouth,  small,  fine,  long  finders,  Gratic2  qua:  di^itis 

^tis  tiiat  wliich  Apollo  did  admire  in  Daphne, laudat  digUosque  manusque  ■ 

a  straiglit  and  slender  body,  a  small  foot,  and  well-proportioned  leg,  hath  an  excel- 
lent lustre,  "Cui  tntuni  incumUt  corpus  uii  fundamen/o  cr.des.  Clearchus  vowed  to 
his  friend  Amyander  in  '^^ristinastus,  that  the  most  attractive  part  in  his  mistress,  to 
make  him  love  and  like  her  first,  was  her  pretty  leg  and  foot :  a  soft  and  white  skin, 
&c.  have  their  peculiar  graces,  'KN'ebuht  haud  est  mollior  ac  hujus  cutis  est,  cedipol 
papdlam  bellulam.     Though  in  men  these  parts  are  not  so  much  respected ;  a  grim 

Saracen  sometimes, nudus  mevibra  Pyracmon,  a  martial  hirsute  face  pleaseth  best ; 

a  black  man  is  a  pearl  in  a  fair  woman's  eye,  and  is  as  acceptable  as  '^  lame  Vulcari 
^ras  to  Venus ;  for  he  being  a  sweaty  fuliginous  blacksmith,  was  dcarlv  beloved  of 
her,  when  fair  Apollo,  nimble  Mercury  were  rejected,  and  the  rest  of  the  sweet-fa'-ed 
gods  forsaken.  Many  women  (as  Petronius  "  observes)  sordibus  cedent  (as  many 
men  are  more  moved  with  kitchen  wenches,  and  a  poor  market  maid,  than  all  thess 
illustrious  court  and  city  dames)  will  sooner  dote  upon  a  slave,  a  servant,  a  dirt 
dauber,  a  brontes,  a  cook,  a  player,  if  they  see  his  naked  legs  or  arms,  thorosaqm 
brachia,"'  &c.,  like  that  huntsman  Meleager  in  Philostratus,  though  he  be  all  in  rao-s, 
obscene  and  dirty,  besmeared  like  a  ruddleman,  a  gipsv,  or  a  chimney-sweeper,  than 
upon  a  noble  gallant,  Nireus,  Ephestion,  Alcibiades,  or  those  embroidered  courtiers 
full  of  silk  and  gold.  ''Justine's  wife,  a  citizen  of  Rome,  fell  in  love  with  Pylades 
a  player,  and  was  ready  to  run  mad  for  him,  had  not  Galea  himself  helped  her  by 
chance.     Faustina  tlie  empress  doted  on  a  fencer. 

Not  one  of  a  thousand  falls  in  love,  but  there  is  some  peculiar  part  or  other 
which  pleaseth  most,  and  inliames  him  above  the  rest.  '*  A  company  of  younij-  phi- 
losophers on  a  time  fell  at  variance,  which  part  of  a  woman  was  most  desirable  and 
pleased  best  ?  some  .said  the  forehead,  some  the  teeth,  some  the  eyes,  cheeks,  lips,  neck, 
chin,  &c.,  the  controversy  was  referred  to  Lais  o{  Corinth  to  decide ;  but  she,  smil- 
ing, said,  they  were  a  company  of  fools ;  for  suppose  they  had  her  where  they 
wished,  what  would  they  "'first  seek?  Yet  this  notwithstanding  I  do  easily  grant, 
neque  quis  veslrum  negaverit  opinor,  all  parts  are  attractive,  but  especianv''-°  the 
eyes,^' 

"  viilet  isiie  micantes, 

Suleribus  sj miles  otulos" 

which  are  love's  fowlers ;  ^aucupiuni  amoris,  ihe  shoeing  horns,  "the  hooks  of  love 
(as  Arandus  will,)  the  guides,  touchstone,  judges,  that  in  a  moment  cure  mad  men. 
and  make  sound  folks  mad,  the  watchmen  of  the  body  ;  what  do  they  not  .^"  How 
vex  they  not  t  All  this  is  true,  and  (which  Athameus  lib.  13.  dip.  cap.  5.  and  Tatius 
hold)  they  are  the  chief  seats  of  love,  and  James  Leruutius^^  hath  facetely  expressed 
in  an  elegant  ode  of  his, 

"  Aiiiurcni  ncellis  flaiumeolis  hera  |  "  I  saw  Love  sitting  in  my  mistress'  eyes 

Vi.li  ifi.<iil«iittiji,  credile  posleri,  i  Sparkling,  believe  it  all  posterity 

l>ratresqiie  circiim  liidibuiirios  Ami  iiis  attendants  plavniL'  round  about 

Cum  pliaretra  volitare  et  arcu,"  &;c.  |  With  bow  and  arrows  ready  for  to  liy." 

Scaliger  calls  the  eyes,  ^^"  Cupid's  arrows;  the  tongue,  the  lightning  of  love;  tlie 
paps,  the  tents :"  ^'  Balthasar  Castillo,  the  causes,  the  chariots,  the  lamps  of  love, 

".Tmula  luminastellis,  I  "  Eyes  emulating  stars  in  ii^l.t 

Lumina  qu;u  pos.-eiit  sollicitare  decs."  |  Enticing  gods  at  the  first  sight;" 

Love's  orators,  Petronius. 

"  O  blandos  nculos,  et  6  facetos,  | 

El  (luadani  propria  nnta  loquaces  |  ••  O  sweet  and  pretty  speakin"  eyes 

Jllic  est  Venus,  et  leves  amores.  Where  Venus,  love,  and  pleasure  lies." 

At(jue  ipsa  in  medio  sedet  V(.luptas."  | 

Love's  torches,  touch-box,  napthe  and  matches,  ^  Tibullus. 

'■  lllius  ex  orulis  quum  vult  exurere  divns.  I  -  Tart  Love  when  he  will  set  the  god*  on  fire 

Accendit  gcininas  lampad.-s  acer  aiiior.-  |  Lightens  the  eyes  as  torches  to  desire." 


i;  Th|-od.  Prodromus  Amor.  lib.  L  12  Epist.  7-2.  1  ^  Hensius.  si  Sunt  enim  oculi,  prscipua;  pulchritu- 

Lbi  pulchram  libiam,  bene  compnctum  tenuenique  pe-  1  dinis  sedes.  lib.  0.  22  Amoris  lianii   duces   indices 

riem  vidi.  13  Plant.  Cas.  "Claudus  optinie  rem  I  et  indices  qui  momento  insanos  sanant,  sanos  insanire 

asit.  isfol.  a.     Si  servum  viderint,  aut  flatorem    cogunt,    oculatissimi    corporis  excubilores.  quid   non 

altius  cinctum,  aut  pulvere  perfusnni,  aut  histrioneni     agunt  ?    Quid  non  cogunt  ?  -3  Oc<lli  carm    17 


in  scfiiaiii  iraductiiin,  &c.  >«  Me  pulchra  fateor 

carere  forma,  veruiii  luculenta nostra  est.  Petrtmius 

Catal.  de  Priapo.  I'Galen.  I'Calcagninus 

Apologis.     (iu.-E   pars    maxime  desiderabilis?     .Alius 
froutem,  alius  genas,  &:c.  '« Inter  foemineum. 


ciijus  et  Lipsius  epist.  qu;ist.  lib.  3.  cap.  11.  meminit  ob 
eleiiantiam.  24Cynthia  prima  suis  miserum  me 

cepit  ocellis,  contactum   iiullis  ante  cupidinibus.     Pro- 
pert.  1.  1         as  In  catalect.        ^  De  Sulpicio,  lib.  4. 


4G8  Love-Melancholy.  [Part  3.  Sec  2 

Leander,  al  the  first  sight  of  Hero's  eyes,  was  iuceiiscJ,  saitli  Musajus. 

Siiiiul  in  -■'  iicijloriiin  radiis  crescel>at  lax  amoruni,  i  "  Love's  lorclits  'gari  to  burn  firsl  \n  her  ey<a, 

Lt  cor  rVrveljat  iiivetti  ignit  Uiiiwtu  ;  Ami  set  his  heart  ..ii  tir-  which  never  dies: 

Fulchritinlo  enini  Celebris  iinmaculntffi  foeniinffi,  1  For  the  lair  beauty  ol"  a  virgin  pure 

AculK.r  honiiiiibus  est  veloci  saiiitta.  Is  sharper  than  a  dart,  and  doth  inure 

Oculos  vero  via  est,  ab  oculi  ictibus  A  deeper  wound,  which  piercelh  to  the  heart 

Vulnus  dilabitur,  et  in  pr^cordia  viri  manat."  '  By  the  eyes,  and  causeth  such  a  cruel  smart." 

®  A  modern  poet  brings  in  Amnon  complaining  of  Thamar, 


"  et  nie  Tasvino 

Occidit  ille  risu.s  i-t  forrnx  lepos, 

llle  nitor,  ilia  gratia,  et  verus  decor. 

Ilia-  a:iiHiiante:'  purpuram,  el  *rosa»  genee, 

Oi'nli(|uc  vinctieiiue  aureo  nodo  coma;." 


'  It  was  thy  beauty,  'twas  thy  pleasing  smile, 
'I'hy  grace  and  comeliness  diit  me  beiruile; 
Thy  rose-like  cheeks,  and  unto  purple  lair 
Thy  lovely  eyes  and  golden  knotted  hair." 


""  Philostratus  Lemnius  cries  out  on  his  mi-stress's  basilisk  eyes,  ardent es  faces^  those 
two  burniiiff-glasses,  they  had  so  inflamed  his  soul,  that  no  water  could  tjuench  it. 
"  What  a  tyranny  (saith  he),  what  a  penetration  of  bodies  is  this  !  thou  diawest  with 
violence,  and  swallowest  me  up,  as  Charybths  doth  sailors  witli  lliy  rocky  eyes :  he 
that  falls  into  this  gulf  of  h)ve,  can  iievt-r  get  out."  Let  this  be  the  corollary  then, 
the  strongest  beams  of  beauty  are  still  darted  tVoni  the  eyes. 

3>"Nam  ipiis  luniina  lanta,  tanta  | 

rDiist-t  luniinibus  huis  liieri,  "  For  who  such  eyes  with  his  can  see, 

Non  slaliiii  lrepidaiis<|ue,  p!ilpilan«>|'io,  j  And  not  rorthwilh  eiianiuur'd  be!" 

frar  de>i(lerii  uf«tuanti9  aura?"  Slc.  j 

And  as  men  catch  dotterels  by  putting  out  a  leg  or  an  arm,  with  tho.se  mutual  glances 
of  the  eyes  they  first  inveigle  one  another.  ^^Cynthiu  prima  suis  miseruin  in>;  ccpil 
ocellis.  Of  all  eyes  (by  tlie  way)  black  are  most  amiable,  enticing  and  fairer,  whicii 
the  poet  observes  in  commending  of  his  mistress.  '"'''  Speclanduin  nigris  nculis, 
mgroque  capillo,''^  which  llesiod  admires  in  his  Alcmena, 

-'  •  fiiju*  4  vertice  ac  niericantibu*  oculi*.  I       *•  From  her  black  eyes,  and  frmii  her  pohleii  fcce 

'I'ul*-  i|iiiiMam  Hpirat  ac  ab  aurea  V'ener  -  "  j  As  il'  frum  Veiiu*  came  a  lovely  gracn." 

and  **  Triton  in  his  Mila?ne nigra  oculos  fonnosa  rnihi.     **  Homer  useth  that 

epithet  of  ox-eyed,  in  describing  Juno,  becau.'ie  a  round  black  eye  is  the  best,  the 
son  of  beauty,  and  farthest  from  black  the  worse:  which  "  Polydorc  Virgil  Ui.xeth 
in  our  nation  :  .ingli  ut  plurimum  ctesiis  nculif,  we  have  gray  eyes  for  the  most  part, 
liaplisma  Porta,  Pliysiognom.  lib.  '.i.  puts  gray  colour  upon  children,  they  be  childish 
eyes,  ilnll  and  htavy.  Many  commeml  on  the  other  side  Spanish  ladies,  and  tliose 
^Greek  dames  at  this  day,  fur  the  blackness  of  their  eyes,  as  Porta  doth  his  Neapo- 
litan voung  wives.  Suetonius  describes  Jnlius  C;esar  to  have  been  nigris  vegelisque 
oculis  niicantibus,  of  a  black  tpiick  sparkling  eye  :  and  although  Averroes  in  his 
Colligt'l  will  have  such  persons  timorous,  vet  without  question  they  are  nio.*i 
amorous. 

Now  last  of  all,  I  will  show  you  by  what  means  beauty  doth  fascinate,  bewitch 
as  some  hold,  and  work  upon  the  soul  of  a  man  by  the  eye.  For  certainly  I  am  ol 
the  poet's  mind,  love  dojh  J)£\yitch  and  strangely  change  tis. 

*•  ••  Ludit  amor  sensus,  nculoe  perstringit,  et  aufert  I  "  Love  mock*  our  senses,  curba  our  libertiei, 

Lit»erlaTem  aniini,  iiiira  iios  I'ascinat  arte.  |  And  doth  bewitch  iik  with  his  art  and  ringa, 

(.'redo  aliiptis  dj-moii  subieiis  prurcordia  tlammam  1  think  some  devil  i;ets  into  our  entrails,       [hingei.' 

Coiiniat,  et  ruptam  tollit  de  cardine  mentem."  |  .And   kindles  coals,  and   heavi.>9  our  iiouls  from  th 

lieliodorus  lib.  3.  proves  at  large,  *"  that  love  is  witchcmft,  "it  gets  in  at  our  eyes, 
pores,  nostrils,  engenders  the  same  qualities  and  affections  in  us,  as  were  in  the  party 
whence  it  came."  The  manner  of  the  fascination,  as  Ficinus  10.  cap.  com.  in  Plat. 
declares  it,  is  thus :  ••  Mortal  men  are  then  especially  bewitched,  when  as  by  often 
gazing  one  on  the  other,  they  direct  sight  to  sight,  join  eye  to  eye,  and  so  drink  and 
suck  in  love  between  them;  for  the  beginning  tif  this  disease  is  the  eye.  And  therefore 
he  that  hath  a  clear  eye,  though  he  be  otherwise  deformed,  by  often  looking  upon 
him,  will  makf  one  mad,  and  tie  him  fast  to  him  by.  the  eye."  Leonard.  Variiis,  lib.  1. 
cap.'i.de  fascinat.  tellelh  us,  that  by  this  interview,  *'"  the  purer  spirits  are  inlecled," 

"  Pulchrituilo  ipsa  per  nccultna  radios  in  pectua  aman>  "  The  wretched  Cyothia  Amt  captivate*  with  ber  (park- 
Ii.o  dimanans  aniatz  rei  fcirmam  iiiscuipsil. 'I'atiUR.  I.  5.  Iin^  eyes."  *>  Ovid,  amoruni,  lib. 'J  elei;.  4. 
ojaciib  (.'oriielins  .Amnon  Traginl.  Act.  1.  sc.  1.  ><^iit.  Hercul.  >>Calcaeniiiua  dm!.  *<  llinil  I. 
»  Ro«e  formosaruin  o<:uli!>  nascuntur,  et  hilaritas  vul-  "  Hist.  lib.  I.  "Sands'  relation.  r<d.  t>7.  o*  .Maii- 
l'M  el>-cantiz  c>>ri>na.  Philostratus  deliciis.  'u  Irlpint.  tuan.  <>  Amor  per  ikuIos,  iiarc*.  p<iriM  intlm-na, 
el  in  itfliciis.  abi  et  oppiignalionem  relmque,  i|U4iu  &c.  M»rtales  tiiiii  kunimopere  ('■wiiiuntur  i)>iaiii.u 
tlamiiia  non  extin!<iiit  ;  nam  ab  amorr  ip«a  Humma  srn-  trrqilrnlitaiino  intuitu  aciem  dirij;eii(ra.  h,c  liiro  ^i 
tit  incendiiiin:  que  corp<irum  p<'nelratio,  quR  tyrannis  quis  nilor»  (Hilleat  iKulorum,  tec.  *'•  Spirilus  pun- 
tx-c  ^  kx.            *'  L<Bcbeu«  fantbea.             *>  I'roperlius.  \  utes  faacinantur.  uculus  4  •«  radio*  einitlil,  Slc. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  2.]  Beauty  a  Cause.  469 

the  one  eye  pierceth  through  the  other  Avilh  his  rays,  which  he  sends  forth,  and 
many  men  have  those  excellent  piercing  eyes,  that,  which  Suetonius  relates  of  Augus- 
tus, their  brightness  is  such,  tliey  compel  their  spectators  to  look  off,  and  can  no 
more  endure  them  tlian  the  sunbeams.  ""  Barradius,  lib.  6.  cap.  10.  de  Harmonia 
Evangel,  reports  as  much  qC  our  Saviour  Christ,  and  "Peter  Morales  of  the  Virgin 
Mary,  whom  Nicephorus  desf^-ribes  likewise  to  have  been  yellow-haired,  of  a  wheat 
colour,  but  of  a  most  amiable  and  piercing  eye.  The  rays,  as  some  think,  sent  from 
the  eyes,  carry  certain  spiritual  vapours  with  them,  and  so  infect  the  other  party, 
and  that  in  a  moment.  I  know,  they  that  hold  visio  Jit  intra  mittendo.,  will  make  a 
doubt  of  this;  but  Ficinus  proves  it  from  blear-eyes,  ''^"That  by  sight  alone,  make 
others  blear-eyed ;  and  it  is  more  than  manifest,  that  the  vapour  of  the  corrupt  blood 
doth  get  in  together  with  the  rays,  and  so  by  the  contagion  tlie  spectators'  eyes  are 
infected."  Other  arguments  there  are  of  a  basilisk,  that  kills  afar  off  by  sight,  as 
that  Ephesian  did  of  whom  *^  Philostratus  speaks,  of  so  pernicious  an  eye,  he  poi- 
soned all  he  looked  steadily  on  :  and  that  other  argument,  menstruoi  fcemincB.1  out  of 
Aristotle's  Problems,  morhosca  Capivaccias  adds,  and '"'Septali lis  the  commentator, 
that  contaminate  a  looking-glass  with  beholding  it.  ''""So  the  beams  that  come  from 
the  agent's  heart,  by  the  eyes,  infect  the  spirits  about  the  patients,  inwardly  wound, 
and  thence  the  spirits  infect  the  blood."  To  this  effect  she  complained  in*'''Apuleius, 
"Tiiou  art  the  cause  of  my  grief,  thy  eyes  piercing  through  mine  eyes  to  mine  inner 
parts,  have  set  my  bowels  on  fire,  and  therefore  pity  me  that  am  now  ready  to  die 
for  thy  sake."  Ficinus  illustrates  tliis  with  a  familiar  example  of  that  Marrhusian 
Pha;drus  and  Theban  Ly(*ias, ''^ "  Lycias  he  stares  on  Phajdrus' face,  and  Phsdrus 
(listens  the  balls  of  his  eyes  upon  Lycias,  and  with  those  sparkling  rays  sends  out 
his  spirits.  Tlie  beams  of  Phaedrus'  eyes  are  easily  mingled  with  the  beams  of 
Lycias,  and  spirits  are  joined  to  spirits.  This  vapour  begot  in  Phaedrus'  heart,  enters 
into  Lycias'  bowels  :  and  that  which  is  a  greater  wonder,  Pha?drus'  blood  is  in 
Lycias'  heart,  and  thence  come  those  ordinary  love-speeches,  my  sweetheart  Phaj- 
drus,  and  mine  own  self,  my  dear  bowels.  And  Phiedrus  again  to  Lycias,  O  my 
light,  my  joy,  my  soul,  my  life.  Phajdrus  follows  Lycias,  because  his  heart  would 
have  his  spirits,  and  Lycias  follows  Pha;drus,  because  he  loves  the  seal  of  his  spirits; 
both  follow ;  but  Lycias  the  earnester  of  the  two  :  the  river  hath  more  need  of  the 
fountain,  than  the  fountain  of  the  river;  as  iron  is  drawn  to  that  which  is  touched 
with  a  loadstone,  but  draws  not  it  again  ;  so  Lycias  draws  Phaedrus."  But  how 
comes  it  to  pass  then,  that  the  blind  man  loves,  that  never  saw .''  We  read  in  the 
Lives  of  the  Fathers,  a  story  of  a  child  that  was  brought  up  in  the  wilderness,  from 
his  infancy,  by  an  old  hermit :  now  come  to  man's  estate,  he  saw  by  chance  two 
comely  women  wandering  in  the  woods  :  he  asked  the  old  inan  what  creatures  they 
were,  he  told  him  fairies ;  after  a  while  talking  obiter.,  the  hermit  demanded  Lif  him, 
which  v.'as  the  pleasantest  sight  that  ever  he  saw  in  his  life  ?  He  readily  replied,  tlie 
two  °°  fairies  he  spied  in  the  wilderness.  So  that,  without  doubt,  there  is  some  secret 
loadstone  in  a  beautiful  woman,  a  magnetic  power,  a  natural  inbred  affection,  whicli 
moves  cur  concupiscence,  and  as  he  sings, 

"  Methinks  \  have  a  mistress  yet  to  cnine. 
And  still  I  sfiek,  I  love,  I  know  not  whom." 

'Tis  true  indeed  of  natural  and  chaste  love,  but  not  of  this  heroical  passion,  or  rather 
brutish  burning  lust  of  which  we  treat;  we  speak  of  wandering,  wanton,  adulterous 
eyes,  which,  as  ^' he  saith,  '•  lie  still  in  wait  as  so  manv  soldiers,  and  when  they  spy 
an  innocent  spectator  fixed  on  them,  shoot  him  through,  and  presently  bewitch  him: 
especially  when  they  shall  gaze  and  gloat,  as  wanton  lovers  do  one  upon  another, 
and  with  a  pleasant  eye-conflict  participate  each  other's  souls."     Hence  you  may 

'2  Lib.  dp  pulch.  Jes.  et  Mar;  ■'^  Lib.  2.  c.  23.  en- j  iiitima  rlelapsi  prsEcordia,  acfirrimum    mpis    mediillis 

lore  triticuni  nferoiite,  crine,  flava,  acrilius  oculis.  coiiiiiioveiit  inceiidiuiii ;  prpo  miserere  lui  causa  pere- 
•^  Lippi  solo  iiidiitii  alios  lippos  fariunt,  et  patet  una  '  nntis.  •'^  Lycias  in  Plm-dri  vultiiin  itrhiat,  PhsEdriis 

ciin>  radio  vapiirem  corrupti  saiicunis  enianare,  cujus  in  ocilos  Lycia?  scintillas  suonim  deficit  (ir.nlorum  ;  cum- 
eontafioue  ocuIms  speclanlis  intifitiir.  <»Vita  '  que  scintillis,  &c.     Sv-quiliir  Phaedrus  Lyciain.  quia  cnr 


Xpwllon.  ■"' Coiiicnenl.  in  Ari.-tot.  Prohl.  ■'"Sir 

radius  a  corde  perculientis  missus,  reciiiien  proiiriuni 
repetit,  cor  vulnerat.  per  ornlus  el  sansuini'iii  inticit  et 
spirilus,  sulilili  quadam  vi.  Casiil.  lib.  3.  de  aiilico. 
<"-Lib.  10.  Causa  omiiis  et  orijo  omnis  prs;  seiitis  do- 
loris  tute  es;  isti  enira  tui  oculi,  per  meos  oculos  ad 


S'liMu  petit  spiritum  ;  Phjedrum  lycias,  quia  spiritus 
propria  m  sedem  postulat.  Verum  Lycias,  &.r.  ^  T>a: 
mtiriia  iiupiit  qus  in  hoc  Kremo  MUp"r  occnrn'hant. 
■■^i  Castillo  de  aiilieo.  1.  3.  fol.  2JR  Oculi  ut  milites  in 
insidiis  semper  recubant,  et  subito  ad  visum  sagitlaa 
emittunt,  &c. 


2P 


47  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

perteive  how  easily  and  liow  quickly  we  may  be  taken  in  love;  siiicf  at  ilie 
twinkling  ol"  an  eye,  Phaedrus''  spirits  may  so  perniciously  infect  Lycias'  blood. 
'■••Neither  is  it  any  wonder,  if  we  but  consider  how  many  other  diseases  closely, 
and  as  suddenly  are  caught  by  infection,  plague,  itch,  scabs,  ilux,"  Sic.  The  spirits 
taken  in,  will  not  let  him  rest  that  hath  received  them,  but  egg  him  on.  ^^"Id'^ue 
]M  It!  corpus  mens  unde  est  saucia  amorc ;  and  we  may  nmnifestly  perceive  u  strange 
eduction  of  spirits,  by  such  as  bleed  at  nose  after  they  be  dead,  at  tlie  presence  of 
the  nmrderer;"  but  read  more  of  this  in  Lemnius.  lib.  2.  de  occult,  nat.  tnir.  cap.  7. 
\  alleriola  lib.  2.  obscrc.  cap.  7.  Valesius  controc.  Ficinus,  Cardan,  Libavius  de  crutntis 
caduvcribuSy  Hyc. 

SlUsect.  III. — Jirlificial  allurements  of  Love,  Causes  and  Provocations  to  Lust; 
Ueslurcsy  Clothes,  Do^cer,  Sfc. 

Natihai.  beauty  is  a  stronger  loadstone  of  itself,  as  you  have  heard,  a  great  tcmj>- 
tation,  and  pit-rceth  to  the  very  heart;  ^^ forma  verccundte  nocuit  mihi  visa  puellce; 
but  much  more  when  those  artificial  enticements  and  provocations  of  gestures, 
cl<»llies,  jewels,  pigments,  exornations,  shall  be  anne.xed  unto  it;  those  other  circum- 
stances, opportunity  of  lime  and  place  shall  concur,  which  of  themselves  alone  were 
all  surticient,  each  one  in  pjirticular  to  pnnluce  this  elll-ct.  It  is  a  (juf^stion  much 
controvt-rted  by  some  wise  men,  forma  debi-at  plus  arti  an  nuturte'.'  Whether  natural 
or  artificial  objects  be  more  p«»werful.'  but  not  decided:  for  my  part  I  am  of  opinion, 
that  thiiugh  beauty  itself  be  a  gn-at  motive,  and  give  an  e^ccellent  lustre  in  sonlibns, 
in  beggary,  as  a  jewel  on  a  dunghill  will  shine  and  cast  his  rays,  it  cannot  be  sup- 
pressed, which  lleliodorus  feigns  of  Chariclia,  though  she  wtr*;  in  beggar's  weeds  : 
\  el  as  it  is  used,  artificial  is  of  more  force,  and  much  to  be  preferred. 


*8ie  liriilala  »ihi  vidrlur  JRult; 
KiMlHii  f>w>il>ii#  |iiiliir>M|ii(.-  coriiu  ; 
8ii;  i|iiiE  iiiKriiir  ol  rail<?tilK  iiioro, 
C'i-ra»ai>  >ilil  placc-l  L)ctii>n«." 


■  (Vi  tboiliIrM  .flgle  •ecm*  a  pre Ily  one, 
S>-t  uut  uilli  iikw-ImiusIiI  trflli  n(  liiily  bone: 
Si  fiiitl  l.yclwiri*  blai-k>-r  thun  berry 
lli-raeiriiLluiireii.  iiuw  tliirr  lliaii  clierry," 


John  Lerius  the  liurgundian,  cap.  8.  hist,  nnvi^at.  in  Brazil,  is  altogether  on  my  side, 
lor  whereas  (^saith  he)  at  our  coming  to  lirazil,  we  found  both 'men  and  women 
naked  as  they  were  born,  without  any  covering,  so  much  as  of  their  j)rivities,  and 
couUI  not  be  persundetl,  by  our  Frenchmen  that  lived  a  year  with  them,  to  wear  any, 
'  ••  Manv  uill  think  that  our  so  lt)ng  commerce  with  naked  women,  must  needs  be 
a  great  pro\ocation  to  lust;''  but  he  concludes  t)therwise,  that  their  nakedness  did 
much  less  entice  them  to  lascivit)usiies.s,  than  our  women's  clothes.  »•  And  1  dare 
boldly  atlirin  (saith  \u')  that  those  glittering  attires,  counterfeit  c<dours,  headgears, 
(  nrled  hairs,  plaited  coats,  cloaks,  gowns,  costly  sloinachers,  guarded  and  loose  gar- 
ments, and  all  those  other  accoutrements,  wherewith  our  countrywomen  counterfeit 
a  beautv,  and  so  curiously  set  out  tliemselves,  cau.se  more  inconvenience  in  this 
kind,  than  that  barbarian  homeliness,  although  tliey  be  no  whit  inferit)r  unto  them  in 
beauty.  I  could  evince  the  truth  of  this  by  many  other  arguments,  but  I  apj)c:d 
(saith  he  to  my  companions  at  that  present,  which  were  all  of  the  same  mind."  His 
countryman,  >lontague,  in  his  essays,  is  of  the  sanie  opinion,  and  so  arc  many 
others  ;  out  of  whose  assertions  thus  much  in  brief  we  may  conclude,  that  beauty 
is  more  beliolilen  to  art  than  nature,  lind  stronger  provocations  proceed  from  out- 
ward ornaments,  than  such  as  nature  hath  provided.  Jt  is  true  that  those  fair 
sparkling  eves,  white  neck,  coral  lips,  turgent  paps,  rose-coloured  clu.-eks,  kc.,  of 
themselves  are  potent  enticers ;  but  when  a  comely,  artificial,  well-comj>oseil  look, 
pleasing  i;csture,  an  atlecled  carriage  shall  be  added,  it  must  needs  be  far  more  b>rci- 
ble  tiian  it  was,  when  those  curious  neetileworks,  variety  of  colours,  purest  ilyen, 
jewels,  spangles,  pendants,  lawn,  lace,  titlimies,  fair  and  fine  linen,  embroideries, 
ralamistralions,  ointments,  kc.  shall  be  added,  they  wdl  make  the  veriest  dowdy 
ol.herwise,  a  goddess,  when  nature  shall  be  furthered  by  art.    For  it  is  not  the  eye 

•   Nff   riiiriiin  n  reliqiion  in<irbnii  qui  el  eontaeii'iu-     H^in^ri  -  i:.,a\-'  ^  M.iriulM.  *<  Mulii  Unl  6 

naM-iinliir  t'i>ii*i<l<'rcniiu,  iH-Hifiii.  pfiriluiii.  Kcabiein  a  <' 

>■  l,ii<'r>-iii>a.    "  .Aiiil  (be  htxly  naturally  nt-'k^  wIkik  w'i 

i«   that   til*-  uiinil    in  »o   wiiuiiil>.-<l   by  li>v.-."  -    1        ^  ...in 

b^auly,  (bat  lif  favour  i*  prrferrfil  h>-r<ire  thai  .it  i  uiialraotui  i«i)mi>id(iiiit  cu.lu*.  Aom,!.  .MMiVstdiB  »^tnt- 
toiuur*.    oiJ  ilrcdit  uiodoii  la  mort:  ihan  Uial  of  I'aruur.  '  diduut  illuui  culluiu,  fucoa,  4c 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  3.]  Artificial  Allurements.  471 

of  itself  that  enticeth  to  lust,  but  an  "  adulterous  eye,"  as  Peter  terms  it,  2.  ii.  14.  a 
wanton,  a  rolling,  lascivious  eye:  a  wandering  eye,  which  Isaiah  taxelh,  iii.  16. 
Christ  himself,  and  the  Virgin. Mary,  had  most  beautiful  eyes,  as  amiable  eyes  as  any 
persons,  saith  "  Baradius,  that  ever  lived,  but  withal  so  modest,  so  chaste,  that  who- 
soever looked  on  them  was  freed  from  that  passion  of  burning  lust,  if  we  mav 
believe  °*Gerson  and  ^^Bonaventure :  there  was  no  such  antidote  against  it,  as  the 
Virgin  Mary's  face ;  'tis  not  the  eye,  but  carriage  of  it,  as  they  use  it,  that  causeth 
sucli  effects.  When  Pallas,  Juno,  Venus,  were  to  win  Paris'  favour  for  the  golden 
apple,  as  it  is  elegantly  described  in  that  pleasant  interlude  of  *Apuleius,  Juno  came 
with  majesty  upon  the  stage,  Minerva  gravity,  but  Venus  dulce  subridens^  constitit 
amane ;  at  gratissimcB  GraticR  dcam  propitiaiites,  4'C.  came  in  smiling  with  her  gra- 
cious graces  and  exquisite  music,  as  if  she  had  danced,  et  nonnunquam  saltare  solis 
oculisy  and  which  was  the  main  matter  of  all,  she  danced  with  her  rolling  eyes :  they 
were  the  brokers  and  harbingers  of  her  suite.  So  she  makes  her  brags  in  a  modern 
poet, 

61 "  Soon  could  I  make  my  brow  to  tyrannise, 
And  force  the  world  do  homage  to  mine  eyes." 

The  eye  is  a  secret  orator,  the  first  bawd,  Jlmoris  porta,  and  with  private  looks, 
winking,  glances  and  smiles,  as  so  many  dialogues  they  make  up  the  match  many 
times,  and  understand  one  another's  meanings,  before  they  come  to  speak  a  word. 
^'Euriahis  and  Lucretia  were  so  mutually  enamoured  by  the  eye,  and  prepared  to 
give  each  other  entertainment,  before  ever  they  had  conference :  he  asked  her  good 
will  with  his  eyes ;  she  did  siijfragari,  and  gave  consent  with  a  pleasant  look.  That 
^^  Thracian  P»odophe  was  so  excellent  at  this  dumb  rhetoric,  "  that  if  she  had  but 
looked  upon  any  one  almost  (saith  Calisiris)  she  would  have  bewitched  him,  and  he 
could  not  possiljly  escape  it."  For  as  ''■'  Salvianus  observes,  "  the  eyes  are  the  win- 
dows of  our  souls,  by  which  as  so  many  channels,  all  dishonest  concupiscence  gets 
into  our  hearts."  They  reveal  our  thoughts,  and  as  they  say, /ro/is  anhii  irulex,  but 
the  eye  of  the  countenance,  ''''Quid  procacibus  intuere  ocellis?  Sfc.  I  may  say  the 
same  of  smiling,  gait,  nakedness  of  parts,  plausible  gestures,  &c.  To  laugh  is  the 
proper  passion  of  a  man,  an  ordinary  thing  to  smile ;  but  those  counterfeit,  com- 
posed, alfected,  artificial  and  reciprocal,  those  counter-smiles  are  the  dumb  shows 
and  prognostics  of  greater  matters,  which  they  most  part  use,  to  inveigle  and  deceive; 
though  many  fond  lovers  again  are  so  frequently  mistaken,  and  led  into  a  fool's 
paradise.  For  if  they  see  but  a  fair  maid  laugh,  or  show  a  pleasant  countenance, 
use  some  gracious  words  or  gestures,  they  apply  it  all  to  themselves,  as  done  in  their 
favour;  sure  she  loves  them,  she  is  willing,  coming,  &c. 

'■  Stiiltus  quandn  vidct  qund  pulchra  pnellula  ridet,      I      "  When  a  fool  sees  a  fair  maid  for  to  smile, 
Tum  fatiius  credit  se  quod  amare  velit ."  |         He  thinks  she  loves  him,  'tis  but  to  beguile." 


lum  liuiius  creuii  se  qijod  amare  vein  .  |  M 

They  make  an  art  of  it,  as  the  poet  telleth  us, 


•6  "  Quis  credat  '  discunt  etiam  ridere  puclls,  I      "  Who  can  believe  ?  to  laugh  maids  make  an  art, 

Qua^rilur  atque  illis  hac  quoque  parte  decor."         |         And  seek  a  pleasant  grace  te  that  same  part." 

And  'tis  as  great  an  enticement  as  any  of  the  rest, 

•" "  subrisit  molle  puella. 

Cor  tibi  rite  salit." 

"  She  makes  thine  heart  leap  with  ^^a  pleasin*  gentle  smile  of  hers." 

'J"  Dulce  ridHHtem  Lalagen  amaho, 
Dulce  loquentem," 

'•  I  love  Lalage  as  much  for  smiling,  as  for  discoursing,"  delectata  ilia  visit  tarn 
blandum,  as  he  said  in  Petronius  of  his  mistress,  being  well  pleased,  she  gave  so 
sweet  a  smile.  It  won  Ismenius,  as  he  ™confesseth,  Ismene  subrisit  amulorium, 
Ismene  smiled  so  lovingly  the  second  time  I  saw  her,  that  I  could  not  choose  but 
admire  her :  and  Galla's  sweet  smile  quite  overcame  ''  Faustus  the  shepherd,  Me 


s"  Harmn.  evangel,  lib.  6.  cap.  fi.  m  Sprm.  de 

roncep.  Virg.     Pliysiognomia  virginis  omnes  movel  ad 
castitatem.  s*  3.  sent.  d.  :t.  q.  3.  niirum,  virao 

fnrniosissinia,  sed  a  neniine  coiicupita.  '^'Mft.  ]0. 

f''  Kiisariiond'o  cninplaiJit.  by  Sam.  Daniel.  '^  iEueas 

>?|U.  "  llelio.lor.  I.  2.     Rodolphe  Thracia  tam 


attraxit,  ut  si  in  illam  quis  incidissct,  fieri  non  pnsspt 
quin  caperelur.  w  Lib.  3.  rie  providcniia  :  Aiiimi 

fenestriE  oculi,  et  omnis  improha  i.upiditas  per  ocellos 
tanquam  canales  iotroit.  S6  Buchanan.         «« Ovid 

de  arte  amandi.  "  per.s.  3  Sat.  ^  Vel  centum 

Charites  ridere  putaret,  Muspus  of  Hero.  ^  Hor. 


inevitabi'i  fascino  instructa,  tam  exacte  oculis  iiitucns    Od.  22.  lib.  1.  ">  Kustathius,  I.  5.  "  Maotuau. 


473  Lnve-Mdancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

uspiciens  viotis  llnnde  suhrisit  ocelJia.  All  other  gestures  of  the  body  will  enforce 
as  much.  Daphnis  in  "Lucian  was  a  poor  tattered  wench  when  I  knew  her  first, 
•^ald  Corbile,  punnusa  et  hiccra,  but  now  sl)e  is  a  stately  piece  indeed,  hath  her  maids 
to  attend  her,  brave  attires,  money  in  her  purse,  Slc,  and  will  you  know  how  this 
came  to  pass  ?  "•  by  settintj  out  herself  after  the  best  fashion,  by  her  pleasant  car- 
ria<4e,  affability,  sweet  smiling  upon  all,''  &.c.  Many  women  dote  upon  a  man  for 
his  compliment  onlv,  and  good  behaviour,  they  are  won  in  an  instant;  too  credulous 
to  believe  that  everv  light  wanton  snitor,  who  sees  or  makes  love  to  them,  is  instantly 
enamoured,  he  certainly  dotes  on,  admires  them,  will  surely  marry,  when  as  he 
means  nothing  less,  'tis  his  ordinary  carriage  in  all  such  companies.  So  both  delude 
each  other  by  such  outward  shows ;  and  amongst  the  rest,  an  upright,  a  comely 
grace,  courtesies,  gentle  salutations,  cringes,  a  mincing  gait,  a  decent  and  an  affected 
pace,  are  most  powerful  enticers,  and  which  the  prophet  Isaiali,  a  courtier  himself, 
and  a  great  observer,  objected  to  the  daughters  of  Zion,  iii.  16.  "  they  minced  as  they 
went,  and  made  a  tinkling  with  their  feet."  To  say  the  truth,  what  can  they  not 
effect  by  such  means  } 

"  VV'lilUt  nature  i\ttck*  Ihrin  in  Ihrir  bfnt  atliren 
Of  youth  and  b«auty  whicb  ttw  world  adiuiret." 

'^'^Uril voce,  rnr/nu,  gressu,  pectnrr,  fronfe,  ocuUs.^''    When  art  shall  be  annexed 

to  l)eaulv,  when  wiles  and  guiU's  shall  concur;  for  to  speak  as  it  is,  love  is  a  kind 
I'f  legerdemain;  mere  juirgliuir,  a  fascination.  When  they  show  their  fair  hand,  fine 
toot  and  leg  withal,  nuiipiuni  sui  d'-siilfrium  nobis  rcUnijttunl,,  saith  '*  Balthazar  Cas- 
tdio,  lib.  1.  they  set  us  a  longing,  ''and  so  wlien  they  pull  up  their  petticoats,  and 
•outward  garments,"  as  usually  they  do  to  show  their  fine  stockings,  and  those  of 
purest  silken  dve,  gold  fringes,  laces,  embroiderings,  (it  shall  go  hard  but  when  they 
go  to  church,  t>r  to  any  other  place,  all  sh^ll  be  seen)  'tis  but  a  springe  to  catch 
woodcocks  ;  and  as  ''' Chrysostom  telleth  them  downright,  '•  though  they  say  nothing 
with  their  mouths,  they  s()€»ak  in  their  gait,  they  speak  with  their  eyes,  they  speak 
m  the  carriage  of  their  bmlies."  And  what  shall  we  say  otherwise  of  that  baring 
of  their  necks,  shoulders,  naked  breasts,  arms  and  wrists,  to  what  end  are  they  but 
only  to  tempt  men  to  lust ! 


I 


There  needs  no  more,  as  "  Fredericus  Matenesius  well  observes,  but  a  crier  to  go 
before  them  so  dressed,  to  bid  us  look  out,  a  trumpet  to  sound,  or  for  defect  a  sow- 
gelder  to  blow, 


'  Ij^ik  oul,  Inok  out  and  ■«• 
Whul  ol.jrct  till*  may  b« 
That  doth  prralriiic«  oiine  eyt; 
A  gallitiit  lady  (ura 


In  rich  and  gmdy  clulhea. 

But  whither  away  U<mI  known, 

^—  look  out,  Slc.,  €t  f  lua  ««f  ■CKRtar,*' 


or  to  what  end  and  purpose.*  But  to  leave  all  these  fantastical  raptures,  I'll  prose- 
cute mv  intended  theme.  Nakedness,  as  I  have  said,  is  an  odious  thing  of  itself, 
revicdium  amoris;  yei  it  may  be  so  used,  in  part,  and  at  set  times,  that  there  can  be 
no  such  enticement  as  it  is ; 

^"  SfT  mihi  cinrla  Diana  plarvt,  nt-e  nuda  C)  there. 
Ilia  viduplatia  nil  babel,  hac  Dituiuui." 

David  SO  espied  Bathsheba,  the  elders  Susanna :  "Apelles  was  enamoured  with  Cam- 
paspe,  when  he  was  to  paint  her  naked.  Tiberius  in  Suet.  cap.  4:i.  supped  with 
Sestius  Gallus  an  old  lecher,  Itbidinnso  senCy  ed  lege  ul  nuda  jmella  adminislrarent ; 
fiome  say  as  much  of  Nero,  and  Pontus  Iluter  of  Carolus  Pugoax.     Amongst  the 

"Tom.  4.  in'-rit.  dial.     Kiornai  rieranler.     i- 

liirilrm   rt    liilnreni  »e  srreiK:  >  i.   ridnido 

K,  1  ..dr  t.iari.lmil  quill. iC.  "'  %•  I 

nil   dt;   liidilktria    •  ■'.\.':. 

'.  I'lua  coii«(iicialur.  >  ib«  tunt; 

,    .    fii  '".-^ 

Noil     |.H|IIM 

•  |llUld   r*    \ 

.    „-.-.  ■■*}... 

tjiaf.  lio.  I.  aU  Hi  ruiiuiieiii.     •■  F«>f  w  h)  dn  )i!i  •  llu'il     ««U 
jrvur  '  utiUiy  way,'  your  uucuircred  bu«>UM  J    What  viae  | 


■  N". 


>k 

■  r.-il. 
1  lli 

'  \i.« 

r    n 

■i 

A 

•  in( 
i*uii. 
••nuj 

Mem.  2.  Subs.  3.]  Artificial  Allurements.  473 

Babylonians,  it  was  the  custom  of  some  lascivious  queans  to  dance  frisking  in  that 
fashion,  saith  Curtius  lib.  5.  and  Sardus  de  mor.  gent.  lio.  1.  writes  of  others  to  that 
effect.  The  ^'  Tuscans  at  some  set  banquets  had  naked  women  to  attend  upon  them, 
which  Leonicus  dc  Varia  hist.  lib.  3.  cap.  96.  confirms  of  such  other  bawdy  nations. 
Nero  wouhl  have  filthy  pictures  still  hanging  in  his  chamber,  which  is  too  commonly 
used  in  our  times,  and  Heliogabalus,  efiam  coram  agentes.,  ut  ad  venerem  incitarent: 
So  things  may  be  abused.  A  servant  maid  in  Aristoenetus  spied  her  master  and  mis- 
tress through  the  key-hole  ^^ merrily  disposed;  upon  the  sight  she  fell  in  love  with 
her  master.  ^* Antoninus  Caracalla  observed  his  mother-in-law  witli  her  breasts 
amorously  laid  open,  he  was  so  much  moved,  that  he  said,  Ah  si  liceret.,  O  that  ] 
might ;  which  she  by  chance  overhearing,  replied  as  impudently,  °^  Quicquid  libel 
licet,  thou  mayest  do  what  thou  wilt :  and  upon  that  temptation  he  married  her : 
this  object  Avas  not  in  cause,  not  the  thing  itself,  but  that  unseemly,  indecent  car- 
riage of  it. 

When  you  have  all  done,  veniunt  a.  veste  sagittcc,  the  greatest  provocations  of  last 
are  from  our  apparel ;  God  makes,  they  say,  man  shapes,  and  there  is  no  motive  like 
unto  it; 

85"  Which  doth  even  beauty  heautify, 
And  most  bewitch  a  wretched  eye," 

a  filthy  knave,  a  deformed  quean,  a  crooked  carcass,  a  maukin,  a  wiich,  a  rotten 
post,  a  hedgestake  may  be  so  set  out  and  tricked  up,  that  it  shall  make  as  fair  a 
show,  as  much  enamour  as  the  rest :  many  a  silly  fellow  is  so  taken.  Primnm  luxu- 
ries auciipium,  one  calls  it,  the  first  snare  of  lust ;  ^  Bossus  aucupium  animarum^ 
lethalem  arundinem,  a  fatal  reed,  the  greatest  bawd,  forte  lenociniuni,  sanguineis 
lachrymis  deplorandum,  saith  "  iMatenesius,  and  with  tears  of  blood  to  be  deplored. 
Not  that  comeliness  of  clothes  is  therefore  to  be  condemned,  and  those  usual  orna- 
ments :  there  is  a  decency  and  decorum  in  this  as  well  as  in  other  things,  fit  to  be 
used,  becoming  several  persons,  and  befitting  their  estates ;  he  is  only  fantastical 
tliat  is  not  in  fashion,  and  like  an  old  image  in  arras  hangings,  when  a  manner  of 
attire  is  generally  received ;  but  when  they  are  so  new-fangled,  so  unstaid,  so  pro- 
digious in  their  attires,  beyond  their  means  and  fortunes,  unbefitting  their  age,  place, 
quality,  condition,  what  should  we  othersvise  think  of  them  .'  Why  do  tliey  adorn 
themselves  with  so  many  colours  of  herbs,  fictitious  flowers,  curious  needle-works, 
quaint  devices,  sweet-smelling  odours,  with  those  inestimable  riches  of  precious 
stones,  pearls,  rubies,  diamonds,  emeralds,  &c. }  Why  do  they  crown  themselves 
with  gold  and  silver,  use  coronets  and  tires  of  several  fashions,  deck  themselves 
with  pendants,  bracelets,  ear-rings,  chains,  girdles,  rings,  pins,  spangles,  embroideries, 
shadows,  rebatoes,  versicolour  ribands  "i  why  do  they  make  such  glorious  shows 
with  their  scarfs,  feathers,  fans,  masks,  furs,  laces,  tiffanies,  ruffs,  (Idls,  calls,  cuffs, 
damasks,  velvets,  tinsels,  cloth  of  gold,  silver,  tissue  }  with  colours  of  heavens,  stars, 
planets  :  the  strength  of  metals,  stones,  odours,  flowers,  birds,  beasts,  fishes,  and 
whatsoever  Africa,  Asia,  America,  sea,  land,  art,  and  industry  of  man  can  afford  .■' 
Why  do  they  use  and  covet  sucli  novelty  of  inventions ;  such  new-fangled  tires,  and 
spend  such  inestimable  sums  on  them .'  "  To  what  end  are  tliose  crisped,  false  hairs, 
painted  faces,"  as  '^  the  satirist  observes,  "  such  a  composed  gait,  not  a  step  awry.'" 
Why  are  they  like  so  many  Sybarites,  or  Nero's  Popp,;ea,  Ahasuerus'  concubines,  so 
costly,  so  long  a  dressing,  as  Caesar  was  marshalling  his  army,  or  a  hawk  in  pruning.' 
^ Dum  moUunlur,  dum  comuntur,  annus  est:  a  ^"gardener  takes  not  so  much  delight 
and  pains  in  his  garden,  a  horseman  to  dress  his  horse,  scour  his  armour,  a  mariner 
about  liis  ship,  a  merchant  his  shop  and  sliop-book,  as  they  do  about  their  faces,  and 
all  those  other  parts:  such  setting  up  with  corks,  straightening  with  whalebones; 
why  is  it,  but  as  a  daynet  catcheth  larks,  to  make  young  men  stoop  unto  them  r 
Philocharus,  a  gallant  in  Aristenaetus,  advised  his  friend  Polia^niis  to  take  heed  of 
such   enticements,  ^'  "■  for  it  was  the  sweet  sound  and   motion   of  his  mistress's 


8' In  T;  rrhenis  convivil^  nudae  mulieres  ministrabant.     mollis  prtulanlia  ?  quo  incessus  tarn  compnsitus.  See. 
s^Aiiiitoria    tniscentes  vidit,  et  in    ipsis  coinplexibiis    ^'sTer.    "They  take  a  year  to  ilnck   ami  roinb  thein- 


audit.  (ScR.  etnersit  inde  cupido  in  pectus  virjfiiiis. 
"  Epist.  7.  lib. Si.  ««Spartian.  MSidiity's  Arcadia. 
6' I)e  iinmod.  mulier.  cultu.  *"  Discnrs.  6.  de  luxu 

v<(,stium.  '■s  Petroniiis   fol.  95.   quo  spcctant  flexE 

comcB  ?   quo   facies   medicamine    attrita    et  oculorum 

60  3P3 


selves."  sop.  Aretine.  Hortnlaiuis  nnn  ila  exercetur 
viseiidis  hortis,  eqiies  eqiiis,  arjnis.  iiaiita  navihiis,  Sec. 
3'  Epist.  4.  Sonus  armillarum  bene  sonantium,  odcr 
unguentorum,  &.c. 


•♦T4  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

spangles  and  bracelets,  the  smell  of  her  ointments,  that  captivated  him  first,  lUafuit 
me,ntis  priuia  ru'ina  mea.  Quid  sibi  vuU  pixidum  turba,  saith  '^-  Lucian,  "•  to  what  use 
are  pins,  pots,  glasses,  ointments,  irons,  combs,  bodkins,  setting-sticks  ?  why  bestow 
they  all  their  patrimonies  and  iuisbands'  yearly  revenues  on  such  fooleries?"  ^bina 
pcdrimoniu  singulis  auribus ;  "why  use  they  dragons,  wasps,  snakes,  for  chains, 
enamelled  jewels  on  their  necks,  ears  r"  dit^num  potius  foret  fcrro  manus  istus  rell- 
gari,  alquc  utininn  vionHiu  vere  dracoms  easent ;  they  had  more  need  some  of  them 
be  tied  in  bedlam  witli  iron  cliains,  have  a  whip  for  a  fan,  and  hair-dolhs  next  to 
their  skins,  and  instead  of  wrought  smocks,  have  their  cheeks  stigmatised  with  a  hot 
iron  :  I  say,  some  of  our  Jezebels,  instead  of  painting,  if  tliey  were  well  served. 
But  why  is  all  this  labour,  all  this  cost,  preparation,  ridmg,  running,  far-fetched,  and 
dear  bought  stufl?  **^^  Because  forsooth  they  would  be  fair  and  tine,  and  where 
nature  is  defective,  supply  it  by  art."  ^  Sanguine  quce  vero  nan  rubel^  arte  rubet^ 
(Ovid);  and  to  that  purpose  they  anoint  and  paint  their  faces,  to  make  Helen  of 

Ilecuba parvarnque  exortaimjue  pufUain — Europrn.^    To  tliis  intent  they  crush 

ill  their  feel  and  boilies,  hurt  and  crucify  themselves,  sometimes  in  lax-clothes,  a 
lii!i;(!red  yards  I  think  in  a  gown,  a  sleeve;  and  scjmelimes  again  so  close,  ut  nudus 
I  ipriiiiunl  artus.  "Now  hmg  tails  and  trains,  and  tlu-n  short,  up,  down,  high,  low, 
illicit,  thin,  S^c. ;  now  little  or  no  bands,  then  as  big  as  cart  wheels;  now  loose 
l'»di..»s,  tluM  great  fardiiigahs  and  v\u!ie  girt,  &.c.  Why  is  all  this,  but  with  the  whore 
i.i  ilie  Proverbs,  to  intoxicate  some  or  other?  oculorum  dtcipulani^  ""one  therefore 
calls  it,  et  tndictm  iibidinis,  the  trap  of  lust,  and  sure  token,  as  an  ivy-bush  is  to  a 
tavern. 

"Ucir,,!  inil,    .r  .-  i;iM-.-r.-  •■ifiKiH  i|.-  I.I  II.!  •  viiltu«. 


a 


'O  GIscrr.'    Ill  that  you  |i«wil  fit  iiuich, 
V'.  i  ' .  <lrt:kl  III  order  iuch. 

\\i  L'tTB,  braci-lciii  III  your  ear, 

Alli.    ,      iilict,  tell  I  can,  I  fear." 


'1\>  be  admired,  to  be  gazed  on,  to  circunjvent  some  novice;  as  many  times  they  do, 
that  instead  of  a  lady  he  loves  a  cap  and  a  feather  instead  of  a  maid  tliat  should 
liave  viTum  cnlitrcm,  corpus  solidum  »7  sued  plrnum  i  as  Clnerea  describes  his  mis- 
tress in  the  '"poet),  a  painted  face,  a  rutl-band,  fair  and  fine  linen,  a  coronet,  a  ilower, 
(  "^^^Wituruquf  putat  quod  f'uit  urfiticis,)  a  wrought  waistcoat  he  dotes  on,  or  a  pied 
petticoat,  a  pure  dye  instead  of  a  proper  woman.  F«»r  gen«Tally,  as  with  rich-furred 
conies,  their  cases  are  far  better  than  their  bodies,  ami  like  the  bark  of  a  cinnamon 
tree,  whiclj  is  dearer  than  the  whole  bulk,  their  outward  accoutrements  are  far  more 
precious  than  their  inward  endowments.    Tis  too  commonly  so. 

I  "  With  Enltl  and  Jfwf^l*  all  ii  covered, 

' "  AuTerimur  tullu,  et  eemmi*,  auroque  Ugunlur          |  And  ivitli  u  utrunge  tire  Me  are  won, 

Uiiinia  ;  yan  iniiiiiiia  ett  ipta  pui-lla  tui."                  i  (VVIii-*t  bIk^'h  tti,-  lia^i  |i;trt  oriii-rvelf) 

I  And  with  Ducli  liaublcH  quite  undone." 

Why  do  they  keep  in  so  long  together,  a  whole  winter  sometimes,  and  will  not  be 
seen  but  by  torch  or  candlelight,  and  come  abroad  with  all  the  preparation  may  be, 
when  thev  have  no  business,  but  only  to  show  themselves  ?  Speclutuin  veniunt, 
vcniunt  spcctentur  ut  ipsie. 

>  "  Fur  what  m  bea'ity  if  it  be  not  leen, 
Or  tvhat  ibI  io  be  i^en  if  not  adinir'd, 
.And  though  adniir'd,  unl>-a«  in  bive  de'ir'd?" 

why  do  they  go  with  such  counterfeit  gait,  which  'Philo  Judaeus  reprehends  them 
for,  and  use  (1  say  it  again)  such  gCoiures,  apish,  ridiculous,  indecent  attires,  sybari- 
Ucal  tricks, /"mco*  genisy  purpurissam  venisy  cerussatn  front i^  leges  occulis,  SfC.  use  those 
sweet  perfumes,  powders  and  ointments  in  public;  flock  to  hear  sermons  so  frequent, 
is  it  for  ilevotion  ?  or  rather,  as  '  Basil  tells  them,  to  meet  tlieir  sweetheart.**,  and  see 
fashions;  for,  as  he  saith,  commonly  ihey  come  so  provided  to  that  place,  with  such 

•» Tom.  4.  dial.  .Amor,  vawnla   pWrn  nmlta?  inf'-liei-  I  xoStn-za  fil.            '  (jn.l.           '  .■<    Ii.-iui.  I.  '  t.ib.  Jc 

tati«  oiiincin  uiaritiiriini  oiiulentiani  in  b.fc  iiipendiiiit,  I  victiuin'.  Pr.i   '  Ma. 

draroiii'<(  pru  ni Iiiiud  huli<-iil,  iiiii  utiiiaiii   v>-re  dra-    ciiiciiinala.  i  -•• 

cone*  •' '     I  "■  i.in.            "Seneca.           »'faiililn>  de     iml-    .iiin.i^i    ...  "• 

nulit                  '          ribug  oninibii<«  hoc  inipriini*  III  %oli*      .                          nk.nial.              iij,  ■■■ 

eii,  i.i                        ',  ant  III  reiir-a  non  mmi,  vi.le.iniur                                il.jriun  a«periilii-  '  r 

|,,...                                    ::.    ...iri..    ...itura  del'ilit.    am.    .n.                                         -     Iri.'i  ;iii    I  .  ..■  '  ■., 

I                                                                 K'i   unction.  -  'ii- 
■Ice.        *•" 

M- ..    J.,. '. I  .1  dwarf,  iin    1.  .      ,  .         .      ..,-...., 

•'  ,\|. Ml. >  raintal3:>  tunicas,  4k>- KoO'K.  *".S.'riiiaiiiii«    crali«.    la-iiiuiriuui    cikilati*    uiltctiWi*    IU«fuu(    iiii- 

piuUn.  t'hritt.  cap.  6.         ■*  Ter.  Eunuc.  .Act.  3.  tcta.  X  I  pudcolie. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  3.]  Artificial  Allurements.  475 

curious  compliments,  with  such  gestures  and  tires,  as  it"  they  should  d-q  to  a  dancing- 
school,  a  stage-play,  or  bawdy-house,  fitter  than  a  church. 

"  When  such  a  she-priest  comes  her  mass  to  say, 
Twenty  to  one  they  all  forget  to  pray." 

*•  They  make  those  holy  temples,  consecrated  to  godly  martyrs  and  religious  uses, 
the  shops  of  impudence,  dens  of  whores  and  thieves,  and  little  better  than  brothel 
houses."  When  we  shall  see  thf  *e  things  daily  done,  their  husbands  bankrupts,  if 
not  cornutos,  their  wives  light  hv  tisewives,  daughters  dishonest ;  and  hear  of  such 
dissolute  acts,  as  daily  we  do,  hi.  w  should  we  think  otherwise  r  what  is  their  end, 
but  to  deceive  and  inveigle  young  men  ?  As  tow  takes  fire,  such  enticing  objects 
produce  their  eflect,  how  can  it  be  altered .''  When  Venus  stood  before  Anchises  ('as 
^  Homer  feigns  in  one  of  his  hymns)  in  her  costly  robes,  he  was  instantly  taken, 

"Cum  ante  ipsum  staret  Jovis  filia,  viiiens  earn  I     "When  Venus  stood  before  Anchises  first, 

Anchises,  ailiiiirahatur  forinam,  et  stupeirdas  vestes  ;  I         He  was  amazM  to  see  her  in  her  tires; 
Erat  enim  iiiduta  peplo,  isjneis  radiis  splenilidiore ;  Fi,r  she  had  on  a  hood  as  red  as  fire, 

Hatiebat  qnoque  torques  fulgidos,  fiexiles  liielices,  And  elitterine  chains,  and  ivy-twisted  spires, 

IVnerum  colluni  aniiiiebaut  monilia  pulchra,  About  her  tender  neck  were  costly  brooches, 

Aurea,  varie:,'ata." |         And  necklaces  of  j,'old,  enaruell'd  ouches." 

So  when  3Iedea  came  in  presence  of  Jason  first,  attended  by  her  nymphs  and  ladies, 
as  she  is  described  by  ^Apollonius, 

'•  Cunctas  vero  iffnis  instar  spqiiehatur  splendor,         I      "  A  lustre  followed  them  like  flaming  fire, 
'raiitiim  ai)  anreis  fimbriis  resplendebat  jubar,  And  from  their  golden  borders  came  such  beams, 

Accenditqiie  in  oculis  dulce  desideriura."  |  Wliich  in  his  eyes  provok'd  a  sweet  desire." 

Such  a  relation  we  have  in  ^Plutarch,  when  the  queens  came  and  offered  themselves 
to  Antony,  ^  '•^  with  diverse  presents,  and  enticing  ornaments,  Asiatic  allurements, 
with  such  wonderful  joy  and  festivity,  they  did  so  inveigle  the  Romans,  that  no  man 
could  contain  himself,  all  was  turned  to  delight  and  pleasure.  The  women  trans- 
formed themselves  to  Bacchus  shapes,  the  men-children  to  Satyrs  and  Pans ;  but 
Antony  himself  was  quite  besotted  with  Cleopatra's  sweet  speeches,  philters,  beauty, 
pleasing  tires :  for  when  she  sailed  along  the  river  Cydnus,  with  such  incredible 
pomp  in  a  gilded  ship,  herself  dressed  like  Venus,  her  maids  like  the  Graces,  her 
pages  like  so  many  Cupids,  Antony  was  amazed,  and  rapt  beyond  himself."  Helio- 
dorus,  lib.  I.  brings  in  Dameneta,  stepmother  to  Cnemon,  '•'•whom  she  ^saw  in  his 
scarfs,  rings,  robes,  and  coronet,  quite  mad  for  the  love  of  him."  It  was  Judith's 
panlofles  that  ravished  the  eyes  of  Holofernes.  And  '"Cardan  is  not  ashamed  to 
confess,  that  seeing  his  wife  the  first  time  all  in  white,  he  did  admire  and  instantly 
loA-e  her.  If  these  outward  ornaments  were  not  of  such  force,  why  doth  "Xaomi 
give  Ruth  counsel  how  to  please  Boaz  ?  and  '^Judith,  seeking  to  captivate  Holo- 
fernes, washed  and  anointed  herself  with  sweet  ointments,  dressed  her  hair,  and  put 
on  costly  attires.  The  riot  in  this  kind  hath  been  excessive  in  times  past ;  no  man 
almost  came  abroad,  but  curled  and  anointed, 

13  ••  Et  matutino  suadans  Crispinus  amomo." 
Quantum  vis  redolent  duofunera." 

••  one  spent  as  much  as  two  funerals  at  once,  and  with  perfumed  hairs,"  "  et  rosa 
canns  odorati  capilJos  Assyriaque  nardo.  What  strange  thing  doth  '^Sueton.  relate 
in  this  matter  of  Caligula's  riot.'  And  Pliny,  lib.  12.  &  13.  Read  more  in  Dios- 
corides,  Ulmus,  Arnoldus,  Randoletius  defuco  et  decoratione  ;  for  it  is  now  an  art, 
as  it  was  of  old,  (so  '®  Seneca  records)  officincs  sunt  odores  coquentium.  Women  are 
bad  and  men  worse,  no  difference  at  all  between  their  and  our  times;  '^"good  man- 
ners (as  Seneca  complains)  are  extinct  with  wantonness,  in  tricking  up  themselves 
men  go  l)eyond  women,  they  wear  harlots'  colours,  and  do  not  walk,  but  jet  and 
dance,"  hie  mulier,  hcBC  vir^  more  like  players,  butterflies,  baboons,  apes,  antics,  than 
men.  So  ridiculous,  moreover,  we  are  in  our  attires,  and  for  cost  so  excessive,  that 
as  Hierome  said  of  old,  UnoJUio  villarum  insunt  pretia,  uno  lino  decies  sestertiiim 

s  Hymno  Veneri  dicato.        e  Argonaut.  I.  4.        'Vit.  |  excidit.  '»  Lib.  de  lib.  prop.  »  Ruth,  iii.  3 

.\nton.  8  Regia  domo  ornatuque  certantes,  sese  ac  j  "  Cap.  ix.  5.  ^  Juv.  Sat.  6.  '*  Hor.  lib.  2.  Od.  11 

formain  suani  .Antonio  offerentes,  &c.     Cum  oriiatu  et     '*  Cap.  27.  '^  Epist.  90.  i'  (iuicquid  est  boni 

incredibili    ponipa    per  Cydnum    fluvium    navigarent     moris  levitate  extiiiguitur,  et  politura  corporis  muUie- 
aurala  puppi,  ipsa  ad  similitudinem  Veneris  ornata,     bres  muiiditias   antecessimus  colores   meretricios  viri 
ouells  Gratiis  similes,  pueri  Cupidinibus,  Antonius  ad    sumimus,  tenero  et  raolli  srailu  suspendimiis  gradum, 
I'isiini  siupefactus.        »  Amictiim  Chlamyde  et  coronis,    non  ambulanius,  nat.  quxst.  lib.  7.  cap.  31. 
livim  primum  aspesit  Cnemonem,  ex  polestate  mentis 


476  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  H.  Sec.  2 

inseritiir ;  'tis  an  ordinary  thing  to  put  a  thousand  oaks  and  a  hundred  oxen  into  a 
suit  of  apparel,  to  wear  a  whole  manor  on  his  back.  What  with  shoe-ties,  hangers, 
points,  caps  and  feathers,  scarfs,  bands,  cuffs,  S^c,  in  a  short  space  their  whole  patri- 
monies are  consumed,  lleliogabalus  is  taxed  by  I^mpridius,  and  admired  in  his  age 
for  wearing  jewels  in  his  shoes,  a  connnon  thing  in  our  times,  not  for  emperors  and 
princes,  but  almost  for  serving  men  and  tailors ;  all  the  flowers,  stars,  constellations, 
gold  and  precious  stones  do  condescend  to  set  out  their  shoes.  To  repress  the 
luxury  of  those  Roman  matrons,  there  was  '*Lex  Valeria  and  Oppia,  and  a  Cato  to 
contradict;  but  no  laws  will  serve  to  repress  the  pride  and  insolency  of  our  days, 
the  prodigious  riot  in  this  kind.  Lucullus''s  wardrobe  is  put  down  by  our  ordinary 
citizens;  and  a  cobbler's  wife  in  Venice,  a  courtesan  in  Florence,  is  no  whit  inferior 
to  a  queen,  if  our  geographers  say  true  :  and  why  is  all  this  ?  •»  Why  do  they  glory 
in  their  jewels  (as  '^  he  saith)  or  exult  and  triumph  in  the  beauty  of  clothes.^  why 
is  all  this  cost  ?  to  incite  men  the  sooner  to  burning  lust.  They  pretend  decency 
and  ornament ;  but  let  them  take  heed,  that  while  they  set  out  their  bodies  they  do 
not  damn  their  souls;"  'tis  *  Bernard's  counsel:  '-shine  in  jewels,  slink  in  condi- 
tions ;  have  purple  robes,  and  a  torn  conscience."  Let  them  take  heed  of  Isaiah's 
prophecy,  that  their  slippers  and  attires  be  nut  taken  from  them,  sweet  halls,  brace- 
lets, earrings,  veils,  wimples,  crisping-pins,  glasses,  line  linen,  hoods,  lawns,  and 
sweet  savours,  they  become  not  bald,  burned,  and  stink  upon  a  sudden.  And  let 
maids  beware,  as  "Cypiian  adviselh,  "  that  while  they  wander  too  loosclv  abroad, 
they  lose  not  their  virginities  :"  and  like  t^yplian  temjjles,  seciu  fair  without,  but 
prove  rotten  carcases  within.  How  nmch  better  were  it  for  them  to  follow  that 
good  counsL'l  of  Tertulliun  ?  "  ••  To  have  their  eyes  painted  with  chastity,  the 
Woru  of  Gotl  inserted  into  their  ears,  C'lirisfs  yoke  tied  to  the  hair,  to  subject 
themselves  to  their  husbands.  If  they  would  do  so,  they  should  be  comely  enough, 
clothe  themselves  with  the  silk  of  sanctity,  damask  of  devotion,  purple  of  piety  and 
chasiiiy,  and  so  painted,  they  Khali  have  God  himself  to  be  a  suitor:  let  whores  and 
queans  prank  up  themselves,  "  let  them  paint  their  faces  with  minion  and  ceruse, 
they  are  but  fuels  of  lust,  and  signs  of  a  corrupt  soul :  if  ye  be  good,  h<juest,  vir- 
tuous, and  religious  matrons,  let  sobriety,  modesty  and  chastity  be  your  honour,  and 
God  himself  your  love  anil  desire."  Mulier  reclt  oltt,  ubi  nihil  ulety  then  a  woman 
smells  best,  when  she  hath  no  perfume  at  all;  no  crown,  chain,  or  jewel  (Guivarra 
adds)  vi  such  an  ornument  to  a  virgin,  or.  virtuous  woman,  quam  virgini  pudor,  as 
chastity  is :  more  credit  in  a  wise  man's  eye  and  judgment  they  get  by  their  plain- 
ness, and  seem  fairer  than  lliey  that  are  set  out  with  baubles,  as  a  butcher's  meat  is 
with  pricks,  pufled  up,  and  adorned  like  so  many  jays  with  variety  of  colours.  It 
is  reported  of  Cornelia,  that  virtuous  Roman  lady,  great  Scipio's  daughter,  Titus 
Sempronius'  wife,  and  the  mother  of  the  Gracchi,  that  being  by  chance  in  company 
with  a  companion,  a  strange  gentlewoman  (some  light  housewife  belike,  that  was 
dressed  like  a  May  lady,  and,  as  most  of  our  gentlewomen  are,  ''  was  "  more  soli- 
citous of  her  head-tire  than  of  her  health,  that  spent  her  time  between  a  comb  and 
a  glass,  and  had  rather  be  fair  than  honest  (as  Cato  said),  and  have  the  common- 
wealth turned  topsyturvy  than  her  tires  marred ;"  and  she  did  nought  but  brag  of 
her  tine  robes  and  jewels,  and  provoked  the  Roman  matron  to  show  hers :  Cornelia 
kept  her  in  talk  till  her  children  came  from  school,  and  these,  said  she,  are  my 
jewels,  and  so  deluded  and  put  off  a  proud,  vain,  fantastical,  housewife.  How  much 
better  were  it  lor  our  matrons  to  do  as  she  did,  to  go  civilly  and  decently,  ^'  Jluiustce 
ntulieris  instar  qucB  utitur  auro  pro  eo  quod  c>-f,  ad  ea  lanlum  quibus  opus  est,  to  use 
gold  as  it  is  gold,  and  for  that  use  it  serves,  and  when  they  need  it,  than  to  ccmsume 
it  in  riot,  beggar  their  husbands,  prostitute  themselves,  inveigle  others,  and  perad- 

>*  Liv.  lib.  -1.  lifC.  4.  >*  Quilt  rxiiltag  in  pulclirilu   i  tea.  «ie  farile  <-t  latii  eriti*  ortiatr  :  vrtiiiir  voa  lenco 

dine  panni  ?    Quid  gloriarid  iii  ^il-iiiiiiiii  ut  fariliu<  in-     probiiatii,  h>Minii  (aiiclilatii.  purpura  puJinlic:  tali- 
vitea  ad   libidimmMiii  inceiiilium  '     M''    i'.   ---.'.•■•.(    I  i.'  ■..'m.,.,t  ,i  .•  ,!....im  h..t,.r,ii  ■-  :iii...!    r.  h,  »  Huaa 

moJrr   inulit?.  nillu.         »  Kpi-t    1 11  •  or« 

ni(>ribu«  wirdeiit.  purpurata  v<«ti-'.  c  '  in- 

cap.  3   17.  "  "•    •  ■' ■■  "ilia 

tiua,  iluiii  rvaea'  '<!•• 

ginim.     C'lnn«-iiii    '  .•im 

^id.  «  l.it>.  ..  "•  ■  ■."■. .'    ...■,■■-,  ■■ -  • "   1  ■- ..o»ii. 

•rrrcunJii.  inl'rrenli-f  in   aum  ii>'riii.in*-iii  ilei.  annrv-  i  ore*,   et  ii-iupuu.   niinua  tutitari  curaal  luaio  cucnaM. 
4iitea  ciiribuaju(ura  Ciuiiti,  caput  maritia  lubjicieu-  ■  8«D«ca.        *  LucMo. 


I^Iem.  2.  Subs.  3.]  Artljiciai  Jllluremenis.  -177 

venture  damn  their  own  souls  ?  How  much  more  would  it  be  for  their  honour  and 
credit  ?  Thus  doing,  as  Hierom  said  of  Blesilla,  -"'■'■  Furius  did  not  so  triumph  over 
the  Gauls,  Papyrius  of  the  Samnites,  Scipio  of  IVumantia,  as  she  did  by  her  tem- 
perance ;"  7;////a  semper  veste,  Sfc,  they  should  insult  and  domineer  over  lust,  folly 
vain-glory,  all  such  inordinate,  furious  and  unruly  passions. 

But  ]  am  over  tedious,  I  confess,  and  whilst  1  stand  gaping  after  fine  clothes,  there 
is  another  great  allurement,  (in  the  world's  eye  at  least)  which  had  like  to  have 
stolen  out  of  sight,  and  that  is  money,  venitint  a  dote  sagitta,  money  malves  the 
match ;  ^'  Moiov  a^yvpov  tSXiTiov^iv :  'tis  like  sauce  to  their  meat,  cum  came  condi)nentu?n, 
a  good  dowry  with  a  wife.  Many  men  if  they  do  hear  but  of  a  great  portion,  a  rich 
heir,  are  more  mad  than  if  they  had  all  the  beauteous  ornaments,  and  those  good 
parts  art  and  nature  can  afford,  they  ^^  care  not  for  honesty,  bringing  up,  birth,  beauty 
person,  but  for  money. 


'Canes  et  equos  (6  Cyrne)  quoeiimub 
Xol)iles,  et  a  hona  prngeiiie; 
Malani  vero  uxorem,  maliquo  patris  filiara 
Ducere  iioa  curat  vir  bonus, 
Modo  ei  magnain  dotem  alierat." 


'  Our  dozs  and  horses  still  from  the  best  breed 
We  carefully  geek,  and  well  may  they  speed: 
But  for  our  wives,  so  tliey  prove  wealthy. 
Fair  or  foul,  we  care  not  wliat  they  be." 


If  she  be  rich,  then  she  is  fair,  fine,  absolute  and  perfect,  then  they  burn  like  fire, 
they  love  her  dearly,  like  pig  and  pie,  and  are  ready  to  hang  themselves  if  they  may 
not  have  her.  Nothing  so  familiar  in  these  days,  as  for  a  young  man  to  marry  an 
old  wife,  as  they  say,  for  a  piece  of  gold ;  asinum  auro  onustum;  and  though  she  be 
an  old  crone,  and  have  never  a  tooth  in  her  head,  neither  good  conditions,  nor  a  good 
face,  a  natural  fool,  but  only  rich,  she  shall  have  twenty  young  gallants  to  be  suitors 
in  an  instant.  As  she  said  in  Suetonius,  7ion  tne^  sed  tnea  amhiunt,  'tis  not  for  her 
sake,  but  for  her  lands  or  money;  and  an  excellent  match  it  were  (as  he  added;  if 
she  were  away.  So  on  the  other  side,  many  a  young  lovely  maid  will  cast  away 
herself  upon  an  old,  doting,  decrepit  dizzard, 

30  "  Bis  puer  cffoBto  quarnvis  balbutiat  ore, 
Prima  legit  rar<e  tain  culta  roseta  puelliE," 

that  is  rheumatic  and  gouty,  hath  some  twenty  diseases,  perhaps  but  one  eye,  one 
leg,  never  a  nose,  no  hair  on  his  head,  wit  in  his  brains,  nor  honesty,  if  he  have 
land  or  ^' money,  she  will  have  him  before  all  other  suitors,  ^^ Dummodo  sit  dives 
barharus  Ule  placet.  '•^  If  he  be  rich,  he  is  the  man,"  a  fine  man,  and  a  proper  man, 
she  will  go  to  Jacaktres  or  Tidore  with  him ;  Galesimus  de  monte  aureo.  Sir  Giles 
Goosecap,  Sir  Amorous  La-Fool,  shall  have  her.  And  as  Philemasiuni  in  ^^Aristae- 
netus  told  Emmusus,  absque  argento  omnia  vana,  hang  him  that  hath  no  money, 
'"•  'tis  to  no  purpose  to  talk  of  marriage  without  means,"  ''^  trouble  me  not  with  such 
motions;  let  others  do  as  they  will,  '•  I'll  be  sure  to  have  one  shall  maintain  me  fine 
and  brave."  Most  are  of  her  mind,  ^^De  moribus  ultima  fict  qiiestio,  for  his  condi- 
tions, she  shall  inquire  after  them  another  time,  or  when  all  is  done,  the  match  made, 
and  everybody  gone  home.  ^*^  Lucian's  Lycia  was  a  proper  young  maid,  and  had 
many  hue  gentlemen  to  her  suitors  ;  Ethecles,  a  senator's  son,  Melissus,  a  merchant, 
&.C.;  but  she  forsook  them  all  for  one  Fassius,  a  base,  hirsute,  bald-pated  knave; 
but  why  was  it .'  '•  His  father  lately  died  and  left  him  sole  heir  of  his  goods  and 
lands."  Tliis  is  not  amongst  your  dust-worms  alone,  poor  snakes  that  will  prosti- 
tute their  souls  for  money,  but  with  this  bait  you  may  catch  our  most  potent,  puis- 
sant, and  illustrious  princes.  That  proud  upstart  domineering  Bisliop  of  Ely,  in  the 
time  of  Richard  the  First,  viceroy  in  his  absence,  as  ^'Nubergensis  relates  it,  to  for- 
tify himself,  and  maintain  his  greatness,  propinquarum  suarum  connubiis.,  plurimos 
sibi  potenies  et  nohiles  devincire  ciiravit^  married  his  poor  kinswomen  (which  came 
forth  of  Normandy  by  droves)  to  the  chiefest  nobles  of  the  land,  and  they  were  glad 
to  accept  of  such  matches,  fair  or  foul,  for  themselves,  their  sons,  nephews.  Sec.  Et 
quis  tarn  prceclaram  affinitatem  sub  spe  magna  promotioiiis  non  optaret  ?  Who  would 

^Nonsic  Furius  de  Gallis.  non  Papyrius  de  Ssmni- I  fnistra  utitur  arsuinento.  se  jyvenajis.  -^Tom. 

tibus,  Sci|ii(i  de  Nuniantia  triumphavit,  ac  ilia  se  vin-  |  4.  merit,  dial.  mult(j3  ainatores  rejecit,  quia  pater  ejuj 
renilo  111  har.  parte.  '^  Anacreon.  4.  solum  intuemur  l  iiiiper  mortuus,  ac  doniiiiiis  ipse  factus   honoruin  on>- 

""/n'li-  ®  Asser  tecum  si  vis  vivere  mecum.     nliim.  3?  L,b.  3.  cap.  14.  qui*  nobilium  eo  tempore 

"'Iheosnis.  -oClialouer,  I.  9.  de  Repub.  Aug.     sibi  aut  filio  aut  nepoti  u.xorem  accipere  cupiens,  obli- 

"  Uxorem  ducat  Danaen,  &c.  s- Ovid.  33  Epist.     tarn  sibi  aliquam  propinquarum  ejus  non  ncciperet  ob 

li.  furinain  spectant  alii  per  gratias,  ejo  pecuniam,  &.c.  viis  manibus?  Quaruin  turbain  acciverald  Normaauia. 
ne  luihi  negotuim  facesse.  ^iQui  caret  argentu,  1  in  Angliain  ejus  rei  gratia. 


I 

478  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Ser*.  2 

not  have  done  as  much  for  money  and  preferment  ?  as  mine  author  '^adds.  Vorti- 
grr,  King  of  Britain,  marrie<l  Rowena  the  daughter  of  Ilengist  the  Saxon  prince,  his 
mortal  enemy;  but  wherefore?  she  had  Kent  fur  her  dowry,  higcllo  tlie  great 
Duke  of  Litliuania,  1380,  was  mightily  enamoured  on  Hedenga,  insonuirh  tliat  he 
turned  Christian  from  a  Pagan,  and  was  baptized  himself  by  the  name  of  Uladislans, 
and  all  his  subjects  for  her  sake :  but  why  was  it .'  she  was  daughter  and  heir  of 
Poland,  and  his  desire  was  to  have  both  kingdoms  incorporated  into  one.  Charles 
the  Great  was  an  earnest  suitor  to  Irene  tlie  Empress,  but,  saith  ^"Zonarus,  oh  reg- 
num,  to  annex  the  empire  of  the  East  to  that  of  the  West.  Yet  what  is  the  event 
of  all  such  matches,  that  are  so  made  for  money,  goods,  by  deceit,  or  for  burning 
lust,  (]uns  fceda  libido  conjunxit,  what  follows }  they  are  almost  mad  at  first,  but  'tis 
a  mere  flash;  as  chart'  and  straw  soon  fired,  burn  vehemently  for  a  while,  yet  out  in 
a  moment;  so  are  all  such  matches  made  by  those  allurements  of  burning  lust; 
where  there  is  no  respect  of  honesty,  parentage,  virtue,  religion,  education,  and  the 
like,  they  are  extinguished  in  an  instant,  and  instead  of  love  comes  hate;  for  joy, 
repentance  and  desperation  itself  Francisnis  Barharus  in  his  first  book  dc  re  uxoria^ 
c.  5,  l.alh  a  stor\'  of  one  Philip  of  Padua  that  ftU  in  love  with  a  common  whore, 
and  was  now  ready  to  run  mad  for  her;  his  father  having  no  more  sons  let  him 
enjoy  her;  ^"''but  after  a  few  days,  the  young  man  began  to  loath,  could  not  so 
much  as  endu  e  the  sight  of  her,  and  frtxn  one  madness  fell  into  another."  Such 
event  commonly  have  all  these  lovers;  and  he  that  so  marries,  or  for  suth  respects, 
let  them  look  for  no  better  success  than  Menelaus  had  with  Helen,  Vulcan  with 
Venus,  Theseus  with  Pha'dra,  Minos  with  Pasiphae,  and  Claudius  with  Messalina ; 
shame,  sorrow,  misery,  melancholy,  discontent. 

SuBSECT.  IV.  —  Impi^rtunity  and  Opportunity  of  Time,  Place,  Conference,  Dis- 
course, Singinif,  Uitncini^,  Music,  ..Irnorous  Tales,  Objects,  Kissing,  Familiarity, 
Tokens,  Presents,  Bribes,  Promises,  Protestations,  Tears,  6fc. 

All  these  allurements  hitherto  are  afar  off,  and  at  a  distance;  I  will  come  nearer 
to  those  other  degrees  of  love,  which  are  cf)nference,  kissing,  dalliance,  discourse, 
singing,  dancing,  anuirous  tales,  objects,  presents,  &.c.,  which  as  so  many  Syren.s 
steal  away  the  hearts  of  men  and  women.  For,  as  Tacitus  observes,  /.  2,  *'  •'  It  i.'' 
no  sutlicient  trial  of  a  maid's  afli'ction  by  her  eyes  alone,  but  you  must  say  some- 
thing that  shall  be  more  available,  and  use  such  other  forcible  engines ;  therefore 
lake  her  by  the  hand,  wring  her  fingers  hard,  and  sigh  withal ;  if  she  accept  this  in 
good  part,  and  seem  not  to  be  much  averse,  then  call  her  mistress,  take  her  about 
the  neck  and  kiss  her,  Stc."  But  this  caimot  be  done  except  they  first  get  opportu- 
nity of  living,  or  coming  together,  ingress,  egress,  and  regress  ;  letters  and  commend- 
ations may  do  much,  outward  gestures  and  actions  :  but  when  they  come  to  live 
near  one  another,  in  the  same  street,  village,  or  together  in  a  house,  love  is  kindled 
on  a  sudden.  Many  a  serving-man  by  reasim  of  this  opportunity  and  importunity 
uiveigles  his  master's  daughter,  many  a  gallant  loves  a  dowdy,  many  a  gentleman 
nms  upon  his  wife's  maids ;  many  ladies  dote  upon  their  men,  as  the  queen  m 
Ariosto  did  upon  the  dwarf,  many  matches  are  so  made  in  haste,  and  they  are  com- 
pelled as  it  were  by  *^  necessity  so  to  love,  which  had  they  been  free,  come  in  com- 
pany of  others,  seen  that  variety  which  many  places  afford,  or  Cf»mpared  them  to  a 
third,  would  never  have  looked  one  upon  another.  Or  had  not  that  opportunity  of 
discourse  ami  familiarity  been  offered,  they  would  have  h»athed  and  contemned  those 
whom,  for  want  t)f  better  choice  and  other  objects,  they  are  fatally  driven  on.  and 
by  reason  of  their  hot  blood,  idle  life,  full  diet,  &c.,  are  forced  to  dote  upon  them 
that  come  next.  And  many  times  those  which  at  the  first  sight  cannot  fancy  or  aflcct 
each  other,  but  are  harsh  and  ready  to  disagree,  offended  with  each  other's  carriage 
like  Benedict  and  Beatrice  in  the  ^comedy,  and  in  whom  they  find  many  faults,  by 

•  A  If  under    Gaguinus    Sarmal.     Europ.    rf>-^ •   '•-•■■• -..  i. .,...,.,  ,np^iin  ghih*-'-    ■'■•""»■•■"•■•-•» -»■• 

<*Toiii.  a.  Aiiiial.  «  I.ilmln  ntnliiii  iJt'lcrtxiii  alqiie  inirr 

dium  Cifiul.  el  i|Uik1  in  ea  laiili'iH-ri;  adaiiiavil  a-,  ■■  »>-•  aniriK.  • 

tur.   et    ah   a-anlintiiie    libcraiii!*    in    aiieorciii    i...  i...i.     .■,...,  ..-, ;..f,  luin  vero  ■: ,.  ,._    .;..,;.<-• 

•'  lie  puelliP  vuluiiiftit;  pfnculmii  (acfre  solu  irciilm  n>in  '  culliiin  miaviare.  *»  Uuii{ry  ilop  will  ral  cifly 

••t  latM,  texi  eiitcaciu*  aliquid   agere  uporlet,  iliique  |  ^iJdin(f.  **8Iiaki(ic«re. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  4.]  Artificial  Allurements.  470 

this  living  together  in  a  house,  conference,  kissing,  colling,  and  such  like  allure- 
ments, begin  at  last  to  dote  insensibly  one  upon  another. 

It  was  the  greatest  motive  that  .Potiphar's  wile  had  to  dote  upon  Joseph,  and 
'^Clitiphon  upon  Leucippe  his  uncle's  daughter,  because  the  plague  being  at  Bizance, 
it  was  his  fortune  for  a  time  to  sojourn  with  her,  to  sit  next  her  at  the  table,  as  he 
tells  the  tale  himself  in  Tatius,  lib.  2.  (which,  though  it  be  but  a  fiction,  is  grounded 
upon  good  observation,  and  doth  well  express  the  passions  of  lovers;,  he  had  op- 
portunity to  take  her  by  the  hand,  and  after  a  while  to  kiss,  and  handle  her  paps,  kc, 
^  which  made  him  almost  mad.  Ismenius  the  orator  makes  the  like  confession  in 
Eustathius,  lib.  1,  when  he  came  first  to  Sosthene's  house,  and  sat  at  table  with 
Cratistes  his  friend,  Ismene,  Sosthene's  daughter,  waiting  on  them  "  with  her  breasts 
open,  arms  half  bare,"  *^JYuda  pedem^  disciucta  sinum,  spoliata  lacertos ;  after  the 
Greek  fashion  in  those  times, — *~nudos  media  plus  parte  lacertos.,  as  Daplme  was 
when  she  fled  from  Phoebus  (whicli  moved  him  much),  was  ever  ready  to  give  at- 
tendance on  him,  to  fill  him  drink,  her  eyes  were  never  off  him,  rogabundi  oculi. 
those  speaking  eyes,  courting  eyes,  enchanting  eyes ;  but  she  was  still  smiling  on 
him,  and  when  they  were  risen,  that  she  had  got  a  little  opportunity,  ^'  *■•  she  came 
and  drank  to  him,  and  withal  trod  upon  his  toes,  and  would  come  and  go,  and  when 
she  could  not  speak  for  the  company,  she  would  wring  his  hand,"  and  blush  when 
she  met  him  :  and  by  this  means  first  she 'overcame  him  {hibens  amorcm  hauriebam 
simul),  she  would  kiss  the  cup  and  drink  to  him,  and  smile,  ''•  and  drink  where  he  drank 
on  that  side  of  the  cup,"  by  which  mutual  compressions,  kissings,  wringing  of"  hands, 
treading  of  feet,  &c.  Ipsam  mihi  videbar  sorbillare  virgine?n,  I  sipped  and  sipped 
so  long,  till  at  length  I  was  drunk  in  love  upon  a  sudden.  Philocharinus,  in  ^^Aris- 
taenetus,  met  a  fair  maid  by  chance,  a  mere  stranger  to  him,  he  looked  back  at  her, 
she  looked  back  at  him  again,  and  smiled  witlial. 

50"  Ille  dies  lethi  primus,  priinusque  maloriim 
Causa  fuit" 

It  was  the  sole  cause  of  his  farther  acquaintance,  and  love  that  undid  him.     °'  O  nid- 
lis  tutum  credere  blanditiis. 

This  opportunity  of  time  and  place,  with  their  circumstances,  are  so  forcible  mo- 
tives, that  it  is  impossible  almost  for  two  young  folks  equal  in  years  to  live  together, 
and  not  be  in  love,  especially  in  great  houses,  princes'  courts,  wiiere  they  are  idle  in 
summo  gradu,  fare  well,  live  at  ease,  and  cannot  tell  otherwise  how  to  spend  their 
time.  ""^Illic  Hippolitum  pone.,  Priapus  erit.  Achilles  was  sent  by  his  mother 
Thetis  to  the  island  of  Scyros  in  the  ^Egean  sea  (where  Lycomedes  then  reigned)  in 
his  nonage  to  be  brought  up ;  to  avoid  that  hard  destiny  of  the  oracle  (he  sliould 
be  slain  at  the  siege  of  Troy)  :  and  for  that  cause  was  nurtured  in  Geneseo,  amongst 
the  king's  children  in  a  woman's  habit ;  but  see  the  event :  he  compressed  Deidamia, 
the  king's  fair  daughter,  and  had  a  fine  son,  called  Pyrrhus  by  her.  Peter  Abelard 
the  philosoplier,  as  he  tells  the  tale  himself,  being  set  by  Fulbertus  her  uncle  to 
teach  Heloise  his  lovely  niece,  and  to  that  purpose  sojourned  in  his  house,  and  had 
committed  agnam  tencllam  famelico  lupo,  I  use  his  own  words,  he  soon  got  her  good 
will,  plura  erant  oscula  quam  scntenticR.,  and  he  read  more  of  love  than  any  other 
lecture ;  such  pretty  feats  can  opportunity  plea ;  primiim  domn  conjuncli^  inde  ani- 
7ms,  Sj-c.  But  when  as  I  say,  nox,  vinum,  et  adolescent ia.,  youth,  wine,  and  night, 
shall  concur,  nox  amoris  et  quietis  conscia,  'tis  a  wonder  tliey  be  not  all  plunged 
over  head  and  ears  in  love ;  for  youth  is  benigna  in  anwrem,  et  prona  matsries,  a 
very  combustible  matter,  naplha  itself,  the  fuel  of  love's  fire,  and  most  apt  to  kindle 
it.  If  there  be  seven  servants  in  an  ordinary  house,  you  shall  have  three  couple  i\\ 
some  good  liking  at  least,  and  amongst  idle  persons  how  should  it  be  otherwise  ? 
"•  Living  at  ^^Rome,  saith  Aretine's  Lucrelia,  in  the  flower  of  my  fortunes,  ricn,  fair, 
young,  and  so  well  brought  up,  my  conversation,  age,  beauty,  fortune,  made  all  the 

«  Tatius,  lib.  1.  «5  in  mammaruBi  attractu,  I  dens,  tc.  "  Vir.  ^En.  4.    "  That  was  the  first  hour 

non  asperiiaiida  inest  jucuiulilas,  et  attrectatus,  tc.  I  of  dfstruction,  and  the  first  beginning  of  my  miseries.'' 
*«Mantiiani.        '"Ovid.  1.  Mel.      <8  Planus  ad  cubitum  j  si  propertius.  '' Ovid.  amor.  lib.  i  eleg.  2.     "Place 

nuda,  coram  astans,  fortius  intuita,  tenuem  de  pectore  j  modesty  itself  in  such  a  situation,  desire  will  intrude." 
spiritum  ducens.di^itum  meum  pressit,et  bibens  pedem    '^  Komx  vivens  flore  fortunx,  et  opiilentis  mejE,  jetai", 
pressit  ;  raulua;  compressiones  corporum,  labioruni  com-  |  forma,  gratia  conversatioois,  waxime  me  fecerunt  ex- 
mixtiones,   pedum  connexiones,  &c.     Et   bibit   eodem  '  petib-'em,  (Sec. 
oco,  &.C.  "  Epist.  4.  Respexi,  respeiit  et  ilia  subri-  . 


480  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

world  admire  and  love  me."     Night  alone,  that  one  occasion,  is  enough  to  set  all  on 
fire,  and  they  are  so  cunning  in  great  houses,  that  they  make  their  best  advantage 
of  it  •  Many  a  gentlewoman,  that  is  guilty  to  herself  of  her  imperfections,  paintings, 
impostures,  will  not  willingly  be  seen  by  day,  but  as  *^  Castillo  notelh,  in  the  night, 
Diem  ut  gUs  odit^  taduriim  luccm  super  omnia  fnavult^  she  hateth  the  day  like  a  dor- 
mouse, and  above  all  things  loves  torches  and  candlelight,  and  if  she  must  come 
abroad  in  the  day,  she  covets,  as  "  in  a  niercer's  sliop,  a  very  obfuscate  and  obscure 
sight.     And  good  reason  .she  hath  for  it :  JS'ocU  latent  mendce^  and  many  an  amo- 
rous gull  is  fetched  ovet  by  that  means.     Gomesius  Uh.  3.  de  sale  g(n.  c.  22.  gives 
instance  in  a  Florentine  gentleman,  that  was  so  deceived  with  a  wife,  she  was  so 
rachantlv  set  out  with  rings  and  jewels,  lawns,  scarfs,  laces,  gold,  spangles,  and  gaudy 
devices,  that  the  young  man  took  her  to  be  a  goddess  (for  he  never  saw  her  but  by 
torchliu^ht) ;  but  after  the  wedding  solemnities,  when  as  he  viewed  her  the  next 
morning  without  her  tires,  and  in  a  dear  day,  she  was  so  deformed,  a  lean,  yellow, 
shrivelled,  kc,  such  a  beastlv  creature     in   his  eyes,  that  he  could  not  endure  to 
look  upon  her.     Such  matches  are  fretjuently  made  in  Italy,  wliere  they  have  no 
other  opportunity  to  woo  but  when  they  go  to  church,  or,  as  *  in  Turkey,  see  them 
at  a  distance,  they  must  interchange  few  or  no  words,  till  such  time  they  come  to  be 
married,  and   then  as  Sardus  lib.  I.  cap. '3.  de  tnorb.  gent,  ami  "  Bohemus  relate  of 
those  old   I^cediemoiiians,  "  the  bride  is  brought  into  the  chamber,  with  her  hair 
jiirt  about  her,  the  bridegroom  ci>mes  in  and  unties  the  knot,  and  must  not  see  her 
at  all  by  daylight,  till  such  time  as  he  is  made  a  father  by  her."     In  those  hotter 
countries  tiiese  are  ordinary  practices  at  this  day  ;  but  in  our  northern  parts,  aniongst 
Gernmns,  Danes,  French,  and   Britons,  the   ct)nlinent  of  Scandia  and  the  rest,  we 
a?'sume  more  liberty  in  such  cases;  we  allow  them,  as  Bohemus  saith,  to  kiss  com- 
iniiand  going,  et  mudo  absit  lascieia,  in  cuupontin  ducere^  to  talk  njerrily,  sport,  play, 
sing,  and  dance  so  llial  it  be  n>o<Ie^'.ly  done,  jjo  to  the  alehouse  and  tavern  together. 
And  'tis  not  amiss,  though  **Chry.>o.stom,  Cyprian,  liierome,  and  some  other  of  the 
fathers  speak  bitterly  against  it :  but  that  is  the  abuse  whicii  is  commonly  seen  at 
some  drunken   matches,  dissolute  meetings,  or  great   unruly  feasts.     *"'•  A'young, 
piltivanted,  trim-bearded  fellow,"  saith   ilierome,  »•  will  come  with  a  company  of 
compliments,  and  hold  you  up  by  the  arm  as  you  go,  and  wringing  your  fingers, 
vsill  so  be  enticed,  or  entice :  one  drinks  to  you,  another  embraceth,  a  third  kisseth, 
and  all  this  while  the  fiddh-r  plays  or  sings  a  lascivious  song;  a  fuurtli  singles  you 
out  to  dance,  '"one  speaks  by  beck  and  signs,  and  that  which  he  dares  not  say,  sig- 
nities   by  passii>ns ;  amongst  so   many  and  so  great  provocatifjns  of  pleasure,  lust 
conquers  the  most  hard  and  crabbed  minds,  and  scarce  can  a  man  live  honest  amongst 
feastinijs,  and  sports,  or  at  such  great  meetings."     For  as  he  goes  on,  *'"she  walks 
along  and  with  the  ruHling  of  her  clothes,  makes  men  look  at  her,  her  shoes  creak, 
her  paps  tied  up,  her  waist  pulled  in  to  make  her  look  small,  she  is  straight  girded, 
her  hairs  hatig  loose  about  her  ears,  her  U|)per  garment  sometimes  falls,  and  some- 
times tarries  to  show  her  naked  shoulilers,  and  as  if  she  would  not  be  seen,  she 
covers  that  in  all  haste,  which  voluntarily  she  showed."     And  not  at  feasts,  plays, 
pageants,  and  such  assemblies,  •' but  as  Chrysostom  objects,  these  tricks  are  put  in 
practice  '•  at  s-er^'ice  time  in  churches,  and  at  the  communion  itself."     If  such  dumb 
shows,  signs,  and  more  obscure  significations  of  love  can  so  move,  what  shall  they 
do  that  have  full  liberty  to  sing,  dance,  kiss,  coll,  to  use  all  manner  of  discourse  and 
dalliance !     What  shall  he  do  that  is  beleaguered  of  all  sides  ? 

<»  ••  QiiPin  mi,  lam  nwei  ixtuiit  (lui-lla-.  I  '•  After  whi)iii  m  many  rcwy  maid*  inquire. 

Uurin  cullx  ctipiunt  niirus   amorque  Whom  ilaiiity  iliiiiie*  and  lovir>«  «  iijfiU  de«ire, 

Uiunis  ijndiqu«-  >-l  undecunque  et  uMjue.  In  ever>  place,  mill,  and  al  all  \iav%  »ue. 

Oniiii<  aoibit  Amor,  Veiiusqu*;  llymeoque."  |  Whom  gixU  and  gentle  goddewieii  do  who." 

M  De  Aulic.  I.  I.  fol.  63.  ••  Ut  adullerini  mercalo-  (  illecebrai  eiiam  ferreaa  menlea  libido  di.mal.     DiffieiW 

nim  paiiiii  »•  Busbeq.  epiit.  »■  Par;iiiyin()h.i  in     inter  epulaii  aervatur  pudicilia.  •' CLi r<-  vcktiua 

rubiculum  addiict.i  rapillos  ad  cutiin  relVrt-bul  ;  aponuu*  I  ad  »e  juvenen  vorat ;  capilli  fawiolii  rnniiirimuntur 
ind«  ad  earn  ingreiMUc  cingiiluiu  »olvebal.  nee  prius  cn»pati.  cinRulo  (wclu*  arelalur,  capilli  vel  in  Ir^ntein, 
•  p<ni«am  a«priit  lulrrJiu  qiiaiii  ei  illfl  raclus  >-»*»-\  vel  in  aiirt-*  dtrtuuiit :  palliolum  iiiterduni  ra.lit.  ut 
patdf  »»  Shrill,  cont.  roiicub.  »•  Lib.  i  epi»«    n-l     n.id.-l  riiiinfriMi.f  t  qua<i  videri  nolueril,  f«*«linain  telal, 

jliui,  III  et  liiatr>-oi  vidiiam   epi^t.  in    '    ■    ■  '  v(j|en»  dt-teierit.  "!<erni.  roni   n.nrub      I» 

lib,  i!>piaiii  niaiium,  su.Hti-niatnl  li  .  et    revmndu   «acrament.)rum  tempore  inuUai 

^t    ^,1  r-.    a'lt    tentabitiir    aut    tentabi:  i  ines.  ut   illii  placeaut  qui  eai  viOeot,  prcbaBl. 

«l>>.)>i<i  ir  ■.\\i<\*   nulibut.  et   quicquid   metiiit   ilir>r>'.|    '  i  .mt.  Baia.  I.  I. 
iigDittcabil   atTectibui.     Inter   baa   taniai  voluptalum  I 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  4.]  Ariificial  Mluremenls.  481 

How  shall  he  contain  ?  The  very  tone  of  some  of  their  voices,  a  pretty  pleasing 
speech,  an  affected  tone  they  use,  is  able  of  itself  to  captivate  a  young  man ;  but 
when  a  good  wit  shall  concur,  art-and  eloquence,  fascinating  speech,  pleasant  dis- 
course, sweet  gestures,  the  Syrens  themselves  cannot  so  enchant.  ^^  P.  Jovius  com- 
mends his  Italian  countrywomen,  to  have  an  excellent  faculty  in  this  kind,  above  all 
other  nations,  and  amongst  them  the  Florentine  ladies  :  some  prefer  Roman  and 
Venetian  courtesans,  they  have  such  pleasing  tongues,  and  such  ^^  elegancy  of  speech, 
that  they  are  able  to  overcome  a  saint,  Pro  facie  mullls  vox  sua  Icnafuil.  Tanla 
gratia  vncis  famam  conciJiabai,  saith  Petronius  ^''in  his  fragment  of  pure  impurities 
1  mean  his  Safyricon,  tarn  dulcis  sonus  permulcehat  aera,  ut  pufares  inter  auras  can- 
tare  Syrcnum  concordiam ;  she  sang  so  sweetly  that  she  cliarmed  the  air,  and  thou 
wouldst  have  thought  thou  hadst  heard  a  concert  of  Syrens.  "  O  good  God,  when 
Lais  speaks,  how  sweet  it  is !"  Philocolus  exclaims  in  Aristena^tus,  to  hear  a  faii 
voung  gentlewoman  play  upon  the  virginals,  lute,  viol,  and  sing  to  it,  which  as  Gel- 
lius  observes,  lib.  1.  cap.  11.  are  lascivienliun  dcUcice,  the  chief  delight  of  lovers, 
must  needs  be  a  great  enticement.  Parthenis  was  so  taken.  ^'^Mi  vox  isia  avidd 
haurit  ab  aure  annnam :  O  sister  Harpedona  (she  laments)  I  am  undone,  ''**"•  how 
sweetly  he  sings,  Fll  speak  a  bold  word,  he  is  the  properest  man  that  ever  \  saw  in 
my  life :  O  how  sweetly  he  sings,  I  die  for  his  sake,  O  that  he  would  love  me 
again !"  If  thou  didst  but  hear  her  sing,  saith  ^^  Lucian,  '•^  thou  wouldst  forget  father 
and  mother,  forsake  all  thy  friends,  and  follow  her."  Helena  is  highly  commended 
by  ™ Theocritus  the  poet  for  her  sweet  voice  and  music;  none  could  play  so  well  as 
she,  and  Daphnis  in  the  same  Edyllion, 

"Quain  tibi  os  dulce  est,  et  vox  amahilis  6  Daplini,         I  "How  sweet  a  fnre  Iialh  Dapline,  hnw  lovely  a  voice! 
Jucundiusest  audire  te  canentein,qii;'un  iiiel  lingere  !"  |     Honey  itself  is  not  so  pleasant  in  my  choice." 

A  sweet  voice  and  music  are  powerful  enticers.  Those  Samian  singing  wenches, 
Aristonica,  Onanthe  and  Agathocleia,  regiis  diadematibus  insult arunt,  insulted  over 
kings  themselves,  as  ^'  Plutarch  contends.  Centum  luminibns  cinctum  caput  Argus 
habebat.^  Argus  had  a  hundred  eyes,  all  so  charmed  by  one  silly  pipe,  that  he  lost  hi? 
head.  Clitiphon  complains  in  '^Tatius  of  Leucippe's  sweet  tunes,  "he  heard  her 
play  by  chance  upon  the  lute,  and  sing  a  pretty  song  to  it  in  commendations  of  a 
rose,"  out  of  old  Anacreon  belike  ; 


'  Rosa  honor  decusque  florum, 
Rosa  flos  odorque  diviim, 
Hominum  rosa  est  voluptas, 
Decus  ilia  Gratiariiin, 
Florente  ainoris  hora, 
Rosa  suaviuin  Diones,  &c." 


'  Rose  the  fairest  of  all  flowers. 
Rose  deliijht  of  his:lier  powers, 
Rose  the  joy  of  mortal  men, 
Rose  the  pleasure  of  fine  women, 
Rose  the  Graces'  ornament, 
Rose  Dione's  sweet  content." 


To  this  effect  the  lovely  virgin  with  a  melodious  air  upon  her  golden  wired  harp  oi 
lute,  I  know  not  well  whether,  played  and  sang,  and  that  transported  him  beyond 
himself,  "  and  that  ravished  his  heart."  It  was  Jason's  discourse  as  much  as  hi? 
beauty,  or  any  other  of  his  good  parts,  which  delighted  Medea  so  much. 

13 "  Delectabatur  enim 

Animus  siniul  forma  dulcihusque  verbis." 

It  was  Cleopatra's  sweet  voice  and  pleasant  speech  which  inveigled  Antony,  above 
the  rest  of  her  enticements.  Verba  ligant  hominem.,  ut  taurorum  cornua  funes.^  "as 
bulls'  horns  are  bound  with  ropes,  so  are  men's  hearts  with  pleasant  words."  "  Her 
words  burn  as  fire,"  Eccles.  ix.  10.  Roxalana  bewitched  Solyman  the  Magnificent,  and 
Shore's  wife  by  this  engine  overcame  Edward  the  Fourth,  "■*  Omnibus  una  omnes  sur~ 
ripuit  Veneres.   The  wife  of  Bath  in  Chaucer  confesselh  all  this  out  of  her  experience. 

Some  folk  desire  ns  for  riches. 
Some  for  shape,  some  for  fairness, 
Some  for  that  she  can  sing  or  dance, 
Some  for  gentleness,  or  for  dalliance. 

'^  Peter  Aretine's  Lucretia  telleth  as  much  and  more   of  herself,  "  I  counterfeited 


**  Descr.  Brit.  ^Res  est   blanda  canor,  disciint 

cantare  puellse  profacie,  &c.  Ovid.  3.  de  art.  amandi. 
"  Epist.  1.  ].  Cum  loquitur  Lais,  quanta,  O  dii  honi, 
vocis  ejus  dulcedo!  e' "  The  sweet  sound   of  his 

voice  reanimates  my  soul  throuL'h  my  covetous  ears." 
*  Aristenaitus,  lib.  2.  epist.  5.  (iuam  suave  canit !  ver- 
bum  audax  di.\i,  omnium  quos  vidi  forinosissimus,  uti- 
oam  amare  me  dignetur!  •s  Imagines,  si  cantanteni 
Budieris,  ita  demulcebere,  ut  parentum  et  patris  statim  | 

61  2Q 


obliviscaris.  '"Edyll.  18.  neque  sane  ulla  sic  Cytha- 

ram  pulsare  novit.  "  Aniatorio  Dialogo.  "Puel- 
lam  Cythara  canentom  vidimus.  '^  ,\pollonius,  Argo- 
naut. 1.  3.  "  The  mind  is  deliyhted  as  much  by  eloquenee 
as  beautv."  'TalullMS.  "s  Parnoriidascalo  dial. 

Ital.  Latin,  interp.  Jasper.  Bartliio.  Germ.  Fingebam 
honcstatem  pliisquam  vir^'inis  vestalis,  intuebar  oculia 
uxoris,  addebau\  gestus,  tr. 


482  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2 

honesty,  as  if  I  had  been  virgo  virginissima.,  more  than  a  vestal  virgin,  I  looked  like  a 
■wife,  I  was  so  demure  and  chaste.  I  did  add  such  gestures,  tunes,  speeches,  signs  and 
motions  upon  all  occasions,  that  my  spectators  and  auditors  were  stupided,  enchanted, 
fastened  all  to  their  places,  like  so  many  stocks  and  stones."  Many  silly  gentlewomen 
are  fetched  over  in  like  sort,  by  a  company  of  gulls  and  swaggering  companions,  that 
frequently  belie  noblemen's  favours,  rliyming  Coribantiasmi,  Thrasonean  Rhado- 
niantes  or  Bombomachides,  that  have  notliiiig  in  them  but  a  few  player''s  ends  and 
compliments,  vain  braiigadocians,  impudent  intruders,  that  can  discourse  at  table  of 
knights  and  lords'  combats,  like  '"Lucian's  Lermtiscus,  of  other  men's  travels,  brave 
adventures,  a!)d  such  common  trivial  news,  ride,  dance,  sing  old  ballad  tunes,  and 
wear  their  clothes  in  fashion,  with  a  good  grace;  a  fine  sweet  gentleman,  a  proper 
man,  who  could  not  love  him  !  Slie  will  have  him  tiiough  all  her  friends  say  no, 
though  she  beg  with  him.  Some  a<;ain  are  incensed  l)y  reading  amorous  toys,  Amadis 
de  Gaul,  Palmerin  de  Oliva,  the  Knight  of  the  Sun,  Stc,  or  hearing  such  tales  of 
""lovers,  descriptions  of  their  persons,  lascivious  discourses,  such  as  Astyanassa, 
Helen's  waiting-woman,  by  the  rqmrt  of  Suidas,  writ  of  old,  ih  variis  conrubittts 
modis.,  and  after  her  Philenis  and  Elephantine;  t)r  those  light  tracts  of  "Aristides 
Milesius  (^mentioned  by  Plutarch)  and  found  by  the  Persians  in  Crassus'  army 
amongst  the  sp()ils,  Aretine's  dialogues,  with  ditties,  love  songs,  Stc,  must  needs  set 
them  on  fire,  with  such  iike  pictures,  as  lh(»se  of  Aretine,  or  wanton  objects  of  what 
kind  soever;  *' no  stronger  engine  than  to  hear  or  read  of  love  toys,  fables  and  dis- 
courses C^one  Haith"),  and  many  by  this  means  are  quite  mad."  At  Abdera  in  Thrace 
(^Andromeda  one  of  Euri{>ides'  tragedies  being  playeil)  tlie  spectators  were  so  much 
moved  with  the  object,  and  those  palhelical  love  speeches  of  Perseus,  amongst  the 
rest,  "O  Cupid.  Prince  of  Gods  and  men,"  &c.  that  every  man  almost  a  good  while 
after  s^Kikc  pure  iambics,  and  raved  still  on  Perseus'  speech,  "O  Cupid,  Prince  of 
Gods  aiul  men."  As  carmen,  boys  and  apprerjtices,  when  a  new  song  is  published 
with  us,  go  singing  that  new  tune  still  in  the  slrc'ets,  they  continually  acted  that 
tragical  part  of  Ptrseu.s  and  in  every  man's  mouth  was  '•  O  Cupid,"  in  every  street, 
"O  Cupid,"  in  eveiy  house  almost,  ••  O  Cupid,  Prince  of  Gods  and  men,"  pronounc- 
ing still  like  stage-players,  '•  O  Cupid  ;"  they  were  so  posses.sed  all  with  that  rapture, 
and  thought  of  that  pathetical  love  speech,  they  could  not  a  long  lime  after  forget, 
or  drive  it  out  of  their  minds,  but  •♦  O  CupitI,  Prince  of  Gods  and  meti,"  was  ever  in 
their  mouths.  This  belike  made  Aristotle,  Polit.  lib.  7.  cap.  18.  forbid  young  men 
to  see  comedies,  or  to  hear  amorous  tales. 

">  ■'  Hxc  igitiir  juvene*  nequani  facilexjue  puella 
lutpiciaiil" 

**  let  not  young  folks  meddle  at  all  with  such  matters."  And  this  made  the  Romans, 
as  *'  Vitruvius  relates,  put  Venus'  temple  in  the  suburbs,  extra  murum^  ne  adolesctnles 
venereis  insue scant.,  to  avoid  all  occasions  and  objects.  For  what  will  not  such  an 
object  do  .^  Ismenius,  as  he  walked  in  Sosthene's  garden,  being  now  in  love,  when 
he  saw  so  many  *-' lascivious  pictures,  Thetis'  marriage,  and  I  know  not  what,  was 
almost  beside  himself.  And  to  say  truth,  with  a  lascivious  object  who  is  not  moved, 
to  see  otliers  dally,  kiss,  dance  .'  And  much  more  when  he  shall  come  to  be  an 
actor  himself. 

To  kiss  and  be  kissed,  which,  amongst  other  la.scivious  provocations,  is  as  a  bur- 
den in  a  song,  and  a  most  forcible  batten.',  as  infectious,  "^Xenophon  thinks,  as  the 
poison  of  a  spiiler;  a  great  allurement,  a  fire  itself,  proirmiurn  aut  (tnticariiiim,  the 
prologue  of  burning  lust  <  as  Apuleius  adds;,  lust  itself, '"Tcnux  quinta  parte  sui  nec- 
taris  imbiiit,  a  strong  assault,  that  conquers  captains,  and  those  all  commanding 
forces,  {^Domasque  ferro  sed  domaris  oscuh).  **  Aretinc's  Lucietia,  when  she  would 
in  kindness  overcome  a  suitor  of  hers,  and  have  her  desire  of  him,  '•  took  him  about 
the  neck,  and  kissed  him  again  and  again,"  and  to  that,  which  she  could  not  other- 


'•Toiii.  4.  dial.  m<Tit.  "  .Amatnriii*  t«Tinn  Tfh«- 

tarn*  Vfhrm'-rKi-'  rxiiMttsii-*  incilatio  e*l,  'ratiU!*  I.  I. 

»-Delu«urii  -iti.  "^iiPa»Sy|. 

villa.     Nii>  |iiaiii   left"  laMrivar  hu- 

ti>riee  :  >•)>•  '  ilmlis  ad  fiiron-rii  incen- 

ituntur.  ■"  \|  irii.ii.  I.  4.  "  l.iti.  I.  c.  7. 


nam  nilnrulo  tuo  tie  iperula  iliriiur  li  i 
ut   ()u<>cuii>|u«  r>>«p«>iiiwel  iniactnein 
t$<ifloiiiui  vH.  ejiii.  •  0.<-iilii 

inAeil.  ••  Hor.    "  Venu»  halti 

quinlrt—tnef  of  brr  nt<tar."  ''i, 

may  eonqiier  %»iih  the  iword.  but  you  hi- 


'  Eu*ta(hi'i'.  I.  I.  ficlurv  parant  aniinuni  ail  Virnrreni.     a  km."  **  App4ico  oie  illi  |>roiioiite  cl  ■ptaa*  4r - 

Jtc.     UuraliiK  «r«i  re^  vviicreaa  iiilciupi.'raiiiiur  iraditur;  |  iiaculala  ■aium  pcto. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  4.]  Artificial  Allurements.  483 

wise  effect,  she  made  him  so  speedily  and  willingly  condescend.    And  'tis  a  continual 

assault, ^'^  hoc  non  dpficit  incipitque  semper,  always  fresh,  and  ready  to  ^*  begin 

as  at  first,  hasium  nullofine  lerminaUir,  sed  semper  recens  est,  and  hath  a  fiery  touch 
with  it. 

1-9 "  Tenta  modo  tangere  corpus. 

Jam  tiia  mellifluo  membra  calore  fluent." 

Especially  when  they  shall  be  lasciviously  given,  as  he  feelingly  said,  ^et  me  prces- 
suliim  deoscalata  Fotis,  Catenatis  lacertis,  ^'  Obtorto  valgiter  labello. 

92"  Valsiis  siiaviis,  I  Anima  tunc  sesra  et  saucia 

Diim  seiniulcn  ^uavio  Concurrit  ad  labia  milii." 

Meain  pucllam  suavior,  I 

The  soul  and  all  is  moved;  ^^  Jam  pluribus  osculis  labra  crepitabant,  animaruin  quo- 
que  mixturam  facientes,  inter  mutuos  complexus  animas  anhelanteSj 

3< "  riopsimus  calentes, 

Et  transfudimus  tunc  et  hinc  labellis 
Eiranles  animas,  valele  curie." 

"  They  breathe  out  their  souls  and  spirits  together  with  their  kisses,"  saith  ®^  Baltha- 
zar Castilio,  "  change  hearts  and  spirits,  and  mingle  affections  as  they  do  kisses,  and 
it  is  rather  a  connection  of  the  mind  than  of  the  body."  And  althougli  these  kisses 
be  delightsome  and  pleasant.  Ambrosial  kisses,  ^^ Suaviolum  dulci  dulcius  Amirosid, 
such  as  ''' Ganymede  gave  Jupiter,  JVectare  suavius,  sweeter  than  ^*  nectar,  balsam, 
honey,  ^Oscula  merum  amorem  stillantia,  love-dropping  kisses;  for 

"  The  gilliflower,  the  rose  is  not  so  sweet. 
As  sugared  kisses  hi;  when  lovers  nifet ," 

Yet  they  leave  an  irksome  impression,  like  that  of  aloes  or  gall, 

100  "Ut  mi  ex  Ambrosia  mulatum  jam  foret  illud  I  "  At  first  Ambrose  itself  was  not  sweeter, 

Suaviolum  tristi  tristius  helleboro."  |  At  last  black  hellebore  was  not  so  bitter." 

They  are  deceitful  kisses, 

1  "Quid  me  mollibus  implicas  lacertis?  I  "Why  dost  within  thine  arms  me  lap, 

Uuid  fallacibus  osculis  inescas?"  &c.  |  And  with  false  kisses  me  entrap." 

They  are  destructive,  and  the  more  the  worse:  '^Et  quce.  me  perdunt,  oscula  miUe 
dabat,  they  are  the  bane  of  these  miserable  lovers.  There  be  honest  kisses,  I  deny 
not,  osculum  charitatis,  friendly  kisses,  modest  kisses,  vestal-virgin  kisses,  officious 
and  ceremonial  kisses.  Sec.  Osculi  sensus,  brachiorum  amplexus,  kissing  and  em- 
bracino-  are  proper  gifts  of  Nature  to  a  man ;  but  these  are  too  lascivious  kisses, 
^Implicuitque.  sues  clrcum  mea  colla  lacertos,  4'C-  too  continuate  and  too  violent, 
*Brachla  non  hederce,  nonvincunt  oscula  conchce;  they  cling  like  ivy,  close  as  au 
oyster,  bill  as  doves,  meretricious  kisses,  biting  of  lips,  cum  additamento :  Tarn 
impresso  ore  (saith  'Lucian)  ut  vix  labia  dctrahant,  inter  deosculandum  mordicantes^ 
turn  et  OS  aperientes  qnoque  et  mammas  attrectantes,  S^-c.  such  kisses  as  she  gave  to 
Gyton,  innumera  oscula  dcdit  non  repugnanti  pucro,  cervicem  invadens,  innumerable 
kisses,  Sec.  More  than  kisses,  or  too  homely  kisses  :  as  those  that  ^  he  spake  of, 
Accepturus  ab  ipsa  vencre  7,  suavia,  Sfc.  with  such  other  obscenities  that  vain  lovers 
use,  which  are  abominable  and  pernicious.  If,  as  Peter  de  Ledesmo  cas.  cons,  holds, 
every  kiss  a  man  gives  his  wife  after  marriage,  be  mortale  peccatum,  a  mortal  sin,  or 
that  of  "  Hierome,  Adulter  est  quisquis  in  uxorcm  suatn  ardentior  est  amator;  or  that 
of  Thomas  Secund.  qua:st.  154.  artic.  4.  conf actus  et  osculum  sit  mortale  peccatum^ 
or  that  of  Durand.  Rational,  lib.  1.  cap.  10.  abstinere  debent  conjvges  a  complexu^ 
toto  tempore  quo  solcnnitas  nuptiarujn  interdicitur,  what  shall  become  of  all  such 
'immodest  kisses  and  obscene  actions,  the  forerunners  of  brutish  lust,  if  not  lust 


"  Petronius  catalect.  *  Catullus  ad  Lesbiam  : 

da  mihi  hasia  mille,  deinde  centum,  &c.  ^^  Petro- 

nius.  "Only  attempt  to  touch  her  per>on,  and  imme- 
diately your  niembi;rs  will  be  tilled  with  a  glow  of  ileli- 
cious  warmth."  '•">  Apuleius,  I.  10.  et  Catalect. 

»i  Petroiii'is.  92  Apuleius.  ^  Petroniiis  Prose- 

lios  ad  CirciMi.        MPetronius.  "  Animus  conjun- 

gitur,  et  i^piritus  etiam  noster  per  osculum  effluit ;  alter, 
nntim  se  in  utriusque  corpus  iiifundentes  commiscent ; 
animae  potius  quam  corporis  connectu.  8s  Catullus, 

*>  Lucian.  Tom.  4.        *>  Non  dat  basia,  dat  Nera  nectar, 


Cat  rores  animas  suaveolentes,  dat  nardum,  tbymumque,    sit,  si  non  et  cetera  sunipsit,  &c. 


cinnamumque  et  mel,  &c.    Secundus  bas.  4.         ^Eus- 
lathius  lib.  4.  ""Catullus.  i  Buchanan. 

2  Ovid.  art.  am.  Eleg.  18.  »  Ovid.    "  She  folded  her 

arms  around  my  neck."  ■'Cum  capita  liment  so- 

litis  morsiunculis,  et  cum  niammillarum  pressiunculis. 
Lip.  od.  ant.  lee.  lib.  3.  ^  Tom.  4.  dial,  meretr. 

6  .Apuleius  Miles.  6.  Et  iinum  blandientis  linguae  admul- 
suiii  longe  mellitum  :  et  post  lib.  11.  Arctius  eam  com- 
plexus cspi  suaviari  jamque  pariler  patentis  oris  inha- 
litu  cinnameo  et  occursantis  lingua  illisu  nectareo,icc. 
Lib.  1.  advers.  Jovin.  cap.  30.  "  Oscula  qui  sump. 


484 


Love-Melancholy. 


[Krt.  3.  Sec.  2 
But  wha 


itself!     What  shall  become  of  them  that  often  abuse  their  own  wives  ? 
have  I  to  do  with  this  ? 

That  which  I  aim  at,  is  to  show  you  the  progress  of  this  burning  lust ;  to  epito- 
mize therefore  all  this  which  I  have  hitherto  said,  with  a  familiar  examjile  out  of 
that  elegant  Museeus,  observe  but  with  me  those  amorous  proceedings  of  Lcan«lei 
and  Hero :  they  begau  first  to  look  one  on  another  with  a  lascivious  look, 


'Oblique  iiitiieiis  iiide  iiutibiis, 

Nuliiius  iiiutuis  iiiilucens  in  errorem  meiiteni  puellx-. 
El  illaeciiiiiru  iiutilms  iiiutuis  Juvtinis 
Leuiiun  quoil  aiiioreni  noii  reiiiiit,  &.c.     Iiide 
AiJibut  III  tL-iii^liris  tacite  qiiuleiii  striiigeiis 
Kont'iis  piu'lUi-  iliiiitos,  i-x  iiiiu  suspirabiil 
Vflii.Miiomi.-r liiile 

Vir^iiiif  ,'iiiieiii  bciifi  olf  ns  colliim  o9i:ulatud. 

Tale  verb. nil  ait  aniens  ictus  stiiiiiiln, 

I'rcies  audi  (.i  anions  iiiisiTure  inei,  &c. 

Sic  fatiis  reciisautis  persuasit  iiifiileiii  puelliB." 


'  With  b<  cks  ami  iinils  he  tirst  began 

'I'o  try  the  wench's  iiiiiid, 
With  becks  and  nods  and  smiles  again 

All  answer  he  linl  find. 
And  in  the  dark  he  took  her  by  the  hand, 
And  wrung  it  hard,  and  si-ihed  grievously. 
Ami  kiss'd  her  too,  and  wnu'd  her  as  he  might. 
With  pity  me,  sweetheart,  or  else  I  die. 
Anil  with  sucli  v\urds  and  gestures  as  there  past, 
Me  won  his  inislress'  favimr  at  Ihu  last." 


The  same  proceeding  is  elegantly  described  by  ApoUonius  in  his  Argonautics,  be- 
tween Jason  and  Medea,  by  Eustathius  in  the  ten  books  of  the  loves  of  Isinenius 
and  Ismene,  Achilles  Tatius  between  his  Clitophoii  and  Leucippe,  Chaucer's  neal 
j>«>ein  of  Troilus  and  Cresseide ;  and  in  that  notable  tale  in  Petronius  of  a  soldiei 
and  a  gentlewoman  of  Ephesus,  that  was  so  famous  all  over  Asia  for  her  chastity, 
and  that  mourned  for  her  husband  :  the  soldier  wooed  her  with  such  rhetoric  as 

lovers  use  to  do, placitunc  etiain  pugnahis  arnorif  ^^•c.  at  last,  fraiigi  jtcrl'mu- 

clnm  passd  cs/,  he  got  her  good  will,  not  only  to  satisfy  his  lust,  ''  but  to  hang  her 
tlead  husband's  body  on  the  cross  (which  he  watched  instead  of  the  thitf's  tliat  was 
newly  stolen  away),  whilst  he  wooeil  her  in  her  cabin.  These  are  tales,  you  wiii 
say,  but  they  have  most  significant  morals,  and  do  well  express  those  ordinary  piu- 
ceedings  of  doting  lovers. 

I\Iany  such  allurements  there  are,  nods,  jests,  wiiiks,  smiles,  wrestlings,  tokens, 
favours,  symbols,  letters,  valentines,  itc.  For  u  liicli  cause  belike,  Godfridus  lib.  2. 
de  amor,  would  not  have  women  learn  to  write.  ^lany  such  provocations  are  usi^d 
when  they  come  in  presence,  '"they  will  and  will  not. 


"  Malo  ine  Galatea  petit  lasciva  puella, 
Et  fiigit  ad  saliceg,  et  se  cupit  ante  videri." 


'.My  inintrees  with  an  apple  woo*  mc, 

And  ha.-lily  to  covert  goes 
To  liiil«  herself,  but  wimlil  be  seen 

With  all  lier  heart  lefure,  God  knows.' 


Hero  so  tripped  away  from  Leander  as  one  displeased, 

"  "  Yet  at  »he  went  full  often  look'd  behind, 
And  many  poor  exruves  did  she  tiiid 
To  linger  by  the  way," 

but  if  he  chance  to  overtake  her,  she  is  most  averse,  nice  and  coy, 

,  „         ...  .11.  •       ■      ■  ..        I      "  She  seems  not  won,  but  won  she  18  at  Ipneth, 

Ilenegal  et  pugnat.  sed  vult  super  omnia  vinci.  •        |         ^„  ^^,.^  ^^^  ^„,„g„  ^^^  ^ut  half  their  strength." 

Sometimes  they  lie  open  and  are  most  tractable  and  coming,  apt,  yielding,  and  will- 
ing to  embrace,  to  take  a  green  gown,  with  that  shepherdess  in  Theocritus,  Edyl. 
'11.  to  let  their  coats,  Stc,  to  play  and  dally,  at  such  seasons,  and  to  some,  as  they 
spy  their  advantage;  and  then  coy,  close  again,  so  nice,  so  surly,  so  denmre,  you 
had  much  better  tame  a  colt,  catch  or  ride  a  wild  horse,  than  get  her  favotir,  or  win 
her  love,  not  a  look,  not  a  smile,  not  a  kiss  for  a  kingdom.  '^Aretine'a  Lucretia 
was  an  excellent  artisan  in  this  kind,  as  she  tells  her  ov.n  tale,  ''Though  I  was  by 
nature  and  art  most  beautiful  and  fair,  yet  by  these  tricks  I  seemed  to  be  far  more 
amiable  than  I  was,  for  that  which  men  earnestly  seek  and  cannot  attain,  draws  on 
their  aflection  with  a  most  furious  desire.  I  had  a  suitor  loved  me  dearly  (said  she), 
and  the  '^  more  he  gave  me,  the  more  eagerly  he  wooed  me,  the  more  I  seemed  to 
neglect,  to  scorn  him,  and  which  I  commonly  gave  others,  1  would  not  let  him  see 
me,  converse  with  me,  no,  not  have  a  kiss."  To  gull  him  the  more,  and  fetch  him 
over  (for  him  only  I  aimed  at)  I  personated  mine  own  servant  to  bring  in  a  present 


•Corpus  pl.icuit  mariti  sui  tnlli  ex  area.  atqu«>  illi 
41IIZ  voTHlist  cruci  adfi:;i.  '°  Novi  ingenium  mulie- 

rum,  nnluiit   ubi    velis,  ubi   nnlis  cupiunt    iillro.     Ter. 
Euiiur    act.  4.  pc.  7.  "  .Marlowe.  "  Pornodnlas- 

cmIo  dial.  Itdl.  Latin,  dunat.  i  Gai>p.  Darthio  Germano. 
Uuanquam  uatura,  et  arte  eraiii  rormosiisima,  isto 


tamen  astii  tanto  Piieciodor  videbar,  quntl  pniin  oculi* 
cupitiim  irgre  prnltelur.  niullo  magis  atfertui  humano* 
iiirenilit.  '>  Uuo  majoribui)  mc  doni»  pr<>pitiiibHl,  eo 
pejoribiis  illuiii  mudis  iractabam,  ne  basiuiu  impciia- 
vit,  Ac. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  4.]  Artificial  Allurements.  485 

'i-oin  a  Spanish  count,  whilst  he  was  in  my  company,  as  if  he  had  been  the  count's 
.servant,  which  he  did  excellently  well  perform:  "  Comes  de  monic  Turco.,  -'■  my  lord 
end  master  hath  sent  your  ladyship  a  small  present,  and  part  of  his  hunting,  a  piece 
of  venison,  a  pheasant,  a  few  partridges,  Stc.  (all  which  she  bought  with  her  own 
money),  commends  his  love  and  service  to  you,  desiring  you  to  accept  of  it  in  good 
part,  and  he  means  very  shortly  to  come  and  see  you."  Withal  she  showed  him 
rings,  gloves,  scarfs,  coronets  which  others  had  sent  her,  w\\en  there  was  no  such 
matter,  but  only  to  circumvent  him.  '^  By  these  means  (as  she  concludes)  '•  I  made 
the  poor  gentleman  so  mad,  that  he  was  ready  to  spend  iiimself,  and  venture  his 
dearest  blood  for  my  sake."  Philinna,  in  '^Lucian,  practised  all  this  long  before,  as 
it  shall  appear  unto  you  by  her  discourse ;  for  when  Dipliilus  her  sweetheart  came 
to  see  her  (as  his  daily  custom  was)  she  frowned  upon  him,  would  not  vouchsafe 
him  her  company,  but  kissed  Lamprius  liis  co-rival,  at  the  same  time  ''  before  his 
face  :  but  why  was  it }  To  make  hun  (as  she  telleth  her  mother  that  chid  her  for 
it)  more  jealous;  to  whet  his  love,  to  come  with  a  greater  appetite,  and  to  know 
that  her  favour  was  not  so  easy  to  be  had.  Many  other  tricks  she  used  besides  this 
(as  she  there  confesseth),  for  she  would  fall  out  with,  and  anger  him  of  set  purpose, 
pick  quarrels  upon  no  occasion,  because  she  would  be  reconciled  to  him  again. 
Amantlum  ires  amoris  redinlcgraiio,  as  the  old  saying  is,  the  falling  out  of  lovers  is  the 
renewing  of  love;  and  according  to  ih3ito^Anstend2lus,jucundioresatnorumposl.injarias 
delicia;,  love  is  increased  by  injuries,  as  the  sunbeams  are  more  gracious  after  a  cloud. 
And  surely  this  aphorism  is  most  true ;  for  as  Ampelis  inftjrms  Crisis  in  the  said 
Lucian,  '*'■'  If  a  lover  be  not  jealous,  angry,  waspish,  apt  to  fall  out,  sigh  and  swear, 
he  is  no  true  lover."  To  kiss  and  coll,  hang  about  her  neck,  protest,  swear  and 
wish,  are  but  ordinary  symptoms,  incipientis  adimc  et  crcscentis  amoris  signa  ;  but 
if  he  be  jealous,  angry,  apt  to  mistake,  Stc,  bene  speres  Z/ce^,  sweet'sister  he  is  thine 
own;  yet  if  you  let  him  alone,  huiuour  him.  please  him,  &c.,  and  that  he  perceive 
once  he  hath  you  sure,  without  any  co-rival,  his  love  will  languish,  and  he  will  not 
care  so  much  for  you.  Hitherto  (saith  she)  can  1  speak  out  of  experience ;  Deino- 
phantus  a  rich  fellow  was  a  suitor  of  mine,  I  seemed  to  neglect  him,  and  gave  better 
entertainment  to  Calliades  the  painter  before  his  face,  principio  abiit.,  verbis  me  in- 
seciatus,  at  first  he  went  away  all  in  a  chafe,  cursing  and  swearing,  but  at  last  he 
came  submitting  himself,  vowing  and  protesting  he  loved  me  most  dearly,  I  should 
have  all  he  had,  and  that  he  would  kill  himself  for  my  sake.  Therefore  I  advise 
thee  (dear  sister  Crisis)  and  all  maids,  not  to  use  your  suitors  over  kindly ;  insokn'rs 
enim  sunt  hoc  cum  sentiuni,  'twill  make  them  proud  and  insolent;  but  ii'ow  and  then 
reject  them,  estrange  thyself,  et  si  me.audi.es  semel  alque  iterum  exclude,  shut  him 
out  of  doors  once  or  twice,  let  him  dance  attendance ;  follow  my  counsel,  and  by 
this  means  '^you  shall  make  him  mad,  come  off  roundly,  stand  to  any  condition.s. 
and  do  whatsoever  you  will  have  iiim.  These  are  the  ordinary  practices ;  yet  in 
the  said  Lucian,  Melissa  methinks  had  a  trick  beyond  all  this ;  for  when  her  suitor 
came  coldly  on,  to  stir  him  up,  she  writ  one  of  his  co-rival's  names  and  her  own  in 
a  paper,  Melissa  amat  Hermofimum,  Hermolimus  Mellis.sam,  causing  it  to  be  st\ick 
upon  a  post,  for  all  gazers  to  behold,  and  lost  it  in  the  way  where  he  used  to  walk; 
which  wtien  the  silly  novice  perceived, -s<«//?7i  ut  legit  cred'idif,  instantly  apprehended 
it  was  so,  came  raving  to  me,  &c.  ^''and  so  when  i  was  in  despair  of"  his  love,  four 
months  after  I  recovered  him  again."  Eugenia  drew  Timocles  for  her  valentine,  and 
wore  his  name  a  long  time  after  in  her  bosom  :  Camasna  singled  out  Pamphilus  to 
dance,  at  Myson's  wedding  (some  say),  for  there  she  saw  iiim  first ;  Ftelicianus  over- 
took Ca3lia  by  the  highway  side,  offered  his  service,  thence  came  further  acf[uaint- 
ance,  and  thence  came  love.  But  who  can  repeat  half  their  devices  ;  Wh:U  Aretine 
experienced,  what  conceited  Luinan,  or  wanton  Aristeneetus  ?  They  will  deny  and 
take,  stiffly  refuse,  and  yet  earnestly  seek  the  same,  repel  to  make  them  come  with 


''<  Comes  de  mnnte  Turco  Hispanus  Ins  de  venation« 
sua  partes  misit,  jiissitqiie  peraiiiantcr  orare,  ut  hoc 
qiialeciinqiie  flonnni  suo  nomine  accipi-is.  la  His 

aitibus  hoiiiiiiem  ita  exoantabaiii,  ut  pro  mc  ille  ad 


qiiaiiiin  amator,  ner  perjiirat,  non  est  habendusamalor, 
&c.  Totus  hie  isnis  Zelotypia  constat.  &c.  jnaxiini 
amoros  inde  nasciintiir.  Sod  si  pi;rsii.isnni  iili  Tuerit  le 
solum  liah:'re,  elau-iiiescit  illico  amor  siiiis.         '^  V^ 


omnia  parutas.  &.c.  '6  Twin.  4.  dial,  merit.         '^  Re-  I  entem  videbis  ipsum  denuo  inflammatum  et  prorsus  in- 

licto  illo,  opgrc  ipsi  interim  faciecis,  ft  omnino  difficilis.  I  snuientem.  m  El  sic  cum  fere  de  iilo  desperassem, 

"Si  quis  ei  iiii  nee  Zelotypus  irascitur,  iiec  pujjnat  ali-  I  post  menses  quatuor  ad  me  reJiil. 

2q2 


486  Love-Melancholy.  [Part,  3.  Sec.  2 

more  eagerness,  fly  from  if  you  follow,  but  if  averse,  as  a  shadow  they  will  follow 
you  again,  fugienlcm  seqiiitur,  seqiientemf iigit ;  with  a  regaining  retreat,  a  gentle 
reluctaucy,  a  smiling  threat,  a  pretty  pleasant  peevishness  they  will  put  you  oil',  and 
have  a  thousand  such  several  enticements.     For  as  he  saith, 

*• "  Non  est  f.priiia  sutis,  nee  qua  vult  bella  viduri,  I  '•  'Tis  not  enough  lliougn  she  be  fair  of  hue, 

Debt-t  vul^'iiri  mure  placeru  suis.  |  For  her  li>  use  this  vcilKur  couipliineiit  : 

Dit'Iu,  sales,  lusus,  scruioiies,  i;ratia,  risus,  j  Hut  pretty  toys  and  jesls,  and  saws  ami  smiles, 

Vincunt  naturx  caiidiUtoris  opus."  |  As  Car  beyond  what  beauty  can  attempt." 

"For  this  cause  belike  Philostratus,  in  his  images,  makes  diverse  loves,  "some 
young,  some  of  one  age,  some  of  another,  some  winged,  some  of  one  sex,  some  of 
another,  some  with  torclies,  some  with  golden  apples,  some  with  darts,  gins,  snares, 
and  other  engines  in  their  hands,"  as  Propertius  hath  prettily  painted  them  out, 
lib.  2.  et  29.  and  which  some  interpret,  diverse  enticements,  or  diverse  atlections 
of  lovers,  whicli  if  not  alone,  yet  jointly  may  batter  and  overcome  the  strongest 
constitutions. 

It  is  reported  of  Decius,  and  Valerianus,  those  two  notorious  persecutors  of  the 
church,  that  when  they  could  enforce  a  young  Christian  by  no  means  (as  '■^^Hierome 
records)  to  sacrifice  to  their  idols,  bv  no  torments  or  promises,  tHey  took  another 
course  to  tempt  liim :  ihev  put  him  into  a  fair  garden,  and  set  a  young  courtesan  to 
dally  with  him,  ""took  him  about  the  neck  and  kissed  him,  and  that  which  is  not 
to  be  named,"  manihustjue  atlreclure,  tSrc,  and  all  those  enticements  which  might  be 
used,  that  whom  torments  could  not,  love  miirht  batter  and  beleaguer.  But  such 
was  his  constancy,  she  could  not  overcomo,  and  when  this  last  engine  would  take 
no  place,  tiiey  left  him  to  his  own  ways.  At  •'lierkli-y  in  Gloucestershire,  there  was 
in  times  past  a  nmmerv  (saith  Gnaltcnis  .Mapes,  an  old  historiographer,  that  lived 
400  years  since\."  of  which  there  was  a  n<>l>le  and  a  fair  lady  abbess:  Godwin,  that 
subtile  Ecirl  of  Kent,  travelling  that  way,  (seeking  not  her  but  hers)  leaves  a  nephew 
of  hi.s,  a  proper  younj;  gallant  (^as  if  he  had  been  sick)  with  her,  till  he  came  back 
again,  and  gives  the  young  man  charge  so  long  to  counterfeit,  till  he  had  dellowered 
the  abbess,  and  as  many  besides  of  the  nuns  as  he  could,  and  leaves  him  withal 
rmgs,  jewels,  girdles,  and  such  toys  to  give  them  still,  when  they  came  to  visit  him. 
The  young  man,  willing  to  undergo  such  a  business,  played  his  part  so  well,  that  in 
short  space  he  got  up  niost  of  their  bellies,  and  when  he  had  done,  told  his  lord 
how  he  had  sped:  *'his  lord  made  instantly  to  the  court,  tells  the  king  how  such  a 
nutmery  was  become  a  bawdy-house,  procures  a  visitation,  gets  them  to  be  turned 
out,  and  begs  the  lands  to  his  ovvn  use."  This  story  I  do  therefore  repeat,  that  you 
may  see  of  what  force  these  enticements  are,  if  they  be  opportunely  used,  and  how 
hard  it  is  even  for  the  most  averse  and  sanctified  soids  to  resist  such  allurements. 
John  Major  in  the  life  of  John  the  monk,  that  lived  in  the  days  of  Theodosius,  com- 
mends the  hermit  to  have  been  a  man  of  singular  continency,  and  of  a  most  austere 
life;  but  one  night  by  chance  the  devil  came  to  his  cell  in  the  habit  of  a  young 
market  wench  that  had  lost  her  way,  and  desired  for  God's  sake  some  lodging  with 
hint.  ■""•The  old  man  let  her  in,  and  after  some  common  conference  of  her  mishap, 
she  began  to  inveigle  him  with  lascivious  talk  and  jests,  to  play  with  his  beard,  to 
kiss  him.  and  do  worse,  till  at  last  she  overcame  him.  As  he  went  to  address  him- 
self to  tliat  business,  she  vanished  on  a  sudden,  and  the  devils  in  the  air  laughed 
him  to  scorn."  VV'^hether  this  be  a  true  story,  or  a  tale,  I  will  not  much  contend,  it 
serves  to  illustrate  this  which  I  have  said. 

Yet  were  it  so,  that  these  of  which  I  have  hitherto  spoken,  and  such  like  enticing 
baits,  be  not  sutficient,  there  be  many  others,  which  will  of  themselves  intend  this 
passion  of  burning  lust,  amongst  which,  dancing  is  none  of  the  least;  and  it  is  an 
engine  of  such  force,  I  may  not  omit  it.    Inci tame nt urn  Ubidinis,  Petrarch  calls  it, 

»' Prln'tii:^  Catal.  ^  Imauines  denruin.  ful.  3-27. 1  riinuni.   tanquain    infirinuni    ilonec    reverlcn-lur.    in- 

raring  ninores  facit,  quos  nlii|ui  inu-rpr>'laMtur  iiiiiiti-    »truit.  A-c  '•*'  lll<-  impijer  regeiii  adit,  nbatifnain  et 

p'i.>-»  atr.etus  el  illecehras,  alios  piiellus.  puellas.aiato^.     duas   (.r  cet.  fXplor.iloriljijii  nii*^M  probat, 

alio*   poni.-i    auiea,   alios  sasiltas.    alio*   laqufo«,  &■:.    et  im  <  iii  huo  iiiaiieriuiii  actepil        •' P«»t 

»Epi«t.  Jib.  3.  vita   Paiili   Ereniits.  '^  .Meretnx  |  serinoi,  ,  .  ,iuavilate  ».Tiiioiie»  ri.iicilial  ani- 

•peciosa  c*>pt' deiicatius  slrinnere  colla  coniplexihiis,  el  ,  mum  li  .imiiuv  iu  louiiiq^ie  intHf  rolliMjiiia  el  ri»u«  ad 
rorpore  iii   libidiiietn  roiicitato.tr.  *t'amdeii  in.  harbam  prolen  lit  et  palpare  cifpil  cervir»'iii  H'laiii  i-l 

<;iouceT<t.-r»hire,  huic  praefuil  iiobili*  ct  rormo>a  abl.a-  \  o»culari  ;  quid  i.iulta?  Cdptiviim  ducil  iiiililein  <;hri.li. 
lii>*B,  tJixIniniH  rnnie^  indole  jubiiliii,  non  ipsnin. 'cd  i  (.'oiiiplrxura  ev.tiieicil,  deiiione*  in  acre  luunacbu'a 
■ua  cupiciiii.  reliqik  '   liepoteui  «uuin  forma  vIeKaiiliH- i  riiwruiit. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  4.]  Artificial  Allurements.  487 

the  spur  of  lust.  "A  ''^circle  of  which  the  devil  himself  is  the  centre.  ^Manv 
women  that  use  it,  have  come  dishonest  home,  most  indifferent,  none  better.'' 
*"  Another  terms  it  "the  companion  of  all  filthy  delights  and  enticements,  and  'tis  not 
easily  told  what  inconveniences  come  by  it,  what  scurrile  talk,  obscene  actions,'' 
and  many  times  such  monstrous  gestures,  such  lascivious  motions,  such  wanton 
tunes,  meretricious  kisses,  homely  embracings. 


-"  (ut  Gaditana  canoro 


Incipiat  prurire  chiiro,  plausiiqiie  probata; 
Ad  tiirraiii  tremula  descendant  dune  puellffl, 
Irrilanientuin  Veneris  languentis)" 


that  it  will  make  the  spectators  mad.  When  that  epitomizer  of  ^^Trogus  had  to  the 
full  described  and  set  out  King  Ptolemy's  riot  as  a  chief  engine  and  instrument  of 
his  overthrow,  he  adds,  tympanimi  et  tripudlum,  fiddling  and  dancing  :  "•  the  king 
was  not  a  spectator  only,  but  a  principal  actor  himself."  A  thing  nevertheless  fre~ 
quently  used,  and  part  of  a  gentlewoman's  bringing  up,  to  sing,  dance,  and  play  on 
the  lute,  or  some  such  instrument,  before  she  can  say  her  paternoster,  or  ten  com- 
mandments. 'Tis  the  next  way  their  parents  think  to  get  them  husbands,  they  are 
compelled  to  learn,  and  by  that  means,  ^^Incaestos  amores  de  tenero  medUantur  ungue ; 
'tis  a  great  allurement  as  it  is  often  used,  and  many  are  undone  by  it.  Thais,  in 
Lucian,  inveigled  Laniprias  in  a  dance,  Herodias  so  far  pleased  Herod,  that  she  mads 
him  swear  to  give  her  what  she  would  ask,  John  Baptist's  head  in  a  platter.  ^  Robert, 
Duke  of  Normandy,  riding  by  Falais,  spied -Arlette,  a  fair  maid,  as  she  danced 
on  a  green,  and  was  so  much  enamoured  with  the  object,  tliat  ''^he  must  needs  lie 
with  her  that  night.  Owen  Tudor  won  Queen  Catherine's  affection  in  a  dance,  fall- 
ing by  chance  with  his  head  in  her  lap.  Who  cannot  parallel  these  stories  out  of 
his  experience.?  Speusippas  a  noble  gallant  in  ''^that  Greek  Aristenaetus,  seeing 
Panareta  a  fair  young  gentlewoman  dancing  by  accident,  was  so  far  in  love  with  her, 
that  for  a  long  time  after  he  could  think  of  nothing  but  Panareta:  he  came  ravino- 
home  full  of  Panareta :  "  Who  would  not  admire  her,  who  would  not  love  her,  that 
should  but  see  her  dance  as  1  did.?  O  admirable,  O  divine  Panareta!  I  have  seen 
old  and  new  Ptome,  many  feir  cities,  many  proper  women,  but  never  any  like  to 
Panareta,  they  are  dross,  dowdies  all  to  Panareta!  O  how  she  danced,  how  she 
tripped,  how  she  turned,  with  what  a  grace!  happy  is  that  man  that  shall  enjov  her. 
O  most  incomparable,  only,  Panareta  !"  Wiien  Xenophon,  in  Symposio,  or  Banquet, 
had  discoursed  of  love,  and  used  all  the  engines  that  might  be  devised,  to  move 
Socrates,  amongst  the  rest,  to  stir  him  the  more,  he  shuts  up  all  witii  a  pleasant 
interlude  or  dance  of  Dionysius  and  Ariadne.  ^'"  First  Ariadne  dressed  like  a  bride 
came  in  and  took  her  place ;  by  and  by  Dionysius  entered,  dancing  to  the  music. 
The  spectators  did  all  admire  the  young  man's  carriage ;  and  Ariadne  herself  was  so 
much  aflected  with  the  sight,  that  she  could  scarce  sit.  After  a  while  Dionysius 
beholding  Ariadne,  and  incensed  with  love,  bowing  to  her  knees,  embraced  her'first, 
and  kissed  her  with  a  grace ;  she  embraced  him  again,  and  kissed  him  with  like 
affection,  &c.,  as  the  dance  required ;  but  they  that  stood  by,  and  saw  this,  did  much 
applaud  and  commend  them  both  for  it.  And  when  Dionysus  rose  up,  he  raised 
her  up  with  him,  and  many  pretty  gestures,  embraces,  kisses,  and  love  compliments 
passed  between  them  :  which  when  they  saw  fair  Bacchus  and  beautiful  Ariadne  so 
sweetly  and  so  unfeignedly  kissing  each  other,  so  really  embracing,  they  swore  they 
loved  indeed,  and  were  so  inflamed  with  the  object,  that  they  began  to  rouse  up 
themselves,  as  if  they  would  have  flown.     At  the  last  when  they  saw  them  still,  so 

»  Ciioraja  cirr.ulus,  ciijue  centrum  diah.  a  M„itiE    26.     Qnis  non  miraiiis  est  saltantem  i    auis  non  vidit 

inde  impuUica;  dciniiini  redierc,  plures  amhigiire,  melior  i  el  amavjt?   vetereiii  ef  novam  vidi   Roniain    <=.d  tibi 
"""'  30'1'iirpiiini  ileliciariim  comes  est  externa  !  similem  non  vidi  Panartta;  felix  qui  Panareta  truitiir 


saltatio;  neqtie  eerie  facile  djctn  tpia;  mala  hinc  visus 
hauriat,  et  quae  pariat.  colloquia,  monstro.sos,  incoiidi- 
tos  eesliis,  &c.  31  Juv.  8at.  ]1.     ■'  t'erliaps  you  may 

exp(;ct  that  a  Gaditanian  with  a  tuneful  company  may 
liPiji"  to  wanton,  and  trills  approved  with  applause 
lower  themselves  to  the  {.'round  in  a  lascivious  manner, 
a  provocative  of  laniruishinj;  desire."  32  Justin.  I. 

10.  Adduntur  instrumenta  luiurix,  tympana  et  Iripu- 
dia  :  iiec  tarn  spectator  rex,  sed  nequili:e  magister,  &c 


&c.  'n'rinripio  Ariadne  velut  spoMsa  prodit,  ac 

sola  recedit  ;  prodiens  illico  Dionysius  ad  nuinerns  can. 
tame  tibia  saltabat;  admirati  siint  omnes  saltantem 
juveneni.ipsainie  Ariadne,  ut  vix  potuerit  coiiquiescere; 
postea  vero  cum  Dionysius  eani  aspexit,  &:c.  (Jt  aiilem 
surrexit  Dionysius,  erexit  simul  .Ariadiiem.  licobatque 
spectare  gestus  osculantiiim,  et  inter  se  compbcten- 
tium;  qui  aiitem  spectahant,  &.c.  .4d  extremum  videii- 
tes  ens  mufuis  amplexihus  implicatos  et  jamjain  ad  tlia- 


""".I^;  '.'.  ^i,"''„'^  UT-:,     •' ".^^a/ldp  vita  ejus.      _       siQfi  lamum  ilnros;  qui  non  duxerant  uxores  jurahant  nxores 

uteiii  duxerant  consceiisis  equ 
fruerentur,  doiuum  festitiarunt 


vvh.im  he  heirat  William  the  Conqueror;  by  the  same  I  se  ducturos;  qui  autem  duxerant  consceiisis  equis  el 
token  she  tore  her  smock  down,  saying,  &c         "'Epist.  |  iucilatis,  ut  iisdcm  fri  -     -    - 


488  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

willingly  embracing,  and  now  ready  to  go  to  the  bride-chamber,  they  were  so  ravished 
with  i;,  tliat  they  that  were  unmarried,  swore  they  would  forthwith  marry,  and  those 
that  wi-re  married  called  instantly  for  their  horses,  and  galloped  home  to  their 
wives/'  What  greater  motive  can  there  be  than  this  burning  lust?  what  so  violent 
an  oppugner  ?  ]Yot  without  good  cause  therefore  so  many  general  councils  condemn 
It,  so  many  fathers  abhor  it,  so  many  grave  men  speak  against  it ;  "  Use  not  the 
company  of  a  woman,"  saith  Syracides,  8.  4.  ''that  is  a  singer,  or  a  dancer;  neither 
hear,  lest  thou  be  taken  in  her  craftiness."  In  circa  non  tarn  cernitur  quam  discitur 
libido.  ^  Hsdus  holds,  lust  in  theatres  is  not  seen,  but  learned.  Groifory  Nazianzen 
that  eloquent  divine,  (^^^as  he  relates  the  story  himself,)  when  a  noble  friend  of  his 
solemnly  invited  him  with  other  bisliops,  to  his  daughter  Olympiads  wedding,  refused 
to  come :  ***'•  For  it  is  absurd  to  see  an  old  gouty  bishop  sit  amongst  dancers;"  he 
held  it  unfit  to  be  a  spectator,  much  less  an  actor,  jyemo  sultat  sobrius,  Tnlly 
writes,  he  is  not  a  sober  man  that  danceth ;  for  some  such  reason  (belike")  Domitian 
forbade  the  Human  senators  to  dance,  and  for  that  fact  removed  many  of  them  from 
the  senate.  But  these,  you  will  say,  are  lascivious  and  Pagan  dances,  'tis  the  abuse 
that  causeth  such  inconvenience,  and  I  do  not  well  therefore  to  condemn,  speak 
against,  or  "  innocently  to  accuse  the  best  and  pleasantest  thing  i^so  "  Luciau  calls 
it)  that  belongs  to  mortal  njen."  You  misinterpret,  I  condemn  it  not;  I  hold  it 
notwithstanding  an  honest  dis[)ort,  a  lawful  recreation,  if  it  be  opportune,  moderately 
and  soberly  used  :  I  am  of  Plutiirch's  mind,  ■*•* "  that  which  respects  j)lc'asure  alone, 
honest  recreation,  or  btMhIv  exercise,  ought  not  to  be  rejected  and  contemned  :"  I 
subscribe  to  "  Lucian,  "'tis  an  elegant  tiling,  which  cheereth  up  the  mind,  exerciseih 
the  body,  delights  the  sjiectators,  which  teacheth  many  comely  gestures,  ecpially 
aflecting  the  ears,  eyes,  and  soul  itself."  S;dlust  iliscommends  singing  and  dancing 
m  Sempronia,  not  that  she  did  sing  or  dance,  but  that  she  did  it  in  excess,  'tis  the 
abuse  of  it ;  and  Gregory's  refusal  doth  not  simply  condemi\  it,  but  in  some  folks. 
Many  will  not  allow  men  and  women  to  dance  together,  because  it  is  a  provocation 
to  lust :  they  may  as  well,  with  Lycurgiis  and  .Mahomet,  cut  down  all  vines,  forbid 
the  drinking  of  wine,  for  that  it  makes  some  men  drunk. 

**  "  Nihil  priNlett  quuil  iioii  lardere  pouet  ideiu ; 
Igiie  quid  uliliu*  /" 

I  say  of  this  as  of  all  other  honest  recreations,  they  are  like  fire,  good  and  bad,  and 
1  see  no  such  inconvenience,  but  that  they  may  so  dance,  if  it  be  done  at  due  times, 
and  by  fit  persons:  and  conclude  with  Wulfungus  '"llider,  and  most  of  our  modern 
divines  :  .St  decoriP,  graves.,  verecundce,  plttia  luce  buuorum  viroruin  el  ruutrunarum 
honest  arum,,  temjtestive  Jiunt.,  probari  possunl.^  el  debent.  "There  is  a  time  to  mourn, 
a  time  to  dance,"  Eccles.  iii.  4.  Let  them  lake  their  pleasures  then,  and  as  ^*he  .said 
of  old,  "young  men  and  maids  flourishing  in  their  age,  fair  and  lovely  to  behold, 
well  atlireil,  and  of  comely  cariiage,  dancing  a  Greek  galliard,  and  as  their  dance 
required,  kept  their  time,  now  turning,  now  tracing,  now  apart  now  altogether,  now 
a  courtesy  then  a  caper,"  &.C.,  and  it  was  a  pleasant  sight  to  see  those  pretty  knots, 
and  swimming  tigures.  The  sun  and  moon  (^some  say)  dance  about  the  earth,  the 
three  upper  planets  about  the  sun  as  their  centre,  now  stationary,  now  direct,  now 
retrograde,  now  in  apogee,  then  in  perigee,  now  swift  then  slow,  occidental,  oriental, 
they  turn  round,  jump  and  trace,  ?  and  i  about  the  sun  with  tho.-e  thirty-three 
Macuhe  or  Bourboiiian  planet,  circa  Solem  saltantes  Cytliarcduin,  saith  Fromundus 
Four  Medicean  stars  dance  about  Jupiter,  two  Austrian  about  Saturn,  &.c.,  and  all 
(^belike)  to  the  music  of  the  spheres.  Our  greatest  counsellors,  and  staid  senators, 
at  some  times  dance,  as  David  before  the  ark,  2  Sam.  vi.  14.  Miriam,  Exod.  xv.  2(». 
Judith,  XV.  13.  (^though  the  devil  hence  perhaps  hath  brought  in  those  bawily  hac- 
rhanals),  and  well  may  they  do  it.  The  greatest  soldiers,  as  *'Quiiitilianus,  ".Kiiii- 
lius  Prubus,  ^Coelius  Uhodiginus,  havc/proved  at  large,  still  use  it  in  Greece,  Rome, 

.1    .     1    1  ■  cunieiiini-ml.  ariiorihiK.  **  Ad  .^ny- i  iri|uo  dcmulceni.  "Ovid.  '   -     •   -    n 

•  :  «>  liitiiiii>»->ti»iim  eriim  eil.  el  a     |iliil<HM>|iliir.  <•  Apuleiun 

1  ..•ii».   inter  4iil:.int>-s   |><>.iaLTicuiii   vi.lerf  I  vin-nii  ll<ir>-nt<-ii  rlatiila    (•■rmi  <  i 

•  Ti  *■  Kctn  oinniuiii  in  niortaliuin     iiio-nrii  i;rali>nii.  Grn '  1 

iilcr  .iccii>-irH.  *i  Uiix  hoiii.--)-     |M»iti<    orilinatMiiiilr  i. 

I  ■,  icit.  But  ciir(»'ri<i  PxiTciiiiiiii.  ciiii-     nunc  in  orlnMii  rl>-xi.  : 

i  ".111       .    J. i  «•  Kli-tinti^riiiii.i  r>'!i  ist.  (|ii»  ct    nunc    in   qiiailruiii   en     1:1     n  1   •     1     ■■   »•,  ir.n..  i»a. 

in-M»-iii  aniit.  forp»i»  nerreal.  ft  '(KTlaiites  oMiclit.    *•  Lib.  1.  cap   11.  •  Vit.  KpaiuimtiHia.  *•  Lib  i 

Hiult>«  "•  :<tua  decuDM  dtjceiia,  ocuici,  aures,  auiiuum  ex  . 


Mem.  2    Subs.  4.]  Artificial  Jlllurements.  489 

and  the  most  worthy  senators,  can/are,  sallare.  Lucian,  Macrobius,  Libanus, 
Plutarch,  Julius,  Pollux,  Athenaeus,  have  written  just  tracts  in  commendation  of  it. 
\n  this  our  age  it  is  in  mucli  request  in  those  countries,  as  in  all  civil  common- 
wealths, as  Alexander  ab  Alexandro,  lil).  4.  cap.  10.  et  lib.  2.  caj).  '2b.  hath  proved 
dt  large,  ^"amongst  the  barbabarians  themselves  none  so  precious;  all  the  world 
allows  it. 

*i  "  Diviiias  contemno  tuas,  rex  Craese,  tuami]iie 
Veiulo  Asiam,  uiigueiitis,  flore,  niero,  chore)!!." 

^^  Plato,  in  his  Commonwealth,  will  have  dancing-schools  to  be  maintained,  "  that 
young  folks  might  meet,  be  acquainted,  see  one  another,  and  be  seen;"  nay  more, 
he  would  have  them  dance  naked ;  and  scoffs  at  them  that  laugh  at  it.  But  Eiisebius 
prcepar.  Evangel,  lib.  1.  caj).  11.  and  Theodofet  lib.  9.  curat,  grccc.  affect,  worthily 
lash  him  for  it;  and  well  they  might:  for  as  one  saith,  ^^"the  very  sight  of  naked 
parts  causeth  enormous,  exceeding  concupiscenses,  and  stirs  up  both  men  and  wo- 
men to  burning  lust."  There  is  a  mean  in  all  things :  this  is  my  censure  in  brief; 
dancing  is  a  pleasant  recreation  of  body  and  mind,  if  sober  and  modest  (such  as  oui 
Christian  dances  are) ;  if  tempestively  used,  a  furious  motive  to  burning  lust ;  if  as 
by  Pagans  heretofore,  unchastely  abused.    But  I  proceed. 

If  these  allurements  do  not  take  place,  for  *■*  Simierus,  that  great  master  of  dal- 
liance, shall  not  behave  liimself  better,  the  more  elTectually  to  move  others,  and 
satisfy  their  lust,  they  will  swear  and  lie,  promise,  protest,  forge,  counterfeit,  bracr, 
bribe,  flatter  aud  dissemble  of  all  sides.  'Twas  Lucretia''s  counsel  in  Aretine,  Si  vis 
arnica  f rid.,  pro}>iilte,Jinge,  jura.,  jjerjura.,  jacla,  Simula,  mcntire ;  and  they  put  it  well 
in  practice,  as  Apollo  to  Daphne, 

Et  Claros  et  Ten.Hlos,  patareaque  regia  servit,  Delphos,  Claros  and  Tenedos  serve  me. 

Jupilerestgeuitor"— |  And  Jupiter  is  known  my  sire  to  be." 

^  The  poorest  swains  will  do  as  much,  ^''Mille  pecus  nivei  sunt  et  mild  vallibus  agni : 
"  I  have  a  thousand  sheep,  good  store  of  cattle,  and  they  are  all  at  her  command," 

68 "Tihi  nos,  tilii  nostra  supellex, 

Ruraque  servieriiu" 

"  house,  land,  goods,  are  at  her  service,"  as  he  is  himself.  Dinomachus,  a  senator's 
son  in  ^^  Lucian,  in  love  with  a  wench  inferior  to  him  in  birth  and  fortunes,  the 
sooner  to  accomplish  his  desire,  wept  unto  her,  and  swore  he  loved  her  with  all  his 
heart,  and  her  alone,  and  that  as  soon  as  ever  his  father  died  (a  very  rich  man  and 
almost  decrepid)  he  would  make  her  his  wife.  The  maid  by  chance  made  her  mother 
acquainted  with  tlie  business,  who  being  an  old  fox,  well  experienced  in  such  mat- 
ters, told  her  daughter,  now  ready  to  yield  to  his  desire,  that  he  meant  nothing  less, 
for  dost  thou  think  he  will  ever  care  for  thee,  being  a  poor  wench,  *^^  that  may  have 
his  choice  of  all  the  beauties  in  the  city,  one  noble  by  birth,  with  so  many  talents, 
as  young,  better  qualified,  and  fairer  than  thyself?  daughter  believe  him  not :  the 
maid  was  abashed,  and  so  the  matter  broke  off  When  Jupiter  wooed  Juno  first 
(Liliiis  Giraldus  relates  it  ont  of  an  old  comment  on  Theocritus)  the  better  to  effect 
his  suit,  he  turned  himself  into  a  cuckoo,  and  spying  her  one  dav  walking  alone, 
separated  from  the  other  goddesses,  caused  a  tempest  suddenly  to  arise,  for  fear  of 
which  slie  fled  to  shelter;  Jupiter  to  avoid  the  storm  likewise  flew  into  her  lap,  in 
virginis  Junonis  gremium  dcvolavit,  whom  Juno  for  pity  covered  in  her  '''  apron. 
But  he  turned  himself  forthwith  into  his  own  shape,  began  to  embrace  and  ofler  vio- 
lence unto  her,  scd  ilia  malris  melu  abnuebat,  but  slie  by  no  means  would  yield,  doTiec 
pollicitiis  connnbium  obtinuil,  till  he  vowed  and  swore  to  marry  her,  and  then  she  eave 
consent.  This  fact  was  done' at  Thornax  hill,  which  ever  after  was  called  Cuckoo 
hill,  and  in  perpetual  remembrance  there  was  a  temple  erected  to  Telia  Juno  in  the 
same  place.     So  powerful  are  fair  promises,  vows,  oaths  and  protestations.     It  is  an 


MRead  P.  Martyr  Ocean  Decad.  Benzo,  Leriiis  Hac- 
luit,  &c.         61  AnEcriaiiiis  ErotopiEdiuin.  "  10  Leg. 

rni  yap  Totavrri;  (7irtSni  evcKa,  &.C.  liujiis  causa  oportuil 
diRcipliiiam  const itui,  ut  tain  pueri  qiiain  puel lie  choreas 
celelirenl,  specteiiturque  ac  spcclent,  &c.  '3  Aspectus 
eniiii  niidoriiin  corporuiii  taiii  mares  quam  fcminas  irri- 
tare  solet  ad  onornii's  lasciviae  aupetitus.  ^Cam- 

den Anna  I.  anno  lo78,  fol.  276.    Auiatoriis  facetiis  et 

62 


illccebris  exqiiisitissimus.  ^^  jviet.  1.  Ovid.  <>«  Eras- 
mus egl.  inille  inei  siculis  errant  in  moniibiis  a^ni. 
"  Vir?.  "  Lecheus.  s^'Pom.   4.   merit.   diaL 

amare  se  jurat  et  lachrimatur  dicitqui;  uxorem  ine 
diicere  vello,  (piiim  pater  oculos  riaiississet.  ™(iuuin 
dolem  alibi  multo  majorem  aspiciet,  &c.  s'  Or  uppe^ 
garment.    Queiii  Juno  miserata  ves^^e  conteiit. 


4i)0  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

orJinaiy  thing  too  in  this  case  to  belie  their  age,  whicli  widows  usually  do,  that 
mean  to  marry  again,  and  bachelors  too  sometimes, 

^-"Cujus  (ictavuiii  trepidavit  wtas, 
ceriiere  lustrum ;" 

to  say  they  are  younger  than  they  are.  Carmides  in  the  said  Lucian  loved  Philema- 
tium,  an  old  maid  of  forty-tive  vears ;  "^slie  swore  to  him  she  was  but  thirtv-lwo 
next  December.  But  to  dissemble  in  this  kind,  is  I'amiliar  of  all  sides,  and  often  it 
takes.    *^  Falltre  credenlcvi  res  est  operosa  puellam.,  'tis  soon  done,  no  such  great 

mastery,  Egregiam  verb  laudem,  el  spolia  ampla, and  nothing  so  frequent 

as  to  belie  their  estates,  to  prefer  their  suits,  and  to  advance  themselves.  Many  men 
to  fetch  over  a  young  woman,  widows,  or  whom  they  love,  will  not  stick  to  crack, 
forge  and  feign  any  thing  comes  next,  bid  his  boy  fetch  his  cloak,  rapier,  gloves, 
jewels,  &.C.  in  such  a  chest,  scarlet-golden-lissue  breeches,  &.c.  when  there  is  no 
such  matter;  or  make  any  scruple  to  give  out,  as  he  did  in  Petronius,  tliat  he  waii 
master  of  a  sliip,  kept  so  many  servants,  and  to  personate  their  part  the  better  take 
upon  them  to  be  gentlemen  of  good  houses,  well  descended  and  allied,  liire  apparel 
at  brokers,  some  scavenger  or  prick-louse  tailors  to  attend  upon  them  for  the  time, 
swear  they  liave  great  possessions,  '"bribe,  lie,  cog,  and  foist  how  dearly  tliey  love, 
how  bravely  they  will  maintain  her,  like  any  lady,  countess,  duchess,  or  cjueen ; 
they  shall  have  gowns,  tiers,  jewels,  coaches,  and  carociies,  choice  diet, 

"I'lie  h«a(J«  of  |iarrn(«,  teneue*  of  nightingale*,  I  a   ■  ■.     r  ,    r    ■   , 

'I-lir  brain«  of  (^-acKrlt.,  and  of  o-.r'ct.e-  f,P'"^  "fj"^'  ""''  "'  ?['"'*'". 

Theu  bath  «t>all  be  the  juice  of  gill.tlower..  |  ^  •»«  """'  "^  unicorn,.,'  See. 

as  old  Vulpone  courted  Co'lia  in  the  "comedy,  when  as  they  are  no  such  men,  not 
worth  a  groat,  but  mere  sharkers,  to  make  a  fortune,  to  get  their  ilesire,  or  else  pre- 
tend love  to  spend  their  idle  hours,  to  be  more  welcome,  and  for  bt  tttr  cntertain- 
ineni.     The  conclusion  is,  they  mean  nothing  less, 

MlatliJi,  vmw^,  (irniiii-cn,  iirr-  rnni-li  (iroicsilpd  ; 
It'll  »li>-ii  iheir  iiiiiiil  anil  IiibI  iii  »aiiitiifd, 
Uatlm,  viiw*.  prnuiiBr*,  arc  i|uitf  m-ijleclt-d ;" 

tlioui{h  he  solemnly  swear  by  the  genius  of  Caesar,  by  Venus'  shrine.  Hymen's  deity, 
by  Jupiter,  and  all  the  other  gods,  give  no  cre<lit  to  his  words.  For  when  lovers 
swear,  Venus  laughs,  Venus  hcec  perjuria  ridet^  "Jupiter  himself  smiles,  and  pardons 
it  withal,  as  g^rave  •* Plato  gives  out;  of  all  perjury,  that  alone  for  love  matters  is 
forgiven  by  the  gods.  If  promises,  lies,  oaths,  and  protestations  will  not  avail,  they 
fall  to  bribes,  tokens,  gifts,  and  such  like  feats.  '" Plurimus  auro  crmciliatur  amor : 
as  Jupiter  corrupted  I)anae  with  a  golden  shower,  and  Liber  Ariadne  with  a  lovely 
ciown,  (wliich  was  afterwards  translated  into  the  heavens,  and  there  for  ever  shines;) 
they  will  rain  chickens,  tlorins,  crowns,  angt-ls,  all  manner  of  coins  and  stamps  in 
her  lap.  And  so  must  he  certainly  do  that  will  speed,  make  many  feasts,  banquets, 
invitations,  send  her  some  present  or  other  ever)'  foot.  Summo  studio  parmtur  rpulte 
(saith  "  Huedus  I  et  crehrce  Jiaiit  lur^itioncs,  he  must  be  very  bountiful  and  liberal,  seek 
and  sue,  not  to  her  only,  but  to  all  lier  followers,  friends,  familiars,  liddlers,  panders, 
parasites,  and  household  servants ;  he  must  insinuate  himself,  and  surelv  will,  to  all, 
of  all  sorts,  messengers,  porters,  carriers ;  no  man  must  be  unrewarded,  or  unre- 
spected.  1  had  a  suitor  (saith  "Aretine's  Lucretia)  that  when  he  came  to  my  house, 
flung  gold  and  silver  about,  as  if  it  had  been  chafl:  Another  suitor  I  had  was  a  very 
choleric  fellow;  but  1  so  handled  him,  that  for  all  his  fuming,  I  brought  him  upon 
his  knees.  If  there  had  been  an  excellent  bit  in  the  market,  any  novelty,  fish,  fruit, 
or  fowl,  muscadel,  or  malmsey,  or  a  cup  of  neat  wine  in  all  the  city,  it  was  pre- 
sented presently  to  me;  though  never  so  dear,  hard  to  come  by,  yet  I  had  it:  the 
poor  fellow  was  so  fond  at  last,  that  I  think  if  I  would  I  might  have  had  one  of  his 
eyes  out  of  his  head.  A  third  suitor  was  a  merchant  of  Home,  and  his  manner  of 
M-ooing  was  with  ^exquisite  music,  costly  banquets,  poems,  Stc.     1  held  him  off  till 

o  Mor.  o  Dejeravil  ilia  •ecunduni  lupra  trietnii-     de  conleiDiieinlni  amoribu*.  "  Dial.  Hat.  arL'rnluMa 

mum  ad  proxiuiuin  IX-cenibn-m  i:oni|ileturaiii  a*  •,.,-.  i,i  naU  «•  iir>.ii<  i' l>  ■(  l!jlii>->iiii  ii.w>ui  .mi  iinr.-m  i|i|i 
*<  tJvid  u  >jaiii  doiiis  vincitur  onwiK  amor.    '  '•■rra 

111*  I.  el   5.  «  Kox.  an.  3.  «.  X  «f..i  nui 

*■  P«rjuria  ridet  anidiiluin  Jupiti-r.  et  ventn*  irni  >  liliro; 

jubft   Tibul.  lib.  J.  ft  b.  *ln   riiilebo.  peji-riiiiii-  I  cri'doaili  rum  •»  u.iiiii  t»iiii<.n<Jiit.iru>  ^1 .        I'.wlnjrit. 

Uia.  01*  dii  toll  ignuacunl.  '•Calul.  ^'  ijb.  1.  |  cam  upi(>cra«  epula*,  el  lauli*  juraiuentts,  ttuiua,  tec 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  4.] 


Artificial  Allurements. 


491 


at  lengtli  he  protested,  promised,  and  swore  pro  virginitate  regno  me  donalurim,  I 
should  have  all  he  had,  house,  goods,  and  lauds,  pro  concubitu  solo;  "•leit^'-er  was 
there  ever  any  conjuror,  I  think,  to  charm  his  spirits  that  used  such  attention,  or 
mighty  words,  as  he  did  exquisite  phrases,  or  general  of  any  anny  so  many  strata- 
gems to  win  a  city,  as  he  did  tricks  and  devices  to  get  the  love  of  me.  Thus  men 
are  active  and  passive,  and  women  not  far  behind  them  in  this  kind :  Audax  ad  omnia 
f(£?/una,  quae  vel  a?nat,  vel  odit. 

1^  For  half  so  boldly  there  can  non 
Swear  and  lye  as  women  can. 

"^They  will  crack,  counterfeit,  and  collogue  as  well  as  the  best,  with  handkerchiefs, 
and  wrought  nightcaps,  purses,  posies,  and  such  toys:  as  he  justly  complained, 


"  "  Cur  iiiittis  vinlas?  ncnipe  iit  violentiiis  uret ; 
liuid  viulas  viulis  me  violcnta  tuis  ?"  &t.c. 


'Why  dost  thou  send  me  violets,  my  dear? 
To  make  nie  burn  more  violent,  1  fear, 
Wjtii  violets  too  violent  ttiou  art, 
To  violate  and  wound  my  gentle  heart." 


When  nothing  else  will  serve,  the  last  refuge  is  their  tears.  Hcpx  scripsi  (Jestor 
amorem)  mixta  lachrymis  et  suspiriis.,  'twixt  tears  and  sighs,  I  write  this  (I  take  love 
to  witness),  saith  "*  Chelidonia  to  Philonius.  Lumina  qum  modb  fulmina^jamflu- 
viina  lac/try martim,  those  burning  torches  are  now  turned  to  floods  of  tears.  Are- 
tine's  Lucretia,  when  her  sweetheart  came  to  town,  ''^  wept  in  his  bosom,  "  that  he 
might  be  persuaded  those  tears  were  shed  for  joy  of  his  return."  Quartilla  in  Pe- 
tronius,  when  nought  would  move,  fell  a  weeping,  and  as  Balthazar  Castillo  paints 
them  out,  ''^'■'To  these  crocodile's  tears  they  will  add  sobs,  fiery  sighs,  and  sorrow- 
ful countenance,  pale  colour,  leanness,  and  if  you  do  but  stir  abroad,  these  fiends  are 
ready  to  meet  you  at  every  turn,  with  such  a  sluttish  neglected  habit,  dejected  look, 
as  if  they  were  now  ready  to  die  for  your  sake ;  and  how,  saith  he,  shall  a  young 
novice  thus  beset,  escape  r"     But  believe  them  not. 

" "  animam  ne  crede  puellis, 

Namque  est  foeminea  tutior  unda  fide." 

Thou  thinkest,  peradventure,  because  of  her  vows,  tears,  smiles,  and  protestations, 
she  is  solely  thine,  thou  hast  her  heart,  hand,  and  affection,  when  as  indeed  there  is 
no  such  matter,  as  the  *'  Spanisli  bawd  said,  gaudet  ilia  habere  unum  in  lecto,  alterum 
in  jwrtd,  teriium  qui  domi  suspiret,  she  will  have  one  sweetheart  in  bed,  another  in 
the  gate,  a  third  sighing  at  home,  a  fourth,  &c.  Every  young  man  she  sees  and 
likes  hath  as  much  interest,  and  shall  as  soon  enjoy  her  as  thyself.  On  the  other 
side,  wliich  I  iiave  said,  men  are  as  false,  let  them  swear,  protest,  and  lie;  ^^Quod 
vobis  dicunt-i  dixerunt  mille  puellis.  They  love  some  of  them  those  eleven  thou- 
sand virgins  at  once,  and  make  tliem  believe,  each  particular,  he  is  besotted  on  her, 
or  love  one  till  they  see  another,  and  then  her  alone;  like  Milo's  wife  in  Apuleius, 
lib.  2.  Si  qucin  conspexerit  speciosce  formce  invenem,  venustate  ejus  sumitur,  et  in  eum 
animum  intorquei.  'Tis  their  common  compliment  in  that  case,  they  care  not  what 
they  swear,  say  or  do:  One  while  they  slight  them,  care  not  for  them,  rail  down- 
right and  scofl"  at  them,  and   then  again  they  will  run  mad,  hang  themselves,  stab 

and  kill,  if  they  may  not  enjoy  them.     Henceforth,  therefore, nulla  viro 

juranti  fcemina  credat.,  let  not  maids  believe  them.  These  tricks  and  counterfeit 
passions  are  more  familiar  with  women,  ^*fincm  hie  dolori  faciei  aut  vilcs  dies,  mise- 
rere amantis,  quoth  Phajdra  to  Hippolitus.  Joessa,  in  *^Lucian,  told  Pythias,  a  young 
man,  to  move  him  the  more,  that  if  he  would  not  have  her,  she  was  resolved  to  make 
away  herself.  '•  There  is  a  Nemesis,  and  it  cannot  choose  but  grieve  and  trouble 
thee,  to  hear  that  I  have  either  strangled  or  drowned  myself  for  thy  sake."  Nothing 
so  common  to  this  sex  as  oaths,  vows,  and  protestations,  and  as  I  have  already  said, 


'<  Nunquam  aliquls  umbrarutn  conjuralor  tanta  at- 
tentione,  tamque  potentibus  verbis  usus  est,  quam  ille 
exqnisitis  milii  dictis,  itc.  '^Qhancer.  '"Ah 

crudele  genas  nee  tutnm  fcemina  nomen  !  Tibul.  I.  3. 
cle?.  4.  "'  Jovianus  Pom.  '8  Aristienetus,  lib.  2. 

e]>ist.  13.  ■'^Suaviter  tlebam,  nt  persuasuni  haheat 

lachrymas  prs  ^andio  illius  reditus  mihi  emanare. 
f  Lib.  3.  his  accedunt,  vultus  subtristis,  color  pallidns, 
ffemebnnda  vox,  ignita  suspiria,  lachryms  prope  in- 
nuinerabiles.  Istae  se  statini  umbrs  otferiint  tanto 
Equaiore  et  in  omni  fere  diverticulo  tanta  macie,  ut 


illnsjamjam  morlbundas  putes.  si  petronius 

"Trust  not  your  heart  to  women,  for  the  wave  is  less 
treacherous  than  their  fidelity."  KicoBlestina,  act  7. 
Barthio  interpret  omnibus  arridet,  et  a  singulis  amari 
se  solam  dicit.  ^Ovid.  "  They  have  made  the  same 
promises  to  a  thousand  girls  that  thev  make  to  you." 
I**  Seneca  Hi ppol.  "  Tom.  4.  dial,  merit   tu  vero 

aliquando  mserore  afficieris  ubi  audierjs  me  a  meips4 
laqueo  lui  causa  sulfocatam  aut  in  puteum  prajcipita. 
tarn. 


192  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Set    *,. 

tears,  which  they  have  at  command ;  for  they  can  so  weep,  that  one  would  iiunk 
their  very  hearts  were  dissolved  within  them,  and  would  come  out  in  tears ;  then 
eyes  are  like  rocks,  which  still  drop  water,  diurice  luchrymce  et  suduris  in  modum 
turgcri  promplcE^  saitli  **  Arisia-nctus,  they  wipe  away  their  tears  like  sweat,  w  eey 
with  one  eye,  laugh  with  the  other ;  or  as  children  "''  weep  and  cry,  they  can  both 
together. 

*  '•  .\(  ve  pui-llariiiii  lachryiiiis  moveare  aieuiento,        I  "  Care  not  for  women's  tears,  I  counsel  tli<.-e, 

Vl  tterent  oculos  eruiiiere  »uu8."  |  They  leach  their  eyes  da  much  to  weep  us  see." 

And  as  much  pity  is  to  be  taken  of  a  woman  weeping,  as  of  a  goose  going  barefoot. 
When  Venus  lost  her  son  Cupid,  she  sent  a  crier  about,  to  bid  every  one  that  met 
him  take  heed. 


'Si  flentem  aspicias.  ne  innx  falldre,  caveto; 
Sin  arriJebii,  niauis  etfu^i- ;  et  oxciila  si  fors 
Ferre  volet,  rusitn;  sunt  oocula  iiuiia,  ni  ipaia 
Sunique  veiiena  latjriit,"  Ilc. 


"  Take  heed  uf  Cupitl'«  tears,  if  cautehiuii. 
And  of  his  l^lnlles  and  kiases  I  tliec  tell. 
If  that  he  ottV-r't.  lur  Ihey  be  iioxioiiii. 
And  viry  poison  in  his  lips  doth  dwtll." 


'"A  thousand  year.s,  as  Casiilio  conceives^  'will  scarce  serve  to  reckon  up  those 
allurements  and  guiles,  that  men  and  women  use  to  deceive  one  another  with.'" 

SuBSECT.  v. — Bavrds,  Philters,  Causes. 

When  all  other  engines  fail,  that  they  can  proceed  no  farther  of  themselves,  their 
last  refuge  is  to  fly  to  bawds,  panders,  magical  philters,  and  receipts ;  rather  than 
fail,  to  tlie  devil  himself.  Fltctere  si  ncqutunt  supuros.,  Acheronta  movchunt.  And 
by  those  indirect  means  many  a  man  is  overcome,  and  jirecipitated  into  this  malady, 
if  he  take  not  good  heed.  For  these  bawds,  first,  they  are  everywhere  so  common, 
and  so  many,  lliat,  as  he  said  of  old  Crotun,  *'  umnes  hie  uut  capluntur,  aut  captant, 
either  inveigle  or  be  inveigled,  we  may  .say  of  most  of  our  cities,  there  be  so  many 
professed,  cunning  bawds  in  them.  Besides,  bawdry  is  become  an  art,  or  a  liberal 
science,  as  Lucian  calls  it ;  ami  there  be  such  tricks  and  subtleties,  so  many  nurses, 
old  women,  [)aii(lers,  Utttr  carriers,  beggars,  physicians,  friars,  confessors,  employed 
about  it,  that  uullus  tradtre  stilus  sujiciat,  one  saith, 

•• "  treccntii  veniibu* 

Sua*  luipuritia*  traluqui  neuio  poteal." 

Such  occult  notes,  stenography,  polygraphy,  .Nuntius  animalus,  or  magnetical  telling 
of  their  minds,  which  "Cabeu.s  the  Jesuit,  by  the  way,  counts  fabulous  and  false; 
cunnin"  conveyances  in  this  kind,  that  neither  Juno's  jealousy,  nor  Daiiae\s  custody, 
nor  Argo's  vigilanry  can  keep  them  safe.  'Tis  the  last  and  comuion  refuge  to  use 
an  assistant,  sucli  as  that  Catanean  Philippa  was  to  Joan  Queen  of  Naples,  a  "'  bawd's 
help,  an  old  woman  in  the  business,  as  *\Myrrha  did  when  slie  doalrd  on  Cynir.is. 
and  ci>uld  not  compass  her  desire,  the  old  jade  her  nurse  was  ready  at  a  pinch,  die 

inguit,  opemqw?  me  sine  frrre  tibi et  in  luic  niea  (pnyie  tirnorem    .Sedulitof  rril 

apta  tibi.,  fear  it  not,  if  it  be  possible  to  be  done,  I  will  effect  it :  non  est  tnulieri 
viulier  insuperabilis,  ^  Cadestina  said,  let  him  or  her  be  never  so  honest,  watched 
and  reserved,  'tis  hard  but  one  of  these  old  women  will  get  access :  and  scarce  shall 
vou  find,  as  "  Austin  observes,  in  a  nunnery  a  maid  alone,  "  if  she  cannot  have 
eoress,  before  her  window  you  shall  have  an  old  woman,  or  some  prating  gossip, 
tell  her  some  tales  of  this  clerk,  and  that  monk,  describing  or  commeiuling  some 
vouno-  gentleman  or  other  un'to  her."  "  As  I  was  walking  in  the  street  (sailh  a  good 
ffUow  in  Pelronius)  to  see  the  town  served  one  evening,  *  1  spied  an  old  woman  in 
a  corner  selling  of  cabbages  and  roots  (as  our  hucksters  do  plums,  apples,  and  such 
like  fruits);  mother  (quoth  he)  can  you  tell  where  I  can  dwell.'  she,  being  well 
pleased  with  my  foolish  urbanity,  replied,  and  why,  sir,  should  I  not  tell  ?     With  that 

«•  Epi't.  "20.  1.  2.  "  MatrnniE  flent   '  -   i  met.  ••  Parii  i  i.  i'»n«'\i-    :" 

nioniale*    qnatuor,    virjineti     uno.    ni»-r  j  ad  ••irorein  vix   .  -.iruni  hiiju- 

•■On  I.  'd  IiMj-jri.^  .). .  fiiiii,  r.  ■  1      I  ifii  Iriv.  t,i.  -     I  -iram   n.-i 


Ut   *•■   IIIVKlIU      > 

txoniii*. 

vrrsva  would  n  '    ' 

Masii.-t.  Philos.  h:.    |.    aj^  lu           "•;.,i„l  .I.-    5    h:..  I       vil.-..  „,.r.irir..  .t  ,„  i,jp»i 

Venn  la  exitiuiu  callida  Iroa  oieum.  »Ovid.  10.    cralua  auiculc  iDauiiaa. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  5.]  Ariificial  Allurements.  493 

%\\c  rose  up  and  went  before  me.  I  took  her  for  a  wise  woman,  and  bv-and-by  she 
ied  me  hi  to  a  by-lane,  and  told  me  there  I  should  dwell.  I  replied  again,  I  knew 
oot  the  house  •,  but  I  perceived,  on  a  sudden,  by  the  naked  queans,  that  I  was  now 
come  into  a  bawdy-house,  and  then  too  late  I  began  to  curse  the  treachery  of  this 
old  jade."  Such  tricks  you  shall  have  in  many  places,  and  amongst  the  rest  it  is 
ordinary  in  Venice,  and  in  the  island  of  Zante,  for  a  man  to  be  bawd  to  his  own 
wife.    No  sooner  shall  you  land  or  come  on  shore,  but,  as  the  Comical  Poet  hath  it, 

3''  Morem  Innic  nierelrices  lialxMit,  I  Rosnnt  cujalis  sit,  quod  p.\  nomen  siet, 

Ad  portiim  iiiltlunt  scrviilns,  ancilliilns,  Post  illne  e.xtenipio  sese  adpliceiit." 

Si  qua  pcrc^'rina  navis  in  portuin  aderit,  | 

Tiiese  white  devils  have  their  panders,  bawds,  and  factors  in  every  place  to  seek 
about,  and  bring  in  customers,  to  tempt  and  waylay  novices,  and  silly  travellers. 
And  when  they  have  them  once  within  their  clutches,  as  J^^gidius  Maserius  in  his 
comment  upon  Valerius  Flaccus  describes  them,  '"""with  promises  and  pleasant  dis- 
course, with  gifts,  tokens,  and  taking  their  opportunities,  they  lay  nets  which  Lucretia 
cannot  avoid,  and  baits  that  Ilippolitus  himself  would  swallow;  they  make  such 
strong  assaults  and  batteries,  that  the  goddess  of  virginity  cannot  withstand  them  : 
give  gifts  and  bribes  to  move  Penelope,  and  with  threats  able  to  terrify  Susanna. 
How  many  Proserpinas,  with  those  catchpoles,  doth  Pluto  take .''  These  are  the 
sleepy  rods  with  which  their  souls  touched  descend  to  hell ;  this  the  glue  or  lime 
with  which  the  wings  of  the  mind  once  taken  cannot  fly  away;  the  deviPs  ministers 
to  allure,  entice,"  &c.  Many  young  men  and  maids,  without  all  question,  are  invei- 
gled by  these  Eumenides  and  their  associates.  But  these  are  trivial  and  well  known. 
The  most  sly,  dangerous,  and  cunning  bawds,  are  your  knavish  physicians,  empyrics, 
mass-priests,  monks,  'Jesuits,  and  friars.  Though  it  be  against  Hippocrates'  oath, 
some  of  them  will  give  a  dram,  promise  to  restore  maidenheads,  and  do  it  without 
danger,  make  an  abortion  if  need  be,  keep  down  their  paps,  hinder  conception,  pro- 
cure lust,  make  them  able  with  Satyrions,  and  now  and  then  step  in  themselves. 
No  monastery  so  close,  house  so  private,  or  prison  so  well  kept,  but  these  honest 
men  are  admitted  to  censure  and  ask  questions,  to  feel  their  pulse  beat  at  their  bed- 
side, and  all  under  pretence  of  giving  physic.  Now  as  for  monks,  confessors,  and 
friars,  as  he  said, 

-  ■'  Noti  aiidet  Stytrius  Pluto  tentare  quod  audet  I         "  That  Stygian  Pluto  dares  not  tempt  or  do, 

EflffKiiis  inoiiachu3,  plenaqiie  fraudis  anus;"  |  W^liat  an  old  hag  or  monk  will  undergo  ;" 

cither  for  himself  to  satisfy  his  own  lust,  for  another,  if  he  be  hired  thereto,  or  both 
at  once,  having  such  excellent  means.  For  under  colour  of  visitation,  auricular  con- 
fession, comfort  and  penance,  they  have  free  egress  and  regress,  and  corrupt,  God 
knows,  how  many.  They  can  such  trades,  some  of  them,  practise  physic,  use 
exorcisms,  &c, 

'  That  whereas  was  wont  to  walk  and  Elf, 
There  now  walks  the  Limiter  himself. 
In  every  bush  and  under  enery  tree. 
There  needs  no  other  Incubus  but  he. 

*  ]n  the  mountains  between  Dauphine  and  Savoy,  the  friars  persuaded  the  good  wives 
to  counterfeit  themselves  possessed,  that  their  husbands  might  give  them  free  access, 
and  were  so  familiar  in  those  days  witli  some  of  them,  that,  as  one  ^ol)serves, 
"  wenches  could  not  sleep  in  their  beds  for  necromantic  friars  :  and  the  good  abbess 
in  Boccaccio  may  in  some  "^"t  witness,  that  rising  betimes,  mistook  and  put  on  the 
fria*i-'s  breeches  instead  o.  ner  veil  or  hat.     You  have  heard  the  story,  J  presume,  of 

*  Paulina,  a  chaste  matron  in  ^gesippus,  whom  one  of  Isis's  priests  did  prostitute  to 
Mundus,  a  young  knight,  and  made  her  believe  it  was  their  god  Anubis.  Many  such 
pranks  are  played  by  our  Jesuits,  sometimes  in  their  own  habits,  sometimes  in  others, 
like  soldiers,  courtiers,  citizens,  scholars,  gallants,  and  women  themselves.  Proteus- 
like, in  all  forms  and  disguises,  that  go  abroad  in  the  night,  to  inescate  and  beguile 

"  Plautus  Menech.    "  These  harlots  send  little  maid-  ]  animee  ad  Orcum  descendunt ;  hoc  gluten  quo  compacts  . 

incntium  al.T  evolare  iiequennt,  dsmonis  ancillae,  quis 
sollicitant,  See.  'See  the  practices  of  tlip  Jesuits, 

Anglice,  edit.  1C30.  =  .lEn.  Sylv.  3  Chuucer, 

in  the  wife  of  Bath's  tale.  ^  H.  Stephanas  Apol. 

Herod,  lib.  1.  cap.  21.  sBale.     Piiella;  in  lectis 

dormire  non  poterant.  "  Idem  Jo»?phus,  lib.  13- 

cap.  4. 


ens  dr.vn  to  the  quays  to  ascertain  the  name  and  na^ 
ti'j:^  of  every  ship  that  arrives,  after  which  they  them- 
selves hasten  to  address  the  new-comers."  ""i  Pro- 
niissis  everlierant,  molliunt  dulciloquiis,  et  opportuiium 
temi)iis  ancupaiites  laqiieos  ingerunt  quos  vix  Lucretia 
viiare;  escani  paraiit  quam  vel  satiir  Hippolitus  sunie- 
vet.  &c.   Hk  sane  sunt  virga-  soporifirra;  quibus  contacts 


2R 


<94  Lovc-Mclancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  3 

young'  women,  or  to  have  tlieir  pleasure  of  other  men's  wives ;  and,  if  we  may 
believe  'some  relations,  they  have  wardrobes  of  several  suits  in  the  colleges  for  tliat 
purpose.  Howsoever  in  public  they  pretend  much  zeal,  seem  to  be  very  holy  men. 
and  bitterly  preach  against  adultery,  fornication,  there  are  no  verier  bawds  or  whore- 
masters  in  a  countrv;  ^'"-  whose  soul  they  should  gain  to  God,  they  sacrifice  to  the 
devil."     But  I  spare  these  men  for  the  present. 

The  last  battering  engines  are  philters,  amulets,  spells,  charms,  images,  and  such 
unlawful  means :  if  they  cannot  prevail  of  themselves  by  the  help  of  bawds,  pan- 
ders, and  their  adherents,  they  will  fly  for  succour  to  the  devil  himself.  I  know 
there  be  those  that  deny  the  devil  can  do  any  such  thing  (Crato  cpist.  '2.  lib.  tiicd.)^ 
and  manv  divines,  there  is  no  other  fascination  than  that  which  comes  by  the  eyes, 
of  which  I  have  formerly  spoken ;  and  if  you  desire  to  be  better  informed,  read 
Camcrarius,  oper  snhcis.  cent.  2.  c.  5.  It  was  given  out  of  old,  that  a  Thessalian 
wench  had  bewitched  King  Philip  to  dote  upon  her,  and  by  phdters  enforced  hia 
love;  but  when  Olympia,  the  Queen, 'saw  the  maid  of  an  excellent  beauty,  well 
brought  up,  and  qualified — these,  quoth  she,  were  the  philters  which  inveigled  King 
Philip;  those  the  true  charms,  as  Ilenrj'  to  Rosamond, 

•"One  accent   roin  thy  lips  the  WdoiI  more  warms, 
Thnii  all  thrir  philters,  exorcisms,  ami  charms." 

With  this  alone  Lucretia  brags  in  '"Areline,  she  could  do  more  than  all  philosophers, 
astrologers,  alchymists,  necromancers,  witches,  and  the  rest  of  the  crew.  As  for 
herbs  and  philters,  I  could  never  skill  of  them,  ''The  sole  philter  that  ever  I 
used  was  ki.ssing  and  embracing,  by  which  alone  I  made  men  rave  like  beasts  stupi- 
lied,  and  compelled  them  to  worship  me  like  an  idol."  In  our  times  it  is  a  conunon 
thing,  saith  Eiastus,  in  hi.s  book  dc  LuniiiSj  for  witches  to  take  upon  tlitin  the  mak- 
ing of  these  phiU(;rs,  "''  to  force  men  and  women  to  love  and  hate  whom  they  will, 

to  cause  tempests,  diseases,"  Stc.  by  cliunns,  spells,  characters,  knots. '"///c  Tlics- 

salii  vendit  PhiUra.  St.  Ilierome  proves  that  they  can  ilo  it  (as  in  Ililarius'  life, 
epist.  lib.  'V) ;  he  hath  a  story  of  a  young  man,  that  with  a  philter  made  a  maid  mad 
for  the  love  of  him,  which  maid  was  after  cured  by  llilarian.  Such  instances  1  liiul 
in  John  Nidcr,  Formicar.  lib.  5.  cup.  5.  Plutarch  records  of  Lucullus  that  he  died 
of  a  philter;  and  that  Cleopatra  used  philters  to  inveigle  Antony,  amongst  other 
allurements.  Eusebius  reports  as  much  of  Lucretia  the  poet.  Panonnitan.  Ub.  4.  de 
gest.  Alphnnsi.1  hath  a  story  of  one  Stephan.  a  Neapolitan  knight,  that  by  a  phdter 
was  forced  to  run  mad  for  love.  But  of  all  others,  that  which  '^  Petrarch,  c/*is^ 
famil.  lib.  1.  ep.  5,  relates  of  Charles  the  Great  (Charlemagne)  is  most  memorable, 
lie  foolishly  doted  upon  a  woman  of  mean  favour  and  condition,  many  years  to- 
getlier,  wholly  delighting  in  her  company,  to  the  great  grief  and  indignation  of  his 
lliends  and  followers.  When  she  was  dead,  he  did  embrace  her  corpse,  as  Apollo 
did  the  bav-tree  for  his  Daphne,  and  caused  her  cofiin  (richly  embalmed  and  decked 
with  jewels)  to  be  carried  about  with  him,  over  which  he  still  lamented.  At  last  a 
venerable  bishop,  that  followed  his  court,  prayed  earnestly  to  God  (commiserating 
his  lord  and  master's  case)  to  know  the  true  cause  of  this  mad  passion,  and  whence 
it  proceeded ;  it  was  revealed  to  him,  in  fine,  "  that  the  cause  of  the  emperor's  mad 
love  lav  under  the  dead  woman's  tongue."  The  bishop  went  hastily  to  tlie  carcass, 
and  took  a  small  ring  thence ;  upon  the  removal  the  emperor  abhorred  the  corpse, 
and,  instead  '*  of  it,  fell  as  furiously  in  love  with  the  bishop,  he  would  not  suiTer 
him  to  be  out  of  his  presence;  which  when  the  bishop  perceived,  he  flung  the  ring 
into  the  midst  of  a  great  lake,  where  the  king  then  was.  From  that  hour  the  em- 
peror neglected  all  his  other  houses,  dwelt  at  '*Ache,  built  a  fair  house  in  the  midst 
of  the  marsh,  to  his  infinite  expense,  and  a  '*  temple  by  it,  where  after  he  was  buried, 
and  in  which  city  all  his  posterity  ever  since  use  to  be  crowned.   Marcus  the  heretic 

■■Liberedil  Aiiciista  Vindclicnriini,  An.  ICOH,  sQua-  |  velint;  odia  int'-r  conjuges  aerendi,  temi^^-state*  exri 
rum    aiiimas   lurj.iri   drbcnt    IKo,  sacritiraiil    ili.-ib«lri.     tamli.  nuirhos  Mifli;;eiidi,  4cc  '^  juvrnalis  t<a(. 

•  M.  Urayton,  llor  epi-it.  '<•  Piirrio'lidajcaln  dial.  |  '•  Idem  rrfert  lleii.'Kormannuide  mir.  nii.rt.  Iih.  leap. 

Iial.  l.a(in.  t'iict.  a  Gnsp.   Barthiit.     Plus  possum  i|iiaiii     14.     Penlile  amavit  miilierculaiii  mt  tn> 

omncs    phil<  sophi,    a-ttrolo^i,    n<.-cr(>iiiaiilici.  ice.    pnl.i     pleiihus  ac'iuitscens, summa  cum  .ixiruic 

saliva    iii>iiii;>.'ii',   I.  ainplexu    et    basiis   tam    furiiisi-     t-t  dolnre.  '<  Et  inJe  tolus  i:  .n  fiircre. 

furtre,    t.im    U'^lialiter    olK-lutitsieri   coti-i,    ul    iimiar  1  illiun  colere.         "  Aqiii»«r«nuin,  miIjJi  .^iie  .«  Ub 

idoli  me  ailorariiit  I'^agx  oinnes  ;ibi  arrogant    iiitnso  fumptu  templuio  el  Kdet.  k.c. 

noiitiani,  ct   faculiaiem    in  aioarem    alliciendi   qucn  | 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  5.]  Artificial  Allurements.  495 

is  accused  by  Ircnoeus  to  have  inveigled  a  young  maid  b^  this  means ;  and  some 
writers  speak  hardly  of  the  Lady  Katharine  Cobhani,  that  by  the  same  art  she  cir 
cumvented  Humphrey  Duke  of  Gloucester  to  be  her  husband.  Sycinius  iEmilianus 
summoned  '■  Apuleius  to  come  before  Cneius-  Maximus,  proconsul  of  x\frica,  that  he 
being  a  poor  fellow,  "  had  bewitched  by  philters  Pudentilla,  an  ancient  rich  matron, 
to  love  him,"  and,  being  worth  so  many  thousand  sesterces,  to  be  his  wife.  Agrippa, 
lib.  1.  caj).  48.  occult.  j)hilos.  attributes  much  in  this  kind  to  philters,  amulets,  images: 
and  Salmutz  com.  in  Pancirol.  Tit.  10.  de  Horol.  Leo  Afer,  lib.  3,  sailh,  'tis  an 
ordinary  practice  at  Fez  in  Africa,  Prcesiigiatores  ibi  plures,  qui  cogunf  amoves  et 
concubitus:  as  skilful  all  out  as  that  hyperborean  magician,  of  whom  Cleodemus,  in 
'^  Lucian,  tells  so  many  fine  feats  performed  in  this  kind.  But  Erastus,  Wierus,  and 
others  are  against  it ;  they  grant  indeed  such  things  may  be  done,  but  (as  Wierus 
discourseth,  lib.  3.  dc  Lamiis.  cap.  37.)  not  by  charms,  incantations,  philters,  but  the 
devil  himself;  lib.  5.  cap.  2.  he  contends  as  much ;  so  doth  Freitagius,  noc.  med.  cap. 
74.  Andreas  Cisalpinus,  cap.  5 ;  and  so  much  Sigismundus  Schereczius,  cap.  9.  de 
hirco  noctiirno,  proves  at  large.  '^"Unchaste  women  by  the  help  of  these  witches, 
the  devil's  kitchen  maids,  have  their  loves  brought  to  them  in  the  night,  and  carried 
back  again  by  a  phantasm  flying  in  the  air  in  the  likeness  of  a  goat.  I  have  heard 
(saith  he)  divers  confess,  that  they  have  been  so  carried  on  a  goat's  back  to  their 
sweethearts,  many  miles  in  a  night."  Others  are  of  opinion  that  these  feats,  which 
most  suppose  to  be  done  by  charms  and  philters,  are  merely  effected  by  natural 
causes,  as  by  man's  blood  chemically  prepared,  which  much  avails,  sailh  Ernestus 
Burgranius,  in  Lucernd  vita,  et  mortis  Indice,  ad  amorcm  conciliandu?)i  et  odium.,  (so 
huntsmen  make  their  dogs  love  them,  and  farmers  their  puUen,)  'tis  an  excellent 
philter,  as  he  holds,  sed  vulgo  prodere  grande  ncfas,  but  not  fit  to  be  made  common: 
and  so  be  Mala  insana,  mandrake  roots,  mandrake  ^°  apples,  precious  stones,  dead 
ftien's  clothes,  candles,  mala  Bacchica,  panis  jiorcinus,  Hyppotnanes.1  a  certain  hair 
m  a  "  wolf's  tail,  &c.,  of  which  Rhasis,  Dioscorides,  Porta,  Wecker,  Rubeus,  Mi- 
^aldus,  Albertus,  treat :  a  swallow's  heart,  dust  of  a  dove's  heart,  mullum  valent 
linguce.  vipcrarum,  cerebella  asinorum,  tela  equina.,  palliola  quibus  infantes  obvoluti 
nascuntur,  fujiis  strangulati  hominis,  lapis  de  nido  Jiquil<x,  S)X.  See  more  in  Scken- 
kius  obscrvat.  medicinal.,  lib.  4.  Stc,  which  are  as  forcible  and  of  as  much  virtue  as 
that  fountain  Salmacis  in  ^^''itruvius,  Ovid,  Strabo,  that  made  all  such  mad  for  love 
that  drank  of  it,  or  that  hot  bath  at  ^^  Aix  in  Germany,  wlierein  Cupid  once  dipt  his 
arrows,  which  ever  since  hath  a  peculiar  virtue  to  make  them  lovers  all  that  wash  in 
it.     But  hear  the  poet's  own  description  of  it, 

24  •' Uiide  hie  fervor  aquis  terra  erunipentibus  uda?      I  Inqiiit,  et  hKc  pharetrae  siiit  moiiumenta  inex. 

Tela  olim  hie  ludeiis  igiiea  tiiixit  amor  ;  Kx  illo  fcrvet,  rarusqia'  hie  mergitur  hospes, 

Etgaiideiis  stridore  novo,  fervete  pereiines  |  Cm  non  titillel  ptctura  blaiidus  amor." 

These  above-named  remedies  have  happily  as  much  power  as  that  bath  of  Aix,  or 
Venus'  enchanted  girdle,  in  which,  sailh  Natales  Comes,  '•'•  Love  toys  and  dalliance, 
pleasantness,  sweetness,  persuasions,  subtleties,  gentle  speeches,  and  all  witchcraft  to 
enforce  love,  was  contained."  Read  more  of  these  in  Agrippa  dc  occult.  Philos.  lib. 
1.  cap.  bO.et  45.  Malleus  malefic,  part.  1.  qucest.  7.  Delrio  torn.  2.  que  t.  3.  lib.  3. 
Wierus,  Pomponatis,  c«j5.  8.  de  incantat.  Ficinus,  lib.  13.  Theol.  Plal.  Calcagni- 
nus,  &,c. 


"  Apolog.  quod  Pudentillam  viduam  ditem  et  provec- 
tioris  Ktatis  t'cemiiiain  Ciiiituiiiiiiibiis  in  aniorem  sui 
pellexissec.  '"  I'liilopseudu,  loin.  U.  ■"  linpudita; 

iiiuliere.s  opera  venelieariim,  diaboli  coquaruin,  ania- 
tores  suos  ad  se  nuctu  duciint  et  rediicunt,  niinisterio 
hirri  in  aiire  volantis:  miiltos  novi  qui  hoc  fassi  sunt, 


grano.  si  Baltheus  Veneris,  in  quo  suavitas,  et 

duleia  colloquia,  biMievolentia',  et  l>laMdili:e.  suasiones, 
t'raudcs  et  veneficia  inchidehuMtur.  "  Whenc?  lliat 
heal  to  waters  bubbling  from  tin:  cold  nioifl  earth? 
Cupid,  once  upon  a  time,  playlully  <li()|ieil  li.'rt'iii  liii 
arrows  of  eteel,  and  delighleil  with  ilie  his.sins  sound, 


&c.        20  Mandrake  apples,  Lemnius  lib.  herb.  bib.  c.'i.     he  said,  boil  on  for  ever,  and  retain  the  iiir?niory  of  my 
2'  Of  which  read  Plin.  lib.  y.  cap.  i-i.  et  lib.  13.  c.  ^5.  et  |  quiver.  From  that  time  it  is  a  thermal  spring,  in  wliicfi 
(iuintili.inuin,  lib.  7.        '^  1-ib.  11.  c.  8.  Venere  implicat  i  few  venture  to  bathe,  but  whosoever  does,  his  hiarl  i? 
eos,  qui  ex  eo  bibunt.     Idem  Ov.  Met.  4.  Strabo.  Geog.  i  instantly  touched  with  love." 
1. 14.        '^hoA.  tiuicciardine'8  descript.  Ger.  in  Aquts-  I 


i96  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec  2. 

MEMB.  III. 

Si'BSECT.  1 . —  Symptoms  or  signs  of  Love  Melancholy,  in  Body^Mind,  good,  had,  Sfc. 

Symptoms  are  either  of  body  or  mind ;  of  body,  paleness,  leanness,  dryness,  &c. 
-^ Pallidus  omnis  amans,  color  hie  est  aptus  amanii,  as  the  poet  describes  lovers: 
ft'cil  amor  macicin,  love  causeth  leanness.  ^Avicenna  de  Jlishi,  c.  33.  ''makes  hol- 
low eyes,  dryness,  symptoms  of  this  disease,  to  go  smiling  to  themselves,  or  acting 
as  if  tliey  saw  or  heard  some  delectable  object."  Valleriola,  lib.  3.  observat.  cap.  7. 
I-aurentius,  cap.  10.  jElianus  Montaltus  de  Her.  amorc.  Langius,  epist.  24.  lib.  1. 
'pint.  vied,  deliver  as  much,  corpus  exangue  pallet,  corpus  gracile,  octili  civi,  lean, 

l^ale. ut  niidis  qui  pressit  calcibus  unguem,  '^  as  one  who  trod  with  naked  foot 

upon  a  snake,"  hollow-eyed,  their  eyes  are  hidden  in  their  heads, ^  Tenerque 

nitidi  corposis  cecidit  decor,  they  pine  away,  and  look  ill  with  waking,  cares,  siglis. 

"  Et  qui  li;ncbant  sigiia  Plitthp.T  fari!" 
Uculi,  nihil  gentile  nee  p»(riiiiii  iiiicai)!." 

-And  eyes  that  once  rivalled  the  locks  of  Phcebus,  lose  the  patrial  and  paternal 
lustre."     With  groans,  griefs,  sadness,  dulness, 

* "  Nulla  jam  Cereris  8ubi      "* 

Cura  aul  «aluli!>" 

want  of  appetite,  &.c.  A  reason  of  all  this,  ^  Jason  Pralensis  gives,  "  because  of  the 
distraction  of  the  spirits  the  liver  doth  not  perform  his  part,  nor  turns  the  aliment 
intu  blood  as  it  ought,  and  for  that  cause  the  members  are  weak  for  want  of  suste- 
nance, they  are  lean  aiul  pine,  as  the  herbs  of  my  garden  do  this  month  of  May,  for 
want  of  rain."  The  green  sickness  therefore  often  happeneth  to  young  women,  a 
cachexia  or  an  evil  habit  to  men,  besides  their  ordinary  sighs,  coinpluiiits,  an<' 
himentalions,  which  are  too  frequent.  As  drops  from  a  still, — ut  occluso  slillut  ah 
ignc  liquor,  duth  Cupid's  fire  provoke  tears  froni  a  true  lover's  eyes, 

*> "The  mighty  .Mars  did  olt  for  Venui  ihriek,  I         " "  igiiiii  dtstillal  in  umlaf, 

Privily  niiiMteiiiiig  hi»  horrid  cheek  Te«lii  erit  larguii  qui  rij;at  nra  liquor," 

Wilh  wu^lalll^h  learn, | 

with  many  such  like  passions.  When  Chariclia  was  enamoured  of  Theagines,  as 
**  Heliodorus  sets  her  out,  "she  was  half  distracted,  and  spake  she  knew  not  what, 
sighed  to  herself,  lay  much  awake,  and  was  lean  upon  a  sudden  :"  and  when  she  was 
besotted  on  her  son-in-law,  ^pallor  deformis,  marcentes  oculi,  Sfc,  she  had  ugly 
paleness,  hollow  eyes,  restless  thoughts,  short  wind,  &.c.  Eurialus,  in  an  epistle 
sent  to  Lucrelia,  his  mistress,  complains  amongst  other  grievances,  tu  mihi  et  somni 
et  cibi  usum  abstulisti,  thou  hast  taken  my  stomach  and  my  sleep  from  me.  So  he 
describes  it  aright :         • 

»<  His  sleep,  h's  meal,  his  drink,  in  Aim  bereft, 
T/iat  lean  he  icaie'.h,  and  dry  as  a  shaft, 
his  ryes  holloic  and  grisly  to  behold. 
His  hete  pate  and  ashen  to  unfold. 
And  sotilary  he  teas  erer  alone, 
And  KuiiHg  all  the  night  making  mone. 

Theocritus  Edyl.  2.  makes  a  fair  maid  of  Delphos,  in  love  with  a  young  man  of 
Minda,  coiifess  as  much, 

**  (ft  vidi  lit  inFaiiii,  ut  animus  mihi  male  afleclus  est, 
Mi!<enc  mihi  forma  tiibe:icebat.  neqiie  ampliuii  pompam 
Ullurii  ciirabain.  aut  quainlo  doinuin  reilieram 
Nuvi,  sed  me  ardeiis  quidara  raorbua  connumebat, 

Di-cubiii  in  lerto  (lies  (t>'Ce:ii,  el  iioctt'jt  ileceiu,  ,,  ,     ,.         .  i         ... 

Defluebant  cap.te  capilli.  ip«aque  sola  reliqua  1  '  "•>■  ^P;"'  "'>"  '*''  '«"  .•Ja>"  ?'"'.  "'fh^ 

(»ssa  et  culls"- •   e    1  ■»  j  A  »keleton  1  was  in  all  men  »  sights. 

All  these  passions  are  well  expressed  by  *  that  heroical  poet  in  the  person  of  Dido : 

"  At  nnn  infxlix  aiiimi  Pli3-ni$sa,  nee  uiiquam  |  "  Unhappy  Diilo  rouM  not  sleep  at  all, 

Solvilur  in  snninos,  ^culi^qlle  ac  (lectore  amorea  I  B'll  lies  annke,  and  takes  no  rent: 

Accipit ;  intfeminaiit  curx,  rurausque  resurgena  j  And  up  she  gets  again,  whilst  care  and  grief, 

Ssvit  amor,"  ice.  '  And  raging  love  torment  her  breast." 

**Ovid.     Faeit    hunc    amor   ipse    colnrem.     Mel.  4.  I  bra  debilia.  et  penuria  alibilii  succi  marre«cuni.  sqiia. 

^  Sijiua  ejus  profuiidiias  nculorum,  privatio  lachrynia-  leiilque  ut  herbir  in  borto  meo  hoc  meii*«  Maio  Zerisca, 

rum.  su^piria.  Kept-  ridenl  sibi.  ac  si  quod  deleclatile  ob  imbrium  defectum.        "  Kaerie  Clueene  I  3.  cant.  11. 

viderent,  aut  aiidirenl.  *' Seneca  Hip.  *  Seneca  »  .Aiiiator  Cmlileni.  3.  »  I.ib.  4.     Annuo  errat,  et 

Uip.  ^  Ue  iiinris  cerebri  de  erot.  amore.     Oh  spiri-  qiiidvis  obvium  loquitur,  vigilias  ab«que  causa  sustinel, 

tuum  distractioiicm  hepar  officio  suo  non  funcitur.  nee  el  succum  corpori.t  subito  amisit.  *  Apiilriua. 

vertit  alinientuui  in  sanguinem,  ut  debeat.    Ergo  mem-  xcbaucer,  in  itie  Koight'a  Tale.  '^Vir§.  ^n.i. 


No  fMV>ner  seen  I  had,  but  mad  I  was. 
My  beauty  fail'd.  and  I  no  more  did  care 
For  any  |>ouip,  I  knew  not  where  I  was. 
But  sick  I  wa4.  and  evil  I  did  fare; 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1.]  Symptoms  of  Love.  497 

Accius  Sanazarius  Egloga  2.  dc  Galatea,  in  the  same  manner  feigns  his  Lyclioris 
^"  tormenting  herself  for  want  of  sleep,  sighing,  sobbing,  and  lamenting ;  and  Eusta- 
thiiis  in  liis  Ismenias  nuich  troubled,  and  ^"'' panting  at  heart,  at  the  siglit  of  his  mis- 
tress," he  could  not  sleep,  his  bed  was  thorns.  ''^All  make  leanness,  want  of  appe- 
tite, want  of  sleep  ordinary  symptoms,  and  by  that  means  they  are  brought  often  so 
low,  so  much  altered  and  changed,  that  as  ^®he  jested  in  the  comedy,  "one  scarce 
know  them  to  be  the  same  men." 

"Attennant  juvenum  vigilatffi  corpora  noctes, 
Curaquc  et  imineriso  qui  fit  amore  dolor." 

Many  such  symptoms  there  are  of  the  body  to  discern  lovers  by, quls  cnim  bene 

celet  amorem  ?  Can  a  man,  saith  Solomon,  Prov.  vi.  27,  carry  fire  in  his  bosom  and 
not  burn  .^  it  will  hardly  be  hid  ;   though  they  do  all  they  can  to  hide  it,  it  nmst  out, 

plus  quam  milh  notis it  may  be  described,  ■""  quoque  mag'i.s  tegitur,  tectus  magis 

CBstuat  ignis.  'Twas  Antiphanes  the  comedian's  observation  of  old.  Love  and  drunken- 
ness cannot  be  concealed,  Celare  alia  possis,  hcec  prcBler  duo.,  vini.  potum,  6fc.  words, 
looks,  gestures,  all  will  betray  thein ;  but  two  of  the  most  notable  signs  are  observed 
by  the  pulse  and  countenance.  When  Antiochus,  the  son  of  Seleucus,  was  sick  for 
Stratonice,  his  mother-in-law,  and  would  not  confess  his  grief,  or  the  cause  of  his 
disease,  Erasistratus,  the  physician,  found  hii.n  by  his  pulse  and  countenance  to  be  in 
love  with  her,  ■"  '•  because  that  when  she  came  in  presence,  or  was  named,  his  pulse 
varied,  and  he  blushed  besides."  hi  this  very  sort  was  the  love  of  Callices,  the  son 
of  Polycles,  discovered  by  Panacaeas  the  physician,  as  you  may  read  the  story  at 
large  in  '^Aristenagtus.  By  the  same  signs  Galen  brags  that  he  found  out  Justa, 
Boethius  the  consul's  wife,  to  dote  on  Pylades  the  player,  because  at  his  name  still 
she  both  altered  pulse  and  countenance,  as  ''^  Polyarchus  did  at  the  name  of  Argenis. 
Franciscus  Valesius,  I.  3.  controv.  13.  ?ned.  contr.  denies  there  is  any  such  pulsus 
ajiiatorius,  or  that  love  may  be  so  discerned  ;  but  Avicenna  confirms  this  of  Galen 
out  of  his  experience,  lib.  3.  Fen.  1.  and  Gordonius,  cap.  20.  ''*'•' Their  pulse,  he 
saith,  is  ordinate  and  swift,  if  she  go  by  whom  he  loves,"  Langius,  epist.  24.  lib.  1. 
med.  epist.  Neviscanus,  lib.  4.  numer.  66.  syl.  nuptialis.,  Valescus  de  Taranta,  Guia- 
nerius,  Tract.  15.  Valeriola  sets  down  this  for  a  symptom,  ''^  ^  Difference  of  pulse, 
neglect  of  business,  want  of  sleep,  often  sighs,  blushings,  when  there  is  any  speech 
of  their  mistress,  are  manifest  signs."  But  amongst  the  rest,  Josephus  Struthis,  that 
Polonian,  in  the  fifth  book,  cap.  17.  of  his  Doctrine  of  Pulses,  holds  that  tliis  and 
all  other  passions  of  the  mhid  may  be  discovered  by  the  pulse.  '"'"And  if  you  will 
know,  saith  he,  whether  the  men  suspected  be  such  or  such,  touch  their  arteries," 
&,c.  And  in  his  fourth  book,  fourteenth  chapter,  he  speaks  of  this  particular  pulse, 
'""Love  makes  an  unequal  pulse,"  Sec,  he  gives  instance  of  a  gentlewoman,  "* a 
patient  of  his,  whom  by  this  means  he  found  to  be  much  enamoured,  and  with 
whom :  he  named  many  persons,  but  at  the  last  when  his  name  came  whom  he  sus- 
pected, ''^"  her  pulse  began  to  vary  and  to  beat  swifter,  and  so  by  often  feeling  her 
pulse,  he  perceived  what  the  matter  was."  Apollonius  Argonaut,  lib.  4.  poetically 
setting  down  the  meeting  of  Jason  and  Medea,  makes  them  both  to  blush  at  one 
another's  sight,  and  at  the  first  they  were  not  able  to  speak. 


'  totus  Parineno 


Tremo,  horreoque  postquara  aspuxi  banc," 

Phaedria  trembled  at  the  sight  of  Thais,  others  sweat,  blow  short.  Crura  tremunl  ac 

poplites., are  troubled  with  palpitation  of  heart  upon  the  like  occasion,  cor  proxi- 

mum  on,  saith  ^'Aristenaetus,  their  heart  is  at  their  mouth,  leaps,  these  burn  and 
freeze,  (for  love  is  fire,  ice,  hot,  cold,  itch,  fever,  frenzy,  pleurisy,  what  not)  they 


*'Dumvasa  pas^sitn  sidera  fulgent,  numeral  lonjras 
I'tricus  horas,  et  sollicito  nixus  cubito  suspirando  vis- 
era  runipit.  s'Saliebat  crebro  tepiilutn  cor  ad 
■spectum  Isnienes.  3s  Gordonius  c.  20.  ainittunt 
sspe  cibuiii.  potuni,  et  inerceratur  iude  totuni  corpus. 
*  Ter.  Eunuch.  Dii  boni,  quid  hoc  est.  adeone  homines 
inutari  ex  ainore,  iit  non  coenoscas  eundem  esse! 
<"  Ovid.  Met.  4.  "  The  more  it  is  concealed  the  more  it 
struggles  to  break  through  its  concealment."  "lo  Ad 
ejus  nowen  ruhebat,  et  ad  aspectum  pulsus  variebatur. 
I'lutar.  "Epist.  13.  «  Barck.  lib.  1.  Oculi 
medico  tremors  errabant.               **  Pulsus  eoruin  velox 

63  2r2 


et  inordinatus,  si  mulier  quam  amat  forte  transeat. 
■•5 Signa  sunt  cessatio  ab  omni  opere  insueto.  privatio 
sonini,  suspiria  crebra.ruborcumsit  serniode  re  amata, 
et  commotio  pulsus.  <<>  Si  noscere  vis  an  liomjnes 

suspect!  tales  sint,  tangito  eorum  arterias.  •"  Amor 

facit  ina;quales.  inordinatos.  ■**  In  nobilis  cujus 

dam  uxore  quuai  subolfacerem  adulteri  amore  fuisse 
correptam  et  quam  maritus,  &;c.  "  Cepit  illica 

pulsus  variari  et  fern  celerius  et  sic  inveni.  ^  Eu 

iiuch.  act.  2.  seen.  2.  si  Epist.  7.  lib.  2.  Tener  audot 
et  crcber  anhelitus,  palpitatio  cordis.  &c. 


498  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2, 

ook  pale,  red,  and  commonly  blush  at  their  first  congress ;  and  sometimes  through 
violent  agitation  of  spirits  bleed  at  nose,  or  when  she  is  talked  of;  which  very  sign 
^  Eustatliius  makes  an  argument  of  Ismene's  affection,  that  when  she  met  her  sweet- 
heart by  chance,  she  changed  her  countenance  to  a  maiden-blush.  'Tis  a  common 
thing  amongst  lovers,  as  ^^Arnulphus,  that  merry-conceited  bisliop,  hath  well  ex- 
pressed in  a  facetious  epigram  of  liis, 

"Altfriio  fni'ies  Bibi  dat  responsa  rubore,  I  "Their  face?  answer,  and  by  blushing  say. 

Et  tener  atructuni  proilit  utrique  pudor,"  ice.  \  tlnw  both  atfecli'd  an*,  thi-y  do  butray." 

But  the  best  conjectures  are  taken  from  such  symptoms  as  appear  when  they  are 
both  present;  all  their  speeches,  amorous  glances,  actions,  lascivious  gestures  will 
betray  them  ;  they  cannot  contain  themselves,  but  that  they  will  be  still  kissing, 
"Slratocles,  the  physician,  upon  his  wedding-day,  when  he  was  at  dinner,  JV7AiZ 
jprius  sorbillavit,  quam  tria  basin  jnirllcp  yavi'jrel.^  could  not  eat  his  meat  for  kissing 
the  britle,  &.c.  First  a  word,  and  then  a  kiss,  then  some  other  compliment,  and  then 
a  kiss,  then  an  idle  question,  then  a  kiss,  and  when  he  had  pumped  his  wits  dry,  ran 
say  no  mure,  kissing  and  culling  are  never  out  of  season,  "^Uoc  non  deficit  incipitque 
semper,  'tis  never  at  an  end,  ^another  kiss,  and  then  another,  another,  and  another, 
Stc. — hue  ades  O  Thelayra — Cume  kiss  me  Corinna  .' 


'Centum  hasia  cviiliei, 
CVntiiiii  basia  inilliea, 
Mille  basia  inilli>-a, 
Kl  (ol  inillia  inillieg, 
U>i.<'I  i^utta-  Siculii  inari, 
Uuot  Kiiiit  8idera  ccelo, 
Is(i«  purpuri;ii4  g<-iii4, 
Isim  tur^idulm  lubri!), 
Ovrlisque  lixjuacuhs, 
Fi^ain  i-onliiiuo  luipKtu; 

O  I'oriiiiisa  NVitrn.  (Aa  Catullus  tu  Leabia.) 
Da  iiiihi  baiiia  mill*;,  deindi  rentuni, 
Ik'iii  millf  altera,  da  tiicunda  centuoi, 
DeiM  usque  altera  millia,  deiiide  ceiitum." 


"first  eive  a  hundred, 

Then  a  thousand,  then  another 
Hundred,  thcti  unto  the  other 
Add  a  thousand,  and  so  more,"  Sic 


Till  you  equal  with  the  store,  all  the  grass,  &c.  So  Venus  did  by  her  Adonis,  the 
moon  with  Endymion,  they  are  still  dallying  and  culling,  as  so  many  doves,  C'olum- 
batimque  labra  cotiserentes  lubiis,  and  that  with  alacrity  and  courage, 


**"  Affligunt  avid^  corpus,  junyuntciue  »aliva« 
Oris,  et  inspirant  prensantes  dentibua  ura." 

•"  Tarn  impresso  ore  ut  rix  inde  lahra  detrahant,  cervice  reclinata, "  as  L'lmprias  in 
Lucian  kissed  Thais,  Philippus  her  *'  Arista-nelus,"  amore  lymphato  lam  uriose  ud- 
hcEsil,  ut  vix  lahra  solcvre  esstt,  lutumquc  os  inihi  contrivit ;  "Aretine's  Lucretia,  by 
a  suitor  of  hers  was  so  saluted,  and  'lis  their  ordinary  fa.shion. 

"denies  illudunt  fup[i«  lahellis, 

At()ue  preinuut  arete  adti^enteg  oacula" 

They  cannot,  I  say,  contain  themselves,  they  will  be  still  not  only  joining  hands, 
kissing,  but  embracing,  treading  on  their  toes,  &.C.,  diving  into  their  bosoms,  and  that 
libenter^  et  cum  dflectatione,  as  "Pliilostratus  confesseth  to  his  mistress;  and  I^m- 
prias  in  Lucian,  Mammillas  premens,  per  sinum  clam  dtxird,  «!st.,  feeling  their  paps, 
and  thai  scarce  honestly  sometimes  :  as  the  old  man  in  the**'  Comedv  well  ob- 
served of  his  son,  .Von  fo^o /e  vidcham  manum  huic  purllce  in  sinum  inse re  f  Did 
not  1  see  thee  put  thy  hand  into  her  bosom  ?  go  to,  with  many  such  love  tricks. 
^Juno  in  Lucian  denrum,  lorn.  3.  dial.  3.  complains  to  Jupiter  of  Ixion,  *°"  he  looked 
so  attentively  on  her,  and  sometimes  would  sigh  and  weep  in  her  company,  and 
when  I  drank  by  chance,  and  gave  Ganymede  the  cup,  he  would  desire  to  drink  still 
in  the  very  cup  that  I  drank  of,  and  in  the  same  place  where  I  drank,  and  would 
kiss  the  cup,  and  then  look  steadily  on  me,  and  sometimes  sigh,  and  then  again 
smile."  If  it  be  so  they  cannot  come  near  to  dally,  have  not  that  opportunity, 
familiarity,  or  acquaintance  to  confer  and  tiilk  together;  yet  if  they  be  in  presence, 

■  Lib.  1.        »  I>?xnviensifi  epiwopud.       "  Theodorus  i  Tom.  4.     Merit,  sed  et  aperienle*,  4c.  *■  HpiM.  I& 

prodroinuR  Ainarantodinl.  Gaulinio  interpnt.  "  Pe-  •-'  Deducto  ore  longo  me  b«»io  d>-miilcet.  •  In  deticlia 
iron.  Catal.  »*Sed  uiiiini  eco  usque  et  umim  Pelam     mamma*  tuas  tanjfo,  &r.  "'I'erenl.  ••Tom.  4. 

A  tuis  lat).-lli!i.  pnitiqup  unum  et   unum   et   unuin.  dari  '  merit,  dial.  ••  Alteiilt  adeo  in  me  ispexil,  et  intrr- 

roftabo      1  <i-<'beu4  .Aiiarreon.        "  Jo.  Seciindus,  ban.  7.    dum  ingemiscebat,  et  lachryiuabatur.     Et  si  quando  M> 
•"  Tran*laitHl  i.r  imitated  by  M.  B.  Johnson,  our  arch    bens,  4c. 
ooat,  la  his  IIU  ep.        **  Lucret.  I.  4.        **  Lucian.  dial.  ; 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1 .]  Symptoms  of  Love.  499 

their  eye  will  betray  them  :  JJhi  amor  ibi  oculus,  as  the  common  saying  is,  "  where 
I  look  I  like,  and  where  I  like  I  love ;"  but  they  will  lose  themselves  in  her  looks. 

"  Alter  in  alterius  jartantes  liimina  vultus, 
Qiiaercbant  taciti  no8ter  uhresset  aaior." 

''  They  cannot  look  off  whom  they  love,"  they  will  impregnare  earn  ipsis  oculis, 
deflower  her  with  their  eyes,  be  still  gazing,  staring,  stealing  faces,  smiling,  glancing 
at  her,  as  "Apollo  on  Leucothoe,  the  moon  on  her  ^* Endymion,  when  she  stood 
still  in  Caria,  and  at  Latmos  caused  her  chariot  to  be  stayed.  They  must  all  stand 
and  admire,  or  if  she  go  by,  look  after  her  as  long  as  they  can  see  her,  she  is  anima 
auriga.f  as  Anacreon  calls  her,  they  cannot  go  by  her  door  or  window,  but,  as  an 
adamant,  she  draws  their  eyes  to  it ;  though  she  be  not  there  present,  they  must 
needs  glance  that  way,  and  look  back  to  it.  Aristensetus  of  ^^Exithemus,  Lucian, 
in  his  Imagim.  of  himself,  and  Tatius  of  Clitophon,  say  as  much,  Ille  oculos  de  Leu- 
cippe'^  nunquam  dejiciebat.)  and  many  lovers  confess  when  they  came  in  their  mis- 
tress' presence,  they  could  not  hold  off  their  eyes,  but  looked  wistfully  and  steadily 
on  her,  inconnivo  aspectu^  with  much  eagerness  and  fifreediness,  as  if  they  would 
look  through,  or  should  never  have  enough  sight  of  her.  Fixis  ardeiis  ohtutibus 
hceret ;  so  she  will  do  by  him,  drink  to  him  with  her  eyes,  nay,  drink  him  up,  de- 
vour him,  swallow  him,  as  Martial's  Mamurra  is  remembered  to  have  done  :  Impexii 
moJJes pueros.)  oculisque  comedit,  &,-c.  There  is  a  pleasant  story  to  this  purpose  in 
JYavigat.  Vertom.  lib.  3.  caj).  5.  The  sultan  of  Sana's  wife  in  Arabia,  because  Ver- 
tomannus  was  fair  and  white,  could  not  look  off  him,  from  sunrising  to  sunsetting; 
she  could  not  desist ;  she  made  him  one  day  come  into  her  chamber,  et  gemincB  horce 
spatio  intuebatur^  nan  a  me  anquam  aciem  oculorum  averlcbat,  me  observans  vcluti 
Ciipidinem  quendam.,  for  two  hours'  space  she  still  gazed  on  him.  A  young  man  in 
^'  Lucian  fell  in  love  with  Venus'  picture ;  he  came  every  morning  to  her  temple, 
and  there  continued  all  day  long"  from  sunrising  to  sunset,  unwilling  to  go  home 
at  night,  sitting  over  against  the  goddess's  picture,  he  did  continually  look  upon  her, 
and  mutter  to  himself  I  know  not  what.  If  so  be  they  cannot  see  them  whom  they 
love,  they  will  still  be  walking  and  waiting  about  their  mistress's  doors,  taking  all 
opportunity  to  see  them,  as  in  '^Longus  Sophista,  Daphnis  and  Chloe,  two  lovers, 
were  still  hovering  at  one  another's  gates,  he  sought  all  occasions  to  be  in  her  com- 
pany, to  hunt  in  summer,  and  catch  birds  in  the  frost  about  her  father's  house  in  the 
winter,  that  she  might  see  him,  and  he  her.  "^"  A  king's  palace  was  not  so  dili- 
gently attended,"  saith  Aretine's  Lucretia,  "  as  my  house  was  when  I  lay  in  Rome ; 
the  porch  and  street  was  ever  full  of  some,  Avalking  or  riding,  on  set  purpose  to  see 
me ;  their  eye  was  still  upon  my  window  ;  as  they  passed  by,  they  could  not  choose 
but  look  back  to  my  house  when  they  were  past,  and  sometimes  hem  or  cough,  or 
take  some  impertinent  occasion  to  speak  aloud,  that  I  might  look  out  and  observe 
them."  'Tis  so  in  other  places,  'tis  common  to  every  lover,  'tis  all  his  felicity  to  be 
with  her,  to  talk  with  her ;  he  is  never  well  but  in  her  company,  and  will  walk 
'^"  seven  or  eight  times  a-day  through  the  street  where  she  dwells,  and  make  sleeve- 
less errands  to  see  her ;"  plotting  still  where,  when,  and  how  to  visit  her, 

'^"Levesque  sub  nocte  susurri, 
Composita  repetuatur  hora." 

And  when  he  is  gone,  he  thinks  every  minute  an  hour,  every  hour  as  long  as  a  day, 
ten  days  a  whole  year,  till  lie  see  her  again.  "  Tempera  si  nnmeres,  bene  qiics  nume- 
ramus  amantes.  And  if  thou  be  in  love,  thou  wilt  say  so  too,  Et  Inngum  formosa 
vale,  farewell  sweetheart,  vale  charissima  ^irgenis,  &fc.  Farewell  my  dear  Argenis, 
once  more  farewell,  farewell.  And  though  he  is  to  meet  her  by  compact,  and  that 
Tcry  shortly,  perchance  to-morrow,  yet  loth  to  depart,  he'll  take  his  leave  again,  and 
again,  and  then  come  back  again,  look  after,  and  shake  his  hand,  wave  his  hat  afar 
off.  Now  gone,  he  thinks  it  long  till  he  see  her  again,  and  she  him,  the  clocks  are 
surely  set  back,  the  hour's  past, 

"Quique  omnia  cernere  debes  Leucothocn  spectas,  j  recto,  in  ipsam  perpetuo  oculorum  ictus  direiit,  &c. 
et  virjiine  figis  in  una  quos  munilo  debos  oculoii,  Ovid.  '  "'  Lib.  3.  "■•  Regum  palatium  non  lam  diligenti 

Mi-t.4.  58  Lucian.  torn.  ^.  quoties  ad  cariani  venis     custodia    septum   fuit,  ac    sdes    meas   stipabant,  &c. 

currum  sistis,  et  dfsuper  aspeclas.  *  Ex  quote     "  l7iio,  et  eodem  die  sexties  vel  septies  ambulant  per 

prinium  virii  Pvthia  alio  oculos  vertere  non  fuit.  '"'Lili.  eandem  plateam  ut  vel  unico  atnicE  suae  fruantur  as- 
4.        "  Dial,  a'morum.  '^  .\d  occasum  solis  .-egre  do-  1  pectu,  lib.  3.  Theat.  Mundi.  '^Hor.  "Ovid, 

mum  rcdiens,  atque  totum  die  ex  adverso  des  sedens  ! 


500  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec,  2. 

T9"II(ispita  Dfmn|ihnoTi  ma  te  Rodoplieia  Phillis, 
Ultra  promissuin  lempus  abesse  nuuror." 

She  looks  out  at  window  still  to  see  whether  he  come,  "and  by  report  Phillis  went 
nine  times  to  the  sea-side  that  day,  to  see  if  her  Demophoon  were  approachino;,  and 
**  Troilus  to  the  city  gates,  to  look  for  his  Creisseid.  She  is  ill  at  ease,  and  sick  till 
she  see  him  again,  peevisii  in  the  meantime;  discontent,  heavy,  sad,  and  why  conies 
he  not  ?  where  is  he  ?  wliy  breaks  he  promise  ?  why  tarries  he  so  long  ?  sure  lie  is 
not  well ;  sure  he  hath  some  mischance ;  sure  he  forgets  himself  and  me ;  with 
infinite  such.  And  then,  confident  again,  up  she  gets,  out  she  looks,  listens,  and 
inquires,  hearkens,  kens ;  every  man  afar  oft'  is  sure  he,  every  stirring  in  the  street, 
now  he  is  there,  that's  he,  viale  aurorce,  mnlcc  soli  (licit,  deiralque.,  i^-c,  tlie  longest 
day  that  ever  was,  so  she  raves,  restless  and  impatient  •,  for  Amor  nan  palilur  moras.^ 
love  brooks  no  delays:  the  time's  quickly  gone  that's  spent  in  her  company,  the 
miles  short,  tiie  way  pleasant;  all  weather  is  good  wliilst  he  goes  to  her  house,  heat 
or  cold;  though  his  teeth  chatter  in  his  head,  he  moves  not;  wet  or  dry,  tis  all  one; 
wet  to  tlie  skin,  he  feels  it  not,  cares  not  at  least  for  it,  but  will  easily  endure  it  and 
much  more,  because  it  is  done  with  alacrity,  and  for  his  mistress's  sweet  sake ;  let 
the  burdf  n  be  never  so  heavy,  love  makes  it  light.  ''  Jacob  served  seven  years  lor 
llachel,  and  it  was  quickly  gone  because  he  loved  her.  None  so  merry;  if  he  may 
happily  enjoy  her  company,  he  is  in  heaven  for  a  lime;  and  if  he  may  not,  dejected 
in  an  instant,  solitary,  silent,  he  ilcparts  weeping,  lamenting,  sighing,  comi)laining. 

But  the  symptoms  of  the  mind  in  lovers  are  ahnost  infinite,  and  so  diverse,  that 
no  art  can  comprehend  them ;  thougli  they  be  merry  sometimes,  and  rapt  beyond 
tiiemselves  for  joy:  yet  most  part,  love  is  a  plague,  a  torture,  a  hell,  a  bitter  svveel 
passion  at  last;  "j^wjor  vielle  etfelle  est  fiecundissimus,  guslum  dat  ditlcem  cl  (una- 
rum.    'Tis  stiavis  umaricies,  dolentia  delectabilis,  liilarc  turinentum ; 

<^"Et  iiic  ciii'lle  beaiit  :iuaviora, 
£t  nic  fellu  necaiil  aiiiuriura," 

like  a  summer  fly  or  sphine's  wings,  or  a  rainbow  of  all  colours, 

"Que  ad  ioWi  radios  i-Diivers'^e  nures  erarit, 
Advi-r^iis  iiub>-B  ctrul«ai',  quale  jiibar  irulin," 

fair,  foul,  and  full  of  variation,  though  mo?t  part  irksome  and  bad.  For  in  a  word, 
the  Spanish  Inquisition  is  not  comparable  to  it;  '■'a  torment"  and  *'*' execution"  as 
It  is,  as  he  calls  it  in  the  poet,  an  umpienchable  tire,  and  what  not?  "From  it,  saith 
Austin,  arise  "biting  cares,  perturbations,  passions,  sorrows,  fears,  suspicions,  dis- 
contents, contentions,  discords,  wars,  treacheries,  enmities,  flattery,  cosening,  riot, 
mipudence,  cruelty,  knavery,"  &.c. 

'*: '■''.""";  1""e"»-  I  Aut  81  lr,.t«  ii.agi«  potest  quM  esse. 

Larn.ntat.o.  lacl.ry.i.i'  perenne..  j,,^       j^^  ^^,„>^^  N.asra  vil*." 

Languor,  aiuietad,  aiiiariludo;  I 

These  be  the  companions  of  lovers,  and  the  ordinary  symptoms,  as  the  poet  repeats 
them. 

•'"  In  amure  hffc  itisiinl  vitia, 

Suspiriones,  inimicitio'.  audacic, 
Bellutn,  pax  rursuin,"  Su. 


'  Insomnia,  rrumna,  error,  terror,  et  fuga, 
Excof  itacitia  excors  iniinodestia, 
Petulaiitia.  cupiditas,  t-t  niaievoli-ntia  ; 
Inlia-ret  etiaiii  avidiias,  desidia,  injuria, 
Inopia,  cuiituiiielia  el  dispendiuin,"  &c. 


"  In  love  these  vices  are;  suspicions. 
Peace,  war,  and  impudunc>*.  detractions, 
Drearnii.  cari-K,  and  errors,  lerrorii  and  atfrichts, 
IinnKNteot  pranks,  devicep,  8leii;lita  and  tlit;hta, 
tleart'burnifi!;s.  wants,  iiesleriH,  diiiire  of  wrong, 
Logn  Continual,  expense  and  hurt  among." 


Every  poet  is  full  of  such  catalogues  of  love  symptoms ;  but  fear  and  sorrow 
may  justly  challenge  the  chief  place.  Though  Hercules  de  Saxonia,  cap.  3.  Tract 
de  vielunch.  will  exclude  fear  from  love  melancholy,  yet  I  am  otherwise  persuaded. 
^^Res  est  solliciti  plena  timoris  amor.  'Tis  full  of  fear,  anxiety,  doubt,  care,  peevish- 
ness, suspicion ;  it  turns  a  man  into  a  woman,  which  made  llesiod  belike  put  Fear 
and  Paleness  Venus'  daughters, 

"Marti  riypeos  .itque  arms  secanti 

Alma  Venua  peperit  Palloreiu.  unaque  Timorem:" 

'^Ovid.         '*Hyginus,  rab.*59.    £o  die  ilicilur  nonica  Ex  eooriuiitur  inordarescura-.  p«-rturbalione«,  incrorM, 

ad  liltud  currjs.-ie.  ••Chaucer.  "  Gen.  xxix.  20.  formidiiie!i,  iiii<:ina  gHuAia,  di«<-ordi«,  lile».  I>e|l«.  id- 

"^  Plautus  t'lstel.  t^Slobirus  d  Greco.    "Sweeter  sidie,  irat'Uiii!i9r,   iniiiiicitix,  lallacia:,  adulnlio,  Traus, 

than  honey  It  pleases  me.  more  bitter  Itian  eall.  It  teases  I'urluin.    nequilia,    luipudi-iilia.  *>  Marullua.  I.  L 

lue."         -«  pliiulu*    Credo  ego  ad  honiiriiii  rarniticiiiam  "" 'I'er.  Eunuch.  ■  Plautu*  .Mercat.  •  OvuL 

■murcni  iiiventum  eaw-        •Decivitat.  lib. -J^.  cap. -.iO. 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1.] 


Symptoms  of  Love. 


501 


because  fear  and  love  are  still  linked  together.  Moreover  they  are  apt  to  mistake, 
amplify,  too  credulous  sometimes,  too  full  of  hope  and  confidence,  and  then  again 
very  jealous,  unapt  to  believe  or  entertain  any  good  news.  The  comical  poet  hath 
prettily  painted  out  this  passage  amongst  the  rest  in  a  ^  dialogue  betwixt  Mitio  and 
jEschines,  a  gentle  father  and  a  lovesick  son.  "  Be  of  good  cheer,  my  son,  thou 
shalt  have  her  to  wife.  M.  Ah  father,  do  you  mock  me  now.'  M.  I  mock  thee,  why  ? 
jE.  That  which  I  so  earnestly  desire,  I  more  suspect  and  fear.  M.  Get  you  liome, 
and  send  for  her  to  be  your  wife.  M.  What  now  a  wife,  now  fathei*,"  &c.  These 
doubts,  anxieties,  suspicions,  are  the  least  part  of  their  torments ;  they  break  many 
times  from  passions  to  actions,  speak  fair,  and  flatter,  now  most  obsequious  and  will- 
ing, by  and  by  they  are  averse,  wrangle,  fight,  swear,  quarrel,  laugh,  weep  :  and  he 
that  doth  not  so  by  fits,  "'Luciau  holds,  is  not  thoroughly  touched  with  this  load- 
stone of  love.  So  their  actions  and  passions  are  intermixed,  but  of  all  other  pas- 
sions, sorrow  hath  the  greatest  share;  ^' love  to  many  is  bitterness  itself;  rem  ama- 
ram  Plato  calls  it,  a  bitter  potion,  an  agony,  a  plague. 

"  Eripite  liaiic  pestem  perriicieinciiie  niihi  ;  I      "  O  take  away  this  plairue,  this  mischief  from  me, 

dure  iiiilii  sulirepens  iinos  lit  torpur  in  artus,  Which,  as  a  numbness  over  all  my  body, 

Expulit  ex  omiii  pectore  Istitias."  |        Expels  my  joys,  and  makes  my  soul  so  heavy." 

Phaedria  had  a  true  touch  of  this,  when  he  cried  out. 


I '•  O  Thais,  ntinam  esset  mihi 

Pars  a^ipia  ainoris  lecuin,  ac  pariier  fieret  ut 
Aut  licio  tibi  doleret  itideni,  ut  niihi  dolet." 


"  O  Thais,  would  thou  hadst  of  the~e  ray  pains  a  part. 
Or  as  it  doth  me  now,  so  it  would  make  Ihee  smart.' 


So  had  that  young  man,  when  he  roared  again  for  discontent, 


'  Jactor,  crucior,  asitor,  stimulor, 
Versor  in  anioris  rota  miser, 

E.vanimor,  feror,  distrahor,  deripior,  [animus." 

Ubi    sum,   ibi   noa    sum;    ubi    iion   sum,    ibi    est 


•  I  am  ve.xt  and  toss'd,  and  rack'd  on  love's  wheel : 
Where  not,  I  am  ;  but  where  am,  do  not  feel." 


The  moon  in  ^^Lucian  made  her  moan  to  Venus,  that  she  was  almost  dead  for  love, 
pereo  equidem  amorc^  and  after  a  long  tale,  she  broke  off  abrupth^  and  wept,  ^  '•  O 
Venus,  thou  knowest  my  poor  heart."  Charmides,  in  ^'Lucian,  was  so  impatient, 
that  he  sobbed  and  sighed,  and  tore  his  hair,  and  said  he  would  hang  himself  "  I 
am  undone,  O  sister  Tryphena,  I  cannot  endure  these  love  pangs ;  what  shall  I  do  r" 
Vos  O  dii  Jlverrunci  solvite  me  his  curis,  O  ye  gods,  free  me  from  these  cares  and 
miseries,  out  of  the  anguish  of  his  soul,  ^^  Theocles  prays.  Shall  I  say,  most  part 
of  a  lover's  life  is  full  of  agony,  anxiety,  fear,  and  grief,  complaints,  sighs,  suspi- 
cions, and  cares,  (heigh-ho,  my  heart  is  w'o)  full  of  silence  and  irksome  solitariness  ? 

"  Frequenliri!;  sh.idy  bowers  in  discontent, 
'I'd  the  air  his  fruitless  clamours  he  will  vent." 

except  at  such  times  that  he  hath  lucida  inlervalla,  pleasant  gales,  or  sudden  altera- 
tions, as  if  his  mistress  smile  upon  him,  give  him  a  good  look,  a  kiss,  or  that  some 
comfortable  message  be  brought  him,  his  service  is  accepted,  Sec. 

He  is  then  too  confident  and  rapt  beyond  liimself,  as  if  he  had  heard  the  night- 
ingale in  the  spring  before  the  cuckoo,  or  as  ^^  Calisto  was  at  ^Malebaeas'  presence, 
Qnis  unquam  hue  morlall  vita  tarn  gloriosnm  corpus  vidit?  Immanitatem  transcendcre 
videor,  6^-c.  who  ever  saw  so  glorious  a  sight,  what  man  ever  enjoyed  such  delight  .•' 
More  content  cannot  be  given  of  the  gods,  wished,  had  or  hoped  of  any  mortal  man. 
There  is  no  happiness  in  the  world  comparable  to  his,  no  content,  no  joy  to  this,  no 
life  to  love,  he  is  in  paradise. 


'(iiiis  IMP  uno  vivit  I'celicior?  aul  nmiis  hac  est 
Uptaiiduni  vita  dicere  quis  potent?' 


He  will  not  change  fortune  in  that  case  with  a  prince, 


'  Who  lives  so  happy  as  my.=elf  ?  w-hat  bliss 
III  this  our  life  may  be  cumpar'd  to  this?" 


■  Donee  gratus  eram  tibi, 
Persarum  vi-iui  rege  beatior." 


The  Persian  kings  are  not  so  jovial  as  he  is,  0  \fcshis  dies  hominis,  O  happy  day 
150  Chaerea  exclaims  when  he  came  from  Pampliila  his  sweetheart  well  pleased. 


N'unc  est  profeclo  interfiri  ciiin  perpeti  me  possem, 
Ne  hoc  gaiidium  contaminet  vita  aliqua.  Kgritudine." 


•oAdelphi,  Act.  seen.  5.  M.Bono  animo  es,  duces 
uxorem  hanc  /F,~chines.  .<E.  Hem.  patiT,  num  tu  ludis 
me  nunc?  M.  Egone  te,  quanuibrem?  JE.  (iuod  tain 
iiiisero  ciipio.  &c.  siTom.  4.  dial,  ainorum.  *-. Aris- 
totle, 2.  Rhit.  puts  love  then  fore  in  the  irascible  |):irt. 
Ovid.  '-"Sler.  Eunuch.  Act.  1.  sex!.  »«  Plautiis. 

•^T.im.  3.  9«Scisquod   posthac  dicturus   fuerim. 


s'  Tom.  4.  dial,  merit.  Tryphena,  amor  me  perdit,  neque 
maUim  hoc  amplius  siistinere  possum.  »*  .Arist^iie- 

liis,  lib.  2.  epist.  8.  '•"CflelestinrB.  act  1.  Sancti  ma- 

jora  la;titia  iion  fruiintur.  Si  mihi  Ueus  omnium  voto- 
rum  niortaliiini  suinmam  coucedat.  non  inagis,  &c. 
it«Catullusdfi  Lesbia.  i  Hor.  ode  9.  lib.  3.  »Acl.  3. 
seen.  5.  Eunucb.  Ter. 


o02  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3    See.  2. 

"  He  could  find  in  his  heart  to  be  killed  instantly,  lest  if  he  live  longer,  some  sorrow 
or  sickness  should  contaminate  his  joys."  A  little  after,  he  was  so  merrily  set  upon 
the  same  occasion,  that  he  could  not  contain  himself 

S"  O  pnpulares,  ecquis  me  vivit  hodi6  fortunatior? 

Nemo  liercule  quisquam  ;  nam  in  me  Uii  planS  potestatem 
Suam  omiiem  ostendere ;" 

"  [s't  possible  (O  my  countrymen)  for  any  living  to  be  so  happy  as  myself.!*  No 
sure  it  cannot  be,  for  the  gods  have  shown  all  their  power,  all  their  goodness  in 
me."  Yet  by  and  by  when  this  young  gallant  was  crossed  in  his  wench,  he  laments, 
and  cries,  and  roars  down-right:    Occidi I  am  undone, 

"  Neque  virsjo  est  iisqiiaiii.  ntque  eqo,  qui  e  C'lnspectii  illam  amisi  meo. 
tbi  qua'rum,  nhi  invesligem,  quem  pt-Tcuiiler,  quam  in»istum  viam  ?" 

Tlie  virgin's  gone,  and  I  am  gone,  she's  gone,  she's  gone,  and  what  shall  I  do.?  where 
shall  I  seek  her,  where  shall  I  find  her,  whom  shall  I  ask.'  what  way,  what  course 

shall  I  take  .''  what  will  become  of  me **'-vit(ths  auras  invitus  aijrhut^^''  he  was 

wearv  of  his  life,  sick,  mad,  and  desperate,  ^utinani  mild  essrt  uUquid  hie,  quo  nunc 
VIC  prcecipitem  darem.  'Tis  not  Cha^reas'  case  this  alone,  but  his,  and  his,  and  every 
lover's  in  the  like  state.  If  he  hoar  ill  news,  have  bad  success  in  his  suit,  she  frown 
upon  him,  or  that  his  mistress  in  liis  presence  respect  another  more  (as  '*ilcdus 
observes  I  "prefer  another  suitor,  speak  more  familiarly  to  him,  or  use  more  kindly 
than  hin)sclf,  if  by  nod,  smile,  message,  she  discloseth  herself  to  another,  he  is  in- 
stantly tormented,  none  so  dejected  as  he  is,"  utterly  undone,  a  castaway,  ''In  quem 
forluna  omnia  odiorum  sunrum  crudehssima  tela  exonerate  a  dead  man,  the  scorn  of 
fortune,  a  monster  of  fortune,  worse  than  nought,  the  loss  of  a  kingdom  had  been 
less.  "Aretine's  Lucretia  made  very  good  proof  of  this,  as  she  relates  it  herself. 
"  For  when  1  made  stmie  of  my  suitors  btdieve  I  woidd  betake  myself  to  a  nunnery, 
they  took  on,  as  if  they  had  lost  fatlier  and  n)olher,  because  they  were  for  ever  after 
to  want  mv  comjwiny."  Omms  labores  levcs fuere^  all  other  labour  was  light:  ^but 
this  nught  not  be  endured.  Tut  carendum  quod  erat "for  I  cannot  be  with- 
out thy  company,"  mournful  Aniyntas,  puinful  Amyntas,  cureful  Amyntas ;  better  a 
metropolitan  city  were  sacked,  a  royal  army  overcome,  an  invincible  armada  sunk, 
and  twenty  thousand  kings  should  p»'ri»li,  than  her  little  finger  ache,  so  zealous  are 
thev,  and  so  lender  of  her  good.  They  would  all  turn  friars  for  my  sake,  as  she 
follows  it,  in  hope  by  that  means  to  meet,  or  see  me  again,  as  my  confessors,  at 
stool-ball,  or  at  barley-break:  Anil  so  afterwards  when  an  importunate  suitor  came, 
'  ••  If  1  had  bid  my  maid  say  that  I  was  not  at  leisure,  not  within,  busy,  could  not 
speak  with  him,  he  was  instantly  astonished,  and  stood  like  a  pillar  of  marble ;  an- 
other went  swearing,  chafing,  cursing,  foaming."  "///a  sib'i  vox  ipsa  Jovis  violenlior 
ird,  cum  tonat,  ^-c.  the  voice  ml'  a  mandrake  had  been  sweeter  music  :  "  but  he  to 
whom  I  gave  entertainment,  was  in  the  Elysian  fiehls,  ravished  for  joy,  quite  beyond 
himself"  'Tis  the  general  humour  of  all  lovers,  she  is  their  stern,  pole-star,  and 
guide.  ^^ Deliciumque  animi,  dcliquiumque  sui.  As  a  tnlipant  to  the  sun  (which  our 
herbalists  calls  Narcissus)  when  it  shines,  xa  Admirandus  Jlos  ad  radios  solis  se  pan- 
dens,  a  glorious  fiower  exposing  itself;  '^but  when  the  sun  sets,  or  a  tempest  comes, 
it  hides  itself,  pines  away,  and  hath  no  pleasure  left,  (which  Carolus  Goiizaga,  duke 
of  Mantua,  in  a  cause  not  unlike,  sometimes  used  for  an  impress)  do  all  iiiamorates 
to  their  mistress;  she  is  their  sun,  their  Frimum  mobile,  or  anima  injunnam;  this 
'*  one  hath  elecfantly  expressed  by  a  wind-mill,  still  moved  by  the  wind,  which  other- 
wise hath  no  motion  of  itself  Sic  lua  ni  spiret  gratia,  Iruncus  ero.  "  He  is  wholly 
animated  from  her  breath,"  his  soul  lives  in  her  body,  ^'sola  cluves  habel  intrritus 
et  salutis,  she  keeps  the  keys  of  his  life  :  his  fortune  ebbs  and  flows  with  her  favour, 
a  gracious  or  bad  aspect  turns  him  up  or  down,  Mens  mta  lucescit  Lucia  luce  tuu. 
Howsoever  his  present  state  be  pleasing  or  displeasing,  'tis  contiauate  so  long  as  he 
"*  loves,  he  can  do  nothing,  think  of  nothing  but  her ;  desire  hath  no  rest,  she  is  his 

>  Acl.  5.  w:en.  It.          ♦  Mantuan.        »Ter.  Adt-lph.  3.  4.  I  aliisque   vurar<.-t,   ille   Btalim  vix   1h>c  auilitn  velul   in 
•  Lih.  I.  d.'  contemn,  aniuribu^.   Si  quem  alium  respexe-  |  amur  obriguil,  alii  »e  daiuiiare,  Ac.  at  cut  fuv<-baiii,  lo 

hi   aoiica  iuavius,  et   fumiliariug,   si   quem    ajuquuta    cainpi*   tlyaii*   t»«*    vi.|.-l).ii'ir     ii  .  '•  M:iniuan. 

fueril,  »i  niilu,  rmncio,  itc.  siatifii  criiciatcir.            '  Ca-     » l^jrcheus              '• .~  'i" 

ImIo  in  Cele»tiiia.             '  rr>riii>di'la!tc   dial    Ital.  Paire     vpnienle,  iialim  clii  .  'i>. 

et  maire  »e  »iiii!uliu  orbo«  censehaiil,  qu'id  meo  contu-    auat.  13.             '*<.'i                 '■'  ^    'iu» 
Mrnio  careiiiluiii  e*!i«t.           *Ter.  im  caremlnni  qu'xl    ooo  eat  ubi  animal,  scU  ulii  amai. 
erat.        >*C$i  respubsuiu  eaaet  (lomiiiamoccupilam  e<M  i 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1. 


Symptoins  of  Love. 


503 


cynosure,  hesperus  and  vesper,  his  morning  and  evening  star,  his  goddess,  liis  mis- 
tress, his  life,  his  soul,  his  everything;  dreaming,  waking,  she  is  always  in  his 
mouth ;  his  heart,  his  eyes,  ears,  and  all  his  thoughts  are  full  of  her.  His  Laura, 
his  Victorina,  his  Columbina,  Flavia,  Flaminia,  Cselia,  Delia,  or  Isabella,  (call  her 
how  you  will)  she  is  the  sole  object  of  his  senses,  the  substance  of  his  soul,  nidulus 
animcR  suee,  he  magnifies  her  above  measure,  tolus  in  ilia.,  full  of  her,  can  breathe 
nothing  but  her.  "  I  adore  Melebsea,"  saith  love-sick  "  Calisto,  "  I  believe  in  Me- 
lebasa,  I  honour,  admire  and  love  my  Melebaea;"    His  soul  was  soused,  imparadised, 

imprisoned  in  his  lady.    When  '^  Thais  took  her  leave  of  Pha^dria, mi  Phce- 

dria.,  ct  nunquid  aliud  vis?  Sweet  heart  (she  said)  will  you  command  me  any  further 
service  ?  he  readily  replied,  and  gave  in  this  charge, 


"  egone  quirt  velim  ? 

Dies  noctesgiie  aines  me,  me  dpsideres, 

Me  sniiinies  me  expectes,  me  cogites, 

Me  speres,  me  te  ohlectes,  meoum  tola  sis, 

Meus  fac  postremo  animus,  quando  ego  sum  tuus." 


"  Dnst  ask  (my  dear)  what  service  I  will  have? 
To  love  nie  day  and  night  is  all  I  crave. 
To  dream  on  me,  to  expert,  to  think  on  me. 
Depend  and  hope,  still  covet  me  to  see. 
Delight  thyself  in  me,  be  wholly  mine. 
For  know,  my  love,  that  I  am  wholly  thine." 


But  all  this  needed  not,  you  will  say;  if  she  affect  once,  she  will  be  his,  settle  her 
love  on  him,  on  him  alone, 


' "  ilium  ahsens  absentem 

Auditque  videtque" 


she  can,  she  must  think  and  dream  of  nought  else  but  him,  continually  of  him,  as 
did  Orpheus  on  his  Eurydice, 


"  Te  dulcis  conjux,  te  solo  in  littore  mecum, 
Te  veniente  die,  te  discedente  canebam." 

And  Dido  upon  her  jEneas  ; 

"  et  quiE  nie  insomnia  terrent, 

Multa  viri  virtus,  et  plurima  currit  imago." 


"  On  thee  sweet  wife  was  all  my  song. 
Morn,  evening,  and  all  along." 


"  And  ever  and  anon  she  thinks  upon  the  man 
Thai  was  so  fine,  so  fair,  so  blithe,  so  debonair." 


Clitophon,  in  the  first  book  of  Achilles,  Tatius,  complaineth  how  that  his  mistress 
Leucippe  tormented  him  much  more  in  the  night  than  in  the  day.  ^°"For  all  day 
long  he  had  some  object  or  other  to  distract  his  senses,  but  in  the  night  all  ran  upon, 
her.  All  night  long  he  lay  '^'  awake,  and  could  think  of  nothing  else  but  her,  he 
could  not  get  her  out  of  his  mind ;  towards  morning,  sleep  took  a  little  pity  on  him, 
he  slumbered  awhile,  but  all  his  dreams  were  of  her." 


'  te  nocte  sub  atra 


Alloquor,  amplector,  falsaque  in  imagine  somni, 
Gaudia  solicitam  palpant  evanida  nientera." 


"  In  the  dark  night  I  speak,  embrace,  and  find 
That  fading  joys  deceive  my  careful  mind." 


The  same  complaint  Eurialus  makes  to  his  Lucretia,  ^ "  day  and  night  I  think  of 
thee,  I  wish  for  thee,  I  talk  of  thee,  call  on  thee,  look  for  thee,  hope  for  thee,  delight 
myself  in  thee,  day  and  night  I  love  thee." 

*•"  Nee  mihi  vespere 

Surgente  decedunt  amores. 
Nee  rapidum  fugiente  solem." 

Morning,  evening,  all  is  alike  with  me,  I  have  restless  thoughts,  ^'"  Te  vigilans 
oculis,  animo  te  nocte  requiro?''  Still  1  think  on  thee.  Jlnima  nan  est  ubi  animat, 
6cd  ubi  amat.     I  live  and  breathe  in  thee,  I  wish  for  thee. 

""O  niveam  qua;  te  poterit  mihi  reddere  lucera, 
O  miJii  felicem  terque  quaterqne  diem." 

"  O  happy  day  that  shall  restore  thee  to  my  sight."  In  the  meantime  he  raves  on 
her ;  her  sweet  face,  eyes,  actions,  gestures,  hands,  feet,  speech,  length,  breadth, 
height,  depth,  and  the  rest  of  her  dimensions,  are  so  surveyed,  meas-ured,  and  taken, 
by  that  Astrolabe  of  phantasy,  and  that  so  violently  sometirnes,  with  juch  earnestness 
and  eagerness,  such  continuance,  so  strong  an  imagination,  that  at  length  he  thinks 
he  sees  her  indeed ;  he  talks  with  her,  he  embraceth  her,  Ixion-like,  pro  Junone 
nubeni,  a  cloud  for  Juno,  as  he  said.     jYihil  pneter  Leucipjjen  cerno,  Leucippe  mihi 


"  Celestine,  act.  1.  credo  in  Melebaeam,  &c.        w  xer. 
Rtinuch.  act.  1.  sc.  2.  "^  Virg.  4.  .(En.  «>  Inter- 

din  n:uli,  et  aures  oroupata;  distrahunt  animum,  al 
niictu  solus  jactor,  ad  aiir.>ram  somnus  pauliim  miser- 
tiis.  nee  tamen  ex  animo  puella  abiit,  sed  omnia  mihi 
tie  Leucippe  somnia  eraut.  >'  Tota  hac  nocte  som- 


num  hisce  ocnlis  non  vidi.    Ter.  22  Buchanan,  syl. 

^  JEn.  Sylv.  Te  dies,  noctesqiie  amo,  te  co^ito,  te  desi- 
dero,  te  voco,  te  expecto,  te  spero,  tecum  oblecto  me, 
totus  in  te  sum.  ><  Hor.  lib.  2.  ode  9.  2^  retro- 

niua  '"Tibullus,  1.  3.  Eleg.  3. 


ft04  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

perpetnu  in  oculis,  et  animo  versafur,  I  see  and  meditate  of  nought  but  Leucippe. 
Be  she  present  or  absent,  all  is  one ; 

"  "  Et  qiiamvis  aberat  placidie  prssenlia  forniie 
Quein  dederat  prirseiis  forma,  manebat  amor." 

That  impression  of  her  beauty  is  still  fixed  in  his  mind, '^'■^hcerent  injixi  pectorf 

vullus ;"  as  he  that  is  bitten  with  a  mad  dog  thinks  all  he  sees  dogs — dogs  in  his 
meat,  dogs  in  his  dish,  dogs  in  his  drink  :  his  mistress  is  in  his  eyes,  ears,  heart,  in 
all  his  senses.  Valleriola  had  a  merchant,  his  patient,  in  tlie  same  predicament;  and 
*^  Ulricus  IMolitor,  out  of  Austin,  hath  a  story  of  one,  that  through  yehemency  of  his 
love  passion,  still  thought  he  saw  his  mistress  present  with  him,  she  tidked  with  him, 
.Et  commlsceri  cum  ed  vigilans  videbatiir^  still  embracing  him. 

Now  if  this  passion  of  love  can  produce  such  elfects,  if  it  be  pleasantly  intended, 
what  bitter  torments  shall  it  breed,  when  it  is  with  fi-ar  aiul  continual  sorrow,  sus- 
picion, care,  agony,  as  commonly  it  is,  still  accompanied,  what  an  intolerable  ^"pain 
must  it  be .-' 


"  Non  tarn  prandt>g 

fiar^ara  culiiiod,  ipjol  dcnieriM) 
I'll  tuff  ruras  loiiga  ncxa« 
I'-qiip  catena,  vel  quiP  pcnitut 
C'rudt'li:)  aiMur  vuliiera  iiii^iCL't." 


"  Mount  Garuarus  liath  not  so  many  stems 
As  liiver'n  breast  hath  grii-voiis  wodtuls, 
And  linked  cares,  which  love  cmnpounds.' 


When  the  King  of  Babylon  would  have  punished  a  courtier  of  his,  fur  loving  of  a 
young  lady  of  the  royal  blood,  and  far  above  his  fortunes,  ^'ApoUonius  in  presence 
by  all  means  persuaded  to  let  hitti  alone;  "For  to  love  and  not  enjoy  was  a  most 
unspeakable  torment,"  no  tyrant  could  invent  the  like  punishment;  as  a  gnat  at  a 
candle,  in  a  short  space  he  would  consume  himself.  For  love  is  a  perpetual  ^^ Jlux^ 
angor  aitiini,  a  warfare,  militat  omni  amans.,  a  grievous  wound  is  love  still,  and  a 
lover's  heart  is  Cupid's  quiver,  a  consumrng  '"fire,  '^accede  ad  hunc  igncm,  Sfc.  an 
inextinguishable  fire. 

>* •'  alitur  et  crescit  malum, 

Kt  ardet  intus,  qualis  /Einvu  vapur 
bxundat  anlro" 

As  iEtna  rageth,  so  doth  love,  and  more  than  ^Etna  or  any  material  fire. 

•• "  Nam  amor  sjfpe  Lvparco 

V'ulcano  ardentiurem  tlammam  incendere  aolet." 

Vulcan's  flames  are  but  smoke  to  this.  For  fire,  saith  '"Xenophon,  burns  them 
alone  that  stand  near  it,  or  touch  it ;  but  this  fire  of  love  burnetii  and  scorcheth  aikr 
off,  and  is  more  hot  and  vehement  than  any  material  fire :  '"Igiiis  in  igne  furit^  'lis  a 
fire  in  a  fire,  the  quintessence  of  fire.  For  when  Nero  burnt  Home,  as  Calisto 
urgcth,  he  fired  houses,  consumed  men's  bothes  and  goods ;  but  tliis  fire  devours  the 
soul  itself,  "and  ^one  soul  is  worth  a  hundred  thousand  bodies."  No  water  can 
quench  this  wild  fire. 

....  1.      u   ■•  •  I  "A  fire  he  took  into  his  brcaiit. 

Ignes  .11.1  nee  aqua  ,,eri.i..  p„tuere.  nee  imhre  ,  ,,„,  ,„  ,(,   ,„,^  „,     „„,  „.    1,^     ,^,„ 

Dim.nui,  neque  graminibus.  magic.sque  susurns."       |  ^^,^,,1  ^„^.„   „^,  ^^^  drench." 

Except  it  be  tears  and  sighs,  for  so  they  may  chance  find  a  little  ease. 

«"Sie  candontia  eolla  sic  patens  frons.  I  ..g^  .^    ^.^.^^  ^^^   ^  ^^  g„„, 

^lc  me  bland.-,  t.ii  \eiera  ..celli.  Dotbscorch,  thy  cheekH,  thy  wanton  eyes  that  roll: 

Sic  pares  m.n.o  cenx-  perurunt,  ^,,.^^       „    •  J        ,,ropp.n..  tears  .hat  hinder, 

!•  .;:i^"n  lenul^'eam  T^v:.^;:;:'-'"'"-  I      I  «»>-M  be  quite  L.,%  l^rthwith  to  eu.der." 

Tliis  fire  strikes  like  lightning,  which  made  those  old  Grecians  paint  Cupid,  in  many 
of  their  *^  temples,  with  Jupiter's  thunderbolts  in  his  hands ;  for  it  wounds,  and  can- 
not be  perceived  how,  whence  it  came,  where  it  pierced.  *^''fn>/iMr,  (7  cwcum, 
pectora  vtilnus  habenty''''  and  can  hardly  be  discerned  at  first. 

♦• "  K.-t  mollis  flamina  medullas,  I  "  A  eentle  wound,  an  easy  fire  it  wa<, 

Ei  taciturn  insano  vivit  sub  pcctore  rulnut."         |  And  sly  at  first,  and  st^retly  did  pass." 


*'  Ovid.  Fast.  2.  ver.  775.  ".Althoush  the  presence  of 
hrr  fair  for.n  is  wantine.  the  love  which  it  k.ndled 
remains."  «  V.ri;.  iEn.  4.  *<  De  Pythoniiwa. 

"Juno,  nee  irn  deiiin  t.inluin,  nee  tela,  nee  hoftis, 
qu.intum  tute  poti;  aniinis  illapsns.  Silius  Ital.  15.  bel. 
Pi.nic.  de  nniore.  >■  Philofiratus  viia  ejus.     .Maxi 


carpitur  igne;    et   mihi   sesc   offerl   ultra   ineu«   igiiik 
Amyntas.  »«Ter.  Euniic.  »iSen.  llipiNj* 

>•  Theocritus,  edyl.  2.     Levibus  ror  e»t  \  ■'■•<■< li«. 

>^  Ignis  tangentes  solum  urit,  at  forma  ■  •■» 

intlanimat.  *"  Noniii*.  *"  M  .  '<< 

qiiic  c'insumit  unnin  nniin.iin,  quam  q<M 


mum  tormeiituin  quo<l  pxcoifitare,  vpI  docere  te  piisMU.ii,    corporuin.  ••  Mant.  egl.  :!.  «'.Marui!i-  I  ,   i- 

est  ip«e  amur.  "  Ausuuiua  c.  35.  »  Ct  cxco  i  lib.  ).       *> Imagines  deoruui.        <30vid.      ** ..11 1  < . .:.  L. 


Mem.  i    r^bs.  1.]  Symptoms  of  Love.  505 

But  by-and-by  it  began  to  rage  and  burn  amain ; 

<* "  Pcfctus  ins^anum  vapor,  1  "  This  fiery  vapour  ragtlh  in  the  vnins, 

Amorqiie  torret,  inius  sfevus  vorat  And  scorchpth  entrails,  as  when  fire  tmrns 

Penitus  raeihillas,  alque  per  venas  meat  A  house,  it  niinlily  runs  alon^  the  lieania, 

Vi^cerihus  ignis  mersus,  et  vi-nis  latons,  '        And  at  the  la.st  the  whole  it  overturns." 

Vl  agilis  alias  flaniina  percurrit  trabes."  | 

Abraham  Hoffemannus,  lib.  1.  amor  conjugal,  cap.  2.  p.  22.  relates  out  of  Plato,  how 
that  Empedocles,  the  philosopher,  was  present  at  the  cutting  up  of  one  that  died  for 
love,  ■'®''"  his  heart  was  combust,  his  liver  smoky,  his  lungs  dried  up,  insomuch  that 
he  verily  believed  his  soul  was  either  sodden  or  roasted  through  the  vehemency  of 
love's  fire."  Which  belike  made  a  modern  writer  of  amorous  emblems  express  love's 
fury  bv  a  pot  hanging  over  the  fire,  and  Cupid  blowing  the  coals.  As  the  heat  consumes 
the  water,  ■*"•'  Sic  sua  consumit  viscera  caucus  amor,''''  so  doth  love  dry  up  his  radical 
moisture.     Another  compares  love  to  a  melting  torch,  which  stood  too  near  the  fire. 

IS  "  Sic  quo  qnis  proprior  sus  puelli  est,  I  "  Tlie  nearer  he  unto  his  mistress  is, 

Hoc  slultus  proprior  suae  runin.'E  est."  |  The  nearer  he  unto  his  ruin  is." 

So  that  to  say  truth,  as  "''  Castillo  describes  it,  "  The  beginning,  middle,  end  of  love 
is  nought  else  but  sorrow,  vexation,  agony,  torment,  irksomeness,  wearisomeness ; 
so  that  to  be  squalid,  ugly,  miserable,  solitary,  discontent,  dejected,  to  wish  for  death, 
to  complain,  rave,  and  to  be  peevish,  are  the  certain  signs  and  ordinary  actions  of  a 
love-sick  person."  This  continual  pain  and  torture  makes  them  forget  themselves, 
if  they  be  far  gone  with  it,  in  doubt,  despair  of  obtaining,  or  eagerly  bent,  to  neglect 
all  ordinary  business. 

w "pendent  opera  interrupta,  minaeque 

Murorurn  ingentes,  squataque  luachina  coelo." 

Love-sick  Dido  left  her  work  undone,  so  did  °'  Phaedra, 

"  Palladis  telae  vacant 

Et  inter  ipsas  pensa  labuntur  nianus." 

Faustus,  in  ^^Mantuan,  took  no  pleasure  in  anything  he  did^ 

•'  Nulla  quits  mihi  dulcis  erat,  nullus  labor  sgro 
Pectore,  sensus  iners,  et  mens  torpore  sepulta, 
Carniinis  occidcrat  studium." 

And  'tis  the  humour  of  them  all,  to  be  careless  of  their  persons  and  their  estates,  as 
the  shepherd  in  ^^  Theocritus,  El  hcec  barba  inculta  est,  squalidique  capiUi,  iheir 
beards  fiag,  and  they  have  no  more  care  of  pranking  themselves  or  of  any  business, 
they  care  not,  as  they  say,  which  end  goes  forward. 

M  "  Oblitusque  grcges,  et  rura  domestica  totus  I         "  Forgetting  flocks  of  sheep  and  country  farms, 

»» Uritur.  et  nodes  iu  luctum  e.\pt:ndit  aniaras,"        |  The  silly  shepherd  always  mourns  and  burns." 

Love-sick  ^^Chagrea,  when  he  came  from  Pamphila's  house,  and  had  not  so  good 
welcome  as  he  did  expect,  was  all  amort,  Parraeno  meets  him,  quid  trisiis  es  ?  Why 
art  thou  so  sad  man  ?  unde  es  ?  whence  comest,  how  doest .'  but  he  sadly  replies, 
Ego  hercle  nescio  neque  unde  earn,  neqiie  quorsum  earn,  ita  prorsus  obliius  sum  m£i^ 
1  have  so  forgotten  myself,  I  neither  know  where  I  am,  nor  whence  1  come,  nor 
whether  I  will,  what  I  do.     P.  *'  '■'•  How  so  ?"    Ch.  "  I  am  in  love."  Prudens  sciens. 

^ "•  vivus  vidcnsque  pereo,  nee  quid  agam  scio?''  ^^ "  He  that  erst  had  his  thoughts 

free  (as  Philostratus  Lemnius,  in  an  epistle  of  his,  describes  this  fiery  passion),  and 
gpent  his  time  like  a  hard  student,  in  those  delightsome  philosophical  precepts ;  he 
that  with  the  sun  and  moon  wandered  all  over  the  world,  witii  stars  themselves 
ranged  about,  and  left  no  secret  or  small  mystery  in  nature  unsearched,  since  he  was 
enamoured  can  do  nothing  now  but  think  and  meditate  of  love  matters,  day  and 
night  composeth  himself  how  to  please  his  mistress ;  all  his  study,  endeavour,  is  to 

<i  Seneca.  ^i*  Cor  lotuni  combustum,  jecur  sntTu- [  hangs  unfinished  from  her  hands."  s^  Eclog.  I. 

migaluiii,  pulmo  arefactus,  ut  credam  niiseram  illain  "  No  rest,  no  business  pleased  my  lovesick  breast,  my 
animani  his  ehxam  ant  coiiibustam,  ob  maximum  ardo-  |  faculties  became  dormant,  my  mind  torpid,  and  I  lost 
rem  quLin  paiiuntur  oh  isiiein  amoris.  *'  Embl.  I  my  taste  for  poetry  and  song."      "  EUyl.  H.      **  Mant. 

Amat.  4.  et  5.  ^-iGrotius.  *3  Lib.  4.  nam  islius  I  Eclog.  2.  sa  Ov.  Met.  13.  de  Polyphemo :  uritur 

amoris  neque  principia,  neque  media  aliud  bahent  quid,  I  oblitus  pecorum,  antrorumque  suorum;  janiqiie  tibi 
quam  molesiias,  dolores,  cruciatus,  defatigatioiies,  adco  '  form<e,  ic.  ''•Ter.  Eunuch.  '"  Ciui  quiEso?  Amo. 
ut  miserum  esse  niicrore,  geniitu,  solitudine  lorqueri,  ]  B^Ter.  Eunuch.  s^Uui  olim  c  "citabat  qui  vellet,  et 

mortem  optare.  semperque  debacchari,  sint  certa  aiiian- |  pulcberrimis  philosophia;  pr.-Eceptis  npiram  insuinpsit, 
tinin  Mgna  et  cerla:  acliones.  ^  Virg.  .^n.  •!.  "  The  qui  universi  circuitioiies  ca;li(|ue  naturaiii.  &c.  fjane 
works  ar(!  interrupted,  promises  of  great  walls,  and  unam  iiitendit  operam,  de  sola  cogitat,  nudes  el  dies 
scalToldings  rising  towards  the  skies,  are  all  suspended."  '  se  coinponit  ad  banc,  el  ad  acerbam  servitutem  reda& 
'^Seneca  llip.  act.    "The  shuttle  slops,  and  tl:  web    tus  animus,  &c. 

64  2S 


500  Love-Melancholy  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

approve  himself  to  his  mistress,  to  win  his  mistress'  favour,  to  compass  his  desire, 
to  be  counted  her  servant."  When  Peter  Abelard,  that  great  schohir  of  his  aore, 
""'  Qui  soli  patuit  scibile  quicquid  erat,'*^  ("  whose  facuUies  were  equal  to  any  dilfi- 
culty  in  learning,")  was  now  in  love  with  Ileloise,  he  had  no  mind  to  visit  or  fre- 
quent schools  and  scholars  any  more,  Tadiosiim  mihi  v aide  f nit  (as  ®'  he  confesseth) 
ad  scholas  procedere,  vcl  in  iis  moruri^  all  his  mind  was  on  his  new  mistress. 

Now  to  this  end  and  purpose,  if  there  be  any  hope  of  obtaining  his  suit,  to  prose- 
cute his  cause,  he  will  spend  himself,  goods,  fortunes  for  her,  and  though  he  lose 
and  alienate  all  his  friends,  be  threatened,  be  cast  off,  and  disinherited ;  for  as  the 
poet  saiih,  ^'^Amori  qiiis  legem  delf  though  he  be  utterly  undone  by  it,  disgraced,  go 
a  begging,  vet  for  her  sweet  sake,  to  enjoy  her,  he  will  willingly  beg,  hazard  all  he 
hath,  goods,  lands,  shame,  scandal,  fame,  and  life  itself. 

"  Non  receilaiii  iieqiie  qiiiefcam,  noctii  ft  interdiu.  I  "  I  'II  never  rest  or  cease  my  suit 

Prius  profecto  (luaiii  aut  ipKaiii,  aut  iiiorteiii  invcsligavero."  |  Till  she  or  dealli  do  make  me  mute." 

Parthenis  in  "  Aristienetus  was  fully  resolved  to  do  as  much.  "■  I  may  have  bcttei 
matches,  I  confess,  but  farewell  shanu',  farewell  honour,  farewell  honesty,  farewell 
friends  and  fortunes,  &c.  O,  llarpedona,  keep  my  counsel,  1  will  leave  all  for  his  sweet 
sake,  I  will  have  him,  say  no  more,  contra  gentes,  I  am  resolved,  1  will  have  him." 
^^Gobrias,  the  captain,  when  he  had  espied  Khodanthe,  the  fair  captive  maid,  fell 
upon  liis  knees  before  Mystilus,  the  general,  with  tears,  vows,  and  all  the  rhetoric 
he  could,  bv  the  scars  he  had  formerly  received,  the  good  secv'ice  he  had  done,  or 
whatsoever  else  was  dear  unto  him,  besought  his  governor  he  might  have  the  ca[>- 
tive  virgin  to  be  his  wife,  virtutis  siice  spulium,  as  a  reward  of  his  worth  and  service; 
and,  moreover,  he  would  forgive  him  the  money  which  was  owing,  and  all  reckon- 
ings besides  due  unto  him,  '•  I  ask  no  more,  no  part  of  booty,  no  jxirtion,  but  llho- 
dantiie  to  be  my  wife."  And  when  as  he  could  not  compa.ss  her  by  fair  nitaiis,  he 
fell  to  treachery,  force  and  villany,  and  set  his  life  at  slake  at  last  to  acconii)lish  his 
desire.  'Tis  a  common  hunu»ur  this,  a  general  passion  of  all  lovers  to  be  so  alRcted, 
and  which  ^Emilia  toUl  .Aratine,  a  courtier  in  Casiilio's  discourse,  **'' surely  Aratine, 
if  thou  werst  not  so  indeed,  thou  didst  not  love ;  ingenuously  confess,  for  if  thou 
hadst  been  thoroughly  enamoured,  thou  wouldst  have  desired  nothing  more  than  to 
please  thy  mistress.  For  that  is  the  law  of  love,  to  will  and  nill  the  same." 
■^  "  Tanlum  velle  el  nolle^  velit  nolil  quod  arnica.'''^ 

Undoubtedly  this  may  be  pronounced  of  them  all,  they  are  very  slaves,  drudges 
lor  tlie  time,  mathnen,  fools,  dizzards,  ^^  atrabilarii^  beside  themselves,  and  as  blind 
as  beetles.  Tlieir  "^dotage  is  most  eminent,  ./^mare  simul  et  sapere  ipsi  Jovi  non 
datur,  as  Seneca  holds,  Jupiter  himself  cannot  love  and  be  wise  both  together;  the 
very  best  of  ihem,  if  once  they  be  overtaken  with  this  pa.ssion,  the  most  staid,  dis- 
creet, grave,  ijenerous  and  wise,  otherwise  able  to  govern  themselves,  in  this  commit 
many  absurdities,  many  indecorums,  unbefitting  their  gravity  and  persons. 

^^v                                              W"  Quisquis  aniat  servit,  Bequitur  captivus  aiiiaiitem, 
Ferl  domita  cervite  jugum" 

'•  Samson,  David,  Solomon,  Hercules,  Socrates,"  Stc.  are  justly  taxed  of  indiscretion 
in  this  point;  the  ndddle  sort  are  between  hawk  and  buzzard ;  and  although  they 
do  perceive  and  acknowledge  their  own  dotage,  weakness,  fury,  yet  they  cannot 
withstand  it ;  as  well  may  witness  those  expostulations  and  confessions  of  Dido  in 
Virgil. 

™"  Incipit  eflari  mediaque  in  voce  ret'iBtit."—  Phttdra  in  Seneca. 
"  •'  Quixl  r.ilio  jKistit,  vincil  ac  regiiat  furor, 
Poten^qiie  tola  uiente  dominalur  deus."— jtfyrrAa  in  "  Orirf. 
••  Ilia  qiiulem  sentit,  fiEiloque  repuenat  amori,  i       "  She  sees  and  knows  hr-r  fnult.  and  rlnth  reeiit 

F.t  secuMi  quo  tiii'iile  iVror,  quid  mulior,  inquit,  ''        Agaiiinl  li<-r  filthy  lust  hlic  doth  contend 

Dii  precor,  et  pietag,"  See.  \         And  whither  go  I,  what  am  I  about  ? 

I  And  Uod  forbid,  yet  doth  it  in  tlie  end." 

*  Pars  epitaphii  ejus.  »'  Epist.  prima.         «  Boe-  I  Epig.  •'Quippc  biec  omnia  ex  atra  bile  el  amor* 

thius,  I   3.  Slet.  ult.  "  Epist.  lib.  »».     Vali'ai  pudor,     proveniiftit.     Ja«on  PrateniiiH.  "  linineiiiiii*  amor 

valeat  hontflas,  vnleat  honor.  "  Tli»-c«lor.  priMlri>-  I  ipse  «tullilia  enl.  Cardan,  lib.  ).  de  §apii'iiiia.     »  Man- 

uius,  lib  3.  Aiii'ir  Mystili  genibus  nbvolutasi.  uber-  luaii.  "  Wlio.ver  i*  in  Irive  m  in  hlavi-ry,  he  fiillowt 
tiiii.|ii.-    1  irliniii.iii,-.  4.C.     Nihil  cx  tola    pra-da  prater  [  hi-  i  .i^i  a  captive  hM  captor,  ami  ivi'i<r«  a  yoli« 

Ulii.laiiiM.  Ill  Mr-niciii  accipiam.  "^  Lib.  i  Cerle  j  ii.  veiieck."  '"  Virg.  .f.ii    ■!.     "Sh* 

MX  i  r.     1    I         ^       1  riile  fati-are  . Praline,  te  non  amai^xe  '  b. .  k    but   «i|i>pp<-<l   in   the   midille   of  her  dia- 

.1  :  I'liiiii  vere  aiiiaiwes.  nihil  priuA  aut     cnurti- "  '>  r^eneca  Hippol.     "  What  rcaauo  requires 

II  ainat^  mulieri  placere.  Ka  enim     ra(iu(  love  forbida."  ^  Met.  10. 

■  L  I  velle  et  nolle.  ostruu,  Ml.  1 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1.]  Symptoms  of  Love.  507 

Again, 


'  Pervigil  igne 

Carpitur  intlomito,  fiiriosaiiue  vota  retroctat, 
Et  modo  desperat,  modo  vult  tentare,  pudetque 
£t  cupit,  et  quid  agat,  noii  iuvenit,"  &c. 


'  With  raging  lust  she  burns,  and  now  rc-calla 
Her  vow,  and  then  despairs,  and  when  lis  past, 
Her  former  thoughts  she'll  prosecute  in  ha^te, 
And  what  to  do  she  knows  not  at  the  last." 


m  cupit,  et  quid  agat,  non  invenit,    acc.  Ana  wnat  to  ao  sne 

She  will  and  will  not,  abhors  :  and  yet  as  Medaea  did,  doth  it 

"Traliit  invitam  nova  vis,  aliudque  cupido,        I  "  Reason  pulls  one  way,  burning  lust  another, 

Mens  alind  suadet;  video  meliora,  proboque,  .   She  sees  and  knows  what's  good,  but  slie  doth  neither." 

Deteriora  sequor." | 

■  '3  "  O  fraus,  amorque,  et  mentis  emotje  furor, 
(iuo  me  abstulistis?" 
\ 

The  major  part  of  lovers  are  carried  headlong  like  so  many  brute  beasts,  reason 
counsels  one  way,  thy  friends,  fortunes,  shame,  disgrace,  danger,  and  an  ocean  of 
cares  that  will  certainly  follow ;  yet  this  furious  lust  precipitates,  coiinterpoiseth, 
weighs  down  on  tlie  other;  though  it  be  their  utter  undoing,  perpetual  infamy,  loss, 
yet  they  will  do  it,  and  become  at  last  insensati,  void  of  sense ;  degenerate  into 
dogs,  hogs,  asses,  brutes ;  as  Jupiter  into  a  bull,  Apuleius  an  ass,  Lycaon  a  wolf, 
Tereus  a  lapwing,  "^Calisto  a  bear,  Elpenor  and  Grillus  into  swine  by  Circe.  For 
what  else  may  we  think  those  ingenious  poets  to  have  shadowed  in  their  witty  fic- 
tions and  poems  but  tliat  a  man  once  given  over  to  his  lust  (as  "Fulgentius  inter- 
prets that  of  Apuleius,  Alciat.  of  Tereus)  "  is  no  better  than  a  beast." 

'6 "  Rex  fueram,  sic  crista  docet,  sed  sordida  vita  I  "  I  was  a  king,  my  crown  my  witnefs  is, 

Immunuam  e  tanto  culmine  fecit  aveui."  (  But  by  my  fiithinciss  ara  come  to  this." 

Their  blindness  is  all  out  as  great,  as  manifest  as  their  weakness  and  dotage,  or 
rather  an  inseparable  companion,  an  ordinary  sign  of  it,  "'  love  is  blind,  as  tlie  say- 
ing is,  Cupid's  blind,  and  so  are  all  his  followers.  Qnisquis  aviat  ranam,  ranam 
putat  esse  Dianam.  Every  lover  admires  his  mistress,  though  she  be  very  deformed 
of  herself,  ill-favoured,  wrinkled,  pimpled,  pale,  red,  yellow,  tanned,  tallow-faced, 
have  a  swollen  juggler's  platter  face,  or  a  thin,  lean,  chitty  face,  have  clouds  in  her 
face,  be  crooked,  dry,  bald,  goggle-eyed,  blear-eyed,  or  with  staring  eyes,  she  looks 
like  a  squis'd  cat,  hold  her  head  still  awry,  heavy,  dull,  hollow-eyed,  black  or  yel- 
low about  the  eyes,  or  squint-eyed,  sparrow-mouthed,  Persian  hook-nosed,  have  a 
sharp  fox  nose,  a  red  nose,  China  fiat,  great  nose,  nare  simo  patuloquc^  a  nose  like  a 
promontory,  gubbertushed,  rotten  teeth,  black,  uneven,  brown  teeth,  beetle  browed, 
a  witch's  beaiti,  her  breath  stink  all  over  the  room,  her  nose  drop  winter  and  sum- 
mer, with  a  Bavarian  poke  under  her  chin,  a  sharp  chin,  lave  eared,  with  a  long 
crane's  neck,  which  stands  awry  too,  penduUs  mammis.i  '■-  her  dugs  like  two  double 
jugs,"  or  else  no  dugs,  in  that  other  extreme,  bloody  fallen  fingers,  she  have  filthy, 
long  unpared  nails,  scabbed  hands  or  wrists,  a  tanned  skin,  a  rotten  carcass,  crooked 
back,  she  stoops,  is  lame,  splea-footed,  "  as  slender  in  the  middle  as  a  cow  in  the 
waist,"  gouty  legs,  her  ankles  hang  over  her  shoes,  her  feet  stink,  she  breed  lice,  a 
mere  cliangeling,  a  very  monster,  an  oaf  imperfect,  her  whole  complexion  savours, 
a  harsh  voice,  incondite  gesture,  vile  gait,  a  vast  virago,  or  an  ugly  tit,  a  slug,  a  fat 
fustylugs,  a  truss,  a  long  lean  rawbone,  a  skeleton,  a  sneaker  (si  qua  latent  meliora 
puia)^  and  to  thy  judgment  looks  like  a  mard  in  a  lantern,  whom  thou  couldst  not 
fancy  for  a  world,  but  hatest,  loathest,  and  wouldst  have  spit  in  her  face,  or  blow 
thy  nose  in  her  bosom,  remediuni  amoris  to  another  man,  a  dowdy,  a  slut,  a  scold, 
a  nasty,  rank,  rammy,  filthy,  beastly  quean,  dishonest  peradventure,  obscene,  base, 
beggarly,  ru  le,  foohsh,  untaught,  peevish,  Irus'  daughter,  Thersites'  sister,  Grobians' 
scholar,  if  he  ^ove  her  once,  he  admires  her  for  all  this,  he  takes  no  notice  of  any 

such  errors,  or  imperfections  of  body  or  m\\\i\^'^Ipsa  Ikbc delcctanf,  veluti 

Bulhinum  Polypus  AgncB ;  he  had  rather  have  her  than  any  woman  in  the  world. 
If  he  were  a  king,  she  alone  should  be  his  queen,  his  empress.  O  that  he  had  but 
the  wealth  and  treasure  of  both  the  Indies  to  endow  her  with,  a  carrack  of  diamonds, 
a  chain  of  pearl,  a  cascanet  of  jewels,  (a  pair  of  calf-skin  gloves  of  four-pence  a  pair 
were  fitier),  or  some  such  toy,  to  send  her  for  a  token,  she  should  have  it  with  all 


"Buchanan.     "Oh  fraud,  and  love,  and  distraction  '  amans;  ave  hac  nihil  fsdius,  nihil  libidinosiiis.   Sabin 
of  mind,  whither  have  you  led  rae  ?"  "'An  inmio-     in  Ovid.  Met.  •"  Love  is  like  a  false  glass,  which 

dest  woman  is  like  a  bear.  '"Ferani  induit  dum     represents  everything  fairer  than  it  is.  "''  Hor.  ser. 

rosas  comedat,  idem  ad  se  redcat.  '6  Alciatus  de  ,  lib.  sat.  1.  3.     "  These  very  things  please  him,  as  th« 

upupa    £mbl.     Animal   immuodum   upupa   stercora  I  weu  of  Agna  did  Balbinus." 


508  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

his  heart;  he  would  spend  myriads  of  crowns  for  her  sake.  Venus  herself,  Panthea, 
Cleopatra,  Tarquin's  Tanaquil.  Herod's  Marianine,  or  "!Mary  of  Burgundy,  if  she 
were  alive,  would  not  match  her. 

">  "  (Vincit.vultus  h«c  Tyndarios, 
Qui  iiioverunt  tiorrida  bella." 

Let  Paris  himself  be  judge)  renowned  Helen  comes  short,  that  Rodopheian  Phillis, 
Larissean  Coronis,  Babylonian  Thisbe,  Polixena,  Laura,  Lesbia,  Slc,  your  counter- 
feit ladies  were  never  so  fair  as  she  is. 

"  "  Qiiicquid  erit  placidi,  lopidi,  grati,  atque  faceti,       I  "  VVhate'er  is  pretty,  ideasant,  f.ici  te,  well, 

Vividu  cuiicturuD)  retiiies  Paiidura  deoruin."  |  Whate'er  Pandora  bad,  she  dulh  eicel." 

^Diceham  Trivia;  formam  nihil  esse  Diance.  Diana  was  not  to  be  compared  to  her, 
nor  Juno,  nor  Minerva,  nor  any  goddess.  Thetis'  feet  were  as  bright  as  silver,  the 
ankles  of  Hebe  clearer  than  crystal,  the  arms  of  Aurora  as  ruddy  as  tlie  rose,  Juno's 
breasts  as  wliite  as  snow,  Minerva  wise,  Venus  fair;  but  what  of  this  .'  Dainty  come 
i}iou  to  me.     She  is  all  in  all, 

„     ,." : ; "Ca-lia  nden-  I         m- Fairest  of  fair,  that  fairness  d.lh  excel." 

Est  Venua,  inccdeiis  Juiiu,  Miiiecva  loquen».  | 

Ephemerus  in  Aristienetus,  so  fur  admireth  his  mistress'  good  parts,  that  he  makes 
proclamation  of  them,  and  challengeth  all  comers  in  her  belialf  "'' Whoever  saw 
the  beauties  of  the  east,  or  of  the  west,  let  them  come  from  all  quarters,  all,  and  tell 
truth,  if  ever  they  saw  such  an  excellent  feature  as  this  is."  A  good  fellow  in  Pe- 
tronius  cries  out,  no  tongue  can  **  tell  his  lady's  line  feature,  or  express  it,  quicquid 
dixeris  minus  erit,  &ic. 

"  No  tungue  ran  ber  perft-ctions  ti-ll, 
In  M  huce  each  part,  all  tongues  oiay  dwell." 

Most  of  your  lovers  are  of  his  humour  and  opinion.  She  is  nulli  secunda,  a  rare 
creature,  a  phcenix,  the  sole  conunandress  of  his  thoughts,  queen  of  his  desires,  his 
only  delight:  as  ''Triton  now  feelingly  sings,  that  love-sick  sea-god: 

•Candida  l>'Utothoe  placet,  et  placet  atra  Mel»ne,      I         "  Fair  I^ucotho,  black  M'.lsne  please  nie  well, 
Sed  Galatea  placet  loug«  uiagK  ouinibu*  una."  |  But  Cialatea  dutti  by  udds  the  rest  excel." 

All  the  gracious  elogies,  metaphors,  hyperbolical  comparisons  of  the  best  things  in 
the  world,  the  most  glorious  names;  M'hatsoever,  I  say,  is  pleasant,  amiable,  sweet, 
grateful,  and  delicious,  are  loo  little  for  her. 

..  „,     ,         ...        .  Dk,~.    M  I  ••  Mis  PhcBbe  is  »o  fair,  she  ii  ill  bright, 

Pbabo  pulchnor  et  sorure  Phccbi.  |  3,^^  j,,^^,  „,^  ^^^.^  1,^^,,^   ^„j  „,^  ,„,,<,„•,  Ught." 

Stars,  sun,  moons,  metals,  sweet-smelling  flowers,  odours,  perfumes,  colours,  gold, 
silver,  ivory,  pearls,  precious  stones,  snow,  painted  birds,  doves,  honey,  sugar,  spice, 

cannot  express  her,  "  so  soft,  so  lender,  so  radiant,  sweet,  so  fair,  is  she. 

MoUior  cuniculi  capillo,  &ic. 

•S"  Lydia  bella,  puella  Candida,  I  "  Fine  Lydia,  my  miHlreM,  white  and  fair, 

U  la-  h.Mie  su|>eras  lac,  el  lilmm,  |  The  milk,  the  lily  do  nui  thee  come  near; 

Albamqup  simni  nwani  et  rubicundam.  The  mse  so  white,  the  rose  m>  red  to  nee, 

£t  eipoliium  ebur  ludicum."  |  And  Indian  ivury  corned  bburt  of  Itiee." 

Such  a  description  our  English  Homer  makes  of  a  fair  lady : 

••  TTiat  Emilia  that  teas  fairer  to  teen, 
I'ken  i$  lily  upon  the  atnlk  green  : 
jindfreiker  then  May  icithjioteers  nete. 
For  tcith  the  rose  colour  ttrore  her  hue, 
J  not  which  teas  the  fairer  of  tht  tics. 

In  this  ver)'  phrase  "  Polyphemus  courts  Galatea : 

"Caniiiilior  f.ilio  ni»'ei  Galatea  lisuAtri,  1  ••  Whiter  Galet  thun  the  white  wlthie-wind, 

Floriclior  prato,  loiiea  procermr  alno,  |  Fresher  than  a  field,  higher  than  a  tree, 

Splenilidior  vitro,  lenero  l.i>civi<>r  hxdo.  te.  I  Brighti-r  than  gla's.  more  wanton  than  a  kid, 

Mollior  et  cygni  plumis,  et  lacle  coaclo."  |  Bijfter  than  swan'i  down,  or  ought  thai  may  be." 

So  she  admires  him  again,  in  that  conceited  dialogue  of  Lucian,  which  John  Secun- 
dus,  an  elegant  Dutch  modem  poet,  haih  translated  into  verse.     When  Doris  and 

i»The  dnuehter  and  h'"ir  nf  Carolus  Puenax.       ■'Se-     omnci,  et  dicant  veraces,  an  tarn  iniifnem  viderint  for 
nt-ci  in  (>.lavia.     '•  Hirr  Iwauty  excels  (he  Tyndarian     mam.  m  Nulla  vox  formani  ejus  pi^sil  cnmprehen- 

llelen'^.  w  bich  caused  such  dreadful  wars."      "  Lore  he-     dere.  "^  Calcagnini  dial.  Gaiat.  *"Csiullua 

u*.      'J  .Vaiituan.  Kgl.  I.       »■»  .AiiBerianus.        m  Faerie    ••  Petfonii  Catalect.  "> Chaucer,  in  the  Knight  i 

Queene.  Cant.  I>r.  4.  »  Epist.  11    Uuif  unquam    Tale.       *>  Ovid.  Mel.  IX 

formal  vidit  urieutu,  qui*  occideutis,  veniani  uodique  ! 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1.]  Symptoms  of  Love.  509 

those  other  sea  nympjis  upbraided  her  with  her  ugly  misshapen  love/,  Polyphemus ; 
she  replies,  they  speak  out  of  envy  and  malice, 

''"Et  plane  invidia  hue  tnpra  vos  stimulare  videtur. 
Quod  non  vos  itidem  ut  me' Polyphemus  ainet :" 

Say  what  they  could,  he  was  a  proper  man.  And  as  Heloise  writ  to  her  sweetheart 
Peter  Abelard,  Si  me  Augaslus  orbis  imperator  uxorem  expeteret,  malhm  tua  esse 
merctrix  quam  orbis  imperatrix ;  she  had  rather  be  his  vassal,  his  quean,  than  the 

world's  empress  or  queen. non  si  me  Jupiter  ipse  forte  vclit, she  would  not 

chauoe  her  love  for  Jupiter  himself. 

To  thy  thinking  she  is  a  most  loathsome  creature;  and  as  when  a  country  fellow 
discommended  once  that  exquisite  picture  of  Helen,  made  by  Zeuxis,  ^^for  he  saw 
no  such  beauty  in  it;  Nichomachus  a  love-sick  spectator  replied,  Sume  iibi  meos 
oculos  et  dca/n  exislimabis,  take  mine  eyes,  and  thou  wilt  think  she  is  a  goddess, 
dote  on  her  forthwith,  count  all  her  vices  virtues ;  her  imperfections  infirmities,  ab- 
solute and  perfect :  if  she  be  flat-nosed,  she  is  lovely ;  if  hook-nosed,  kingly ;  if 
dwarfish  and  little,  pretty ;  if  tall,  proper  and  man-like,  our  brave  British  Boadicea ; 
if  crooked,  wise ;  if  monstrous,  comely ;  her  defects  are  no  defects  at  all,  she  hath 
no  defoi-mities.  Im?no  nee  ipsiim  amiccB  stercus  fcetet,  though  she  be  nasty,  fulsome, 
as  Sostratus'  bitch,  or  Parmeno's  sow  ;  thou  hadst  as  live  have  a  snake  in  thy  bosom, 
a  toad  in  thy  dish,  and  callest  her  witch,  devil,  hag,  with  all  the  filthy  names  thou 
canst  invent;  he  admires  her  on  the  other  side,  she  is  his  idol,  Tady,  mistress, 
^  venerilla,  queen,  the  quintessence  of  beauty,  an  angel,  a  star,  a  goddess. 

"  Thou  art  my  Vesta,  thou  my  goddess  art, 
Thy  hallowed  temple  only  is  my  heart." 

The  fragrancy  of  a  thousand  courtesans  is  in  her  face  :  ^^  JVec  pulclirce  effigies,  hcBC 
Cypridis  ant  Stralonices ;  'tis  not  Venus'  picture  that,  nor  the  Spanish  infanta's,  as 
you  suppose  (good  sir),  no  princess,  or  king's  daughter  :  no,  no,  but  his  divine  mis- 
tress, forsooth,  his  dainty  Dulcinia,  ids  dear  Antiphila,  to  whose  service  he  is  wholly 
consecrate,  whom  he  alone  adores. 

'S"Cui  compnratus  indecens  erit  pavo,  I         "To  whom  conferr'd  a  peacock's  indecent, 

Inauiahilis  sciurus,  el  frequens  Phoenix."  I  A  squirrel's  harsh,  a  phoenix  too  frequent. 

All  the  graces,  veneries,  elegancies,  pleasures,  attend  her.  He  prefers  her  before  a 
mj'riad  of  court  ladies. 

s'"  He  that  commends  Phillis  or  Nersa, 
Or  Aniarillis,  or  Galatea, 
'I'ityrus  or  Melibea,  by  your  leave. 
Let  him  be  mute,  his  love  the  praises  have." 

Nay,  before  all  the  gods  and  goddesses  themselves.  So  ^  Quintus  Catullus  admired 
his  squint-eyed  friend  Roscius. 

•■  Pace  mihi  liceat  (Ccelestes)  dicere  vestra,  I      "  By  your  leave  gentle  Gods,  this  1  'II  say  true, 

Mortalis  visus  pulchrior  esse  Deo."  |         There's  none  of  you  that  have  so  fair  a  hue." 

All  the  bombast  epithets,  pathetical  adjuncts,  incomparably  fair,  curiously  neat,  divine, 
sweet,  dainty,  delicious,  &c.,  pretty  diminutives,  corculum,  suavioJiun,  Sfc.  pleasant 
names  may  be  invented,  bird,  mouse,  lamb,  puss,  pigeon,  pigsney,  kid,  honey,  love, 
dove,  chicken,  &.c.  he  puts  on  her. 

9»"  Meum  mel,  mca  suavitas,  meum  cor, 
Meum  suavioluni,  mei  lepores," 

'•'•  my  life,  my  light,  my  jewel,  my  glory,  ^''°Margareta  speciosa,  cujus  respectu  omnia 
mundi  pretiosa  sordent,  my  sweet  Margaret,  my  sole  delight  and  darling.  And  as 
'  Rhodomant  courted  Isabella  : 

••  By  all  kind  words  and  gestures  that  he  might,  I  His  mistress,  and  his  goddess,  and  such  names. 

He  calls  her  |iis  dear  heart,  his  sole  beloved,  As  loving  knights  apply  to  lovely  dames." 

His  joyful  comf  irt,  and  his  sweet  delight.  | 

Every  cloth  she  wears,  every  fashion  pleaseth  him  above  measure;  her  hand,  O 
quales  digitos,  quos  habet  ilia  manus !  pretty  foot,  pretty  coronets,  her  sweet  car- 
riage, sweet  voice,  tone,  O  that  pretty  tone,  her  divine  and  lovely  looks,  her  every 


™"It  is  envy  ifvidently  that  prompts  you,  because 
Polyphemus  does  not  love' you  as  he  does  me."  ^  Plu- 
tarch, sibi  dixit  tarn  'uilchram  non  videri,  ice. 
*'  Quauto  quam  Lucifer  aurea  Phcebe,  tanto  virginibus 
o-nspeclior  omnibus  Uerce.    Ovid.        »*  AI.  D.  Son.  30. 

2S2 


9«Martial.  I.  5.  Epig.  38.  s^  Ariosto.         «TiillyIih. 

].  de  nat.  deiir.  pulcnrior  deo.  et  tamen  erat  oculis  per- 
verslssiniis.  s»  [Vfarullus  ad  Neieraui  epig.  1  lib. 

'MfiarlhiuB.        «  Ariosto,  lib.  23.  hist,  t* 


510  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

thing,  lovely,  sweet,  amiable,  and  pretty,  pretty,  pretty.  Her  very  name  (let  it  be 
what  it  will)  is  a  most  pretty,  pleasing  name;  I  believe  now  there  is  some  secret 
power  and  virtue  in  names,  every  action,  sight,  habit,  gesture ;  he  admires,  whether 
she  play,  sing,  or  dance,  in  what  tires  soever  she  goeth,  how  excellent  it  was,  how 
well  it  became  her,  never  the  like  seen  or  heard.  ^JMiUe  hahet  ornatus,  milk  de- 
cenler  habet.  Let  her  wear  what  she  will,  do  what  she  will,  say  what  she  will, 
'Quicquid  enim  dicit.,  seu  facit,  omne  decet.  He  applauds  and  admires  everything 
she  wears,  saith  or  doth, 

*  "  Illuiii  quirf)Mid  asit,  qiic(iuo  vestigia  vertit,  |  '•  Wtiate'er  she  doth,  or  wliithcr  e'er  she  eo, 

(;oiiiposuil  fiirtim  subseii^jturque  decor  ;  I  A  Bweet  and  pleasiiit;  t'raci-  nlleiidii  Cursooth  , 

Seu  fi(dnt  criries,  fiisii!  decet  esse  capillis.  Or  loose,  or  hind  her  huir,  or  comt>  it  up, 

tk'u  cuiupsil,  cuniptiti  est  revereiida  comiB."  |  She  *  to  be  honoured  iii  what  she  doth" 

^Vestem  induiturj  formosa  est :  exuitur.,  tola  forma  est^  let  her  be  dressed  or  un- 
dressed, all  is  one,  she  is  excellent  still,  beaMiful,  fair,  and  lovely  to  behold.  Women 
do  as  much  by  men ;  nay  more,  far  fonder,  weaker,  and  that  by  many  parasangs, 
*'Come  to  me  my  dear  Lycias,"  (^ saith  Musaeus  in  *  Arista-netus) '^  come  quickly 
sweetheart,  all  oilier  men  are  satyrs,  mere  clowns,  blockheads  to  thee,  nobody  to 
thee."  'I'liy  looks,  words,  gestures,  actions,  &.C.,  "  are  incomparably  beyond  all 
others."  \'eiius  was  never  so  much  besotted  on  her  Adonis,  Pliaidra  so  delighted 
in  llippoliius,  Ariadne  in  Theseus,  Thysbe  in  her  Pyramus,  as  she  is  enamoured  on 
her  Mopsus. 

"  R<!  thou  the  marygold.  and  I  will  be  the  luii, 
Be  thou  the  friar,  and  1  will  be  the  nun." 

]  could  repeat  centuries  of  such.  Now  tell  me  what  greater  dotage  or  blindness  can 
there  be  than  this  in  both  sexes?  and  yet  their  "slavery"  is  more  eiiiiueiit,  a  greater 
sign  of  theii  fully  than  the  rest 

They  are  coiumoidy  slaves,  captives,  voluntary'  servants,  Amator  arnica  manci' 
j)ium.,  as  '  Castillo  terms  him,  his  mistress'  servant,  her  drudge,  prisoner,  bondman, 
w  hat  not }  "  He  composeih  himself  wholly  to  her  affections  to  please  her,  and,  as 
iEmelia  said,  makes  himself  her  lacquey.  All  his  cares,  actions,  all  his  thoughts,  are 
subordinate  to  her  will  and  commandment :"  her  most  devote,  obsequious,  allection- 
ate  servant  and  vassal.  ''For  love"  (as  *  Cyrus  in  Xenophon  well  observed)  "is  a 
mere  tyranny,  worse  than  any  disease,  and  they  that  are  troubled  with  it  desire  to  be 
free  and  cannot,  but  are  harder  bound  than  if  they  were  in  iron  chains."  What  greater 
captivity  or  slavery  can  there  be  (as  'TuUy  expostulates)  than  to  be  in  love  t  "  Is 
he  a  free  man  over  whom  a  w^oman  domineers,  to  whom  she  prescribes  laws,  com- 
mands, forbids  what  she  will  herself;  that  dares  deny  nothing  she  demands;  she 
asks,  he  gives ;  she  calls,  he  comes ;  she  threatens,  he  fears ;  .yequissiinuni  hunc 
sereuni  puto,  I  account  this  man  a  very  drudge."  And  as  he  follows  it,  '""  [s  this 
no  small  servitude  for  an  eiiamourite  to  be  every  hour  combing  his  head,  stilli-ning 
his  beard,  perfuming  his  hair,  washing  his  face  with  sweet  water,  painting,  curling, 
and  not  to  come  abroad  but  sprucely  crowned,  decked,  and  apparelled  .'"  Yet  these 
are  but  toys  in  respect,  to  go  to  the  barber,  baths,  theatres,  &.c.,  he  must  attend  upon 
her  wherever  she  goes,  run  along  the  streets  by  her  doors  and  windows  to  see  her, 
take  all  opportunities,  sleeveless  errands,  disguise,  counterfeit  shapes,  and  as  many 
forms  as  Jupiter  himself  ever  took;  and  come  every  day  to  her  house  (as  he  will 
surely  do  if  he  be  truly  enamoured)  and  offer  her  service,  and  follow  her  up  and 
down  from  room  to  room,  as  Lucretia's  suitors  did,  he  cannot  contain  himself  but 
he  will  do  it,  he  must  and  will  be  where  she  is,  sit  next  her,  still  talking  w  itli  her. 
""  If  I  did  but  let  my  glove  fall  by  chance,"  fas  the  said  Aretine's  Lucreiia  brags,) 
**  I  had  one  of  my  suitors,  nay  two  or  three  at  once  ready  to  stoop  and  take  it  up, 
and  kiss  it,  and  with  a  low  conge  deliver  it  unto  me;  if  I  would  walk,  anoiher  was 
ready  to  sustain  me  by  the  arm.    A  third  to  provide  fruits,  pears,  plums,  cherries,  or 


•  Tibulliw.  •  .Marul.  lih.  2.  «  Tibullus  1.  4. 

«1«  Sulpicia.  •  ArimenstUii,  Epist.  I.  •  Epinl. -24. 

Vein  Clio  cliarisiHiiiie   Lycia,  cito  vein  ;   pra>  te  Balyri 
ciuiiiei>  viili'iitiir  iHiii  hniiiini'ii,  nullo  loco  aolu*  ei<.  ^c. 


•  In  paradoxii.  An  ille  mihi  liber  videtiir  cui  mulKT 
iin(H.-ratT  Cui  l'-ge»  impoiiit,  pr»»rrihii.  jutx-l,  veiat 
«]uod  videtur.  Qui  nihil  iniperanti  lo-tal.  inliil  jMidel, 
ic   iKWcit  7    daiiduui  ;   vijcat  ?    v.  hiiiiiluiii  ;    imiTSiur  ? 


'  Lib.  :'.  ci.- ai. lire,  alterius  alfectui  fc  tt)luiii  r •      ■■•••■'■••rciiduni.  »  Mlane  parvn  <i.iMr\iiij.  ama- 

latus  plac»Te  stud,  t,  et  ip«iii«  animani  ain.t  -iiifuli*  frre  hori«  pectiiie  capilluni,  raiiuiutro- 

quani  lirit.  •  I'vroiju-d.  I   5.  amor  iier\  i'  irhani   coiiipomre,    faciem    agui*    frtl<.li-nlib<i» 

•  iitaiil  opliil  «  hberari  non  «ecu«  ar  alii>  .pj..w-  ,.,   , ic.  "  !*i  quando  in  paviimnluiii  inrauliul 

Heque  lit»-r:iri  laiiteu  ptwKunt.  »ed  validiori  nectf^ilate     quid  mihi  cicidj»wt,  elevare  inde  quam  proniptiMinie, 
li^ati  aunt  quuui  «i  in  ferrea  vincula  confectiforeiiu  |  nee  niai  o»eulo  couipacto  mibi  comuicDdare,  lie 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1.] 


Symptoms  of  Love. 


511 

whatsoever  I  would  eat  or  drink."  All  this  aud  much  more  he  doth  in  her  presence 
and  when  he  comes  home,  as  Troilus  to  his  Cressida,  'tis  all  his  meditation  to  recoun* 
with  himself  his  actions,  words,  gestures,  what  entertainment  he  had,  how  kindly 
she  used  him  in  such  a  place,  how  she  smiled,  how  she  graced  him,  and  that  infinitely- 
pleased  him ;  and  then  he  breaks  out,  O  sweet  Areusa,  O  my  dearest  Antiphila,  O 
most  divine  looks,  O  lovely  graces,  and  thereupon  instantly  he  makes  an  epioram,  or 
a  sonnet  to  five  or  seven  tunes,  in  her  commendation,  or  else  he  ruminates  how  she 
rejected  his  service,  denied  him  a  kiss,  disgraced  him,  Etc.,  and  that  as  effectually  tor- 
ments him.  And  these  are  his  exercises  between  comb  and  glass,  madrigals,  ele- 
gies, &c.,  these  his  cogitations  till  he  see  her  again.  But  all  this  is  easy  and  gentle, 
and  the  least  part  of  his  labour  and  bondage,  no  hunter  will  take  such  pains  for  his 
game,  fowler  for  his  sport,  or  soldier  to  sack  a  city,  as  he  will  for  his  mistress' 
favour. 

W"  Ipsa  comes  veniam,  neijue  me  salebrosa  movt-bunt 
Saxa,  nee  obliquo  dente  timendus  aper." 

As  Phaedra  to  Hippolitus.  No  danger  shall  affright,  for  if  that  be  true  the  poets 
feign.  Love  is  the  son  of  Mars  and  Venus ;  as  he  hath  delights,  pleasures,  elegances 
from  his  mother,  so  hath  he  hardness,  valour,  and  boldness  from  his  father.  And 
'tis  true  that  Bernard  hath;  Amore  nihil  moUius,  nihil  volentius,  nothino-  so  boister- 
ous, nothing  so  tender  as  love.  If  once,  therefore,  enamoured,  he  will  jro.  run,  ride 
many  a  mile  to  meet  her,  day  and  night,  in  a  very  dark  night,  endure  scorcliinor  heat, 
cold,  wait  in  frost  and  snow,  rain,  tempest,  till  his  teeth  chatter  in  his  head,  those 
northern  winds  and  showers  cannot  cool  or  quench  his  flame  of  love.  Infempestd 
node  non  delerretur.,  he  will,  take  my  word,  sustain  hunger,  thirst,  Penetrahif  ojnjiia, 
perrumpet  omnia^  "  love  will  find  out  a  way,"  through  thick  and  thin  he  will  to  her, 
Expeditissimi  monies  videntur  omnes  tranabiles^  he  will  swim  through  an  ocean,  ride 
post  over  the  Alps,  Appenines,  or  Pyrenean  hills, 

13"  Ignem  marisque  fluctus,  atqiie  turbines 
Venti  paratiis  est  transire," 

though  it  rain  daggers  with  their  points  downward,  light  or  dark,  all  is  one: — 
Roscida  per  tenebras  Faunus  ad  antra  venit),  for  her  sweet  sake  he  will  undertake 
Hercules's  twelve  labours,  endure,  hazard,  &.C.,  he  feels  it  not.  '^"  Wliat  shall  I  say," 
saith  Haedus,  "  of  their  great  dangers  they  undergo,  single  combats  they  undertake, 
how  they  will  venture  their  lives,  creep  in  at  windows,  gutters,  climb  over  walls  to 
come  to  their  sweethearts,"  (anointing  the  doors  and  hinges  with  oil,  because  they 
should  not  creak,  tread  soft,  swim,  wade,  watch,  &c.),  "  and  if  they  be  surprised, 
leap  out  at  windows,  cast  themselves  headlong  down,  bruising  or  breaking  their  lews 
or  arms,  and  sometimes  loosing  life  itself,"  as  Calisto  did  for  his  lovely  Melibaea. 
Hear  some  of  their  own  confessions,  protestations,  complaints,  proffers,  expostula- 
tions, wishes,  brutish  attempts,  labours  in  this  kind.  Hercules  served  Omphaie,  put 
on  an  apron,  took  a  distaff  and  spun  ;  Thraso  the  soldier  was  so  submissive  to  Thais, 
that  he  was  resolved  to  do  whatever  she  enjoined.  ^^ Ego  me  Thaidi  dedam;  et 
faciam  quod  jubet,  I  am  at  her  service.  Philostratus  in  an  epistle  lo  his  mistress, 
'*"  I  am  ready  to  die  sweetheart  if  it  be  thy  will;  allay  his  thirst  whom  thy  star 
hath  scorched  and  undone,  the  fountains  and  rivers  deny  no  man  drink  that  comes ; 
the  fountain  doth  not  say  thou  shalt  not  drink,  nor  the  apple  thou  shalt  not  eat,  nor 
the  fair  meadow  walk  not  in  me,  but  thou  alone  wilt  not  let  me  come  near  thee,  or 
see  thee,  contemned  and  despised  1  die  for  grief"  Polienus,  when  his  mistress  Circe 
did  but  frown  upon  him  in  Petronius,  drew  his  sword,  and  bade  her  "  kill,  stab,  or 
whip  him  to  death,  he  would  strip  himself  naked,  and  not  resist.  Anotiier  will  take 
a  journey  to  Japan,  Longm  navigationis  molcstis  non  curans:  a  third  (if  she  say  it) 
will  not  speak  a  word  for  a  twelvemonth's  si)ace,  her  command  shall  be  most  in- 
violably kept :  a  fourth  will  take  Hercules's  club  from  him,  and  with  that  centurion 
in  the  Spanish  '^  Caelestina,  will  kill  ten  men  for  his  mistress  Areusa,  for  a  word  of 


i2"N(ir  will  the  rude  rooks  affright  me,  nnr  the 
crooked-tusked  bear,  so  that  I  shall  not  visit  my  mis- 
tress in  pleasant  mood."  '^  Plutarchus  amat.  dial. 
"  Lib.  1.  de  contem.  amor,  quid  referani  eorum  pericula 
et  clades,  (|ui  in  amicarum  sdes  per  fenestras  ingress! 
Millicidiaque  egressi  indeque  deturbati,  sed  aut  praeci- 
pites,  membra  frangunt,  collidunt,  aut  animam  amit- 


tunt.  15  Ter.  Eunuch.  Act.  5.  Seen.  8.        is  paratua 

sum  ad  obeundum  mortem,  si  in  juheas;  banc  sitim 
sstuantis  seda,  quam  tuum  sidus  perdidit,  aqus  et 
fontes  non  negant,  &.c.  i'  Si  oceidere  placet,  ferruia 

meum  vides,  si  verberibns  contenta  es,  curro  nudus  ad 
poenam.  is  Act.   15.  18.     luipcra   mihi ;  occidam 

decern  viros,  &c. 


512 


Love-Melancholy. 


[Part.  3.  Sec,  2 


her  moulh  he  will  cut  bucklers  in  two  like  pippins,  and  flap  clown  men  like  flies, 
Elige  quo  mortis  genere  ilium  occidi  cxipisf  '^Galeatus  of  Mantua  did  a  little  more. 
for  when  be  was  almost  mad  for  love  of  a  fair  maid  in  the  city,  she,  to  try  him  l>,'like 
what  he  would  do  for  her  sake,  bade  him  in  jest  leap  into  the  river  Po  if  he  loved 
her;  he  forthwith  did  leap  headlong  ofl"  the  bridge  and  was  drowned.  Another  at 
Ficinum  in  like  passion,  when  his  mistress  by  chance  (iliinking  no  harm  1  dare 
Bwear)  bade  him  go  hang,  the  next  night  at  her  doors  hanged  himself.  ^''I^Ioney 
(saith  Xenophon)  is  a  very  acceptable  and  welcome  guest,  yet  I  had  rather  give  it 
my  dear  Clinia  than  take  it  of  others,  1  had  rather  serve  him  than  command  others, 
I  had  rather  be  his  drudge  than  take  my  ease,  undergo  any  danger  for  his  sake  than 
live  in  security.  For  I  had  rather  see  Clinia  than  all  the  world  besides,  and  had 
rather  want  the  sight  of  all  other  things  than  him  alone;  I  am  angry  with  the  night 
and  sleep  that  I  may  not  see  him,  and  thank  the  light  and  sun  because  they  show 
me  my  Clinia;  I  will  run  into  the  fire  for  his  sake,  and  if  you  did  but  see  him,  I 
know  tliat  you  likewise  would  run  with  me."  So  Philostratus  to  his  mistress, 
-■'■*  Command  me  what  you  will,  1  will  do  it;  bid  me  go  to  sea,  I  am  gone  in  an 
instant,  take  so  many  stripes,  I  am  ready,  run  through  the  fire,  and  lay  down  my 
life  and  soul  at  thy  feet,  'tis  done."     So  did  .^olus  to  Juno. 


"  Tims  o  rotfina  qiirnl  nptas 

Exploran;  labor,  mihi  ju»sa  capescere  fas  e:$t." 


And  Phaidra  to  Hippolitus, 


'•  M'-  vfl  8ororeiii  lli|i|iolite  aut  famulam  voca, 
Paiiiulaiiii|Ue  potius,  nuine  8«rvitium  feraiii." 

s  ■•  Non  iiie  p«-r  aliaa  ire  si  julwas  iiives, 
fiUf-at  e.'ilalii  in^ri'di  Piiidi  jUKix, 
Ni>n  si  pt-r  iL'!"-^  ir»*  aut  iiifiHtu  asjmina 
Ciiiicdr,  piirulii>u  viisibuH  |>t?rtuii  (J.ire. 
Tf  tunc  jubcre,  me  ilrcet  jui'ita  eiequi." 


"  O  i|iiperi  it  is  thy  pains  to  enjoin  me  still. 
And  I  am  bound  to  exi-cutK  thy  will." 


"  O  rail  mo  sistrr,  call  me  servant,  choose, 
Ur  rather  servant,  I  am  thine  lo  use." 

'•  It  shall  not  grievf  me  to  the  snowy  hills. 
Or  Iriizen  FiiiduM'  lops  lnrrhMith  to  climb, 
Or  run  ihroiitih  liri',  or  tlirnti;.'!)  an  army. 
Say  but  the  word,  fur  1  am  always  thine." 


Callicratides  in  ^^Lucian  breaks  out  into  this  passionate  speech,  "O  God  of  Heaven, 
grant  me  this  life  for  ever  to  sit  over  against  mv  mistress,  and  to  hear  her  sweet 
voice,  to  go  in  and  out  with  her,  to  have  every  other  business  conmiou  with  her;  I 
would  labour  when  she  labours;  sail  when  she  sails;  he  that  hates  her  should  hate 
me ;  and  if  a  tyrant  kill  her,  he  should  kill  me ;  if  she  should  die,  1  would  not  live, 
and  one  grave  should  hold  us  both."  '^'  Finiet  ilia  meos  moriens  morientis  amores. 
Abrocomus  in  **  Aristaenetus  makes  the  like  petition  for  his  Delphia,— "  Tccmot 
vivere  amem^  tecum  obeam  litbrns.  "  I  desire  to  live  with  thee,  and  I  am  ready  to  die 
with  thee."  'Tis  the  same  strain  which  Theagines  used  to  his  Chariclea,  "  so  that  I 
may  but  enjoy  thy  love,  let  me  die  presently:"  Leander  to  his  Hero,  when  he 
besought  the  sea  waves  to  let  hini  go  quietly  to  his  love,  and  kill  him  coming  back. 
^^ Parcite  dum  propcro,  tnergite  dum  redeo.  ''■Spare  me  whilst  I  go,  drown  me  as  1 
return."  'Tis  the  common  humour  of  them  all,  to  contemn  death,  to  wish  for  death, 
to  confront  death  in  this  case,  Quippe  quns  nee  f  era,  nee  ignis,  neque  praeipiliuviy 
nee  /return,  nee  ensis,  neque  laqueus  gravia  videntur ;  "''Tis  their  desire"  (saitK 
Tyrius)  ••  to  die." 

"  Haud  timet  mortem,  cupit  ire  in  jpsoi 
obvius  enses." 

'*  He  does  not  fear  death,  he  desireth  such  upon  the  very  swords."  Though  a  thou- 
sand dragons  or  devils  keep  the  gates,  Cerberus  himself,  Scyron  and  Procrastes  lay 
in  wait,  and  the  way  as  dangerous,  as  inaccessible  as  hell,  through  fiery  flames 
and  over  burning  coulters,  he  will  adventure  for  all  this.  And  as  "Peier  Abelard  lost 
his  testicles  for  his  Heloise,  he  will  I  say  not  venture  an  incision,  but  life  itself.  For 
how  many  gallants  offered  to  lose  their  lives  for  a  night's  lodging  with  Cleopatra  ia 


**Ga»ppr  Ens.  piiellam  mis«re  deperiens.  per  jocuni 
al>  la  in  Padum  desilire  jussus  statim  i  ponte  se  pra>- 
ripitavit.  Alius  Ficino  iiisano  amore  ardens  ah  ainira 
ju»iis  fv  suspeiidtre,  illiro  fecit.  ^  Intelliiio  pccu- 

niam  rem  esse  jurundissiniam,  nieam  tamen  libentius 
dari-m  L'liniiR  qua  n  ab  aliis  accipereni;  libentius  huic 
iwfrvirein.  qoain  a'iis  imperareiii.  Ice.  Nort.^m  et  soin- 
niiiii  accuso.  quod  ilium  non  videam,  luri  aulem  et  soli 
eraiiam  hahi'o  q  lod  mihi  Cliniam  ostendanr.  Ei;'> 
etiam  c'irn  Clinia  in  ijnem  currerem;  et  sno  vos  qno- 
que  menini  iiijt/o  iurf>s  si  videretis.  "  Iiiipera  quid- 

vi»:  navii-ir"  i'lfe,  navem  coiiscendo ;  plazas  arcipere, 
ctector;  aniinuin  profuudere,  in   igaeiii  currere,  oon 


recuso,  lubens  facio.  *<  Seneca  in  Hipp.  act.  2. 

"  Hujus  ero  vivus.  mortuus  hiijus  ero.  Proper!,  lib.  2. 
vivam  si  vival;  si  cadat  ilia,  cadam.  Id.  '''<  Dial. 

Aniorum.  Milu  <">  dii  cmkiites  ultra  sit  vita  hic  per- 
petua  ei  adviTso  amiciE  sedere,  et  suave  loquenlem 
audire,  Slc.  t-i  iiioriatur,  vivere  non  suslinetx),  et  idem 
erit  se  pulchruin  utrisque.  *  llucliaiia'i.    •'  When 

she  dies  my  love  shall  also  he  at  rest  in  Itie  tomb  "* 
V  Epist.  31-  8it  hoc  votuin  a  dn*  amart  L><-lphi<lem, 
ab  ea  amari,  adl<K|ui  pulchram  et  loqiifnK'in  audire 
i^  Ilor.  »  .Mart.  »  Lege  Calimitales  Pe;   Ab«» 

hardi  Epi*t.  prima. 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  I.J  Symptoms  of  Love.  513 

those  days  !  and  in  the  hour  or  moment  of  death,  'tis  their  sole  comfort  to  texnem- 
ber  their  dear  mistress,  as  '"Zerbino  slain  in  France,  and  Brandiraart  in  Barbarv  a^ 


Arcite  did  his  Emily 

5" when  he.  felt  death, 

Dunked  been  his  eyes,  and  faded  is  his  breath 

But  on  his  lady  yet  casteth  he  his  eye, 

His  last  word  was,  merry  Kmely, 

His  spirit  chang'd,  and  out  went  there, 

H'hether  I  cannot  tell,  ne  where. 


^When  Captain  Gobrius  by  an  unlucky  accident  had  received  his  death's  wound. 
heu  me,  miserinn  exclamal,  miserable  man  that  I  am,  (instead  of  other  devotions)  he 
cries  out,  shall  1  die  before  I  see  my  sweetheart  Kodaiilhe  ?  Sic  amor  7nortem,  (saith 
mine  author)  aut  qiiicquid  humanitns  accidit,  aspernatur,  so  love  triumphs,  contemns, 
insults  over  death  itself.  Thirteen  proper  young  men  lost  their  lives  for  thai  fair 
Hippodamias'  sake,  the  daughter  of  Onomaus,  king  of  Elis  :  wlien  that  hard  con(H- 
tion  was  proposed  of  death  or  victory,  they  made  no  account  of  it,  but  courageously 
for  love  died,  till  Pelops  at  last  won  her  by  a  sleight.  ^^'As  many  gallants  desperately 
adventured  their  dearest  blood  for  Atalanta,  the  daughter  of  Schcnius,  in  hope  of 
marriage,  all  vanquished  and  overcame,  till  llippomenes  by  a  few  golden  apples  hap- 
pily obtained  his  suit.  Perseus,  of  old,  fought  with  a  sea  monster  for  Andromeda's 
sake ;  and  our  St.  George  freed  the  king's  daughter  of  Sabea  (the  golden  legend  is 
mine  author)  that  was  exposed  to  a  dragon,  by  a  terrible  combat.  Our  kniirius 
errant,  and  the  Sir  Lancelots  of  these  days,  I  hope  will  adventure  as  much  for  ladies' 
favours,  as  the  Squire  of  Dames,  Knight  of  the  Sun,  Sir  Bevis  of  Southampton,  or 
that  renowned  peer, 


^  "  Orlanrlo,  vvhn  long  time  had  loved  dear 
Ant;elica  tlie  fair,  and  for  her  sake 
About  the  world  in  nations  far  and  near, 
Did  high  attempts  perfomj  and  undertake  ; 


he  is  a  very  dastard,  a  coward,  a  block  and  a  beast,  that  will,  not  do  as  much,  but 
they  will  sure,  they  will ;  for  it  is  an  ordinary  thing  for  these  inamoratos  of  our 
time  to  say  and  do  more,  to  stab  their  arms,  carouse  in  blood,  ^  or  as  that  Thessa- 
lian  Thero,  that  bit  ofl'  his  own  thumb,  provocans  rivalein  ad  hoc  (emulandum,  to 
make  his  co-rival  do  as  much.  'Tis  frequent  with  them  to  challenge  the  field  for 
their  lady  and  mistress'  sake,  to  run  a  tilt, 


SB  "  That  either  bears  (so  furiously  they  meet) 
The  other  down  under  the  horses'  feet," 


and  then  up  and  to  it  again, 

"  And  with  their  ases  both  so  sorely  pour, 
That  neither  plate  nor  mail  sustain'd  the  stour. 
But  riveld  wreak  like  rotten  wood  asunder, 
And  fire  did  tiash  like  lu'htning  after  thunder;" 

and  in  her  quarrel,  to  fight  so  long  ^' "  till  their  head-piece,  bucklers  be  all  broken, 
and  swords  hacked  like  so  many  saws,"  for  they  must  not  see  her  abused  in  any 
sort,  'tis  blasplicmy  to  speak  against  her,  a  dishonour  without  all  good  respect  to 
name  her.  'Tis  common  with  these  creatures,  to  drink ^*  healths  upon  their  bare 
knees,  though  it  were  a  mile  to  the  bottom,  no  matter  of  what  mixture,  off  it  comes. 
If  she  bid  them  they  will  go  barefoot  to  Jerusalem,  to  the  great  Cham's  court,  ^*to 
the  East  Indies,  to  fetch  her  a  bird  to  wear  in  her  hat :  and  with  Drake  and  Candish 
sail  round  about  the  world  for  her  sweet  sake,  adversis  ventis^  serve  twice  seven 
years,  as  Jacob  did  for  Rachel;  do  as  much  as  ""Gesmunda,  the  daughter  of  Tan- 
credus,  prince  of  Salerna,  did  for  Guisardus,  her  true  love,  eat  his  heart  when  he 
died;  or  as  Artemesia  drank  her  husband's  bones  beaten  to  powder,  and  so  bury  him 
in  herself,  and  endure  more  torments  than  Theseus  or  Paris.  Et  his  colitur  Venus 
magis  quam  Ihiire^  et  viclimis,  with  such  sacrifices  as  these  (as  ■"  Aristsenetus  holds) 
Venus  is  well  pleased.  Generally  they  undertake  any  pain,  any  labour,  any  toil,  for 
their  mistress'  sake,  love  and  admire  a  servant,  not  to  her  alone,  but  to  all  her  friends 
and  followers,  they  hug  and  embrace  them  for  her  sake  ;  her  dog,  picture,  and  every- 
thing she  wears,  they  adore  it  as  a  relic.     If  any  man  come  from  her,  they  fea 


"Ariosto.  31  Chaucer,   in   the   Knight's  Tale. 

•^Theodorus    prodromus,    Amnruni    lib.  li.     Interpret. 
Gaulmino.  s  Uvid.    10.     Met.    Hi;iniu?,   c.   l^S. 

*>  .\riost.  lib.  1.  Cant.  1.  staff.  5.  ^i  pi„t.  dial.  amor. 

*  Faerie   (ln>!ene,   cant.   1.   lib.  4.  et   cant.  3.   lib.  4. 

65 


'^  Dum  cassis  pertu.=a,  ensis  instar  Serra  excisus.  scu 
turn,  &;c.  BartliJus  CtElestina.  ^8  Lgsbia  sex  cyalhis, 
spptein  Justiiia  bihatiir.  ^  .As  Xanthus  for  the  love  of 
Eurippe,  ouinem  Buropam  peraeravit.  Parthenius  Erol 
cap.  8.  *o  Beroaldua  6  Bocatio.  "  Epist.  17.  l-  2 


514  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2 

him,  reward  him,  will  not  be  out  of  his  company,  do  him  all  offices,  still  remember- 
ing, still  talking  of  her  : 

*2"  Nam  si  ahest  quod  amfs,  priesto  simulacra  tamen  sunt 
Illiiis,  et  iiouieii  dulcu  ubservatur  ad  aurt-a." 

The  very  carrier  that  comes  from  him  to  her  is  a  most  welcome  guest ;  and  if  he 
bring  a  letter,  slie  will  read  it  twenty  times  over,  and  as  '"'Lucretia  did  by  Euryalus, 
•'  kiss  the  letter  a  thousand  limes  together,  and  then  read  it :"  And  ^^  Clielidonia  by 
Philonius,  after  many  sweet  kisses,  put  the  letter  in  her  bosom, 

"  And  kiss  again,  and  often  lonk  Ihereon, 
And  stay  the  uit'ssenger  that  would  be  gone:" 

And  asked  many  pretty  questions,  over  and  over  again,  as  how  he  looked,  what  he 
did,  and  what  he  said  ?     In  a  word, 

•*  "  Vult  placerf  sesfi  ainicoe,  vult  mihi,  vult  pedissequcr,  I       "  Hi-  strives  to  pleaso  his  mistross,  and  her  maid, 
Vult  luuiuliK,  vult  etiam  anciilis,  et  catulu  meo."       |  Her  st^rvanta,  and  her  dog,  and  's  well  apaid." 

If  he  get  any  remn:mt  of  hers,  a  busk-point,  a  feather  of  her  fan,  a  shoe-tie,  a  lace, 
a  ring,  a  bracelet  of  hair, 

*«'•  Pienurique  dirpptuni  larcrlis; 
Aut  digito  inal^  perlinaci," 

he  wears  it  for  a  favour  on  his  arm,  in  his  hat,  finger,  or  next  his  heart.  Her  picture 
he  adores  twice  a  day,  and  for  two  hours  togetlicr  will  not  look  olfit;  as  Laodamia 
did  bv  Protesdaus,  when  he  went  to  war,  ^'''  'sit  at  home  with  his  picture  before  her^' 
a  garter  or  a  bracelet  of  hers  is  more  precious  than  any  saint's  relic,"  he  lays  it  up 
in  his  casket,  (O  blessed  relic")  and  every  day  will  kiss  it:  if  in  her  presence,  his 
eye  is  never  off  her,  and  drink  he  will  where  she  drank,  if  it  be  possible,  in  that 
very  place,  Stc.     If  absent,  he  will  walk  in  the  walk,  sit  under  that  tree  where  she 

did  use  to  sit,  in  that  bower,  in   that  very  seat, et  forifms  misfr  oscula  figit,** 

many  years  after  sometimes,  though  she  be  far  distant  and  dwell  many  miles  olK  he 
loves  yet  to  walk  that  way  still,  to  have  his  chamber-wintUiw  look  that  way  :  to 
walk  by  that  river's  side,  which  (though  faraway)  runs  by  the  house  where  she 
dwells,  he  loves  the  wind  blows  to  that  coast. 

*»"  O  qiioties  tlixi  Zcphyris  pro[teranlibU!i  illuc,  j  •' O  happy  wfslern  winds  that  blow  that  way. 

Felices  pulchrain  visuri  Aiiiaryllada  venti."  |  For  you  ahall  see  my  luve'H  fuir  face  to  day." 

He  will  send  a  message  to  her  by  the  wind, 

">  '*  Von  nane  .Alpine,  placidi*  de  montibus  aurz, 
H±c  illi  porlate," 

''  he  desires  to  confer  with  some  of  her  acquaintance,  for  his  heart  is  still  with  her, 
"  to  talk  of  her,  admiring  and  commending  her,  lamenting,  moaning,  wishing  him- 
self anything  for  her  sake,  to  have  opportunity  to  see  her,  0  that  he  might  but  enjoy 
her  presence!  So  did  Philostnitus  to  his  mistress,  ""  O  happy  ground  on  which  she 
treads,  and  happy  were  I  if  she  would  tread  upon  me.  I  think  her  Countenance 
would  make  the  rivers  stand,  and  when  she  comes  abroad,  birds  will  sing  and  come 
about  her. 

"  Ridebunt  vallcs,  ridebunt  obvia  Tempe,  I      "  The  fields  will  lauch.  the  pbasant  valley*  burn, 

In  florem  viridis  protinua  ibi  huniua."  |         And  all  the  grass  will  into  flowers  turn." 

Omnis  Jimhrosiam  spirabit  aura.  ""When  she  is  in  the  meadow,  she  is  fairer  than 
any  flower,  for  that  lasts  but  for  a  day,  the  river  is  pleasing,  but  it  vanisheth  on  a 
sudden,  but  thy  (lower  doth  not  fade,  thy  stream  is  greater  than  the  sea.  If  I  look 
upon  the  heaven,  methinks  I  see  the  sun  fallen  down  to  shine  below,  and  thee  to 
shine  in  his  place,  whom  I  desire.  If  I  look  upon  the  night,  methinks  I  see  two 
more  glorious  stars,  Hesperus  and  thyself."     A  little  after  he  thus  courts  his  rai.s- 


" Lucretius.  "For  if  the  object  of  your  love  be  ab- 
•enl.  h'-r  iniase  is  pr>  smt,  and  ht-r  sweet  name  is  still 
fnmiliar  in  my  ear*."  «3  ^neas  Sylvius,  Lucretie 

quum  acccpit   Kuriali   lileras  hilaris  sialim  milli>-<iqua 
papiruni  ha.siavit.         ••'  Medii.s  iii^eruit  pnpilli:!  Iilterain 


Naugerio.     "Ye  alpine  winds,  ye  mountain   tnetft, 
bear  these  gifts  to  her."  "  Happy  servantu  that 

serve  her,  happy  men  that  are  in  her  company.  "  Non 
ipsos  solum  Mill  ip^orum  meinoriam  amaiit.  Luciar 
Epist.     O  l>-r  filu  s'dum!  iH-alus  ^eo.  ii   me  CJiVa- 


iU'*    mille  priui    paneens    suavia      Arist    'J.  epi*t    l.t.  I  yens ;  vultu*  tuus  amn.-s  sisl.r.- ix.l.-.t.  <cc.         »*  Idem 


«»  Plaiiiii''  Asinnr.  "  Hor.     •■  S<iine  token  snatched 

from  hf-r  arm  or  her  gently  rtsistiiis  filial  r."  «'  Ilia 

>iomi  sedern  iiip-i-rinfin  <jus  tlTis  oculis  aiiiidiie  conspi- 
cata.  *•  "  Ai'il  dKtr.Tied  w  ill  imprint  kisses  on  the 

daora."  oBucbaoau  Sylva.  'a  Fracatloriu* 


epist.  in  prulo  cum  sit  flores  sii(m  rat  ;  illi  pn'.  tin  »«.U 
uiiius  tanluni  diei ;  fluviiis  gratis  sed  ev.H  ■ -i  .t ;  at 
luus  fluviun  man  major.  Si  ccelum  a»picio,»<':iiu  tiM 
timo  cecidiaae.  et  lo  terra  awbulare,  ttc 


I 


Symptoms  of  Love. 


515 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1.] 

tress,  ""If  thou  goest  forth  of  the  city,  the  protecting  gods  tliat  keep  the  town 
will  run  after  to  gaze  upon  thee :  if  thou  sail  upon  the  seas,  as  so  many  small  boats, 
they  will  follow  thee  :  what  river  would  not  run  into  the  sea?"  Another,  he  sighs 
and'  sobs,  swears  he  hath  Cor  scissum^  a  heart  bruised  to  powder,  dissolved  and 
melted  within  him,  or  quite  gone  from  him,  to  his  mistress'  bosom  belike,  he  is  in 
an  oven,  a  salamander  in  the  fire,  so  scorched  with  love's  heat;  he  wishelh  himself 
a  saddle  for  her  to  sit  on,  a  posy  for  her  to  smell  to,  and  it  would  not  grieve  him  to 
be  hanged,  if  he  might  be  strangled  in  her  garters  :  he  would  willingly  die  to-mor 
row,  so  that  she  might  kill  him  with  her  own  hands.  ^Ovid  would  be  a  flea,  a 
gnat,  a  ring,  Catullus  a  sparrow. 


"  "  O  si  tecum  ludere  sicut  ipsa  possem, 
Et  tristes  aninii  levare  curas." 


'  Anacreon,  a  glass,  a  gown,  a  chain,  anything. 


'  Sed  speculum  ego  ipse  fiam, 
Ut  me  tuum  usque  cernas, 
Et  vestis  ipse  fiam, 
Ut  me  tuum  usque  gestes. 
Mutari  et  opto  in  undam, 
Lavem  tuos  ut  artus, 
Nardus  puella  fiam, 
Ut  ego  teipsum  inungam, 
Sim  fascia  in  papillis, 
Tuo  et  monile  collo. 
Fiamque  calceus,  me 
Saltern  ut  pede  usque  calces. 


'9"  But  I  a  looking-glass  would  be, 
Still  to  lie  look  d  upon  by  thee. 
Or  I,  my  love,  would  he  thy  gown. 
By  thee  to  be  worn  up  and  down  ; 
Or  a  pure  well  full  to  the  hrims. 
That  I  miiiht  wash  ihy  purer  limbs: 
Or,  I'd  be  precious  balm  to  'iioint, 
With  choicest  care  each  choicest  joint ; 
Or,  if  I  might,  I  would  be  fain 
About  thy  neck  thy  happy  chain. 
Or  would  it  were  my  blessed  hap 
To  be  the  lawn  o'er  thy  fair  pap. 
Or  would  I  were  thy  shoe,  to  be 
Daily  trod  upon  by  thee." 


O  thrice  happy  man  that  shall  enjoy  her:  as  they  that  saw  Hero  in  Museus,  and 
*•  Salmacis  to  Hermaphroditus, 


'  Felices  mater,  &c.  felix  nuirix.- 
Sed  louse  cunctis,  longeque  beatinr  ille, 
Quein  fructu  sponsi  et  socii  dignabere  lec-ti 


The  same  passion  made  her  break  out  in  the  comedy,  ^KYce  illcB  forhinatoi  sunt  qucR 
cum  illo  cwicm^  "  happy  are  his  bedfellows;"  and  as  she  said  of  Cyprus,  •'^'Seo^a 
qucz  illi  uxor  futura  essel,  blessed  is  that  woman  that  shall  be  his  wife,  nay,  thrice 
happy  she  that  shall  enjoy  him  but  a  night.  "  Una  nox  Jovis  sceptro  aquiparanda^ 
such  a  night's  lodging  is  worth  Jupiter's  sceptre. 


^^  "  (iualis  no.t  erit  ilia,  dii,  deaeque, 
Q.uam  mollis  thorus  ?" 

"  O  what  a  blissful  night  would  it  be,  how  soft,  how  sweet  a  bed !"  She  will  ad- 
venture all  her  estate  for  such  a  night,  for  a  nectarean,  a  balsam  kiss  alone. 

^'''Ciui  te  videt  bc^atus  est, 
Beatinr  qui  te  audiet, 
Q,ui  te  potitur  est  Deus." 

The  sultan  of  Sana's  wife  in  Arabia,  when  she  had  seen  Vertomannus,  that  comely 
traveller,  lamented  to  herself  in  this  manner,  "^'O  God,  thou  hast  made  this  man 
wh'ter  than  the  sun,  but  me,  mine  husband,  and  all  my  children  black ;  I  would  to 
God  he  were  my  husband,  or  that  I  had  such  a  son ;"  she  fell  a  weeping,  and  so 
impatient  for  love  at  last,  that  (as  Potiphar's  wife  did  by  Joseph)  she  would  have 
haa  him  gone  in  with  her,  she  sent  away  Gazella,  Tegeia,  Galzerana,  her  waiting- 
maids,  loaded  him  with  fair  promises  and  gifts,  and  wooed  him  with  all  the  rhetoric 

she  could, cxtremum  hoc  misery,  da  mumis  amanti,  "grant  this  last  request  to  a 

wretched  lover."  But  when  he  gave  not  consent,  she  would  have  gone  witli  iiim, 
and  left  all,  to  be  his  page,  his  servant,  or  his  lackey,  Certa  sequi  charum  corpus  ut 
umbra  solci^  so  that  she  might  enjoy  him,  threatening  moreover  to  kill  herself,  &e. 
Men  will  do  as  much  and  more  for  women,  spend  goods,  lands,  lives,  fortunes , 
kings  will  leave  their  crowns,  as  King  John  for  Matilda  the  nun  at  Dunmow. 

*» "  But  kings  in  this  yet  privileg'd  may  be, 
I'll  be  a  monk  so  I  may  live  with  thee." 


ssSi  civitate  esrederis,  sequentur  te  dii  custodes, 
epectpculocommoti ;  si  naviges  sequentur ;  quis  fluvius 
salum  tuum  iion  rigaret  ?  "  '«  El.  15.  2.  "  •'  oh,  if  I 
might  ntilv  dally  with  thee,  and  alleviate  the  wnstius 
forro.vs  u(  my  mind."  5^Carm.  30.  ^9  Eni-lished 

by   M     B.    nolliday,   in    his  Technog.  act   1.   seen.  7. 
"Ov.d.  Met.  lib.  4.  ^'  Xenophon  Cyropid.  lib.  5. 

a  Pla.tus  de  niilite.  ^  Lucian.         "  E  Grsco  Ruf. 


65  Petronius.  ^s  "  He  is  happy  who  sees  thee,  more 

happv  who  hears,  a  god  who  enjoys  thee."  "  Lod. 

Vertomannus  navi-.'.  lib.  2.  c.  5.  O  deus,  hunc  creasti 
sole  candidiorem,  e  diverso  me  et  conjugem  meum  et 
natos  mens  omnes  nicricantes.  Utinam  hie.  &c.  Ibit 
Gazella.  Tegeia,  Galzerana,  et  promissis  oneravit,  el 
donis,  &c.        68M.  D. 


51G  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

The  very  Gods  will  endure  any  shame  [atqiic  aliquis  de  diis  non  trislibus  inguit,  Sfc.) 
be  a  spectacle  as  Mars  and  Venus  were,  lo  all  the  rest ;  so  did  Lucian's  Mercury 
wish,  and  peradventure  so  dost  thou.     They  will  adventure  their  lives  with  alacrity 

^-'pro  qua  non  metuam  fnori nay  more,  pro  qua  non  mctuam  bis  mori,  I  will 

die  twice,  nay,  twenty  times  for  her.  If  she  die,  there's  no  remedy,  they  must  die 
with  her,  they  cannot  help  it.  A  lover  in  Calcagninus,  wrote  this  on  his  darling's 
t  )mb, 

•'  Q.uiiiriii  nliiit,  sed  non  Quincia  sola  oliiit,                   1  "  Qiiincia  my  dear  i8  dtrail,  but  not  alone, 

UiiiiK-ia  obiir.  seil  cum  Quincia  et  ipse  obii ;              |  For  I  am  ilt-ad,  and  with  her  I  am  gonv  : 

Klsiis  ohii.  oliit  L'ralia,  hisus  ohit,  Swei-t  t^miles,  mirth,  grncva.  all  with  her  d<i  rest, 

Nil'  iiica  iiiihi-  iinima  in  pcclure,  at  in  tumulo  est."  |  And  my  soul  loo,  for  'tis  not  in  my  hrcatit." 

How  many  doting  lovers  upon  the  like  occasion  might  say  the  same  .'  But  these 
are  toys  in  respect,  they  will  liazard  their  very  souls  for  tlieii  niislre;;s'  sake. 

"  Atqne  nlif|iiia  iTiter  juvnnes  miratiis  est,  el  verbiim  dint,  I  "  One  said,  to  heaven  would  I  not 

Non  ei>o  III  cielo  ciip*'rem  D>-iis  e6:>e,                                          i  desire  nt  all  to  go, 

Noslr.-iiii  ii.tureiii  hslieiis  dumi  Hero."                                     I  If  that  at  mine  own  hou^e  I  had 

I  such  a  line  wife  as  Hero." 

Venus  forsook  heaven  for  Adonis'  sake, ""^cctlo  prcefirlur  Ailonis.    Old  Janivere, 

in  Chaucer,  tliought  when  he  had  his  fair  May  he  should  never  go  to  heaven,  he 
should  live  so  merrily  here  on  earth ;   had  I  such  a  mistress,  he  protests, 

'■   •Cerium  dii«  ego  non  suuni  iiiviilerein,  I  "  I  would  not  envy  their  prosperity, 

^imI  Mirleiii  uiihi  ilii  iinam  iiivid'jrenl."  |  The  giwlii  t^liould  envy  my  iVIicity." 

Another  as  earnestly  desires  to  behold  his  sweetheart  he  will  adventure  and  leave 
all  this,  and  more  than  this  to  see  her  ulone. 

"  ■■  (Imni.i  (in*  pallor  mala  ni  pensare  velit  fors,  |  '*  If  all  my  mischi' f*  were  reniinpeiised 

Una  aliijua  nobis  pror^|>eritate.  dii  .And  Uod  would  L'lve  we  what  I  requested, 

Hoe  prf<;or,  ul  f.^riant,  laciant  me  cernere  coram.  \  I  wo'uM  my  mi;«ir  "«'  prj  »iMire  only  spek, 

('i>r  milii  c.'iplivum  i^uo:  tenet  liKce,  deam.  '  ,  Which  d  •tli  iiiin-'  heart  in  iiri.'oii  captive  Ueep." 

But  who  can  reckon  upon  the  dotage,  madness,  servitude  and  blindness,  the  foolish 
phantasins  and  vanities  of  lovers,  their  tonnents,  wishes,  idle  attempts  ^ 

Yet  for  all  this,  amongst  so  many  irksome,  absurd,  troublesome  symptoms,  incon- 
veniences, phantastical  tits  unci  passions  which  are  usually  iiir-idt  nt  to  such  persons 
there  be  some  good  and  giactful  ipialiiies  in  lovers,  which  this  ailectioii  ciiuseih. 
••  As  it  makes  wise  men  fools,  so  many  limes  it  makes  fools  become  wise;  "it  nmkes 
base  fellows  become  generous,  cowards  courageous,"  as  Canlaii  notes  out  of  Plu- 
tarch ;  "  covetous,  liberal  and  magnificent ;  clowns,  civil ;  cruel,  gentle ;  wicked, 
profane  persons,  to  become  religious;  slovens,  neat ;  churls,  merciful;  and  dumb 
dogs,  eloquent ;  your  lazy  drone?,  quick  and  nimble."  Fcrus  mcnics  dnmat  cupido, 
that  fierce,  cruel  and  rude  Cyclops  Polyphemu.s  sighed,  and  shed  many  a  salt  tear 
for  Galatea's  sake.  No  passion  causeth  greater  alterations,  or  more  vehement  of  joy 
or  discontent.  Plutarch.  Si/mpos.  lib.  5.  qucESl.  1,  ^Saith,  ''that  the  soul  of  a  man 
in  love  is  full  of  perfumes  and  sweet  odours,  and  all  manner  of  pleasing  tones  and 
tunes,  insonmch  that  it  is  hard  to  say  (as  he  adds)  whether  love  do  mortal  men  more 
hanu  than  good."  It  adds  spirits  and  makes  them,  otherwise  soft  and  silly,  generous 
and  courageous,  "'"Audiicem  faciebat  amor.  Ariadne's  love  made  Theseus  so  ad- 
venturous, and  Medea's  beauty  Jason  so  victorious  ;  expectorat  amor  tiinorrm.  ™  Plato 
is  of  opinion  that  the  love  of  Venus  made  Mars  so  valorous.  "  A  yf)tmg  man  will 
be  much  abashed  to  commit  any  foul  offence  that  shall  come  to  the  hearing  or  sight 
of  liis  mistress."  As  "  he  that  desired  of  his  enemy  now  dying,  to  lay  him  with 
his  face  upward,  ne  amasius  viderel  eum  a  tergo  vuln'ralum.,  lest  his  sweetheart 
should  sav  he  was  a  coward.  "  And  if  it  were  '"  possible  to  have  an  army  consist 
of  lovers,  such  as  love,  or  are  beloved,  they  would  be  extraordinary  valiiint  and  wise 
in  their  government,  modesty  would  detain  them  from  doing  amiss,  emulation  incite 
them  to  do  that  which  is  good  and  honest,  and  a  few  of  them  would  overcome  a 
great  company  of  others."  There  is  no  man  so  pusillanimous,  so  very  a  dastard, 
whom  love  would  not  incense,  make  of  a  divine  temper,  and  an  heroical  spirit.     As 

"Hot  (Kle  1).  lib.  3.      ^Ov.  Met.  10.        ii  Dochanan.  1  et  odnrihuK  :  Ps-ane*  reaonat,  ^c.         7*  Ovid.  ^In 

Mender  any  I.         "'  Pelrnrrh.  "Cardan,  lib.  2.  ile  aap.     convivio.  amor  Veiiprm  .Mnrlem  iletincr.ei  f  irl'm  faru  ; 

ex  vilibu<  seneroii<i«  elilcere  noiel,  ex  limidis  audaces,  adoleiicenlem  maxime  eriilM><iri're  rerntmiia  quiiiii  anm- 
ex  BvariA  vpleiiitidiK,  ex   acres  (I  bun  civiies.  ex  crudeli-     trix  eum  (urpe  quid  comriiiltiiilem  '»ti-iiilil.  i'  I'tii 

buM  iii.ii.^'ii  t'>ii.  I  (   iiiipiM  relii!iiMc>8,  ex  M>rdidis  iiitidtM     tarrh.  .Anrilor.  dial.  '"•Si  quo  picio  D.-ri  rtviln*  aui 

aiquecult"!<. -x  <liiri!>  iiiitericiirdeii.  ex  muti.-teloqiieiites.  cxerriiu*  poyael  partim  ex  bia  qui  auiani,  parlim  es 
'•  Auimu    houiiau   aoiore  capli  tola  referta   auffilibua  |  bi«,  Ait. 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1.]  Symptoms  of  Love  517 

he  said  in  like  case,  '^^  Tata  rual  caeli  moles,  non  terreor,  S^-c.  Nothing  can  terrify, 
nothing  can  dismay  them.  But  as  Sir  Blandimor  and  Paridel,  those  two  brave  fairy 
knights,  fought  for  the  love  of  fair  Florimel  in  presence — 


'  And  (irnwifip  both  their  swords  with  rage  anew. 
Like  tvM)  mad  niastives  eacli  other  slew. 
And  shin  Ids  did  sharr,  anil  in  ales  did  rash,  and  helms 
So  furiously  each  other  did  assail,  [did  hew  ; 

As  if  their  souls  at  oiice  lliey  would  have  rent, 
Out  of  their  hreasts,  that  streams  of  hlood  did  trail 


Adown  as  if  their  springs  of  life  were  spent. 
That  all  the  t;round  with  purple  hlood  was  spren*., 
And  all  their  armour  stain'd  with  hloody  gore. 
Yet  scarcely  once  to  breath  would  they  relent. 
So  mortal  was  thfir  malice  and  so  sore, 
That  both  resolved  (than  yield)  to  die  before." 


Every  base  swain  in  love  will  dare  to  do  as  much  for  his  dear  mistress'  sake.  He 
will  fight  and  fetch,  ^'  Argivum  Clypeum,  that  famous  buckler  of  Argos,  to  do  her 
service,  adventure  at  all,  undertake  any  enterprise.  And  as  Serranus  the  Spaniard, 
then  Governor  of  Sluys,  made  answer  to  Marquess  Spinola,  if  the  enemy  brought 
50,000  devils  against  him  he  would  keep  it.  The  nine  worthies,  Oliver  and  Row- 
land, and  forty  dozen  of  peers  are  all  in  him,  he  is  all  mettle,  armour  of  proof,  more 
than  a  man,  and  in  this  case  improved  beyond  himself.  For  as  --  Agatho  contends, 
a  true  lover  is  wise,  just,  temperate,  and  valiant.  ^'^  I  doubt  not,  therefore,  but  if  a 
man  had  such  an  army  of  lovers  (as  Castillo  supposeth)  he  might  soon  conquer  all 
the  world,  except  by  chance  he  met  with  such  another  army  of  inamoratos  to  oppose 
it."  *^  For  so  perhaps  they  might  fight  as  that  fatal  dog  and  fatal  hare  in  the  heavens, 
course  one  another  round,  and  never  make  an  end.  Castillo  thinks  Ferdinand  King 
of  Spain  would  never  have  conquered  Granada,  had  not  Queen  Isabel  and  her  ladies 
been  present  at  the  siege :  ^^ "  It  cannot  be  expressed  what  courage  the  Spanish 
knights  took,  when  the  ladies  were  present,  a  few  Spaniards  overcame  a  multitude 
of  Moors."  They  will  undergo  any  danger  whatsoever,  as  Sir  Walter  Tvlanny  in 
Edward  the  Tiiird's  time,  stuck  full  of  ladies'  favours,  fought  like  a  dragon.  For 
snli  a7nant.es,  as  ^  Plato  holds,  pro  amicis  mori  appetunt,  only  lovers  will  die  for  their 
friends,  and  in  their  mistress'  quarrel.  And  for  that  cause  he  would  have  women 
follov,-  the  camp,  to  be  spectators  and  encouragers  of  noble  actions  :  upon  such  an 
occasion,  the  ^"Squire  of  Daines  himself.  Sir  Lancelot  or  Sir  Tristram,  Ca;sar,  or 
Alexander,  shall  not  be  more  resolute  or  go  beyond  them. 

Not  courage  only  doth  love  add,  but  as  I  said,  subtlety,  wit,  and  many  pretty 
devices,  ^^  JS'amque  doJos  inspirat  amor,frau.dcsque  minlstrat,  ^"^  Jupiter  in  love  with 
Leda,  and  not  knowing  how  to  compass  his  desire,  turned  himself  into  a  swan,  and 
got  Venus  to  pursue  him  in  the  likeness  of  an  eagle  ;  which  she  doinw,  for  shelter, 
he  fled  to  Leda's  lap,  ci  in  ejus.gremio  se  collocavit,  Leda  embraced  him,  and  so  fell 
fast  asleep,  scd  dormicnfcm  Jupiter  compressit,  by  whicli  means  Jupiter  had  his  Avill. 
Infinite  such  tricks  love  can  devise,  such  fine  feats  in  abundance,  with  wisdom  and 
wariness,  '•'°  qui s  fuller e.  possit  araantem.  All  manner  of  civility,  decency,  compliment 
and  good  behaviour,  pZ«.S'  solis  ct  leporis,  polite  graces  and  merry  conceits.  Boccac- 
cio hath  a  pleasant  tale  to  this  purpose,  which  he  borrowed  from  the  Greeks,  and 
which  Beroaldus  hath  turned  into  Latin,  Bebelius  in  verse,  of  Cymon  and  Iphigenia. 
This  Cymon  was  a  fool,  a  proper  man  of  person,  and  the  governor  of  Cyprus'  son. 
but  a  very  ass,  insomuch  that  his  father  being  ashamed  of  him,  sent  him  to  a  farm- 
house he  had  in  the  country,  to  be  brought  up.  Where  by  chance,  as  his  manner 
was.  walking  alone,  he  espied  a  gallant  young  gentlewoman,  named  Iphisfenia,  a  bur- 
gomaster's daughter  of  Cyprus,  with  her  maid,  by  a  brook  side  in  a  little  thicket^ 
fast  asleep  in  her  smock,  where  she  had  newly  bathed  herself:  ""When  ""Cymon 
saw  her,  he  stood  leaning  on  his  staff,  gaping  on  her  immoveable,  and  in  amaze;"  at 
last  he  fell  so  far  in  love  with  the  glorious  object,  that  he  began  to  rouse  himself  up, 
to  bethink  what  he  was,  would  needs  follow  her  to  the  citv,  and  for  her  sake  began 
to  be  civil,  to  learn  to  sing  and  dance,  to  play  on  instruments,  and  got  all  those  gen- 
tlemanlike qualities  and  compliments  in  a  short  space,  which  his  friends  were  most 
glad  of.     In  brief,  he  became,  from  an  idiot  and  a  clown,  to  be  one  of  the  most 

"  Angerianus.  fo  Faerie  ftu.  lib.  4.  cant.  2.  ;  rorum  copias  superarunt.  '*'Lib.  5.  de  lepib'is. 

f>  Zeiii'd.  prevcrli.  cont.  6.      8-j  piat.  ci-nviv.        ts  Ljl).  i  |  »' Spenser's  Faerie  dueene,  3.  hook.  cant.  8.  f*  Hy- 

de Aulico.  NiMi  duliito  q'.iin  is  qui  talem  exercitiini  pinus,  I.  2.  "  For  love  both  inspires  us  with  stratasems, 
haheret,  totins  orhis  statini  victor  rssnt,  nisi  forte  cum  \  and  suggests  to  us  fr.iuds."  '^  Aratus  iii  pho^non- 

aliqiiO  exerci'.u  confligi-ndiiin  essel  in  quo  onines  ama-  |  '■''>' Vire.   "  V^ho  can  deceive  a  lover."  ^'  Flanc  ub' 

tores  ps.senl.  ti  Higini;s  dc  cane  et  li-pore  ccelesti,  I  conspicalus    est    Cyuion,    baculo    inni.xus,    inimobilik- 

et  decimator.        '^^  Vix  dici  poifst  quantam  inde  aiida-  :  stetit,  et  mirabundus,  ice. 
ciam  assunicront  Hi<;-pani,  inde   pauci  infinilas  Mau-  I 

2T 


518  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

complete  gentlemen  in  Cyprus,  did  many  valorous  exploits,  ami  all  for  the  v  .c  of 
mistress  Iphigenia.  In  a  word,  I  may  say  tluis  much  of  them  <ill,  let  them  be  never 
so  clownish,  rude  and  horrid,  Grobians  and  sluts,  if  once  they  be  in  love  they  will 
be  most  neat  and  spruce ;  for,  *'  Omnibus  rebus,  et  yiitidis  nitoribus  anlevenit  amor, 
they  will  follow  the  fashion,  begin  to  trick  up,  and  to  have  a  good  opinion  of  them- 
selves, venustatem  cnim  mater  Venus ;  a  ship  is  not  so  long  a  rigging  as  a  young  gentle- 
woman a  trinuiiing  up  herself  against  her  sweetheart  comes.  A  painter's  shop,  a 
flowery  meadow,  no  so  gracious  aspect  in  nature"'s  storehouse  as  a  young  maid,  mibilis 
puella,  a  Novitsa  or  Venetian  bride,  that  looks  for  a  husband,  or  a  young  man  that  is 
her  suitor;  composed  looks,  composed  gait,  clothes,  gestures,  actions,  all  composed; 
all  the  graces,  elegances  in  the  world  aie  in  her  face.  Their  best  robes,  ribands, 
chains,  jewels,  lawns,  linens,  laces,  spangles,  must  come  on,  ^''jrrater  quam  res  pati- 
tur  student  elegant'ue,  they  are  beyonil  all  measure  coy,  nice,  and  too  curious  on  a 
sudden ;  'tis  all  their  study,  all  their  business,  how  to  wear  their  clothes  neat,  to  be 
polite  and  terse,  and  to  set  out  then)selves.  No  sooner  doth  a  young  man  see  his 
sweetheart  coming,  but  he  snmgs  up  himself,  pulls  uj)  his  cloak  now  fallen  about 
his  shoulders,  ties  his  garters,  points,  sets  his  band,  culls,  slicks  his  hair,  twires  his 
beard,  is.c.     When  Mercury  was  to  come  before  his  mistress, 

*> "ChlnniyJemque  ut  pAiulcat  apt£  I    "  lie  put  lim  rlnak  in  order,  thiil  Ihf  l;ico, 

L'»II>4.'ai,  ul  liiiilms  l(>tuiiii|ii>-  a|>|iuruat  auruiii."         [       .Ami  Iilmii,  ami  ^ulil  vvurk,  all  iiii^'ht  havK  his  grace." 

Salmacis  would  not  be  seen  of  Ilermaphroditus,  till  she  had  spruced   up  her- 
self lirst, 

•*"  N'i'c  laiiieii  *iitc  aitiit,  rui  propcral>at  odire,  j      "  Nor  did  (the  come,  altli»iii;h  "twn*  her  de«ire, 

Uuaiii  ^'  ciiiii|Ki«iiii,  guaiii  ciri-iininpedi  amictus,  I'lll  »lie  cmiipos'd  lii-rsell',  ami  triiiiin'd  her  tire, 

Kt  tinxil  vultuiii,  el  iiieriiK  furmu-iu  vuluri"  |         Atiti  t>el  her  liiolc  tu  tiiuke  liiiii  to  admire." 

\''enus  had  so  ordered  the  matter,  that  when  her  son  '^/I^ieas  was  to  aj)pear  before 
Queen  Dido,  he  was 

*'  0«  huinem«que  deo  liiiiili*  'namque  i{>)>a  decnraiu 
CrFsari'-in  iiatii  peiieirii.  lunieiiqiie  jiiveiilic 
Piirimreuiu  el  la:tiMi  uciilid  atUarat  huiiureit.") 

like  a  ^od,  for  she  was  the  tire-woman  herself,  to  set  him  out  with  all  natural  and 
artificial  imposture.s.  As  mother  .Mammea  did  her  son  Ileliogabalus,  new  chosen 
emperor,  when  he  was  to  be  seen  of  the  people  first.  WIilmi  the  hirsute  cyclopical 
Polyphemus  courted  Galatea ; 

"'•  Jiinqiie  libi  roriua>,  jainque  f*l  tibi  eura  placeiiJi,         "  .^nd  then  he  did  liORin  to  prank  himself. 

Jam  ri!2ii.iis  pt-ctiii  raslriii  Pol>  pheme  raiiillon,  'I'm  plail  ami  niiiib  bin  head,  and  beard  to  shave. 

Jam  lib*-!  hiriiiiiiam  tibi  talii-  rnciderc  barbam,  |       Anil  l»"k  hm  fare  i'  th'  ivuter  at  a  i.'lai<ti, 

El  lipet'lare  lero*  in  aqua  el  couiponrre  vulluii."  |        And  to  conipuse  hini:ieirrir  Ki  be  brave." 

He  was  upon  a  sudden  now  spruce  and  keen,  as  a  new  ground  hatchet.  He  now 
began  to  have  a  good  opinion  of  his  own  features  and  good  parts,  now  to  be  a 
gallant. 

•  Jam  Galal-a  veni.  ...c  m..n.ra  .l.spire  nostra.  "  £""'"  ""'"■  "'^  f^a'atea   »eorn  im-  not 


Certe  eL'o  me  novi,  liqmdaqiie  in  iiiiasine  vidi 
Niiper  ai|ux,  placuitque  niihi  niea  Turma  videnli." 


Nor  my  poor  pretentp;  for  hnt 'yitlerday 
I  Maw  mvselfr  th'  tvaler,  and  iiKthoni^tit 
Full  fair  I  wa«,  then  acorn  me  not  1  eay." 


<*  "  Von  Slim  advft  inforinis,  iinper  me  in  liltore  vidi. 
Cum  placidum  veiili*  starel  mare" 

'Tia  the  common  humour  of  all  suitors  to  trick  up  themselves,  to  be  prodiijai  in 
apparel,  pure  lotus,  neat,  combed,  and  curled,  with  powdered  hair,  comptus  el  calimis- 
iratus,  with  a  long  love-lock,  a  llower  in  his  ear,  perfumed  gloves,  rings,  scarfs, 
feathers,  pt>iiits,  ice.  as  if  he  were  a  prince's  Ganymede,  with  everyday  new  sui'..'i,  as 
the  fashion  varies;  ?oing  as  if  he  trod  upon  eggs,  as  llt'iiisius  writ  to  Priiiiierus, 
'^'■■if  once  he  be  besotlen  on  a  wench,  he  nmst  like  awake  at  nights,  renounce  his 
book,  sigh  and  lament,  nov/  and  then  weep  for  his  hard  hap,  and  mark  above  all 
things  what  hats,  bands,  doublets,  breeches,  are  in  fashion,  how  to  cut  his  beard,  and 
wear  his  locks,  to  turn  up  his  mustachios,  and  curl  his  head,  prune  his  pickilivant, 

»>  PInuliii  Ca-ina,  act. -2.  sr.  4.      >"  Plautmi.       »<  Ovid,  i  ahore."  ••  Epiot.    An    tiior    lileraio  nil    ducnda. 

Mel   i.  "» Ovid.  M-'t.  4.  <*  Viri;.  I.  .f.n.   ••  He     Nocte*    iii»omn.-<    traduremlir,    lilen«    riniiiiriaiulum, 

re«emblfd  a  e>»l  as  to  lii!<  head  and  sboulder*.  f.>r  hid  '  Mepe  gpmendum,  noniiunquam  el  illarrymnndum  Mirii 
niotht-r  had  made  hm  hair  se-'in  lieautil'nl,  b<-!<i>iwi.d  '  el  condilioiii  Inc.  Vnleiidiini  •)  is-  vi->.i>-ii,  i|iiia  cullua, 
U',i'>n  bim  the  lovely  bloom  <if  youth,  and  Rivni  the  te  deceat,  qun  in  u»ii  »it.  ulrum  Inl'i*  barlxr,  &<r.  Cum 
bappietil    lintrt'   to    hi!)   fy*."  »^  Ovid.   Mfi.    l.T.  I  eura  lo<|'i<-nduoi,  inoMlendum    bib'i.iliiiii  it  cum  cura 

■■  Virg.  H  \  -i.   "I  am  not  »'>  d»-fornied,   I  lal>-|y  n.iw  :  innanieuduin. 
■lyMsif  in  ttie  uanquil  glaiay  tea,  a*  1  ituod  u|ion  the  1 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1.]  Symptoms  of  Love.  519 

or  if  he  wear  it  abroad,  that  the  east  side  be  correspondent  to  the  west :"  he  may  be 
scoffed  at  otherwise,  as  Julian  that  apostate  emperor  was  for  wearing  a  long  hirsute 
Goatish  beard,  fit  to  make  ropes  with,  as  in  his  Mysopogone,  or  that  apologelical  ora- 
tion he  made  at  Anlioch  to  excuse  himself,  he  doth  ironically  confess,  it  hindered 
his  kissinor,  nam  nan  licuit  inde  para  puris.,  eoque  suavioribus  labra  labris  adjungere, 
but  he  did  not  much  esteem  it,  as  it  seems  by  the  sequel,  de  acciplendis  dandvive 
oscuUs  non  laboro.,  yet  (to  follow  mine  author)  it  may  much  concern  a  young  lover, 
he  nmst  be  more  respectful  in  this  behalf,  "  he  must  be  in  league  with  an  excellent 
tailor,  barber," 

""' "  Tonsorern  puerum  Fed  arte  talem, 
Q,ualis  nee  Thalamis  fuit  Neronis;" 

"  have  neat  shoe-ties,  points,  garters,  speak  in  print,  walk  in  print,  eat  and  drink  in 
print,  and  that  which  is  all  in  all,  he  must  be  mad  in  print." 

Amongst  other  good  qualities  an  amorous  fellow  is  endowed  with,  he  must  learn 
to  sing  and  dance,  play  upon  some  instrument  or  other,  as  Avithout  all  doubt  he  will, 
if  he  be  truly  touched  with  this  loadstone  of  love.  For  as  '  Erasmus  hath  it,  Musi- 
cam  docet  amor  ct  Poesin,  love  will  make  them  musicians,  and  to  compose  dilties. 
madrigals,  elegies,  love  sonnets,  and  sing  them  to  several  pretty  tunes,  to  get  all  good 
"qualities  may  be  had.  ^Jupiter  perceived  Mercuiy  to  be  in  love  with  Philologia, 
because  he  learned  languages,  polite  speech,  (for  Suadela  herself  was  Venus'  daughter, 
as  some  write)  arts  and  sciences,  quo  virgini  placeret,  all  to  ingratiate  himself,  and 
please  his  mistress.  'Tis  their  chiefest  study  to  sing,  dance ;  and  without  question. 
so  many  gentlemen  and  gentlewomen  would  not  be  so  well  qualified  in  this  kind,  if 
love  did  not  incite  them.  ^"Who,"  saith  Castillo,  "-would  learn  to  play,  or  give  his 
mind  to  music,  learn  to  dance,  or  make  so  many  rhymes,  love-songs,  as  most  do, 
but  for  women's  sake,  because  they  hope  by  that  means  to  purchase  their  good  wills, 
and  win  their  favour .?"  We  see  this  daily  verified  in  our  young  women  and  wives, 
they  that  being  maids  took  so  much  pains  to  sing,  play,  and  dance,  with  such  cost 
and  charge  to  their  parents,  to  get  those  graceful  qualities,  now  being  married  will 
scarce  touch  an  instrument,  they  care  not  for  it.  Constantine  agricult.  lib.  11. 
cap.  18,  makes  Cupid  himself  to  be  a  great  dancer;  by  the  same  token  as  he  was 
capering  amongst  the  gods,  "'^he  flung  down  a  bowl  of  nectar,  which  distilling  upon 
the  white  rose,  ever  since  made  it  red :"  and  Calistratus,  by  the  help  of  Daedalus, 
about  Cupid's  statue  *made  a  many  of  young  wenches  still  a  dancing,  to  signify 
belike  that  Cupid  was  much  affected  with  it,  as  without  all  doubt  he  was.  For  at 
his  and  Psyche's  wedding,  the  gods  being  present  to  grace  the  feast,  Ganymede 
tilled  nectar  in  abundance  (as  ^Apuleius  describes  it),  Vulcan  was  the  cook,  the 
Hours  made  all  fine  with  roses  and  flowers,  Apollo  played  on  the  harp,  the  Muses 
sang  to  it,  scd  suavi  MusiccB  super  ingressa  Venus  sultavit,  but  his  mother  Venus 
danced  to  his  and  their  sweet  content.  Witty  'Lucian  in  that  pathelical  love  passage, 
or  pleasant  description  of  Jupiter's  stealing  of  Europa,  and  swimming  from  Phoenicia 
to  Crete,  makes  the  sea  calm,  the  winds  hush,  Neptune  and  Amphitrite  riding  in  their 
chariot  to  break  the  waves  before  them,  the  tritons  dancing  round  about,  with  every 
one  a  torch,  the  sea-nymphs  half  naked,  keeping  time  on  dolphins'  backs,  and  sing- 
ing Hymeneus,  Cupid  nimbly  tripping  on  the  top  of  the  waters,  and  Venus  herself 
coming  after  in  a  shell,  strewing  roses  and  flowers  on  their  heads.  Praxiteles,  in  all 
his  pictures  of  love,  feigns  Cupid  ever  smiling,  and  looking  upon  dancers;  and  in 
St.  Mark's  in  Rome  (whose  work  I  know  not),  one  of  the  most  delicious  pieces,  is 
a  many  of  ^  satvrs  dancing  about  a  wench  asleep.  So  that  dancing  still  is  as  it  were 
a  necessary  appendix  to  love  matters.  Young  lasses  are  never  better  pleased  than 
when  as  upon  a  holiday,  after  evensong,  they  may  meet  their  sweethearts,  and  dance 
about  a  mavpole,  or  in  a  town-green  under  a  shady  elm.  Nothing  so  familiar  in 
®  France,  as  for  citizens'  wives  and  maids  to  dance  a  round  in  the  streets,  and  often 

iM  Mart.  Epie.  5.       '  Chil.  4.  ci^nt.  5.  pro.  16.       '  Mar-  i  tereiii  nectaris  evertit  saltans  apiid  Dfos,  qui  in  terram 
tianus.  Capella  li)>.  I.  de  niip!.  pliilul.  Jam.  llltiin  seiitio     cadens,  rosain  prius  albam  ruhnre  iiifecit.  5  Puellas 

ainore  teiien,  HJu>qie  studio  plures  habere  coinparatas  choreantes  circa  javenil-^m  Cupidinis  statuain  fecit, 
ill  faiiiultio  discipliiias,  *:<-.  3  Lji,.  3.  rfe  aiilico.  Quia     Philostrat.  Iinag.  lib.  3.  de  statuis.    Ei'-rciliuin  amori 

chorc-i.s  insudaret.  nisi  ririiiiiiaruiii  causa  ?    Quis  niusi-  '  aptissimum.  '  Ijib.  0.  Met.         'Tom.  4.         »  Kora- 

Cifi  tantain  iiavaret  nperaiii   nisi  quod  illius  dulcedine     man  ileciir.  mort.  part.  5.  cap.  a-*.  Sat.  pueHi  dormienti 
P'TiuuIcere  speret  ?    tiiii.«  tot  carniina  coinponeret,  nisi  1  insultantiuui,  4tc.         'View  of  Fr. 
u>  iude  affeCtBJ  suoa  in  mulieres  explicaret?         ^Cra-  I 


520  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

loo,  for  want  of  better  instruments,  to  make  good  music  of  their  own  voices,  and 
dance  after  it.     Yea  many  times  this  love  will  make  old  men  and  women  that  have 

more  toti^  ihan  teeth,  daiice, '•'John,  come  kiss  me  now,"  mask  and  muu) ;  for 

Comus  and  Hymen  love  masks,  and  all  such  merriments  above  measure,  will  allow 
men  to  put  on  women's  apj)arel  in  some  cases,  and  promiscuously  to  dance,  young 
and  old,  rich  and  poor,  generoiis  and  base,  of  all  sorts.  Faulus  .lovius  taxelh  Augus- 
tine Niphus  the  philosopher,  '""for  that  being  an  old  man,  and  a  pul)lic  professor,  & 
father  of  many  children,  he  was  so  mad  for  tlie  love  of  a  young  maid  (tliat  w  hich 
many  of  his  friends  were  ashamed  to  see),  an  old  gouty  fellow,  yet  would  dance 
after  fiddlers."  Many  laughed  him  to  scorn  for  it,  but  this  omnipotent  love  would 
have  it  so. 

«i"Hyacinttiinobacillo  1  ■•  i,ove  hamy  with  hU  purple  staffdid  make 

Propcri.iis  am..r.  me  adeejt  ^,^.  i;,,,^^^  a„a  i^e  daiitt  lo  undtriake." 

V  lulciiier  ad  «ei|iieiiiluiu.  | 

And  'tis  no  news  this,  no  indecorum ;  for  why .'  a  good  reason  may  be  given  of  it 
Cupid  and  death  met  both  in  an  inn ;  and  being  merrily  disposed,  they  did  exchange 
8ome  arrows  from  either  »iuiver;  ever  since  y(»ung  men  die,  and  oftentimes  old  men 
dote '^''.S'ic  viorilnr  Juvcnis,  sic  moribundus  amut.  And  wlio  can  then  with- 
stand it.'  if  once  we  be  in  love,  young  or  old,  though  our  teeth  shake  in  our  heads, 
like  virginal  jacks,  or  stand  parallel  a.sunder  like  the  arches  of  a  bridge,  there  is  no 
remedy,  we  nmst  dance  trenchmore  for  a  need,  over  tables,  chairs,  and  stools,  &.c. 
And  princum  prancum  is  a  fine  dmce.  Plutarch,  Syinpos.  1.  qucpst.  5.  doth  in  some 
sort  excuse  it,  and  telleth  us  moreover  in  what  sense,  JMusicaiii  docet  amor^  licet  priiis 
J'uerit  rudis,  how  U)ve  makes  ihem  that  had  no  skill  before  learn  lo  sing  and  dance; 
he  concludes,  'tis  only  that  power  and  prerogative  love  hath  over  ua.  "''Love  (as 
he  holds)  will  make  a  silent  man  speak,  a  modest  man  most  ofiicious ;  dull,  quick; 
slow,  nimble ;  and  that  which  is  most  to  be  admired,  a  hard,  base,  untractable  churl, 
as  fire  doth  iron  in  a  smith's  forge,  free,  facile,  gentle,  and  easy  to  be  entreated." 
Nay,  'twdl  make  him  prodigal  in  the  other  extreme,  and  give  a  '^hundred  sesterces 
tor  a  mglit's  lodging,  a.s  they  did  «>f  old  to  Lais  of  Corinth,  or  ^^dnccnla  draclimarum 
tnillui  pro  unicu  nocte,as  >Iundus  to  Paulina,  spend  all  his  fortunes  [hh  too  many  do 
in  like  ca.sej  to  obtain  his  suit.  For  which  cause  many  compare  love  to  wine,  wliich 
n.akes  men  jovial  and  merry,  frolic  and  sad,  whine,  sing,  dance,  and  what  not. 

But  above  all  the  other  symptoms  of  lovers,  this  is  not  lightly  to  be  overpassed, 
that  likely  of  what  condition  soever,  if  once  they  be  in  love,  they  turn  to  their 
ability,  rhymers,  ballad  makers,  and  poets.  For  as  Plutarch  saith,  '""They  will  be 
witnesses  and  trumpeters  of  their  paramours'  good  parts,  bedecking  them  with  verses 
and  commendatorv  .stings,  as  we  do  .««tatues  with  gold,  that  tln^y  may  be  remembered 
and  ailmired  of  all."  Ancient  men  will  dote  in  this  kind  sometimes  as  well  as  the 
rest;  the  heat  of  love  will  thaw  their  frozen  afit'ctions,  dissolve  the  ice  of  age,  and 
so  far  enable  them,  though  they  be  sixty  years  of  age  above  the  girdle,  to  be  scarce 
thirty  beneath.  'Jovianus  Pontanus  makes  an  old  fool  rhyme,  and  turn  Poetaster  to 
please  his  mistress. 

"  "  Ne  riiieas  Mariana,  uim*  nie  dinpiee  canna,  I      "  Swrvt  Marian  do  not  mine  azir  di>^l3ni, 

De  U'lie  nam  juv»rn<.-iu  ilia  rvfrrte  polea,"  tee.  \         Fur  Uiou  caiitt  make  an  old  man  yuuiig  a^uin." 

They  will  be  still  singing  amorous  songs  and  ditties  (if  young  especially),  and  can- 
not abstain  though  it  be  when  they  go  to,  or  should  be  at  church.  We  have  a  pretty 
story  to  this  purj)ose  ia  '*  VVestmonasteriensis,  an  old  writer  of  ours  (^ if  you  will 
believe  it)  An.  I)om.  1012.  at  Colewiz  in  Saxony,  on  Christmas  eve  a  company  of 
young  men  and  maids,  whilst  the  priest  was  at  mass  in  the  church,  were  singing 
catches  and  love  songs  in  tlie  churchyard,  he  sent  to  them  to  make  less  noise,  but 
they  sung  on  still :  and  if  you  will,  you  shall  have  the  very  song  itself. 

"  Rquiialial  honi"  •■'  -v'l  .m  rVondtwam,  I         "A  fellow  rid  by  tlietr«->-n" 1  f-i''*', 

I)iicebal<)ue  «•"  ii  r.irmioam.  And  fair  Mektvindr  w  i 

U  ir  noil  iinu*7'"  '  Why  iitai.  .  ;■.  not  uoT" 


■«  Vita    (-ju*    Puelir,    ainore    •eptuaei-nariu*    tentx    picriim.  >^  Jo*<-phii«  aiiiii|.   J>mI. 

u«<{iie  ad  iiiKaniam  eorreplus,  innllis  litx-riK  <ijM;epli4 :     '-  Ut-lliiit.  I.  I.  cap.  t^.    Preliuin  n>irlM  n 

Miulli    mill   !>if  -    ■      '    '■   '  •■^•pci.'ruiit  ariiem   »• '•        ■'  <  - ...i,,..i    ...-.r .,,..,,.r,.i 

popliiiiii  ^'m!.i.  ii-  riAii  tallanlfiii 

ii,...;.m  '  .rni.  7.  >*  Jum- 

fcpij     ■■  Ttiun  y'i  .1      .■ -.    iliij«    in    death    li.     .    .    -        ,.,,.... .- 

»  I*:   •arilurno  liH|iiacriii  tacit,  pt  d>-  ver«-cii>ido  othrio-  i  uflortnt  but.  Utt.-Jiie. 
turn  rt.tldit,  lie  ueKligente  iudu9tri<im,  de  iocord«  im-  [ 


Mem.  3.  Subs.  1.]  Symptoms  of  Love.  521 

This  they  sung,  he  chaft,  till  at  length,  impatient  as  he  was,  he  pn  yed  to  St.  3Ta<Tnns. 
patron  of  the  church,  they  might  all  three  sing  and  dance  ftll  tliat  time  twelvemonth, 
and  so  '^  they  did  without  meat  and  drink,  wearisomeness  or  givino  over,  till  at  A-ear's 
end  tiiey  ceased  singing,  and  were  absolved  by  Ilerebertus  archl  ishop  of  Cologne. 
They  will  in  all  places  be  doing  thus,  young  folks  especially,  reading  love  stories, 
talking  of  this  or  that  young  man,  such  a  fair  maid,  singing,  telling  or  hearing  lascivi- 
ous tales,  scurrilous  tunes,  such  objects  are  their  sole  delight,  their  continual  medi- 
tation, and  as  Guastavinius  adds.  Com.  in  4.  Sect.  27.  Prov.  Jlrist.  ob  seminis  abun- 
dantlam  crcbrce.  cogitationes,  veneris  frcquens  recordatio  et  pruriens  voluptas,  Sfc.  an 
earnest  longing  comes  hence,  pruriens  corpus,  pruriens  ani7na,  amorous  conceits, 
tickling  thoughts,  sweet  and  pleasant  hopes ;  hence  it  is,  they  can  think,  discourse 
willingly,  or  speak  almost  of  no  other  subject.  'Tis  their  only  desire,  if  it  may  be 
done  by  art,  to  see  their  husband's  picture  in  a  glass,  they'll  give  anythinff  to  know 
when  they  shall  be  iharried,  how  many  husbands  they  shall  have,  bv  cromnyomantia, 
a  kind  of  divination  with  ^°  onions  laid  on  the  altar  on  Ciu-istmas  eve,  or  Isy  fasting 
on  St.  Anne's  eve  or  night,  to  know  who  shall  be  their  first  husband,  or  by  amphi- 
tomantia,  by  beans  in  a  cake,  &c.,  to  burn  the  same.  This  love  is  the  cause  of  all 
good  conceits,  ^'  neatness,  exornations,  plays,  elegancies,  delights,  pleasant  expres- 
sions, sweet  motions,  and  gestures,  joys,  comforts,  exultancies,  and  all  the  sweetness 
of  our  life,  "qualis  jam  vitaforet,  aut  quid  jucundi  sine  aurea  Venere?  ^ EmoriaT 
cum  isid  nan  amplius  mihi  cura  fuerit.^  let  me  live  no  longer  than  I  may  love,  saith 
a  mad  merry  fellow  in  Mimnermus.  This  love  is  that  salt  that  seasoneth  our  harsh 
and  dull  labours,  and  gives  a  pleasant  relish  to  our  other  unsavory  proceedings, 
^^Absit  amor,  surgunt  teiicbrce,  torpedo,  veternum,  pestis,  (^-c.  All  our  feasts  almost, 
hiasques,  mummings,  banquets,  merry  meetings,  weddings,  pleasing  songs,  fine  tunes, 
poems,  love  stories,  plays,  comedies,  attelans,  jigs,  fescenines,  elegies,  odes,  &c.  pro- 
ceed hence.  ^^Danaus,  the  son  of  Belus,  at  his  ddughter's  wedding  at  Argos,  insti- 
tuted the  first  plays  (some  say)  that  ever  were  heard  of  symbols,  emblems,  impresses, 
devices,  if  we  shall  believe  Jovius,  Contiles,  Paradine,  Camillus  de  Camillis,  may  be 
ascribed  to  it.  Most  of  our  arts  and  sciences,  painting  amongst  the  rest,  was  first 
invented,  saith  ^^  Patritius  ex  amoris  bcnejicio,  for  love's  sake.  For  when  the  daugh- 
ter of  "  Deburiades  the  Sycionian,  was  to  take  leave  of  her  sweetheart  now  going  to 
wars,  ut  desiderio  ejus  minus  iabesceret.,  to  comfort  herself  in  his  absence,  she  took 
his  picture  with  coal  upon  a  wall,  as  the  candle  gave  the  shadow,  which  her  father 
admiring,  perfected  afterwards,  and  it  was  the  first  picture  by  report  that  ever  was 
made.  And  long  after,  Sycion  for  painting,  carving,  statuary,  music,  and  philosophy, 
was  preferred  before  all  the  cities  in  Greece.  ^"^  Apollo  was  the  first  inventor  of 
physic,  divination,  oracles ;  Minerva  found  out  weaving,  Vulcan  curious  ironwork, 
Mercury  letters,  but  who  prompted  all  this  into  their  heads  ?  Love,  JYuiiquam  taUa 
invenissent,  nisi  talia  adamassent,  they  loved  such  things,  or  some  partv.  for  whose 
sake  they  were  undertaken  at  first.  'Tis  true,  Vulcan  made  a  most  admirable  brooch 
or  necklace,  which  long  after  Axion  and  Temenus,  Phegius'  sons,  for  the  singular 
worth  of  it,  consecrated  to  Apollo  at  Delphos,  but  Pharyllus  the  tyrant  stole  it  away, 
and  presented  it  to  Ariston's  wife,  on  whom  he  miserably  doted  (Parthenius  tells  the 
story  out  of  Phylarchus) ;  but  why  did  Vulcan  make  this  excellent  Oucli  >  to  give 
Hermione  Cadnms'  wife,  whom  he  dearly  loved.  All  our  tilts  and  tournaments, 
orders  of  the  garter,  golden  fleece,  &c. — JVobilitas  sub  amorejacet — owe  their  begin- 
nings to  love,  and  many  of  our  histories.  By  this  means,  saith  Jovius,  they  would 
express  their  loving  minds  to  their  mistress,  and  to  the  beholders.  'Tis  the  sole 
subject  almost  of  poetry,  all  our  invention  tends  to  it,  all  our  songs,  whatever  those 
old  Anacreons  :  (and  therefore  Hesiod  makes  the  Muses  and  Graces  still  follow 
Cupid,  and  as  Plutarch  holds,  Menander  and  the  rest  of  the  poets  were  love's 
priests,)  all  our  Greek  and  Latin  epigrammatists,  love  v/riters.  Antony  Diogens  the 
most  ancient,  whose  epitome  we  find  in  Phocius  Bibllotheca,  Longus  Sophista,  Eus_ 


18  Per  totiiin  annum  cantarunt,  pluvia  siipor  illos  non 
ceciilil;  iinii  frigus,  ncm  calor,  non  sitis,  nee  lassitiido 
illos  affecit,  &.c.  ^  His  eoruni  notnina  jnscribuntur 

di;  quilius  (incErunt.  2.  fjuic  miinditias,  ornatuin, 

leporein,  liolicias,   Siirins,  elegantian),  oumetiv  deniiiue 
vitas  suavltjiiem  dubemus.  ^Hyginus  cap.  27J. 


6G  2x3 


«EGra;co.  a<  Angerianus.  23  Lib.  4.  tit.  11.  de 

prin.  instit.  m  pij,,.  iji,,  3.5.  rap.  12-        'n  Gerhelius, 

i.  ().  descrlpt.  Gr.  '-*  Fransus,  1.  3.  de  symbolis  qui 

primus  syniboliira  exrogitavit  voluit  nimirun)  hac  ra- 
tione  iinplicaiiim  animum  evolvere.eutnque  vel  doniins 
vcl  aliis  iiituentibus  oslendere. 


522  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

U'lihius,  Achilles,  Tdtius,  AristJenetus,  Heliodorus,  Plato,  Plutarch,  Lucian,  Parthe- 
jiius,  Theodorus,  Prodronius,  Ovid,  Catullus,  Tibullus,  Sic.  Our  new  Ariostoes, 
Boyards,  Authors  of  Arcadia,  Urania,  Faerie  Que«ni,  Stc.  Marullus,  Leotichius,  An- 
germnus,  Stroza,  Secundus,  Capellaiius,  Stc.  with  the  rest  of  those  facete  modern 
poets,  have  written  in  this  kind,  are  but  as  so  many  symptoms  of  love.  Their  whole 
Jjooks  are  a  synopsis  or  breviary  of  love,  the  portuous  of  love,  legends  of  lovers' 
lives  and  deaths,  and  of  their  memorable  adventures,  nay  more,  quod  leguntur,  quod 
laudantur  amori  debcnt,  as  ^'Nevisanus  the  lawyer  holds,  "there  never  was  any  ex- 
cellent poet  that  invented  good  fables,  or  made  laudable  verses,  which  was  not  in 
love  himself;"'  had  he  not  taken  a  quill  from  Cupid's  wings,  he  could  never  have 
written  so  amorously  as  he  did. 

**  "Cynthia  te  vatein  fecit  lascive  Properli,  i  "Wanton  Propertius  and  witty  Gullun, 

Int'cniuiii  Uiilli  (luirlira  l.yci>ri8  ha>>et.  Sulilile  Tibiillus.  and  learneil  Cutiilluis, 

Faniu  P!<t  arcuti  Nenn-sis  torniuija  Tibulli,  I  It  \\  u^  Cyntliia,  I.eslna,  Lychnnii, 

Lvsbiu  ilicluvit  ductf  L'ululle  libi.  'I'li.it  made  ynu  poet:*  all ;  and  if  Alezi*, 

Non  nie  l'elmiiu!>,  nix  8p«.-rnet  Mantua  valem,  Or  Coriiina  ctiunci'  my  paramour  to  be, 

6i  qua  Curinua  mibi,  si  quis  Aleii!>  erit."  |  Virgil  and  Uvid  tihull  nut  de:jpise  me." 

»"  Non  me  carmiaibua  vincet  nee  Thruceud  Orpheus, 
Nee  Ljnuii." 

Petrarch's  Laura  made  him  so  famous,  Astrophel's  Stella,  and  Jovianus  Pontanus' 
mistress  was  the  cause  of  his  roses,  violets,  lilies,  nequitiiB,  blanditia;,  joci,  decor, 
iiardus,  ver,  corolla,  thus,  Mars,  Pallas,  Venus,  Charis,  crocuin,  I^urus,  uiiguentcm, 
coslum,  lachryma;,  myrrha,  musa,  Ste.  and  the  rest  of  his  poems;  why  are  Italians 
at  this  day  generally  so  good  poets  and  painters  ?  Because  every  man  of  any  fashion 
amongst  them  hath  his  mistress.  The  very  rustics  and  hog-rubbers,  Mcnalcas  and 
Corydon,  qui  fuetant  de  stercore  equina,  those  fulsome  knaves,  if  once  they  taste  of 
this  love-liquor,  are  insjnred  in  an  instant.  Instead  of  those  accurate  emblems, 
curious  im|)resses,  gaudy  masques,  tills,  tournaments,  Stc,  tliey  have  their  wakes, 
Whitsun-ales,  shepherd's  feasts,  meetings  on  holidays,  country  dances,  roundelays, 
urithig  their  names  on  ^  trees,  true  lover's  knots,  pretty  gifts. 

"  With  Irikenii,  hearli  divided,  and  half  rin»i, 
Shepherd*  in  their  luven  are  aa  cuy  aa  kingii." 

Choosing  lords,  ladies,  kings,  queens,  and  valentines,  Stc,  they  go  by  couples, 

"  rurydnn'i  Pbilli*.  Nyiia  and  Mn|MU», 
With  dainty  Doufibel  and  8ir  TophuJI" 

Instead  of  odes,  epigrams  and  elegies,  kc,  they  have  their  ballads,  country  tunes, 
"  O  the  broom,  the  bonny,  bonny  broom,"  ditties  and  songs,  '"■  Bess  a  belle,  she  doth 
excel," — thev  must  write  likewise  and  indite  all  in  rhyme. 


'"Thou  honeysuckle  of  the  hawthorn  hedge, 
Vouchsafe  in  Cupid'a  cup  my  heart  to  plnlge; 
My  heart's  dear  blood,  sweet  Cm  a  thy  rarouse 
Worth  .ill  the  alt-  in  Gainmer  Gulibin's  houi<;." 
I  say  nil  inure,  atfairscall  ine  away. 
My  laititf'a  iii.r-.e  for  provender  duth  stay. 


Be  thou  the  L»dy  Cresnetlight  to  me, 
fir  Trolly  Lolly  will  1  prove  to  thee. 
Written  in  hai.te,  farewell  my  cowslip  sweet, 
Pray  let 's  a  sjunday  at  the  alehouse  meet." 


Your  most  grim  stoics  and  severe  philosophers  will  melt  away  with  this  passion,  and 
if  *'Alheneus  belie  them  not,  Arisiippus,  ApoUidorus,  Anliphanes,  &.C.,  have  made 
love-songs  and  commentaries  of  their  mistress'  praises,  ^  orators  write  epistles,  princes 
give  titles,  honours,  what  not?  *  Xerxes  gave  to  Thcmistocles  Lampsacus  to  fmd 
him  wine,  Magnesia  for  bread,  and  ^lyunte  for  the  rest  of  his  diet.  The  ^'Persian 
kmgs  allotted  whole  cities  to  like  use,  hcec  civitas  mulieri  redimiculum  prcrheal,  hac 
in  collum,  hcpc  in  crin^s,  one  whole  city  served  to  dress  her  hair,  another  her  neck, 
a  third  her  hood.  Ahasuerus  would  *  have  given  Esther  half  his  empire,  and  ^  Herod 
bid  Herodias  '••ask  what  she  would,  she  should  have  it."  Caligula  gave  100,000 
sesterces  to  his  courtesan  at  first  word,  to  buy  her  pins,  and  yet  when  he  was  soli- 
cited by  the  senate  to  bestow  something  to  repair  the  decayed  walls  of  Home  f(jr  the 
commonwealth's  good,  he  would  give  but  6U00  sesterces  at  most.   ***Dionysius,  that 

»Lib.  4.  num.  \02.  ty\v»  nuptialis  poetc  non  inve-  .  Dipnnanphist.           "See  Putean.  ppisl.  Jl.  de  sua  Mar- 

Diunt  falMilas.  aiit  versus  laudatos  faciunt,  nisi  qui  ab  ((areta  berouldiii,  Slc.        *°  H<mi.  i^li-ph.  a|iol.  pio  It'-rod. 

am   re  fuerii.t  e.icilati.                  ".Martial,  ep.  73.  lib.  "J  "Tully  orat.  5.  ver.              *•  Kslli.  v.              "  Mai.  I.  47 

»' Vir.'.    Ki  li'L'.   4.     ••  .Vone   fhall   excel    me    in    p.i.iry,  <«  (Jravimiiniis  r«-giii  nejotiii  nihil  nine  ain»"ii  •■ii*  fi>n- 

iii-nh'T  til*-  'rhr.iri.in  Orpheus,  nor  Aixdio."            * 'I'e.  '  »fiini  fecit,  omne»que  actiom-s  »ua«  scorlilln  e.iiuiiani. 

neri,  arboribii^  auiicjruni  noniiiia  iiist  ribente«  ut  siinul  cavil,  ^c.    Nicb.  Bellus.  diicours.  ittS.  ii«  aiuat. 

CTMcaut.    llrd.           "d.  R.  ItAJO.            >«Lab.  13.  cap.  . 


Mem.  4.  Prognostics  of  Love-Melancholy.  523 

Sicilian  tyrant,  rejected  all  his  privy  councillors,  and  was  so  beaotieJ  on  xMirrha  his 
favourite  and  mistress,  that  he  would  bestow  no  office,  or  in  ihe  most  weiiduiest 
business  of  the  kingdom  do  aught  without  her  especial  advice,  prefer,  depose"  send, 
entertain  no  man,  though  worthy  and  well  deserving,  but  by  htr  consent-  and  he 
again  whom  she  commended,  howsoever  unfit,  unworthy,  was  as  higldy  approved. 
Kings  and  emperors,  instead  of  poems,  build  cities;  Adrian  built  Antmoa  in  Esjypt, 
besides  constellations,  temples,  altars,  statues,  images,  &c.,  in  the  honour  of  his 
Antintms.  Alexander  bestowed  infinite  sums  to  set  out  his  Hephestion  to  all  eternity. 
■"  Socrates  professeth  himself  love's  servant,  ignorant  in  all  arts  and  sciences,  a  doc- 
tor alone  in  love  matters,  et  quum  alienarum  reriim  omnium  scicniiam  dijileretur, 
saith  "^  Maximus  Tyrius,  his  sectalor,  hujus  negotii  professor,  Sfc,  and  this  he  spake 
openly,  at  home  and  abroad,  at  public  feasts,  in  the  academy,  in  Pyrceo,  Lyccco,  sub 
Platano,  <5j-c.,  the  very  blood-hound  of  beauty,  as  he  is  styled  by  others.  But  I  con- 
clude there  is  no  end  of  love's  symptoms,  'tis  a  bottomless  pit.  Love  is  subject  to 
no  dimensions ;  not  to  be  surveyed  by  any  art  or  engine  :  and  besides,  I  am  of 
"llaedus'  mind,  "no  man  can  discourse  of  love  matters,  or  judge  of  them  aright, 
that  hath  not  made  trial  in  his  own  person,"  or  as  MwesiS  Sylvius  '^  adds,  "  hath  not 
a  little  doted,  been  mad  or  love-sick  himself     I  confess  I  am  but  a   novice,  a  con- 

templalor  only,  jYescio  quid  sit  amor  nee  amo*^ 1  have  a  tincture  ;  for  why  should 

1  l;e,  dissemble  or  excuse  it,  yet  homo  sum,  6fc.,  not  altogether  inexpert  in  this  sub- 
ject, non  sum  prczceptor  amandi,  and  what  1  say,  is  merely  reading,  ex  aliorum  forsan 
iiiepliis,  by  mine  own  observation,  and  others'  relation. 


MEMB.  IV. 

Prognostics  of  Love-Melancholy. 

What  fires,  torments,  cares,  jealousies,  suspicions,  fears,  griefs,  anxieties,  accom- 
pany such  as  ai-e  in  love,  I  have  sufficiently  said  :  the  next  question  is,  what  will  be 
the  event  of  such  miseries,  what  they  foretel.  Some  are  of  opinion  that  this  love 
cannot  be  cured,  JVullis  amor  est  medicaUlis  herbis,  it  accompanies  them  to  the 
*°last,  Idc7n  amor  exitio  est  pecori  pecorisque  magistro.  "The  same  passion  con- 
sume both  the  sheep  and  the  shepherd,"  and  is  so  continuate,  that  by  no  persuasion 
almost  it  may  be  relieved.  *' "  Bid  me  not  love,"  said  Euryalus,  "  bid  the  mountains 
come  down  into  the  plains,  bid  the  rivers  run  back  to  their  fountains ;  I  can  as  soon 
leave  to  love,  as  the  sun  leave  his  course ;" 

*^  ■'  Et  prius  jEquoribus  pisces,  et  montibus  umbra,  I  "  First  seas  shall  want  their  fish  the  mountains  shade 

Kt  vohicrt-s  (leenint  sylvis,  et  murnmra  venlis,  W^oods  sinj;iiig  birds,  the  wind's  mnrmurshall  fade 

auaiii  luihi  discedeiit  formosie  Amaryllidis  igues."  |      Tiiaii  uiy  fair  Amaryllis'  love  allay'd." 

Bid  me  not  love,  bid  a  deaf  man  hear,  a  blind  man  see,  a  dumb  speak,  lame  run, 
counsel  can  do  no  good,  a  sick  man  cannot  relish,  no  physic  can  ease  me.  JS'on 
jirosunt  domino  quce  prosunt  omnibus  arlcs.  As  Apollo  confessed,  and  Jupiter  him- 
self could  not  be  cured. 

"  "  Omnes  humanos  curat  raedicina  dolores,  I  "  Physic  can  soon  cure  every  disease 

Solus  amor  morbi  non  habet  artiticem."  |  "^  Excepting  love  that  can  it  not  appease." 

But  whether  love  may  be  cured  or  no,  and  by  what  means,  shall  be  explained  in  his 
place  ;  in  the  meantime,  if  it  take  his  course,  and  be  not  otherwise  eased  or  amended, 
it  breaks  out  into  outrageous  often  and  prodigious  events.  Amor  et  Liber  violenti 
dii  sunt,  as  ='  Tatius  observes,  et  eousque  animum  incendunt,  ut  pudoris  oblivisct 
coganl,  love  and  Bacchus  are  so  violent  gods,  so  furiously  rage  in  our  minds,  that 
they  make  us  forget  all  honesty,  shame,  and  common  civility.     For  such  men  ordi- 

«  Amoris  famulus  omnem  scientiam  diffitetur,  aman-  I  nunquam  mortuus  est  qui  amat.  ^n.  Sylv.  «  Eurial. 
d!  tamen  sescientissimumdoctorem  agnoscit.  « Serm.  ep.  ad  Lucretiam,  apud  .^neam  Svlvium;  Rogas  ut 
fc.  "auis  horum  scribere  molestias  potest,  nisi  qui  araare  deliciam  ?  rojia  monies  ut  in  planum  deveniant 
el  IS  alKiuantnin  iiisanit  ?  «  Lib.  I.  de  non  lemnen-  |  ut  fonles  fliimina  repetanl ;  lam  possum  te  non  amare 
liis  amoribus;  opinor  hac  de  re  neminem  ant  desceptare  i  ac  suuin  PhtBbiis  relmqueie  cursum.  -is  Buchanan 

recte  posse  aut  judicare  qui   non  in   ea  versatur,  aut    Syl.  "  Propert.  lib.  a.  eleg.  1.  «i  Est  orcns  ilia 

magnum  fecerit  periculum.        4s  ••  i  am  noi  in  love,  nor    vis,  est  imraedicabilis,  est  rabies  iasana.        s'Lib.  2. 
do  L  know  what  love  may  be."  "Semper  moritur,  | 


524  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Svc.  2. 

narily,  as  are  thoroughly  possessed  with  this  humour,  become  insensati  et  insani.  [or 
it  is  ^^aiiior  Insanus^  as  the  poet  calls  it,  beside  themselves,  and  as  I  have  proved,  m> 
better  than  beasts,  irrational,  stupid,  head-strong,  void  of  fear  of  God  or  men,  they 
frequently  forswear  themselves,  spend,  steal,  commit  incests,  rapes,  adulteries,  mur- 
ders, depopulate  towns,  cities,  countries,  to  satisfy  their  lust. 

M"  A  devil  'tis,  and  inischief  such  doth  work. 
As  never  yet  did  Pagan,  Jew,  or  Turli." 

The  wars  of  Troy  may  be  a  sufficient  witness;  and  as  Appian,  lih.  5.  hist,  saiih  of 
Antony  and  Cleopatra,  *^'-' Their  love  brouoht  themselves  and  all  Egypt  into  extreme 
and  miserable  calamities,"  '*■  the  end  of  her  is  as  bitter  as  worm-wood,  and  as  sharp  as  a 
two-edged  sword,"  Prov.  v.  4,  5.  "  Her  feet  go  down  to  death,  her  steps  lead  on  to  hell. 
She  is  more  bitter  than  death,  ^^Ecdes.  vii.  28.)  and  the  sinner  shall  be  taken  by  her." 
^  Qui  in  ainore  prcrcipitavit.,  pejus  peril.,  quum  qui  saxo  salil.  ^"  He  that  runs  head- 
long from  the  top  of  a  rock  is  not  in  so  bad  a  case  as  he  that  falls  into  this  gulf  of 
love."  *•  For  hence,"  sailh  ^"  Plalina,  '•  comes  repentance,  ilotage,  they  lose  them- 
selves, their  wits,  and  make  shipwreck  of  their  fortunes  altoifelber :"  machiess,  to 
make  away  themselves  and  others,  violent  death.  Prognosticatio  est  talis.,  saiih  Gor- 
donius,  "'si  non  succurratur  iis,  uut  in  maniain  cndunt,  aut  moriunlur ;  the  prognos- 
tication is,  they  will  either  run  mad,  or  die.  *'  For  if  this  f)assion  continue,"  saith 
*".tlian  Monlallus,  ^' it  makes  the  blood  hot,  thick,  and  black;  and  if  the  inHauuna- 
tion  get  into  the  biain,  with  continual  meditation  and  waking,  it  so  dries  it  up,  that 
madness  follows,  or  else  they  make  away  themselves,"  "^  O  Cori/don.,  Corydon.,  qu(Z 
te  dementia  cepiif  Now,  as  ArnoUIus  adds,  it  will  speedily  work  these  eilects,  if  it 
be  not  presently  helped ;  *'"  They  will  pine  away,  run  mad,  and  die  upon  a  sud- 
den ;"  Facile  incidunt  in  maniam.,  saiili  \'alescus,  quickly  mad,  nisi  succurratur,  if 
good  order  be  not  taken, 

«"Eh'-u  iriiite  Jugiini  quirijiiiii  aiiiririji  hah^l,  I         '•  Oh  h'-avy  yoke  of  love,  which  who^o  bear*, 

U  |iriu!>  uc  nuril  at-  peruke  (><.-rit."  |  in  quite  undone,  and  that  nl  unawares." 

So  she  confessed  of  herself  in  the  poet, 

•> *•  inianiain  priuMjuam  luif  sentiat,  I      "  I  shall  he  mad  before  it  he  perceived, 

Vix  pill  iiitervallo  i  furore  absuiu."  j         A  hair-breadtli  oiT scarce  aui  1,  now  distracted." 

As  mad  a.s  Orlando  for  his  Angelica,  or  Hercules  for  his  Hylas, 

"  At  ille  ruehat  quA  pedes  dueebant,  funhundua,  I  "  Me  went  he  rar'd  not  whilher,  mad  he  wai. 

Nam  illi  ktvus  Oeu«  latus  jecur  laiiiabat."  j  The  cruel  God  so  turluied  tiiin,  alas!" 

At  the  sight  of  Hero  I  cannot  tell  how  many  ran  mad, 

,.„,,.  ,  ,  •  .    ..       ,  1     .   J  ii_  M    I  '•  And  whilst  he  doih  conioal  his  erief, 

<»     Alius  vulnus  cclans  insanit  pulchntudine  puellae.      |  Madnes.  come.  o„  h.m  like  a  ihief." 

Go  to  Bedlam  for  examples.  It  is  so  well  known  in  every  village,  how  many  have 
either  died  for  love,  or  voluntary  made  away  themselves,  that  1  need  not  much  labour 
to  prove  it :  ^'.Vtc  modus  aut  requies  nisi  mors  reperitur  amor  is :  death  is  the  com- 
mon catastrophe  to  such  persons. 

*<"Mori  mihi  roiilingut.  mm  eriiin  alia  i         "Would  I  were  dead,  for  noueht,  God  kiiowi, 

Lilieralio  ab  a-ruuinis  fiierit  ullo  pacto  istia."  |  But  death  can  rid  me  of  these  wo<?s." 

As  soon  as  Eurvalus  departed  from  Senes,  Lucrelia,  his  paramour,  "  never  looked 
up,  no  jests  could  exhilarate  her  sad  mind,  no  joys  comfort  her  wounded  and  dis- 
tressed soul,  but  a  little  after  she  fell  sick  and  died."  But  this  is  a  gentle  end,  a 
natural  death,  such  persons  commonly  make  away  themselves. 

"  proprioque  in  san|;uine  Irtui, 

Indignanteiu  aniiiiam  vacua*  etfudit  in  auras;" 

SO  did  Dido;  Sed  moriamur  ait,  sic  sic  juvat  ire  per  umbras;"  Pyramus  and  Thisbe, 

B  Virg.  Eel.  3.  ••  R.  T.  «  Qui  qiiidem  amor  [  Corydon  !  what  madness  poMe««»"«  yon  ?"  •'Insani 

airoNi|iie  et  totam  Esyptum  extremis  calamitatihns  ,  fiunt  aut  siln  i|i«m  desperanies  inorlcm  atr>-ruut.  I..aa> 
involvit.  *^  HIaiiliis.  •«  L't  corpus  pondtre,  sic  !  f>uente!<  Lito  mortem  aiit  inaniain  paliuiiliir.  *i'«l- 

■Diinusamnre  priecipitatur.  Austin.  I. '2.  deciv.dei.  c.-J8.  I  r.agninus.         •>  l..ucian  Imaf;.  S»  for  Lurian's  iiii'>tr>-t.s, 


"Dial,  hincuriciir  |Ki.-niteiilia  dtrperatio,  el  non  vident 
•  Bdellium  »e  cum  re  siniul  anii--ii-!ie.  ^  Idem  Sava- 

narola,  et  phirrs  alii,  tic.  Rahidam  facturus  UrfXiii. 
Juven.  tii';ip  i!.- llfroico  Aoiore.  ilx-c  piissio  duranii 
languineiii  torrnluni  et  atrabiliaruiii  redilit  ;  hir  vero 
ad  cereliruiii  i:>'latu*,  iiisaniau)  parat,  vigitia  el  crcbro 
dOMderto  ci.Kcaua.  •  Virj.  Egl.  2.  -  Oh  Corydon, 


all  that  saw  her,  and  cuuld  nut  eiijo>  Itrr.  ran  iii 
hanged  themwlves.  •«.\lti'';'M«  ■    i  n  i.l    M,  •     'o 

iCneas  Sylvius.   Ad  ejus  dei 
crelia  ridere,  nullis  lacetiis 

ad  Ictitiam  renovari.  mux  III  .  „ 

brevi  conlabiiit.     «•  .Anacreon.      '•     liui  !•  i  nif- Uie,  »(ic 
■ays,  ttau* ;  ibua  it  is  better  ix>  descend  to  tiic  tbaUca." 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  1.] 


Cure  of  Love-Melancholy. 


535 


liledea,  ^  Coresus  and  Callirhoe,  ^'  Theagiiies  the  philosopher,  and  many  myriada 
besides,  and  so  will  ever  do, 


—  "  et  mihi  t'ortis 

,  est  et  ainor,  dabit  hie  in  viilnera  vires." 


'  Whoever  heard  a  story  of  more  woe, 
Tliaii  that  of  Juliet  and  her  Roiiiuo?" 


Est  luanu!; 

Read  Partheiiium  in  Erolicis,  and  Plutarch's  amalorias  narrationes,  or  love  stories 
all  tending  almost  to  this  purpose.  Valeriola,  lib.  2.  ohserv.  7,  hath  a  lamentable' 
narration  of  a  merchant,  his  patient,  "  "  that  raving  through  impatience  of  love,  had 
he  not  been  watched,  would  every  while  have  offered  violence  to  himself"  Amatus 
Lucitanus,  cent.  3.  car.  56,  hath  such  '''another  story, and  Felix  Plater,  med.  observ. 
lib.  1.  a  third  of  a  young  '^gentleman  that  studied  physic,  and  for  the  love  of  a  doc- 
tor'd  daughter,  having  no  hope  to  compass  his  desire,  poisoned  himself,  ^^anno  1615, 
A  barber  in  Frankfort,  because  his  Avench  was  betrotlted  to  another,  cut  his  own 
throat.  ■''At  Neobiirg,  the  same  year,  a  young  man,  because  he  could  not  o-et  her 
parents'  consent,  killed  his  sweetheart,  and  afterward  himself,  desiring  tliis^of  the 
magistrate,  as  he  gave  up  the  ghost,  that  they  might  be  buried  in  one  grave,  Qnod- 
que  rogis  superest  una  requiescat  in  nrnd,  which  ''^Gismunda  besought  of  Tancredus, 
her  father,  that  she  might  be  in  like  sort  buried  with  Guiscardus,  her  lover,  that  so 
their  bodies  might  lie  togetlier  in  the  grave,  as  their  souls  wander  about  "  Campos 

lugenles  in  the  Elysian  fields, quos  durus  amor  crudcli  tube  peredlf,'^  in  a 

myrtle  grove 

" "et  myrtea  circiim 

Sylva  tegit :  curoe  nun  ipsa  in  morte  relinquunt." 

You  have  not  yet  heard  the  worst,  they  do  not  offer  violence  to  themselves  in  this 
rage  of  lust,  but  unto  others,  their  nearest  and  dearest  friends.  ""Catiline  killed  hia 
only  son,  misilque  ad  orci  pallida.,  Uthi  obnubila,  obsita  tcnebris  loca^  for  the  love 
of  Aurelia  Oristella,  quod  ejus  miptias  vivo  Jilio  recusarel.  *' Laodice,  the  sister  of 
Mithridates,  poisoned  her  husband,  to  give  content  to  a  base  fellow  whom  she 
loved.. *^  Alexander,  to  please  Thais,  a  concubine  of  his,  set  Persepolis  on  fire. 
^  Nereus'  wife,  a  widow,  and  lady  of  Athens,  for  the  love  of  a  Venetian  gentleman, 
betrayed  the  city;  and  he  for  her  sake  murdered  his  wife,  the  daughter  of  a  noble- 
man in  Venice.  ^  Constantine  Despota  made  away  Catherine,  his  wife,  turned  his 
son  Michael  and  his  other  children  out  of  doors,  for  the  love  of  a  base  scrivener's 
daughter  in  Thessalonica,  with  whose  beauty  he  was  enamoured.  "Leucophria 
betrayed  the  city  where  she  dwelt,  for  her  swee'theart's  sake,  that  was  in  the  enemies' 
camp.  ^Pithidice,  the  governor's  daughter  of  Methinia,  for  the  love  of  Achilles, 
betrayed  the  whole  island  to  him,  her  father's  enemy.  *'  Diognetus  did  as  much  in 
the  city  where  he  dwelt,  for  the  love  of  Policrita,  Medea  for  the  love  of  Jason,  she 
taught  him  how  to  tame  the  fire-breathing  brass-feeted  bulls,  and  kill  the  mighty 
dragon  that  kept  the  golden  fleece,  and  tore  her  little  brother  Absyrtus  in  pieces,°that 
her  father  iEthes  might  have  something  to  detain  him,  while  she  ran  away  with  her 
beloved  Jason,  &c.    Such  acts  and  scenes  hath  this  tragi-comedy  of  love. 


MEMB.  V. 


SucsECT.  I. —  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy ^  by  Labour,  Diet,  Physic,  Fasting,  S^-c. 

Although  it  be  controverted  by  some,  whether  love-melancholy  may  be  cured, 
because  it  is  so  irresistible  and  violent  a  passion ;  for  as  you  know. 


** "  facilis  descensus  Averni ; 

Sed  revocare  gradiim,  «uperasque  evadere  aU  auras; 
Hie  labor,  hoc  opus  est." 


"  It  is  an  easy  passage  down  to  hell, 
But  to  come  back,  once  there,  vou  cannot  well.' 


*<  Pausani;»s  Achaicis,  I.  7.  "^  Me^arensis  amore 

flflgraiis  I.i.L-iati.  Tom.  4.  '"Ovid.  3.  met.  'i  Furi- 
bundus  piiiiivit  se  videre  imaginem  puellte,  et  cor.Tni 
loqui    blandiens    illi,    &c.  'SJuven.    Hebra-us. 

"  juvenis  .Medicinas  uperam  dans  doetoris  filiani  depe- 
ribat,  &,c.  '^'Gotardus  Arthns  Gallobelgicus,  nund. 

vernal.  IG15.  rolluin  novacula  aperuit:  et  inde  expi- 
ravit.  '=Ciim  renut^nte  parente  utroque  et   ipsa 

virgine  friii  non  posset,  ipsum  et  ipsam  interfecit,  hoc 
a  manistratu  polens,  iit  in  eodeni  sepulchro  sepeliri 
possent.  ''^Boccaccio.  "  Sedes  eorum  qui  pro 

amorig  impatieutia  pereunt,  Virg.  6.  i£nid.    '*  "  Whom 


cruel  love  with  its  wasting  power  destroyed."  's«'Anil 
a  myrtle  grove  oversliadinv  thee;  nor  do  cares  rtdin- 
quish   thee   even    in   death   itself."  «>Sal.    Val. 

f'Sabel.  lib.  3.  En.  (i.  "SCuriius.  lib.  5.  "Chal- 

eocondilas  de  reb.  Tuscicis,  lib.  9.  Nerei  uxor  .Athena- 
rum  domina.  &c.  *«  Nicephorus  Gres.  hist.  lib.  H, 

Uxorem  occidit  liberos  et  Michaelem  liliuni  viders 
abhorruit.  Thessalonicre  amore  captus  pronotarii, 
filiae,  &c.  t5  Parthenius  Erot.  lib.  cap.  5.  w  Aeax 
ca.  21.  Gubernatoris  alia  Achillis  amore  capta  civi- 
tatem  prodidit.        »"  Idem.  cap.  9.        *  Virg..^n.  6 


636  Love-Mel anclwly.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

Yet  without  question,  if  it  be  taken  in  time,  it  may  be  helped,  and  by  many  ^oof' 
remedies  amended.  Avicenna,  lib.  3.  Fen.  cap.  23.  ct  24.  sets  down  seven  compen- 
dious ways  how  this  malady  may  be  eased,  altered,  and  expelled.  Savanarola  9 
principal  observations,  Jason  Pratensis  prescribes  eight  rules  besides  physic,  how 
this  passion  may  be  tamed,  Laurentius  2.  main  precepts,  Arnoldus,  Valleriola,  Alon- 
taltus,  Ilildesheim,  Lungius,  and  others  inform  us  otherwise,  and  yet  all  tending  to 
the  same  purpose.  Tiic  sum  of  which  I  will  briefly  epitomise,  (^for  1  light  my  candle 
from  their  torches)  and  enlarge  again  upon  occasion,  as  shall  seem  best  to  me,  and  that 
after  mine  own  method.  The  tirst  rule  to  be  observed  in  this  stubborn  and  unbridled 
passion,  is  exercise  and  diet.  It  is  an  old  and  well-known  sentence.  Sine  Cercre  el 
Baccho  friget  Venus  \\o\e  grows  cool  without  bread  and  wine).  As  an  "''idle  seden- 
tary life,  liberal  feeding,  are  great  causes  of  it,  so  the  opposite,  labour,  slender  and 
sparing  diet,  with  continual  business,  are  the  best  and  most  ordinary  means  to 
prevent  it. 


"  Otio  pi  tollas,  periere  Cupiiliiiis  artes, 
Ci>rilciii|jiu'>|ue  jaceiit,  et  tiinc  luct;  lares." 


Take  idleness  away,  ami  put  to  tti;ht 

Are  Cupiii'ii  arts,  Ins  t»rcli>,-s  give  iiu  light." 


Minerva,  Diana,  Vesta,  and  the  nine  Muses  were  not  enamoured  at  all,  because  they 
never  were  idle. 


'  Friii'tra  blanditic  appulistis  ad  has, 
Frii.'lra  ni-<|iiiiix  Vl-lll^tls  ad  has, 
Friixtra  deiiliie  obsidebitis  has, 
Frusira  has  illecehrir,  et  pnicacitatM, 
K(  hu-'piriii,  et  iivciila,  el  susurn, 
Ki  i|'ii-i|iiiK  mule  sniia  curda  aiuanlutn 
lllaiidis  ehria  faiicinal  venenis." 


'  In  vain  are  all  ynur  flatteries. 
In  vain  are  all  yuur  knaveriei, 
Delights,  deceits,  prociicitu-s, 
8ighs,  kisfies,  and  cunspiracies, 
And  whate'er  is  dune  liy  art, 
Td  bewitch  a  lover's  heart." 


'Tis  in  vain  to  set  upon  those  that  are  busy.  'Tis  Savanarola's  third  rule,  Occupari 
in  multis  el  magnis  neguliis.,  and  Avicenna's  precept,  cup.  24.  *'  Cedil  amor  rebus; 
res,  age  lulus  eris.  To  he  busy  still,  and  as  "Guianerius  enjoins,  about  matters  of 
great  moment,  if  it  may  be.  "Magninus  adds,  "Never  to  be  idle  but  at  the  hours 
of  sleep." 


Piifi«-as  ante  diem  lihr 
liileiiilai'  aiiiniuni  ktu 
Invidici  v.'l  amiire  iiii*' 


',  11  nnn 
meslis. 


'  Fur  if  thou  d<>«t  not  ply  thy  book, 
By  cniiillivlu'lit  ti>  Htiidy  hiiil, 
Kinploy'd  aboiii  sonie  lioiieRt  thing, 
Eiivv  or  luve  shall  thee  torment." 


No  better  physic  than  to  be  always  occupied,  seriously  intent. 


'  Cur  in  pfiiates  rari 
Ha-c  dflirutat  eli^. 
.MeiJiuiiii|ue  annus  s 


'  Why  doft  ihiiu  n*k,  poor  folks  are  often  free. 
And  dainty  places  still  molested  be?" 


Because  poor  people  fare  coarsely,  work  hard,  go  wolward  and  bare.  '^.Von  habet 
unde  suum  pauperlas  pascal  amorem.  *^Guianerius  therefore  prescribes  his  patient 
'•  to  go  with  hair-cloth  next  his  skin,  to  go  bare-fooled,  and  hare-legged  in  cold 
weather,  to  whip  himself  now  and  then,  as  monks  do,  but  above  all  to  fast.  Not 
witli  sweet  wine,  mutton  and  pottage,  as  many  of  those  tender-bellies  do,  howsoever 
they  put  on  Lenten  faces,  and  whatsoever  they  pretend,  but  from  all  manner  of  meat. 
Fasting  is  an  all-sufficient  remedy  of  itself;  for,  as  Jason  Pratensis  holds,  the  bodies 
of  sucli  persons  that  feed  liberally,  and  live  at  ease,  **"are  full  of  bad  spirits  and 
devils,  devilish  thoughts;  no  better  physic  for  such  parties,  than  to  fast."  Hildes- 
heim,  spicel.  2.  to  this  of  hunger,  adds,  ""often  baths,  much  exercise  and  sweat," 
but  hunger  and  fasting  he  prescribes  before  the  rest.  And  'tis  indeed  our  Saviour's 
oracle,  "This  kind  of  devil  is  not  cast  out  but  by  fasting  and  prayer,"  which  makes  the 
fathers  so  immoderate  in  commendation  of  fasting.  As  "hunger,"  saith  '**  Ambrose, 
"  is  a  friend  of  virginity,  so  is  it  an  enemy  to  lasciviousness,  but  fulness  overthrows 
chastity,  and  fostereth  all  manner  of  provocations."  If  thine  horse  be  too  lusty, 
Hierome  adviseth  thee  to  take  away  some  of  his  provender;  by  this  means  thosi- 

""Otiuin  nanfragiiim  caslitati4.     Austin.  mqu.  |^c,  xOxmonibus  referta  sunt  corpora  nostra,  illo 

ch.iiian.  Heiideca  syl.  »'  Ovid  lib.  1.  rerned.  •'  L<ive  i  rum  prtcipue  qui  delicatis  vescuntur  ed'iliiH.  advolitant. 
yi<-l,)s  ti>  business:  be  employed,  and  you 'II  be  safe"  lei  corporihus  inlixreni  ;  hanc  ob  rem  j>-juiiiiim  im- 
>"  I '.ip.  Itl.  circar>'s  arduas  exerceri.  »»  Part  i.  c.  -iX.  I  pendio  probatitr  ad  pudicitinm.        ••  Viciii-  -ii  attenua- 

rr<i.  San.  Mis,  prseter  horam  soinni.  nulla  p<-r  otiuni  liis,  balnei  fre<|iien*  usns  et  sudationcs.  r.,l,i  baths,  not 
lran4i'Hi.  *•  llor.  lib.  I.  epi«t.  2.  '»  sViii-ca.    hot,  saith  .Mai;niniis,  p.irt  3.  ca. -J-l.  to  dive  over  bead 

•«••  Poverty  has  not  th.?  means  of  f>-edine  her  passion."     and  ears  in  a  cold  river,  A.c.  '"A-r.  ile  c>ila;  fane* 

Trarl.  |r>.  cap.  I-'.  s.-rpe   nuda  rarne  cilicium   p.irtent     amira  virEiiiitati  est,  inimica  lasrivic:  ■aiiirila*  ^mf 


tempore  frit;ido  sinf  caligis.  et  nudis  pedibus  incedant, 
in  pane  et  aqua  jejuneot,  ficpius  se  verberibu*  cxdanl, 


eastilaleoi  perdit,  el  nutrit  illecebras. 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  1.] 


Cure  of  Love-MelanchoJv. 


527 


Pauls,  Hilaries,  Anthonies,  and  famous  anchorites,  subdued  the  lusts  of  the  flesh  ;  by 
this  means  Hilarion  "made  his  ass,  as  he  called  his  own  body,  leave  kicking,  (so 
'  Hierome  relates  of  him  in  his  life)  when  the  devil  tempted  hitn  to  any  such  foul 
offence."  By  this  means  those  ^Indian  Brahmins  kept  themselves  continent:  they 
lay  upon  the  ground  covered  with  skins,  as  the  red-shanks  do  on  heather,  and  dieted 
themselves  sparingly  on  one  dish,  which  Guianerius  would  have  all  young  men  put 
in  practice,  and  if  that  will  not  serve,  ^Gordonius  "would  have  them  soundly 
whipped,  or,  to  cool  their  courage,  kept  in  prison,"  and  there  fed  with  bread  and 
water  till  they  acknowledge  their  error,  and  become  of  another  mind.  If  imprison- 
ment and  hunger  will  not  take  them  down,  according  to  the  directions  of  that 
■*  Theban  Crates,  "  time  must  wear  it  out ;  if  time  will  not,  the  last  refuge  is  a 
halter."  But  this,  you  will  say,  is  comically  spoken.  Howsoever,  fasting,  by  all 
means,  must  be  still  used ;  and  as  they  must  refrain  from  such  meats  formerly  men- 
tioned, which  cause  venery,  or  provoke  lust,  so  they  must  use  an  opposite  diet. 
^  Wine  must  be  altogether  avoided  of  the  younger  sort.  So  ®  Plato  prescribes,  and 
would  have  the  magistrates  themselves  abstain  from  it,  for  example's  sake,  highly 
commending  the  Carthaginians  for  their  temperance  in  this  kind.  And  'twas  a  good 
edict,  a  commendable  thing,  so  that  it  were  not  done  for  some  sinister  respect,  as 
those  old  Egyptians  abstained  from  wine,  because  some  fabulous  poets  had  given 
out,  wine  sprang  first  from  the  blood  of  the  giants,  or  out  of  superstition,  as  our 
modern  Turks,  but  for  temperance,  it  being  animcc  virus  et  vitionwi  fomes.  a  plague 
itself,  if  immoderately  taken.  Women  of  old  for  that  cause,  'in  hot  countries,  were 
forbid  the  use  of  it ;  as  severely  punished  for  drinking  of  wine  as  for  adultery ;  and 
young  folks,  as  Leonicus  hath  recorded,  Var.  hist.  I.  3.  cap.  87,  88.  out  of  Alhenaeu3 
and  others,  and  is  still  practised  in  Italy,  and  some  other  countries  of  Europe  and 
Asia,  as  Claudius  Minoes  hath  well  illustrated  in  his  Comment  on  the  2.3.  Emblem 
of  Alciat.     So  choice  is  to  be  made  of  other  diet. 


'  Nee  minus  erucas  aptum  est  vitare  salaces, 
Et  qiiicquid  veneri  corpora  nostra  parat." 


'  Eriiigns  are  not  good  for  to  be  taken, 
And  all  lascivious  meats  must  he  forsaken." 


Those  opposite  meats  which  ought  to  be  used  are  cucumbers,  melons,  purslain, 
water-lilies,  rue,  woodbine,  ammi,  lettuce,  which  Lemnius  so  much  commends,  lib. 
2,  cap.  42.  and  Mizaldus  hort.  mcd.  to  this  purpose  ;  vitex,  or  agnus  castus  before 
the  rest,  which,  saith  ^  Magninus,  hath  a  wonderful  virtue  in  it.  Those  Athenian 
women,  in  their  solemn  feasts  called  Thesmopheries,  were  to  abstain  nine  days  from 
the  company  of  men,  during  which  time,  saith  ^lian,  they  laid  a  certain  herb,  named 
hanea,  in  their  beds,  which  assuaged  those  ardent  flames  of  love,  and  freed  them 
from  the  torments  of  that  violent  passion.  See  more  in  Porta,  Matthiolus,  Crescen- 
tius  lih.  5.  &c.,  and  what  every  herbalist  almost  and  physician  hath  written,  cap.  de 
Satyriasi  et  Pria'pismo ;  Rhasis  amongst  the  rest.  In  some  cases  again,  if  they  be 
much  dejected,  and  brought  low  in  body,  and  now  ready  to  despair  through  anguish, 
grief,  and  too  sensible  a  feeling  of  their  misery,  a  cup  of  wine  and  full  diet  is  not 
amiss,  and  as  Valescus  adviseth,  cum  alid  honesta  vcnerem  so'pe  exercendo.,  which 
Langius  epist.  med.  Jib.  1.  epist.  24.  approves  out  of  Rhasis  (ad  assiduationem  coitus 
invitat)  and  Guianerius  seconds  it,  cap.  16.  tract.  16.  as  a  ^very  profitable  remedy. 

10 '■  tumeiit  tibi  quum  inguina,  cum  si 

Ancilla,  aut  verna  pra-sto  est,  tentigine  rumpi 
Malis?  non  ego  nainque,"  &c. 

"  Jason  Pratensis  subscribes  to  this  counsel  of  the  poet,  Excrefio  cnim  aut  toilet 
prorsus  aut  Icnit  crgritudinem.  As  it  did  the  raging  lust  of  Ahasuerus,  ^- qui  ad  im- 
patirntiam  amoris  lenlcndam,  per  sivgulas  fere  noctcs  novas  puellas  devirginavit. 
And  to  be  drunk  too  by  fits;  but  this  is  mad  physic,  if  it  be  at  all  to  be  permitted. 
If  not,  yet  some  pleasure  is  to  be  allowed,  as  that  which  Vives  speaks  of,  lib.  3.  de 
anima..,  '^ "  A  lover  that  hath  as  it  were  lost  himself  through  impotency,  impatience, 


■  Vita  Hilarionis,  lib.  3.  epist.  rum  tentasset  eum 
daemon  litillatioiie  inter  cetera,  E^o  inquit,  aselle,  ad 
corpus  suum,  faciam,  See.  'Slralio.  I.  15.  Geoji.  suh 

pellibus,  cuhanl,  &c.  sCup.  2.  part.  2.     Si  sit  juvp- 

nis,  et  non  vult  obedire,  flagelletur  frequenter  et  furli- 
ter,  dum  inripiat  foetere.  *I.aertius,  lib.  6.  cap.  5. 

amori  iiiedelur  fames;  sin  aliter,  tempus;  sin  non  Imc, 
laqiieus.  s  Vina  parant  animos  Veneri,  &;c.        «  U. 

de  Legibus.  'Non  minus  si  vinum  bibissent  ac  si 

adulterium  admisisseiit,  Gellius,  lib.  10.  c.  23.         »Rer. 


Sam.  part.  3.  cap.  23.  Mirabilem  vim  h.nbet.  »Cum 
muliere  aliqua  gratiosa  snpe  eoirc  eril  ulilissimum. 
Idem  Laurentius,  cap.  11.  m  Hor.  "Cap.29.de 

morb.  cereh.  la  Bciroaldns  orat.  dc  amore.  i3  Ama- 
tori,  cujus  est  pro  impotentia  mens  amota,  opus  est  ul 
pn-.ilatim  animus  velut  a  pereerinatione  domum  revoce- 
tur  per  musicam,  cnuvivia,  &c.  Per  aucupium.  fabd- 
las,  et  icstivas  narraliones,  laborem  usque  ad  sudorem 
&c. 


1)28  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

must  be  called  home  as  a  traveller,  by  music,  feasting,  good  wine,  if  need  be  to 
drunkenness  itself,  which  many  so  much  conunend  for  the  easing  of  the  mind,  ali 
kinds  of  sports  and  merriments,  to  see  fair  pictures,  hangings,  buildings,  pleasant 
fields,  orchards,  gardens,  groves,  ponds,  pools,  rivers,  fishing,  fowling,  hawking, 
hunting,  to  hear  merry  tales,  and  pleasant  discourse,  reading,  to  use  exercise  till  he 
sweat,  that  new  spirits  may  succeed,  or  by  soiue  vehement  afiection  or  contrary  pas- 
sion to  be  diverted  till  lie  be  fully  M-eaned  from  anger,  suspicion,  cares,  fears,  Stc, 
and  habituated  into  another  course."  Semper  tecum  sj/,  (as  "  Sempronius  adviseth 
Calisto  his  love-sick  master)  qui  sermones  joculares  move  at  ^  condones  r'ldlcnlna^  dic- 
Ifria  falsa.,  suaves  historias.,fabulas  venustas  rccenseat.,  coram  Judat,  Sfc..,  still  have 
a  pleasant  companion  to  sing  and  tell  merry  tales,  songs  and  facele  histories,  sweet 
discourse,  Sec.  And  as  the  melody  of  music,  merriment,  singing,  dancing,  doth  aug- 
ment the  passion  of  some  lovers,  as  '^Avicenna  notes,  so  it  expelleth  it  in  others, 
and  doth  very  much  good.  These  things  must  be  warily  applied,  as  the  parties' 
symptoms  vary,  and  as  they  shall  stand  variously  affected. 

If  there  be  any  need  of  physic,  that  the  humours  be  altered,  or  any  new  matter 
aggregated,  they  must  be  cured  as  melancholy  men.  Carolus  ;\  Lorme,  amongst 
oilier  questions  (Uscussed  for  his  degree  at  .Mnnipclier  in  France,  hath  this,  ./in 
amantes  et  amuntes  iisdem  remediis  curenturf  ^Vhethcr  lovers  and  machncn  be 
cured  by  the  same  remedies.'  he  affirms  it;  for  love  extended  is  mere  madness. 
Such  physic  then  as  is  prescribed,  is  either  inward  or  outward,  as  hath  been  formerly 
handled  in  the  precedent  partition  in  the  cure  of  melancholy.  Consult  with  Valle- 
riola  observat.  lib.  'J.  observ.  7.  Lod.  Mercatus  lib.  2.  cap.  4.  de  mulier.  ujfecl.  Daniel 
Sennertus  lib.  I.  part.  2.  cup.  10.  '"*  Jacobus  Ferranchis  the  Frenchman,  in  his  Tract 
■le  amore  Erutique,  Forestus  lib.  10.  obserc.  29  and  30,  Jason  Ptatensis  and  others 
or  peculiar  receipts,  "  Amatus  Lucitanus  cured  a  young  Jew,  that  was  ahnost  mad 
for  love,  with  the  sviup  of  hellebore,  and  such  other  evacuations  and  purges  which 
arc  usually  prescribed  to  black  choler :  "Avicenna  confirms  as  much  if  need  require, 
and  '*"  blood-letting  above  the  rest,"  which  makes  amantes  ne  jint  amentes.,  lovers  to 
come  to  iluniselves,  ajid  keep  in  their  right  minds.  'Tis  the  same  which  Schola 
Salernilana,  Jason  Pratensis,  Ilildesheiin,  itc,  prescribe  blood-letting  to  be  used  as 
a  principal  remedy.  Tho.se  old  Scythians  had  a  trick  to  cure  all  appetite  of  burning 
lust,  by  •'"  letting  themselves  blood  under  ihe  ears,  and  to  make  both  men  and  women 
barren,  as  Subellicus  in  his  ^neades  relates  of  tlieni.  Which  Sahnuth.  Til.  10.  de 
Herol.  comment,  in  Panciirol.  de  nov.  report.  Mercurialis,  rar.  lee.  lib.  3.  cap.  7.  out 
of  Hippocrates  and  Bunzo  say  still  is  in  use  amongst  the  Indians,  a  reason  of  which 
Langius  gives  lib.  1.  epist.  10. 

Hue  faciunt  medicamenta  venerem  sopientia,  ut  camphora  pudendis  alligata^  el  in 
hrachd  gestata  i^quidam  ait)  membrum  Jlaccidum  reddil.  Laboravit  hoc  ihorbo  virgo 
nobili.s,  cui  inter  ccptera  prcescripsit  medicus.,  ut  laminam  plumbeam  multis  foramini- 
bus  pertusam  ad  dies  viginti  portaret  in  dorso ;  ad  cxiccandum  vero  spcrma  jussit 
earn  quam  parcissime  cibari.,  et  manducare  frequentur  coriandrum  pnpparalum.,  et 
semen  lacfuca:  et  acetosa.,  et  sic  eam  a  morbo  liberavit.  Porro  impediunt  et  remittunt 
coitum  folia  salicis  trita  et  epola,  et  si  frequentius  usurpentur  ipsa  in  totnm  auferunt. 
Idem  prajstat  Topatius  annulo  gestatus,  dexterum  lupi  tesiiculum  attritum,  et  oleo 
vel  aqua  rosata  exhibitum  veneris  tiedium  inducere  scribit  Ale.xander  Benedictus  :  lac 
butyri  comme-'tum  et  semen  canabis,  et  camphora  exhibiia  idem  pra?stant.  Verbena 
herba  gestata  libidinem  extinguit,  pulvisqu.-e  ranaj  decollatae  et  exiccata;.  Ad  extin- 
guendum  coitum,  ungantur  membra  genitalia,  et  renes  et  pecten  aqua  in  qua  opium 
Thebaicum  sit  dissolutum ;  libidini  niaxime  contraria  camphora  est,  et  coriandrum 
siccurn  frangit  coitum,  et  erectionem  virgai  impedit ;  idem  efficit  synapium  ebibilum. 
Da  verbenam  in  potn  et  nan  erigetur  virga  sex  die  bus ;  utere  mentha  sicca,  cum  aceto., 
genitalia  ilbnita  succo  hyoscyami  ant  cicuta.,  coitus  appelilum  srdant.,  &iC.  K.  seminis 
'actuc.  portulac.  coriandri  an.  oj.  menlhce  siccce  ofi-  sacchari  albiss.  3iiij.  pulreriscen- 
lur  omnia  subtiliter,  et  post  ea  simul  misce  aqua  neunpharis^f.  confec.  solida  in  moT' 

'•Celfsliiiir,  Acl.  2.   Rarthio  interpret.  "Cap   de  I  aliia  quir  aJ  atram  bilt-m  pertinent.  "  P.irt'rtnr  li 

Illishi.  Multu8  hoc  afffctij  Han.-it  cantilena,  la-titia,  fjnn  iliKp<j«iliij  vt-nt-ril  ad  aduot.  Iiiiin<^iri*.  et  ptilibiiio- 
-nuaica  ,  et  q-ii'lain  «tirit  qiios  hn-c  angerit.  "  Tin*     niiZ'-tur.  >*  Amantiuin  iiiorhu*  ut  pruriiiii  ••ilvilur 

anttior  rant*-  t'  niv  hai>d^  sinct;  Ihe  third  edition  of  Ihm     venr  *<-clione  et  cuciirbitiilii.  *  CufS  A  iret>«  Mt 

>>ok.  "CVnt.  3.  curat.  5(>.    Syrupo  helteborato  et     tione  p«r  aurea,  unde  Mmper  •lerile*. 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  2.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy.  529 

sulis.  Ex  his  sumat  mane  unum  quum  surgat.  Innumera  fere  his  similia  petas  ab 
Hildishemo  loco  prcedicto,  Mizaldo,  Porta,  caeterisque. 

SuBSECT.  II. —  Withstand  the  beginnings,  avoid  occasions,  change  his  place  :  fair  and 
foul  means,  contrary  passions,  iviih  witty  inventions  :  to  bring  in  another,  and  dis- 
commend the  former. 

Other  good  rules  and  precepts  are  enjoined  by  our  physicians,  which,  if  n( 
alone,  yet  certainly  conjoined,  may  do  much;  the  first  of  which  is  obsiare  princi- 
plis,  to  withstand  the  beginning,  ^'  Quisquis  in  primo  obstitil,  Pepulitque  amorem 
tutus  ac  victor  flit,  he  that  will  but  resist  at  first,  may  easily  be  a  conqueror  at  the 
last.  Baltazar  Castilio,  I.  4.  urgeth  this  prescript  above  the  rest,  '^^"when  he  shall 
chanc(i  (saith  he)  to  light  upon  a  woman  that  hath  good  behaviour  joined  with  her 
excellent  person,  and  shall  perceive  his  eyes  with  a  kind  of  greediness  to  pull  unto 
them  tliis  image  of  beauty,  and  carry  it  to  the  heart :  shall  observe  himself  to  be 
somewhat  incensed  with  this  influence,  which  moveth  within  :  when  he  shall  dis- 
cern those  subtle  spirits  sparkling  in  her  eyes,  to  administer  more  fuel  to  the  fire,  he 
must  wisely  withstand  the  beginnings,  rouse  up  reason,  stupified  almost,  fortify  his 
heart  by  all  means,  and  shut  up  all  those  passages,  by  which  it  may  have  entrance." 
'Tis  a  precept  which  all  concur  upon, 

""Opprirnc  diim  nova  sunt  suliiti  mala  scniina  morbi,  I       "Thy  quick  disease,  whilst  it  is  fre=h  to  day, 
Uum  licet,  in  primo  lumine  siste  pedem."  |         By  all  means  crush,  thy  feet  at  first  step  stay." 

Which  cannot  speedier  be  done,  than  if  he  confess  his  grief  and  passion  to  some 
judicious  friend^^  (qui  tacitus  ardet  magis  uritur,  the  more  he  conceals,  the  greater 
is  his  pain)  that  by  his  good  advice  may  happily  ease  him  on  a  sudden ;  and  withal 
to  avoid  occasions,  or  any  circumstance  that  may  aggravate  his  disease,  to  remove 
the  object  by  all  means  ;  for  who  can  stand  by  a  fire  and  not  burn  .^ 

26  "  Siissilite  obsecroet  mittite  istanc  foras, 

Q.Uie  misero  mihi  amanti  ebibic  sanguinem.'' 

'Tis.  good  therefore  to  keep  quite  out  of  her  company,  which  Hierom  so  much 
labours  to  Paula,  to  Nepotian  \  Chrysost.  so  much  inculcates  in  scr.  in  contubern. 
Cyprian,  and  many  other  fathers  of  the  church,  Siracides  in  his  ninth  chapter,  Jason 
Pratensis,  Savanarola,  Arnoldus,  Valleriola,  &c.,  and  every  physician  that  treats  of 
this  subject.  Not  only  to  avoid,  as  ^^ Gregory  Tholosanus  exhorts,  "kissing,  dal- 
liance, all  speeches,  tokens,  love-letters,  and  the  like,"  or  as  Castilio,  lib.  4.  to  con- 
verse with  them,  hear  them  speak,  or  sing,  (tolerabilius  est  audire  basiliscum  sibi- 
lantem,  thou  hadst  better  hear,  saith  ^^  Cyprian,  a  serpent  hiss)  ^'"  those  amiable 
smiles,  admirable  graces,  and  sweet  gestures,"  which  their  presence  affords. 

*  "  Neu  capita  liment  solitis  morsiunculis, 
Et  his  papillarum  oppressiiinculis 
Abstineant :" 

but  all  talk,  name,  mention,  or  cogitation  of  them,  and  of  any  other  women,  persons,, 
circumstance,  amorous  book  or  tale  that  may  administer  any  occasion  of  remem- 
brance. ^°  Prosper  adviseth  young  men  not  to  read  the  Canticles,  and  some  parts  of 
Genesis  at  other  times ;  but  for  such  as  are  enamoured  they  forbid,  as  before,  the 
name  mentioned.  Sec,  especially  all  sight,  they  must  not  so  much  as  come  near,  or 
look  upon  them. 

3'  "  Et  fiigitare  decet  simulacra  et  pabula  amoris, 
Abstinere  sibi  atque  alio  convertere  menteni." 

"  Gaze  not  on  a  maid,"  saith  Syracides,  "  turn  away  thine  eyes  from  a  beautiful 
woman,  c.  9.  v.  5.  7,  8.  averte  oculos,  saith  David,  or  if  thou  dost  see  them,  as  Fici- 
nus  adviseth,  let  not  thine  eye  be  intenlus  ad  libidinem,  do  not  intend  her  more  than 
the  rest :  for  as  ^^  Propertius  holds,  Ipse  alimenta  sibi  maxima  prcBbet  amor,  love  as 


"  Seneca.  ^  Cum  in  mulierem  incident,  qus  cum 
forma  mornm  suavitatem  conjunctam  habet,  et  jam 
oculos  perspnserit  forms  ad  se  imagineni  cum  aviditate 
quadam  rapere  cum  eadem,  tc.  ^  Ovid,  de  rem.  lib. 

1.  24  TEneas  Silvius.  25  piautus  gurcu.  "Remove 
and  throw  her  quite  out  of  doors,  she  who  has  drank 
my  lovesick  blood."  '6  Xom.  2.  lib.  4.  cap.  10. 

Syitag.  med.  arc.  Mira.  Titentur  oscula,  tactus  sermo. 


67  2U 


el  scripta  impudica,  liters,  &lc.  ^  Lib.  de  singul 

Cler.  2* Tarn  admirabilem  splendorem  declinei, 

cratiam,  scintillas,  amabiles  risus,  gestus  suavissimos^ 
&.C.         »  Lipsius,  hort.  leg.  lib.  3.  antiq.  lee.  so  Lib. 

3.  de  vit.  ccelitus  compar.  cap.  6.  =' Lucretius.     "U 

is  best  to  shun  the  semblance  and  the  food  of  love,  t» 
abstain  from  it,  and  totally  avert  the  mind  from  tb*' 
object.'!  «Lib.  3.  eleg.  10. 


530  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

a  snow  ball  eiilargeth  itself  by  sight :  but  as  Plierome  to  Nepotian,  out  <^quliter  ameu, 
aut  cEquaaier  ignora.^  either  see  all  alike,  or  let  all  alone ;  make  a  league  with  thine 
eyes,  as  "Job  did,  and  that  is  the  safest  course,  let  all  alone,  see  none  of  them. 
Nothing  sooner  revives,  ^^"  or  waxeth  sore  again,"  as  Petrarch  holds,  "  than  love 
doth  by  sight."  ''  As  pomp  renews  ambition ;  the  sight  of  gold,  covetousness ;  a 
beauteous  object  sets  on  fire  this  burning  lust."  Et  multum  saliens  incitni  nnda 
sitim.  The  sight  of  drink  makes  one  dry,  and  the  sight  of  meat  increaseth  appetite. 
'Tis  dangerous  therefore  to  see.  A  '^ young  gentleman  in  merriment  would  needs 
put  on  his  mistress's  clothes,  and  walk  abroad  alone,  whicli  some  of  her  suitors  es- 
pying, stole  him  away  for  her  that  he  represented.  So  much  can  sight  enforce. 
Especially  if  he  have  been  formerly  enamoured,  the  sight  of  his  mistre.s.s  strikes  him 
into  a  new  tit,  and  makes  him  rave  many  days  after. 


3" "  Iiitirniis  causa  pusjlla  iif>cet, 

Ut  perie  i.'Xiinctuiii  ciiifri-ni  hi  BUl|iliuri-  taiigae, 

V'lvct.  i-t  I'l  iiiiiiiiiiii  ina.tiiiiiis  ■••iiiii  cnt  : 
Sic  iii.'^i  vitaliis  i|iii>'(|iiiil  reniivahil  anion  in, 

Kliiiiiiiin  rrcrudpiicrl,  qua;  iiitxlu  nulla  luil." 


'  A  sirklv  man  a  little  lliiri!;  ofT.'ml.s. 

As  briiiistoiie  ilulh  a  tirt-  diiayed  renew. 
Aiiil  uiakfM  II  liiini  al'ri'sli,  iliiih  lovi-'ii  ilcuil  flame«, 
If  thai  llie  fwriiiiT  olijitt  it  review." 


Or,  as  the  poet  compares  it  to  embers  in  ashes,  which  the  wind  blows,  ^' ut  solet  li 
vntis,  <^T.,  a  scald  head  (as  the  .saying  is)  is  soon  broken,  dry  wood  quickly  kindles, 
and  when  they  have  been  formerly  wounded  with  sight,  how  can  they  by  seeing  but 
be  inflamed  ?  Ismenias  acknowledgetli  as  much  of  himself,  when  he  had  been  long 
absent,  and  almost  forgotten  his  mistress,  ^'"at  the  first  sight  of  her,  as  straw  in  a 
fire,  I  burned  afresh,  and  more  than  ever  I  did  before."  **"Chariclia  was  as  much 
moved  at  the  sight  of  her  dear  Theagines,  after  he  had  l)een  a  great  stranger." 
**'iMertiIa,  in  Aristamelus,  sw«>re  she  would  never  love  Paniphilus  again,  anil  did 
moderate  lur  passion,  so  long  as  he  was  absent ;  but  the  next  time  he  came  in  pre- 
sence, she  could  not  contain,  efFuse  amplexa  attreclan  sc  sinil,  Sfc,  she  broke  her 
vow,  and  diil  profusely  embrace  him.  Ilermotinus,  ayoimg  man  ( in  the  .'iaid  *' author) 
is  all  out  as  imstaid,  he  had  furgot  his  mistress  quite,  and  by  his  friends  was  well 
weaned  from  her  love;  but  seeing  her  hy  ch-dnce,  agnnt'it  vrtcris  vesligiajittmmcp, 
he  raved  amain.  Ilia  tarmn  enifrocns  veluti  lucida  siclla  cepit  elucere,  <^c.,  she  did 
appear  as  a  blazing  star,  or  an  angel  to  his  sight.  .And  it  is  the  common  passion  of 
all  lovers  to  be  overcome  in  this  sort.  For  that  cause  belike  Alexander  discerning 
this  inconvenience  and  danger  that  comes  by  seeing,  "''when  he  heard  Darius's 
wife  so  much  commended  for  her  beauty,  would  scarce  admit  her  to  come  in  his 
sight,"  foreknowing  belike  that  of  Plutarch, _/brmo«am  videre  periculosissimum,  how 
full  of  danger  it  is  to  see  a  proper  woman,  and  though  he  Wcis  intemperate  in  other 
things,  yet  in  this  siiperhe  sc  gcssil,  he  carried  himself  bravely.  And  so  when  as 
.\raspiis,  in  Xenophon,  had  so  much  magnified  that  divine  face  of  Panthea  to  Cyrus, 
""by  how  much  she  was  fairer  than  ordinary,  by  so  much  he  was  the  more  unwill- 
ing to  see  her."  Scipio,  a  young  man  of  twenty-three  years  of  age,  and  the  most 
!»eautifLil  of  the  Romans,  equal  in  person  to  that  Grecian  Charinus,  tir  Homer's 
Nireus,  at  the  siege  of  a  city  in  Spain,  when  as  a  noble  and  most  fair  young  gentle- 
woman was  brought  unto  him,  ""and  he  had  heard  she  was  betrothed  to  a  lord, 
rewarded  her,  and  sent  her  back  to  her  sweetheart."  St.  Austin,  as  ^^  Gregory  reports 
of  him,  nr  cum  sorore  quidem  sua  putavil  habilandunu  would  not  live  in  the  house 
with  his  own  sister.  Xenecrates  lay  with  Lais  of  Corinth  all  night,  and  would  not 
touch  her.  Socrates,  though  all  the  city  of  Athens  supposed  him  to  dote  upon  fair 
Alcibiades,  yet  when  he  had  an  opportunity,  *^solus  cum  solo  to  lie  in  the  chamber 
with,  and  was  wooed  by  him  besides,  as  the  said  Alcibiades  publicly  ^' confes.sed, 
formam  sprevit  et  superbe  contempsit,  he  scornfully  rejected  him.  Petrarch,  that  had 
so  magnified  his  Laura  in  several  poems,  when  by  the  pope's  means  she  was  offered 

*■  Job  xxx\.    Pepi;i   r»iliis  rum  oeiiiiii  niei«   ne  rogi-  '  dnrui,  I.  4.  inflaiiimat  mpnlem  nnvii*  axpectn*.  prrinJe 
tarem  de  virKiiie.  >'  Dial.  3.  d»-  cutiif  mptu  iniiiidi  ;     ac  lems  luali'tis:  a>liiiiitu8,  I'dariclia.  Ac<:.       •"  K|ii»l    li 

nihil  fariiius  rerruJescil  quani  ainnr;  ul  pninpa  visa  1.2.  *' Epiot.  4.  I.*.2.  <- <.'iirtiiiri.  Iih.  3.  cum  uxorem 
reuovat  aiiibili'>nein.  auri  species  avaritiain,  s|it^clata  Darii  laudalain  aiidiviwet,  laiitiini  cupulitali  lua'  frr. 
corpiiri' r>>riiia  iiiceiulir luxuriam.  >^ S<;iieca  cont.  |  nuin  iiijecil,  ut  illani  vix  vellci  iiituen.  of^ro. 

lib. -J.  Kiiit.  <J.  "Ovid.  1^  .Met.  7.  ut  miU'l  ^  veiili«  pcdia.  cum  ranthi-a-  ruriiian  evexiuel  Ar«<puii.  laiilo 
•  linieiiiu  reitiiiiiere.  qua-que  I'avia  sub  indurta  latuit  .  inai(i».  iiiqiiit  Cyru.-i  ab*iiii>-ri.  n|Mir|i-i.  quaiilii  |iii|r|iriiir 
Kinlilli  favilla     Cre<ct're  et  in  vetere:^  aeitata  re«ur-  '  e«l.  «  l.iviun   rum  i-aiii  r>-eul<>  ruidaiii  drr|iMii.ar«ia 

yere  flaiiiiiia-4.  »  Ku.olalhn  i.  3.  a-ipeetun  aniureai     audivicMrt  miineribu' cmiiil  nam  reiiiKit.  >"  Kp    39. 

inceudil,    ut    marreiuren  eni    in    palea    ignem    vciitua;     lib.  7.  <*  Ct  ea  Inqui  p<>«M-l  qur  Kill  amalore*  l«a|UI 

•rilebam  lulerea  majorr  concepto  inccndiu.        »  ilcliu.    aoicnt.  <^  Plalonia  Cunviviw. 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  2.J 


Cure  of  Love-Melancholy. 


531 


unto  him,  would  not  accept  of  her.  ''^"It  is  a  good  happiness  to  be  free  from  this 
passion  of  love,  and  great  discretion  it  argues  in  such  a  man  that  he  can  so  contain 
himself;  but  when  thou  art  once  in  love,  to  moderate  thyself  (as  he  saith)  is  a  sin- 
gular point  of  wisdom." 


*'"•  Nam  vitare  plagas  in  ntnoris  ne  jariamiir 

Not!  ita  (lilficile  est,  qiiaiii  capturii  retilms  ipsis 
Exire,  et  valiiios  Veneris  pF'rruiipp<!re  nodos." 


"  To  avoid  such  nets  is  no  such  mastery. 
But  ta'en  escape  is  all  the  victory." 


But,  forasmuch  as  few  men  are  free,  so  discreet  lovers,  or  that  can  contain  them- 
selves, and  moderate  their  passions,  to  curb  their  senses,  as  not  to  see  them,  not  to 
look  lasciviously,  not  to  confer  with  them,  such  is  the  fury  of  this  head-strong  pas- 
sion of  raging  lust,  and  their  weakness,  jfero^r  iZ/e  ardor  a  natura  insifus,  ^-'as  he 
terms  it  '^  such  a  furious  desire  nature  hath  inscribed,  such  unspeakable  delight." 

"  Pic  Diva?  Veneris  furor, 
fnsanis  adeo  uieiitibus  incubat," 

which  neither  reason,  counsel,  poverty,  pain,  miserj^,  drudgery,  partus  dolor.,  t^-c,  can 
deter  them  from ;  we  must  use  some  speedy  means  to  correct  and  prevent  that,  and 
all  other  inconveniences,  which  come  by  conference  and  the  like.  The  best,  readiest, 
surest  way,  and  which  all  approve,  is  Loci  mulatio,  to  send  them  several  ways,  that 
they  may  neither  hear  of,  see,  nor  have  an  opportunity  to  send  to  one  another  again, 
or  live  together,  soli  cum  sola,  as  so  many  Gilbertines.  Elongatio  d  patriJ.,  'tis  Sava- 
narola's  fourth  rule,  and  Gordonius'  precept,  distraliatur  ad  longinquas  regioncs.,  send 
him  to  travel.  'Tis  that  which  most  run  upon,  as  so  many  hounds,  with  full  cry, 
poets,  divines,  philosophers,  physicians,  all,  mufet  patriam :  Valesius  :  ''  as  a  sick 
man  he  must  be  cured  with  change  of  air,  Tully  4  Tuscul.  The  best  remedy  is  to 
get  thee  gone,  Jason  Pratensis  :  change  air  and  soil,  Laurentius. 


'-•'Fiiee  littus  aniatuin. 
Utile  fiiiitiiujs  alistiiiuisse  locis." 


I  procul,  et  longas  carpere  perge  viag. 
—  sed  fuge  tutus  eris." 


Travelling  is  an  antidote  of  love, 

51 "  Magnum  iter  ad  doctas  proficisci  cogor  Athenas, 
Ut  me  loiiga  gravi  solvat  auiore  via." 

For  this  purpose,  saith  ^'^Propertius,  my  parents  sent  me  to  Athens;  time  and  patience 
wear  away  pain  and  grief,  as  fire  goes  out  for  want  of  fuel.  Quantum  oculis.,  animo 
tain  procul  ihit  amor.  But  so  as  they  tarry  out  long  enough  :  a  whole  year  ^^Xeno- 
phon  prescribes  Critobulus.,vix  enim  intra  hoc  tempiis  ah  amore  sanari  poteris :  some 
will  hardly  be  weaned  under.  All  this  ^''  Heinsius  merrily  inculcates  in  an  epistle  to 
his  friend  Primierus ;  first  fast,  then  tarry,  thirdly,  change  thy  place,  fourthly,  think 
of  a  halter.  If  change  of  place,  continuance  of  time,  absence,  will  not  wear  it  out 
with  those  precedent  remedies,  it  will  hardly  be  removed :  but  these  commonly  are 
of  force.  Felix  Plater,  observ.  lib.  1.  had  a  baker  to  his  patient,  almost  mad  for  the 
love  of  his  maid,  and  desperate;  by  removing  her  from  him,  he  was  in  a  short  space 
cured.  Isseus,  a  philosopher  of  Assyria,  was  a  most  dissolute  liver  in  his  youth, 
paldm  lascioiens.,  in  love  with  all  he  met;  but  after  he  betook  himself,  by  his  friends' 
advice,  to  his  study,  ant!  left  women's  company,  he  was  so  changed  that  he  cared  no 
more  for  plays,  nor  feasts,  nor  masks,  nor  songs,  nor  verses,  fine  clothes,  nor  no 
such  love  toys  :  he  became  a  new  man  upon  a  sudden,  tanquam  si  priores  oculos 
amisisset.,  f  saith  mine  ^*  author)  as  if  he  had  lost  his  former  eyes.  Peter  Godefridus, 
iti  the  last  chapter  of  his  third  book,  hath  a  story  out  of  St.  Ambrose,  of  a  young 
man  that  meeting  his  old  love  after  long  absence,  on  whom  he  had  extremely  doated, 
would  scarce  take  notice  of  her ;  she  wondered  at  it,  that  he  should  so  lightly 
esteem  her,  called  him  again,  lenibal  dictis  animum.,  and  told  him  who  she  was.  Ego 
sum.,  inquit:  At  ego  non  sum  ego;  but  he  replied,  "he  was  not  the  same  man:" 
proripuit  sese  tandem,  as  *^ .Eneas  fled  from  Dido,  not  vouchsafing  her  any  farther 
parley,  loathing  his  folly,  and  ashamed  of  that  which  formerly  he  had  done.    ^"Aon 


^  Iloliodorus,  lib.  4.  expertem  esse  ainoris  beatitudo 
est,  at  quiim  captus  sis,  ad  nioderatioiiem  revocare 
aiiimiim   prudeiitia   singularis.  ^^  Lucretius.   I.  4. 

^  H;eiUis,  lil).  1.  de  amor,  coiitem.  ^' Loci  muta- 

tione  larit|uam  non  convalescens  cnrandus  est.  cap.  11. 
'-"Fly  the  cherished  shore.  It  is  advisable  to  with- 
draw from  the  places  near  it."  "Amorum,  1.2. 
"Depart  and  take  a  long  journey— safety  is  in  flight 
only."            MQ,uisquig  amat,  loca  nota  nocent ;  dies 


a?gritudinem  adimit,  absentia  delet.  Ire  licet  procul 
hiiic  patrisque  relinquere  fines.    Ovid.  ^  I..ib.  3. 

eleg.  «).  56  Lib.  1.  Sncrat.  incmor.    Tibi  O  Crito- 

bule  coMsiilo  ut  integrum  aniiuiii  absis.  fcc.  ='  Pro.\i- 
mum  est  ut  esurias  2.  ut  moram  temporis  opfionas. 
3.  et  locum  mutes.  4.  nt  de  laqueo  cogites.  6«  Phi- 

lostratus  de  vita  Sophistratum.  •*  Virg.  6.  JR*. 

^  Buchanan. 


532  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  2. 

sw/«  stttllus  ul  ante  jam  JS^ccrra.  "O  Neaera,  put  your  tricks,  and  practise  hereafter 
upon  somebody  else,  you  shall  befool  me  no  longer."  Petrarch  liuth  such  another 
tale  of  a  young  gallant,  that  loved  a  wench  witli  one  eye,  and  for  that  cause  by  his 
parents  was  sent  to  travel  into  far  countries,  "  after  some  years  he  returned,  and 
nieetiiiff  the  maid  for  whose  sake  he  was  sent  abroad,  asked  her  how,  and  by  what 
chance  slie  lost  her  eye.'  no,  said  she,  1  have  lost  none,  but  you  have  found  yt)urs:" 
signifying  thereby,  that  all  lovers  were  blind,  as  Fabius  saith,  Amantes  de  forma 
judicarc  non  possunt^  lovers  cannot  judge  of  beauty,  nor  scarce  of  anything  else,  as 
they  will  easily  confess  after  they  return  unto  themselves,  by  some  discontinuance 
or  better  advice,  wonder  at  their  own  folly,  madness,  stupidity,  blindness,  be  much 
abashed,  '^  and  laugh  at  love,  and  call  it  an  idle  thing,  condemn  themselves  that  ever 
they  shoidd  be  so  besotted  or  misled  :  and  be  heartily  glad  they  have  so  happily 
escaped." 

If  so  be  (wliich  is  seldom)  that  change  of  place  will  not  eflect  this  alteration,  then 
other  remedies  are  to  be  annexed,  fair  and  foul  means,  as  to  persuade,  promise, 
threaten,  tcrrifv,  or  to  divert  by  some  contrary  passion,  rumour,  tah's,  news,  or  some 
witty  invention  to  alter  his  allk-tion,  *'  '•  by  some  greater  sorrow  to  drive  out  the  less," 
saitli  Gordonius,  a.H  that  his  house  is  on  rtre,  his  best  friends  dead,  his  money  stolen. 
'-"That  he  is  made  some  great  governor,  or  hath  some  honour,  olhce,  some  iidierit- 
ance  is  befallen  him."  He  shall  lie  a  knight,  a  baron ;  or  by  some  false  accusation, 
as  they  do  to  such  as  have  tlie  hiccup,  to  make  them  forget  it.  St.  Ilierome.  lib.  'Z. 
episl.  16.  to  Rusticus  the  monk,  hath  an  instance  of  a  young  man  o(  Greece,  that 
hved  in  a  monastery  in  Egypt,  "••  that  by  no  labour,  Jio  continence,  no  persuasion, 
could  be  diverted,  but  at  last  by  this  trick  he  was  delivered.  The  abbot  sets  one  of 
his  convent  to  quarrel  with  him,  and  with  some  scandalous  reproach  or  other  to 
defame  him  before  company,  and  then  to  come  and  complain  linst,  the  witnesses 
were  likewise  suborned  for  the  |)lainttt}'  The  young  man  wept,  and  when  all  were 
against  him,  the  abbot  cunningly  t<Kik  his  part,  lest  he  should  be  overcome  with 
immoderate  grief:  but  what  need  many  words.'  by  this  inventit>n  he  was  cured,  and 

alienated  i'rom   his  pristine  love-thoughts" Injuries,  slanders,  contempts,  dis- 

g-races sprelcef/ue  injuria furmte,  "the  insult  of  her  slighted  beauty,"  are  very 

forcible  means  to  withdraw  men's  allt^ctions,  contumelid  uj/'ecli  amatorcs  aninrt;  dfsi- 
nutit,  as  "' Lucian  saith,  lovers  reviled  or  neglected,  contenuied  or  misused,  turn  love 
to  hate;  *"" redeamf  JS'on  si  me  obsecrcty  "  I'll  never  love  tliee  more."  Egonc  il/am, 
qua:  ilium,  quce  me,  qua  non?  So  Zephyrus  hated  liyachithus  because  he  scorned 
him,  and  preferred  his  co-rival  Apollo  i^Pnlepluetus  fab.  .W/r. ),  he  will  not  come 
again  though  he  be  invited.  Tell  him  but  how  he  wa.s  scotled  at  behind  his  back, 
('tis  the  counsel  of  Avicenna),  that  his  love  is  false,  and  entertains  another,  rejects 
him,  cares  not  for  him,  or  that  she  is  a  fool;  a  nasty  quean,  a  slut,  a  vi.xen,  a  scold,  a 
devil,  or,  which  Italians  commonly  do,  that  he  or  she  hath  some  loathsome  filthy  dis- 
ease, gout,  stone,  stranguary,  falling  sickness,  and  that  they  are  hereditary,  not  to  be 
avoided,  he  is  subject  to  a  consumption,  hath  the  pox,  that  he  hath  three  or  four  in- 
curable tetters,  issues;  that  she  is  bald,  her  breath  stinks,  she  is  mad  by  inheritance, 
and  so  are  all  tbe  kindred,  a  hair-brain,  with  many  other  .secret  infirmities,  which 
I  will  not  so  much  as  name,  belonging  to  women.  That  he  is  a  hermaphrodite, 
an  eunuchv  imperfect,  impotent,  a  spendthrift,  a  gamester,  a  fool,  a  gull,  a  l)eggar, 
a  whorcmaster,  far  in  debt,  and  not  able  to  "maintain  her,  a  connnon  drunkard,  his 
mother  was  a  witch,  his  father  hanged,  that  he  hath  a  wolf  in  his  bosom,  a  sore 
leg,  he  is  a  leper,  hath  some  incurable  disease,  that  he  will  surely  beat  her,  he  can- 
not lufld  his  water,  that  he  cries  out  or  walks  in  the  night,  will  stab  his  bed-fellow, 
tell  all  his  secrets  in  his  sleep,  and  that  nobody  dare  lie  with  him,  his  house  is 
haunted  with  spirits,  with  such  fearful  and  tragical  things,  able  to  avert  and  terrify 
any  man  or  woman  living,  Gordonius,  cap.  20.  part.  2.  hunc  in  modo  consulit; 
Paretur  aliqua  vetula  lurpissima  aspectu,  cum  turpi  et  vili  hahilu :  el  porlcl  subtwt 
gremium  pannum  menflrunlcm,  et  dical  quod  amica  sua  sit  ebriosn,  et  quod  mingal  in 

*>  AnniiiicifnlMr  valUe  triatia,  ut  major  trUiilia  poasil  I  monaiterii  paler  hac  arxr  wrvavit.    Iiuperat  cuidam  » 
minoreiii  i>i>rii«care.  *■  Aut  quixl  «il  factun  Reiies-     (ocii*,  iu.    Flebal    ille,  oiniics    nilvcraabantur;   •■•lii^ 

callua,  aiit  hah>a(  honnrpni  iiiaeiiuiii.  '-'  Ailolntct^iid      pal^r  calnlt  npiMini-rt-.  nc  abuii'laiitia  irivlitu    <    - 

GnK'M  eral  III  t^ev  |>li  ctpiiolnn  i|iii  nulla  niwriB  iiiagiu-      retur.  ((ijid  iiiuiia  .'  h<>c  iiiveiilu  curatu*  e<l,  ri  j 

tiidioe.   nulla   uariiiafiune   dainiuaiu    poterat   ardare  :  |  tiunibua  prutinu  avucatua-  *< 'f uui.  4  -^  i    i 


Mem,  5.  Subs.  2.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy.  533 

lecto.  et  quod  est  epileplica  et  impudicia ;  ct  quod  in  corpore  suo  sunt  excrescentice 
enormes^  cumfoilore  anhelitus,  et  alia,  enormitates,  quibus  vetulce  sunt  edoclce  :  si  nolit 
his  persuadcri,  suhito  extrahat  ^pannum  menslrualcin,  coram  facie  portando,  excla- 
mando^  talis  est  arnica  iua ;  et  si  ex  his  non  demiserif,  non  est  homo.,  sed  diabolus  in- 
carnatus.  Idem  fere,  Avicenna^  cap.  24,  de  ciira  Elishi,  lib.  3,.  Fen.  1.  Tract.  4.  Xar- 
rent  res  immundas  vetulce.,  ex  quibus  abominationem  incurrat,  et  res  ^^  sordidas  et  ho'c 
assiducni.    Idem  Arculanus  cap.  IG.  in  9.  Rhasis.,  8^-c. 

Withal  as  they  do  discommend  the  old,  for  the  better  effecting  a  more  speedy 
alteration,  they  must  commend  another  paramour,  alteram  inducere,  set  him  or  her 
to  be  wooed,  or  woo  some  other  that  shall  be  fairer,  of  better  note,  better  fortune, 
bitth,  parentage,  much  to  be  preferred,  ^^'■'-  Invenics  ulium  si  te  hie  fastidit  Alexis^'''' 
by  this  means,  which  Jason  Pratensis  wisheth,  to  turn  the  stream  of  affection  another 
way,  '•<■  Successore  novo  truditnr  omnis  amor;''''  or,  as  Valesius  adviseth,  by  ^"sub- 
dividing to  diminish  it,  as  a  great  river  cut  into  many  channels  runs  low  at  last. 
™'' //or/or  ctut  P^iriter  binas  habcatis  arnicas,''^  Sfc.    If  you  suspect  to  be  taken,  be 
sure,  saith  the  poet,  to  have  two  mistresses  at  once,  or  go  from  one  to  another:  as 
he  that  goes  from  a  good  fire  in  cold  weather  is  loth  to  depart  from  it,  though  in  the 
"  next  room  there  be  a  better  which  will  refresh  him  as  much;  there's  as  much  dif- 
ference of  hcBC  as  hac  ign'is ;  or  bring  him  to  some  public  shows,  plays,  meetings, 
where  he  may  see  variety,  and  he  shall  likely  loathe  his  first  choice :  carry  him  but 
to  the  next  town,  yea  peradventure  to  the  next  house,  and  as  Paris  lost"  (Enone's 
love  by  seeing  Helen,  and  Cressida  forsook  Troilus  by  conversing  witli  Diomede, 
he  will  dislike  his  former  mistress,  and  leave  her  quite  behind  him,  as  ''Theseus  left 
Ariadne  fast  asleep  in  the  island  of  Dia,  to  seek  her  fortune,  that  was  erst  his  loving 
mistress.    ''^JYunc  primu/n  Dorida  vetus  amator  contempsi,  as  he  said,  Doris  is  but  a 
dowdy  to  this.    As  he  that  looks  himself  in  a  glass  forgets  his  physiognomv  forth- 
with, this  flattering  glass  of  love  will  be  diminished  by  remove  ;  after  a  little  "absenca 
it  will  be  remitted,  the  next  fair  object  will  likely  alter  it.    A  young  man  in  "Lucian 
was  pitifully  in  love,  he  came  to  the  theatre  by  chance,  and  by  seeing  other  fair 
objects  there,  mentis  sanitatem  recepit,  was  fidly  recovered,  '^''and  went  merrily 
home,  as  if  he  had  taken  a  dram  of  oblivion."    "A  mouse  (saith  an  Apologer)  was 
brought  up  in  a  chest,  there  fed  with  fragments  of  bread  and  cheese,  though  there 
could  be  no  better  meat,  till  coming  forth  at  last,  atld  feeding  liberally  of  other 
variety  of  viands,  loathed  his  former  life :  moralise  this  fable  by  thyself.    Plato,  in 
his  seventh  book  De  Leg'ibus.,  hath  a  pretty  fiction  of  a  city  under  ground,  '®  to 
which  by  little  holes  some  small  store  of  light  came;  the  inhabitants  thought  there 
could  not  be  a  better  place,  and  at  their  first  coming  abroad  they  might  not  endure 
the  light,  agerrime  solcm  inlueri;  but  after  they  were  accustomed  a  little  to  it, 
'■^"  they  deplored  their  fellows'  misery  that  lived  under  ground."    A  silly  lover  is  in 
like  slate,  none  so  fair  as  his  mistress  at  first,  he  cares  for  none  but  her;  yet  after  a 
while,  when  he  hath  compared  her  with  others,  he  abhors  her  name,  sight,  and 
memory.    'Tis  generally  true ;  for  as  he  observes,  ''^Pr'toremjlammam  noeus  ignis 
zxlrudit;  et  ea  multorum  jiMura,  ut  prcescnles  maxime  ament,  one  fire  drives  out  an- 
other; and  such  is  women's  weakness,  that  they  love  commonly  him  that  is  present. 
And  so  do  many  men;  as  he  confessed,  he  loved  Amye,  till' he  saw  Floriat,  and 
when  he  saw  Cyntliia,  forgat  them  both  :  but  fair  Phillis  was  incomparaldv  bevond 
them  all,  Cloris  surpassed  her,  and  yet  when  he  espied  Amaryllis,  she  was  his  sole 
mistress;  O  divine  Amaryllis  :  qalm  procera.,  cnprcssi  ad  instar,  qucim  e/''gans,  qwlm 
decens,  S^x.    How  lovely,  how  tall,  how  comely  she  was  (saith  Polemius)  till  he  saw 
another,  and  then  she  was  the  sole  subject  of  his  thoughts.     In  conclusion,  her  he 
loves  best  he  saw  last.     '"Triton,  the  sea-god,  first  loved  Lencothoe,  till  he  came  in 
presence  of  Mila;ne,  she  was  the  commandress  of  his  heart,  till  he  saw  Galatea:  but 
(as  ^she  complains)  he  loved  another  eftsoons,  another,  and  another.    'Tis  a  thing 

6«  Hypatia  Alwxandrina  quendain  se  adnniantem  pro- [ '<  E  tbeatro  eeressus  hilaris.  ac  si   pharinacum  obli- 
lalis  muliebriliu!-  paiini-:,  ct  in  (■uiii  conjuctis  ah  ainoris     vionis  bibissetr         "a  Miis  in  cista  iiatiis,  &c.  "°  In 

iiisaiiia  lah.iravit.  Siii.lHs  (M  Kuiiapiuj.  «' Savaiia-  1  qucm    e   sp<:cu   subterraiu;o    iiuidjcuin    luci.-*   ilUbitiir. 


rnia,  r<-c.  5.  <^  Via'.  IaI.S.  "  V'oii  will  easjlv  find 

atiiiilinr  if  this  Alexis  disilauis  you."  e'j  Distribiitio 

ainnris  liat  in  pliires,  ad  phi  res  aniicas  animuin  applicet. 
'J  Ovid.  "I  rcconiineml  you  to  have  two  inisircsse.s." 
"  Higinus,  sab.  43.         "  Petroiiius.         "  Lib.  de  salt. 


'  Oeplorahant  eorum  iiiiseriaiii  qui   ^nbterranei.s  illi3 
locis  vitam  dcgiint.  "Talins  lib.  0.  '^Aris- 

tiPiielus,  epist.  4.  «>CalcaiL'nin.  Uial   Galat.    Mox 

aliani  prsiulit,  aliam  prxlalurus  quain  priuiurn  occasio 
arriserit. 


2u2 


534  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

whicfi,  by  Hierom's  report,  hath  been  usually  practised.  ^' "  Heathen  philosophers 
drive  out  one  love  with  another,  as  they  do  a  peg,  or  pin  with  a  pin.  Wliich  those 
seven  Persian  princes  did  to  Ahasuerus,  that  they  miglit  requite  the  desire  of  Queen 
Vashti  with  the  love  of  others."  Pausanias  in  Eliacis  saith,  that  therefore  one  Cupid 
was  painted  to  contend  with  another,  and  to  take  the  garland  from  him.  because  one 
love  drives  out  another,  ^'^ '•*  Jilterius  vires  subtrahit  alter  anwr ;''''  and  TuUy,  'A.  JVat. 
Dear,  disputing  with  C.  Cotta,  makes  mention  of  three  several  Cupids,  all  diflering 
in  office.  Felix  Plater,  in  the  first  book  of  his  observations,  boasts  how  he  cured  a 
widower  in  Basill,  a  patient  of  his,  by  this  stratagem  alone,  that  doted  upon  a  poor  ser- 
vant his  maid,  w  hen  friends,  children,  no  persuasion  could  serve  to  alienate  his  mind  : 
they  motioned  him  to  another  honest  man's  daughter  in  the  town,  whom  he  loved, 
and  lived  with  long  after,  abhorring  the  very  name  and  siijht  of  the  lirst.  After  the 
death  of  Lucretia,  *^Euryalus  would  admit  of  no  comfort,  till  the  Emperor  Sigismond 
married  him  to  a  noble  lady  of  his  court,  and  so  in  short  space  he  was  freed. 

SrusKCT.  III. —  Hi/  counsel  and  persuasion.,  foulness  of  the  fact ^  /«(■«%•,  iromeyi's 
faults,  miseries  of  marriage,  events  of  lust,  t^c. 

As  there  be  divers  causes  of  this  burning  lust,  or  heroical  love,  so  there  be  many 
good  remedies  to  ease  and  help;  amongst  which,  good  counsel  and  persuasion,  wliich 
I  .-'liould  liave  handled  in  the  first  place,  are  of  great  moujent,  and  not  to  be  omitted. 
Many  are  of  opinion,  that  in  this  blind  headstrong  passion  counsel  can  do  no  good. 

'^"Umip  ••iiiiii  r>-a  in  le  lu'qiit*  confiliiiiii  iirque  uiodiliii    I        "  Whirli  Uiriic  liath  ni-ithrr  jililciiiciit,  or  nil  end, 
ilul>et,  iillu  t-uiii  cuiimIiu  mgvtv  iioii  |M>lr«."  |  llutv  iiiiiiulil  ndvice  ur  cuuiiiiel  it  amend  ?" 

Quis  enim  modus  adsil  amori?''^    But,  without  question,  good  counsel  and 


advice  must  needs  be  of  great  n>rce,  especially  if  it  sliall  proceed  f:om  a  wise, 
fatherly,  reverent,  discreet  person,  a  man  of  authority,  whom  the  parties  do  respect, 
stand  in  awe  of,  or  from  a  judicious-  friend,  of  itself  alone  it  is  able  to  diveri  and 
suffice.  Gordonius,  the  j)hysician,  attri(»utes  so  much  to  it,  that  he  wouhl  have  it 
bv  all  means  used  in  the  first  place.  Ainoveulur  ab  ilia,  consHio  viri  qnnn  limpt, 
ostendendo  periculu  saculi,  judicium  inf'erni,  t^audia  Paradisi.  He  would  iiave  some 
discreet  men  to  dissuade  them,  after  the  fury  of  passion  is  a  little  spent,  or  by  ab- 
sence allayed;  for  it  is  as  inteinpeslivL'  at  first,  to  give  counsel,  as  to  comfort  parents 
w  hen  their  children  are  in  that  instant  departed ;  to  no  purpose  to  prescribe  nar- 
cotics, cordials,  nectarines,  potions.  Homer's  nepenthes,  or  Helen's  bowl,  Stc.  Ab7i 
cessahit  pectus  lundere,  she  will  lament  and  howl  for  a  season  :  let  passion  have  his 
course  awhile,  and  then  he  may  proceed,  by  foreshowing  the  miserable  events  and 
dangers  which  will  surely  happen,  the  pains  of  hell,  joys  of  Paradise,  and  the  like, 
which  by  their  preposterous  courses  they  shall  forfeit  or  incur;  and  'tis  a  fit  method, 
a  very  good  means;  for  what  *  Seneca  said  of  vice,  I  say  of  love.  Sine  magistro  dis- 
citur,  vix  sine  magistro  deseritur,  'tis  learned  of  itself,  but  "  hardly  left  without  a 
tutor.  'Tis  not  amiss  therefore  to  have  some  such  overseer,  to  expostulate  and  show 
them  such  abs^urdities,  inconveniences,  imperfections,  discontents,  as  usually  follow; 
which  their  blinilness,  fury,  madness,  cannot  apply  unto  themselves,  or  will  not 
apprehend  throuijh  weakness;  and  good  for  them  to  disrlose  themselves,  to  give  ear 
to  friendly  ailmonitions.  "Tell  me,  sweetheart  (.«aith  Try[)hena  to  a  love-sick  Char- 
mides  in  **Lucian),  what  is  it  that  troubles  thee.''  pera<lventure  I  can  ease  thy  mind, 
and  further  thee  in  thy  suit;"  and  so,  without  question,  she  might,  and  so  mayest 
thou,  if  the  patient  be  capable  of  good  pounsel,  and  will  hear  at  least  what  may 
be  said. 

If  he  love  at  all,  she  is  either  an  honest  woman  or  a  whore.  If  dishonest,  let  him 
read  or  inculcate  to  him  that  5.  of  Solomon's  Proverbs,  Ecclus.  26.  Ambros.  lib.  1. 
cap.  4.  in  his  book  of  Abel  and  Cain,  Pliilo  Judreus  de  mrrcedc  mcr.  Platinas,  dial, 
in  Amores,  Espencaeus,  and  those  three  bot^s  of  Pet.  Hcedus  de  cantem.  amoribua, 

''  E(>i>'t.  lib.  -2  111.  Phil<>#nphi  fiFculi  veterera  amnrein  \  conjuniil.  JEnr-ix*  Sylviut  lii^t.  d<>  Burvitto  •!  (.iirritin. 

iinVii    i|iia»i   clav'im  clavn  rppelit-re,  qu">d  et   Akuuito  I  ••  Ter.            "^  Virj.  Vf\.-i.  "  For  wli.il  h.  .•   '" 

r-  ji  "iiil.-iii  priiicip«8  Pcr-nriiiii  iVrere,  ul  VanHe  rfei'ic  '  "*  Lit)-  de  brat.  vil.  cap.  H.              *■  I.-.".  ,,, 

df--!  Itn.iiii    jui    r.-    (•..iiiiMii!iarenl.             ">  Ovid.    "  Ont-  '  longa   dfSuel'idiiK-   d^-dii'ci'iidiiiii    »••<      f  •• 

l.ivr  iM                                       lit"  anf"h>*r."            «  Lutuhri  '  lib.  3.  >1          "•  T"iii.  4.  iJial.  iii»-ri'l      K>irl.i--.'  rlKui  i»<v» 
V •:«(>■  J                                    '  .  noil  uitiiii«it,  doiifi' Oi'ir     ad  aiuorem  itiuui  cunuihil  coiiluleru 
ca  du'  I         .                      :ijo«aii)  virgiiieui  uiatriiuoiiio  , 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  3. 


Cure  of  Love-Melancholy. 


535 


JUneas  Sylvius'  tart  Epistle,  which  he  wrote  to  his  friend  Nicholas  of  Warlhurgu, 
which  he  calls  medelam  illiciti  cmoris,  ^c.  *^"For  what's  a  whore,"  as  he  saith, 
'.'but  a  poler  of  youth,  a  ^°ruin  of  men,  a  destruction,  a  devourer  of  patrimonies,  a 
downfall  of  honour,  fodder  for  the  devil,  the  gate  of  death,  and  supplement  of  hell.'" 
^'  Talis  amor  est.  laqucus  animce,  Sfc.,  a  bitter  honey,  sweet  poison,  delicate  destruc- 
tion, a  voluntary  mischief,  commixtum  ccBnu7n,  stcrquilinium.  And  as  •'-  Pet.  Aretine's 
Lucretia,  a  notable  quean,  confesseth  :  "  Gluttony,  anger,  envy,  pride,  sacrilege,  theft, 
slaughter,  were  all  born  that  day  that  a  whore  began  her  profession  •,  for,"  as  she 
follows  it,  "  her  pride  is  greater  than  a  rich  churl's,  she  is  more  envious  than  the 
pox,  as  malicious  as  melancholy,  as  covetous  as  hell.  If  from  the  beginning  of  the 
world  any  were  inula,  pejor,  pessi?na.)  bad  in  the  superlative  degree,  'tis  a  whore; 
how  many  have  [  undone,  caused  to  be  wounded,  slain !  O  Antonia,  thou  seest 
^^what  I  am  without,  but  within,  God  knows,  a  puddle  of  iniquity,  a  sink  of  sin,  a 
pocky  quean."  Let  him  now  that  so  dotes  meditate  on  this ;  let  him  see  the  event 
and  success  of  others,  Samson,  Hercules,  Holofernes,  &.c.  Those  infinite  mischief? 
attend  it:  if  she  be  another  man's  wife  he  loves,  'tis  abominable  in  the  sight  of  God 
and  men;  adultery  is  expressly  forbidden  in  God's  commandment,  a  mortal  sin,  able 
to  endanger  his  soul:  if  he  be  such  a  one  that  fears  God,  or  have  any  religion,  he 
will  eschew  it,  and  abhor  the  loathsomeness  of  his  own  fact.  If  he  love  an  honest 
maid,  'tis  to  abuse  or  marry  her;  if  to  abuse,  'lis  fornication,  a  foul  fact  (though 
some  make  light  of  it),  and  almost  equal  to  adultery  itself  If  to  marry,  let  him 
seriously  consider  what  he  takes  in  hand,  look  before  ye  leap,  as  the  proverb  is,  or 
settle  his  aflections,  and  examine  first  the  party,  and  condition  of  his  estate  and  hers, 
whether  it  be  a  fit  match,  for  fortunes,  years,  parentage,  and  such  other  circum- 
stances, an  sit  suoi  Veneris.  Whether  it  be  likely  to  proceed  :  if  not,  let  him  wisely 
stave  himself  off  at  the  first,  curb  in  his  inordinate  passion,  and  moderate  his  desire, 
by  thinking  of  some  other  subject,  divert  his  cogitations.  Or  if  it  be  not  for  his 
good,  as  iEneas,  forewarned  by  Mercury  in  a  dream,  left  Dido's  love,  and  in  all 
haste  got  him  to  sea, 

94 "  Mnestea,  Surgestumque  vocat  fortemque  Cloanthein, 
Classeni  apteiit  taciti  jubei" 

and  although  she  did  oppose  with  vows,  tears,  prayers,  and  imprecation, 

S5 "  nullis  ille  mnvetur 

Fletibus,  aut  illas  voces  tractabilis  auiiit;" 

Let  thy  Mercury-reason  rule  thee  against  all  allurements,  seeming  delights,  pleasing 
inward  or  outward  provocations.  Thou  mayest  do  this  if  thou  wilt,  pater  non  de- 
perit  filiam,  nee  frater  sororem,  a  falher  dotes  not  on  his  own  daughter,  a  brother 
on  a  sister;  and  why.'  because  it  is  unnatural,  unlawful,  unfit.  If  he  be  sickly, 
soft,  deformed,  let  him  think  of  his  deformities,  vices,  infirmities ;  if  in  debt,  let  him 
ruminate  how  to  pay  his  debts :  if  he  be  in  any  danger,  let  him  seek  to  avoid  it :  it 
he  have  any  law-suit,  or  other  business,  he  may  do  well  to  let  his  love-matters  alone 
and  follow  it,  labour  in  his  vocation  whatever  it  is.  But  if  he  cannot  so  ease  him- 
self, yet  let  him  wisely  premeditate  of  both  their  estates ;  if  they  be  unequal  in 
years,  she  voung  and  he  old,  what  an  unfit  match  must  it  needs  be.  an  uneven  yoke, 
how  absurd  and  indecent  a  thing  is  it !  as  Lycinus  in  ^^Lucian  told  Timolaus,  for  an 
old  bald  crook-nosed  knave  to  marry  a  young  wench  ;  how  odious  a  thing  it  is  to 
see  an  old  leecher!  What  should  a  bald  fellow  do  with  a  comb,  a  dumb  doter  with 
a  pipe,  a  blind  man  with  a  looking-glass,  and  thou  with  such  a  wife.'  How  absurd 
it  is  for  a  young  man  to  marry  an  old  wife  for  a  piece  of  good.  But  put  case  she 
be  equal  in  years,  birth,  fortimes,  and  other  qualities  correspondent,  lie  doth  desire 
to  be  coupled  in  marriage,  which  is  an  honourable  estate,  but  for  what  respects .' 
Her  beauty  belike,  and  comeliness  of  person,  that  is  commonly  the  main  object,  she 


**Q,uid  enim  nieretrix  nisi  juventuris  expilairix, 
viroruin  r.ipina  seu  mors;  patriiiiniiii  devtiratrii,  ho- 
iiuris  periiicii'.-i,  pahiilum  diiiboli,  jamia  mortis,  iiifi^rni 
eiipplemeiitiim  ?  *>  tJanguiiiem   hominum  snrhent. 

•' Contemplalione  Idiota',  c.  34.  discrimen  vita",  mors 
Lluinia,  mt'l  selleum,  dii.(  i.-  v<.-in-iium,  puriiicies  delicala, 
matum  spoiitaiieuiii,  &,c.  '-  I'ornixlidasc.  dial.  Ital. 

gula,  ira,  invidia,  sup^rbia,  sacrilegia,  laCrocinJa,c>edes, 
eo  die  nata  sunt,  quo  primum  nieretrix  professionem 


fecit.  Superhia  major  quam  opulenti  ruslici,  invidia 
qiiam  luis  venera;  inimicitia  nocentior  iiulanchnlia, 
avaritia  in  immensiim  prothnd.i.  s3Qiiaii.<  extra 

sum  vides,  qualis  intra  novit  Duns.  *'  V^irs.  '•  He 

calls  Mnpstlieus.  Siirsestus,  and  the  brave  Cioanthus, 
and  orders  them  silently  to  prepare  the  l!t..t."  '=  "  He 
is  moved  by  no  tears,  he  cannot  he  ■  idiiced  to  hear  her 
words."  96  Tom.  '2.  in  votis.  Ca'vus  cum  sin,  ndbuiu 
habeas  simum,  &c. 


536  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

la  a  most  absolute  form,  in  his  eye  at  least,  Cuiformam  Paphia.,  et  Charites  triinif^e 
decorum  :  but  do  other  men  affirm  as  much  ?  or  is  it  an  error  in  his  judgment. 

»■  •' Fallunt  nos  oculi  vagique  sensu3, 
Oppressa  ratione  meiiliiinlur," 

"  our  eyes  and  other  senses  will  commonly  deceive  us ;"  it  may  be,  to  thee  thyself 
tipon  a  more  serious  examination,  or  after  a  little  absence,  she  is  not  so  fair  as  she 
seems.  Qucpdam  videntur  ct  non  sunt ;  compare  her  to  another  standing  by,  'tis  a 
touchstone  to  try,  confer  hand  to  hand,  body  to  body,  face  to  face,  eye  to  eye,  nose 
to  nose,  neck  to  neck,  Stc,  examine  every  part  by  itself,  then  altogether,  in  all  pos- 
tures, several  sites,  and  tell  me  how  thou  likcst  her.  It  may  be  not  she,  that  is  so 
fair,  but  her  coats,  or  put  another  in  her  clothes,  and  she  will  seem  all  out  as  fair; 
as  the  ***  poet  then  prescribes,  separate  her  from  her  clothes  :  suppose  thou  saw  her 
in  a  base  beggar's  weed,  or  else  dressed  in  some  old  hirsute  attires  out  of  fashion, 
foul  linen,  coarse  raiment,  besmeared  with  soot,  colly,  perfumed  with  opoponax, 
sagapenum,  assafcfitida,  or  some  such  fdthy  gums,  dirty,  about  some  indecent  action 
or  other;  or  in  such  a  case  as  ■* Brassivola,  tlie  physician,  found  Malatasta,  his  pa- 
tient, after  a  potion  of  hellebore,  which  he  had  prescribed  :  jManibus  in  terrain  dcpo- 
sitts,  et  ano  versus  cceluin  elcvato  (uc  si  vidcrctur  Socraticus  ille  ^iristop/unies,  qui 
Geomeiricas  figuras  in  terrain  scribens,  tubera  coUigere  videbatur)  atram  bilem  in 
album  parietern  injiciebat,  adeoquc  totam  cameram^  et  se  delurpubat^  ut,,  ^c?  all  to 
bewrayed,  or  worse;  if  thou  saw'st  her  (I  say)  would  thou  allect  her  as  thou  dost? 
Suppose  thou  beheldest  her  in  a  ""frosty  morning,  in  cold  weather,  in  some  passion 
or  perturbation  of  mind,  weeping,  chating.  Sic,  riveled  and  ill-favoured  to  behold. 
She  many  times  that  in  a  composed  look  seems  so  amiable  and  delicious,  tarn  sciluld 
formci,  if  she  do  but  laugl)  or  smile,  makes  an  ugly  sj)arrow-mouthed  face,  and 
shows  a  pair  of  uneven,  loathsome,  rotten,  foul  teeth  :  she  hath  a  black  skin,  gouty 
legs,  a  deformed  crooked  carcass  under  a  tine  coat.  It  may  be  for  all  her  costly 
tires  she  is  bald,  and  though  slie  seem  so  fair  by  dark,  by  candle-light,  or  afar  off  at 
such  a  distance,  as  Callicratides  observed  in  '  Lucian,  '•  If  thou  should  see  her  near, 
or  in  a  morning,  she  would  appear  more  ugly  than  a  beast;"  ^ si  diligcntcr  conside- 
res,  quid  per  os  el  narcs  et  cceteros  corporis  meatus  egreditur^  vilius  sterquilinium 
nunquam  vidisti.  Follow  my  counsel,  see  her  undressed,  see  her,  if  it  be  possible, 
out  of  her  attires, yHr/a'Js  nudalam  coloribus,  it  may  be  she  is  like  Aesop's  jay,  or 
'Pliny's  cantharides,  she  will  be  loathsome,  ridiculous,  thou  wilt  not  endure  her 
sight :  or  suppose  thou  saw'st  her,  pale,  in  a  consumption,  on  her  death-bed,  skin 
and  bones,  or  now  dead,  Cujus  erat  grutissiinus  ample rus  (whose  endjrace  was  so 
agreeable)  as  Barnard  saith,  erit  horribilis  uspectus ;  JVon  redolet,  sed  olet^  quce  re- 
dolere  solet,  "As  a  jjosy  she  smells  sweet,  is  most  fresh  and  fair  one  day,  but  dried 
up,  withered,  and  slinks  another."  Beautiful  Nireus,  by  that  Homer  so  nmch  ad- 
mired, once  dead,  is  more  deformed  than  Thersites,  and  Solomon  deceased  as  ugly 
as  Marcolphus  :  thy  lovely  mistress  that  was  erst  *  Cluiris  charior  ocellis,  '•  dearer 
to  thee  than  thine  eyes,"  once  sick  or  departed,  is  Vili  vilior  cEstimata  ca^no.,  ''worse 
than  anv  dirt  or  dungliill."  Her  embraces  were  not  so  acceptable,  as  now  her  looks 
be  terrible :  thou  hadst  better  behold  a  Gorgon's  head,  than  Helen's  carcass. 

Some  are  of  opinion,  that  to  see  a  woman  naked  is  able  of  itself  to  alter  his 
affection;  and  it  is  worthy  of  consideration,  saith  'Montaigne  the  Frenchman  in  his 
Essays,  that  the  skilfulest  masters  of  amorous  dalliance,  -appoint  for  a  remedy  of 
venerous  passions,  a  full  survey  of  the  body ;  which  the  poet  insuiuates, 

•  "  Ille  quoJ  obscxiias  in  aperto  corpore  partem  I  •■  The  love  Blood  »(ill.  that  run  in  full  can-er, 

Vultrat,  111  cursu  qui  l"uit.  harbil  amor."  j     When  ducc  it  saw  tlio»e  parts  »liij<il«l  nul  appear." 

It  is  reported  of  Seleucus,  king  of  Syria,  that  seeing  his  wife  Stratonice's  bald  pate, 
as  she  was  undressing  her  by  chance,  he  could  never  affect  her  after.  Ileum ndus 
Lullius,  the  physician,  spying  an  ulcer  or  cancer  in  his  mistress'  breast,  whom  he  so 
dearly  loved,  from  that  day  following  abhorred  the  looks  of  her.    Philip  the  French 

1  I'llroiiiii*.            "-Oviil.            »  Iti  Calarliris.  lib.  2.1  '•  ll' you  quiitly  ri-flecl  upon  wh.nt   pa  :•   luf 

•ft-Si  f^nt-at  difornii*.  eice  foriiiosa  est;  hi   fri^eat  fir-    moulli,    nosiril.-i.  and  other  roiiduili  •  "J 

nii«!«a.  jiiii  .'IS  inforiui*.  Th.  .M"rij8  Lpi::raiii.        »  .Anio  i  nevi-r  »aw  vikr  »tiiff.'        •Ilii'i.  iial.  i .  ■*  fly 

r.iiD  ilial    tnin   4.  i>i  qui«  ail  au'uraiii  cuiiii'inpletur  luul- I  that  hath  gulilcn  vtiiigi  but  a  poi^iiir.i   r.:t.  •  Hu 

I.I,  iiiuli.-rei«  a  mxrce  l-rt.)  fuTivui'f.  turpi  >reii  putabit  ^  chanaa.  Ueodeca^yL  •  Apul- pro  Rem.  sJtb.  'OvHt 
CMC  br»iii!>.           *  Hugo  de  claustro  Aiiime,  lib.  I.  e.  1. 1  2.  rem. 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  3.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy.  537 

king,  as  Neubrigensis,  lib.  4.  cap.  24.  relates  it,  married  the  king  of  Denmark's 
daughter,  '"and  after  he  had  used  her  as  a  wife  one  night,  because  her  breath  stunk, 
they  say,  or  for  some  other  secret  fault,  sent  her  back  again  to  her  father."  Peter 
Mattheus,  in  the  life  of  Lewis  the  Eleventh,  finds  fault  with  our  English  ^chronicles, 
for  writing  how  JMargaret  the  king  of  Scots'  daughter,  and  wife  to  Louis  the  Eleventh, 
F)-ench  king,  was  ob  gravcolcntlam  oris,  rejected  by  her  husband.  Manv  such 
matches  are  made  for  by-respects,  or  some  seemly  comeliness,  which  after  honey- 
moon's past,  turn  to  bitterness  :  for  burning  lust  is  but  a  flash,  a  gunpowder  passion; 
and  hatred  oft  follows  in  the  highest  degree,  dislike  and  contempt. 

s "  Ouiii  se  cutis  arida  laxat, 

Fiunt  obscuri  dentes" 

when  they  wax  old,  and  ill-favoured,  they  may  commonly  no  longer  abide  them, 

Jam  gravis  es  nobis,  Be  gone,  they  grow  stale,  fulsome,  loathsome,  odious,  thou 

art  a  beastly  filthy  quean, '"faciern  Phcebe  cacantis  habes,  thou  art  Saturni  podex, 

withered  and  dry,  insipida  et  vcfiila, "  Te  quia  rugce  turjm?^,  at  capitis  nioes,  (I 

say)  begone,  ^^portce  patent,  proficiscere. 

Yea,  but  you  will  infer,  your  mistress  is  complete,  of  a  most  absolute  form  .in  all 
men's  opinions,  no  exceptions  can  be  taken  at  her,  nothing  may  be  added  to  her 
person,  nothing  detracted,  she  is  the  mirror  of  women  for  her  beautv,  comeliness 
and  pleasant  grace,  inimitable,  merce  delicicB,  meri  kporcs,  she  is  My  rathe  Hum  Ve- 
neris, Gratiarum  pixis,  a  mere  magazine  of  natural  "perfections,  she  hath  all  the 

Veneres  and  Graces, mille  faces  et  mille  fguras,  in  each  part  absolute  and 

complete,  ^^  Lata  genas,  IcBta  os  roseum,  vaga  lumina  lata:  to  be  admired  for  her 
person,  a  most  incomparable,  unmatchable  piece,  aurea  proles,  ad  simulachruin  ali- 
cujus  numinis  composita,  a  Phccnix,  vernantis  cetatulce  Venerilla,  a  nymph,  a  fairy, 
'■•like  Venus  herself  when  she  was  a  maid,  nulU  secunda,  a  mere  quintessence, y?or^s 
spirans  et  amaracum,foe)nina;prodigiu7n:  put  case  she  be,  how  long  will  she  con- 
tinue ?  '^  Florem  decoris  singiiU  carpunt  dies  :  "  Every  day  detracts  from  her  per- 
son," and  this  beauty  is  bonum  fragile,  a  mere  flash,  a  Venice  glass,  quickly  broken, 

18  •'  Aiictps  forma  bonum  mortalibus, 
exigui  doiiuiii  breve  temporis," 

it  will  not  last.  As  that  fair  flower  '"Adonis,  whicli  we  call  an  anemone,  flourisheth 
but  one  month,  this  gracious  all-commanding  beauty  fades  in  an  instant.  It  is  a 
jewel  soon  lost,  the  painter's  goddess,  fulsa  Veritas,  a  mere  picture.  "-Favour  is 
deceitful,  and  beauty  is  vanity,"  Prov.  xxxi.  30. 

>""  Vitrea  gemniula,  fluxaque  bullula,  Candida  forma      I  "  A  brittle  gem,  bubble,  is  beauty  palu. 

Nix,  rosa,  funius,  veiitus  et  aura,  nihil,"         [est,      j     A  rose,  dew,  snow,  smoke,  wind,  air,  nought  at  all." 

If  she  be  fair,  as  the  saying  is,  she  is  commonly  a  fool :  if  proud,  scornful,  seqin- 
turque  superbia  formam,  or  dishonest,  rara  est  concordia  formce  atque  pudicitice, 
"  can  she  be  fair  and  honest  too  .?"  '^  Aristo,  the  son  of  Agasicles,  married  a  Spar- 
tan lass,  the  fairest  lady  in  all  Greece  next  to  Helen,  but  for  her  conditions  the  most 
abominable  and  beastly  creature  of  the  world.  So  that  I  would  wish  thee  to  respect, 
with  ^"Seneca,  not  her  person  but  qualities.  "Will  you  say  that's  a  good  blade 
which  hath  a  gilded  scabbard,  embroidered  with  gold  and  jewels  ?  No,  but  that 
which  hath  a  good  edge  and  point,  well  tempered  metal,  able  to  resist."  This 
beauty  is  of  the  body  alone,  and  what  is  that,  but  as  ^'  Gregory  Nazianzan  telleth 
us,  "a  mock  of  time  and  sickness  .?"  or  as  Boethius,  ""as  mutable  as  a  flower,  and 
'tis  not  nature  so  makes  us,  but  most  part  the  infirmity  of  the  beholder."  For  ask 
another,  he  sees  no  such  matter :  Die  mihi  per  gratias  quails  tibi  videlur,  "  I  pray 
thee  tell  me  how  thou  likvst  my  sweetheart,"  as  she  asked  her  sister  in  Aristenaitus, 


'Post  unam  m  ctcin  incertum  iinde  rff'iisam  cppit 
propter  foetciileui  ijus  epirituin  alii  c  iciiit,  vcl  laten- 
teni  foeditateni  rtpiidiavit,  rem  f.ieiuiis  plane  illiritam, 
et  regite  personx  multiini  indecoraiii.  BHall  and 

Grafton  belike.  s  Juvenal.    "  When  the  wrinkled 

skin  becomes  flabby,  anil  the  t<'eth  black."  '"  Mart,     "r.pisi.  /o.  giaaium  Donu(n  uices,  iioii  cui  mirtuirtiiis  esi 

"I'ully  in   Cat.     "  liecause  wrinkles  and  lioary  locks     baltlieus,  nee  cui  vagina  geinmis  dislingiiiliir.  sed  cui 
disfit'ure  you."        '*  Hor.  ode.  13.  lib.  4.  '^  Locheus.     ad   setandum    subtilis   acies   et    mncro   niunimentum 

"" ■•■•'  -■■—'•-    '■••<-    """   I ■.^u:..~  „.,„,..    omne  rupturus.         ai  Pulchritudo  corporis,  .viDporis  et 

morbi  ludibrium.  orat.  2.  *"  Flornm  muiabilitate 

fugacior,  nee  sua  natura  formosas  facit,  sed  speclau- 


"Camerarius.  emb.  68.  cent.  I.  flos  omnium  pulchfrri- 
mus  stntiin  languescit,  forma;  typus.  '"  Bernar. 

Baulmsiiis  Ep.  I.  4.  '^  I'ausanias  Lacon.  lib.  3.  uxo- 

rem  duxit  Sparlae  mulierum  omnium  post  Heleriain 
f irmosissimam.  at  ob  mores  omnium  tiirpissiinam. 
**  Epist.  7G.  gladium  bonum  dices,  non  cui  ileauratiis  est 


'  li'-aiitiful  cheeks,  ro.-^y  lips,  ana   languishing  eyes 
'->  Ciualis  fiiit  Venus  cum  fuit  virgo,  balsamum  spirans, 

ic.        '^Seneca.         is  t<erieca  Hyp.     "  Beauty  is  a  gift     .„5,„„ ^..  „, 

31  dubious  worth  to  mortals,  and  of  brief  duration,"  |  tium  inljrmitas, 


53S 


Love-Melancholy. 


[Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 


*^"  whom  I  so  much  admire,  methinks  he  is  the  sweetest  gentleman,  the  properest 
iiian  that  ever  I  saw  :  but  I  am  in  love,  I  confess  {iicc  piidetf uteri)  and  cannot  there- 
lore  well  judge."  But  be  slie  lair  indeed,  golden-haired,  as  Anacreon  liis  Bathillus, 
(to  examine  particulars)  she  have  ^*Flammeolos  oculos,  coUaque  Ictcteola,  a  pure  san- 
guine complexion,  little  mouth,  coral  lips,  white  teeth,  soft  and  plump  neck,  body, 
hands,  feet,  all  fair  and  lovely  to  behold,  composed  of  all  graces,  elegances,  an  ab- 
.solute  piece, 

9i"  Luniina  sinl  Melil^  Junonia,  dextra  Miiicrvee, 
Maiiiillse  Vetieri:).  sura  luuris  (luiiiiutc,"  ice. 

Let  ^^  her  head  be  froin  Prague,  paps  out  of  Austria,  belly  from  France,  back  from 
Brabant,  hands  out  of  England,  feet  from  Rhine,  buttocks  from  Switzerland,  let  her 
have  the  Spanish  gait,  the  Venetian  tire,  Italian  compliment  and  endowments : 


'Caiiiliila  ^iileriis  ardescant  luinina  nainiiii.^, 
6u(ieii(  cdIU  ro^as,  et  i-imIhI  criiiiliun  aiiruiu, 
Melleu  purpureia  Ufproiiianl  ura  rutioreiii ; 


Ful^eat,  ac  Venereni  coelesli  curpore  vincat. 
Forma  liearuui  oiiiiiis,"  6i.c. 


Let  her  be  such  a  one  throughout,  as  Lucian  deciphers  in  his  Imagines,  as  Euphanor 
of  old  painted  Venus,  Aristainetus  describes  Lais,  another  Helena,  Chariclea,  Leu- 
cippe,  Lucrelia,  Pandora ;  let  her  have  a  box  of  beauty  to  repair  herself  still,  such  a 
one  as  Venus  gave  Phaon,  when  he  carried  her  over  the  ford ;  let  her  u.-^c  all  helps 
art  and  nature  can  yield ;  be  lile  her,  and  her,  and  wliom  thou  wilt,  or  all  these  in 
one;  a  little  sickness,  a  fever  ».."^ll-pox,  wound,  scar,  loss  of  an  eye,  or  limb,  a 
violent  [)assion,  a  disiemperature  of  neat  or  cold,  niars  all  in  an  instant,  disligures 
all ;  child-bearing,  old  age,  that  tyrant  time  will  turn  Venus  to  Erinnys ;  raging  time, 
care,  rivels  her  upon  a  sudden;  after  she  hath  been  married  a  small  while,  and  the 
black  ox  halh  trodden  on  her  toe,  she  will  be  so  much  altered,  and  wax  out  of 
favour,  thou  wilt  not  know  her.  One  grows  to  fat,  another  too  lean,  &c.,  modest 
Matilda,  pretty  pleasing  Peg,  sweet-singing  Suj^an,  mincing  merry  Moll,  dainty  danc- 
ing Doll,  neat  Nancy,  jolly  Joan,  nimble  Nell,  kissing  Kate,  bouncing  Bess,  with 
black  eyes,  fair  Phyllis,  with  line  while  hands,  fiddling  Frank,  tall  Tib,  slender  Sib, 
&.C.,  will  quickly  lose  their  grace,  grow  fulsome,  stale,  sad,  heavy,  dull,  sour,  and  all 
at  last  out  of  fashion.  Ubi  jam  vultus  argutia^  suuvis  suuvitatio,  blandiis,  risiis,  ^-c. 
Those  fair  sparkling  eyes  will  look  dull,  her  soft  coral  lips  will  be  pale,  dry,  cold, 
rough,  and  blue,  her  skin  rugged,  that  soft  and  tender  superficies  will  be  hard  and 
harsh,  her  w  hole  complexion  change  in  a  moment,  and  as  ^  Matilda  writ  to  King 
lohn. 

"  I  am  not  now  as  when  thou  saw'st  me  ludt, 
Tbcit  favour  iMion  ii>  vani^ht'd  and  paiit ; 
'I'lial  roi>y  blush  lapl  iii  a  lily  vale. 
Now  13  vnth  uiorphew  overgrown  and  pale." 

^Tis  SO  in  the  rest,  their  beauty  fades  as  a  tree  in  winter,  which  Dejanira  hath  ele- 
gantly expressed  in  the  poet, 


'Deforme  gojis  aspicis  iruncis  nemiis? 
^ic  niistra  loiizuiii  forma  p<.-rcurreiis  iter, 
I>i>pi'rdit  aliquid  sem|>t--r.  el  fiilgi't  minus, 
Malistjue  minus  est  quir(|uid  in  nobis  fmt, 
Oliiii  petiluiii  ct-cidit,  el  purtu  labat, 
Matertiue  iiiullum  rapuil  ex  ilia  mihi, 
,£tad  Litalu  s^-Mior  eripuit  graUu." 


•  And  as  a  tree  that  in  the  green  wood  prows. 
With  fruit  and  leaves,  and  in  the  summer  hlowf. 
In  winter  like  a  slock  ilefirnied  chows: 
Our  bt-auty  takes  his  race  and  journey  i;nee. 
And  iloth  decrease,  and  lose,  and  come  to  i-oughl, 
Admir'd  of  old,  to  this  by  child-hirlh  broug.x  ' 
And  mother  hath  bereft  iiic  of  my  erace. 
And  crooked  old  age  coming  on  ap.ice." 


To  conclude  with  Chrysostom,  *"  When  thou  seest  a  fair  and  beautiful  person, 
brave  Bonaroba,  a  bella  donna^  qucB  salivam  nioveat,  Icpidain  putl/am  et  quain  tu 
facile  aines,  a  comely  woman,  having  bright  eyes,  a  merry  countenance,  a  shining 
lustre  in  her  look,  a  pleasant  grace,  wringing  thy  soul,  and  increasing  thy  concu- 
piscence;  bethink  with  thyself  that  it  is  but  earth  thou  lovest,  a  mere  excrement, 
which  so  vexeth  tliee,  which  thou  so  admirest,  and  thy  raging  soul  will  be  at  rest. 

»  Epi»i.  11-    Quera  ego  depereo  juvenis  mihi  pulche-  i  revpects  a  deity,"  tee.  ■  M.  Drayinn.  •Senee. 

riiiius  videtur ;  seil  forsan  aiiiore  percita  dj  amore  non  '  act.  2.  Here.  Oeteus.  "  Vide*  venurlain  mulierem, 

rr.  (.- judico.  «  Luc.  ISrugensis.     •■  Brmht  eyes  and  |  fulgidum  habenteiri  oculum,  vullu  hilari  uoruBf  .inleig, 

sn.Av  whitf- ntck."         >»  Mem.     "  Let  my  Alelita's  ey.s    eximium  queiidain   a»pectum  el   deci.r.ui   prj---- f^n-ii- 

V  like  JunoV.  her  hand  Minerva's,  her  breasts  Venus",    tern,  urentem  iiifiiiciii  luam,  el  C' ■'  ■•     <  •••»• 

n^-r  leg  Ainphitile*"."  '•*'  Belielius  ada^iis  Ger.     tem  ;  cogita  terrain  esue  id  iiuikI  ni  i 

»'  P.-tron.  t'»t.     ••  Ijet  her  eyes  be  as  bright  as  the  stars,  '  n»  slercus,  et  ijiukI  te  urit.  itc,  c   .  ■>■ 

her  neck  smell  likf  the  rose,  her  hair  shine  more  than  ,  f»-re  jam  rueoitam  cavis  gems,  »?!■  i  ....    .-  ...... i.>.is 

g..l.l    h.  r  hi. r. led   lips   be  ruby  coloured  ;  hi   h.'r  beauty  I  inlus    phna    >->t.    piluitu.  slerrure  ;   r.  puia  i|uid    IOU« 
tM  rMiileuUeoI,  auU  auyviioi  lo  Veaus,  let  ber  be  >n  all  ;  narea,  oculo*.  cerebruiu  |e«Ut,  HMna  lurdc*,  tie. 


Mem.  5.    Subs.  3.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy  539 

Take  her  skin  from  her  face,  and  thou  shall  see  all  loathsomeness  under  it,  that 
beauty  is  a  superficial  skin  and  bones,  nerves,  sinews:  suppose  her  sick,  now  riveled, 
hoary-headed,  hollow-cheeked,  old ;  within  she  is  full  of  filthy  phlegm,  stinking, 
putrid,  excremental  stuff:  snot  and  snivel  in  her  nostrils,  spittle  in  her  mouth,  water 
in  her  eves,  what  filth  in  her  brains,"  &.c.  Or  take  her  at  best,  and  look  narrowly 
upon  her  in  the  light,  stand  near  her,  nearer  yet,  thou  shall  perceive  almost  as  much, 
and  love  less,  as  ^'Cardan  well  writes,  minus  amant  qui  acute  vidcnl^  though  Scaliger 
deride  him  for  it:  if  he  see  her  near,  or  look  exactly  at  such  a  posture,  whosoever 
he  is,  according  to  the  true  rules  of  symmetry  and  proportion,  those  I  mean  of 
Albcrtus  Durer,  Lomatius  and  Tasnier,  examine  him  of  her.  If  he  be  elcgans  for- 
viarum  spectator^  he  shall  find  many  faults  in  physiognomy,  and  ill  colour:  if  form, 
one  side  of  the  ^ace  likely  bigger  than  the  other,  or  crooked  nose,  bad  eyes,  promi- 
nent veins,  concavities  about  the  eyes,  wrinkles,  pimples,  red  streaks,  freckles,  hairs, 
warts,  neves,  inequalities,  roughness,  scabredity,  paleness,  yellowness,  and  as  many 
colours  as  are  in  a  turkeycock's  neck,  many  indecorums  in  their  other  parts;  est 
quod  dcsideres,  est  quod  a?nputes,  one  leers,  another  frowns,  a  third  gapes,  squints,  Stc. 
And  'tis  true  that  he  saith,  ^^  Diligcntcr  consideranti  raro  fades  absoliifa,  et  quce 
vitio  caret,  seldom  shall  you  find  an  absolute  face  without  fault,  as  I  have  often  ob- 
served ;  not  in  the  face  alone  is  this  defect  or  disproportion  to  be  found ;  but  in  all 
the  other  parts,  of  body  and  mind;  she  is  fair,  indeed,  but  foolish;  pretty,  comely, 
and  decent,  of  a  majestical  presence,  but  peradventure,  imperious,  dishonest,  acerha, 
iniqua,  self-willed:  she  is  rich,  but  deformed;  hath  a  sweet  face,  but  bad  carriage, 
no  brino-ing  up,  a  rude  and  wanton  flirt ;  a  neat  body  she  hath,  but  it  is  a  nasty 
quean  otherwise,  a  very  slut,  of  a  bad  kind.  As  flowers  in  a  garden  have  colour 
some,  but  no  smell,  others  have  a  fragrant  smell,  but  are  unseemly  to  the  eye;  one 
is  unsavoury  to  the  taste  as  rue,  as  bitter  as  wormwood,  and  yet  a  most  medicinal 
cordial  flower,  most  acceptable  to  the  stomach;  so  are  men  and  women;  one  is  well 
qualified,  but  of  ill  proportion,  poor  and  base :  a  good  eye  she  hath,  but  a  bad  hand 
and  foot,  fceda  pedes  etfceda  manus,  a  fine  leg,  bad  teeth,  a  vast  body,  &c.  Examine 
all  parts  of  body  and  mind,  I  advise  thee  to  inquire  of  all.  See  her  angry,  merry, 
lauffh,  weep,  hot,  cold,  sick,  sullen,  dressed,  undressed,  in  all  attires,  sites,  gestures, 
passions,  eat  her  meals,  &c.,  and  in  some  of  these  you  will  surely  dislike.  Yea,  nol 
lier  only  let  him  observe,  but  her  parents  how  they  carry  themselves:  for  what 
deformities,  defects,  incumbrances  of  body  or  mind  be  in  them  at  such  an  age,  they 
will  likely  be  subject  to,  be  molested  in  like  manner,  they  will  patrizare  or  ma- 
frizare.  And  withal  let  him  take  notice  of  her  companions,  in  convictu  (as  Quiverra 
prescribes),  et  quibuscnm  conversciur,  whom  she  conversetli  with.  J\''oscitur  ex 
comite,  qui  non  cognoscitur  ex  sc.^  According  to  Thucydides,  she  is  commonly  the 
best,  de  quo  minimus  for  as  habetur  sermo,  that  is  least  talked  of  abroad.  For  if  she 
be  a  noted  reveller,  a  gadder,  a  singer,  a  pranker  or  dancer,  than  take  heed  of  her. 
For 'what  saith  Theocritus? 

»i  '•  At  vos  festivEB  ne  no  saJtate  puell;e. 

El!  mains  liiicus  adest  in  vos  saltare  parattis." 

Tounor  men  wnll  do  it  when  they  come  to  it,  fauns  and  satyrs  will  certainly  play 
wreeks,  when  they  come  in  such  wanton  Baccho's  Elenora's  presence.  Now  when 
they  shall  perceive  any  such  obliquity,  indecency,  disproportion,  deformity,  bad 
conditions,  &c.,  let  them  still  ruminate  on  that,  and  as  '^^Ilcedus  adviselh  out  of  Ovid, 
earum  mendas  notent,  note  their  faults,  vices,  errors,  and  think  of  their  imperfections; 
'lis  the  next  way  to  divert  and  mitigate  love's  furious  headstrong  passions ;  as  a 
p-eacock's  feet,  and  filthy  comb,  they  say,  make  him  forget  his  fine  feathers,  and  pride 
ol'  his  tail ;  she  is  lovely,  fair,  well-favoured,  well  qualified,  courteous  and  kind, 
^"  but  if  she  be  not  so  to  me,  what  care  I  how  kind  she  be  r"  1  say  with  ^  Philos- 
irdius,  formosa  aliis,  mihi  superba,  she  is  a  tyrant  to  me,  and  so  let  her  go.  Besides 
these  outward  neves  or  open  faults,  errors,  there  be  many  inward  infirmities,  secret, 
some  private  (which  1  will  omit),  and  some  more  common  to  the  sex,  sullen  fits, 
evil  qualities,  filthy  diseases,  in  this  case  fit  to  be  considered ;  consideraiio  fasditatis 

s' Subtil.  13.        wCariian.  suhtil.  lih.  13.        33  -  show  I  de  centum   ainoribus,  earum   mendas  volvant  animo 
me   your   company   and    I'll   tell   you    who   you   are."  |  sK!pe  ante  oculos  constituant,  sa:pe  damiient.  *  la 

*■  '■  Hark,  you  merry  maids,  do  not  dance  so,  for  see  the  I  deliciis. 
he-eoat  is  at  hand,  ready  to  pouDce  upon  you."    >5  Ljb.  1 


540  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2 

inulieniin,  menstruse  imprimis,  quam  immundae  sunt,  quam  Savanarola  proponit  regula 
septima  penitus  observandam  ;  and  Platina  did.  amoris  fuse  perstringit.  Lodovicus 
Bonacsialus,  mulieh.  lib.  2.  cap.  2.  Pet.  Ilaidus.  Albertus,  el  infiniti fere  medici.  "A 
lover,  in  Calcagninus's  Apologies,  wished  with  all  his  heart  he  were  his  mistress's 
ring,  to  hear,  embrace,  see,  and  do  I  know  not  what :  O  thou  fool,  quoth  the  ring, 
if  thou  wer'st  in  my  room,  thou  shouldst  liear,  observe,  and  see  pudenda  et  paini- 
ienda,  that  which  would  make  thee  loathe  and  hate  her,  yea,  peradveiiture,  all  women 
for  her  sake. 

I  will  say  nothing  of  the  vices  of  their  minds,  their  pride,  envy,  inconstancy, 
weakness,  malice,  selfvvill,  lightness,  insatiable  lust,  jealousy;  Ecclus.  v.  14.  "No 
malice  to  a  woman's,  no  bitterness  like  to  hers,  Eccles.  vii.  21.  and  as  the  .same 
author  urgetli,  Prov.  xxxi.  10.  "Who  shall  find  a  virtuous  woman  .'"  He  makes  a 
question  of  it.  JS'eqtie  jus  neque  bonum,  neque  cequum  sciunt^  rnelius  pejus.,  prosit^ 
obsit,  nihil  vident,  nisi  quod  libido  suggeril.  "  They  know  neither  good  nor  bad,  be 
it  better  or  worse  (as  the  comical  poet  hath  it),  beneficial  or  hurtful,  they  will  do 
what  they  list. 

**  "  Ini-idiie  huinani  generin,  qiieriinonia  vite, 
Exuvia:  iiuctiA,  duriMaiiiiu  curii  diei, 
Pu:iia  viruiii,  iicl  tt  jmeiium,"  &,<:. 

And  to  that  purpose  were  they  first  made,  as  Jupiter  insinuates  in  the  '^  poet ; 

"The  fir«  thut  UM  Proiiieltieu*  utole  from  ine, 
With  plugui'S  rall'il  woiiieii  bliull  ri'Vt-iiged  be, 
Ou  whiiriu  alluring  and  (.'iiticin^  tacc, 
four  iiiorlulk  dtiliiig  bliall  llu-ir  dtalh  embrace." 

In  fine,  as  Diogenes  concludes  in  Nevisanus,  JS'ulla  estfcemina  qua  non  habcat  quid: 
they  have  all  their  faults. 

*'  Every  each  of  them  hat\  tome  CICM, 
J/  one  be  full  of  ctUanit, 
yinolker  kulh  a  tiquon^h  eye, 
If  one  be  full  of  leantuime^t, 
Jinolker  u  u  citderes*. 

Wht.i  Leander  was  drowned,  the  inhabitants  of  Sestos  consecrated  Hero's  lantern  to 
Anteros,  Anteroti  sflcruw,  *' and  he  that  had  good  success  in  his  love  should  light 
the  candle :  but  never  any  man  was  found  to  light  it ;  wliich  1  can  refer  to  nought, 
but  the  inconstancy  and  lightness  of  women. 

<>>'  For  in  a  thouitand,  gixxl  there  \t  not  one  ;  |      In  their  own  liiilf  carried  mn«t  headlong  blind, 

All  lie  Ml  pr'>iid.  uiithuiikt'ul,  and  unkinil,  Itut  more  h.-rein  tn  niKuk  I  >ini  I'orbnMcii  : 

With  tlinty  heafl«,  careW**  of  otlufr'b  moan,  |      ijometiiue*  lor  bpeakin^  trulli  one  may  be  chidden." 

I  am  not  willing,  you  see,  to  prosecute  die  cause  against  them,  and  therefore  take 
heed  you  mistake  mc  not,  *^  matronain  nullam  ego  tango.,  I  honour  the  sex,  with  all 
good  men,  and  as  I  ought  to  do,  rather  than  ilisplease  them,  I  will  voluntarily  take 
the  oath  whicli  Mercurius  Britannicus  look,  Viragin.  descript.  tib.  'Z.ful.  95.  Me 
nihil  unquavi  malt  Jiobilissimo  sexui.,  vel  verbo,  vel  facto  machinaturum,  t^-c,  let  Si- 
monides,  Mantuan,  Platina,  Pet.  Aretine,  and  such  women-haters  bare  the  blame,  if 
aught  be  said  amiss ;  I  have  not  writ  a  tenth  of  that  which  might  be  urged  out  of 
them  and  others ;  "  non  possunl  invectiocR  omnes^  et  satires  in  feeminas  scriptcr.,  uno 
volumine  cmnprehcndi.  And  that  which  I  have  said  (to  speak  truth)  no  more  con- 
cerns them  than  men,  th<»ugh  women  be  more  frequendy  named  in  this  tract;  (to 
apologise  once  for  all)  I  am  neither  partial  against  them,  or  therefore  bitter;  what  is 
said  of  the  one,  viulato  nomine.,  may  most  part  be  understood  of  the  other.  My 
words  are  like  Passus'  picture  in  *^  Lucian,  of  whom,  when  a  good  fellow  had  be- 
spoke a  horse  to  be  painted  with  his  heels  upwards,  tumbling  on  his  back,  lie  made 
him  passant:  now  when  the  fellow  came  for  his  piece,  he  was  very  angry,  and  said, 
it  was  quite  opposite  to  his  mind ;  but  Passus  instantly  turned  the  picture  upside 
down,  showed  him  the  horse  at  that  site  which  he  requested,  and  so  gave  him  satis- 
faction. If  any  man  take  exception  at  my  words,  let  him  alter  the  name,  read  him 
for  her,  and  'tis  all  one  in  eOect. 


"Quum  aniator  annulum  te  arnica  optaret,  ut  ejui 
ainple.tu  frill  po«3et.  Itc.  U  te  mist^rnin  ait  aniiiiiiie.  bi 
mea^  vicra  obireg,  .idereft,  nudi>»-s,  &c.  nihil  non  (mIio 
dienuiii  ii|i«ervares.  ^Ludieus.     ••  S(iarf»  of  Uie 

human   »|H'cit':«,  torments  of  life,  sixiiU  of  the  night, 
hiilereal  ca/e4  uf  day,  tlie  torture  uf  huabauda,  the  rum 


of  jroutha."  *8ee  our  English  Taliiii,  lib.  L 

"Chaucer,  in  Romaunt  of  the  R<i»c.  «'  (iui  w" 

farilein  in  aniore  probarit,  banc  Ruccendilo.  At  gui 
succendat.  ad  hiinc  dlrm  repertu*  nemo.  Calcagniuua 
«>  Ario^to  «>  llor.  M  (.luigtopiL  Funaeca 

<*  Eucuoi.  OemotUteo. 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  3.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy.  541 

But  to  my  purpose :  If  women  in  general  be  so  bad  (and  men  worse  than  they) 
what  a  hazard  is  it  to  marry  ?  where  shall  a  man  find  a  good  wife,  or  a  woman  a 
good  husband  ?  A  woman  a  man  may  eschew,  but  not  a  wife  :  wedding  is  undoing 
(some  say)  marrying  marring,  wooing  woeing  :  ^®"a  wife  is  a  fever  hectic,"  as  Sca- 
iiger  calls  her,  •••  and  not  be  cured  but  by  death,"  as  out  of  Menander,  Athenseus 
adds, 

•■  In  pelagiis  tc  jacis  neeotiorura, I  "  Thnu  wadest  into  a  sea  itself  of  woes  ; 

Non  Liliyum,  noii  /Egeurn,  ubi  ex  triginta  non  pereunt  In  Lybyc  and  JEnean  each  man  knows 

Tria  iiavigia:  duceiis  uxoreni  servatur  prorsus  nemo."  Of  tl'iir'ty  not  three  ships  are  cast  away, 

I  Bat  on  this  reck  not  one  escapes,  I  say." 

The  worldly  cares,  miseries,  discontents,  that  accompany  marriage,  I  pray  you  learn 
of  them  jiJiat  have  experience,  for  I  have  none;  ^' nMBa^  iyio  ■Koyovs  iyivrjnufir^v,  libri 
mentis  liheri.     For  my  part  I'll  dissemble  with  him, 

^  "  Este  procul  nymphs,  fallax  genus  este  puelire. 

Vita  jugala  meo  non  facit  ingenio:  me  juvat,"  &c. 

many  married  men  exclaim  at  the  miseries  of  it,  and  rail  at  wives  downright;  I  never 
tried,  Init  as  I  hear  some  of  them  say,  *^Mare  hand  marc,  vos  mare  acerrimum,  an 
Irish  Sea  is  not  so  turbulent  and  raging  as  a  litigious  wife. 

i<!  ••  Scylla  et  Charybdis  Sicula  contorquens  freta,  I  '•  Sc>  lla  and  Charvbdis  are  less  dangerous. 

Minus  e.<t  tinienda,  nulla  non  luelior  fera  est."       |  Tliere  is  no  beast  that  is  so  noxiois." 

Vv'hich  made  the  devil  belike,  as  most  interpreters  hold,  wtien  he  had  taken  away 
Job's  goods,  corporis  etfortunce  bona,  health,  children,  friends,  to  persecute  hun  the 
niore,  leave  his  wicked  wife,  as  Pineda  proves  out  of  Tertullian,  Cyprian,  Austin, 
Chrysoslom,  Prosper,  Gaudentius,  Sec.  ut  novum  calamitatis  inde  genus  viro  existe- 
ret,  to  vex  and  gall  him  worse  quam  toLus  infernus,  than  all  the  fiends  in  hell,  as 
knowing  the  conditions  of  a  bad  woman.  Jupiter  non  iribuit  homini  peslilentius 
malum,  saith  Simonides :  "  better  dwell  with  a  dragon  or  a  lion,  than  keep  house 
with  a  wicked  wife,"  Ecclus.  xxv.  18.  '' better  duell  in  a  wilderness,"  Prov.  xxi.  19. 
••  no  wickedness  like  to  her,"  Ecclus.  xxv.  22.  '•  She  makes  a  sorry  heart,  an  heavy 
countenance,  a  wounded  mind,  weak  hands,  and  feeble  knees,"  vers.  25.  '^  A  woman 
and  deaih  are  two  the  bitterest  things  in  the  world :"  uxor  mihi  ducenda  est  hodie,  id 
mihi  visas  est  dicere,  abi  domum  et  suspende  te.  Ter  And.  1.  5.  And  yet  for  all  this 
we  bachelors  desire  to  be  married;  with  that  vestal  virgin,  we  long  for  it,  *'  Felices 
nuptoi !  moriar,  nisi  nubere  dulce  est.  'Tis  the  sweetest  thing  in  the  world,  I  would 
1  had  a  wife   saith  he, 

"  For  fain  would  I  leave  a  single  life, 
If  1  could  get  me  a  good  wilV." 

Heigh-ho  for  a  husband,  cries  she,  a  bad  husband,  nay,  the  worst  that  ever  was  is 
better  than  none  :  O  blissful  marriage,  O  most  welcome  marriage,  and  happy  are  they 
tliat  are  so  coupled  :  we  do  earnestly  seek  it,  and  are  never  well  till  we  have  effected 
it.  But  with  what  fate  ?  like  those  birds  in  the  ^^  Emblem,  tliat  fed  about  a  cage,  so 
long  as  they  could  fly  away  at  their  pleasure  liked  well  of  it ;  but  when  they  were 
taken  and  might  not  get  loose,  though  they  had  the  same  meat,  pined  away  for  sul- 
lenness,  and  would  not  eat.     So  we  commend  marriage, 

"donee  miselli  liberi 

Aspicimus  dominam  ;  sed  postquam  heu  janua  clausa  est, 
Fel  iiitus  est  quod  mel  fail :" 

''  So  long  as  we  are  wooers,  may  kiss  and  coll  at  our  pleasure,  nothing  is  so  sweet, 
we  are  in  heaven  -as  we  think ;  but  when  we  are  once  lied,  and  have  lost  our  liberty, 
marriage  is  an  hell,"  "  give  me  my  yellow  hose  again  :"  a  mouse  in  a  trap  lives  as 
merrily,  we  are  in  a  purgatorj'  some  of  us,  if  not  hell  itself.  Dulce  bellum  inex- 
pertis,  as  the  proverb  is,  'tis  fine  talking  of  war,  and  marriage  sweet  in  contempla- 
tion, till  it  be  tried :  and  then  as  wars  are  most  dangerous,  irksome,  every  minute  at 
deatli's  door,  so  is,  Stc.  When  those  wild  Irish  peers,  saith  "  Stanihurst,  were  feasted 
by  king  Henry  the  Second,  (at  what  time  he  kept  his  Christmas  at  Dublin)  and  had 
tasted  of  his  prince-like  cheer,  generous  wines,  dainty  fare,  had  seen  his  ^' massy 


1*  Febris  hectica  uxor,  et  non  nisi  morte  avellenda. 
'^Synesius,  librns  ego  liberos  genui  Lipsius  antiq.  Lert. 
lib.  *»•'  A  vaunt,  ye  nymphs,  maidens,  ye  are  a 

deceitful  race,  no  married  life  for  me,"  tc.  *^  Plau- 

tU8  Asin.  act.  1.  soSenec.  in  Hercul.         =■  Seneca. 

Amator.  Emblem.  63  De  rebus  Hibernicis  1.3. 

2V 


^Gemmea  pncula,  argentea  vasa,  cslata  candelabia, 
aurea.  &c.  Concliileata  aulsa,  bucciiiaruni  clangorem 
tibiarum  cantum,  et  symphonic  suavitati^,  majesta- 
temque  principis  coronati  cum  vidisscat  sella  d^aurata 
Sec. 


512  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

plate  of  silver,  gold,  enamelled,  beset  with  jewels,  golden  candlesticks,  goodly  rich 
hangings,  brave  furniture,  heard  his  trumpets  sound,  fifes,  drums,  and  his  exquisite 
music  m  all  kinds:  when  they  had  observed  his  majestical  presence  as  he  sat  in  pur- 
ple robes,  crowned,  with  his  sceptre,  Stc,  in  his  royal  seat,  the  poor  men  were  so 
amazeil,  enamoured,  and  taken  with  the  object,  that  they  were  pertcpsi  domcstici  et 
prislhii  tt/rotarchi.,  as  weary  and  ashamed  of  their  own  sordidity  and  manner  of  life. 
They  would  all  be  English  forthwith ;  who  but  English  !  but  when  they  had  now 
submitted  tliemstlves,  and  lost  their  former  liberty,  they  began  to  rebel  some  of  tliem, 
others  repent  of  what  they  had  done,  when  it  was  too  late.  'Tis  so  witli  us  bache- 
lors, wlien  we  see  and  behold  those  sweet  faces,  those  gaudy  shows  that  women 
make,  observe  their  pleasant  gestures  and  graces,  give  ear  to  their  syren  tunes,  see 
them  dance,  Stc,  we  think  their  conditions  are  as  line  as  their  faces,  we  are  taken 
willi  dumb  signs,  in  aiiipkxum  ruimus,  we  rave,  we  burn,  and  would  fain  be  mar- 
ried. But  when  we  feel  the  miseries,  cares,  woes,  that  accompany  it,  we  make  our 
moan  many  of  us,  cry  out  at  length  and  cannot  be  released.  If  this  be  true  now, 
as  some  out  of  experience  will  inform  us,  farewell  wiving  for  my  part,  and  as  the 
comical  poet  merrily  sailh, 

M  ■■  Perdutiir  ille  pessiiiic  qdi  ru-iiiiiiuiii  I  >*  "  Foul  full  him  that  hroupht  the  sernnd  mntrh  to  paex, 

l)ii\it  Kt'ciiiiiluH.  ii.'iiii  nihil  priiiio  iiiiprecorl  Thf  tirsl  1  wioh  no  harm,  poor  iiiuii  alas! 

Igiiurutf  ul  puto  mall  priinuti  liiit."  |         He  knew  not  what  he  did,  iiur  what  it  was." 

What  shall  I  say  to  him  that  marries  again  and  again,  "  Slulta  maritali  qui  porrigit 
oru  capistroy  I  pity  hini  not,  for  the  first  time  he  must  do  as  he  may,  bear  it  out 
sometimes  by  ihe  head  and  shoulders,  and  let  his  next  neighbour  ride,  or  else  run 
away,  or  as  that  Syracusian  in  a  tempest,  when  all  ponderous  things  were  to  be  ex- 
ontratfd  out  of  the  sliip,  quia  murimuni  pirndus  vrat,  (ling  his  wife  into  the  sea.  But 
tliis  I  confess  is  comically  spoken,  *"and  so  1  pray  you  take  it.  In  sober  sadness, 
•*  marriage  is  a  bondage,  a  thraldom,  a  yoke,  a  hindrance  to  all  good  enterprises, 
('•  he  haih  married  a  wife  and  cannot  come")  a  stop  to  all  preferments,  a  rock  on 
which  many  are  saved,  many  impinge  and  are  cast  away  :  not  that  the  thing  is  evil 
in  itself  or  troublesome,  but  full  of  all  contentment  and  liappiiiess,  one  of  the  three 
things  wiiieh  please  God,  *•"•*  when  a  man  and  his  wife  agree  together,"  an  honour- 
able and  iiappy  estate,  who  knows  it  not?  If  they  be  sober,  wise,  honest,  as  the 
poet  infers, 

*'  "  Si  commcHloa  nanci«cantiir  aninrea,  I  "  If  Hily  nint'-h'd  b>-  man  and  wife. 

Nullum  us  abest  VuluptatiH  genu*."  |  No  pleasure's  wuiiting  to  tlieir  lif<-." 

But  to  undiscreet  sensual  persons,  that  as  brutes  are  wholly  led  by  sense,  it  is  a 
feral  plague,  many  times  a  hell  itself,  and  can  give  little  or  no  content,  being  that 
they  are  often  so  irregular  and  prodigious  in  their  lusts,  so  diverse  in  their  afTeclions. 
Uxor  nomen  dignitatis,  nan  voluptalis,  as  "he  said,  a  wife  is  a  name  of  honour,  not 
of  pleasure :  she  is  fit  to  bear  tlie  otlice,  govern  a  family,  to  bring  up  children,  sit  at 
a  board's  end  and  carve,  as  some  carnal  men  think  and  say ;  tliey  had  rather  go  to 
the  slews,  or  have  now  and  then  a  snatch  as  they  can  come  by  it,  borrow  of  their 
neighbours,  than  have  wives  of  their  own ;  except  they  may,  as  some  jjriiices  and 
great  men  do,  keep  as  many  courtesans  as  they  will  themselves,  fly  out  impime, 
'^ Permolcre  uxores  alienas,  that  polygamy  of  Turks,  Lex  Julia,  with  Caesar  once 
enforced  in  Rome,  (though  Levinus  Torrentius  and  others  suspect  it)  uti  uxores  quot 
et  quas  vclknt  lictnty  that  every  great  man  might  marry,  and  keep  a.s  many  wives  as 
he  would,  or  Irish  divorcement  were  in  use  :  but  as  it  is,  'tis  hard  and  gives  not  that 
satisfaction  to  these  tmnal  men,  beastly  men  as  too  many  are  :  *^'  What  still  the  .>iaine, 
to  be  tied  "  to  one,  be  she  never  so  fair,  never  so  virtuous,  is  a  thing  they  may  not 
endure,  to  love  one  long.  Say  thy  pleasure,  and  counterfeit  as  thou  wilt,  as  ^  Par- 
meno  told  Thais,  JVeque  tu  una  eris  j<,ntenta,  '"•  one  man  will  never  plea.se  ihee ;"  nor 
one  woman  many  men.     But  as  •*'  Pan  replied  to  his  father  Mercury,  when  he  asked 

•»  Eutiulus  in  Crmil.     Atheiirus  dynosophist,  1.  13.  e.  I  "  Eeclu§.  xiviii.  I.  •'  Euripid<-a  .Andromach. 

3.      4« 'l'raii!.laiod  l>y  my  broth.-r,  Rul(.li  Kurtun.     »"  Jii-  "  /Kliu*  Veruii  iinperalor.  Spar.  vii.  i-jim.  «»  llor. 

venal.     ••  Who  ihrubl*  hi«  to<di.'<h  nerk   a  second  tune  ••  Uuml  licet,  ingralum  ent.  "  For  lu-ltir  for  wor»e, 

liil.i  tlw.'  halter."  ««  Hue  in  i>|ieci<'iii  dicta  c.ive  ut  for  richer  lor  (Hmrer,  in  mcknesn  and  in   li'-iliii   \.r.  'Iif 

cr>->!  I...  ^  Barh>'loi8  alwa\g  are  the  liraveKi  men.  durua  iieriiio  to  a  ««n«ual  man.  <■   T.  r   ml.  I.  tte. 

B:i<'oii      S<'ek  eteriiiiy  in  memory,  not  in  porlerity.  like  '2.   tuiiiirh.         <^  Luciaii.  torn.  4.  lieque  cum  una  aliquA 

£p«iiiinoiiili)ii.  that  iiiniead  of  children,  left  two  great  reui  battere  cootenliu  furem. 
TKtorie*  b«hind  biui,  wbicti  b«  called  bis  two  daughters. 


Mem.  5    Subs.  3.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy.  543 

whether  he  was  married,  JVequaquam  pater,  amator  enim  sum,  Sfc.  "  No,  father,  no, 
I  am  a  lover  still,  and  cannot  be  contented  with  one  woman."  Pythias,  Echo,  Me- 
nades,  and  I  know  not  how  many  besides,  were  his  mistresses,  he  mi^ht  not  abide 
marriage.  Variolas  delcctat,  'tis  loathsome  and  tedious,  what  one  still  ?  wliich  the 
satirist  said  of  Iberina,  is  verified  in  most, 

W'Uniis  Iberiiia;  vir  sufficit?  ocyua  illud  I      "'Tis  not  one  man  will  serve  her  by  her  will, 

Extorquebis  ut  haec  or.ulo  contenta  sit  uno."  |         As  soon  she  '11  have  one  eye  as  one  man  still." 

As  capable  of  any  impression  as  materia  'prima  itself,  that  still  desires  new  forms, 
like  the  sea  their  affections  ebb  ajid  flow.  Husband  is  a  cloak  for  some  to  hide  their 
villany ;  once  married  she  may  fly  out  at  her  pleasure,  the  name  of  husband  is  a 
sanctuary  to  make  all  good.  Ed  ventum  (saith  Seneca)  ut  nulla  virum  habeat,  nisi 
ut  irritet  adulterum.  They  are  right  and  straight,  as  true  Trojans  as  mine  host"? 
daughter,  that  Spanish  wench  in  ^^  Ariosto,  as  good  wives  as  IMessalina.  Many  men 
are  as  constant  in  their  choice,  and  as  good  husbands  as  Nero  himself,  they  must 
have  their  pleasure  of  all  they  see,  and  are  in  a  word  far  more  fickle  than  any  woman. 

For  either  Ih'.y  be  full  of  jealousy. 
Or  masterfuU,  or  loven^ovelty. 

Good  men  have  often  ill  wives,  as  bad  as  Xantippe  was  to  Socrates,  Elevora  to  St. 
Lewis,  Isabella  to  our  Edward  the  Second;  and  good  wives  are  as  often  matched  to 
ill  husbands,  as  Mariamne  to  Herod,  Serena  to  Diocletian,  Theodora  to  Theophilus, 
and  Thyra  to  Gurmunde.  But  I  will  say  nothing  of  dissolute  and  bad  husbands,  of 
bachelors  and  their  vices ;  their  good  qualities  are  a  fitter  subject  for  a  just  volume, 
loo  well  known  already  in  every  village,  town  and  city,  they  need  no  blazon ;  and 
lest  I  should  mar  any  matches,  or  dishearten  loving  maids,  for  this  present  I  will  let 
them  pass. 

Being  that  men  and  women  are  so  irreligious,  depraved  by  nature,  so  wandering 
in  their  affections,  so  brutish,  so  subject  to  disagreement,  so  unobservant  of  marriage 
rites,  what  shall  I  say  t  If  thou  beest  such  a  one,  or  thou  light  on  such  a  wife, 
what  concord  can  there  be,  what  hope  of  agreement  ?  'tis  not  conjugium  but  conjur- 
^um,  as  the  Reed  and  Fern  in  the  ™  Emblem,  averse  and  opposite  in  nature :  'tis 
twenty  to  one  thou  wilt  not  marry  to  thy  contentment :  but  as  in  a  lottery  forty 
blanks  were  drawn  commonly  for  one  prize,  out  of  a  multitude  you  shall  hardly 
choose  a  good  one  :  a  small  ease  hence  then,  little  comfort, 

"1  "  Nee  inteerum  unquara  transiges  K-etus  diem."         I  "  If  he  or  she  be  such  a  one. 

I  Thou  hadst  much  better  be  alone." 

If  she  be  barren,  she  is  not &c.     If  she  have  '-  children,  and  thy  state  be  not 

good,  though  thou  be  wary  and  circumspect,  thy  charge  will  undo  thee, foiciindd 

domnm  tibi  prole  gravabil,''^  thou  wilt  not  be  able  to  bring  them  up,  '*"-and  what 
greater  misery  can  there  be  than  to  beget  children,  to  whom  thou  canst  leave  no 
other  inheritance  but  hunger  and  thirst.'"  '''"cum  fames  dominatur,  strident  vodes 
roganlium  panem,  ])cnetrantcs  jmtris  cor :  what  so  grievous  as  to  turn  them  up  to 
the  wide  world,  to  shift  for  themselves  .'  No  plague  like  to  want :  and  when  thou 
hast  good  means,  and  art  very  careful  of  their  education,  they  will  not  be  ruled. 
Think  but  of  that  old  proverb,  y;pu,uv  rixia  rt/^ara,  hcronmfdii  noxoi,  great  men's  sons 
seldom  do  well ;  O  utinam  aul  ccslebs  mansissem,  aut  prole  carerem  !  "•  would  that 
I  had  either  remained  single,  or  not  had  children,"  ''' Augustus  exclaims  in  Suetonius. 
Jacob  had  his  Reuben,  Simeon  and  Levi ;  David  an  xVmnon,  an  Absalom.  Adoniah ; 
wise  men's  sons  are  commonly  fools,  insomuch  that  Sparlian  concludes,  J^'cminem 
prope  magnorum  virorum  oplimum  et  ulilem  reliquisse  ftlium  :  ^^they  had  been  much 
better  to  have  been  childless.  'Tis  too  common  in  the  middle  sort ;  thy  son's  a 
drunkard,  a  gamester,  a  spendthrift ;  thy  daughter  a  fool,  a  whore ;  thy  servants 
lazy  drones  and  thieves ;  thy  neighbours  devils,  they  will  make  thee  weary  of  thy 
life.  '**"If  thy  wife  be  froward,  when  she  may  not  have  her  will,  thou  hadst  belter 
be  buried  alive ;  she  will  be  so  impatient,  raving  still,  and  roaring  like  Juno  in  the 

«e  Juvenal.  "  jjb.  28.         '"> Camerar.  82.  cent.  3.  '  famem  et  sitira.        '* Chry.".  Fonspca.         "  Libcri  sibi 

'»  Simonides.  "  Children  make  misfortunes  more  |  carcinomata.        "  Melius  fuTat  eus  sine  liberis  discee. 

bitter.  Bacon.  "  '  She  will  sink  your  whole  estah-    sisse.         ■»  Lemnius.  cap.  G.  lib.  I-  s=i  morosa,  si  non  in 

lishment  by  her  fecunditv."  '*  lleinsius-  Epin.  (  cmuiibus  ol..=eqiiaris.  omnia  imp.icaia  in  a-dihiis.  omnia 

Frimiero.  Nihil  miseriii's  quam  procreare  liberos  ad  sursuni  inisceri  viueas,  multa  tempestates,  &c.  Xjo.  :^ 
quo8  nihil  ex  hcereditate  tua  pervenire  videas  prscter  '  uumer.  101.  sil.  nup. 


544 


Love-Melancholy. 


[Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 


tragedy,  there's  nothing  but  tempests,  all  is  in  an  uproar.'"  If  she  be  soft  and  fool- 
ish, thou  wert  better  have  a  block,  she  will  shame  thee  and  reveal  thy  secrets ;  if 
wise  and  learned,  well  qualified,  there  is  as  much  danger  on  the  other  side,  nudierem 
doctam  ducere  pericuIosissi7mtm,  saith  Nevisanus,  she  will  be  too  insolent  and  pee- 
vish, '^jyjalo  Vcnusinam  quum  te  Cornelia  mater.  Take  heed  ;  if  she  be  a  slut,  thou 
wilt  loathe  her;  if  proud,  she'll  beggar  thee,  ^''she'll  spend  thy  patrimony  in 
baubles,  all  Arabia  will  not  serve  to  perfume  her  hair,"  saith  Lucian ;  if  fair  and 
wanton,  she  '11  make  thee  a  cornuto  ;  if  deformed,  she  will  paint.  *'  '•  If  her  face  be 
liltliy  by  nature,  she  will  mend  it  by  art,"  alienis  et  adscilitiis  ijnpostiiris.,  '^  which 
who  can  endure  ?"  If  slie  do  not  paint,  slie  will  look  so  lilthy,  thou  canst  not  love 
her,  and  that  peradventure  will  make  thee  dishonest.  Cromerus  lib.  12.  hist,  relates 
of  Casimirus,  *-'  that  he  was  unchaste,  because  his  wife  Aleida,  the  daugliter  of  Ilenrv, 
Landgrave  of  Hesse,  was  so  deformed.  If  she  be  poor,  she  brings  beggary  with  her 
(saith  Nevisanus),  misery  and  discontent,  if  you  marry  a  maid,  it  is  uncertain  how 
she  proves,  IIccc  forsan  vcniet  nan  satis  apta  tibi.''^  If  young,  she  is  likely  wanton 
and  untaught ;  if  lusty,  too  lascivious ;  and  if  she  be  not  satisfied,  you  know  where 
and  when,  nil  nisi  jurgia.,  all  is  in  an  uproar,  and  there  is  httle  quietness  to  be  had; 
if  an  old  maid,  'tis  a  hazard  she  dies  in  childbed  ;  if  a  **  rich  widow,  induces  te  in 
luqueum.,  thou  dost  halter  thyself,  she  will  make  all  away  beforehand,  to  her  other 

children,  kc. ^'dominatn  quis  possil  ferre  tonantemf  she  will  hit  thee  still  in 

tlie  teeth  with  her  first  husbaiul ;  if  a  young  widow,  she  is  often  insatiable  and  im- 
modest. If  she  be  rich,  well  descemled,  bring  a  great  dowry,  or  be  nobly  allied,  thy 
wife's  frientls  will  eat  thee  out  of  house  and  home,  dives  ruinain  ccdibus  inducit,  she 

will  be  s(j  proud,  so  high-minded,  so  imperious.     For riihil  est  7nagis  inlolcra- 

bilc  dite,  '^  there's  nothing  so  intolerable,"  thou  shalt  be  as  tlie  tassel  of  a  gos-liawk, 
•^'•she  will  ride  upon  thee,  domineer  as  she  list,"  wear  the  breeches  in  her  oligar- 
chical government,  and  beggar  thee  besides.  Uxores  divites  servitutem  exigunt  (as 
Seneca  hits  them,  dvclam.  lib.  2.  declam.  6.)  Lfoteni  accepi  iniperiuin  pcrdidi.  They 
will  have  sovereignly,  pro  conjuge  dominam  arcessis,  they  will  have  attendance,  they 
will  do  what  they  list.  "  In  taking  a  dowry  thou  losest  thy  liberty,  dos  intrat, 
libertas  erit^  hazardest  thine  estate. 

"  H^  sunt  atqun  aliiF  multae  in  inacniH  ilutibui 
l:icoiiiiii<itlitutt.-«,  !iiiiii|i(ui>q>ie  iiiluleiaLiile<,"  ice. 

'•  witli  many  such  inconveniences  :"  say  the  best,  she  is  a  commanding  servant ;  thou 
hadsl  better  have  taken  a  good  housewife  maid  in  her  smock.  Since  then  there  is 
such  hazard,  if  thou  be  wise  keep  thyself  as  thou  art,  'tis  good  to  match,  much 
better  to  be  free. 

w "  procreare  libercw  lepicJi^rsimiiiii, 

llrrcle  veru  liberum  ea^;,  id  uiulto  est  It'pidiua." 

"•'■  Art  thou  young  ?  then  match  not  yet ;  if  old,  match  not  at  all." 

"  Vi8  juviuiis  nubvre?  nondum  venit  leinpui). 
lnijravcsceiili!  state  jam  ttiiipus  prx'teriit" 

And  therefore,  with  that  philosopher,  still  make  answer  to  thy  friends  that  impor 
tune  thee  to  marry,  adhuc  intempestivitm,  'tis  yet  unseasonable,  and  ever  will  be. 

Consider  withal  how  free,  how  happy,  how  secure,  how  heavenly,  in  respect,  a 
single  man  is,  ^"as  he  said  in  the  comedy,  Et  isti  quod  fnrtunatum  esse  aiitumant^ 
uxorem  nunquam  habui.,  and  that  which  all  my  neighbours  admire  and  applaud  me 
for,  account  so  great  a  happiness,  I  never  had  a  wife ;  consider  how  contentedly, 
quietly,  neatly,  plentifully,  sweetly,  and  how  merrily  he  lives !  he  hath  no  man  to 
care  for  but  himself,  none  to  please,  no  charge,  none  to  control  him,  is  tied  to  no 
residence,  no  cure  to  serve,  may  go  and  come,  w  hen,  whither,  live  wh'^re  he  will, 
\i\s  own  master,  and  do  what  he  list  himself.     Consider  the  excellency  of  virgins. 


"Juvenal.  "I  would  rather  have  a  Venu»inian 
wencb  than  thee,  Cornelia,  mother  of  the  Urarchi," 
Ax.  «>Tfiiii.  4.  AiiiorcH,  oniiieiii  mariti  opiilriiitani 
priifundet,  lolaiii  Araliiani  rapillis  reiliileii!<.  "  Iil<.-ni, 
el  quis  janT  (iii'iitu  suslinere  queat,  Uc.  "•'fulK-jtit 
ancillaK  quod  uxor  fjus  deformior  esstet.  ^  "  FiTliip* 
•h*-  «ill  mit  suit  you."  *<Sil.  niip.  I.  2.  num.  Vl5. 

Dived  indiirii  it'iii|M-!4tatpm,  pauper  curain  ;  (luceim  vi- 
duaiu  *K  iiiilucit  in  laqueuin.  "^  t'lc  qui!U)ue  dicil, 

alteram  ducil  lamt-n     "  Who  can  endure  a  virago  for 


a  wife  ?"  <^  ?i  dotata  erit,  imperiofa,  rontinuoquc 

viro  inequitare  conabitur.  Petrarch.  "i  If  a  woman 
noiiriKh  her  hii»b.'iiiil.  Khe  ih  ani;ry  and  impudent,  and 
full  of  reproach.  Efcluit.  nv.  •.>•.•.  Scilicet  uiuri  nuber* 
nolo  nieie.  »  I'lautun  .Mil  Glor.  act   3.  iic    I.     "To 

be  a  father  is  very  pl>-a»ant,  but  to  be  a  frei-man  ttill 
moreio."  ••Slobarm.  IVr.  tl«).  Alex  ab  Aleiand.  lib. 
4.  cap.  0.  00  riiey  fliall  attend  the  Innib  in  heaven, 

becauae  tbey  were  no*  defiled  with  wuiuen,  Apur   't.    . 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  3.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy.  545 

®'  Virgo  ccclum  meruit,  marriage  replenisheth  the  earth,  but  virginity  Paradise ;  Elias, 
Eliseus,  John  Baptist,  were  bachelors  :  virginity  is  a  precious  jewel,  a  fair  garland,  a 
never-fading  flower ;  ^^  for  why  was  Daphne  turned  to  a  green  bay-tree,  but  to  show 
that  virginity  is  immortal  ? 

63  "  Ut  flos  in  septis  secretus  nascitur  liortis,  I        Sic  virgo  dum  intacta  manet,  dum  chara  suis,  sad 

Isnotus  pecoii,  niillo  contusus  aratrn,  Cum  Castuiii  amisit,"  &c. 

Qiiarn  inulciMit  aurEE,  firiiiat  sol,  ediicat  imber,  &.C.    | 

Virginity  is  a  fine  picture,  as  ^■'  Bonaventure  calls  it,  a  blessed  thing  in  itself,  and  if 
you  will  believe  a  Papist,  meritorious.  And  although  there  be  some  inconveniences, 
irksomeness,  solitariness,  he,  incident  to  such  persons,  want  of  those  comforts, 
gu(s  cegro  assideat  et  curct  a>groium,  f omentum  pnre.f,  roget  medicum,  (^'C,  embracing, 
dalliance,  kissing,  colling,  &c.,  those  furious  motives  and  wanton  pleasures  a  new- 
married  wife  most  part  enjoys;  yet  they  are  but  toys  in  respect,  easily  to  be  en- 
dured, if  conferred  to  those  frequent  incumbrances  of  marriage.  Solitariness  may 
be  otherwise  avoided  with  mirth,  music,  good  company,  business,  employment;  in 
a  word,  ^^  Gaudchit  minus,  et  minus  doleb'it ;  for  their  good  nights,  he  shall  have 
good  days.  And  methinks  some  time  or  other,  amongst  so  many  rich  bachelors,  a 
benefactor  should  be  found  to  build  a  monastical  college  for  old,  decayed,  deformed, 
or  discontented  maids  to  live  together  in,  that  have  lost  their  first  loves,  or  other- 
wise miscarried,  or  else  are  willing  howsoever  to  lead  a  single  life.  The  rest  I  sav 
are  toys  in  respect,  and  sufficiently  recompensed  by  those  innumerable  contents  and 
incomparable  privileges  of  virginity.  Think  of  these  things,  confer  both  lives,  and 
consider  last  of  all  these  commodious  prerogatives  a  bachelor  hath,  how  well  he  is? 
esteemed,  hov/  heartily  welcome  to  all  his  friends,  quam  mentitis  obscquiis,  as  Ter- 
tuUian  observes,  with  what  counterfeit  courtesies  they  will  adore  him.  follow  hinie 
present  him  with  gifts,  hunialis  donis  ;  "•  it  cannot  be  believed  (saith  ^^  Ammianus^ 
with  what  humble  service  he  shall  be  worshipped,"  how  loved  and  respected  :  "  It 
he  want  children,  (and  have  means)  he  shall  be  often  invited,  attended  on  by  princes 
and  have  advocates  to  plead  his  cause  for  nothing,"  as  ^'Plutarch  adds.  Wilt  thou 
then  be  reverenced,  and  had  in  estimation  ? 

"> "doininus  tamen  et  domini  rex 

Si  tu  vis  fieri,  nulliis  tibi  parvuliis  aula 

Liiserit  vEiipas.  nee  tilia  dulcior  ilia? 

Jiicundiiin  et  cliariim  sterilis  facit  uxor  amicuni." 

Live  a  single  man,  marry  not,  and  thou  shall  soon  perceive  how  thosr  Hseredipetae 
(for  so  they  were  called  of  old)  will  seek  after  thee,  bribe  and  fiatter  thee  for  lliy 
favour,  to  be  thine  heir  or  executor :  Aruntius  and  Aterius,  those  famous  parasites  in 
this  kind,  as  Tacitus  and  ^^  Seneca  have  recorded,  shall  not  go  beyond  them.  Peri- 
plectomines,  that  good  personate  ohl  man,  deUcium  scnis,  well  imderstood  this  in 
Plautus  :  for  when  Pleusides  exhorted  him  to  marry  that  he  might  have  children  of 
his  own,  he  readily  replied  in  this  sort, 

'•Q,uando  ti.iheo  multos  cognatos,  quid  opus  mihi  sit 

litieris? 
Nunc  bene  vivo  pt  fortiinatfi,  atq\ic  aiiiinoiit  lubet. 
Mea  bona  nica  niorte  cognatis  dicam  interpartiant. 
Illi  apud  nie   Pdunt,  me  curarit,  visunt  quid  agam, 

ecquid  vplim, 
Qui  mihi  niitturit  munera,  ad  prandium,  ad  ccenam 

vocant."  ! 

This  respect  thou  shalt  have  in  like  manner,  living  as  he  did,  a  single  man.  But  ii 
thou  marry  once, '""  coo'i/ato  in  omni  vita  te  scrvumfore,  bethink  thyself  what  a 
slavery  it  is,  what  a  heavy  burden  thou  shalt  undertake,  how  hard  a  task  thou  art 
tied  to,  (for  as  Hierome  hath  it,  qui  uxorem  liahet,  debitor  est,  et  uvoris  servus  alli- 
gatus,)  and  how  continuate,  what  squalor  attends  it,  what  irksomeness,  what  charges, 
for  wife  and   children  are  a  perpetual  bill  of  charges ;  besides  a  myriad  of  cares, 

"  Niiptiffi  replerit  terrarn,  virginitas  Paradisum.  Hier.  ■  sertum   inflniti    precii,  gemma,  et    pictura    speciosa 


'  Whilst  1  have  kin,  what  need  [  brats  to  have? 
Now  I  live  well,  and  as  I  will,  most  brave. 
And  when  I  dii;.  my  goods  I'll  give  away 
To  them  that  do  invite  me  every  day. 
That  visit  me,  and  send  me  pretty  toys. 
And  strive  who  shall  do  me  most  courtesies." 


"Daphne  in  laurnm  semper  virentcm,  immortalem 
docet  gloriam  par.Ttam  viniinibus  pudicitiam  servanti- 
bu8.  ^^Catul.  car.  nupliali.     "As  the  flower  that 

grows  in  the  secret  inclosure  of  the  garden,  unknown 
to  the  flocks,  uiipressed  by  the  plouglisliare,  which  also 
the  breezes  refresh,  the  heat  strengthens,  the  rain 
makes  grow:  so  is  a  virgin  whilst  untouched,  whilst 
dear  to  her  relatives,  but  when  once  she  forfeits  her 
chastity ,"  &c.  m  Diet,  salut.  c.  22.  pulcherrimum 

69  2V2 


ss  Mart.  M  Lib.  24.  qua  obsequiorum  diversitate 

colantur  homines  sine  liberis.  "  iluncalii  ad  coenam 
invitant,  prinreps  huic  famulatur,  oratores  gratis  pa. 
trocinantur.  Lib.  de  amore  Prolis.  ^  .Xntial.  1] 

"  If  you  wish  to  be  master  of  your  house,  let  no  little 
ones  play  in  your  halls,  nor  any  little  dausliter  yet  more 
dear,  a  barren  wife  makes  a  pleasant  and  atfectionate 
companion."  "eo  de  benefic.  38.  "»EGrieco 


546  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

niifieries,  and  troubles ;  for  as  that  comical  Plautus  merrily  and  truly  said,  he  thai 
wants  trouble,  must  get  to  be  master  of  a  ship,  or  marry  a  wife ;  and  as  another 
seconds  him,  wife  and  children  have  undone  me ;  so  many  and  such  infinite  incum- 
brances accompany  this  kind  of  life.  Furthermore,  uxor  inlumtiit,  &.C.,  or  as  he 
said  in  the  comedy,  '  Ditxi  tixorcm,  quam  ibi  vitscriam  vidi,  nati  Jilii,  alia  cnra.  All 
gifts  and  invitations  cease,  no  friend  will  esteem  thee,  and  tiiou  shalt  be  compelled 
to  lament  thy  misery,  and  make  thy  moan  with  M^artiiolon)anis  Schenrus,  that 
famous  poet  laureate,  and  professor  of  Hebrew  in  Wittenberg :  1  had  finished  this 
work  lon;^  since,  but  that  inter  alia  dura  et  trislia  qiuc  viisero  milii  pene  terguin  frc- 
gerunl^  (I  use  his  own  words)  amongst  many  miseries  which  almost  broke  my  back, 
ovsiyia  of)  Xcntipismum.!  a  shiew  to  my  wife  tormented  my  mind  above  measnre,  and 
beyond  the  rest.  So  shalt  thou  be  compeUed  to  C(im])lain,  and  to  crv  out  at  last, 
with  ^  Phoroneus  tlie  lawyer,  ''How  happy  hail  I  bt'cn,  if  1  had  wanleil  a  wife!"  if 
this  which  1  have  said  will  not  suffice,  see  more  in  Lemnius  lib.  4.  cup.  13.  de  occult, 
nat.  mir.  Espensaeus  de  continent ia,,  lib.  G.  cap.  8.  Kornman  dc  virginilale,,  Platina 
tn  Amor.  dial.  Practica  artis  atnandi.,  Barbarus  de  re  iworiuy  Arnisreus  in  polit.  cap. 

3.  and  him  that  is  instar  ovinium,  Nevisanus  the  lawyer,  Sijlca  nuptial,  almost  m 
every  pa<:e. 

SuBSECT.  IV. — PliilterSj  Magical  and  Poetical  Cures. 

Where  persuasions  and  other  remedies  will  not  take  place,  many  fly  to  unlawful 
means,  philters,  amulets,  magic  spells,  ligatures,  characters,  charms,  which  as  & 
wound  with  the  spear  of  Achilles,  if  so  made  and  caused,  must  so  be  cured.  If 
forced  by  spells  anil  philters,  saith  Paracelsus,  it  must  be  eased  by  characters.  Mug 
lib.  '2.  cap  28.  and  by  incantations.     Fernelius  Path.  lib.  6.  cap.  13.     ''Skenkiiis  lib. 

4.  obseri'.  mrd.  hath  some  examj)les  of  such  as  have  been  so  magically  caused,  and 
magically  cured,  and  by  witchcraft :  so  saith  i{a[)tisla  Codronchus,  lib.  3.  cap.  9.  de 
mor.  ven.  Malleus  malef.  cup.  6.  'Tis  not  permitted  to  be  done,  I  confess ;  yet  often 
atteuipted  :  see  more  m  Wierus  lib.  3.  cup.  lb.  de  pnrstig.  de  remediis  per  philtra 
Uelrio  torn.  2.  lib.  2.  quast.  3.  sect.  3.  disquisit.  magic.  Cardan  lib.  16.  cop.  9iJ. 
reckons  up  many  magnetical  medicines,  as  to  piss  through  a  ring,  &.c.  Mizaldus 
cent.  3.  3U,  iJaptista  I'orta,  Ja>on  Pratensis,  Lobelius  pag.  87,  Mallhiolus,  &.C.,  pre- 
scribe many  ab^urd  remedies.  Radix  mandragora  ebibila:,  Annuli  ex  ungulis  Asini^ 
Stercus  amalie  sub  cervical  posilum,  ilia  nesciente.,  ^c,  quiim  odorem  jadilalis  senlit^ 
amor  solcitur.  JVoctuce  ocum  absteinios  facit  comeslum,  ex  consilio  Jarl/ue  Indorum 
jyvinosoplustiP  upud  Philostratum  lib.  3.  Sanguis  amasice  ebibitus  omntm  amoris  sen- 
ium lollit  :  Kaustinam  Marci  Aurelii  uiorem,  gladiutoris  amore  captum,  itu  penitus 
consilio  Chaldaoruvi  liberatam.,  refert  Julius  Capitolinus.  Some  of  our  astrologers 
will  eflt-ct  as  much  by  characteristical  images,  ex  sigillis  Jlermetis,  Salomnnis^ 
Chaelis,  6rc.  mulieris  imago  habtntis  crines  sparsos^  Sfc.  Our  old  poets  and  fantas- 
tical writers  have  many  fabulous  remedies  for  such  as  are  love-sick,  as  that  of  Pro- 
lesilaus''  tomb  in  Philostratus,  in  his  dialogue  between  Phu-nix  and  \'initor:  Vinitor, 
upon  occasion  discoursing  of  the  rare  virtues  of  that  shrine,  telleth  him  that  Prote- 
-;Uaus'  aliar  and  tomb  *••  cures  almost  all  manner  of  diseases,  consumj)tions.  drop- 
sies, quarian-affues,  sore  eyes :  and  amongst  the  rest,  such  as  are  love-sick  shall 
there  be  helped."  But  the  most  famous  is  *  Leucata  Petra,  that  renowned  rock  in 
tireece,  of  which  Strabo  writes,  Geog.  lib.  10.  not  far  front  St.  Mauri-.s,  saith  Sands. 
lib.  1.  from  which  rock  if  any  lover  flung  himself  down  headlong,  he  was  instantly 
cured.  \'enus  after  the  death  of  Adonis,  •'  when  she  could  take  no  rest  for  love," 
'  Cum  resana  suas  torreret  Jlamma  medullas.,  came  to  the  temple  of  Apollo  to  know 
what  she  should  do  to  be  eased  of  her  pain  :  Apollo  sent  her  lo  Leucata  Petra,  where 
she  precipitated  herself,  and  was  forthwith  freed ;  and  when  she  would  needs  know 
of  him  a  reason  of  it,  he  lolil  her  again,  that  he  had  often  observed  'Jupiter,  when 


iTer.  Artelpli.  "  i  have  married  a  wife;  what  tniwry  ,  veneficiii   amore   privati  »unt,  ut  ex  mullif  ii«l<»riii 

I   hi-t  rntaileJ  upon   me  I  soii.i  wer.-   h.irii,  aiitl  oiher     pal>-t.  »l'iirat  oniiie»  morb««,  phlhi««?ii,  hyilr«.pe»  el 

■  •    lliiweil."  »  ltiii»-raria  III  iwaliiin  iii»trucli"iiie    oculorum  nmrlM.!*.  el  ffbref|unrtaii.-i  la'i<iraiile*<-l  amore 

■    rnui.  '  liruroii,  lit).  7.  ?i.  cap.  Si  uxor  I  eaplo*.  iiiirM  ariiliuit  kim  ili-miilcet  •  '  Tlie  mora. 

'    n-iiil  iiiilii  a<l  miiiimaii)  reliciiatr-iii  ilefniHsel.  '  i«,  vehement  I'l-nr  eipel*  love."        iCatullua.      ittuum 

•  LjiiiiiK'iilir  vimta*  ex  iiiraiilainciiloruiii  uialrti<-iiii ;  I  Junoneni    deperirel    Jupilor    impuienter,    ibi    aolitua 

iM^ue  «njiB  fattula  e*l.  nonnulli   r<-j>erli  «unt,  qui  ex  \  Uvare.  Itc. 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  5.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy.  547 

he  was  enamoured  on  Juno,  thither  go  to  ease  and  wash  himself,  and  after  him  divers 
others.  Cephahis  for  the  love  of  Protela,  Degonetus'  daughter,  leapjed  down  here, 
that  Lesbian  Sappho  for  Phaon,  on  whom  she  miserably  doted.  ^  Cupidinis  cestro 
percita  e  summo  praceps  ruit.,  hoping  thus  to  ease  herself,  and  to  be  freed  of  her 
love  pangs. 


'"  ilic  se  Deucalion  PyrrhK  suecensus  amore 
Mt-rsit,  fit  illceso  corpore  pressit  aquas. 
Nee  mora,  fugil  aiiior,"&;c. 


"  Hither  Dnucalion  came,  when  Pyrrha's  love 
Tormented  him,  and  leapt  down  to  the  sea. 
And  had  no  liarni  at  all,  but  hy  and  by 
His  love  was  gone  and  chased  quite  away." 


This  medicine  Jos.  Scaliger  speaks  of,  ..iusoniariim  leciionum  lib.  18.  Salmutz  in 
Pancirol.  de  7.  mundl  niirac.  and  other  writers.  Pliny  reports,  that  amongst  the 
Cyzeni,  there  is  a  well  consecrated  to  Cupid,  of  which  if  any  lover  taste,  his  pas- 
sion is  mitigated  :  and  Anthony  Verdurius  Imag.deornmde  Ctt/fu/.  saith,  that  amono-st 
the  ancients  there  was  ^^Amor  Lethes,  '•'he  took  burning  torches,  and  extinguished 
them  in  the  river ;  his  statute  was  to  be  seen  in  the  temple  of  Venus  Eleusina,"  of 
wmcn  Ovid  makes  mention,  and  saith  "  that  all  lovers  of  old  went  thither  on  pil- 
grmiaije,  that  would  be  rid  of  their  love-pangs."  Pausanias,  in  '^Phocicis,  writes 
ol  a  I'jmple  dedicated  Veneri  in  speluncu,  to  Venus  in  the  vault,  at  Naupactus  in 
Achaia  (^now  Lepanto)  in  which  your  widows  that  would  have  second  husbands, 
made  ineir  supplications  to  the  goddess ;  all  manner  of  suits  concerning  lovers  were 
commenced,  and  their  grievances  helped.  The  same  author,  in  Acliaicis,  tells  as 
much  ol  the  river  '^Senelu.s  in  Greece;  if  any  lover  washed  himself  in  it,  by  a 
secret  vu^ue  of  that  water,  (by  reason  of  the  extreme  coldness  belike)  he  was  healed 
of  lover's  lorments,  ^'^Amoris  vulniis  idem  qui  sanat  facif ;  wiiich  if  it  be  so,  that 
w  ater,  as  ne  holds,  is  omni  uuro  pretiosior,  better  than  any  gold.  Where  none  of 
all  these  remedies  will  take  place,  I  know  no  other  but  that  all  lovers  must  make  a 
head  and  rebel,  as  they  did  in  '^Ausonius,  and  crucify  Cupid  till  he  grant  their  re- 
quest, or  sabsfy  their  desires. 

SuBSECT.  y    —The  last  and  best  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy,  is  to  let  them  have  their 

Desire. 

The  last  efuge  and  surest  remedy,  to  be  put  in  practice  in  the  utmost  place,  when 
no  other  mc-ins  will  take  etfect,  is  to  let  them  go  together,  and  enjoy  one  another : 
potissima  cwa  est  ut  heros  amnsia  sua  potiutur,  saith  Guianerius,  caj).  15.  tract.  15. 
j^sculapius  aimself,  to  this  malady,  cannot  invent  a  better  remedy,  quam  ut  amanti 
cedat  amatun,'^  (Jason  Pratensis)  than  that  a  lover  have  his  desire. 


"  Et  parit  't  torulo  bini  junjantur  in  uno, 
El  pulcv./o  detur  ^nea;  Laviiiia  conjux." 


"  And  let  them  both  be  joined  in  a  bed. 
And  let  JEneas  fair  Lavinia  ued;" 


'Tis  the  special  cure,  to  let  them  bleed  in  vena  Hymencea,  for  love  is  a  pleurisy,  and 

if  it  be  possible,  so  let  it  be, optataque  gaudia  carpant.     "  Arculanus  holds  it 

the  speedier  c  and  the  best  cure,  'tis  Savanarola's  '^  last  precept,  a  principal  infallible 
remedy,  tiie  last,  sole,  and  safest  refuge. 


13"  Julia  S(jln  potes  nostras  extiiigiicre  flammas, 
Non  niv«.,  mn  jjlacie,  sed  potes  igne  pari." 


"Julia  alone  can  quench  my  desire. 
With  neither  ice  nor  snow,  hut  with  like  fire." 


When  you  have  all  done,  saith  ^'' "Avicenna,  there  is  no  speedier  or  safer  course, 
dian  to  join  the  parlies  together  according  to  their  desires  and  wishes,  the  custom 
and  form  of  law ;  and  so  we  have  seen  him  quickly  restored  to  his  former  health, 
that  was  languished  away  to  skin  and  bones ;  after  his  desire  was  satisfied,  his  dis- 
content ceased,  and  we  thought  it  strange ;  our  opinion  is  therefore  that  in  such 
cases  nature  is  to  be  obeyed."  Areteus,  an  old  author,  lib.  3.  cap.  3.  hath  an  in- 
stance of  a  young  man,  "'  when  no  other  means  could  prevail,  was  so  speedily  re- 
lieved.    Wiiat  remains  then  but  to  join  them  in  marriage } 

•  Menandor.    "  Stricken  by  the  gadfly  of  love,  rushed  ,  Lepiduin  poema.  '^rjap.  19.  de"morb.  cerebri 

headlonjj  from  the  summit."      '"  Uvid.  ep.  21.      "  Apud  j  i"  Paliens  potiatur  re  amata,  si  fieri  possit,  optima  cura, 

cap.  10.  in  9  Rhasis.  is  Si  nihil  aliud,  nuptiie  et  co- 

pulatio  cum  ea.  '9  petronius  Catal.  =»Cap.  d» 

Ilishi.  Non  invenitur  cura,  nisi  regimen  connexionis 
inter  eos.  secundum  modum  promissionis,  et  Icgis.  et  sic 
vidimus  ad  carnem  restitulum.  qui  jam  venerat  ad  are- 
factionem  ;  evanuitcura  po?tquani  sensit  &.C.  -'  Fama 
est  melanchoiicum  quendam  ex  amore  insanabiliter  se 
"Seneca.  "The  rise  and  iiabenteui,  ubi  puellx  se  conjunxisset,  reslituluin,  tc 
i^Cupido  crucifixus:  i 


aniKiuns  amor  Lethes  olim  fuit,  is  ardentes  fceces  in 
profluentuni  iuclinabat;  hujus  stalua  Veneris  Eleusina: 
templo  visebatur,  quo  anianles  confluebant,  qui  amicse 
memoriam  depoiicre  voleliant.  '-  Lib.  10.  Vota  ei 

nuncupaiit  ainatores.  multis  de  causis,  sed  imprimis 
vidua:  mulieres,  ut  sibi  alleras  a  dea  iiuplias  exposcaut. 
"Rodfginus.  ant.  lect.  lib.  16.  cap.  25.  callls  it  Selenns 
Qmiii  amore  liberal.  • 
remedy  of  love  the  same." 


u48  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

""Tunc  et  basia  morsiunculasque 
Siirrepliiii  dare,  inutiios  I'overe 
Aiiiplexus  licet,  et  licet  jocari  ;"  -f: 

•■  lliey  may  then  'kiss  and  coll,  lie  and  look  babies  in  one  another^'s  eyes,"  as  heir 
sires  before  them  did,  they  may  then  satiate  themselves  with  love's  pleasures,  which 
ihey  have  so  long  wished  and  expected  ; 

"  Atque  unn  siniul  in  toro  quiescant, 
(.'"iijiiiicio  siiniil  ore  ^iiavientur, 
Et  somiios  a:.'iti'nt  >|iiiete  in  una." 

Yea,  but  hie  labor.,  hoc  opus,  this  cannot  conveniently  be  done,  by  reason  of  man  v 
and  several  impediments.  Sometimes  both  parties  themselves  are  not  a<)reed  :  parents 
tutors,  masters,  guardians,  will  not  give  consent;  laws,  customs,  statutes  hinder: 
jjoverty,  superstition,  fear  and  suspicion :  mairy  men  dote  on  one  woman,  sewir,/  et 
simtil :  she  dotes  as  much  on  him,  or  them,  and  in  modesty  must  not,  cannot  woo, 
as  unwilling  to  confess  as  willing  to  love :  she  dare  not  make  it  known,  show  iter 
affection,  or  speak  her  mind.  '•  And  hard  is  the  choice  (as  it  is  in  Euphues)  when 
one  is  compelled  either  by  silence  to  die  with  grief,  or  by  speaking  to  live  with 
shame."  In  this  case  almost  was  the  fair  lady  Elizabeth,  Eilward  the  Fourth  his 
daugliter,  when  she  was  enamoured  on  fleiiry  tlie  Seventh,  that  ni>ble  young  prince, 
and  new  saluted  king,  wheu  siie  broke  forth  into  that  passionate  speech,  -"^"0  that 
I  were  worthy  of  that  comely  prince  !  but  nty  father  being  deail,  I  want  fi  ieiuis  to 
motion  such  a  matter!  What  shall  I  say?  1  am  all  alone,  and  dare  not  open  my 
mind  to  any.  What  if  I  acquaint  my  mother  with  it  i  bashfidness  forbids.  Wliat 
if  some  of  the  lords  ?  audacity  wants.  U  that  I  ntiglit  Itut  ronfer  with  him,  perhaps 
m  discourse  1  might  let  slip  such  a  word  that  might  diseover  mine  inttMition  !"  How 
many  niodest  maids  ntay  this  coiuern,  I  anj  a  poor  servant,  what  shall  1  i\o}  I  am 
a  fatherless  child,  and  want  means,  1  am  blithe  and  buxom,  young  and  lusty,  but  1 
have  never  a  suitor.  Expectant  stolidi  ut  ego  itlos  rogalitm  vtniani.,  as  -*  she  said,  A 
companv  of  silly  fellows  look  belike  that  I  should  woo  them  and  speak  first:  fain 
thev  would  and  cannot  woo, ^ffua:  priinuin  exordia  sumami  being  merely  pas- 
sive thev  mav  not  make  suit,  with  many  auch  lets  and  inconveniences,  wiiich  1  know 
not ;   what  shall  we  do  in  such  a  case  ?  sing  ••  Fortune  my  foe  .'" 

St)nie  are  so  curious  in  tiiis  behall,  as  those  old  Romans,  our  modern  A  enetians, 
Dutch  and  Frendi,  that  if  two  parlies  dearly  love,  the  one  noble,  the  other  ignoble, 
they  may  not  bv  their  laws  match,  though  equal  otherwise  in  years,  fortune."',  edu- 
cation, and  all  good  atlection.  In  Germany,  except  they  can  prove  their  gentility  by 
three  descents,  they  scorn  to  match  with  them.  A  nobleman  niu.>t  marry  a  noble- 
woman :  a  baron,  a  baron's  daughter;  a  knight,  a  knight's;  a  gentleman,  a  gentle- 
man's :  as  slaters  sort  their  slates,  do  they  degrees  and  tiiinilies.  if  she  be  never  so 
rich,  fair,  well  qualhied  otherwise,  they  will  make  him  forsake  her.  The  Spaniards 
abhor  all  willows ;  the  Turks  repute  them  old  women,  if  past  iive-and-twenty.  Bui 
these  are  too  severe  laws,  and  strict  customs,  dandum  aliqnid  amori,  we  are  all  the 
sons  of  Adam,  'tis  opposite  to  nature,  it  ought  not  to  be  so.  Again :  he  loves  her 
most  impotenilv,  she  loves  not  him,  and  so  i:  contra.  *''Pan  loved  Echo,  Echo 
Satyrus,  Saiyrus  Lyda. 

"  Quantum  ip<M>run>  aliquia  amantem  oUerat. 
Tanlum  ipaiuit  auians  odiMuii  eral." 

••Thev  love  and  loathe  of  all  sorts,  he  loves  her,  she  hates  him ;  and  is  loathed  o! 
him,  on  whom  she  dotes."     Cupid  hath  two  darts,  one   to  force  love,  all  of  g(jld, 

and  that  sharp, '"  Quod  facit  uuratum  est;  another  blunt,  of  le-ad,  and  that  to 

hinder; fug(i(  hoc,  facit  illud  amurem,  "this  dispels,  that  creates  love."     This 

we  see  too  often  verified  in  our  common  experience.  '"Choresus  dearly  loved  thai 
virgin  Callvrrhoe  but  the  more  he  loved  her,  the  m«»re  she  hated  him.  Qlnone 
loved  Paris,  but  he  rejected  her :  they  are  still"  of  all  sides,  as  if  beauty  w  ere  ihrre- 
lore  created  to  undo,  or  be  undone.  I  give  her  all  attendance,  all  <ibservance,  I  pray 
and   mtreat,  ^^Jilma  pre.cor  miserere  mei.,  fair  niisiresa  pity  me,  I  spend  myself,  my 

MJovi'ati    Pi.i.taiiu*.  Ba«i.  lib.  I.  a  Hp^ed.- n  hi?l.     Acliaicii.  lib.  7      I'  flit*  aniabal  CallyrlMx-n  vir-i.i.m 

«  !M.  H.  iU-r.  Aiirlrt-*.  >'  I.iicrrlia  in  ('a!li-!itiiia,  act.  I  et  qu-iiili>  ftal  (.'Imr.-si   amor  v<-h>iin-iii  i..r  crai     i  i  ii' 

|;».     Ujrlliio  iriii-rprfi.         »  Virg.  4  A^n.     •■  llow  shall  '  erai  puel*  animii»  ab  cjua  ainure  alienior.  *«\jri 

lbe(in.>"  i*  K  liraxho  M<Mcbi  *^  Ovid.  Met.  I.     6  ^£l>. 

'  Tlw  eificaci(iu<  une  u  Kultlea."  *  Pauianiaa  > 


Mem.  5.    Subs.  5.]  Cure  of  Love- JMelancfioly.  ii'ia 

time,  friends  and  fortunes,  to  win  her  favour,  (as  he  complains  in  the  ^"Eclogue,)  I 

lament,  sigh,  weep,  and  make  my  moan  to  her,  "  but  she  is  hard  as  flint," cau- 

tihus  Ismariis  immotlor as  fair  and  hard  as  a  diamond,  she  w'ill  not  respect, 

Despectus  tibi  sum^  or  hear  me, 

SI "  fugit  ilia  vocantem 

Nil  lachryiiias  niiserata  meas,  nil  flexa  querelis." 

What  shall  I  do  .? 

"  I  wooed  her  as  a  youn?  man  should  do. 
But  sir,  she  said,  1  love  not  you." 

3»  "  I><jrior  at  scopulis  inea  CoBlia,  martnore,  ferro,       I         '•  Rock,  marhle.  heart  of  oak  with  iron  barr'd, 
Robnre,  rupe,  aiitro,  cornu,  adainante,  gelu."  |  Frost,  flint  or  adamants,  are  not  so  hard." 

I  give,  I  bribe,  I  send  presents,  but  they  are  refused.  "^Rusticus  est  Coridon^  mz 
munera  curat  Jllexis.     I  protest,  I  swear,  I  weep, 

s< "  odioque  rependit  ainoreg, 

Irrisu  lachrymas" 

"  She  neglects  me  for  all  this,  she  derides  me,"  contemns  me,  she  hates  me,  ''■Phillida 
flouts  me:"  Cante,feris^  quercu  durior  Eurydice^  stiff,  churlish,  rocky  still. 

And  'tis  most  true,  many  gentlewomen  are  so  nice,  they  scorn  all  suitors,  crucify 
their  poor  paramours,  and  think  nobody  good  enough  for  them,  as  dainty  to  please 
as  Daphne  herself. 

S5  "  Multi  illam  petiere.  ilia  aspernate  [letentes,  I     "  Many  did  woo  h"r,  but  she  scorn'd  them  still, 

Nee  quid  Hymen,  quid  amor,  quid  sint  connubia  curat."  |        And  said  she  would  not  marry  by  her  will." 

One  while  they  will  not  many,  as  they  say  at  least,  (when  as  they  intend  nothing 
less)  another  while  not  yet,  when  'tis  their  only  desire,  they  rave  upon  it.  She  v,'ill 
marry  at  last,  but  not  him  :  he  is  a  proper  man  indeed,  and  well  qualified,  but  he 
wants  means  :  another  of  her  suitors  hath  good  means,  but  he  wants  wit ;  one  is 
too  old,  another  too  young,  loo  deformed,  she  likes  not  his  carriage  :  a  third  too 
loosely  given,  he  is  rich,  but  base  born  :  she  will  be  a  gentlewoman,  a  lady,  as  her 
sister  is,  as  her  mother  is  :  she  is  all  out  as  fair,  as  well  brought  up,  hath  as  good  a 
portion,  and  she  looks  for  as  good  a  match,  as  Matilda  or  Dorinda  :  if  not,  she  is 
resolved  as  yet  to  tarry,  so  apt  are  young  maids  to  boggle  at  every  object,  so  soon 
won  or  lost  with  every  toy,  so  quickly  diverted,  so  hard  to  be  pleased.  In  the 
meantime,  quot  torsit  amanles?  one  suitor  pines  away,  languishelh  in  love,  7nori  quot 
denique  cogit !  another  sighs  and  grieves,  she  cares  not :  and  which  ^  Stroza  ob- 
jected to  Ariadne, 

••  Nee  iiiagis  Euryali  gemitu,  lacrymisque  moveris,  j  "  Is  no  more  mov'd  with  those  sad  sighs  and  tears, 

Qiiani  prece  turhati  flectitur  ora  sali.  |          Of  her  sweetheart,  than  raging  sea  with  prayers: 

Tu  juvenein.  quo  noii  foniiosior  alter  in  urbe,  I          Thou  scornst  the  fairest  youth  in  all  our  city, 

Spernis,  et  iusaiio  cngis  auiore  mori."  |          And  mak'sl  him  alino.<t  luiid  for  love  to  die :" 

They  take  a  pride  to  prank  up  themselves,,  to  make  young  men  enamoured, 

^^  captarc  tiros  et  spernere  captos,  to  dote  on  them,  and  to  run  mad  for  their  sakes, 

39 I'sed  nullis  ilia  movetur  I  "  Whilst  niggardly  their  favours  they  discover, 

Fletibus,  aut  voces  ullas  traclabilis  audit."  |  They  love  to  be  Leiov'd,  yet  scorn  tlie  lover." 

All  suit  and  service  is  too  little  for  them,  presents  too  base  :  Tormentis  gaudel  aman- 

lis et  spoUis.    As  Atalanta  they  must  be  overrun,  or  not  won.     3Iany  young 

men  are  as  obstinate,  and  as  curious  in  their  choice,  as  tyrannically  proud,  insulting, 
deceitful,  false-hearted,  as  iiTefragable  and  peevish  on  the  other  side;  Narcissus-like, 

39  "  Multi  ilium  juvenes,  multt  petiere  iiuelliE,  I  "  Young  men  and  maids  did  to  him  sue, 

Sed  fuit  in  teiicra  tain  dira  mpeihia  forma,  But  in  his  youth,  so  proud,  so  coy  was  he, 

\ulli  ilium  juvcnes,  nullae  pctiere  puella;."  |  Young  men  and  maids  bade  hiiii  adieu." 

Echo  wept  and  wooed  him  by  all  means  above  the  rest.  Love  me  for  pity,  or  pity 
me  for  love,  but  he  Avas  obstinate.  Ante  ait  emoriar  qunm  sit  tibi  copia  nostri,  "  he 
would  rather  die  than  give  consent."     Psyche  ran  whining  after  Cupid, 

«"  Forinosirin  tiia  te  Psyche  formosa  requirit,  I  "  Fair  Cupid,  thy  fair  Psyche  to  thee  sues,^^ 

El  poscit  te  dia  deum,  puerumque  puella  ;"  |  A  lovely  lass  a  fine  young  gallant  woos ;" 

but  he  rejected  her  nevertheless.    Thus  many  lovers  do  hold  out  so  long,  doting  on 

30  Erasmus  E-il.  Galatea.  si-Hnving  no  compas- I  lib.  2.  37  t.  (I.    'To  captivate  the  men.  but  despise 

sion  f.ir  my  tears,  she  avoids  my  prayers,  and  is   in-  |  them  when  captive.  '         -^  Virg.  4  -in.        « .Vletamor. 
flexible  to  my  plaints."      32  Anseriainis  Erotopa<2iiion.  I  3.        *»  Fracaslorius  Dial,  de  anim. 
KVir".  'siLcEcheus.        3i  uvid.  Met.  1.        36  Erot.  | 


550  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

themselves,  stand  in  their  own  light,  till  in  the  end  they  come  to  be  scorned  and  re- 
jected, as  Slroza's  Gargiliana  was, 

"  Tr  jiivines,  te  oilere  scnes,  ile>ortaqiie  Ungues,         I       "  Both  young  and  old  do  hate  thee  ncorned  now, 
auiE  fueras  procerus  imblica  rura  prius.""  |         That  once  was  all  their  joy  and  comfort  too." 

As  Narcissus  was  himself, 

"Who  despising  many. 

Died  ere  he  could  enjoy  the  love  of  any." 

They  begin  to  be  contemned  themselves  of  others,  as  he  was  of  his  shadow,  and 
take  up  with  a  poor  curate,  or  an  old  serving-man  at  last,  that  might  have  luul  their 
choice  of  right  good  niatclics  in  their  youth ;  like  that  generous  mare,  in  *'  Fhitarch, 
which  would  admit  of  none  but  great  horse.^',  but  when  her  tail  was  cut  oil"  and 
mane  sliorn  close,  and  she  now  saw  herself  so  deformed  in  the  water,  when  she 
came  to  drink,  ab  asino  canscendi  se  passu,  she  was  contented  at  last  to  be  covered 
by  an  ass.     Yet  this  is  a  conuuon  humour,  will  not  be  left,  and  cannot  be  helped. 

I"  I  love  a  niiiid,  she  loves  nic  net  Mil  tain 
She  would  have  ine,  hut  I  nm  hi-r  a-ain  ; 
Vini:erc  vult  uniinoH,  noli  saliare  Venus."  I  S«j  love  to  cruoily  men's  souls  is  lienl ; 

I  Itui  seldom  doth  it  Jiloase  or  yivi-  lonsent." 

••  Tilt' ir  love  tianceth  in  a  ring,  and  Cupid  hunts  them  roundabout;  he  dotes,  is 
doted  on  again."  Dumque  petit  petitur,  parderqiie  uccedit  et  ardtt,  their  aflt'clion 
cannot  be  reconciled.  Oflenlimes  they  may  and  will  not,  'tis  tiieir  own  iooli.sh  pro- 
ceethngs  that  mars  all,  they  are  too  distrustful  of  themselves,  too  soon  dejected  : 
say  she  be  rich,  thou  poor :  she  young,  thou  old ;  she  lovely  and  fair,  thou  most 
ill-favoured  and  deformed;  she  noble,  thou  base:  she  spruce  and  fine,  but  thou  an 
uglv  clown:  nil  desptranduin^  there's  htipe  enough  yet:  J)L)psu  A'iaa  datur,  quid  non 
spireinus  uriuintes :*  \'ui  thyself  forward  once  more,  as  unlikelv  matches  have  been 
and  are  daily  made,  see  what  will  be  llie  event.  Many  leave  roses  and  gather  tlii.slles, 
lualhe  honey  and  love  verjuice  :  our  likings  are  as  various  as  our  palates,  liut  com- 
monly they  omit  opptirtuniiies,  oscula  qui  sumpsitj  t^c,  they  neglect  the  usual  means 
and  limes. 

"  He  that  will  ni<t  nlieii  h>-  may, 
When  be  will  he  shall  have  nay." 

They  look  to  be  woocil,  sought  after,  and  sued  to.  Most  part  tliey  will  and  cannot, 
either  for  llie  above-named  reasons,  or  for  that  lliere  is  a  multitude  of  suitors  equally 
enamoured,  doting  all  alike;  and  where  one  alone  must  speed,  what  sliall  become 
of  the  rest?  Hero  was  beloved  of  many,  but  one  did  enjoy  her;  Peneloj)e  had  a 
company  of  suitors,  yet  all  missed  of  their  aim.  In  such  ca.ses  he  or  they  must 
wisely  and  warily  unwind  themselves,  unsettle  his  affections  by  those  rules  above 

prescribed, *^quin  stultos  ercutit  igncs,  divert  his  cogitations,  or  else  bravely 

bear  it  out,  as  Turnus  did.  Tun  sit  Luvinia  canjuxy  when  he  could  not  get  her,  with 
a  kind  of  heroical  scorn  he  bid  .lEneas  take  her,  or  with  a  milder  farewell,  let  her 
U<').  Et  Phillida  solus  hahtto,  '^''Take  her  to  you,  God  give  you  joy,  sir."  The  fox 
in  the  emblem  would  eat  no  grapes,  but  why?  because  he  could  not  get  them ;  care 
not  then  for  that  which  may  not  be  had. 

Many  such  inconveniences,  lets,  and  hindrances  there  are,  which  cross  their  pro- 
jects and  crucify  poor  lovers,  which  sometimes  may,  sometimes  auain  cannot  be  so 
easily  removed.  Rut  put  case  they  be  reconciled  all,  agreed  hitherto,  suppose  this 
love  or  good  liking  be  between  two  alone,  both  jiarties  well  j)leased,  there  [smulnuB 
rtmor,  mutual  love  and  great  affectiou  ;  yet  their  parents,  iruardians,  tutoih,  cannot 
airrep,  thence  all  is  dashed,  the  match  is  unequal:  one  rich,  another  poor :  dnrus 
pater,  a  haril-hearted,  unnatural,  a  covetous  father  will  not  marry  his  son,  except  he 
have  so  much  money,  itu  in  aurnm  omnes  insaniunt^as  *'Chrvs«stom  notes,  nor  join 
his  daughter  in  marriage,  to  save  her  dowry,  or  for  that  he  cannot  .spare  her  for  the 
service  she  doth  him,  and  is  resolved  to  part  with  nothing  whilst  he  lives,  not  a 
penny,  though  he  may  peradventure  well  give  it,  he  will  not  till  he  dies,  and  then  as 
a  pot  i>(  money  broke,  it  is  divided  amongst  them  that  gaped  after  it  so  earnestly. 
Or  else  he  wants  means  to  set  her  out,  he  hath  no  money,  and  though  it  be  to  the 
manifest  prejudice  of  her  body  and  soul's  health,  he  cares  not,  he  will  take  no  notice 

«>  Dial.  Am.  «>  .Ausonjus.  MOviU.  Met.  «•  Uoa.  &  in  1.  epial.  TImm.  cap.  4.  v«r.  J. 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  5.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy.  551 

of  it,  she  must  and  shall  tarry.  Many  slack  and  careless  parents,  iniqui  patres^ 
measure  their  children's  afiections  by  their  own,  they  are  now  cold  and  decrepit 
themselves,  past  all  such  youthful  conceits,  and  they  will  tlierefore  starve  their 
children's  genus,  have  them  a  pueris  ^^illico  nasci  senes,  they  must  not  marry,  nee 
carum  ajiaesesse  reriim  quas  sccumfert  adolescentia:  ex  sua  libidlne  moderatur  quce 
est  nunc,  non  qua  oUmfuit:  as  he  said  in  the  comedy:  they  will  stifle  nature,  their 
young  bloods  must  not  participate  of  youthful  pleasures,  but  be  as  they  are  them- 
selves old  on  a  sudden.  And  'lis  a  general  fault  amongst  most  parents  in  bestowing 
of  their  children,  the  father  wholly  respects  wealth,  when  through  his  folly,  riot,  in- 
discretion, he  hath  embezzled  liis  estate,  to  recover  himself,  he  confines  and  prosti- 
tutes his  eldest  son's  love  and  affection  to  some  fool,  or  ancient,  or  deformsd  piece 
for  money. 

*^  "  Phanarets  ducet  filiam,  rufam,  illam  virginem, 
CcEsiani,  sparse  ore,  adurico  naso" 

and  though  his  son  utterly  dislike,  with  Clitipho  in  the  comedy,  JYon  possum  pater : 
If  she  be  rich,  Eia  (he  replies)  ut  elegans  est,  credas  animum  ibi  esse?  he  must  and 
shall  have  her,  slie  is  fair  enough,  young  enough,  if  he  look  or  hope  to  inherit  his 
lands,  he  shall  marry,  not  when  or  whom  he  loves,  Arconidis  hujus  filiam,  but  whom 
his  father  commands,  when  and  where  he  likes,  his  affection  must  dance  attendance 
upon  him.  His  daughter  is  in  the  same  predicament  forsooth,  as  an  emptv  boat,  she 
must  carry  what,  where,  when,  and  whom  her  father  will.  So  that  iu  these  busi- 
nesses the  father  is  still  for  the  best  advantage;  now  the  mother  respects  good  kin- 
dred, must  part  the  son  a  proper  woman.  All  which  •*'  Livy  exemplifies,  dec.  1.  lib.  4. 
a  gentleman  and  a  yeoman  wooed  a  wench  in  Rome  (contrary  to  that  statute  that  the 
gentry  and  commonalty  must  not  match  together)-,  the  matter  was  controverted:  the 
gentleman  was  preferred  by  the  mother's  voice,  qufR  quam  splendissimis  nuptiis  jungi 
piiellam  volebat:  the  overseers  stood  for  him  that  was  most  worth,  Sec.  But  parents 
ought  not  to  be  so  strict  in  this  behalf,  beauty  is  a  dowry  of  itself  all  sufficient, 
*^Virgoformosa,  etsi  oppido  pauper,  abunde  dotata  est,  ■*^  Rachel  was  so  married  to 
Jacob,  and  Bonaventure,  *m  4.  sent.  "  denies  that  he  so  much  as  veniallv  sins,  that 
marries  a  maid  for  comeliness  of  person."  The  Jews,  Deut.  xxi.  11,  if  they  saw 
amongst  the  captives  a  beautiful  woman,  some  small  circumstances  observed,  mio-ht 
take  her  to  wife.  They  should  not  be  too  severe  in  that  kind,  especially  if  there  be 
no  such  urgent  occasion,  or  grievous  impediment.  'Tis  good  for  a  commonwealth. 
^'  Plato  holds,  that  in  their  contracts  "young  men  should  never  avoid  the  affinity  of 
poor  folks,  or  seek  after  rich."  Poverty  and  base  parentage  may  be  sufiiciently 
recompensed  by  many  other  good  qualities,  modesty,  virtue,  religion,  and  choice 
bringing  up,  ^^"  I  am  poor,  I  confess,  but  am  I  therefore  contemptible,  and  an  abject  - 
Love  itself  is  naked,  the  graces  ;  the  stars,  and  Hercules  clad  in  a  lion's  skin."  Give 
something  to  virtue,  love,  wisdom,  favour,  beauty,  person;  be  not  all  for  money. 
Besides,  you  must  consider  that  Jlmor  cogi  non  potest,  love  cannot  be  compelled, 
they  must  affect  as  they  may :  ^^Fatum  est  in  partibus  ilUs  quas  sinus  abscondil,  as 
the  saying  is,  marriage  and  hanging  goes  by  destiny,  matches  are  made  in  heaven. 

"  It  lies  not  in  our  power  to  love  or  hate, 
For  will  ill  us  is  overrul'd  by  fate." 

A  servant  maid  in  ^Wristasnetus  loved  her  mistress's  minion,  which  when  her  dame 
perceived, /iiriosrt  cBmulatione,  in  a  Jealous  humour  she  dragged  her  about  the  house 
by  the  hair  of  the  head,  and  vexed  her  sore.  The  wench  cried  out,  ^"-O  mistress, 
fortune  hath  made  my  body  your  servant,  but  not  my  soul!"  Affections  are  fi-ee,  not 
to  be  commanded,  i\Ioreover  it  may  be  to  restrain  their  ambition,  pride,  and  covet- 
ousness,  to  correct  those  hereditary  diseases  of  a  family,  God  in  his  just  judgment 
assigns  and  permits  such  matches  to  be  made.  For  I  am  of  Plato  and  -'^Bolline"'s 
mind,  that  families  have  their  bounds  and  periods  as  well  as  kingdoms,  beyond  which 

«Ter.  «  Ter.  Heaut.  Seen.  ult.   "  He  will  marry  i  neq:ie  divituni  stctentur.  =*  phjiost.  ep.  Quoniam 

the  daughter  of  rirh  pareiiU,  a  red-haired,  lilear-eyed,  j  pauper  sum,  idc-irco  contemptior  i-t  alijtfciior  tibi 
big-in'^--;i°d,  troiiked-iinsed  wench."  <•  Plehnius  et  I  videar  ?    Ainor  ipse  nuridus  est,  sratiie  et  asira  ;  H<- 

»obr,_;  ainbieiiant  puellHui,  pucllJe  certamen  in  partes  ;  cules  pelle  leoiiina  indutus.  ^3  Juvenal.  '*  Lib  2. 
v»:iiit,   &c.  ■'s  Apil  ills  apol.  ■•JGi-n.  xxvi.  I  ep.  7.  -^  £jul,'ins  inquit,  non  meulein  uiie  addixit 

«".\on  peccat  venialiter  i)iu  mulierem  ducit  ob  pulchri-  j  niihi  fortuna  servitute.  ^^De  repub.  c.  de  period, 

tudineni.  "  l>ib.  o.  de  lej:.  Ex  usu  rfip^ili.  est  ut  in     rerumpub. 

uuptiis  juvenes  aequo  pauperum  atfinitateni  fugiant,  { 


d52  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  2. 

for  extent  or  conlinuance  they  shall  not  exceeil,  six  or  seven  hundred  years,  as  they 
there  illustrate  by  a  multitude  of  examples,  and  which  Peucer  and  *'  Melancthon 
approve,  but  in  a  perpetual  tenor  (as  we  see  by  many  pedigrees  of  knights,  gentle- 
men, yeomen)  continue  as  they  began,  for  many  descents  with  little  alteration.  How- 
soever let  them,  1  say,  give  something  to  youth,  to  love;  they  must  not  think  they 
can  fancy  whom  they  appoint;  ^Amor  enim  non  imperatur^  ajfcchis  liber  si  quis 
alius  et  vices  exigens,  this  is  a  free  passion,  as  Pliny  said  in  a  panegyric  of  his,  and 
may  not  be  forced:  Love  craves  liking,  as  the  saying  is,  it  requires  mutual  affeclions, 
a  correspondency:  invito  non  dulur  nee  auferlur^  it  may  not  be  learned,  Ovid  him- 
self cannot  teach  us  how  to  love,  Solomon  describe,  Apelles  paint,  or  Helen  express 
it.  They  must  not  therefore  compel  or  intrude;  ''^quis  enim  (as  Fabius  urgeth) 
amare  alieno  ani mo  potest  f  but  consider  wiihal  the  miseries  i>f  enforced  marriages; 
take  pity  upon  youth :  and  such  above  the  rest  as  have  daughters  to  bestow,  should 
be  very  careful  anil  provident  to  marry  them  in  due  time.  Syracides  cap.  7.  vers.  'i5. 
calls  it  ''a  weighty  matter  to  perform,  so  to  marry  a  daughter  to  a  man  of  under- 
standing in  due  time:"  Virgines  enim  lempcsliee  /oc«nJ(P,  a.s  "^Lemnius  admunisheth, 
hb.  1.  cap.  0.  Virgins  must  be  provided  for  in  season,  to  prevent  many  diseases,  of 
which  *'  Kodericus  a  Castro  de  morbis  mulierum,  lib.  2.  cap.  3.  and  Lod.  Mercatus 
lib.  2.  de  mulier.  affect,  cap.  4,  de  nielanck.  virginum  el  viduarum.,  have  both  largely 
discoursed.  And  therefore  as  well  to  avoid  these  feral  maladies,  'tis  good  to  get  them 
husbands  betimes,  as  to  prevent  some  other  gross  inconveniences,  and  for  a  thing 
that  1  know  besides;  ubi  nuptiarum  tempus  et  alas  advenerit^  as  Chrysostom  ad- 
viseih,  let  them  not  defer  it;  tliey  perclumce  will  marry  themselves  else,  or  do  worse. 
If  Nevisanus  the  lawyer  do  not  impose,  they  may  do  it  by  right:  for  as  he  proves 
out  of  Curtius,  and  some  other  civilians,  Sylvue,  niip.  lib.  2.  numer.  3U.  *^"  A  maid 
past  twenty-five  years  of  age,  against  her  parents'  ctmsent  may  marry  such  a  one  as 
is  unworthy  of,  and  inferit>r  to  Ijer,  and  her  father  by  law  nmst  be  compelled  to  give 
her  a  comjxLteni  dowry."  Mistake  me  not  in  the  mean  time,  or  think  that  I  do  apo- 
logise here  for  any  heailstrong,  unruly,  wanton  flirts.  I  do  approve  that  of  St.  Am- 
brose (Ctmiment  in  Genesis  xxiv.  31),  which  he  hath  written  touching  Hebecca's 
spousals,  '•  A  woman  should  give  imto  her  parents  the  choice  of  her  husband,  "  lest 
she  be  reputed  to  be  malpert  and  wantou,  if  she  take  upon  her  to  make  her  own 
choice ;  **  for  she  should  rather  seem  to  be  desired  by  a  man,  than  to  desire  a  man 
herself."  To  those  hard  i)arents  alone  I  retort  that  of  Curtius,  (in  the  behalf  of 
modester  maids;,  that  are  too  remiss  and  careless  of  their  due  time  and  riper  years. 
For  if  they  tarry  longer,  to  say  truth,  they  are  past  date,  and  nobody  will  respect 
ihem.  A  woman  with  us  in  luily  (saith  *^.-\reti;.e's  Lucretia)  twenty-fuur  years  of 
age,  '•  is  old  already,  [>ast  the  best,  of  no  account."  An  old  fellow,  as  Lycistrata 
confesseth  in  ""*  Aristophanes,  etsi  sit  canus,  cilb  puellam  virginem  ducal  uxorem,  and 
■'tis  no  news  for  an  olil  fellow  to  marry  a  young  wench:  but  as  he  follows  it,  rnulieris 
brei-is  occasio  es/,  etsi  hoc  non  apprehenderil,  nemo  vull  ductre  uxorem.,  expectans 
verb  sedet ;  who  cart*  for  an  old  maid .'  she  may  set,  &c.  A  virgin,  as  the  poet  holds, 
lasciva  et  petulans  paella  virgo^  is  like  a  flower,  a  rose  withered  on  a  sudden. 

•J  "  Quail)  mot!5  nasceiitfm  rulilu*  ci>nfpeiit  Eou*,      I         "She  thai  wa*  emt  a  maid  ai  fr.-eli  an  May, 
Haiic  reilieim  iwru  veiptre  vidil  anuiii."  |  1«  "ow  an  old  crone,  liaie  to  >ti-aU  away." 

Let  them  take  time  then   while  they  may,  make  advantage  of  youth,  and  as  he 
prescribes, 

•^  "  Colligt?  virjo  r<jsa»  dmn  floa  novu«  et  nova  pabet,      I        "  Fair  mai<lf ,  fo  gather  rna*»  in  the  prioip. 
El  larinor  esto  afvuni  »ic  prop«-rare  tuuiii."  j  And  think  that  ai  a  flower  so  ;•>«<  4in  luiie." 

Let's  all  love,  dum  vires  annique  sinunt.,  while  we  are  in  the  flower  of  years,  fit  for 
love  matters,  and  while  time  serves :  for 

*••  Polt-f  occi.lerf  et  rf-dire  pn»surii.  I  w  "  Biini  that  «*t  may  ri»e  again, 

Nobm  rum  oemel  occulil  brevis  lux.  But  if  oiici-  we  hwe  thi«  hirhl. 

Noi  cut  perp'^tud  una  (lorniieiida."  j  "Tii  with  u«  perpetual  iii(.'ht." 

Volat  irrevocabile  tempus.,  time  past  cannot  be  recalle<l.     But  we  need  no  such 

•'Com.  in  car.  Chrnn.       ««  Plin.  i:i  p  n.         ™  P  .  ;:ii,i.  •  i.r..<ii.  i    ri.    r /.il.-t.ir   aurtor  «  ETp-titis    pnim 

n06.         *>  Puelli*  iiiiprimiii  nul  1  ■•"• 

l.emn.  lib.  I.  S^t.  de  vit    in<tit.  •- 

oif in. '2.  piilm.  4.  "  FiIi.t  eir.  \  i  ■       ',•*. 

inwio  patrf  niihere,  licet  iniliifii  ,■(   -it   ip  irilii«.  .t  ■   ,im       '  Ai-'"i|.h    •  ■))      It.  ■•-  I  .'iii  "•  (.'.ilul'ii* 

eo|ere  ad  eoiigrue  dotandum.  **  .N'e   appvieniic  |  ^TraitAlated  by  M.  B.  Jobaaon. 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  5.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy.  553 

exhortation,  we  are  all  commonly  too  forward :  yet  if  there  be  any  escape,  and  all  be 
not  as  it  should,  as  Diogenes  struck  the  father  when  the  son  swore,  because  he  taught 
nim  no  better,  if  a  maid  or  young  man  miscarry,  I  think  their  parents  oftentimes, 
gaardiahs,  overseers,  governors,  ncque  vos  (sarth  "Chrysostom)  a  suppUcio  imniunes 
evadetis,  si  non  statini  ad  nupiias^  Sfc.  are  in  as  much  fault,  and  as  severely  to  be 
punished  as  their  children,  in  providing  for  them  no  sooner. 

Now  for  such  as  have  free  liberty  to  bestow  themselves,  I  could  wish  that  good 
counsel  of  the  comical  old  man  were  put  in  practice, 

'2"  Opulenlinres  pauperiorum  lit  filias  I  "  That  rich  men  would  marry  poor  maidens  some, 

Indotas  iliirant  iixores  domain:  |      And  that  wilhoiit  dowry,  and  so  bring  them  home, 

Et  multo  fiet  civitas  concordior,  I     So  would  much  concord  be  in  our  city, 

Et  iuvidia  nos  minore  uteniur,  qiidm  utimur."  |     Less  envy  sliould  we  have,  much  more  pity." 

If  they  would  care  less  for  wealth,  we  should  have  much  more  content  and  quiet- 
ness in  a  commonwealth.  Beauty,  good  bringing  up,  methinks,  is  a  sufficient  portion 
of  itself,  "Dos  est  sua  forma  puellis,  "her  beauty  is  a  maiden's  dower,"  and  he 
doth  well  that  will  accept  of  such  a  wife.  Eubulides,  in  ''Aristajnetus,  married  a 
poor  man's  child,  facie  non  ilJcElabili,  of  a  merry  countenance,  and  heavenly  visage, 
in  pity  of  her  estate,  and  that  quickly.  Acontius  coming  to  Delos,  to  sacrifice  to 
Diana,  fell  in  love  with  Cydippe,  a  noble  lass,  and  wanting  means  to  get  her  love, 
flung  a  golden  apple  into  laer  lap,  with  this  inscription  upon  it, 

"  Jiiro  tibi  sane  per  mystica  sacra  Dianae,  I  "  I  swear  by  all  the  rites  of  Diana, 

Me  tibi  venturum  cumitein,  sponsumque  futurum."      |  I'll  come  and  be  thy  husband  if  I  may." 

She  considered  of  it,  and  upon  some  small  inquiry  of  his  person  and  estate,  was 
married  unto  him. 

"  Blessed  is  the  wooinj. 
That  IS  not  long  a  doing." 

As  the  saying  is;  when  the  parties  are  sufficiently  known  to  each  other,  what  needs 
such  scrupulosity,  so  many  circumstances  ?  dost  thou  know  her  conditions,  her 
bringing-up,  like  her  person.''  let  her  means  be  what  they  will,  take  her  without  any 
more  ado.  "  Dido  and  ^Eneas  were  accidentally  driven  by  a  storm  both  into  one 
cave,  they  made  a  match  upon  it;  Massinissa  was  married  to  that  fair  captive  Sopho- 
nisba.  King  Syphax'  wife,  the  same  day  that  he  saw  her  first,  to  prevent  Scipio 
Laelius,  lest  they  should  determine  otherwise  of  her.  If  thou  lovest  the  party,  do 
as  much  :  good  education  and  beauty  is  a  competent  dowry,  stand  not  upon  money. 
Erant  olim  aurei  homines  (saith  Theocritus)  et  adamantes  redamabant^i  in  the  golden 
world  men  did  so,  (in  the  reign  of  ''^  Ogyges  belike,  before  staggering  Ninus  began 
to  domineer)  if  all  be  true  that  is  reported :  and  some  few  now-a-days  will  do  as 
much,  here  and  there  one;  'tis  well  done  methinks,  and  all  happiness  befal  them  for 
so  doing.  "Leontius,  a  philosopher  of  Athens,  had  a  fair  daughter  called  Athenais, 
multo  corporis  Icpore  ac  Vencre,  (saith  mine  author)  of  a  comely  carriage,  he  gave 
tier  no  portion  but  her  bringing  up,  occulto  formcE  prccsngio,  out  of  some  secret  fore- 
knowledge of  her  fortune,  bestowing  that  little  which  he  had  among.-5t  his  other 
children.  But  she,  thus  qualified,  was  preferred  by  some  friends  to  Constantinople, 
to  serve  Piilcheria,  the  emperor's  sister,  of  whom  she  was  baptised  and  called  Eudo- 
cia.  Theodosius,  the  emperor,  in  short  space  took  notice  of  her  excellent  beauty 
and  good  parts,  and  a  little  after,  upon  his  sister's  sole  commendation,  made  her  his 
v/ik  :  'twas  nobly  done  of  Theodosius.  ''^  Rudophe  was  the  fairest  lady  in  her  days 
in  all  Egypt;  she  went  to  wash  her,  and  by  chance,  (her  maids  meanwhile  looking 
but  carelessly  to  her  clothes)  an  eagle  stole  away  one  of  her  shoes,  and  laid  it  in 
Psammeticus  the  King  of  Egypt's  lap  at  Memphis :  he  wondered  at  the  excellency 
of  the  shoe  and  pretty  foot,  but  more  JiquilcB  factum,  al  the  manner  of  the  bringing 
of  it :  and  caused  forthwith  proclamation  to  be  made,  that  she  that  owned  that  shoe 
should  come  presently  to  his  court ;  the  virgin  came,  and  was  forthwith  married  to 
the  king.  1  say  this  was  heroically  done,  and  like  a  prince :  I  commend  him  for  it, 
and  all  such  as  have  means,  that  will  either  do  (as  he  did)  themselves,  or  so  for 
love,  &.C.,  marry  their  children.     If  he  be  rich,  let  him  take  such  a  one  as  wants,  if 


'1  Horn.  5.  in  I.  Thes.  cap.  4.  1.  '2  piautus.  's  Ovid. 
"  Epist.  12.  1.2.  Elicit  coii_ju:;eiii  paiiperem.  iiidolatam 
et  subito  deauiavit,  et  coniiniseratione  ejus  inopire. 
'5  Virg  /En.  '"' Fabius  pictor :  amor  ipse  coiijunxit 

populos,  &.C.  ■"  Lipsius  polit.  Sebast.  Mayer.  Select. 


(0  2  W 


Sect.  I.  cap.  1.1.  "Mayerua  select,  sect.  1.  c.  11.  et 

iElian.  1.  13.  c.  33.  cum  faniula;  lavaiitis  vestes  iiicfi^ 
riosiis  custodirent,&;c.  inandavit  per  iiniversam  iTJgyp- 
turn  ut  foemina  qua^reretur,  cujus  is  calceus  esset 
eamque  sic  inventam  in  matrimonium  accepit. 


554  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

she  be  virtuously  given  ;  for  as  Syracides,  cap.  7.  vcr.  19.  adviseth,  "Forego  not  a 
wife  and  good  woman  ;  for  her  grace  is  above  gold."  If  she  have  fortunes  of  her 
own,  let  iier  make  a  man.  Danaus  of  Lacedaimon  had  a  many  daughters  to  bestow, 
and  means  enough  for  them  all,  he  never  stood  inquiring  after  great  matches,  as 
others  used  to  do,  but  ''■■  sent  for  a  company  of  brave  young  gallants  to  his  house, 
and  hid  his  daughters  choose  every  one  one,  whom  she  liked  best,  and  take  him  for 
her  husband,  without  any  more  ado.  This  act  of  liis  was  much  approved  in  those 
times.  But  in  this  iron  age  of  ours,  we  respect  riches  alone,  (for  a  maid  rnu-^t  buy 
her  husband  now  with  a  great  dowry,  if  she  will  have  him)  covetousness  and  filthy 
lucre  mars  all  good  matches,  or  some  such  by-respects.  Crales,  a  Servian  prince  (as 
Nicephorus  Gregoras  Rom.  hist.  lib.  6.  relates  it,)  was  an  earnest  suitor  to  Eudocia, 
tlie  emperor's  sister;  though  her  brother  much  desired  it,  yet  she  could  not  "^aljide 
him,  for  he  iiad  three  former  wives,  all  basely  abused  ;  but  the  emperor  still,  Crulis 
amicitium  mag  id  facie  ns.,  because  he  was  a  great  prince,  and  a  troublesome  neigh- 
bour, much  desired  his  aHinity,  and  to  that  end  betrothed  his  own  daughter  Simonida 
to  him,  a  little  girl  tive  years  of  age\he  being  forty-rive,)  anil  rive  '''years  older  ihari 
the  emperor  himself:  such  disproportionable  and  unlikely  matches  can  wealth  and  3 
fiiir  fortune  make.  And  yet  not  that  alone,  it  is  not  only  money,  but  sometimes  vain- 
glory, pride,  ambitiun,  do  as  much  hurm  as  wretched  covetousness  itself  in  anolhet 
e.xlreme.  If  a  yeoman  have  one  sole  daughter,  he  n>ust  overmatch  iier,  above  hej 
birtli  and  culling,  to  a  gentleman  forsooth,  because  of  her  great  portion,  too  guod  foi 
one  of  her  own  rank,  as  he  supposeth :  a  gentleman's  daughter  and  heir  must  be 
married  to  a  knight  baronet's  eldest  son  at  least ;  and  a  knight's  oidy  daugiiter  to  a 
baron  hiniself,  or  an  earl,  and  so  upwards,  her  great  dower  deserves  it.  And  thus 
striving  for  more  honour  to  their  wealth,  they  undo  their  children,  many  discontents 
follow,  and  oftentimes  they  ruinate  their  families.  "Paulus  Jovius  gives  instance  in 
Galeatius  the  Second,  that  heroical  Duke  of  Milan,  externas  ajinitates,  dccoras  qui- 
dem  regio  fastu.,  sed  sibi  et  pustcris  damnosus  et  fere  eritiales  quiesivit;  he  married 
his  eldest  sun  John  Galeatius  to  Isabella  the  King  of  France  his  sister,  but  she  was 
socero  tain  grai'is,  ut  ducentis  millibus  aureoruin  const  iter  it ,,  her  entertainment  at 
Milan  was  so  costly  that  it  almost  undid  him.  His  daughter  Violanta  was  married 
to  Lionel  Duke  of  Clarence,  the  youngest  son  to  Edward  tlie  Third,  King  of  Eng- 
land, but,  ad  ejus  adeentuin  tantw  opes  tarn  adinirabili  liberalilate  profustc  sunt^  ul 
opulenlissiinoruni  reguin  splendurem  superasse  videretur^  he  was  welcomed  with  such 
incredible  magniricence,  that  a  king's  purse  was  scarce  able  to  bear  it ;  for  besides 
many  rich  presents  of  horses,  arms,  plate,  money,  jewels,  &,c.,  he  made  one  dinner 
for  iiini  and  his  company,  in  which  were  thirty-two  messes  and  as  much  provision 
left,  ut  rclatce  d  mensa  dupes  decern  millibus  hominum  sujficerent.,  as  would  serve  ten 
thousand  men  :  but  a  little  after  Lionel  died,  7ioi'ce  nuptce  ct  intempeslivis  conviviis 
operum  dans,  cyc-?  *»"d  tt»  the  duke's  great  loss,  the  solemnity  was  ended.  So  can 
titles,  honours,  ambition,  make  many  brave,  but  unfortunate  matches  of  all  sides  for 
by-respects,  (^though  both  crazed  in  body  and  mind,  most  unwilling,  averse,  and  often 
unril,)  so  love  is  banished,  and  we  feel  the  smart  of  it  in  the  end.  '  But  I  am  too 
lavisli  peradventure  in  this  subject. 

Another  let  or  hindrance  is  strict  and  severe  discipline,  laws  and  rigorous  customs, 
that  forbid  men  to  marry  at  set  timen,  and  in  some  places ;  as  apprentices,  servants, 
coUegiates,  states  of  lives  in  copyholds,  or  in  some  base  inferior  offices,  '^  Telle  licet 
in  such  cases,  potiri  nan  licet,  as  he  said.  They  see  but  as  prisoners  through  a  grate, 
ihey  covet  and  catch,  but  Tantalus  d  labris.,  Hfc.  Their  love  is  lo.st,  and  vain  it  is 
in  such  an  estate  to  attempt.  '^^Graeissimuin  est  adamare  nee  potiri,  'lis  a  grievous 
thing  to  love  and  not  enjoy.  They  may,  indeed,  I  deny  not,  marry  if  they  will,  and 
have  free  choice,  some  of  them;  but  in  the  meantime  their  case  is  desperate,  Lupuin 
auribus  tenent,  they  hold  a  wolf  by  the  ears,  they  must  either  burn  or  starve.  'Tis 
cornutum  sophisma.,  hard  to  resolve,  if  they  riiarry  they  forfeit  their  estates,  ihcy  are 
undone,  and  starve  themselves  through  beggary  and  want :  if  they  do  not  marry,  in 

''*PauMnia«  lib.  3.  Ue  Laconicif.  nimi^it  qui  nuncii    I  quinqiie  circiter  annos  natn  minor.  *>  Vit.  (jaUat 

runt,  k,c.  Dptioneni  puelli*  dwlil.  ii*.  carum  quo-libel  euui  |  i^ruadj.  "  A|>uleiu«  in  Caiel.  nubii  cupliio  velle  il<t. 
tibi  virum  dtrlii'eri;!,  cujus  matinii*  e^Ad  foriiia  cmii-     poM«  abne|a(.  ••  Aaacreon.  St. 

placiia.      ■>  llliaa  coujugiuiD  abouii aal  itur.      *>  ikicero  | 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  5.] 


Cure  of  Love-Melancholy. 


this  heroical  passion  they  furiously  ra^e,  are  tormented,  and  torn  in  j)iece.s  by  their 
predominate  affections.  Every  man  hath  not  the  gift  of  continence,  let  him  '''pray 
for  it  then,  as  Beza  adviseth  in  his  Tract  de  Divortiis^  because  God  hath  so  called 
him  to  a  single  life,  in  taking  away  the  means  of  marriage.  ^*Paul  would  have  gone 
from  ^lysia  to  Bithynia,  but  the  spirit  suffered  him  not,  and  thou  wouldst  peradven- 
ture  be  a  married  man  with  all  thy  will,  but  that  protecting  angel  holds  it  not  fit. 
The  devil  too  sometimes  may  divert  by  his  ill  suggestions,  and  mar  many  good 
matches,  as  the  same  *'  Paul  was  willing  to  see  the  Romans,  but  hindered  of  Satan 
he  could  not.  Tiiere  be  those  that  think  they  are  necessitated  by  fate,  their  stars 
have  so  decreed,  aud  therefore  they  grumble  at  their  hard  fortune,  they  are  well  in- 
clined to  marry,  but  one  rub  or  other  is  ever  in  the  way;  I  know  what  astrologers 
say  in  this  behalf,  what  Ptolemy  quadripartit.  Tract.  4.  cap.  4.  Skoner  lih.  1.  cap.  12. 
what  Leovitius  genitur.  exempt.  1.  which  Sextus  ab  Heminga  takes  to  be  the  horo- 
scope of  Hieronymus  Wolfius,  what  Pezelius,  Origanaus  and  Leovitius  his  illustrator 
Garceus,  cap.  12.  what  .Tunctine,  Protanus,  Campanella,  what  the  rest,  (to  omit  those 
Arabian  conjectures  d  parte  conjugii.,  a  parte  lascivice,  triplicitates  veneris.,  ^t.,  and 
those  resolutions  upon  a  question,  an  arnica  potiafur.,  4'C-)  determine  in  this  behalf, 
viz.  an  sit  natus  conjiigem  hahiturus.,  facile  an  diflcidter  sit  sponsam  impetrafuriis. 
quot  conjuges.,  quo  tempore.,  quales  decernantur  nato  uxores.,  dc  mutuo  amore  conju- 
gem,  both  in  men's  and  women's  genitures,  by  the  examination  of  the  seventh  house 
the  almutens,  lords  and  planets  there,  a  c  d  e^  Q  a  ^-^^  by  particular  aphorisms,  Si 
dominus  7'"='^  in  7""*  vel  secunda  nobilem,  decernit  uxorem.,  servam  aut  ignobilem  si 
duodecima.  Si  Venus  in  12'"",  Sfc,  with  many  such,  too  tedious  to  relate.  Yet  let 
no  man  be  troubled,  or  find  himself  grieved  with  such  predictions,  as  Hier.  Wolfius 
well  saith  in  his  astrological  ^*  dialogue,  non  sunt  prcBtoriana  decreta,  they  be  but 
conjectures,  the  stars  incline,  but  not  enforce, 

*3 "  Siflera  corporibus  priesunt  ccelestia  nostris, 
Sunt  ea  de  viii  conriita  nainque  lulo  : 
Cogere  sed  neqiieunt  aniiiiuin  ralione  fruentem, 
Q.uippe  sub  irnperio  solius  ipse  dei  est." 

wisdom,  diligence,  discretion,  may  mitigate  if  not  quite  alter  such  decrees,  Fortuna 
sua  o  cujusque  fingitur  morihis,  ^Qui  caufi,  prudentes,  vofi  compotes,  &,-c.,  let  no  man 
then  be  terrified  or  molested  with  such  astrological  aphorisms,  or  be  much  moved, 
either  to  vain  hope  or  fear,  from  such  predictions,  but  let  every  man  follow  his  own 
free  will  in  tliis  case,  and  do  as  he  sees  cause.  Better  it  is  indeed  to  marrv  than 
burn,  for  their  soul's  health,  but  for  their  present  fortunes,  by  some  other  means  to 
pacify  themselves,  and  divert  the  stream  of  this  fiery  torrent,  to  continue  as  they  are, 
®' rest  satisfied,  lugentes  virginitatis  florem  sic  aruisse,  deploring  their  misery  with 
that  eunuch  in  Libanius,  since  there  is  no  help  or  remedy,  and  with  Jephtha's 
daugliter  to  bewail  their  virginities. 

Of  like  nature  is  superstition,  those  rash  vows  of  monks  and  friars,  and  such  as 
live  in  religious  orders,  but  far  more  tyrannical  and  much  worse.  Nature,  youth, 
and  his  furious  passion  forcibly  inclines,  and  rageth  on  the  one  side;  but  their  order 
and  vow  checks  them  on  the  other.  ^^Votoque  suo  sua  forma  repiignat.  What  merits 
and  indulgences  they  heap  unto  themselves  by  it,  what  commodities,  I  know  not; 
but  I  am  sure,  from  such  rash  vows,  and  inhuman  manner  of  life,  proceed  many 
inconveniences,  many  diseases,  many  vices,  masturpation,  satyriasis,  ^^  priapismus, 
melancholy,  madness,  fornication,  adultery,  buggery,  sodomy,  theft,  murder,  and  all 
manner  of  mischiefs :  read  but  Bale's  Catalogue  of  Sodomites,  at  the  visitation  of 
abbeys  here  in  England,  Henry  Stephan.  his  Apol.  for  Herodotus,  that  which  TJlricus 
writes  in  one  of  his  epistles,  ^  ''•  that  Pope  Gregory  when  he  saw  600  skulls  and 
bones  of  inlants  taken  out  of  a  fishpond  near  a  nunnery,  thereupon  retracted  that 
decree  of  priests'  marriages,  which  was  the  cause  of  such  a  slaughter,  was  much 
grieved  at  it,  and  purged  himself  by  repentance."     Read  many  such,  and  then  ask 


""ContinentitB  donum  ex  fide  postulet  quia  certiim  sit 
euni  vocari  ad  coelibatum  cui  deiiiis,  &.c.  «<- Act.  xvi.  7. 
<"  Roiij  i.  13.  '«  Pra-fix.  gen.  Leovitii.  '9  '  The 

stars  in  the  skies  preside  over  our  persons,  for  they  are 
made  of  hunilile  matter.  They  cannot  bind  a  rational 
mind,  fur  thai  is  under  the  control  of  God  only." 
»^  Idem  Woltius  dial.  »'  "  That  is,  make  the  best  of 

it,  and  take  his  lot  as  it  falls."  *'  Ovid.  1.  Met 


"Their  beauty  is  inconsistent  wiih  their  vons." 
WMercurialis  de   Priapisnio.  *>  Meiuorabile   qiind 

Ulricus  epistola  refert  Gregorium  quum  ex  piscina 
qiiadam  allata  plus  qiiam  sex  mille  infanrum  c-Tp;ta 
vidisset.  ingemuisse  et  decretum  de  ccD'ibatu  lantam 
cfdis  causam  confessus  condigno  illud  pcsniteiiti.T 
fructu  purgasse.  Kemnisius  ei  concil.  Trident,  part.  1-, 
de  ccelibaiu  sacerdotum. 


550  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2. 

what  is  to  be  done,  is  this  vow  to  be  broke  or  not?  No,  saith  Bellarmine,  caj).  38. 
lih.  de  Monach.  inelius  est  scortari  et  uri  quain  de  voto  coelibatus  ad  nuptios  trausiTCy 
better  burn  or  fly  out,  than  to  break  thy  vow.  And  Coster  in  his  Enchirid.  de  casU- 
bat.  sacerdotum,  saith  it  is  absohitely  gravius  peccatum,  **'»a  greater  sin  for  a  priest 
to  marrv,  than  to  keep  a  concubine  at  home."  Gregory  de  Valence,  cap.  0.  de  cali- 
hat.  maintains  the  same,  as  those  of  Essei  and  Montanists  of  ohl.  Insonnich  that 
many  votaries,  out  of  a  false  persuasion  of  merit  and  holiness  in  this  kind,  will 
sooner  die  than  marry,  though  it  be  to  the  saving  of  their  lives.  '^  Anno  1419.  Pius  2, 
Pope,  James  Rossa,  nephew  to  the  King  of  Portugal,  and  then  elect  Arclihisliop  of 
Lisbon,  being  very  sick  at  Florence,  *' '' when  his  physicians  '  .>'d  him,  that  his  dis- 
ease was  such,  he  must  either  lie  with  a  wench,  marry,  or  die,  cheerfully  chose  to 
die."  Now  they  commended  him  for  it;  but  St.  Paul  teachelii  oflierwise,  ^-Better 
marry  than  bum,"  and  as  St.  Ilierome  gravely  delivers  it,  Alue  sunt  leges  Ctesanan.,  alice 
Christi.  a/lud  Paplniunus.,  aliiid  Paulus  noster  prcecipit,  there's  a  diflbience  betwixt 
God's  ordinances  and  men's  laws  :  and  therefore  Cyprian  Epist.  8.  boldly  dtiiounceth, 
impium  est.,  adulterum  est,  sacrilegum  est,  quodcunque  hiiinana  furore  stutuitur,  ut  dis- 
positio  divina  violetur,  it  is  abominable,  impious,  adulterous,  and  sacrilegious,  what 
men  make  and  ordain  afier  their  own  furies  to  cross  God's  laws.  **'Georgius  Wice- 
lius,  one  of  their  own  arch  divines  (^Inspect,  cedes,  pag.  18)  exclaims  again.st  it,  and  all 
such  rash  monastical  vows,  and  would  have  such  persons  seriously  to  consiiler  what 
they  do,  whom  they  admit,  tie  in  pttsterum  qnrrantur  de  inanibus  stupris,  lest  they 
repent  it  at  last.  For  either,  as  he  follows  it,  "^you  must  allow  them  concubines,  or 
sullt-r  theuj  to  marry,  for  scarce  shall  yuu  fmd  three  priests  of  three  thou.saiid,  qui 
per  atutem  nan  ament,  that  are  not  trttubled  with  burning  lust.  Wherefore  I  con- 
clude it  is  an  unnatural  and  impious  tlung  to  bar  men  of  this  Christian  liberty,  too 
severe  and  inhuman  an  edict. 

xx)  Tki  aillif  wren,  the  titmouft  also,  i  But  man  alont,  alas  the  hard  stund. 


The  liitle  Tedt>rta»t  hate  their  election. 
They  Jty  I  sate  and  toi;ether  gone, 
H'hereas  hem  tut,  about  enrtroil 
jSj  llietj  uf  kmde  kare  tnelinatioH, 
^nd  as  nature  impress  and  guide. 
Of  eceryikiHg  litt  to  provide. 


{•'ull  cruelly  by  kinds  ordinance 
Constrained  is,  and  by  statutes  bound, 
Jiitd  Uf  barred  /rum  all  such  plensance  : 
H'hat  menneth  this,  ichat  is  this  pretence 
Of  laics,  I  mis.  against  all  right  of  kinde 
lyithout  a  cfLuse,  so  narroie  men  to  binde? 


Many  laymen  repine  still  at  priests'  marriages  above  the  rest,  and  not  at  clergymen 
only,  but  of  all  the  meaner  sort  and  condition,  they  would  have  none  marry  but  such 
as  are  rich  and  able  to  maintain  wives,  because  their  parish  belike  shall  be  pestered 
with  orphans,  and  ihe  world  lull  of  beggars  :  but  '  these  are  hard-hearted,  unnatural, 
monsters  of  men,  shallow  politicians,  they  do  not  ^consider  that  a  great  part  of  the 
world  is  not  yet  inhabited  as  it  ought,  how  many  colonies  into  America,  Terra  Aus- 
tralis  incognita,  Africa,  may  be  sent  r  Let  them  consult  with  Sir  William  Alexander's 
Book  of  Colonies,  Orpheus  Junior's  Golden  Fleece,  Captain  Whitburne,  Mr.  Ilag- 
thorpe,  &.C.  and  they  shall  surely  be  otherwise  informed.  Those  politic  Romans 
were  of  another  mind,  they  thought  their  city  and  country  could  never  be  too  popu- 
lous. ^  Adrian  the  emperor  said  he  had  rather  have  men  than  money,  m'dle  se  homi' 
num  adjectione  umpliare  imperium,  quarn  pecunii.  Augustus  Cajsar  made  an  oration 
in  Rome  ad  ccelibus,  to  persuade  thorn  to  marry ;  some  countries  com^ielled  them  to 
marry  of  old,  as  *  Jews,  Turks,  Indians,  Chinese,  amongst  the  rest  in  these  days,  who 
much  wonder  at  our  discipline  to  sutler  so  many  idle  persons  to  live  in  monasteries, 
and  often  marvel  how  they  can  live  honest.  'In  the  isle  of  Marugnan,  the  governor 
and  petty  king  there  did  wonder  at  the  Frenchman,  and  admire  how  so  nmny  friars, 
and  the  rest  of  their  company  could  live  without  wives,  they  thought  it  a  thing  im- 
possible, and  would  not  believe  it.  If  these  men  should  but  survey  our  muliiiudes 
of  religious  houses,  observe  our  numbers  of  monasteries  all  over  Europe,  18  nun- 
neries in  Padua,  in  Venice  34  cloisters  of  monks,  28  of  nuns,  &.c.  ex  ungue  leonem, 
'tis  to  this  proportion,  in  all  other  provinces  and  cities,  what  wouhl  they  think,  do 
they  live  honest  ?     Let  them  dissemble  as  they  will,  I  am  of  TertuUian's  mind,  thai 

••Si  nuhat,  quam  si  domi  concubinam  alat.        ••  Al-  i  Curtcsie.  •  'TU  not  mullitude  but  irtlrnf-i  wMeh 

phonsu*  <;icuoiiiii»  lib.  ife  (test,  pontifituiii.  "  Cum     eauiieth  bfegary.         »Or  to  %t:l  lliein  'irinj 

meilici  •uailt^rffil  ut  aut  iiubrret  aul  ci>itii  utrrfdir,  mc  |  liwui  up  in  luiuie  boneit  iradea.        *  1>  .  lib- 

miirtem  vitari  pfi«!»e  mortem  potius  intr.-(iiiliin  fip^ria-     ft).        •.S.irdu*  llu»torpiiiu».  ••    <  !••  ir 

VII,  ftc.  •"  Episl.  30.  *  Vide  vitaiii  ejus  edit.  10-il.  bi«  hist,  of  the  FreuchuiMO  to  tU»*  Im--  xI  Mdrdgoaa 
by  U  T.  Jamca.        uoUd^ate,  iu  Cbaucern  Fluwer  of  '  An.  lOU. 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  5.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy.  557 

few  can  continue  but  by  compulsion.  *"0  chastity  (saith  he)  thou  art  a  rare  god- 
dess in  the  world,  not  so  easily  got,  seldom  continuate :  thou  mayest  now  and  then 
be  compelled,  either  for  defect  of  nature,  or  if  discipline  persuade,  decrees  enforce:" 
or  for  some  such  by-respects,  sullenness,  discontent,  they  have  lost  their  first  loves, 
may  not  have  whom  they  will  themselves,  want  of  means,  rash  vows,  &.c.  But  can 
he  willingly  contain .'  I  think  not.  Therefore,  either  out  of  commiseration  of 
human  imbecility,  in  policy,  or  to  prevent  a  far  worse  inconvenience,  for  they  hold 
some  of  them  as  necessary  as  meat  and  drink,  and  because  vigour  of  youth,  the  state 
and  temper  of  most  men's  bodies  do  so  furiously  desire  it,  they  have  heretofore  in 
some  nations  liberally  admitted  polygamy  and  stews,  a  hundred  thousand  courtesans 
in  Grand  Cairo  in  ^gypt,  as  'Radzivilus  observes,  are  tolerated,  besides  boys  :  how 
many  at  Fez,  Rome,  Naples,  Florence,  Venice,  &c.,  and  still  in  many  other  pro- 
vinces and  cities  of  Europe  they  do  as  much,  because  they  think  young  men,  church- 
men, and  servants  amongst  the  rest,  can  hardly  live  honest.  The  consideration  of 
this  belike  made  Vibius,  the  Spaniard,  when  his  friend ''Crassus,  that  rich  Koman 
gallant,  lay  hid  in  the  cave,  ut  volupialis  quam  cclas  ilia  desiderat  copiamfaceret,  to 
gratify  him  the  more,  send  two  "lusty  lasses  to  accompany  him  all  that  while  he 
was  there  imprisoned.  And  Surenus,  the  Parthian  general,  when  he  warred  against 
the  Romans,  to  carry  about  with  him  200  concubines,  as  the  Swiss  soldiers  do  now 
commonly  their  wives.  But,  because  this  course  is  not  generally  approved,  but 
rather  contradicted  as  unlawful  and  abhorred,  '"in  most  countries  they  do  much  en- 
courage them  to  marriage,  give  great  rewards  to  such  as  have  many  children,  and 
mulct  those  that  will  not  marry.  Jus  trium  liberorum,  and  in  Agellius,  lib.  2.  cap.  15. 
Elian.  ///;.  6.  cap.  5.  Valerius,  lib.  1.  cap.  9.  "We  read  that  three  children  freed 
the  father  from  painful  offices,  and  five  from  all  contribution.  "  A  woman  shall  be 
saved  by  bearing  children."  Epictetus  would  have  all  marry,  and  as  '^  Plato  will,  6 
de  legibus,  he  that  marrieth  not  before  35  years  of  his  age,  must  be  compelled  and 
punished,  and  the  money  consecrated  to  '^  Juno's  temple,  or  applied  to  public  uses. 
They  account  him,  in  some  countries,  mifortunate  that  dies  without  a  wife,  a  most 
unhappy  man,  as  '''Boetius  infers,  and  if  at  all  happy,  yet  infortunio  fc.lix,  unhappy 
in  his  supposed  happiness.  They  commonly  deplore  his  estate,  and  much  lament 
lum  for  it:  O,  my  sweet  son,  &c.     See  Lucian,  de  Luctu,  Sands fol.  83,  &c. 

Yet,  notwithstanding,  many  with  us  are  of  the  opposite  part,  they  are  married 
themselves,  and  for  others,  let  them  burn,  fire  and  flame,  they  care  not,  so  they  be 
not  troubled  with  them.  Some  are  too  curious,  and  some  too  covetous,  they  may 
marry  when  they  will  bt.th  for  ability  and  means,  but  so  nice,  that  except  as  The- 
ophilus  the  emperor  was  presented,  by  his  mother  Euprosune,  with  all  the  rarest 
beauties  of  the  empire  in  the  great  chamber  of  his  palace  at  once,  and  bid  to  give  a 
golden  apple  to  her  he  liked  best.  If  they  might  so  take  and  choose  whom  they 
list  out  of  all  the  fair  maids  their  nation  aflbrds,  they  could  happily  condescend  to 
marry:  other\\  ise,  &.c.,  why  should  a  man  marry,  saith  another  epicurean  rout,  what's 
matrimony  but  a  matter  of  money  .^  why  should  free  nature  be  entrenched  on,  con- 
fined or  obliged,  to  this  or  that  man  or  woman,  with  these  manacles  of  body  and 
goods  }  &.C.  There  are  those  too  that  dearly  love,  admire  and  follow  women  all 
their  lives  long,  sponsi  Penelopes,  never  well  but  in  their  company,  wistly  gazing  on 
their  beauties,  observing  close,  hanging  after  them,  dallying  still  with  them,  and  yet 
dare  not,  will  not  marry.  Many  poor  people,  and  of  the  meaner  sort,  are  too  dis- 
trustful of  God's  providence,  "  they  will  not,  dare  not  for  such  worldly  respects," 
fear  of  want,  woes,  miseries,  or  that  they  shall  light,  as  '^"  Lemnius  .saith,  on  a  scold, 
a  slut,  or  a  bad  wife."  And  therefore,  '^  Tristem  Juventam  vencre  deserl.l  colunt, 
they  are  resolved  to  live  single,  as  '"  Epaminondas  did,  '^ ''  JVil  ait  esse  prius,  melius 


«  R.ira  quidem  (lea  tii  es  Ochastitas  in  his  terris,  nee 
facile  perfecla,  rariiis  [lorpeliia,  cogi  nniinuiiqiiHin  po- 
test, oh  naturie  dtrf'ectuni,  vel  si  disciplina  pervaserit, 
censura  coiiiprfissiTil.  i  Peregrin.  Hierosol.  »  Plu- 
larcli.  vita  ejus,  adolnscentia!  medio  conslitutus.  »  An- 
cillas  diias  r^regia  forma  et  fftatis  flore.  "•  Alex.  ah. 
Alex.  I.  4.  c.  8.  "  Tres  filji  patrem  ah  excuhi is, 

'jMinquH  ah  omnibus  officiis  liberahanto.         n  Prseceplo 
urimo  cojiatur  nubere  aut  mulcli-tiir  el  peciinia  tcmplo 


2vf2 


Junonis  deij'cetur  et  piihlica  fiat.  "  Consol.  3.  pros. 

7.         '■'  Nic.  Hill.  Epic,  pliilos.  i5Q,u,  se  capistro 

matrimonii  alligari  noii  patiiintur,  Lemn.  lib.  4.  13.  de 
occult,  nat.  Abhorrent  iiiuiti  a  matrimonio,  ne  inoro- 
sam,  qiierulam,  acerham.  amaram  iixorem  perferre  co- 
gantur.        '^  Senec.  Ilippol.  "C.Tlebs  enim  vixeral 

nee  ad  uxorem  diicendain  unquam  induci  potuit. 
'^Senec.  Hip.  "There  is  nothing  better,  nothing  pre- 
ferable to  a  single  life." 


658  Love-Melancholy.  [I'art.  3.  Sec.  2. 

nil  coelibe  r/'/fl,"  and  ready  wiih  Hippolitus  to  abjure  all  women,  ^^Detestor  omnes^ 
horreo^fugio,  exccror,  Sfc.     But, 

"  Ili|i|ii>lite  iiescis  qund  fiii^is  vitx  bonum, 
Hippolite  nescis" 

"  alas,  poor  Hippolitus,  thou  knowest  not  what  thou  sayest,  'tis  otherwise,  Hippo- 
litus." ■'"Some  make  a  doubt,  an  uxor  Ulorato  sit  ducenda,  whether  a  scholar  should 
marry,  if  she  be  {'air  she  will  bring  him  back  from  his  grammar  to  his  horn  book,  or 
else  witii  kissing  and  dalhance  slie  will  hinder  his  study ;  if  foul  with  scolding,  he 
cannot  well  intend  to  do  both,  as  Pliilippus  Beroahhis,  that  great  Bononian  doctor,  once 
writ,  impediri  eniin  sfudiu  lilerarum,  ^c.,  but  he  recanted  at  last,  and  in  a  solemn 
sort  with  true  conceived  words  he  did  ask  the  world  and  all  women  forgiveness. 
But  you  shall  have  the  story  as  he  relates  himself,  in  his  Commentaries  on  the  sixth 
of  Apuleius.  For  a  long  time  F  lived  a  single  life,  el  ah  uxore  ducenda  semper  ab- 
horrui,  ncc  quicqnain  Ubero  lecto  censui  jucundius.  I  could  not  abide  niarriage,  but 
as  a  rambler,  erruticus  ac  volaticus  amator  (to  use  his  own  words)  per  multiplicet 
amores  discurrebum^  I  took  a  snatch  wliere  1  could  get  it ;  nay  more,  1  railed  at  mar- 
riage dowmight,  and  in  a  public  auditory,  when  I  did  interpret  that  sixih  Satire  of 
Juvenal,  <»ut  of  Plutarch  and  Stneca,  I  did  heap  up  all  the  dicteries  I  could  against 
women ;  but  now  recant  with  Stesichorus,  pa/inmlium  cano,  ncc  pcenittt  ccnseri  in 
ordine  vuiriturum.,  1  ajiprove  of  marriage,  1  am  glad  I  am  a  ^'  married  man,  I  am 
heartily  ghid  I  have  a  wife,  so  sweet  a  wife,  so  noble  a  w  ife,  so  young,  so  chaste  a 
wile,  so  loving  a  wife,  and  I  do  wish  and  desire  all  other  men  to  marry  ;  and  espe- 
cially sch(/iar9,  tliat  as  of  old  Martia  ilid  by  Ilortensius,  Terentia  by  Tnllius,  Cal- 
phurnia  to  Plinins,  Pudentilla  to  Apuleius,  ""hold  the  candle  whilst  tluir  husbands 
did  meililate  and  w  rile,  so  theirs  may  do  them,  and  as  my  dear  Camilla  doth  to  me. 
Let  other  men  be  averse,  rail  then  and  scoff  at  women,  ami  say  what  they  can  to  the 
contrary,  vir  sine  uxore  inalorum  erpers  est,  S)C.,  a  single  man  is  a  happy  man,  &c.,  but 
this  is  a  toy.  '".Wc  dulces  amores  speme  puer,  neque  tu  choreas ;  these  men  are  too 
distrustful  and  much  t«>  blame,  to  use  such  spet-cbes,  ^*  Parcile  paucorum  dijfundcre 
crimen  in  omnes.  '••  They  nmst  not  condemn  all  lor  some."  As  there  be  many  bad, 
there  be  some  good  wives;  as  some  be  vicious,  some  be  virtuous.  Bead  what  Solo- 
mon hath  said  in  their  praises,  Prov.  xiii.  and  Syracides,  cup.  '26  et  .'](),  '•  Blessed  is 
the  man  that  hath  a  virtuous  wife,  for  the  immber  of  his  days  shall  be  double.  A 
virtuous  woman  reji>iceth  her  husband,  and  she  shall  fulfil  the  years  of  his  life  in 
peace.  A  good  wify  is  a  gt)od  portion  i  and  xxxvi.  24;,  an  help,  a  [»illar  of  rest," 
columina  (juietis,^  Qui  capit  uxortm,fratrem  capit  atijut  sororcni.  And  30, '*  He 
that  hath  no  wife  wandereth  to  and  fro  mourning."  Minuuntur  atrce  conjuge  curce^ 
women  are  the  sole,  oidy  joy,  and  comfort  of  a  man's  life,  born  ad  usum  et  lusum 
hominum^Jirmaiiienta  families, 

*"  Uelitis  humani  gitneiis,  solatia  vile. 
BlHiiiliiia.-  noclU.  plucidissinia  cura  diei. 
Vota  viniiii,  jiiveiiuin  «|m:<,"  Sli:. 

*^^'  A  wife  is  a  ymng  man's  mistress,  a  middle  age's  companion,  an  old  man's  nurse:" 
Particeps  hetorum  et  tristium,  a  prop,  a  help,  &c. 

*>•♦  Optima  viri  pris.'<f«sio  est  inor  benevola,  I  "  Mari'g  best  poinession  l«  a  loving  wife, 

.MiligatiD  iraiii  et  averteiis  aniiuain  ejus  a  trimitia."  j  Sh>:  ti.-iii|i«r8  anger  and  diverts  all  atrife." 

There  is  no  joy,  no  comfort,  no  sweetness,  no  pleasure  in  the  world  like  to  that  of 
a  good  wife, 

""Qiiim  cijin  rhara  domi  conjui,  fiduMjue  maritus 
L'nanioieA  deiriint" 

saiih  our  Littin  Homer,  she  is  still  the  same  in  sickness  and  in  health,  his  eye,  hia 
hand,  his  bosom  friend,  his  partner  at  all  times,  his  other  self,  not  to  be  separated  by 
any  calamity,  but  ready  to  share  all  sorrow,  discontent,  and  as  the  Indian  women  do, 
live  and  die  with  him,  nay  more,  io  die  presently  for  him.  Admetus,  king  of  Tlies- 
saly,  when  he  lay  upon  his  death-bed,  was  told  by  Apollo's  Oracle,  that  if  he  could 

'•  llor.  *n  .f:neaf  Sylviiif  dp  dirii*  ^isi^miindi.  Hen- '  who  choo«»^  a  wifr.  takr«  a  hmthrr  and  ■  liiicr." 
■iu.1  PrnnK'ni.  "  Hiil»'ii  lU'irf-rn  fX  aniiiii  M-iil»'nlia  '  •  lyichfim.  "  I'he  d'ligbt  i>f  m.iiikind.  lh«?  »<i|»r<-  ol 
L'aiiiilliini  i'alpotti  Jiiri»<:iinsiilti  lilinin.  ■"  l.rL'>-iill-  ,  life,  lh>-  hUiidiihinciili>  nt  iiidil,  d'liri-iiit  rarra  of  day. 

but  el  iii'ililantibu*  caiidelaii  et  canijelahruiii  leiiue-  the  wmhrs  of  older  men.  the  hop.-*  iif'y..iii,e  "  ri  g^- 
ruiit.  *^>  llor.  "  ,Veith<>r  dripiM  arreeable  love,  nor  con'«  E»«nyi.  >  Euripide*  '■*  "  Mow  harmonioudt 
mirthful  pi ea«ure."         **Ovid.        »  Aphraniuii.    "  He  |  do  a  luv:n(  wife  and  coaitaot  huvbaad  lead  tbeir  lir<w. 


Mem.  5.  Subs.  5.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy.  55& 

get  anybody  to  die  for  him,  he  should  live  longer  yet,  but  when  all  refused,  his 
parents,  etsi  decrcpiti,  friends  and  followers  forsook  him,  Alcestus,  his  wife,  thoutrh 
young,  most  willingly  undertook  it;  what  more  can  be  desired  or  expected  .'  And 
although  on  the  other  side  there  be  an  infinite  number  of  bad  husbands  (I  should 
rail  downright  against  some  of  them),  able  to  discourage  any  women  ;  yet  there  be 
some  good  ones  again,  and  those  most  observant  of  marriage  rites.  An  honest 
country  fellow  (as  Fulgosus  relates  it)  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  *'at  plough  by  the 
sea-side,  saw  his  wife  carried  away  by  Mauritanian  pirates,  he  ran  after  in  "all  haste, 
up  to  the  chin  first,  and  when  he  could  wade  no  longer,  swam,  calling  to  the  governor 
of  the  ship  to  deliver  his  wife,  or  if  he  must  not  have  her  restored,  t°o  let  him  follow 
as  a  prisoner,  for  he  was  resolved  to  be  a  galley-slave,  his  drudge,  willing  to  endure 
any  misery,  so  that  he  might  but  enjoy  his  dear  wife.  The  Moors  seeing  the  man's 
constancy,  and  relating  the  whole  matter  to  their  governors  at  Tunis,  serthem  both 
free,  and  gave  them  an  honest  pension  to  maintain  themselves  during  their  lives.  I 
could  tell  many  stories  to  this  effect;  but  put  case  it  often  prove  otherwise,  because 
marriage  is  troublesome,  wholly  therefore  to  avoid  it,  is  no  argument ;  ^' "  He  that 
will  avoid  trouble  must  avoid  the  world."  (Eusebius  prapdr.  Evangel.  5.  cap.  50.^ 
.  Some  trouble  there  is  in  marriage  I  deny  not,  Etsi  grave  sit  7natrimonium,  saith 
Erasmus,  edulcatur  tavien  multis,  Sfc.,  yet  there  be  many  things  to  ^'^ sweeten  it,  a 
pleasant  wife,  placcns  uxor,  pretty  children,  dukes  nafi,  delicim  JiUorum  hominum, 
the  chief  delight  of  the  sons  of  men  ;  Eccles.  ii.  8.  &c.  And  howsoever  though  it 
were  all  troubles,  ^^  utilitatis  puUiccB  causa  devorandum,  grave  quid  libenler  subeun- 
durn,  it  must  willingly  be  undergone  for  public  good's  sake, 

^"  Aiiriite  (populiis)  hffic,  inqnit  Siisarion,  I  ^ 

Mais  sunt  inulieres,  veruntameii  O  populares  "  ^''^^  "'^'  "  ""^  countrymen,  saith  Susarion, 

Hoc  sine  malo  doinum  inhabitare  non  licet."       |  ^^  °°"^"  ^"^^  naught,  yet  no  lile  without  one." 

^ Malum  est  mulier,  sed  necessarium  malum.  They  are  necessary  evils,  and  for  our 
own  ends  we  must  make  use  of  them  to  have  issue,  ^  Supplet  Venus  ac  restifuit  hu- 
manum  genus,  and  to  propagate  the  church.  For  to  what  end  is  a  man  born  .'  why 
lives  he,  but  to  increase  the  world  t  and  how  shall  he  do  that  well,  if  he  do  not 
marry?  Matrimonium  humano  generi  vmnortaliiatem  tribuit^  saith  Nevi.«anus,  ma- 
trimony makes  us  immortal,  and  according  to  ''"  Tacitus,  hinjirmissiinum  imperii  mu- 
nimentum,  the  sole  and  chief  prop  of  an  empire.  ^^ Indigne  vivit  per  quern  non  vivit 
et  alter,  ^'' which  Pelopidas  objected  to  Epaminondas,  he  was  an  unworthv  member 
of  a  commonwealth,  that  left  not  a  child  after  him  to  defend  it,  and  as  ^'^  Trismeffis- 
tus  to  his  son  Tatius,  *•'  have  no  commerce  with  a  single  man :"  Holdino-  belike  that 
a  bachelor  could  not  live  honestly  as  he  should,  and  with  Georgius  Wicelius,  a 
great  divine  and  holy  man,  who  of  late  by  twenty-six  arguments  commends  mar- 
riage as  a  thing  most  necessary  for  all  kind  of  persons,  most  laudable  and  fit  to  be  em- 
braced :  and  is  persuaded  withal,  that  no  man  can  live  and  die  religiouslv,  and  as  he 
ought,  without  a  wife,  persuasus  neminem  posse  nequc  pie  vivere,  nequc  bene  mori 
citra  uxoreju,  he  is  false,  an  enemy  to  the  conmionwealth.  injurious  to  himself, 
destructive  to  the  world,  an  apostate  to  nature,  a  rebel  against  heaven  and  earth.  Let 
our  wilful,  obstinate,  and  stale  bachelors  ruminate  of  this,  "  If  we  could  live  with- 
out wives,"  as  3Iarcellus  Numidicus  said  in  ^'Agellius,  "we  would  all  want  them; 
but  because  we  cannot,  let  all  marry,  and  consult  rather  to  the  public  good,  than 
their  own  private  pleasure  or  estate."  It  were  an  happy  thing,  as  wise  ^'Euripides 
hath  it,  if  we  could  buy  children  with  gold  and  silver,  and  be  so  provided,  sine 
mulierum  congressu,  without  women's  company;  but  that  may  not  be: 

*3"  Orhis  jacehit  sqiiallido  tiirpis  situ,  I    ,,  t, .t  ,      j    , 

Vanum  sine  ullis  classibus  stabit  mare,  i^?""-  ^";  sea.  land  eftsoon  would  come  to  nought. 

Ak.<que  cojlo  deerit  el  sylvis  fera."  '      ^'"^  "'°'''''  "self  should  be  to  ruin  b.-ought." 

I^ecessity  therefore  compels  us  to  marry. 


"Cum    juxta   mare    agrum    coleret :    Omnis    enim  iSi  Hist.  lib.  4.        «  Palinsenius.    "  He  lives  conCempti 
miser.ai    imniemorem,  coiijugalis  amor  eum   fecerat.     bly  by  whom  no  other  lives."  sj  Uruson.  lib.  ■; 

NoM  sine  inuenti  adiniratione,  tanta  hominis  charitate  '  cap.  ix        *"  Noli  societatem  habere,  &c.  <•  Lib!  1 

motus  rfix  liheros  esse  jussit,  &c.  3' Qui  viilt  vitare    cap.  6.     Si,  iirquit,  Quirites,  sine  uxore  esse  possemus 

molfstias  vitet  rauniliini.  "T/^t/Jiof   riOt  rtp^ziiv  ,  omiios  careremus ;  Sed  quoniain  sic  est,  saluti   potiuj 

■"■fp  xP'"'ni  aioohiTtji.  Quid  vita  est  qua;so  quidve  est  i  publicJP  quaui  voluptiiti  consuiendum.  «  Beatiitn 

siue  Cypride  diilce  ?     Mininer.  ss  Erasmus.        3*  g  I  firet  si  libcros  auro  et  argento  tnercari,  &c.    ■'^Senecs 

Stobeo-      s^Meiiander.       36 Seneca  Hyp.  lib.  3.  num.  1.  I  Hyp. 


560  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  2 

But  what  do  I  trouble  myself,  to  find  arguments  to  persuade  to,  or  commend  mar- 
riage i  behold  a  brief  abstract  of  all  that  which  I  have  said,  and  much  more,  suc- 
cinctly, pithily,  pathetically,  perspicuously,  and  elegantly  delivered  in  twelve  motions 
lo  mitigate  the  miseries  of  marriage,  by  '•^Jacobus  de  Voragine, 

I.  Ri»  est?  hahes  qucB  tueatiir  et  au^eat. — "2.  Non  ist  ?  habes  quce  quarat. — 

3.  Sriundce  rts  sunt  ?  Jilicitas  duplicatur. — 4.  Advencz  sunt  ?  Consolutur,  adsidet, 
0  ,us participat  ut  tulerabile  fiat. — o.  Dumics?  solitudinis  tiediuin  pcliit. — 0.  Funis? 
iJisccn  lentim  visuprusequitur,  absintem  desiderut,  rtdiunttin  httu  cxcipit. — 7.  Nihil 
juiundum  absque  sucietale?  Nulla  sociitas  viatnnioniu  sudviur. — 8.  Vinculum  con- 
jugatis  chiiritatit  adamintinum. — 9.  Accrescit  diilcis  tijfiuium  turbu,  duplicatur 
nurncrus  purentum,  fratum,  sororum,  jiepotum. — 10.  Pulchra  sis  prole  fiurcns. — 

11.  Lex  Mosis  stcrilitatcm  matrimonii  exicratur,  quunto   amplius   ccelibatum? — 

12.  Si  natura  pa^nam  non  cffugit,  ne  voluntas  quidem  tffugitt. 

1.  Ilast  thtm  means.''  ihou  hast  none  to  keep  and  increase  it. — 2.  IJast  none  .^ 
thou  hast  one  to  help  to  get  it. — 3.  Art  in  prosperity .'  thine  happiness  is  doubled. — 

4.  Art  in  adversity.'  she'll  comfort, assist,  bear  a  part  of  thy  biirdi-n  to  make  it  more 
tolerable. — 5.  Art  at  home?  she'll  drive  away  melancholy. — -0.  Art  abroad?  she 
looks  after  thee  going  from  home,  wishes  for  thee  in  thine  absence,  and  joyfully 
welcomes  thv  return. — ^7.  There's  nothing  delightsome  without  society,  no  sociiUy 
st»  sweet  as  matrimony. — 8.  Tiie  band  of  conjugal  love  is  adamantine. — J).  The 
siweet  company  of  kinsiueii  increasclh,  the  number  of  parents  is  doubled,  of  brothers, 
sisters,  nephews. — 10.  Thou  art  maile  a  father  by  a  fair  and  happy  issue. —  1 1.  Moses 
curseth  the  barrenness  uf  matrimony,  how  nmch  more  a  single  life? — 12.  If  nature 
escape  not  punishment,  surely  thy  will  shall  not  avoid  it. 

All  ihi.M  is  true,  say  you,  and  who  knows  it  nut?  but  how  easy  a  matter  is  it  to 
answer  these  moiives,  and  to  make  an  Antiparodia  quite  opposite  unto  it?  To 
exercise  myself  I  will  es.say: 

1.  Hast  thuu  means?  th»>u  hast  one  to  spend  it. — 2.  Hast  none?  thy  beggary  is 
increased. — 3.  Art  in  prosperity?  thy  happiness  is  ended. — 4.  Art  in  adversity?  like 
Job's  wife  she'll  aggravate  thy  n>isery,  vex  thy  soul,  make  thy  burden  intolenible. — 

5.  Art  at  home?  she'll  scold  thee  out  of  doors. — G.  Art  abroad'  If  thou  be  wise 
keep  thee  s<>,  shi-'ll  perhaps  graft  horn.'  in  thine  absence,  scowl  on  thee  coming 
honje. — 7.  Xoihiiig  gives  more  ctjuient  than  s(jlitariness,  no  solitariness  like  this  of 

a  single  lift 8.  The  band  of  marriage  is  adamantine,  no  hope  of  losing  it,  thou  art 

undone. — U.  T  hy  number  iticreaseth,  thou  shah  be  devoured  by  thy  wife's  friends. — 
10.  Thou  art  made  a  cornuto  by  an  unchaste  wife,  and  shalt  bring  up  other  folks' 
children  instead  of  thine  own. —  1 1.  Paul  commends  marriage,  yet  he  prefers  a  single 
life. — 12.  Is  marriage  honourable  ?    What  an  immortal  crown  belongs  to  virginity? 

So  Siracides  himself  speaks  as  much  as  may  be  for  and  against  women,  so  doth 
almost  every  philosopher  plead  pro  and  con,  every  poet  thus  argues  the  case  (though 
what  cares  vulgus  nominum  what  they  say?):  so  can  I  conceive  peradvenlure,  and 
so  canst  tiiou:  when  all  is  said,  yet  since  some  be  good,  some  bad,  let's  put  it  to 
the  venture.     1  conclude  therefore  with  Seneca, 

"  cur  Toro  viduo  jacc*  ? 

Tristein  juwiitaiii  solve:  nunc  liiiua  rapt:, 
Etfuhi^K  liulwnuD.  opiiiooa  vilx  die» 
KUluere  prohibe." 

••  Why  dost  thou  lie  alone,  let  thy  youth  and  best  days  to  pass  away  ?"  Marry 
whilst  thou  mayest,  donee  vivcnli  canities  ahest  morosu^  whilst  thou  art  yet  able,  yet 
lustv,  *^ Elige  cui  dicas^  tu  mihi  sola  places,  make  thy  choice,  and  that  freely  forth- 
with, make  no  delay,  but  take  thy  fortune  as  it  falls.    'Tis  true, 

«  " calamilodiis  e«t  qui  incideril 

In  iiialaiu  uxureiii,  felix  qui  in  bonam," 

Tis  a  hazard  both  ways  I  confess,  to  live  single  or  to  marry,  ^^  JVom  et  uxorem  ducere, 
tt  non  dncrre  malum  est,  it  may  be  bad,  it  may  be  good,  as  it  is  a  cross  and  calamity 
«»n  the  one  side,  so  'tis  a  sweet  deliglit,  an  incomparable  happiness,  a  blessed  estate, 
a  most  unspeakable  benefit,  a  sole  content,  on  the  other;  'tis  all  in  the  proof.     Be 

xGeo.  li.  A.ljiitDrium  similf,  Ate.  «*  Ovnl.  ••  Find  I  ine«    ■    bsd   wiftf,    happy   who    found    •    good    o»e" 

h(*r  to  wboiii  v»u  ni4y  say.  -ilmu  art  my  only  pira-  <^  E  (irrco  Valcriu*.  lib.  7.  cap.  7.  "  To  marrir,  aod  ■«( 
lure  '  **  EurioiUe*.   "  L'nliappy  the  man  Mho  hn»  \  lo  mafTjr,  are  ciiually  baae." 


Men..  5.  Subs.  5.]  Cure  of  Love-Melancholy.  561 

not  then  so  wayward,  so  covetous,  so  distrustful,  so  curious  and  nice,  but  let's  all 
marry,  muluos foventes  amplexus;  "Take  me  to  thee,  and  thee  to  me,"  to-morrow 
is  St.  Valentine's  day,  let's  keep  it  holiday  for  Cupid's  sake,  for  that  great  god  Love's 
sake,  for  Hymen's  sake,  and  celebrate  ^^Venus'  vigil  with  our  ancestors  for  company 
together,  singing  as  they  did. 


"Crasaii)  et  qui  riuiiquam  ainavit,  quique  amavit,  eras 
aiiiet, 
Ver  iioviini,  ver  jam  canorum,  ver  natus  orbis  est, 
Vere  concordant  aniores,  vere  nubuiit  alites, 

Et  iiemiis  coma  resolvit,  &.c. 

('ras  aniet,  &i:. 


'  Let  those  love  now  who  nevpr  lovpil  before, 
And  those  who  always  loved  now  love  the  more; 
Sweet  loves  are  born  with  every  opening  s|)ring; 
Birds  from  the-  jnder  boughs  their  pledges  sing,"  ice. 


Let  him  that  is  averse  from  marriage  read  more  in  Barbarus  de  re  uxor.  llh.  1.  cap.  \. 
Lemnius  de  institut.  cap.  4.  P.  Godefndus  de  Jimor.  lib.  3.  cap.  1.  "''Nevisanus,  lib.  3. 
Alex,  ab  Alexandro,  lib.  4.  cap.  8.  Tunstall,  Erasmus'  tracts  in  laudem  matrimonii^ 
4t.,  and  1  doubt  not  but  in  the  end  he  will  rest  satisfied,  recant  with  Beroaldus,  do 
penance  for  his  former  folly,  singing  some  penitential  ditties,  desire  to  be  reconciled 
to  the  deity  of  this  great  god  Love,  go  a  pilgrimage  to  his  shrine,  offer  to  his  image, 
sacrifice  upon  his  altar,  and  be  as  willing  at  last  to  embrace  marriage  as  the  rest 
Ther^  will  not  be  found,  I  hope,  ^°"No,  not  in  that  severe  family  of  Stoics,  who 
shall  refuse  to  submit  his  grave  beard,  and  supercillious  looks  to  the  clipping  of  a 
wife,"  or  disagree  from  his  fellows  in  this  point.  "  For  what  more  willingly  (as 
°' Varro  holds)  can  a  proper  man  see  than  a  fair  wife,  a  sweet  wife,  a  loving  wife  ?'' 
can  the  world  afford  a  better  sight,  sweeter  content,  a  fairer  object,  a  more  gracious 
aspect } 

Since  then  this  of  marriage  is  the  last  and  best  refuge,  and  cure  of  heroical  love, 
all  doubts  are  cleared,  and  impediments  removed  ;  I  say  again,  what  remains,  but 
that  according  to  both  their  desires,  they  be  happily  joined,  since  it  cannot  other- 
wise be  helped .''  God  send  us  all  good  wives,  every  man  his  wish  in  this  kind,  and 
me  mine! 

'■''■  Jind  God  that  all  this  world  hath  ywrought 
Send  him  his  Loce  that  hath  il  so  deere  bought. 

If  all  parties  be  pleased,  ask  their  banns,  'tis  a  match.  ^^Fruitur  Rhodanthe  sponsa, 
sponso  Dosicle,  Khodanthe  and  Dosicles  shall  go  together,  Clitiphon  and  Leucippe, 
Theagines  and  Chariclea,  Poliaichus  hath  his  Argenis,  Lysander  Calista,  to  make 
up  the  mask)  ""*  Potiturqiie  sua  puer  Iphis  lanthi. 

.^nd  Troilus  in  lust  and  in  quiet 
[s  »<(A  Cresetd,  his  own  heart  sweet. 

And  although  they  have  hardly  passed  the  pikes,  through  many  difficulties  and  de- 
lays brought  the  match  about,  yet  let  tliem  take  this  of  "Aristajnetus  (that  so  marry) 
for  their  comfort:  ^^^  after  many  troubles  and  cares,  the  marriages  of  lovers  are 
more  sweet  and  pleasant."  As  we  commonly  conclude  a  comedy  with  a  "  wedding, 
and  shaking  of  hands,  let's  shut  up  our  discourse,  and  end  all  with  an  ^^  Epithala- 
mium. 

Feliciter  nupfis,  God  give  them  joy  together.  ^^  Hymen  O  Hymencce^  Hymen  ades 
O  HymencEc  !  Bonuvi  factum.)  'tis  well  done,  Haud  equidem  sine  mcnle  reor^  sine 
numine  Divum.,  'lis  a  happy  conjunction,  a  fortunate  match,  an  even  couple, 

"  Ambo  anirnis,  ambo  prsstantes  virihiis,  ambo 
Florentes  annis," 

"  they  both  excel  in  gifts  of  body  and  mind,  are  both  equal  in  years,"  youth,  vigour, 
alacrity,  she  is  fair  and  lovely  as  Lais  or  Helen,  he  as  another  Charinus  or  Alcibiades, 

'  ludite  ut  lubet  et  brevi  I  "  Then  modestly  go  sporl  and  toy, 


Liberos  date." I  And  let 's  have  every  year  a  boy." 

*' "  Go  give  a  sweet  smell  as  incense,  and  bring  forth  flowers  as  the  Idy  :"  that  we 
may  say  hereafter,  Scitus  Mecastor  natus  est  Pamphilo  puer.    In  the  meantime  I  say, 

*"  Pervigilium  Veneris  6  vetere  poeta.  «Doraus  |  MQvid.  s5 Epist.  4.  I.  2.    Jucundiores  multo  et 

nnn   potest  coiisistere   sine   uxore.     Nevisanus  lib.  2.     suaviores  longfi  post  molestas  turbasamantium  nupli«. 
num.  18.  -M  Xemo  in  si-verissima  Stoicorum  faniilia     -'  Olim  memiiiisse  juvabit.        ^"  ftuid  e.vpecialis,  intus 

qui    non    barbam   quoque   et   supercilium    amplexibus     Sunt  tiuptiae,  the  music  guests,  and  all  the  gooii  chee* 
uiores  subniiserit,  aut  in  ista  parte  a  reliquis  dissen-     is  within.  as  The  conclusion  of  Chaucer's  poem  ot 

serit.     Hensius  Primiero.  si  Quid  libeiitius  homo     Troilus  and  Creseid.  »Catullus.  «> Catullus.  J. 

masculus  videre  debet  qwam  bellam  u.xorem?     s^Chau-     Secundus  Sylvar.  lib.  Jam  virgo  thalamum  subibit  unde 
tiLr  '3  Conclusio  Theod.  Podro.  rai.  9.  1  Amor.  I  ne  virgo  redeat,  marite  cura.  ^'  Ecclus.  xxxiz.  li 

71 


562 


Love-Melancholy. 


[Part.  3.  Sec.  3 


'  Ite,  asrite,  O  juvenes,  Wnon  murmura  vestra  columb.-e, 
Bracliia,  noii  liedi-rce,  neque  vimaiit  oscula  coiiclue." 


"  Gpntle  youths,  go  sport  yourselves  betiuies. 
Let  iiiit  the  doves  outpass  your  luurniuriiig; 
Or  ivy  clasping  arms,  or  oyster-kissings." 


And  in  the  morn  betime,  as  those  "  Lacedaemonian  lasses  saluted  Helena  and  Mene- 
laus,  singing  at  their  windows,  and  wishing  good  success,  do  we  at  yours : 


'  Salve  O  sponsa,  salve  felix,  det  viihis  Latoii.i 
Felicein  suliuleiii,  Veuus  dea  det  a-qiialnii  ainoreiu 
Inter  vos  niiituu  ;  t^aturniis  durabiles  divitia:;. 
Dorniite  in  pectora  niutuo  auiureni  luspirantes, 
El  desidiTium  !" 


Even  all  your  lives  long, 


'Contin^Til  vobis  turturuin  concordia, 
Curiiiculie  vivacitas" 


Good   morrow,   master  bridegroom,   and   mistresa 
Many  ftiir  lovely  bcrnes  to  you  betitle !  [bride, 

Let  Venus  to  you  mutual  love  procure, 
Let  Siilurn  give  you  riclies  to  euilure. 
Long  may  you  sleep  in  one  anotlicr's  arms, 
Ius|iiring  sweel  desire,  and  free  I'rum  harms." 


"  The  love  of  turtles  hap  to  you, 
.And  ravens'  vcars  still  to  renew.' 


Let  the  Muses  sing,  (as  he  said ;)  the  Graces  dance,  not  at  their  weddings  only  but 
all  their  days  long ;  "  so  couple  their  hearts,  that  no  irksomeness  or  anger  ever  befal 
them  :  let  liim  never  call  lier  other  name  ihan  my  joy,  my  light,  or  she  call  him 
otherwise  than  sweetheart.  Tp  this  happiness  of  theirs,  let  not  old  age  any  whit 
detract,  but  as  their  years,  so  let  tlieir  mutual  love  and  comfort  increase."  And 
when  they  depart  this  life. 


"conciirdes  ((uoniam  vixere  tot  annos, 

Aufirnt  hora  duns  eadein,  nee  ronjugis  usquaiii 
Bubla  suu:  videut,  Dec  bit  tumuiaiidus  ab  ilia." 


'•  Because  they  have  so  sweetly  liv'd  together, 
Ltt  not  one  die  a  day  bi-fnre  tin-  other. 
Me  bury  her,  she  him.  with  even  lute. 
One  hour  their  souls  let  jointly  separate." 


*■  "  Fortunati  ambn  si  quid  mea  carmina  possunt, 
Nulla  dies  unquam  inemori  vos  eximet  svo." 

Atque  hfcc  de  amore  dixisse  sufiiciat,  siih  corrcclione,  ''quod  ait  ille,  cujnsque  me- 
lius sentientis.  Plura  qui  volet  de  remediis  amoris,  legat  Jasoncm  Pratcnstm,  Ar- 
noldum^  Montalluin^  Savanarolum^  Langium^  Vakscu?n,  Crimisonum,  Alexandrum 
Bciif dictum.,  Laurenlium,  I'uUcriolam,  e  Poetis  J\''aso7iein,  e  nostratibus  Chaucerum 
Sf-c,  wiih  whom  I  conclude, 

•*  For  my  leorJs  here  and  every  part, 
•  I  apeak  htm  all  under  correction, 

i  Vf  yuu  that  feeling  kace  in  lore't  art, 

^nd  put  it  all  in  your  discretion, 

To  mtreat  or  make  diminution. 

Of  my  language,  that  I  you  heaeeck: 

But  nine  to  purpote  of  my  rather  gpeetk. 


SECT.  IIL   MEMB.  I 


/f 


SuBSECT.  I. — Jealousy,  its  Equivocations,  Name,  Definition,  Extent,  several  kinds; 
of  Pritiiis,  Parrntf,  Friends.  In  Beasts,  Mm:  before  marriage,  as  Cu-rivals  ; 
or  after,  as  in  this  place. 

Valescls  de  Tarantd  cap.  de  Melanchol.  .Julian  Montaltus,  Felix  Plaierus, 
Guianerius,  put  jealousy  for  a  cause  of  melancholy,  others  for  a  symptom  ;  because 
melanchol V  persons  amongst  these  passions  and  perturbations  of  the  mind,  are  mo.^t 
obnoxious  to  it.  But  methinks  for  the  latitude  it  halli,  and  that  prerogative  above 
other  ordinary  symptoms,  it  ought  to  be  treated  of  as  a  species  apart,  bring  of  so 
great  am!  eminent  note,  so  furious  a  passion,  and  almost  of  as  great  extent  as  love 
itself,  as  "  Benedetto  Varchi  holds,  "no  love  without  a  mixture  of  jealousy,"  ^ui 
nan  zrlat^  non  amat.  For  these  causes  I  will  (hlate,  and  treat  of  it  by  itself,  as  a 
bastard-branch  or  kind  of  love-melancholy,  which,  as  hcroical  love  goeih  cununonly 
before  marriage,  doth  usually  follow,  torture,  and  crucify  in  like  sort,  deserves  there- 
-.ore  to  be  rectified  alike,  requires  as  much  care  and  industry,  in  setting  out  the 
several  causes  of  it,  prognostics  and  cures.     Which  I  have  more  willingly  done,  that 


OGaleni  Epilhal.  "O  noctem  quater  et  quater  i  Irahat,  iino  potius  aliquid  adnugeat.  **'' Happy 

beatam.  •' 'I'heiicritus  idyl  J8.  ■^  Krasin.  Epithal.  i  b<ah,  if  my  v«r»^«  have  any  charMM,  nnr»hall  lime  ever 
p.  iEKidij.  Nee  !«alteiil  niodo  sed  rluo  <:liari.-t.<^tma  pec-  I  di-lract  from  the  memorahle  example  i>(  >n(ir  live*.' 
tora  iiidi^a'dublli   iiiiitiix  benevolentis  nrulo  rnrpulent,  '  "  Kornmaiinuii  de  linea  aiiiori<.  **  Kiiiix  .1  tMiok 

ut  nihil  UR<|'i:iiii  rn*  incedere  possit  irs  vel  lo-dii.     Ilia  |  of  Troilut  and  <'ri-«eid.         °*  lu  his  Oration  of  Jeulouty 
p<-rp>-tuo  nihil  audiat  ni^i,  mea  lux  :  ille  vicis>im  nihil  I  put  out  by  Fr.  Sausavin. 
mai  aniuie  mi:  atijue  buic jucuiidiiati  ne  •eneciuade-! 


.\Iem.  1.  Subs.  1.] 


Jealousy  of  Princes 


503 

he  that  is  or  hath  been  jealous,  may  see  his  error  as  in  a  glass ;  he  that  is  not.  niav 
learn  to  detest,  avoid  it  himself,  and  dispossess  others  that  are  anywise  aUtcieil 
with  it. 

Jealousy  is  described  and  defined  to  be  ™"a  certain  suspicion  which  the  lover 
hath  of  the  party  he  chiefly  lovelh,  lest  he  or  she  should  be  enamoured  of  another:"' 
or  any  eager  desire  to  enjoy  some  beauty  alone,  to  have  it  proper  to  himself  only  : 
a  fear  or  doubt,  lest  any  foreigner  should  participate  or  share  with  him  in  his  love! 
Or  (as  ■'  Scaliger  adds)  '•  a  fear  of  losing  her  favour  whom  he  so  earnestly  affects." 
Cardan  calls  it  "a  '^zeal  for  love,  and  a  kind  of  envy  lest  any  man  should  beguile 
us."    "Ludovicus  Vives  defines  it  in  the  very  same  words,  or  little  differing  in  sense. 

There  be  many  other  jealousies,  but  improperly  so  called  all;  as  that  of  parents, 
tutors,  guardians  over  their  children,  friends  whom  they  love,  or  such  as  are  left  to 
their  wardship  or  protection. 

'*  "Storax  non  rediil  hac  nocte  a  coBna  yE>chinus, 

Neque  servulorum  quispiarn  qui  adversum  ierant?" 

As  the  old  man  in  the  comedy  cried  out  in  a  passion,  and  from  a  solicitous  fear 
and  care  he  had  of  his  adopted  son  ;  "'"  not  of  beauty,  but  lest  they  should  miscarry, 
do  amiss,  or  any  way  discredit,  disgrace  (as  Vives  notes)  or  endanger  themselves 
and  us."     ""^^geus  was  so  solicitous  for  his  son  Theseus,  (when  he^went  to  fi-rht 
with  the  3'Iinotaur)  of  his  success,  lest  he  should  be  foiled,  "" Prona  est  timori  semper 
in  pejus  fides.     We  are  still  apt  to  suspect  the  worst  in  such  doubtful  cases,  as  many 
wives  m  their  husband's  absence,  fond  mothers  in  their  children's,  lest  if  absent  they 
should  be  misled  or  sick,  and  are  continually  expecting  news  from  them,  how  they 
do  fare,  and  what  is  become  of  them,  they  cannot  endure  to  have  them  lono-  out  of 
their  sight :  oh  my  sweet  son,  O  my  dear  child,  &c.     Paul   was  jealous  o'ver  the 
Church  of  Connth,  as  he  confesseth,  2  Cor.  xi.  12.     '-With  a  godly  jealousy,  to 
present  them  a  pure  virgin  to  Christ;"  and  he  was  afraid  still,  lest  as  the  serpent 
beguded  Eve,  through  his  subtilty,  so  their  minds  should  be  corrupt  from  the  sim- 
plicity that  is  in  Christ.     God  himself,  in  some  sense,  is  said  to  be  jealous,  '^"  I  am 
a  jealous  God,  and  will  visit :"  so  Psalm  Ixxix.  5.     ''  Shall  thv  jealousy  burn  like 
fire  for  ever?"     But  these  are  improperly  called  jealousies,  aiid  bv  a  metaphor,  to 
show  the  care  and  solicitude  they  have  of  them.     Although  some  jealousies  express 
all  the  symptoms  of  this  which  we  treat  of,  fear,  sorrow,  anguish,  anxiety,  suspicion, 
hatred,  ^c,  the  object  only  varied.     That  of  some  fathers  is  very  eminent,  to  their 
sons  and  heirs ;  for  though  they  love  them  dearly  being  children,  vet  now  coming 
towards  man's  estate  they  may  not  well  abide  them,  the  son  and  heir  is  commonly 
sick  of  the  father,  and    the  father  again   may  not  well   brook   his  eldest  son,  inde 
simuUates,  phrunu/ue  confentlones  et  inimichicB ;  but  that  of  princes  is  most  noto- 
rious, as  when  they  fear  co-rivals  (if  I  may  so  call  them)  successors,  emulators, 
subjects,  or  such  as  th.ey  have  offended.     ""  Omnisque  potestas  impatkns  consortis 
erit:  "  they  are  still  suspicious,  lest  their  authority  should  be  diminished," '^  as  one 
observes;  and  as  Comineus  hath  it,  ^''^it  cannot  be  expressed  what  slender  causes 
they  have  of  their  grief  and  suspicion,  a  secret  disease,  that  commonly  lurks  and 
breeds  in  princes'  llimilies."     Sometimes  it  is  for  their  honour  only,  as  that  of  Adrian 
the  emperor,  ^^-  that  killed  all  his  emulators."     Saul  envied  David ;  Domitian  Agri- 
cola,  because  he  did  excel  him,  obscure  his  honour,  as  he  thought,  eclipse  his  fame. 
Juno  turned  Praetus'  daughters  into  kine,  for  that  they  contended  with  her  for  beautv; 
"Cyparissas,  king  Eteocles'  children,  were  envied  of  the  goddesses  for  their  excel- 
lent good  parts,  and  dancing  amongst  the  rest,  saith  *^  Constantine,  "  and  for  that 
cause  Hung  headlong  from  heaven,  and  buried  in  a  pit,  but  the  earth  took  pity  of 
them,  and  brought  out  cypress  trees  to  preserve  their  memories."     ^^Niobe,  .Arac'hne, 
and  Marsyas,  can  testify  as  much.    But  it  is  most  grievous  when  it  is  for  a  kino-dom 


'»  Btne.  otto  Varclii.        'i  Kxercitat.  317.  Cum  rnetiii- 
mus  !ie  aiiiucoi  rei  exturbiinur  pi.ss.-ssione.  "Zelus 

dt;  forma  est  invidentiie  specifs  np  quis  forma  quam 
aiuanuis  fniatur.  'a;)  ,|e  ..\n,,„a  ti  ••  Has  not 

evi-ry  one  ot'ilie  slaves  thai  went  to  meet  him  n-turiied 
this  ni»lit  fi  )m  the  supper  ?"  '^  R.  ile  Aiiimd.  Tan- 

eimur  z<'lotypia  de  pupillis,  liheris  charisqiie  cura;  iios- 
triE  coni;r."ilitis,  non  de  forma,  se.l  ne  male  sit  iis  aut 
ne  nobis  sibiqiie  parent  ignominiam.  "  Plutarch. 

"  Scuec.  ia  Here.  fur.  '•>>  Eiod.  xx.  "  Lucan. 


'"Danaus  Aphori.*.  polit.  semper  metuunt  ne  oorum 
auctoritas  minuatur.  "i  Belli  Xeapol.  lib.  5.  f^Dici 
non  potest  quam  tenues  et  intirmas  causas  habenl 
rareroris  et  suspicioni.s,  et  hie  est  morbus  occultus,  qui 
in  familiis  principum  regnat.  w  Omnes  ajmulos  in- 

terfecit.     Lamprid.  ^  Constant,  agricult.  lib.  10.  c. 

5.  CyparissE  Eteoclis  fiiire,  saltantes  ad  emulationem 
dearum  in  puteum  demolitEe  sunt,  sed  terra  mi:3erata, 
cupressos  inde  produxit.  i»Ovid.  Met. 


004  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  3. 

itself,  or  matters  of  commodity,  it  produceth  lamentable  effects,  especially  amongst 
tyrants,  in  despolico  Imperio,  and  such  as  are  more  feared  than  beloved  of  llieir  sub- 
jects, ihat  get  and  keep  their  sovereignty  by  force  and  fear.  '^  Quod  civibiis  Icncre 
tf  invitis  scius,  i^c,  as  Phalaris,  Dionysius,  Periander  held  theirs.  For  tliough  fear, 
cowardice,  and  jealousy,  in  Plutarcli's  opinion,  be  the  common  causes  of  tyranny, 
as  in  Nero,  Caligula,  Tiberius,  yet  most  take  them  to  be  symptoms.  For  '''•'  what 
slave,  wluit  hangman  (as  Boiline  well  expresseth  tliis  passion,  /.  2.  c.  5.  de  rep.)  can 
su  cruelly  torture  a  condemned  person,  as  this  fear  and  suspicion  ?  Fear  of  death, 
infamy,  torments,  are  those  furies  and  vuUures  that  vex  and  disquiet  tyrants,  and 
torture  them  day  and  night,  with  perpetual  terrors  and  affrights,  envy,  suspicion,  fear, 
desire  of  revenge,  and  a  thousand  sucli  disagreeing  perturbations,  turn  and  afliight 
the  soul  out  of  the  hinges  of  health,  and  more  grievously  wound  and  pierce,  than 
those  cruel  masters  can  exasperate  and  vex  their  apprentices  or  servants,  with  clubs, 
whips,  chains,  and  tortures."  Many  terrible  examples  we  have  in  this  kind,  amongst 
the  Turks  especially,  many  jealous  outrages  ;  "  Sclimus  killed  Kornutus  his  youngest 
brother,  live  of  liis  nephews,  Mustapha  Bassa,  and  divers  others.  '"Bajazet  the 
second  Turk,  jealous  of  the  valour  and  grtalness  of  Achmet  Bassa,  caused  him  to 
be  slain.  '^Solyman  the  Magnificent  murdered  his  own  son  Mustapha;  and  'tis  an 
ordmary  thing  amongst  them,  to  make  away  their  brothers,  or  any  competitors,  at 
the  first  coinujg  to  the  crown  :  'lis  all  the  solemnity  they  use  at  their  fathers'  fune- 
rals. What  mad  pranks  in  his  jealous  I'ury  did  Herod  of  old  commit  in  Jewry,  w  hen 
he  massacred  all  tlie  chddren  of  a  year  old  ?  "'  V'alens  the  emperor  in  Constanti- 
nople, when  as  he  left  no  man  alive  of  qualily  in  his  kingilom  that  had  his  name 
begun  with  Theo ;  Theodoti,  Theognosii,  Theodosii,  Theoduli,  kc.  They  went 
all  to  their  long  home,  because  a  wizard  told  him  that  name  should  succeed  in  his 
empire.  And  what  furious  designs  hath  ''^Jo.  Basiljus,  that  Muscovian  tyrant,  prac- 
tised of  late  ?  It  is  a  wonder  to  read  that  strange  suspicion,  which  Suetonius  reports 
of  Claudius  Ca-'sar,  and  of  Domitian,  they  were  afraid  of  every  man  they  saw  :  and 
whicti  lierodian  of  Antoninus  and  (Jeta,  those  two  jealous  brothers,  the  one  could 
not  endure  so  much  as  the  other's  servants,  but  made  away  him,  his  chiefest  fol- 
lowers, and  all  that  belonged  to  him,  or  were  his  well-wishers.  "^Maximinus  •'  j)er- 
ceivuig  himself  to  be  odious  to  inosi  men,  because  he  was  come  U)  that  height  of 
honour  out  of  base  beginnings,  and  susjiecting  his  mean  parentage  woulil  be  ob- 
jected to  him,  caused  all  the  senators  that  were  nobly  descended,  to  be  slain  in  a 
jealous  humour,  turned  all  the  servants  of  Alexander  his  predecessor  out  of  doors, 
and  slew  many  of  them,  because  they  lamented  their  master's  death,  suspecting  them 
to  be  traitors,  for  the  love  they  bare  to  hiiji."  When  Alexander  in  his  jury  liad 
made  Clitus  his  dear  friend  to  be  put  to  death,  and  saw  now  (.saith  *"  Curtius;  an 
alienation  in  his  subjects'  hearts,  none  durst  talk  with  him,  he  began  to  be  jealou.s 
of  himself,  lest  they  should  attempt  as  much  on  him,  "  and  said  they  lived  like  so 
many  wild  beasts  in  a  wilderness,  one  afraid  of  another."  Our  modern  stories  allbrd 
us  many  notable  examples.  '^  Henry  the  Third  of  France,  jealous  of  llemy  of 
Lorraine,  Duke  of  Guise,  anno  1588,  caused  him  to  be  murdered  in  his  own  cliain- 
ber.  '-''Louis  the  Eleventh  was  so  suspicious,  he  durst  not  trust  his  children,  every 
man  about  him  he  suspected  for  a  traitor;  many  strange  tricks  Comineus  telhih  of 
hiiu.  How  jealous  was  our  Henry  the  ^'  Fourth  of  Jving  Bichard  the  Second,  so 
long  as  he  lived,  alter  he  was  deposed.'  and  of  his  own  son  Henry  in  his  latter  days.' 
which  the  prince  well  perceiving,  came  to  visit  his  father  in  his  sickness,  in  a  walchel 
velvet  gown,  full  of  eyelet  holes,  and  with  needles  slicking  in  them  (as  an  enddem 
of  jealousy),  and  so  pacitied  his  suspicious  father,  after  some  speeches  and  |)rotesla- 
Uons,  which  he  had  used  to  that  purpose.    Perpetual  imprisonment,  as  that  of  iiobert 


"■Seiieia.  ''Quid  autem  cuniirei  addictuiii  sup-  liinet  oriitiea  ne  iiiniilic  eoeiit.  Ik-rndnl.  I   7.     Mrtiiini 

plicio  criiileliu*  afficmt,  (|uaiii  iui-tu«7     Mrtu*  inquaiu  im*  iiivikiiui  re  n^nlieiii.quixl  ex  mtiiiio  |i>cii  in  tamam 

mortis   inraiiiix  cnicialus,  sum   ille  ullrices  fur  in- qua:  furlunarii  Vf  iiissci  iiioriljusac  e<'iiere  hartiaru*,  ineliii-nr 

lyraiintis  eiumlant.  Jcc.     Multo  ait-rbiiis  !iauci;tii(   <-l  lie   iintaliuiii  i>lii>ciiritaii  ubjicen-lur,  nuiiieit    Ait-xiiiMlri 


pun^uiil,  i|iiaiii  criidfles  Uoiuiiii  servos  v.iiclns  fuatihux 
ar  lorui'iilis  exulcerare  posiiunt.  '*  L(iiiiC'-ru!i,  To. 

1.  Turc.  Iii»l.  e. -J^.  "•J.iviua  vita  ejus.  »"  Kim »!>••. 
Busbfi|iiiU!t.  Saiiil.  ful.  j'.'.  »' Nicr-phorus,  III .  11.  c. 
a     Sticraics.  III).  7.  cap.  :L3.     Nequr  V'alein  alicui  p*.- 


pra-decensori*  iiiiiiislros  ex  aula  i-jtrn    piiirit.n*  iiii»«r. 
iVcliB  qinxl  iiitBsli  es»«-iil  ad  iiiortciii  .M' ^  Jiaf 

Hide  liirtUi-iK'.  *•  l,|b.  tj    laiiqtjiiii  ii»» 

vivrhaiit,  tfrrcnlps  alios,  liiiienti-s.  ^ 

*■  Neap   b»-lli.  lib  5   nulli  prorsus  hoiiiiin  n  ]•  i>  ii   <'iiinr« 


pen-It  q  II   I'liro  coenoiiiiiie  vocaretur.  "  Alraaiid.  '  instdian  sitii  pulabat.  i^  C'auidvu's  kcoiaiM 

(iaguiu.  Muscuv.  bisl.  deacrip.  c.  6.  "  I>   FleUber,  [ 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  1.]  Jealousy  of  Beasts.  565 

*^Duke  of  Normandy,  in  the  days  of  Henry  the  First,  forbidding  of  marriage  to 
some  persons,  with  such  like  edicts  and  proliibitions,  are  ordinary  in  all  states.  In 
n  word  ("^as  he  said)  three  things  cause  jealousy,  a  mighty  state,  a  rich  treasure,  a 
feir  wife  •  or  where  there  is  a  cracked  title,  mUch  tyranny,  and  exactions.  In  our 
state,  as  being  freed  from  all  these  fears  and  miseries,  we  may  be  most  secure  and 
happy  under  the  reign  of  our  fortunate  prince  : 

lo""  His  fortune  liatii  indeliteil  him  to  none  |  He  is  so  set,  he  hath  no  cause  to  be 

But  to  all  his  people  universallv  ;  |  Jealous,  or  dreadful  of  disloyalty; 

And  not  to  them  hut  for  their  love  alone.  The  pedestal  whereon  his  greatness  stands. 

Which  tliey  account  as  placed  worthily.  |  la  held  of  all  our  hearts,  and  all  our  hands." 

But  I  rove,  I  confess.  These  equivocations,  jealousies,  and  many  such,  which  cru- 
cify the  souls  of  men,  are  not  here  properly  meant,  or  in  this  distinction  of  ours  in- 
cluded, but  that  alone  which  is  for  beauty,  tending  to  love,  and  wherein  they  can  brook 
no  co-rival,  or  endure  any  participation:  and  this  jealousy  belongs  as  well  to  brute 
beasts,  as  men.  Some  creatures,  saith  'Vives,  swans,  doves,  cocks,  bulls,  Slc,  are 
jealous  as  well  as  men,  and  as  much  moved,  for  lear  of  communion. 

S'-Grpge  pro  toto  hella  juvenci,  I  "  In  Venus'  cause  what  niijihty  battles  make 

Si  con  jupio  tiiMuere  suo,  |       Your  ravinj;  bulls,  and  stirs  for  their  herd's  sake  : 

Poscunt  Tiniidi  preelja  cervi,  j       And  harts  and  bucks  that  are  so  timorous, 

Et  mugitus  dant  coiicepti  sigiia  furoris."  |       Will  fight  and  roar,  if  once  they  be  but  jealous." 

In  bulls,  horses,  goats,  this  is  most  apparently  discerned.  Bulls  especially,  alium 
in  pascuis  non  admitlit^  he  will  not  admit  another  bull  to  feed  in  the  same  pasture, 
saith  ^  Oppin :  whicli  Stephanus  Bathorius,  late  king  of  Poland,  used  as  an  impress, 
with  that  motto,  Rcgnum  non  capit  duos.  R.  T.  in  his  Blason  of  Jealousy,  telleth 
a  story  of  a  swan  about  Windsor,  that  finding  a  strange  cock  with  his  mate,  did 
swim  I  know  not  how  many  miles  after  to  kill  him,  and  when  he  had  so  done,  came 
back  and  killed  his  hen;  a  certain  truth,  he  saith,  done  upon  Thames,  as  many 
watermen,  and  neighbour  gentlemen,  can  tell.  Fideni  suam  liberet ;  for  my  part,  I 
do  believe  it  may  be  true;  for  swans  have  ever  been  branded  with  that  epithet  of 
jealousy. 

■•  The  jealous  swanne  against  his  death  that  singeth, 
Anii  eke  the  owic  that  vf  death  bode  bringeth. 

"Some  say  as  much  of  elephants,  that  they  are  more  jealous  than  any  other  creatures 
whatsoever;  and  those  old  Egyptians,  as  "^Pierius  informeth  us,  express  in  their 
hieroglyphics,  the  passion  of  jealousy  by  a  camel;  "because  that  fearing  the  worst 
still  about  matters  of  venery,  he  loves  "solitudes,  that  he  may  enjoy  his  pleasure 
alone,  el  in  quoscunquc  obvios  insurgit^  Zclolypice  stimulis  agitatus^  he  will  quarrel 
and  fight  with  whatsoever  comes  next,  man  or  beast,  in  his  jealous  fits.  I  have  read 
as  much  of  ^crocodiles;  and  if  Peter  iMartyr's  authority  be  authentic,  kgat.  Babij- 
loniccB,  lib.  3.  you  shall  have  a  strange  tale  to  that  purpose  confidently  related.  An- 
other story  of  the  jealousy  of  dogs,  see  iu  Hieron.  Fabricius,  Trad.  3.  cap.  5.  de 
loquelu  aniinalium. 

But  this  furious  passion  is  most  eminent  in  men,  and  is  as  well  amongst  bachelors 
as  married  men.  If  it  appear  amongst  bachelors,  we  commonly  call  them  rivals  or 
co-rivals,  a  metaphor  derived  from  a  river,  rivules,  d  ^rivo;  for  as  a  river,  saith  Acron 
in  Hor.  Art.  Poet,  and  Donat.  in  Ter.  Eunuch,  divides  a  common  ground  belwee;! 
two  men,  and  both  participate  of  it,  so  is  a  woman  indifiereiit  between  two  suitor-, 
both  likely  to  enjoy  lier;  and  thence  comes  this  emulation,  which  breaks  out  many 
times  hito' tempestuous  storms,  and  produceth  lamentalde  efTects,  murdei  itself,  with 
much  cruelty,  many  single  combats.  They  cannot  endure  the  least  injury  done 
unto  them  before  their  mistress,  and  in  her  defence  will  bite  off  one  another's  noses; 
they  are  most  impatient  of  any  flout,  disgrace,  lest  emulation  or  participation  in  that 
kind.  '"'•'  Lacerat  hiccriuin  Largi  mordax  Memnius.  Memnius  the  Roman  (as  Tully 
tells  the  story,  dc  oratorc,  lib.  2.),  being  co-rival  with  Laigns  Terracina,  bit  him  by 
the  arm,  which  fact  of  his  was  so  famous,  tliat  it  afterwards  grew  to  a  proverb  in 
those  parts.     "  Piia;dria  could  not  abide  his  co-rival  Thraso  ;  for  when  Parmeno  de- 

^Mst     "aris.  90  r. 'j\  n,,|is  in  blason  ji-alousin.  I  solus  sola  foGinina  fniatiir.  s  Crocodiil  zelotypi  et 

Jw  Daniel  in  his  PancKiric  to  the  kins.       i3.  de  aninia,  i  iixoriim   aniantissiiiii,   &r.  sClui    uiviilit   aaruui 

cap.  detzel.  Ammalia  qua.lem  zilotvpia  tanjunlur,  ut  i  coininuneui ;  inde  deducitur  ad  amanlHS.  '»  Erasmus 
olores,  colrinil.a!,  gaili,  tauri,  &.c.  oh   nietum   commu-  I  chil.  1.  cent.  9.  ada^'.  »'.».  "Ter.  Lun.  Act.  1.  sc  1. 

nionis.       »Seiieca.       3  Lib.  11.  Cyiioget.       «Chaucer,    Munus  nostrum  ornato  verbis,  el  istum  Eraulum,  quoad 
in  his  Assembly  of  Fowls.       »  .Ald'ernvand.       s  Lib.  1-2.  :  poleris,  ab  ea  pe'lito. 
'Sibi  tiuiens  circa  res  venereas,  solitudines  auiat  quo  ; 

2X 


566 


Love-Melancholy. 


[Part.  3.  Sec.  3. 


>«"Tii  iiiilii  vc'l  Ifrro  |m.-i'Iii>:,  vel  (wrde  veiieno, 
A  diiiiiiiiu  i:iiituiii  tt!  iiiihIii  lulle  iiiea: 

Te  sotlillil  vm  le  L-<)r|iuriD  eniv  licrbit, 
'I'e  iloiiiiniiiii  uiliiiittii  rebuii  aiiiice  iiieU. 

Li-i'l')  iv  siiluiii,  leclii  le  (leprKOor  iiiio, 
Uivaleiii  posaiiiu  null  egu  lerre  Juvem." 


manded,  numquid  aliud  imperas?  whetlier  he  would  command  him  any  more  ser 
vice  :  '•  No  more  (saith  he)  but  to  speak  ia  his  behalf,  and  to  drive  away  his  co-nval 
if  he  could."  Coustantine,  in  the  eleventh  book  of  his  husbandry,  cap.  11,  hath  a 
pleasant  tale  of  the  pine-tree;  ''she  was  once  a  fair  maid,  whom  Pineus  and  Boreas, 
two  co-rivals,  dearly  sought;  but  jealous  Boreas  broke  her  neck,  Stc.  And  in  his 
eighteenth  chapter  he  telleth  another  tale  of  '^  Mars,  that  in  his  jealousy  slew  Adonis. 
Petronius  calleth  this  passion  amanlium  furiosum  ceinulalionrm.,  a  furious  eniulatii>n  ; 
ani.".  their  symptoms  are  well  expressed,  by  Sir  GeofFrey  Cliaucer  in  his  first  Canter- 
inny  Tale.  It  will  make  the  nearest  and  dearest  frienils  lall  out;  they  will  endure 
all  other  things  to  be  conunon,  goods,  lands,  moneys,  participate  of  each  pleasure, 
and  take  in  good  part  any  disgraces,  injuries  in  another  kind;  but  as  Propertius  well 
describes  it  in  an  elegy  of  his,  in  this  they  will  suffer  nothing,  have  no  co-rivals. 

"Stub  inc  with  sword,  or  poison  strong 

Give  me  lo  work  my  bitiie: 
So  ihou  court  nut  my  lass,  so  (liuu 

From  misiri't'.s  iniiK,-  n-lrain. 
Coiiiiiiaiid  iiivoeir,  my  tiiHly,  purdc, 

Am  lliiiie  own  uuuds  tuke  all, 
And  as  iiiy  ever  di-arcHi  friend, 

I  ever  use  Ihee  8liall. 
O  Kpare  my  love,  to  have  alone 

Her  to  nivself  I  crave, 
Nay,  Jove  liiniself  1  'II  not  endure 

.My  rival  lor  lo  have." 

This  jealou.sy,  which  I  am  to  treat  of,  is  that  which  belongs  to  married  men,  in 
respect  of  their  own  wives ;  to  whose  estate,  as  no  sweetness,  pleasure,  happiness 
can  be  compand  in  the  world,  if  they  live  quietly  and  lovingly  together;  so  if  they 
disagree  or  be  jealous,  those  bitter  pills  of  sorrow  and  grief,  disastrous  mischiefs, 
nii>chances,  tortures,  gripings,  discontents,  are  not  to  be  sejiarated  from  them.  A 
most  violent  passion  it  is  where  it  taketh  place,  an  unspeakable  torment,  a  hrllish 
torture,  an  infernal  plague,  as  Arit>sto  calls  it,  "a  fuiy,  a  coutiiuial  fever,  full  of  sus- 
picion, fear,  and  sorrow,  a  inartyrdoni,  a  mirth-iiiarring  monster.  The  sorrow  and 
griff  of  heart  of  owe  woman  jealous  of  another,  is  heavier  than  death,  Ecclns.  xxviii.  0. 
as  ''Peiiiiiiiah  did  Hannah,  vex  her  and  upbraid  her  sore."  'Tis  a  main  vexation,  a 
most  intolerable  burden,  a  corrosive  to  all  content,  a  frenzy,  a  madness  itself;  as 
"Beneiiitto  Varchi  proves  out  of  that  select  sonnet  of  Giovanni  de  la  Casa,  that 
reverend  lord,  as  he  styles  him. 

Slbsect.  II. — CausfS  of  Jtaluu,<i/.  Who  are  must  apt.  IdUnes.H,  mtlniuhuly,  im- 
poteiuy,  lung  aluencr,  beauty,  wantonness,  naught  thcmsilvcs.  Allurements,  J'rum 
time,  place,  ptrsuns,  bad  usage,  causes. 

Astrologers  make  the  stars  a  cause  or  sign  of  this  bitter  passion,  and  out  of 
everv  man's  horoscope  will  give  a  probable  conjecture  whetlier  he  will  be  jealous  or 
no,  and  at  what  time,  by  direction  of  the  significators  to  their  several  proniissors: 
their  aphorisms  are  to  be  read  in  Albubator,  Pontanus,  Schoner,  Junctine,  &tc.  Brjdine; 
cap.  o.  vietk.  hisl.  ascribes  a  great  cause  to  the  country  or  clime,  and  discour.seth 
largelv  there  of  this  subject,  saying,  that  southern  men  are  more  hot,  lascivious,  and 
jealous,  tiian  such  as  live  in  the  north;  they  can  hardly  coniain  themselves  in  those 
hotter  climes,  but  are  most  subject  to  prodigious  lust,  Le<i  Afer  telleth  incredible 
things  almost,  of  the  lust  and  jealousy  of  his  countrymen  of  Africa,  and  especially 
such  as  live  about  Carthage,  and  so  doth  every  geographer  of  them  in  '"Asia,  Tur- 
key, Spaniards,  Italians.  Germany  hath  not  so  many  drunkards,  Eni^land  tobacco- 
nists, France  dancers,  Holland  mariners,  as  Italy  alone  halli  jealous  husbands.  And 
in  '*  Italv  s«>me  account  them  of  Piacenza  more  jealous  than  the  rest.  In  '*Germany, 
France,  Britain,  Scandia,  Poland,  Muscovy,  they  are  not  so  troubled  with  this  feral 
nialadv,  althouirh  Damianus  a  Goes,  which  I  do  much  wonder  at,  in  his  topogniphy 
of  Lapland,  and  Herbastein  of  Russia,  against  the  stream  of  all  other  geogra|)Iiers, 
would  fasten  it  upon  those  northern  inhabitants.  Altomarius  Poggius,  and  .Mm.ster 
in  his  description  of  Baden,  reports  that  men  and  women  of  all  sorts  go  commonly 


>*  Pinun  puella  quondam  fuit,  icr..  »  Mar*  zpIo- 

•y|Ki»  Adoiiideni  inlerfecil  "  K.  T.         '»  I  Sam   i.  «. 

iUazoa  ul°  Jealoucy.         >''  .Mulieruiu  cooUilio  luiaera ; 


niillain  honrataiii  creduiit   nl«i   donio  enncluM  virat 
'■Fine*  Morison.  >*  .Vunen  zelulypia  auud  irtot 

lucuui  nou  limbet,  lib.  3.  e.  a. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Causes  of  Jealousy.  567 

into  the  baths  together,  without  all  suspicion,  '"  the  name  of  jealousy  (^saith  M  ansterj 
is  not  so  much  as  once  heard  of  among  them."  In  Friesland  the  women  kiss  him 
they  (h'ink  to,  and  are  kissed  again  of  those  they  pledge.  The  virgins  in  Holland 
go  hand  in  hand  with  young  men  from  home,  glide  on  the  ice,  such  is  their  harmless 
liberty,  and  lodge  together  abroad  williout  suspicion,  which  rash  Saiisovinus  an 
Italian  makes  a  great  sign  of  unchastity.  In  France,  upon  small  acquaintance,  it  is 
usual  to  court  other  men's  wives,  to  come  to  their  houses,  and  accompany  them  arm 
in  arm  in  the  streets,  without  imputation.  In  the  most  northern  countries  young 
men  and  maids  familiarly  dance  together,  men  and  their  wives,  ^''  which,  Siena  only 
excepted,  Italians  may  not  abide.  The  ^'  Greeks,  on  the  other  side,  have  their  private 
baths  for  men  and  women,  where  they  must  not  come  near,  nor  so  much  as  see  one 
another  :  and  as  ^^Bodine  observes  lib.  5.  de  repuh.  '•'■  the  Italians  could  never  endure 
this,"  or  a  Spaniard,  the  very  conceit  of  it  would  make  him  mad :  and  for  that  cause 
they  lock  up  their  women,  and  will  not  sufi'er  them  to  be  near  men,  so  much  as  in 
the  '^^ church,  but  with  a  partition  between.  He  telleth,  moreover,  how  that  "when 
he  was  ambassador  in  England,  he  heard  Mendoza  tlie  Spanish  legate  tinding  fault 
with  it,  as  a  filthy  custom  for  men  and  women  to  sit  promiscuously  in  churches 
.together ;  but  Dr.  Dale  the  master  of  the  requests  told  him  again,  that  it  was  indeed  a 
liltliy  cuslom  in  Spain,  where  they  could  not  contain  themselves  from  lascivious 
thoughts  in  their  holy  places,  but  not  with  us."  Baronius  in  his  Annals,  out  of 
Eusebius,  taxelh  Licinius  the  emperor  for  a  decree  of  his  made  to  this  efiect,  Jubens 
ne  viri  siuiul  cum  mulieribus  in  ecclesid  inleressent :  for  being  prodigiously  naught 
himself,  aliorum  naturam  ex  sud'v il iosd  mente  spectavlt,  he  so  esteemed  others.  But 
we  are  far  from  any  such  strange  conceits,  and  will  permit  our  wives  and  daughters 
to  go  to  the  tavern  with  a  friend,  as  Aubanus  saith,  modo  abslL  lascivia,  and  suspect 
nothing,  to  kiss  coming  and  going,  which,  as  Erasmus  writes  in  one  of  his  epistles, 
they  cannot  endure.  England  is  a  paradise  for  women,  and  hell  for  horses  :  Italy  a 
paradise  tor  horses,  hell  for  women,  as  the  diverb  goes.  Some  make  a  question 
vv-hetlier  tliis  headstrong  passion  rage  more  in  women  than  men,  as  Montaigne  1.  3. 
But  sure  il  is  more  outrageous  in  women,  as  all  other  melancholy  is,  by  reason  of 
the  weakness  of  their  sex.  Scaliger  Poet.  lib.  cap.  13.  concludes  against  women: 
^* ''  Besides  tlieir  inconstancy,  treachery,  suspicion,  dissimulation,  superstition,  pride, 
(for  all  women  are  by  nature  proud)  desire  of  sovereignty,  if  tliey  be  great  women, 
(he  gives  instance  in  Juno)  bitterness  and  jealousy  are  the  most  remarkable  alfections. 

"  Sed  neque  fiilviis  aper  media  tani  fulvus  in  ira  est,      I  "  Tiger,  boar,  bear,  viper,  lioness, 

Fuluiineo  rapidus  cluiii  rotal  ore  canes.  A  woman's  fury  cannot  express." 

Nee  leo,"  &.c. I 

^  Some  say  red-headed_women,  pale-coloureda_bIackHeyed,  and  of  a  shrill  voice, 
are  most  subject  to  jealousy. 

28"  High  colour  in  a  wonian  cholcr  shows, 

Naufjht  are  they,  peevish,  proud,  malicious; 
But  worst  of  all,  red,  shrill,  and  jealous." 

Comparisons  are  odious,  I  neither  parallel  them  with  others,  nor  debase  them  any 
more  :  men  and  women  are  both  bad,  and  too  subject  to  this  pernicious  infirmity. 
It  is  most  part  a  symptom  and  cause  of  melancholy,  as  Plater  and  Valescus  teach 
us  :  melancholy  men  are  apt  to  be  jealous,  and  jealous  apt  to  be  melancholy. 

•  Pale  jealousy,  chi'ld  of  insatiate  love,  I  With  heedless  youth  and  error  vainly  led. 

Of  heart  sick  thoughts  vvhirh  melancholy  bred,  |  A  mortal  pla;;ue,  a  virtuedrowiiiri};  tiood, 

A  heli-tormeiiting  fear,  no  laitli  can  move,  A  hellish  tire  not  quenclleU  but  «ith  biood.' 

By  discontent  with  deadly  poison  fed  ;  | 

If  idleness  concur  with  melancholy,  such  persons  are  most  apt  te  be  jealous ;  'tis 
*' Nevisanus'  note,  "an  idle  woman  is  presumed  to  be  lascivious,  and  often  jealous." 
Mulier  cum  sola  cogital,  male  cogilat  :  and  'tis  not  unlikely,  for  they  have  no  other 
business  to  trouble  their  iieads  with. 

More  particular  causes  be  these  which  follow.     Impotency  first,  when  a  man  is 

S"  Fines  Moris,  part.  3.  cap. T  2'  Busbequius.    terquam  quod  sunt  infidi,  siispicaces,  iiiconstantes,  ii 

•  dnrts.  *-  Pra;  ainore  et  zelotvpia  S£Bpius  insaniunt.  '  sidiosa;,  simiilalnces,  superstiliosiB,  et  si  potentes,  in 

»•  Australes  lie  sacra  qii.d.-m  publica  fieri  patiuntur,  tolerabiles,  ainore  zelotypie  supra  iiiodiiiii.  Ovid.  2.  rfe 
nisi  uluripie  sexus  paritic  medi  ~  dividatur:  et  quum  in    art.  ^^  l',Hnt;l\o.  ''^  K.  I'.  2' Lib.  2.  num.  6 

Aii!.'liam  inquit.  le>;atioi.:s  tau.-a  profeolus  essem,  au-    mulier  oliosa  facile  priEsumilur  luxuriosa,  el  sipe  z* 
divi  .Mendozam  lefiatum   Hispa...arum  dicentem  turpe    lotypa. 
esse  viros  et  fcBmiiias  in,  ice.       ^*  Idea:  luulieres  pree- 1 


568  Lovc-jMehncholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  3. 

iiot  able  of  liimself  to  perform  those  dues  which  he  ought  unto  his  wife :  for  though 
h»  be  an  honest  hver,  iiurt  no  man,  yet  Trebius  the  lawyer  may  make  a  question, 
lUt  suurn  cuique  Iribuat,  whether  he  give  every  one  their  own  ;  and  therefore  when 
he  takes  notice  of  his  wants,  and  perceives  her  to  be  more  craving,  clamorous,  in- 
satiable and  prone  to  lust  than  is  tit,  he  begins  presently  to  suspect,  that  wherein  he 
IS  del'eclive,  she  will  satisfy  herself,  she  wdl  be  pleased  by  some  oilier  means.  Cor- 
nelius Gallus  hath  elegantly  expressed  this  humour  in  an  epigram  to  his  Lychoris. 

^"  Janique  alios  juvene«  aliosque  rcquirit  aniores, 
iVle  VDcat  iiiibelleiii  ilecrepitiiuique  gciifui,"  Slc. 

For  this  cause  is  most  evident  in  old  men,  that  are  cold  and  dry  by  nature,  and  mar- 
ried sued  plenis,  to  young  wanton  wives ;  with  old  doting  Janivere  in  Chaucer,  they 
begin  to  mistrust  all  is  not  well, 

site  u>a.i  young  and  A«  was  old. 

And  tkertfore  ke  feared  tit  be  a  cuckold. 

And  how  should  it  otherwise  be  .'  old  age  is  a  disease  of  itself,  loathsome,  full  of  sus- 
picion and  fear;  when  it  is  at  best,  unable,  untit  for  such  matters.  ^■'Tain  ajilu  nuptiis 
quain  bruma  messibus^  as  welcome  to  a  young  woman  as  snow  in  harvest,  saith  Ne- 
visanus :  Et  si  capis  juvenciilam^  fuckt  tibi  cumua  :  marry  a  lusty  maid  and  she 
will  surely  graft  horns  on  thy  head.  ■'"''All  women  are  slippery,  often  unlaithful  to 
their  husbands  (as  itneas  Sylvius  epist.  38.  seconds  himj,  but  to  old  men  most 
treacherous :  they  had  rather  morlem  ampkxarif.r^  lie  with  a  corse  than  such  a  one: 
^^Oderunt  ilium  ptteri,  conlemnunt  mtilieres.  On  the  other  side  many  men,  saith 
Hieronvmus,  are  suspicious  of  their  wives,  '"if  they  be  lightly  given,  but  old  folks 
above  the  rest.  Insomuch  that  she  did  not  complain  without  a  cause  in  ^'Apuleius, 
of  an  ohl  bald  bedridden  knave  she  had  to  her  good  man  :  '•  I'oor  woman  as  1  am, 
what  shall  I  do  .'  1  have  an  old  grim  sire  to  my  husband,  as  bald  as  a  coot,  as  little 
and  as  unable  as  a  chUd,"  a  bedtul  of  bones,  "  he  keeps  all  the  doors  barred  and 
locked  upon  me,  uoe  is  me,  what  shall  1  do.'"  lie  was  jealous,  and  she  made  him 
a  cuckold  for  keeping  her  up :  susjticion  without  a  cause,  hard  usage  is  able  «>f  itself 
to  make  a  woman  lly  out,  that  was  otherwise  honest, 

>* '■  plrraMjUK  tKJiiaa  tiaciatio  prava* 

Km«  lacii," 

••  bad  usage  aggravates  the  matter."  *\um  quando  inulieres  cognoscunt  marirum  hoc 
advirkn\  lictntiits  peccant,  ^^ as  Nevisanus  holds,  when  a  woman  thinks  her  hus- 
band watcheth  her,  she  will  sooner  oftt- nd  ;  *'Liberius  peccant^  it  pudur  omnis  abtst^ 
rougli  handling  makes  them  worse :  as  the  goodwife  of  Bath  in  Chaucer  brags, 

la  Mt  en0n  greate  I  made  Kin  fri$ 
tar  aojier  and  fur  eceri/  jcalousie. 

Of  two  cxtrenie-,  lais  ci  iiard  usage  is  the  worst.  'Tis  a  great  fault  (for  some  men 
are  uxorii)  to  be  too  fond  of  their  wives,  to  dote  on  them  as  ''Senior  Deliro  on  hia 
Fallace,  to  be  too  ellt'ininate,  or  as  some  do,  to  be  sick  for  their  wives,  breed  chil- 
dren for  them,  and  like  the  ^'Tiberini  lie  in  for  them,  as  some  birds  hatch  eggs  by  turns, 
they  do  all  women's  olhces  :  Ca.'lius  Khodiginus  aril.  led.  lib.  G.cap.  24.  makes  men- 
tion of  a  fellow  out  of  Seneca,  "^  that  was  so  besotted  on  his  wife,  he  could  not  en- 
dure a  moment  out  of  her  company,  he  wore  her  scarf  when  he  went  abroad  next 
his  lu'art,  and  would  never  drink  but  in  that  cup  she  began  first.  We  have  many 
such  fondlings  that  are  their  wives'  pack-horses  and  slaves,  (nam  grave  malum  uxor 
superans  virum  suurn,  as  the  comical  poet  hath  it,  there's  no  greater  misery  to  a  man 
than  to  let  his  wife  domineer)  to  carry  her  mulf,  dog,  and  fan,  let  her  wear  the 
breeches,  lay  out,  spend,  and  do  what  she  will,  go  and  come  whither,  when  she  will, 
they  give  consent. 

••  ll»'re,  take  my  ui'itt,  ami,  do  you  hear,  good  maa  ;      I  *• ■'  (Ktifil  pallam,  rpdiinictjia,  inaurti ; 

Now  givf  me  pearl,  and  carry  you  my  I'aii,"  ice.  Currr,  (pud  liic  ci-siav  1  vul^o  vull  ilU  tiiJeii, 

I  Tu  pele  leclica*" 

*"And  now  ftie   require*  other  youths  and   other  |  cunctain  dotnum  Kris  el  catenUobdilarr. 
love*,  tnil*  ine   an   imbecile  and   decrepit   olii  inni."    »M'(i.iliM.-r.  s^  I.il>  4.  it  rO 

**  Ljb.  2.  num.  4.  3*(iuuui  uiiinibii'  r  - 

fLemins.  (eiiibua  infi'Jeliuiinx.  >-  .Mn 

^^\ix  alii|ua   nun    inipudica.  et  quam    ni>;i    ^.',  • 

ni>-rito  q'ltt  h.iht'at.  »  Lib.  5.  ilf  aur.  a»iii..      .\i     l.  ;i.'j..  una 

fjl,<  niio-ra   patre  men  ieniorrni   marii'jni  tiacta  «um.    tj  ■  bjt   ni«i  pr»> 

4eoi  cucurbila  calviuieui  el  quovi*  pueiw  pumiliurem,  j  (u-  . 


xVlem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Causes  of  Jealousy.  569 

many  brave  and  worthy  ir.en  have  trespassed  in  this  kind,  multosforr.s  claros  do- 
mestica  hac  destruxit  mfamia,  and  many  noble  senators  and  soldiers  (as  •*'  Pliny 
notes)  have  lost  their  honour,  in  being  uxorli,  so  sottishly  overruled  by  their  wives- 
and  therefore  Cato  m  Plutarch  made  a  bitter  jest  on  his  fellow-citizens,  the  llomans' 
I'  we  govern  all  the  world  abroad,  and  our  wives  at  home  rule  us."  These  ofTend' 
jn  one  extrejiie ;  but  too  hard  and  too  severe,  are  far  more  offensive  on  the  other 
As  just  a  cause  may  be  long  absence  of  eitiier  party,  when  they  must  of  necessity 
be  much  from  home,  as  lawyers,  physicians,  mariners,  bv  their  professions:  or 
otherwise  make  frivolous,  impertinent  journeys,  tarry  long  abroad  to  no  purpose,  lie 
out,  and  are  gaddmg  still,  upon  small  occasions,  it  must  needs  yield  matter  of  sus- 
picion, when  they  use  their  wives  unkindly  in  the  meantime,  and  never  tarry  at  home, 
It  cannot  use  but  engender  some  such  conceit. 

"'■  Y"^"-- si/^'^sas  amaie  le  cogUat  l  ••  if  thou  be  abseht  long,  thy  wife  then  thinks 

Aut  tete  aman,  aut  potaie,  aut  animo  obseqiai,  Th'  an  <lrunk,  at  ease   or  w,th  so,,,e  nr"ttv  n.inx 

Lx  tib,  bene  esse  sol,,  quum  sib.  s,t  male."  |      'Tis  well  will,  thee,  or  else  beloved  ol' some 

I      Whilst  she  poor  soul  dotli  fare  full  ill  at  home." 

Hippocrates,  the  physician,  had  a  smack  of  this  disease ;  for  when  he  was  to  gc 
home  as  far  as  Abdera,  and  some  other  remote  cities  of  Greece,  he  writ  to  his  friend 
■   Dionysius  (if  at  least  those  "^^  Epistles  be  his)  «"  to  oversee  his  wife  in  his  absence, 
(as  Apollo  set  a  raven  to  watch  his  Coronis)  although  she  lived  in  his  house  with 
her  father  and  mother,  who  he  knew  would  have  a  care  of  her;  yet  that  would  not 
satisfy  his  jealousy,  he  would  have  his  special  friend  Dionysius  to  duell  in  hi« 
house  with  her  all  the  time  of  his  peregrination,  and  to  observe  her  behaviour,  how 
she  carried  herself  in  her  husband's  absence,  and  that  she  did  not  lust  after  other 
men       ^  h  or  a  woman  had  need  to  have  an  overseer  to  keep  her  honest:  thev  are 
bad  by  nature,  and  lightly  given  all,  and  if  they  be  not  curbed  in  time,  as  an  unoruned 
tree,  they  will  be  full  ot  wild  branches,  and  degeneiate  of  a  sudden."     Especially 
in  their  iuisband's  absence  :  though  one  Lucretia  were  trusty,  and  one  Penelooe,  vet 
Clytemnestra  made  Agamemnon  cuckold;  and  no  question  there  be  too  many' of  her 
conditions.     If  their  husbands  tarry  too  long  abroad  upon  unnecessary  business,  well 
they  may  suspect :  or  if  they  run  one  way,  their  wives  at  home  will  fly  out  another, 
^md  pro  quo.     Or  if  present,  and  give  tliem  not  that  content  which  thev  ou^ht, 
Frinium  ingrala;,  mox  inviscB  nodes  quce  per  somnum  transi<runtur,  tliey  caimot 
endure  to  lie  alone,  or  to  fast  long.   ^' Peter  Godefridus,  in  his  se1:ond  book  of  Love 
and  sixth  chapter,  hath  a  story  out  of  St.  Anthony's  life,  of  a  gentleman,  who,  by    l^ 
that  good  man's  advice,  would  not  meddle  with  his  wife  in  the  passion  week   but 
for  his  pains  she  set  a  pair  of  horns  on  his  head.     Such  another  he  haih  out  of 
Absiemius,  one  persuaded  a  new  married  man,  •'^ "  to  forbear  the  three  first  nights 
and  he  should  all  his  lifetime  after  be  fortunate  in  cattle,"  but  his  impatient°vife' 
would  not  tarry  so  long :  well  he  might  speed  in  cattle,  but  not  in  children.     Such 
a  tale  hath  Heinsius  of  an  impotent  and  slack  scholar,  a  mere  student,  and  a  friend 
ol  his,  that  seeing  by  chance  a  fine  damsel  sing  and  dance,  would  needs  marry  her, 
the  match  was  soon  made,  for  he  was  young  and  rich,  genis  grains,  corpore  <rlabfl- 
lus,  arte  muWscius,  elforiuna  opukntus,  like  that  Apollo  in  '^--Apuleius.     The  first 
night,  having  liberally  taken  his  liquor  (as  in  that  country  they  doj  my  fine  scholar 
was  so  fuzzled,  that  he  no  sooner  was  laid  in  bed,  but  he  fell  fast  asleep,  never  waked 
till  morning,  and  then  much  abasheil,  purpureis  formosa  rosis  cum  Aurora  ruberet 
when  the  fair  morn  with  purple  hue  'gan  shine,  he  made  an  excuse,  1  know  not  what' 
out  of  Hippocrates  Cous,  &c.,  and  for  that  time  it  went  current :  but  when  as  after- 
ward he  did  not  play  the  man  as  he  should  do,  she  fell  in  league  with  a  good  fellow, 
and  whilst  he  sat  up  late  at  his  study  about  those  criticisms,  mending  some  hard 

43  p/h*  r^f.';'^'^^^""-      ,  ^'T"-  ^f^'P"-  ^''   ^-  ''t.^-  ^-  '  ^'^"'-  *'  iVotribus  prioribu.s  noct.bus  rem  haberet 

«Fab.  Calvo.     Kavennate  i.iterprete.  44Djm  j  cum  ea.  ut  essel  .n  pecor.bus  furtunalus,  ab  uxore  mors 

red.ero.lomum  meam  hab,tabis,et  l.cet  cum  parentibus  I  .nipatiente,  &c.  "Totam  noctem  bene  et  pud.ce  ne- 
habitet  hac  nica  peregrinatione  ;  earn  tamen  el  ejus  mini  molestus  dormiendo  Transegit ;  mane  aut-m  quum 
mores  observabis  uii  absentia  viri  sui  probe  degat.  nee  nullnis  conscius  facinoris  sib.  esset  et  in^rt.ae  puderet 
alios  viros  cog.cel  aut  iiua^raL  «F(Bmina  semper    aud.sse  se  dicebat  eum  dolore  calculi  solnre  earn  con' 

cstorie  egetqu.  se  pu.i.cam  cont.neat;  suapte  enira  flictari.  Duo  pnecepta  juris  una  i.octe  expressit  ne- 
natura  nequi  .as  insitas  hab^t,  quas  n.s.  ind.es  com-  m.nem  Isserat  el  honeste  v.xerat,  sed  an  suum  cu.«ua 
iH-.mat,  ut  arbores  stol.mes  e.nittunt,  &c  «  Hein-  ,  reddidisset,  qnsr.  p.,terat.     iHutius  opinor  el  Trebatliu 

eius.  *■  Uxor  cujusdam  nohilis  quum  debitum  marl-  ,  hoc  neaassent.  lib.  1. 

tale  sacro  passionis  hebdomada  uon  obliueret,  alteruin  ' 

73  2x2 


570  Love-MelanchoJy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  3. 

places  in  Festus  or  Pollux,  came  cold  to  bed,  and  would  tell  her  still  Avhat  he  had 
done,  she  did  not  much  regard  what  he  said,  JS.C.  "'''She  would  have  another  mat- 
ter mended  nuicli  rather,  which  he  did  not  conceive  was  corrupt :"  thus  he  continued 
at  his  study  late,  she  at  her  sport,  alibi  ciiim  feslivas  nodes  ugitabut^  liating  all 
scholars  ("or  his  sake,  till  at  length  he  began  to  suspect,  and  turned  a  little  yellow,  as 
well  he  might;  for  it  was  his  own  fault;  and  if  men  be  jealous  in  sucii  cases  (^' as 
oft  it  falls  out)  the  mends  is  in  tlieir  own  hands,  they  nmst  thank  themselves.  Who 
will  pity  them,  sailh  Neander,  or  be  u)uch  ollended  with  such  wives,  si  deceplce 
pnus  viros  dtcijiiunt^  et  cnrnutos  reddanf^  if  they  deceive  those  that  cozened  them 
first.  A  lawyer's  wile  in  ^•'Arista?netus,  because  her  husband  was  negligent  in  his 
business,  quundo  leclo  danda  apera,  threatened  to  curnute  him :  and  did  not  slick  to 
tell  Philiima,  one  of  her  gossips,  as  much,  and  that  aloud  for  him  to  hear:  "  If  he 
I'ollow  other  men's  matters  and  leave  his  own,  I'll  have  an  orator  shall  plead  my 
cause,"  1  care  not  if  he  know  it. 

A  fourth  eminent  cause  of  jealousy  may  be  this,  when  he  that  is  deformed,  and 
as  Pindarus  of  \'ulcan,  sine  graliis  nalus^  hirsute,  ragged,  yet  virtuously  givuii,  will 
marry  some  fair  nice  piece,  or  light  housewife,  begins  to  misdt)ubt  (as  well  he  may) 
she  doth  nut  aflect  hiuj.  "Lis  tst  cunifunna  viugnu  jiudicitio,,  beauty  and  honesty 
have  ever  been  at  odds.  Abraham  was  jealous  of  his  wife  because  she  was  lair:  so 
wasAuhan  of  his  Venus,  when  he  made  her  creaking  shoes,  sailh ''' Philustratus, 
lie  mac/utnlur,  sandalio  scilicit  dtj'rmtlt'y  that  he  might  hear  by  them  when  she 
stiired,  which  ,Murs  indigne  ffrre,  ""was  not  well  pleased  with.  Good  cause  had 
Vulcan  to  do  as  he  diil,  fur  she  was  no  honester  than  she  should  be.  Your  line 
faces  have  CDunnonly  this  fault;  and  it  is  hard  to  find,  sailh  Francis  Philelphus  in 
an  epistle  to  SaXola  his  friend,  a  rich  man  honest,  a  proper  woman  not  proud  or  un- 
chaste.    "  Can  she  be  fair  and  honest  too  ?" 

^  "  Sj-|h-  trlpiiim  uculuit  piclu  »K»e  liyiira  *iib  tkrrba. 
Huh  •i^i'ie  turinar,  iiicaiilo  mv  sa-pe  iiianto 
Ne<|ui>iii  diilliiii*  VciiUil,  " 

He  that  marues  a  wife  that  is  snowy  fair  alone,  let  him  look,  sailh  "  P»arbaru8,  for 
no  better  success  than  Vulcan  had  with  N'lnus,  or  Ctauihus  with  Messalina.  And 
'lis  impossible  almost  in  such  cases  the  wife  should  contain,  or  the  good  man  not 
be  jealous :  for  when  he  is  so  defective,  weak,  ill-proportioned,  unplea>ing  in  those 
parts  which  women  most  allect,  and  she  most  absolutely  fair  and  able  on  the  other 
side,  if  she  be  not  very  virtuously  given,  how  can  she  love  him  .'  and  although  she 
be  not  fair,  yet  if  he  admire  her  and  think  her  so,  in  his  conceit  she  is  absolute,  he 
holds  11  impossible  for  anv  man  living  not  to  dote  as  he  doth,  to  look  on  her  and 
not  lust,  not  to  covet,  and  if  he  be  in  comjjany  with  her,  not  to  lay  siege  to  her 
honesty  :  or  else  out  of  a  deep  apprehension  of  his  inlirmities,  deformities,  and  t)ther 
men's  good  [>arts,  out  of  his  own  little  worth  and  desert,  he  distrusts  himself,  (^for 
what  is  jealousy  but  distrust.')  he  suspects  she  cannot  allt^ct  him,  or  be  not  so  kind 
and  loving  as  she  should,  she  certainly  loves  some  other  man  belter  than  himself. 

^"ISevisanus,  lib.  4.  uurn.  72,  will  have  barrenness  to  be  a  main  cause  of  jealousy. 
If  her  husband  cannot  play  the  man,  some  other  shall,  they  will  leave  no  remedies 
unessayed,  and  thereupon  the  good  man  grows  jealous ;  1  could  give  an  instance, 
but  be  it  as  it  is. 

1  find  this  reason  given  by  some  men,  because  they  have  been  formerly  naught 
themselves,  they  think  they  may  be  so  served  by  others,  they  turned  up  trump  be- 
fore the  cards  wfere  shulHed ;  they  shall  have  therefore  legem  talionis,  like  for  like. 

9*"  lp«e  iiiiiser  docui.  (|uo  [Missel  ludtTe  pacto  |      "  Wretch  hi  I  Ma>,  I  tauctit  tier  bail  t<>  be, 

Cu9l>>ur«,  eiieu  nunc  pftiiior  arte  iiicu."  |         And  now  luine  ov»ii  •!>  irick*  are  |»ut  ujx»n  ine." 

Mala  mens,  mains  animus,  as  the  saying  is,  ill  dispositions  cause  ill  suspicions. 

*"  There  ii  none  jealnun,  I  durst  pawn  nijr  life, 
But  he  dial  lialli  ili-til>-d  anoili.'r'a  Mile. 
And  for  that  he  himself  halh  e<>ne  a*'tray, 
lie  vtraiglilway  Hunks  his  wile  will  tread  that  way." 


••  AltTinn  !orj   rm^ndnlionem  serio  opiabal,  qu^m  I  ••  H"r  ^pisl    15     '•  Ort^n  M*  tl»»>  "^rp^m  Uia  hid  In.. 

cor'  .nit.  "  Such  another     n'  jf   •■  -    '  •         •   -  -  ■  ,.-._.. 

1 1  riis.  his  first  tale.        ^  Ia  .    |  »ri 

8.   I  ripgoliis   ojierstn   dsre   "Hi     th' 

r.eeli;;>-ii»,  .-ril  ;ri'i»    ir;  i  n    "fa tor  qui    ri n  '     '  -*(  urn  -i.  n,.  -  -.jiii    ■  j    nmniiir.!.'  i    m    »«    [.  .lani   ■     u- 

"■Ovid,  rara    est    coiit.f.lia    ('..riiia-    ai  '  cip«re.        ••  Tibullua,  elr|.  Ii        ••  Witotr '» Ual. 

**Klli«t.  >*UuoU  siridcret  ejus  L..  ...i.  1 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Causes  of  Jealousy.  571 

To  tliese  two  above-named  causes,  or  incendiaries  of  this  rage,  I  may  very  Avell 
annex  those  circumstances  of  time,  place,  persons,  by  which  it  ebbs  and  Hows,  the 
fuel  of  this  fury,  as  '''  Vives  truly  observes  ;  and  such  like  accidents  or  occasions, 
proceeding  from  the  parties  themselves,  or  others,  which  much  aggravate  and  intend 
this  suspicious  humour,  r'or  many  men  are  so  lasciviously  given,  either  out  of  a 
depraved  nature,  or  too  much  liberty,  which  they  do  assume  unto  themselves,  by 
reason  of  their  greatness,  in  that  they  are  noble  men,  (for  Ucpntia  peccandi^  el  mul- 
tiiado  j^eccunlium  are  great  motives)  though  their  own  wives  be  never  so  (air,  noble, 
virtuous,  honest,  wise,  able,  and  well  given,  they  must  have  change. 

*'  ■'  Ciui  cum  legitimi  junguiitur  fiedere  lecti,  i 

Viiliile  egreyiis,  facieque  doinoque  puellis,  |  "  Who  being  inatch'd  to  wives  most  virtuous, 

Scoria  laiiicu,  fosdasquf  lupas  in  furnice  quoerunt,  Noble,  and  fair,  tiy  out  lascivious." 

tt  per  adiillerium  nova  carpere  gaudia  tentant."  | 

Quod  licet  ingratum  est,  that  which  is  ordinary,  is  unpleasant.  Nero  (saith  Tacitus) 
abhorred  Octavia  his  own  wife,  a  noble  virtuous  lady,  and  loved  Acte,  a  base  quean 
in  respect.     ^'^  Cerinthus  rejected  Sulpitia,  a  nobleman"'s  daughter,  and  courted  a  poor 

servant  maid.     tanta.  est  aliend  in  messe  voluplas,  for  that  ^' "■  stolen  waters  be 

more  pleasant :"  or  as  Vitellius  the  emperor  was  wont  to  say,  Jucundiores  amores^ 
qui  cum  p)criculo  habentur,  like  stolen  venison,  still  the  sweetest  is  that  love  which 
is  most  didlcultly  attained :  they  like  better  to  hunt  by  stealth  in  another  man's 
Avalk,  than  to  have  the  fairest  course  that  may  be  at  game  of  their  own. 

6^"Aspice  ut  in  cccio  modo  sol,  niodoluna  ministret,        I    "As  sun  and  moon  in  heaven  change  their  course, 
Sii;  etiam  nobis  una  pella  paruui  est."  |       So  they  change  loves,  though  often  to  the  worse." 

Or  that  some  fair  object  so  forcibly  moves  them,  they  cannot  contain  themselves, 
be  it  heard  or  seen  they  will  be  at  it.  "JYessus,  the  centaur,  was  by  agreement  to 
carry  Hercules  and  his  wife  over  the  river  Evenus ;  no  sooner  had  he  set  Dejanira 
on  the  other  side,  but  he  would  have  offered  violence  unto  her,  leaving  Hercules  to 
swim  over  as  he  could  :  and  though  her  husband  was  a  spectator,  yet  would  he  not 
desist  till  Hercules,  with  a  poisoned  arrow,  shot  him  to  death.  '''Neptune  saw  by 
chance  that  Thessalian  Tyro,  Eunippius'  wife,  he  forthwith,  in  the  fury  of  his  lust, 
counterfeited  her  husband's  habit,  and  made  hhn  cuckold.  Tarquin  heard  CoUaline 
commend  his  wife,  and  was  so  far  enraged,  that  in  the  midst  of  the  night  to  her  he 
M-eiii.  '^^  Theseus  stole  Ariadne,  vi  rapuit  that  Trazenian  Anaxa,  Antiope,  and  now 
being  old,  Helen,  a  girl  not  yet  ready  for  a  husband.  Great  men  are  most  part  thus 
afiecied  all,  "  as  a  horse  they  neigh,"  saith  ®^  Jeremiah,  after  their  neighbours'  wives, 

tit  visa  pullus  adidnnit  equd :  and  if  they  be  in  company  with  other  women, 

thougli  in  their  own  wives'  presence,  they  must  be  courting  and  dallying  with  them. 
Juno  in  Lucian  complains  of  Jupiter  that  he  was  still  kissing  Ganymede  before  her 
liice,  whicii  did  not  a  little  oHlmkI  her :  and  besides  he  was  a  counterfeit  Amphitryo, 
a  bull,  a  swan,  a  golden  shower,  and  played  many  such  bad  pranks,  too  long,  too 
shameful  to  relate. 

Or  that  they  care  little  for  their  own  ladies,  and  fear  no  laws,  they  dare  freely 
keep  whores  at  their  wives'  noses.  'Tis  too  frequent  with  noblemen  to  be  dis- 
honest; Fietas,  probitas,  Jides,  privata  bona  su7it,  as  '°  he  said  long  since,  piety, 
chastity,  and  such  like  virtues  are  for  private  men  :  not  to  be  much  looked  after  in 
great  courts  :  and  which  Suetonius  of  the  good  princes  of  his  time,  they  might  be 
ail  engraven  in  one  ring,  we  may  truly  hold  of  chaste  potentates  of  our  age.  For 
gieal  personages  will  familiarly  run  out  in  this  kind,  and  yield  occasion  of  offence. 
'■  Montaigne,  m  his  Essays,  gives  instance  in  Cajsar,  Mahomet  the  Turk,  that  sacked 
Constantinople,  and  Ladislaus,  king  of  Naples,  that  besieged  Florence  :  great  men, 
and  great  soldiers,  are  commonly  great,  Stc,  probatum  est,  they  are  good  doers. 
Mars  and  Venus  are  equally  balanced  in  their  actions, 

'-"Militis  in  galea  niduin  fecere  columbcB,  I  "A  dove  within  a  head  piece  made  her  nest, 

Apparet  Aiarti  quam  sit  arnica  Venus."  |  'Twixt  .Mars  and  Venus  see  an  interest."' 

Especially  if  they  be  bald,  for  bald  men  have  ever  been  suspicious  (read  more  in 
Aristi.;tle,  Sect.  4.  prob.  19.)  asGalba,  Otho,  Domitian,  and  remarkable  Cae.sar  amongst 

••'Sde  Aiiima.  Crescit  ac  decrescit  zelotypia  cum  I  crevit  imbribus  hyemalibus.  Deianirain  suscipit,  Her- 
pt-rsonis,  locis,  ten  poribiis,  negotiis.  "■-  Marullus.    culeni  naiido  sequi  jubet.  '''  Lnciaii,  torn.  4 

"'I'llmllus  E|iig.        "^  Prov.  ix.  17.  «  Propert.  elcg.  |  *  Plutarch.         ^--Cap.  v.  8.  "Seneca.  '^ Lit 

2.  "^i*  Ovid.  lib.  9.    Met.  Pausanias  Slrabo,  quuiii  I  2.  cap.  23.  's  pmfonjus  Catal. 


572  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  3. 

the  rest.  '"'Urhani  servafe  uxores^  mcechiim  calvum  additcimus ;  besides,  this  nalil 
Caesar,  saith  Curio  in  Siieton,  was  omnium  muUerum  vir ;  l.c  made  love  to  Eiiiux:, 
queen  of  Mauritania  ;  to  Cleopatra ;  to  Posthumia,  wile  to  Sergius  Sulpilius  ;  to  Lolha, 
wife  to  Gabinius;  to  TertuUa,  of  Crass  us ;  to  Mutia,  Ponipey's  wife,  and  1  know 
not  how  many  besides :  and  well  he  might,  for,  if  all  be  true  that  1  have  read,  he 
had  a  license  to  lie  with  whom  he  list.  Inter  alios  honores  Ccesari  ilecretos  (as  Sue- 
ton,  cap.  52.  de  Julio,  and  Dion,  lib.  44.  relate)  jus  illi  datum,  cum  quibuacunc/ue 
fceminis  se  jungendi.  Every  private  history  will  yield  such  variety  of  instances : 
otlierwise  good,  wise,  discreet  men,  virtuous  and  valiant,  but  too  faulty  in  this. 
Priamus  had  tifty  sons,  but  seventeen  alone  lawfully  begotten.  ''M^hilippus  Bonus 
left  fourteen  bastards.  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  a  good  prince  and  a  wise,  but,  saith 
Machiavel,  ''  prodigiously  lascivious.  None  so  valiant  as  Ca-struccius  Casirucanus, 
but,  as  the  said  author  hath  it,  ■"  none  so  incontinent  as  he  was.  And  'tis  not  only 
predominant  in  grandees  this  fault :  but  if  you  will  take  a  great  man's  testimony, 
'tis  lanuliar  with  every  base  soldier  in  France,  [and  elsewhere,  I  think),  "This  vice 
(^^  saith  mine  author)  is  so  common  with  us  in  France,  that  he  is  of  no  account, 
a  mere  coward,  not  worthy  the  name  of  a  soldier,  that  is  not  a  notorious  whore- 
master.""  In  Italy  he  is  not  a  gentleman,  that  besides  his  wife  hath  not  a  courtezan 
and  a  mistress.  'Tis  no  marvel,  then,  if  poor  w<imen  in  such  cases  be  jealous,  when 
they  shall  see  themselves  manifestly  ntglected,contemiied, loathed,  unkindly  used  :  their 
disloyal  husbands  to  entertain  others  in  their  rooms,  and  many  times  to  court  la(hes 
to  their  faces:  other  men's  wives  to  wear  their  jewels:  how  shall  a  poor  woman 
in  such  a  case  nn>deraie  her  passion  .'  "Qwis  tibi  nunc  Dido  cernniti  tnlia  srnsus'^ 
How,  on  the  other  side,  shall  a  poor  man  contain  himself  from  this  feral  malady, 
when  he  shall«see  so  manifest  signs  of  his  wife's   inconstancy.'   when,  as  Milo's 

wife,  she  dotes  upon  every  young  man  she  sees,  or,  as  '".Martial's  Sota, draerlo 

SKjuitur  Ciilum  murito,  ••  liest-rts  her  husband  and  folhtws  Clitus."  Though  her 
husband  be  proper  and  tall,  fair  and  lovely  to  behold,  able  to  give  contentment  to 
any  one  woman,  yet  she  will  taste  of  tlie  forbidden  fruit :  Juvenal's  Il)erina  to  a 
hair,  she  is  as  well  pleased  with  one  eye  as  one  man.  If  a  young  gallant  come  by 
chance  into  her  presence,  a  fastidious  brisk,  that  can  wear  his  clothes  well  in  fashion, 
with  a  luck,  jingling  spur,  a  feather,  that  can  cringe,  and  withal  compliment,  court  a 
gentlewoman,  slie  raves  upon  him,  "  O  what  a  lovely  prt)per  man  he  was,"  another 
Hector,  an  Alexander,  a  gcjodly  man,  a  demi-god,  how  sweetly  he  curried  himself, 
with  how  comely  a  grace,  sic  oculos,  sic  Hie  manus,  sic  ora  ferebat,  lunv  neatly  he 
did  wear  his  clothes!  '*'Quam  sesf.  ore  fcrens,  quum  furli  pectore  et  armis,  lu>w 
bravely  did  he  discourse,  ride,  sing,  and  dance,  in-.,  and  then  she  begins  to  loathe 
her  husband,  rcpugnans  osculatur,  to  hate  him  and  his  filthy  beard,  his  goatish  com- 
plexion, as  Doris  said  of  Polyphemus,  "lotus  qui  saniem,  tulus  ut  hircus  olel,  he  i)i 
a  rammy  fulsome  fellow,  a  goblin-faced  fellow,  he  smells,  he  stinks,  K/  tiipas  simul 

alltumqut  ructut'^ si  quundo  ad  thulumum,  tl^T.,  how  like  a  dizzard,  a  fool,  an 

ass,  he  looks,  how  like  a  clown  he  behaves  himself!  '^she  will  not  come  near  hini 
by  her  own  good  will,  but  wholly  rejects  him,  as  Venus  did  her  fuliginous  Vulcan, 
at  last,  JS'ec  Dcus  hunc  mens.!,  Dea  ncc  dignata  cubili  est.'^  So  did  Lucreiia,  a  lady 
of  Sena?,  after  she  had  but  seen  Euryalus,  in  Kurialum  tota  ferebalur,  domuin  reversa^ 

«^c.,  she  Would  not  hold  her  eyes  otF  him  in  his  presence, *"  tun'um  egregio 

decus  enitet  ore,  and  in  his  absence  could  think  of  none  but  him,  odit  virum,  she 
loathed  her  husband  fortliwith,  might  not  abide  him  : 

•*"  £l  cuiijugalM  iirgliiKen*  tori,  viro  I  "All  agaiiivt  the  lawn  nf  mutrtiii'niy, 

frafiiruie,  acettKi  ii<iu9<-at  faiiKlio;"  j  Blie  uiU  abtiur  lier  tiuabanU  •  ptiia  iiuiay ;" 

and  sought  all  opportunity  to  see  her  sweetheart  again.  Now  when  the  good  man 
shall  observe  his  wife  so  lightly  given,  *•  to  be  so  free  and  familiar  with  every  gallant, 
her  immodesty  and  wantonness,"  (^as  *'  Camerarius  notes;  il  must  needs  yield  matter 

"Sut-l.ii  ■«  Pmiihh  Heulcr,  vita  rjii-  "  Lifi  :  '•.  lil.  4                 *«  Viri;   -I    .V.u.                 "  S. .  ii..!  j.  .yl. 

S.   Fliir                                     !   "ptiuiua  tt   -  ,r  •• 

■etl  ill  r                                       -  .4.                 '*  \  lU 

I,). -Ill  i                                    .   iiavit.  i. 

•i                                            lia  iiuiK    .  .  sUiiit'  Ml  ■ 

U                                     -  (vti  prelii  ■  '■  '                                   -r. 

(1                                     uiaJiiuii   .  Mij»  et  faniili  i 

^' Viri{.  .i.,\.  4.  What    Hum    aiii»t    :iav>'   U  cii    lJi.ua.  cum  uuiiiiIju)  licculia  et  iiiiiniMlt  >ti  j,  •luijUi  acioi    nf* 

•eOMitiuua  wben  *tie  wilaeaaed  Ibcae  tluiiig*  7"  "  t^(»C.  I  cl  •u<ptciouis  tuatrriaat  viru  prrbct. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.] 


Causes  of  Jealousy. 


573 


of  suspicion  to  him,  when  she  still  pranks  up  herself  beyond  bar  means  and  for- 
tunes, makes  impertinent  journeys,  unnecessary  visitations,  stays  out  so  long,  with 
sucii  and  such  companions,  so  frequently  goes  to  plays,  masks,  feasts,  and  all  public 
meetmgs,  shall  use  such  immodest  **  gestures,,  free  speeches,  and  withal  show  some 
distaste  of  her  own  husband ;  how  can  he  choose,  "•  though  he  were  another  Socra- 
tes, but  be  suspicious,  and  instantly  jealous  ?"  ^^^'•Socraticas  tandem  faciei  trans- 
cendcrc  7netas  ,■"  more  especially  when  he  shall  take  notice  of  their  more  secret  and 
sly  tricks,  which  to  cornute  their  husbands  they  commonly  use  (^dum  ludis,  Judos 
licec  te  fac'U),  lliey  pretend  love,  honour,  chastity,  and  seem  to  respect  them  before 
all  men  living,  saints  in  show,  so  cunningly  can  they  dissemble,  they  will  not  so 
much  as  look  upon  another  man  in  his  presence,  ^°so  chaste,  so  religious,  and  so 
devout,  they  cannot  endure  the  name  or  sight  of  a  quean,  a  harlot,  out  upon  her! 
and  in  their  outward  carriage  are  most  loving  and  officious,  will  kiss  their  husband, 
and  hang  about  his  neck  (dear  husband,  sweet  husband),  and  with  a  composed  coun- 
tenance salute  him,  especially  when  he  comes  home ;  or  if  he  go  from  home,  weep, 
sigh,  lament,  and  take  upon  them  to  be  sick  and  swoon  (like  Jocundo's  wife  in 
"'  Ariosto,  when  her  husband  was  to  depart),  and  yet  arrant,  &c.  they  care  not  for 
him. 


■  Aye  me,  tlie  tliought  (quoth  she)  makes  me  so  'fraid, 
'J'hat  scarce  the  breath  abideth  in  my  breast; 
Peace,  my  sweet  love  and  wife,  Jocundo  said. 
And  wee|is  as  fast,  and  comforts  her  his  best,  &c. 
All  this  might  not  assuage  the  woman's  pain, 
Needs  must  I  die  before  you  come  again, 
Nor  how  10  keep  my  life  1  can  devise. 


The  doleful  days  and  nights  I  shall  sustain. 

From    meal  my  mouth,  from   sleep  will  keep  mine 

eyes,  &c. 
That  very  nijlu  that  went  before  the  morrow, 
'J'hat  he  had  pointed  surely  to  depart, 
Jocundo's  wife  was  sick,  and  swoon'd  for  sorr»w 
Amid  his  arms,  so  heavy  was  her  heart." 


And  yet  for  all  these  counterfeit  tears  and  protestations,  Jocundo  coming  back  in  all 
haste  for  a  jewel  he  had  forgot, 


■  His  chaste  ami  yoke-fellow  he  found 
Yok  d  with  a  knave,  all  honesty  neglected, 
The  adulterer  sleeping  very  sound. 


Yet  by  his  face  was  easily  detected: 

A  bejigar's  brat  bred  by  him  fioni  his  cradle. 

And  now  was  riditjg  on  his  masters  saddle." 


Thus  can  they  cunningly  counterfeit,  as  -^  Platina  describes  their  customs,  "  kiss  their 

iiusbands,  whom  they  had  rather  see  hanging  on  a  gallows,  and  swear  they  love 

him  dearer  than  their  own  lives,  whose  soul  they  would  not  ransom  for  their  little 

dog's  j" 

"  similis  si  permutatio  detnr, 

M.jrte  viri  cupiunt  animam  servare  catcllse." 

Many  of  them  seem  to  be  precise  and  holy  forsooth,  and  will  go  to  such  a  ^^  church, 
to  hear  such  a  good  man  by  all  means,  an  excellent  man,  w-hen  'tis  for  no  other  in- 
tent (as  he  follows  it)  than  "  to  see  and  to  be  seen,  to  observe  what  fa.shions  are  in 
u.se,  to  meet  some  pander,  bawd,  monk,  friar,  or  to  entice  some  good  fellow."  For 
thoy  persuade  themselves,  as  ^""Nevisanus  shows,  '•'  That  it  is  neither  sin  nor  shame 
to  lie  with  a  lord  or  parish  priest,  if  he  be  a  proper  man;  ^^and  though  she  kneel 
often,  and  pray  devoutly,  'tis  (saith  Platina)  not  for  her  husband's  welfare,  or  chil- 
dren's good,  or  any  friend,  but  for  her  sweetheart's  return,  her  pander's  health."  If 
her  husband  would  have  her  go,  she  feigns  herself  sick,  ^^Et  simulat  siihifo  cojido- 
lidsse  caput :  her  head  aches,  and  she  cannot  stir  :  but  if  her  paramour  ask  as  much, 
she  is  for  him  in  all  seasons,  at  all  hours  of  the  night.  ^'  In  the  kingdom  of  Mala- 
bar, and  about  Goa  in  the  East  Indies,  the  women  are  so  subtile  that,  with  a  certain 
drink  they  give  them  to  drive  away  cares  as  they  say,  ^''■'  they  will  make  them  sleep 
for  twenty-four  hours,  or  so  intoxicate  them  that  they  can  remember  nought  of  that 
they  saw  done,  or  heard,  and,  by  washing  of  their  feet,  restore  them  again,  and  so 
make  their  husbands  cuckolds  to  their  faces."  Some  are  ill-disposed  at  all  times,  to 
all  pc-'ons  they  like,  others  more  wary  to  some  few,  at  such  and  sucli  seasons,  as 
Augusta,  Livia,  non  nisi  plena  navi  vectorem  tolle.hat.     But  as  he  said, 

per.<;uadent,quod  adulterium  rum  principe  vel  c;im  pra;- 
siile,  non  est  pudor,  nee  peccatum.  "^  Deum  rogat, 

non  pro  salute  mariti,  filii,cos.'naii  votasuscipit,  sed  pro 
reditu  mcBchi  si  abest.  pro  vali-ludine  lenonis  si  a;grolet. 
!■«  Tibullus.  S'Gortardus  Artlius  descrip.  Indist 

Orient.  Linchoflen.  onGarcias  ab  flurto,  hist.  lib. 

2.  cap.  H  Daturam  herbam  vocat  et  liestribit,  tarn  pro- 
dives  sunt  ad  venerem  miilieres  ut  viros  inehrient  per 
24  horas,  liquore  quodara,  ut  nihil  videant,  recordentur, 
at  dormiant,  et  post  iotionem  pedum,  ad  se  restituunt, 


""Voces  libera;,  oculorum  colloquiH.contractiones  pa- 
rum  verecundse,  motwsimmodici.&c.  Heinsius.  '^Cha- 
loner.  ^  What  is  here  said,  is  not  prejudicial  to 

honest  women.         ^i  Lib.  28.  sc.  13.  ^  Dial.  amor. 

Pendet  falla.x  et  blanda  circa  oscula  mariti,  quern  in 
cruce,  si  fieri  posset,  deosculari  velit :  illius  vitam  cha- 
riorem  esse  sua  jurejarando  affirmat:  quem  eerie  non 
redinieret  aninia  catelli  si  posset.  "'  Adeunt  tem- 

pluui  ut  rem  iliiinani  audiant,  ut  ipsse  simulant, sed  vel 
ut  nionachum  fratrem,  vel  adulterum  lingua,  oculis,  ad 
libidiuem  provocent.  °'i  Lib,  4.  num.  SI.    Ipse  sibi 


574  Love-MelanchoJy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  3. 

••"No  pen  cmild  write,  no  tongue  attain  to  tell, 
Hy  force  of  eloquence,  or  help  of  art, 
Of  women's  trtacheries  the  liundreillh  part." 

Both,  to  say  truth,  are  often  faulty ;  men  and  women  give  just  occasions  in  this 
humour  of  discontent,  aggravate  and  yiehl  matter  of  suspicion :  but  most  part  of  the 
chief  cau.ses  proceed  from  oilier  adventitious  accidents  and  circumstances,  though 
the  parties  be  free,  and  both  well  given  themselves.  The  inf^iscreet  carriage  of  some 
lascivious  gallant  [et  e  contra  of  some  light  woman)  by  his  often  frequenting  of  a 
house,  bold  unseemly  gestures,  may  make  a  breach,  and  by  his  over-familiarity,  if 
he  be  inclined  to  yellowness,  colour  him  quite  out.  If  he  be  pt)or,  basely  born, 
saith  Benedilto  Varchi,  and  otherwise  unhandsome,  he  suspects  him  the  less ;  but 
if  a  proper  man,  such  as  was  Alcibiades  in  Greece,  and  Castruccius  Castrucanus  in 
Italy,  well  descended,  cununendable  for  his  good  parts,  he  taketh  on  the  more,  and 
watcheth  his  doings.  "*Theodosius  the  emperor  gave  his  wife  Eudoxia  a  golden 
apple  when  he  was  a  suitor  to  her,  which  she  long  after  bestowed  upon  a  young 
gallant  in  the  court,  of  her  especial  acipiaintance.  The  emperor,  espynig  this  apple 
in  his  hand,  suspected  forthwith,  int)re  ihan  was,  his  wife's  dishonesty,  banishe^l  him 
the  C(»urt,  and  from  that  day  following  forbare  to  acconij)any  her  any  more.  'A  rich 
nierchaiii  had  a  fair  wife;  according  to  his  custom  he  went  to  travel;  in  his  absence 
a  good  fellow  tempted  his  wife;  slie  denied  him;  yet  he,  dying  a  little  after,  gave 
lier  a  legacy  for  the  love  he  bore  her.  At  his  return,  her  jealous  husl)and,  because 
^he  had  got  in«)re  by  land  than  he  had  dt>ne  at  sea,  turned  her  away  upon  suspicion. 
N«)W  when  those  other  circumstances  of  time  and  place,  opportunity  and  impor- 
lunily  shall  concur,  what  will  they  not  efiect .' 

••  Knir  (ijijuiriuhity  can  win  the  coyett  «he  that  ii, 
K.  ui-   i>  he  talkf?  liuip.  a«  h«  11  Im- >'ire  he  will  not  mil*: 
'I'tit'ii  hi-  that  \<>\v<  her  |{iiiiit:*oui«  vt-iii,  anil  temper*  toy*  with  art, 
lifiiigs  lut*-  tliitt  ■Miiiiuicth  III  her  rye*  to  dive  iiit>i  her  liuurt." 

As  at  plays,  masks,  great  feasts  and  banquets,  one  singles  out  his  wife  to  dance 

another  courts  her  in  his  presence,  a  third  tempts  her,  a  fourth   insinuates  with  a 

pleasing  compliment,  a  sweet  smile,  ingratiates  himself  with  art  amphibological  speech, 

as  that  merry  companion  in  the  ^Satirist  did  to  his  Glycerium,  ^adsidens  el  inUr'Kh- 

rem  jjuhnaiu  ainubiliter  concutitnSy 

"  Uuoil  ui«u«  hiiriut  hahet  iiiuiat  impuni  licebil, 
Hi  dtcleri*  nubi«  quod  tuua  hortu*  habel ;" 

With  many  such,  Stc,  and  then  as  he  saith, 

•  S/it  naif  mo  lektle  in  eMastity  abide, 
Tkat  ij  fsatU  en  nerf  $tUe. 

For  aftej  a  great  feast, — ""  Vino  sape  siium  nescit  arnica  virum.  Noah  (saith  *  llierome) 
"  showed  his  nakedness  in  his  drunkenness,  which  for  six  hundred  years  he  had 
covered  in  soberness."     Lot  lay  with   his  daughters  in  his  drink,  as  Cyneras  with 

Myrrha, ''quid  enim  Venus  tbria  curat?     The  most  continent  may  be  overcome, 

or  if  otherwise  they  keep  bad  company,  they  that  are  modest  of  themselves,  and 
dare  not  otfend,  ^*  confirmed  by  '  others,  grow  impudent,  and  confident,  and  get  an 
ill  habit." 

*"  Alia  qumtut  gratia  matrimonium  corrunipit. 
Alia  pfccaii*  oiulta*  vull  niorbi  habere  iK>cia*." 

t)r  if  they  dwell  in  suspected  places,  as  in  an  infamous  inn,  near  some  stews,  near 
monks,  friars,  Nevisanu:^  adds,  where  be  many  tempters  and  solicitors,  idle  persons 
that  frequent  their  companies,  it  niav  give  just  cause  of  suspicion.  Martial  of  old 
inveigheil  against  them  tliat  counterfeited  a  disease  to  go  to  the  bath ;  for  so,  many 
times, 

'•  relicto 

Coiijuge  Penelope  venit,  abil  Helene." 

^neas  Sylvius  puts  in  a  caveat  against  princes'  courts,  because  there  be  tot  formos 
jucents  qui  prurmttunt.  so  many  brave  suitors  to  tempt,  Stc.     "  If  you  leave  her  in 

••  .\r;nalo,  lib.  iff),  ft.  7S.  >•<>  l.iptiu*  pnlit.        •  S<>- |  8al.  ]3.  •  Nir^  no.  p'wt  ab  alnt  roo- 

neca,  lib  -J.  ronlrov.  8.  » Ikxlichtr.  gat.  » -Sit.     lirm.Tii-.  auilic.i  .1   .  ii       I   r.i  •.■m.-l  *^re- 

tin/  clo»e   to  her,  and   •hakiiig   her   hand   I  1    --  Luve 

•  Til'iiliui.  •••After  w...r  ;;ie  mii»ir«-.-  a  wi«b 

unable  to  dii<tin|;uifb  h'-r  own  lover."  •  I  ,  ■    iriuatea 

ad  Oeeanuni.    .^d  uniu*  hora:  ehrictaiem  nudal  fmtora,    oih^.r*.  >*  Ii*  nnwr.  lurialiuin.  Aui  aliuni  cum  U 

que  per  leicenti)*  annu«  aobrietate  conteierat.      <  Juv.  |  invenie*.  But  laae  alium  reprriea. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  1.]  Symptoms  of  Jealousy.  575 

such  a  place,  you  shall  likely  find  her  in  company  you  like  not,  either  thev  come  to 
her,  or  she  is  gone  to  them.''*  "  Kornmannus  makes  a  doubting  jest  in  his  lascivious 
country,  Virginis  illibata  censealur  ne  castitas  ad  quam  freqiiaUur  accedant  scho~ 
lares?  And  Baldus  the  lawyer  scoffs  on,  quum  scholaris,  inquit,  loquitur  ami  pu- 
elld,  -non  prcesumitur  ei  dicere,  Pater  noster,  when  a  scholar  talks  with  a  maid,  or 
another  man's  wife  in  private,  it  is  presumed  he  saith  not  a  pater  noster.  Or  if  I 
shall  see  a  monk  or  a  friar  climb  up  a  ladder  at  midnight  into  a  virgin's  or  widow's 
chamber  window,  I  shall  hardly  think  he  then  goes  to  administer  the  sacraments,  or 
to  take  her  confession.  These  are  the  ordinary  causes  of  jealousy,  which  are  in- 
tended or  remitted  as  the  circumstances  vary. 


MEMB.  11. 

SuBSECT.  I. — Symptoms  of  Jealousy^  Fear,  Sorrow,  Suspicion,  strange  Actions, 
Gestures,  Outrages,  Locking  up.  Oaths,  Trials,  Laws,  4"c. 

Of  all  passions,  as  I  have  already  proved,  love  is  most  violent,  and  of  those  bitter 
potions  which  this  love-melancholy  affords,  this  bastard  jealousy  is  the  greatest,  as 
appears  by  those  prodigious  symptoms  which  it  hath,  and  that  it  produceth.  For 
besides  fear  and  sorrow,  which  is  common  to  all  melancholy,  anxiety  of  mind,  sus- 
picion, aggravation,  restless  thoughts,  paleness,  meagreness,  neglect  of  business,  and 
the  like,  these  men  are  farther  yet  misaffected,  and  in  a  higher  strain.  'Tis  a  more 
vehement  passion,  a  more  furious  perturbation,  a  bitter  pain,  a  fire,  a  pernicious  curi- 
osity, a  gall  corrupting  the  honey  of  our  life,  madness,  vertigo,  plague,  hell,  they  are 
more  than  ordinarily  disquieted,  they  lose  bonurn  pads,  as  '^Chrysostom  observes; 
and  though  they  be  rich,  keep  sumptuous  tables,  be  nobly  allied,  yet  miserrimi  om- 
nium sunt,  they  are  most  miserable,  they  are  more  than  ordinarily  discontent,  more 
sad,  nihil  tristius,  more  than  ordinarily  suspicious.  Jealousv,  saith  '^  Vives,  "  begets 
unquietness  in  the  mind,  night  and  day  :  he  hunts  after  every  word  he  hears,  every 
whisper,  and  amplifies  ft  to  himself  (as  all  melancholy  men  do  in  other  matters) 
with  a  most  unjust  calumny  of  others,  he  misinterprets  everything  is  said  or  done, 
most  apt  to  mistake  or  misconstrue,"  he  pries  into  every  corner,  follows  close,  ob- 
serves to  a  hair.     'Tis  proper  to  jealousy  so  to  do, 

"Pale  hag,  infernal  fury,  pleasure's  smart, 
Envy's  observer,  prying  in  every  part." 

Besides  those  strange  gestures  of  staring,  frowning,  grinning,  rolling  of  eyes,  me- 
nacing, ghastly  looks,  broken  pace,  interrupt,  precipitate,  half-turns.  He  will  some- 
times sigh,  weep,  sob  for  anger.  JS'empe  ^uos  tmbres  etiam  ista  toniirua  fundunt^'*— 
sv/ear  and  belie,  slander  any  man,  curse,  threaten,  brawl,  scold,  fight;  and  sometimes 
again  flatter  and  speak  fair,  ask  forgiveness,  kiss  and  coll,  condemn  his  rashness  and 
folly,  vow,  protest,  and  swear  he  will  never  do  so  again ;  and  then  eftsoons,  im- 
patient as  he  is,  rave,  roar,  and  lay  about  him  like  a-  madman,  thump  her  sides,  drag 
her  about  perchance,  drive  her  out  of  doors,  send  her  home,  he  will  be  divorced 
forthwith,  she  is  a  whore,  &c.,  and  by-and-by  with  all  submission  compliment,  en- 
treat her  fair,  and  bring  her  in  again,  he  loves  her  dearly,  she  is  his  sweet,  most  kind 
and  loving  wife,  he  Avill  not  change,  nor  leave  her  for  a  kingdom ;  so  he  continues 
off  and  on,  as  the  toy  takes  him,  the  object  moves  !:im,  but  most  part  brawlini^,  fret- 
ting, unquiet  he  is,  accusing  and  suspecting  not  strangers  only,  but  brothers  and  sis- 
ters, father  and  mother,  nearest  and  dearest  friends.     He  thinks  with  those  Italians, 

"Chi  non  tocca  parentado, 
'I'occa  mai  e  railo." 

And  through  fear  conceives  unto  himself  things  almost  incredible  and  impossible  to 
be  effected.     As  a  heron  when  she  fishes,  still  prying  on  all  sides;  or  as  a  cat  doth 

"Cap.  IS.  de  Virg.  12  Horn.  38.  in  c.  17.  Gen.  I  lumnia.     Maximfi  snspiciosi,  et  ad  pejora  credendum 

Etsi  niagnisariliiiiiit  divitiis,  &c.  123  jg  Anima.  |  pmclives.  "'•  These  thunders  pour  down  their 

Omnes  voces,  auras,  onines  susurros  capiat  zelotypus,    peculiar  showers." 
ct  amplificat  apud  se  cum  iuiquissinia  de  singulis  ca-  j 


57o  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  3. 

a  mouse,  his  eye  is  never  off  her's ;  he  gloats  on  him,  on  her,  accurately  observing 
on  whom  she  looks,  who  looks  at  her,  what  she  sailh,  doth,  at  dinner,  at  supper, 
sitting,  walking,  at  home,  abroad,  he  is  the  same,  still  inquiring,  mandriug,  gazing, 
listening,  atlVighied  witl»  every  small  object ;  why  did  she  smile,  why  did  she  pity 
him,  commend  him  ?  why  did  she  drink  twice  to  such  a  man  ^  why  did  dhe  offer  to 
kiss,  to  dance  ?  kc,  a  whore,  a  whore,  an  arrant  whore.  All  this  he  confesseth  iu 
the  poet, 

*  ••  Omnia  me  ti.TrPiit,  timidus  sum,  ignosce  timori.  I  "  Each  thing  alFri^'htj  mo,  I  do  ftar, 

Et  mi>ei  in  tuiuc.i  siuspicor  esse  vinim.  |  Ah  parilon  mi-  my  iVar, 

Me  la^ilit  si  inulta  lilii  ilalnt  uscula  mater,  j  I  doubt  a  man  is  hnl  within 

Mu  tutur,  t'l  c:im  qua  dunnil  aniica  siinul."  |  'I'he  cl«thes  that  thuu  tioH  wear." 

Is  it  not  a  man  in  woman's  apparel  ?  is  not  somebody  in  that  great  chest,  or  behind 
Uie  door,  or  hangings,  or  in  some  of  those  barrels .'  may  not  a  man  steal  in  at  the 
window  with  a  ladder  of  ropes,  or  come  down  the  chimney,  have  a  lalse  key,  or  get 
in  when  he  is  asleep.^  If  a  mouse  do  but  stir,  or  the  wind  blow,  a  casement  clatter, 
that's  the  villain,  there  he  is:  by  his  good-will  no  man  shall  see  her,  salute  her, 
speak  with  her,  she  shall  not  go  forth  of  his  sight,  so  much  as  to  do  her  needs. 
''JVort  ilu  hovvm  argus^  «^-c.  Argus  did  not  so  keep  his  cow,  that  watchful  dragon 
the  gulden  llet-ce,  or  Cerberus  the  coming  in  of  lu-ll,  as  he  kieps  his  wife.  If  a  dear 
Irienil  or  near  kinsman  come  as  guest  to  his  house,  to  visit  him,  he  will  never  let 
him  be  out  of  bis  own  sight  and  company,  lest,  peradvenlure,  &.c.  If  the  necessity 
of  his  business  be  sudi  tliat  he  must  go  I'rom  home,  he  doth  eillier  lock  Iter  up,  or 
commit  her  with  a  deal  of  injunctions  and  |)roiestations  to  some  trusty  Irietids,  him 
and  her  he  sets  ami  bribes  to  oversee :  one  servant  is  set  in  his  absence  to  watch 
another,  and  all  to  observe  his  wife,  and  yet  all  this  will  not  serve,  though  his  busi- 
ness be  verv  ur<;ent,  he  will  when  he  is  halfway  come  back  in  all  post  haste,  rise 
from  supper,  or  at  midnight,  and  be  gone,  and  sometimes  leave  his  business  undone, 
and  as  a  stranger  court  his  own  wife  in  some  disguised  habit.  Though  there  be  no 
danger  at  all,  no  cause  of  suspicion,  she  live  in  such  a  place,  where  Mes.salina  her- 
self could  not  be  dishonest  if  she  would,  yet  he  suspects  her  as  much  as  if  she  were 
in  a  bawdy-bouse,  some  prince's  court, or  in  a  coiniiion  inn,  where  all  comers  might 
have  free  access.  He  rails  her  on  a  sudden  all  to  nouglit,  she  i.s  a  strumpet,  a  light 
housewife,  a  bitch,  an  arrant  whore.  No  persuasion,  no  jirotestation  can  divert  this 
passion,  nothing  can  ease  him,  secure  or  give  him  satisfaction.  Jl  is  most  strange  to 
report  what  outrasreous  acts  by  men  ami  women  have  been  committetl  in  this  kind, 
by  women  especially,  that  will  run  after  their  husbands  into  all  places  and  compa- 
nies, ''as  Jovianus  h'oiitaiius's  wife  did  by  him,  follow  him  whithersoever  he  went, 
it  matters  not,  or  upon  what  business,  raving  like  Juno  in  the  tragedy,  miscalling, 
cursing,  swearing,  and  mistrusting  every  one  she  sees.  Gomesius  in  bis  third  book. 
of  the  Life  and  Deeds  of  Francis  Ximenius,  sometime  archbisbtjp  of  Toledo,  hath  a 
strange  story  of  that  incredible  jealousy  of  Joan  queen  of  Spain,  wife  to  King  Philip, 
mother  of  Ferdinand  and  Charles  the  Fifth,  emperors ;  when  her  husband  Philip, 
eitlier  for  that  be  was  tired  with  his  wife's  jealousy,  or  had  some  great  business, 
went  into  the  Low  Countries :  she  was  so  impatient  and  melancholy  upon  his  de- 
parture, tbat  she  would  scarce  eat  her  meat,  or  converse  with  any  man ;  and  though 
she  were  with  child,  the  season  of  the  year  very  bad,  the  wind  against  her,  in  all 
haste  she  would  to  sea  after  him.  Neither  Isabella  her  queen  mother,  the  arch- 
bishop, or  any  other  friend  could  persuade  her  to  the  contrary,  but  she  would  after 
him.  When  she  was  now  come  into  the  Low  Countries,  and  kindly  entertained  by 
her  husband,  she  could  not  contain  herself,  "•*  but  iii  a  rage  ran  upon  a  yellow- 
haired  wench,"  with  whom  she  suspected  her  husband  to  be  naught,  ^' cut  off  her 
hair,  did  beat  her  black  and  blue,  and  so  dragged  her  about."  It  is  an  onlinary  thing 
for  women  in  such  cases  to  scratch  the  faces,  slit  the  noses  of  such  as  tbey  sus- 
pect;  as  Ilenrv  the  Second's  importune  Juno  did  by  Rosamond  at  Woo<lstock ;  for 
she  complains  in  a  "  modern  poet,  she  scarce  spake, 

"  But  fli.»  with  eager  fury  to  my  face,  j  80  fell  »he  on  oie  in  oiitraxeou*  wl«e, 

tjlic-riiig  me  iuo4t  unwuuiauly  dugrac«.  As  cuulJ  diMlain  aod  jealouiy  deviM." 

LiMik  how  a  tifreiM,  Jtc.  | 


■•Propertids  '*  .Cneai  i^ilv.  "  Ant.  Dial.  I  biliter  inaulUu  faeiein  vibicibua  tedaviu        >*I>ani«l. 

•Rabie  cuacepta,  c««arieai  abraAil,  puellcque  mira- j 


Metn.  2.  Subs.  1.]  Sympioms  of  Jealousy.  ^^^^^^ 

Or  if  it  be  so  they  dare  not  or  cannot  execute  any  such  tyrannical  injustice,  they 
will  miscall,  rail  and  revile,  bear  them  deadly  hate  and  malice,  as  -'Tacitus  observes, 
The  hatred  of  a  jealous  woman  is  inseparable  against  such  as  she  suspects." 

""  Nulla  vis  flamms  turaiiiique  venti  I 

'r.iiita,  Hue  tell  inetuamla  torti.  |  '■  Winds,  weapons,  flames  make  not  such  liurly  burly. 

Quanta  cum  coiijux  viiluata  t.Tdis  i       As  raving  women  turn  all  topsy-turvy." 

Anlel  et  odit."  j 

So  did  Ag-rippina  by  Lollia,  and  Calphurnia  in  the  days  of  Claudius.  But  women 
are  sutiicieiuly  curbed  in  such  cases,  the  rage  of  men  is  more  eminent,  and  frequently 
put  in  practice.  See  but  with  what  rigour  those  jealous  husbands  tyrannise  over 
their  poor  wives.  In  Greece,  Spain,  Italy,  Turkey,  Africa,  Asia,  and  generally  over 
all  those  hot  countries,  ^^Mulleres  vestra  terra  vestra,  urate  sicut  vultis^  3Iahoraet  in 
his  Alcoran  gives  this  power  to  men,  your  wives  are  as  your  land,  till  tliem,  use 
them,  entreat  them  fair  or  foul,  as  you  will  yourselves.  ^^Mecastor  lege  dura  vivunl 
muUeres.,  they  lock  them  still  in  their  houses,  which  are  so  many  prisons  to  them, 

will  sufler  nobody  to  come  at  them,  or  their  wives  to  be  seen  abroad, nee  cam- 

pos  liccat  lustrare  putentcs.  They  must  not  so  much  as  look  out.  And  if  they  be 
great  persons,  they  liave  eunuchs  to  keep  them,  as  the  Grand  Seignior  among'  the 
Turks,  the  Sophies  of  Persia,  those  Tartarian  Mogors,and  Kings  of  China.  Infantes 
niasculos  castrant  innumeros  ut  regi  serviajit,  saith  ^^Kiccius,  "  they  geld  innumera- 
ble infants"  to  this  purpose;  the  King  of  "  China '' maintains  10,000  eunuchs  in 
his  family  to  keep  his  wives."  The  Xeriffes  of  Barbary  keep  their  courtezans  in 
such  a  strict  manner,  that  if  any  man  come  but  in  sight  of  them  he  dies  for  it ;  and 
if  they  chance  to  see  a  man,  and  do  not  instantly  cry  out,  thougii  from  their  win- 
dows, they  must  be  put  to  death.  The  Turks  have  1  know  not  how  many  black, 
deformed  eunuchs  (for  the  white  serve  for  other  ministeries)  to  tliis  purpose  sent 
commonly  from  Egypt,  deprived  in  their  childhood  of  all  their  privities,  and  brought 
up  in  the  seraglio  at  Constantinople  to  keep  their  wives;  which  are  so  peiuied  up 
they  may  not  confer  with  any  living  man,  or  converse  with  younger  women,  have 
a  cucumber  or  carrot  sent  into  them  for  their  diet,  but  sliced,  for  fear,  kc.  and  so 
live  and  are  left  alone  to  their  unchaste  thoughts  all  the  days  of  their  lives.  The 
vulgar  sort  of  women,  if  at  auy  time  they  come  abroad,  which  is  very  seldom,  to 
visit  one  another,  or  to  go  to  their  baths,  are  so  covered,-  that  no  man  can  see  them, 
as  the  matrons  were  in  old  Rome,  lecllcd  aut  sella  tectd  vectce.,  so  ^"^Dion  and  Seneca 
record,  Velafce  iota  incedunl^  which -'Alexander  ab  Alexaiidro  relates  of  the  Par- 
thians,  Uh.  5.  vap.  24.  which,  with  Andreas  Tiraquellus  his  commentator,  I  rather 
think  should  be  understood  of  Persians.  I  have  not  yet  .said  all,  they  do  not  only 
lock  them  up,  sed  et  pudendis  seras  adliibenl :  hear  what  Bembus  relates  lib.  6.  of" 
his  Venetian  history,  of  those  inhabitants  that  dwell  about  Quiloa  in  Africa.  Lusl- 
ianij  inquU.,  quorunduhi  civitates  adlerunt.,  qui  natis  statim  foeminis  naturam  cnnsuunty 
quoad  urince  exitus  ne  i?npedialur,  easqiie  quum  adoleverint  sic  consutas  in  malrimo- 
nium  collocanl,ut  sponsi  prima  cura  sit  conglutinatas  puellce  oras  ferro  interscindere. 
In  some  parts  of  Greece  at  this  day,  like  those  old  Jews,  they  will  not  believe  their 
wives  are  honest,  nisi  pannum  menstruatum  pritna  nocte  videant :  our  countryman, 
^  Sands,  in  his  peregrination,  saith  it  is  severely  observed  in  Zanzynthus,  or  Zante ; 
and  Leo  Afer  in  his  time  at  Fez,  in  Africa,  non  credunt  virginem  esse  nisi  videant  san- 
guineam  mappam  ;  si  non.,  ad  parcntes  pudore  rejicitur.  Those  sheets  are  publicly 
shown  by  their  parents,  and  kept  as  a  sign  of  incorrupt  virginity.  The  Jews  of  old 
e.xamined  their  maids  ex  tenui  memhrana.,  called  Hymen,  which  Laurentius  in  his 
anatomy,  Columbus  tib.  12.  cap.  10.  Capivaccius  lib.  4.  cap.  11.  de  uteri  ajfectihus, 
Vincent,  Alsai;us  Genuensis  qucesit.  med.  cent.  4.  Hieronymus  Mercurialis  consult. 
Ambros.  Parens,  Julius  Caesar  Claudinus  Respons.  4.  as  that  also  de  ^^ruplura  vena- 
ruin  ut  sanguis Jiuat,  copiously  confute;  'tis  no  sutiicient  trial  they  contend.  And 
yet  others  again  defend  it,  Gaspar  Bartholinus  Institut.  ^nat.  lib.  I.' cap.  31.  Pinajus 
of  Paris,  Albertus  Magnus  de  secret,  mulier.  cap.  9  &.  10.  &.c.  and  think  they  speak 

"Aiinal.  lib.  12.  Principis  mulieris  zeiotypae  est  in  I  eunnchorum  millia  niimerantur  in  regia  famiiia  qui 
alias  inullcres  qnas  suspfctas  liabet,  odium  insepara- |  srrvant  uxores  ejus.  »  Lib.  57.  ep.  «l.  ^Semotis 
bil«-  siSunecain   Medea.  "  Alcoran  cap.     a  viris  servant  in  interinribus,  ab  eorum  conspectu  iia 

Bovis,   interprele    Kicardo    pra;d.   c.   8.    Confutationis.  ,  munes.  »  Lib.  1.  fol.  7.        ^  Diruptiones  liymeBM 

Tlaulu,'?.        '"K.vpedit.  in  Siiias.  I.  3.  c.  9.       2*  Decent  |  siEpe  tiunt  a  prouriis  digitis  vel  ab  aliisiostrumentis. 

73  2Y 


579  Love-Melancholy.  [Part  3.  Sect.  3 

too  much  in  favour  of  women.  ^Liulovirus  Bonrialus  tih.  4.  cap.  2.  mulkhr.  na- 
turalcm  illatn  uteri  lahlorum  constrict  torn  Jii,  in  qua  virginitatem  consisfere  volant, 
astringentibus  medicinis  Jieri  posse  vendicat.,  et  si  deflorate  s<«/,  astittce  ^'  mulieres 
i^inquit)  nos  fullunt  in  his.  Idem  ^ilsariits  Crucius  Genuensis  iisdem  fere  verbis. 
Idem  Aviceniia  Ub.  3.  Fen.  20.  Trad.  1,  cup.  47.  ^^  Rhasis  Conlinent.  Jib.  24.  Ro- 
dericus  a  Castro  de  nat.  rrul.  lib.  1.  cap.  3.  An  old  bawdy  nurse  in  ^  Ari.sttenetus, 
^like  lluit  Spanish  CY^lt-slina.  "^//o;  qiiinque  mille  virgines  fecit  mulieres,  totidemque 
mulieres  arte  sua  virgmes)  wlien  a  fair  maid  of  her  acquaintance  wept  and  made  her 
moan  to  her,  how  she  had  been  deflowered,  and  now  ready  to  be  married,  was  afraid 
it  would  be  perceived,  comfortably  replied,  .Vo/i  vereri  fHia,  Sfc.  •*  Fear  not,  daugh- 
ter, I 'U  teach  thee  a  trick  to  help  it."  Sed  hac  extra  callem.  To  what  end  are  all 
those  astrological  questions,  an  sit  virgo,  an  sit  ca'^ta,  an  sit  mulierf  and  such 
strange  absurd  trials  in  Albertus  Magnus,  Bap.  Porta,  Mag.  lib.  'i.  cap.  21.  in  Wecker. 
lib.  5.  de  secret,  by  stones,  perfumes,  to  make  them  piss,  and  confess  1  know  not 
what  in  their  sleep  ;  some  jealous  brain  was  the  first  founder  of  them.  And  to  what 
passion  may  we  ascribe  those  severe  laws  against  jealousy,  A'mwj.  v.  14,  Adulterers 
Deut.  cap.  22.  r.  xxii.  as  amongst  the  Hebrews,  amongst  the  Egyptians  (read  *^Bo- 
hemus  /.  I.e.  5.  de  mor.  gen.  of  the  Carthaginians,  cap.  0.  of  Turks,  lib.  2.  cap.  11.; 
amongst  the  .Athenians  of  old,  Italians  at  this  day,  wherein  they  are  to  be  severely 
punisiit'd,  cut  in  pieces,  burned,  vivi-comburio,  buried  alive,  with  several  expurga- 
tions, tvc.  are  they  not  as  so  many  symptoms  of  incredible  jealousy  ?  we  may  say 
the  same  of  those  vestal  virgins  that  fetched  water  in  a  sieve,  as  Tatia  did  in  Rome, 
anno  ub.  urb.  condita  bUO.  before  the  senators ;  and  ^^Emilia,  virgo  innocens,  that 
ran  over  hot  irons,  as  Emma,  Edward  the  Confessor's  mother  did,  the  king  himself 
being  u  spectator,  with  the  like.  We  read  in  Nicephorus,  that  Chunegunda  the 
wife  of  lienricus  Bavarus  emperor,  suspected  of  adultery,  insimtilata  adulterii  per 
ignitos  vomeres  illasa  trunsiit,  tri»d  upon  red  hot  coulters,  and  had  no  harm  :  such 
another  story  we  fmd  in  Kegino  lib.  2.  In  Aventinus  and  Sigonius  of  Cliarles  the 
Third  and  his  wife  Richarda,  -in.  887,  that  was  so  purged  with  hot  irons.  Pausanias 
iaith,  that  he  was  once  an  eye-witness  of  such  a  miracle  at  Diana's  temple,  a  maid 
without  any  harm  at  all  walked  upon  burning  coals.  Pius  Secund.  in  his  descrip- 
tiou  of  Kuri>j)e,  c.  40.  relates  as  much,  that  it  was  commonly  practised  at  Diana's 
temple,  for  women  to  go  barefoot  over  hot  coals,  to  try  their  honesties  :  Plinius.  So- 
linus,  aud  many  writers,  make  mention  of  *^Geronia's  temple,  and  Dionysius  ilali- 
carnassus,  lib.  3.  of  Memnoti''s  statue,  which  were  used  to  this  purpose.  Talius  Ub. 
6.  of  Pan  his  cave,  (much  like  old  St.  Wilfrid's  needle  in  Yorkshire)  wherein  they 
did  use  to  try  maids,  •**  whether  they  were  honest ;  when  Leucippe  went  in,  sitavis- 
simus  exaudiri  sonus  canpit  Austin  de  cic.  Dei  lib.  10.  c.  16.  relates  many  such  ex- 
amples, all  which  Lavaier  de  spectr.  part.  I.  cap.  19  contends  to  be  done  by  the 
illusion  of  ilevils ;  though  Tliomas  qucest.  6.  de  potentid,  6)-c.  ascribes  it  to  good 
angels.  Some,  saith  *  .Austin,  compel  their  wives  to  swear  they  be  honest,  as  if 
perjury  were  a  lesser  sin  than  adultery  ;  '''^some  consult  oracles,  as  Phairus  that  blind 
king  of  Egypt.  Others  reward,  as  those  old  Romans  used  to  do;  if  a  woman  were 
contented  with  one  man.  Corona,  pudicitict  donabatur.,  she  had  a  crown  of  chastity 
bestowed  on  her.  Wiien  all  this  will  not  serve,  saith  Alexander  Gaguinus.  cap.  5. 
descript.  JMuscovice^  tlie  .Muscovites,  if  they  suspect  their  wives,  will  beat  them  till 
they  Confess,  and  if  that  will  not  avail,  like  those  wild  Irish,  be  divorced  at  their 
pleasures,  or  else  knock  them  on  the  heads,  as  the  old  *'  Gauls  have  done  in  former 
ages.  Of  this  tyranny  of  jealousy  read  more  in  Parthenius  Erot.  cap.  10.  Camera- 
rius  cap.  53.  hor.  subcis.  et  cent.  2.  cap.  34.  Cadia's  epistles,  Tho.  Chaloner  de 
repub.  Ang.  lib.  U.  Ariosto  Ub.  31.  stasse  1.     Faelix  Palterus  observat.  lib.  1.  SfC. 

**  Iileui  Kliasis  Arab.  cntn.  >■  Ita  clau««  ptiar-    *^  Viridi  f  audeiii  Feroiiia  liiro.  Virj;.  *  Ismeh* 

macM  ut  iioii  po^ruiii  ciiiHini  exerure.  *<Udi  el     wan  *»  tri<r<l  t>y  Dian'i  w>-ll,  iii  Mliich  maid*  did  »wim, 

ptiaruiaruiii  pr^«crit>il  diM'el<|UH.  »  EpUt.  t>.   Mer-    unchaste  itrre  drnwucd,  EuataUima.  Iib.tj  Tontr* 

cer<>  liili-r.  "  U.irlhius.     I^udiM  illi  li>iiivraliiiii     mendiic.  an  cmifMHi, '.'I  cap.  «•  riirrof  i^>(>li  r«-f 

piiilicitix  rl  ir>'ni  nieiititiri  iiijchiriiii  pro  iiiiccro  vei'd-rc.  rapiiis  oculi!*  |wr  dco-iiiiiiim.  oraculuiii  cotiauimi  de 
tUi"  doii'tHi  tt,  >pii  iiiiilK  r  ante  iiupliag  >(ii>ii»<>  tc  prntw^     uiiifix  pud'iciti*.     lierud.  Kutcrp.  <■  C»*ar.  lib  6. 

virEint-iii.  -'Uiii  iiiuliKrtrui  viulasM:!.  virilia  fXfca-  \  bello  Uall.  vita;  iieciique  in  uiorea  babueniiit  polcata 

haul,  et  aiille  virjua  dabaiiL  "Oiun.  II3I1C.  ,  tew. 


Mem.  3.]  Symptoms  of  Jealousy.  579 


MEMB.  JII. 

Prognostics  of  Jealousy,  Despair,  Madness,  to  make  away  themselves  and  others. 

Those  which  are  jealous,  most  part,  if  they  be  not  otherwise  relieved,  ^^"  pro- 
ceed from  suspicion  to  hatred,  from  hatred  to  frenzy,  madness,  injury,  murder  and 
despair." 

if  "A  plague  hy  whose  most  (lamnable  effect,  I  By  which  a  man  to  madness  near  is  brought. 

Divers  in  deep  despair  to  die  have  sought,  |  As  well  with  causeless  as  with  just  suspect." 

In  their  madness  many  times,  saith  ^^  Vives,  they  make  away  themselves  and  others. 
Which  inducetli  Cyprian  to  call  it,  Foecundam  ct  multij)licem  jierniciem,  fontem  da- 
dium  el  scminarium  delictonim,  a  fruitful  mischief,  the  seminary  of  offences,  and  foun- 
tain of  murders.  Tragical  examplos  are  too  common  in  this  kind,  both  new  and 
old,  in  all  ages,  as  of  ''^Cephalus  and  Procris,  ^^Phaereus  of  Egypt,  Tereus,  Atreus, 
and  Thyestes.  ""Alexander  Ph^reus  was  murdered  of  his  wife,  ob  pellicatus  siispi- 
f?onem,  TuUy  saith.  Antoninus  Verus  was  so  made  away  by  Lucilla;  Demetrius  the 
•son  of  Antigonus,  and  Nicanor,  by  their  wives.  Hercules  poisoned  by  Dejanira, 
■'^'  Cfficinna  murdered  by  Vespasian,  Justina,  a  Roman  lady,  by  her  husband.  ■"  Ames- 
tris,  Xerxes'  wife,  because  she  found  her  husband's  cloak  in  Masista's  house,  cut  off 
Masista,  his  wife's  paps,  and  gave  them  to  the  dogs,  flayed  her  besides,  and  cut  off 
her  ears,  lips,  tongue,  and  slit  the  nose  of  Artaynta  her  daughter.  Our  late  writers 
are  full  of  such  outrages. 

^°  Paulus  iEmilius,  in  his  history  of  France,  hath  a  tragical  story  of  Chilpericus 
the  First  his  death,  made  away  by  Ferdegunde  his  queen.  In  a  jealous  humour  he 
came  from  hunting,  and  stole  behind  his  wife,  as  she  was  dressing  and  combino-  her 
head  in  the  sun,  gave  her  a  familiar  touch  with  his  wand,  which  she  mistaking  for 
her  lover,  said,  '^  Ah  Landre,  a  good  knight  sliould  strike  before,  and  not  behind  :" 
but  when  she  saw  herself  betrayed  by  his  presence,  she  instantly  took  order  10  make 
him  away.  Hierome  Osorius,  in  his  eleventh  book  of  the  deeds  of  Emanuel  Kinu- 
of  Portugal,  to  this  effect  hath  a  tragical  narration  of  one  Ferdinand  us  Cliakleiia, 
that  wounded  Gotherinus,  a  noble  countryman  of  his,  at  Goa  in  tlie  East  Indies, 
^' •'•  and  cut  off  one  of  his  legs,  for  that  he  looked  as  he  thouglit  too  familiarly  upon 
his  wife,  which  was  afterwards  a  cause  of  many  quarrels,  and  much  bloodshed." 
Guianerius  cap.  36.  de  cegritud.  matr.  speaks  of  a  silly  jealous  fellow,  that  seeing  his 
child  new-born  included  in  a  caul,  thought  sure  a  '"Franciscan  that  used  to  come  to 
his  house,  was  the  father  of  it,  it  was  so  like  the  friar's  cowl,  and  tliereupon  threat- 
ened the  friar  to  kill  him  :  Fulgosus  of  a  woman  in  Narbonne,  that  cut  off  her  luis- 
band's  privities  in  the  night,  because  she  thought  he  played  false  witli  her.  The 
story  of  Jonuses  Bassa,  and  fair  Manto  his  wife,  is  well  known  to  such  as  have  read 
the  Turkish  history;  and  that  of  Joan  of  Spain,  of  which  I  treated  in  my  former 
section.  Her  jealousy,  saith  Gomesius,  was  the  cause  of  both  their  deaths  :  King 
Philip  died  for  grief  a  little  after,  as  ^^iMartian  his  physician  gave  it  out,  "and  she 
for  her  part  after  a  melancholy  discontented  life,  misspent  in  lurking-holes;  and 
corners,  made  an  end  of  her  miseries."  Faelix  Plater,  in  the  first  book  of  his  ob- 
servations, hath  many  such  instances,  of  a  physician  of  his  acquaintance,  ^' "'  that 
was  first  mad  through  jealousy,  and  afterwards,  desperate  :"  of  a  merchant  ^'"  that 
killed  his  wife  in  the  same  humour,  and  after  precipitated  himself:"  of  a  doctor  of 


<2  Animi  dolores  et  zelotypia  si  diutius  perserverdnt, 
demeiites  reddunt.  Acak.  coniinent.  in  par.  art.  Ga- 
leni.  «  Ariosto,  lib.  :il.  statist).  *^:i  deaniina, 

c.  3.  de  zelotyp.  transit  in  rahiem  et  odium,  et  sibi  et 
aliis  violentas  stepe  manus  injiciuiit.  <»  Higinus, 

cap.  Jpn.  Ovid,  &.C.  -"s  Plia;rus  iEsypti  rex  de  caci- 

tate  oracnlum  consulens,  visum  ei  rediturum  accepit,  si 
oculos  abluissot  lotio  miilieris  quoe  aliorutn  virorum 
esset  expers;  iixoris  uriiiani  expertus  nihil  profecit,  et 
aliarnin  frustra,  eas  onines  (ea  excepta  per  quain  cura- 
tUf  fuit)  uniim  in  locum  coaclas  concreinavit.  Herod. 
Eiilcrp.  «Offic.  lib.  2.  «<  .\ureli us  Victor. 

♦3  Herod,  lib.  9.  in  Calliope.  Masistse  uxorera  excarni- 
ficat,  niaainiillas  prffiscindit,  aesqiie  canibus  abjicit, 
fillip  iiares  prsscidir.  labra,  liiiguaiii.&c.  '"Lib.  1 


inarito  per  liisuni  leviter  percussa  furtiin  siiperi'eniente 
virga,  risu  suborto,  mi  I,andrice  dixit.  ("roMteiii  vir  fortis 
petet,  &,c.  Manto  conspecto  altonita.  ciiiii  Landrico 
inox  in  ejus  mortem  coiispirat,  et  statiin  inter  vcnan- 
dum  efficit.  si  Qui  Go<e  uxorein  haheus,  Gotheri- 

num  [irincipem  quendani  viriim  quod  u.vorj  su.t  oculos 
adjecisset,  ingenti  vulnere  deformavit  in  facie,  et  tibi- 
ain  ab.scidit,  unde  mntus  c-edes.  ^2  y,,  quod  infans 

natus  iiivolutus  esset  panniculo,  crcdebat  euni  tiliuni 
fratris  Francisci,  <fcc.  "  Zelotypia  reginie  regis 

mortem  acceleravit  paulo  post,  ut  Martiaiius  inedicus 
milii  retulit.  Ilia  auteni  atra  bile  inde  exagilata  in 
latebras  se  subdiicens  prie  «L>ritudine  animi  reliquum 
teinpus  consumpsit.  ^  .V  zelotypia  red;ictus  ad  in 

saiiiam  tt  desperationeni.  m  Uxorein  inlercmil 


Ouni  forms  curaiidse  iiiteiita  capilluin  in  sole  pectit,  &  |  inde  desperabundus  ex  alto  se  praecipitavit. 


580 


Love-Melancholy. 


[Part.  3.  Sec.  3. 


law  that  rut  off  liis  niairs  nose:  of  a  painter's  wile  in  Basil,  anno  1(500,  that  waa 
mother  of  nine  children  and  had  heen  twenty-seven  years  married,  yet  atierw a.'ds 
jealons,  and  so  impatient  that  she  became  desj)erate,  and  would  neiilier  eat  nor  drink 
'n  her  own  house,  for  I'ear  her  husband  should  ])oison  her.  'Tis  a  conmion  sign 
this;  for  when  once  the  humours  are  stirred,  and  the  imagination  misallected,  it  will 
varv  itself  in  divers  forms ;  and  many  such  absurd  symptoms  will  accompany,  even 
madness  itself.  Skenkius  observat.  lib.  4.  cap.  de  Uler.  hath  an  example  of  a  jealous 
woman  that  by  this  means  had  many  lits  of  the  mother :  and  in  his  lirat  book  of 
some  that  through  jealousy  ran  mad  :  of  a  baker  that  gelded  himself  to  try  his  wife's 
honesty,  kc.     Such  examples  are  too  common. 


Qui  linipl  ul  >ua  kii,  ne  qui*  »ibi  ■uhlraliut  iHani, 
llle  Machaonia  vii  o(m:  ««Ivu«  eril." 


MEMB.  IV. 

SiusECT  I. —  Cure  of  Jealousy  ;   by  aooiduig  occasions^  not  to  be  idle  :  of  good 
counsel;  to  conlimn  //,  nut  to  tcutch  or  tuck  them  up  :  to  dissemble  il^  SjC. 

As  of  all  other  melancholy,  some  doubt  whether  this  malady  may  be  cured  orno, 
thev  think  'tis  like  the  '^gout,  or  Swilzers,  whom  we  commonly  call  Walloons,  those 
hired  soldiers,  if  once  they  take  possessi«)n  of  a  castle,  they  can  never  be  got  out. 

I      >'"Tbii  i»  th«  cruel  wmiiid  a|;aiii»l  whonc  itiiiart, 
I  Nm  liquor'it  forre  prevails,  or  any  iiliiinti-r, 

Nu  •hilt  u(  KliirK,  nil  ili-pih  iif  iiiui;ii!  art, 
Lh-\  iiiftl  liy  llial  (.Tent  cli'rk   /.■>r<>a^ll•r, 
A  Miiiiiid  that  tit  inreclD  thf  iiiiiii   nml  linart. 
At  all  iiiir  M-iiai-  ami  rraitxii  it  itoUi  iiiaiil*-r  ; 
I  A  »<i'inil  whixir  |iHii!;  and  toriiifiil  ix  >o  d'ira'lile, 

I  Aa  It  ma)  nghlly  called  be  iiiciirablr" 

Yet  what  I  have  formerly  said  of  other  melancholy,  I  will  say  again,  it  may  be  cured 
or  mitigated  at  least  by  some  contrary  [Mission,  good  counsel  and  persuasion,  if  it  be 
withstood  ill  the  beginning,  maturely  resisted,  and  as  those  ancients  hold,  ""''the 
nails  of  it  be  pared  before  they  grow  too  long."  No  better  means  to  resist  or  repel 
it  than  by  avoiding  idleness,  to  be  still  seriously  busied  al)out  some  matters  of  im- 
portance, ti>  diive  out  those  vain  fears,  foolish  fantasies  and  irksome  susjjicions  out 
of  his  head,  and  then  to  be  [wrsuaded  by  his  judicious  friends,  to  give  ear  to  their 
good  counsel  and  advice,  and  wisely  t«j  consider,  how  much  he  discredits  himself, 
his  friends,  dishoiiouts  his  children,  disgraceth  his  liimily,  publishetfi  his  shame,  and 
as  a  trumpeter  of  his  own  misery,  divuljjeth,  macerates,  grieves  himself  and  others; 
what  an  argument  of  weakness  it  is,  how  absurd  a  thing  in  its  own  nature,  how 
ridiculous,  iiow  brutish  a  passion,  hf)W  sottish,  how  odious;  for  as  ^Ilieronie  well 
hath  it,  (Jdium  sui  facit^  et  ipse  novissime  sibi  odio  est,  others  hate  liim,  and  at  last 
he  hates  himself  for  it ;  how  harebrain  a  disease,  mad  and  furious.  If  he  will  but 
hear  them  speak,  no  doubt  he  may  be  cured.  '"Joan,  queen  of  Spain,  of  whom  I 
have  formerly  spoken,  under  pretence  of  changing  air  was  sent  to  Complntum,  or 
Alcada  de  las  lleneras,  where  Ximenius  the  archbishop  of  Ttlcdo  then  lived,  that 
by  his  good  counsel  (as  for  the  present  she  was)  she  might  be  eased.  *' '^  For  a  dis- 
ease of  the  soul,  if  concealed,  tortures  and  oveiturns  it,  and  by  no  physic  can  sooner 
be  removed  than  by  a  discreet  man's  comfortable  speeches."  I  w  ill  not  here  insert 
any  consolatory  sentences  to  this  purpose,  or  forestall  any  man's  invention,  but  leave 
it  every  one  to  dilate  and  amplify  as  he  shall  think  fit  in  his  own  judgment:  let  him 
advise  with  Siracides  cap.  9.  1.  "  Be  not  jealous  over  the  wife  of  thy  b<»s<im  ;"  reati 
that  comfortable  and  pithy  speech  to  this  purpose  of  Ximenius,  in  the  audior  him- 
self, as  it  is  recorded  by  Gomesius ;  consult  with  Chahjner  lib.  0.  de  repub.  ^Onijlor. 
or  Cfelia  in  her  epistles,  Stc.  Only  this  I  will  add,  that  if  it  be  considered  aright, 
which  causeth  this  jealous  passion,  be  it  just  or  unjust,  whether  with  or  without 
cause,  true  or  false,  it  ought  not  tie  hiinously  to  be  taken ;  \\b  no  such  real  or 


^Tullprp  n'Mloiiaiii  iieicit  inr4li''inap<Mlacram.     *''  An- 
o«to.  lib.  31.  *iatT  ^  Viifre<  iDdiuri  (uadeiil 

lin(iir«  anion'  vnite  radrndos,  priuiupiaiii  |>roduran(  «« 
Biuiia  *  111  Juvianum.  <*lfuire>iui,  lib.  J.  de 


rrb.  fpufiii  Ximrnii  •'  Trit  pnim  pnrronlia  tfn 

liiilo  niiiiiii  ci'ii:|frr»a.  rl  in  aiigu«til»  ad-lm  la  Uirnlrm 
Mibvrrlil.  iM-c  alio  ninJicaiiiiiie  Taciliut  rii^jilur,  qua« 
curiiaii  bumioia  aetmomt. 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  1.]  Cure  of  Jealousy.  581 

capital  matter,  that  it  should  make  so  deep  a  wound.  'Tis  a  blow  that  hurts  not, 
m  insensible  smart,  grounded  many  times  upon  false  suspicion  alone,  and  so  fostered 
3y  a  sinister  conceit.  If  she  be  not  dishonest,  he  troubles  and  macerates  himself 
without  a  cause ;  or  put  case  which  is  the  w:orst,  he  be  a  cuckold,  it  cannot  be 
helped,  the  more  he  stirs  in  it,  the  more  he  aggravates  his  own  misery.  How  much 
better  were  it  in  such  a  case  to  dissemble  or  contemn  it }  why  should  that  be  feared 
which  cannot  be  redressed?  mullce  tandem  deposucrunt  (saith  ^^ Vives)  quiun  Jlecti 
maritos  non  posse  vidc7it,  many  women,  when  they  see  there  is  no  remedv,  have  been 
pacified  ;  and  shall  men  be  more  jealous  than  women  ?  'Tis  some  comfort  in  such 
a  case  to  have  companions,  Solamen  miseris  socios  hahuisse  dolor  is ;  Who  can  say 
he  is  free  }  Who  can  assure  himself  he  is  not  one  de  prcp.terito,  or  secure  himself 
de  futuro?  If  it  were  his  case  alone,  it  were  hard;  but  being  as  it  is  almost  a  com- 
mon calamity,  'tis  not  so  grievously  to  be  taken.  If  a  man  have  a  lock,  which  every 
man's  key  will  open,  as  well  as  his  own,  why  should  he  think  to  keep  it  private  to 
himself.^  In  some  countries  they  make  nothing  of  it,  ne  nobiles  quidcm.  saith  "Leo 
Afer,  in  many  parts  of  Africa  (if  she  be  past  fourteen)  there's  not  a  nobleman  that 
marries  a  maid,  or  that  haih  a  chaste  wife ;  'tis  so  common ;  as  the  moon  gives  horns 
once  a  month  to  the  world,  do  they  to  their  husbands  at  least.  And  'tis  most  part 
true  which  that  Caledonian  lady,  "  Argetocovus,  a  British  prince's  wife,  told  Julia 
Augusta,  when  she  took  her  up  for  dishonesty,  "  We  Britons  are  naught  at  least  with 
some  few  choice  men  of  the  better  sort,  but  you  Romans  lie  with  every  base  knave, 
you  are  a  company  of  common  v/hores."  Severus  the  emperor  in  his  time  made 
laws  for  the  restraint  of  this  vice ;  and  as  ^'  Dion  Nicasus  relates  in  his  life,  tria 
millia  niccchorum,  three  thousand  cuckold-makers,  or  naturae,  monctam  adulter  antes., 
as  Philo  calls  them,  false  coiners,  and  clippers  of  nature's  money,  were  summoned 
mto  the  court  at  once.  And  yet,  J\'on  onmem  moUlor  quce  Jluit  undam  videt,  'Hhe 
miller  sees  not  all  the  water  that  goes  by  his  mill  •"  no  doubt,  but,  as  in  our  days, 
these  were  of  the  commonalty,  all  the  great  ones  were  not  so  much  as  called  in 
question  for  it.  ''^Martial's  Epigram  I  suppose  might  have  been  generallv  applied  in 
those  licentious  times.  Omnia  solus  hahes.,  S^x..,  tliy  goods,  lands,  money,  wits  are 
thine  own,  Uxorem  scd  liahes  Candlde  cum  populo  ;  but  neighbour  Candidas  your 
wife  is  common:  husband'and  cuckold  in  that  age  it  seems  were  reciprocal  terms; 
the  emperors  themselves  did  wear  Actason's  badge ;  how  many  Cajsars  might  I 
reckon  up  together,  and  what  a  catalogue  of  cornuted  kings  and  princes  in  every 
story .''  Agamemnon,  Menelaus,  Phillippus  of  Greece,  Ptolomeus  of  Ji^gypt,  Lucul- 
lus,  Caesar,  Pompeius,  Cato,  Augustus,  Antonius,  Antoninus,  Js.c.,  that  wore  fair 
plumes  of  bull's  feathers  in  tliek  crests.  The  bravest  soldiers  and  most  heroicai 
spirits  could  not  avoid  it.  They  have  been  active  and  passive  in  this  business,  they 
have  either  given  or  taken  horns.  ®"King  Arthur,  whom  we  call  one  oi'  tlie  nine 
worthies,  for  all  his  great  valour,  was  umvorthily  served  by  lAlordred,  one  of  liis 
round  table  knights:  and  Guithera,  or  Helena  Alba,  his  fair  wife,  as  Lehind  interprets 
't,  was  an  arrant  honest  woman.  Farcerem  libenter  (saith  mine  '"'author)  Heroina- 
rum  la>s(2  niajestali.,  si  non  Idstoricz  Veritas  aurcm  vellicaret.,  I  could  Vvillinjrly  wink 
at  a  fair  lady's  faults,  but  that  1  am  bound  by  the  laws  of  history  to  tell  the  truth: 
against  his  will,  God  knows,  did  he  write  it,  and  so  do  I  repeat  it.  I  speak  not  of 
our  times  all  this  while,  we  have  good,  honest,  virtuous  men  and  women,  whom 
fame,  zeal,  fear  of  God,  religion  and  superstition  contains  :  and  yet  for  all  tliat,  we 
have  many  knights  of  lliis  order,  so  dubbed  by  their  wives,  many  good  women 
abused  bv  dissolute  husbands.  In  some  places,  and  such  persons  you  may  as  soon 
enjoin  them  to  carry  water  in  a  sieve,  as  to  keep  themselves  honest.  What  shall  a 
man  do  now  in  such  a  case  .'  What  remedy  is  to  be  had  .?  how  shall  he  be  eased  .' 
B)''  suing  a  divorce  ?  this  is  hard  to  be  etfected  :  si  non  caste.,  tatien  caute  they  carry 
the  matter  so  cunningly,  that  though  it  be  as  common  as  simony,  as  clear  and  as 
manifest  as  the  nose  in  a  man's  face,  yet  it  cannot  be  evidently  proved,  or  they  likely 

^3  Df  auiiiia.  ^3  jjii.  ;j.  m  Argplocoxi  Cale-  '  niCEchis  ftcit,  ex  civibus  pliirps  in  jus  vocati.        ^  L.  1 

doni  Reniili  iixiir,  Jiilii  Aiijiusta?  rum  ipsaiii  niordi-ri-t  ■  Kpia.  -X.        ^  Asser  Ariliuri;  parcerem  libeiitcr  herni 

quod  inhiiiiesli;  versan-tur,  n  spimilet,  iKisi  ciiiii  iipliiiiis  I  iiarriin  la;srR  iii.njfstiiti,  si  nor   liistoria;  vcrilrij  aiiriin 

viris  coiisiictiKiiiiem  tiab;imis;  vns  Jiouiaiias  auleui  oc-  Vellicaret,  Lulaiid.  ^  LolanU  s  assert.  A  tliiir!. 

culte  passim  liuiniiies  coiistupraiit.  ^  Leges  de  1 

2y2 


682  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  3. 

taken  in  the  fact:  they  will  have  a  knave  Gallus  lo  watch,  or  with  ilmt  Roman 
"Sulpiiia,  all  made  fast  antl  sure, 

'•  \e  se  Cadiircis  desliuitam  fasriia, 
Nudaiii  Caleiio  coiicuiiibKiiteiu  videat." 

"  she  will  hardly  be  surprised  bv  her  husband,  be  he  never  so  wary."  INIuch  better 
then  to  put  it  up  :  the  more  he  strives  in  it,  the  more  he  shall  divulge  his  own  shame: 
make  a  virtue  of  necessity,  and  conceal  it.  Yea,  but  the  world  takes  notice  of  it, 
'tis  in  every  man's  mouth  :  let  them  talk  their  pleasure,  of  whom  speak  they  not  in 
this  sense  ?  From  the  highest  to  the  lowest  they  are  thus  censured  all :  there  is  no 
remedy  then  but  patience,  it  may  be  'tis  his  own  fault,  and  he  halh  no  reason  to 
romplaiii,  'tis  quid  ]iro  quo,,  she  is  bad,  he  is  worse:  '""Bethink  thyself,  hast  thou 
not  done  as  much  for  some  of  thy  neighbours }  why  dost  thou  retjuire  that  of  thy 
wife,  which  thou  wilt  nt>t  perform  thyself.'  Thou  rangest  like  a  town  bull,  "'  why 
art  thou  so  incensed  if  she  tread  awry  ?" 

^•"Ue  It  lliut  soiii^  wiiuiaii  break  ehakle  wcdluck'*  She  feeU  that  he  his  liivu  rrom  lier  withdraw?, 

Iu»h,  And  hHlliiiii  kiiiiif  |>erliapd  leii:^  wiirthy  placed. 

Ami  lfa\f!4  her  huvbaiid  and  becomes  uuchoAtc  :  Who   ririke  with  *uurd,  the  acabbard  Iheiii  may 
Yet  ci'liiiiioiily  It  la  not  ivithnul  rauie,  strike, 

ijlie  liei*  her  iiiiin  in  am  her  giMKla  to  waiite.  And  kure  love  craveih  love,  like  aitkelh  like." 

Ed  stnipfr  stndcbit^  saith  "Nevisaniis,  pares  reddere  vices,  she  will  quit  it  if  she 
can.  And  ihfref«)re,  as  well  adviseth  Siracides,  cap.  ix.  1.  ''teach  her  nut  an  evil  les- 
son against  thyself,"  which  as  Jansenitis  Lyranus,  on  his  text,  and  Carthusianus  in- 
torprel,  is  im  otherwise  to  be  undersidod  than  that  she  do  then  not  a  mist-liief  1  do 
not  excuse  her  in  accusing  thte ;  but  if  btuh  be  naught,  meuil  thyself  first;  fur  as 
the  old  saying  is,  a  goml  husband  niakcs  a  good  wife. 

Yea  l)ut  llioii  replies!,  'tis  not  the  like  reason  betwixt  man  and  woman,  through 
her  fault  my  children  are  baj»tards,  I  may  not  endure  it;  '*  Sit  umaruhnia,  sit  impe- 
riusa  prodii^u,  »Sr.  Let  her  sculd,  brawl,  anil  spend,  I  care  not,  mndb  sit  castu,  so 
she  be  hottest,  1  could  easily  bear  it;  but  this  I  cannot,  I  may  not,  I  will  not;  "my 
faitli,  nty  lame,  mine  eye  must  not  be  touched,"  as  tlie  tUverb  is,  .\uh  putilur  factum 
futna,  /idfs,  oculus.  I  say  tbe  same  of  my  wife,  touch  all,  use  all,  take  all  but  this. 
I  acknowltilge  that  of  Seneca  to  be  true,  ,Vi////h«  boni  jticiinda  posscssio  sine  socio,, 
there  is  no  .-weet  content  in  the  pos.session  of  any  good  thing  without  a  companion, 
this  only  cxceptetl,  I  say,  This.  And  why  this.'  Even  this  whicfj  thou  so  much 
abhurrtst,  it  may  be  for  thy  prtigeny's  good,  '' better  be  any  man's  son  than  thine, 
I.)  bf  begot  of  base  Irus,  poor  S«ius,  or  mean  Meviiis,  the  town  swineherd's,  a  shep- 
herd's Son  :  and  well  is  he,  that  like  Hercules  he  hath  any  two  fathers;  for  thou  thyself 
nast  perat'.vtnture  more  diseases  than  a  horse,  more  infirmities  of  body  and  mind,  a 
cankered  soul,  crabbed  conditions,  make  the  worst  of  it,  a.«  it  is  vulnus  insanabile.,  sic 
vulnus  insinsibitc,  as  it  is  incurable,  so  it  is  insensible.  But  art  thou  sure  it  is  so  ?  ""^res 
agit  illc  luas?  "doth  he  so  indeed  ?"  It  may  be  thou  art  over-suspicious,  and  without 
a  cause  as  some  are  :  if  it  be  octtmestris  partus,  born  at  eight  months,  or  Jike  him,  and 
him,  they  fondly  suspect  he  g<jl  it;  if  she  speak  or  laugh  familiarly  with  such  or  such 
men,  then  piesently  she  is  naught  with  them;  such  is  tiiy  weakness;  whereas  charity, 
or  a  well-dispost'd  mind,  would  interpret  all  unl<j  the  best.  St.  Franci.s,  by  chance  seeing 
a  friar  faiiiiliarly  kissing  anotlier  man's  wife,  was  so  far  from  misconceiving  it,  that 
he  presently  kneeied  down  and  thanked  God  there  was  so  much  charity  left:  but 
they  on  the  other  side  will  ascribe  nothing  to  natural  causes,  indulge  nothing  to 
familiarity,  mutual  society,  friendship  :  but  out  of  a  sinister  suspicion,  presently  lock 
them  close,  watch  tliem,  thinking  bv  those  means  to  prevent  all  such  inconvenn-nces, 
that's  the  way  to  help  it;  whereas  by  such  tricks  they  do  aggravate  the  mischief. 
'Tis  but  in  tain  to  watch  that  which  will  away. 

tT>.  fiff  cu«toi|iri  !>i  velit  iilla  potest ;  t      '•  Snne  ran  l<e  krpt  r<*«i<tin;  fur  h^r  part ; 

N«c  iiieiiteiii  liervare  |H>les,  lic>-i  omnia  serve*;  Tboueh  b^xly  t>e  kept  cIom-,  wnhiii  her  heart 

Oiiiiiil>u<>  etcluum,  iiiluo  ailuller  eril."  |         Advi^utry  lurk«.  t'  eiclude  it  lheri''«  ii«  art." 

Argus  with  a  hundred  eyes  cannot  keep  her,  et  hunt  unus  sape  fefdlU  amor^  a:*  in 

"Ariosto, 

_.^ 1 

•   I                                '•('offita  an  lie  nln*  t'l  .      •     ■  itre  HO.               "Pylva  nupi.  I.  4.  num  T% 

I                         >   tihi  nunc  Arri  digiiuin  sil  T  »e\  -1.  cap.  13.  de  occult    iifil.  inir.       '*  OpK. 

I                        ;   (  ur.  abumr*  •■>iKi«  ii'iod  iion  i;  i  i.           '**  Mart.             "  Ovid.  amor.  Ilk.  1 

ta*.'   I'.uur.        ''Vtt|!»  iibidiiie  tuiii  i(i»e  qiiowa  rapi      eU^.  ''  Lib.  -L  si.  Ti 
■n«,  cur  SI  vel  modicuoi    tuiiel  ipaa,  insauiosT      ^Ari-I 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  1.] 


Cure  of  Jealousy. 


583 


'  If  nil  our  hearts  were  eyes,  j-et  sure  they  said 
We  husbands  of  our  wives  should  he  betrayed." 


Hierome  holds,  Uxor  impudica  servari  non  potest,  pudica  non  debet,  infida  custos 
castitatis  est  nccessitas,  to  what  end  is  all  your  custody }  A  dishonest  woman  can- 
not be  kept,  an  honest  woman  ought  not  to  be'  kept,  necessity  is  a  keeper  not  to  be 
trusted.  Difficile  cusfoditur,  quod  plures  amant ;  that  which  many  covet,  can  hardly 
be  preserved,  as  ''^Salisburiensis  thinks.  I  am  of  Ji^neas  Sylvius'  mind,  «°"  Those 
jealous  Italians  do  very  ill  to  lock  up  their  wives ;  for  women  are  of  such  a  disposi 
tion,  they  will  most  covet  that  which  is  denied  most,  and  offend  least  when  they  have 
free  liberty  to  trespass."  It  is  in  vain  to  lock  her  up  if  she  be  dishonest;  et  tyrrani- 
cum  impcrium,  as  our  great  Mr.  Aristotle  calls  it,  too  tyrannical  a  task,  most  unfit- 
for  when  she  perceives  her  husband  observes  her  and  suspects,  Uberi.us  peccal,  saitli 
*'Nevisanus.  '^  Toxica  Zeloiypo  dedit  uxor  moRcha  marito,  she  is  exasperated,  seeks 
by  all  means  to  vindicate  herself,  and  will  therefore  offend,  because  she  is  unjustly 
suspected.  The  best  course  then  is  to  let  them  have  their  own  wills,  give  them  free 
liberty,  without  any  keeping. 

"  In  vain  our  friends  from  this  do  us  dehnrt, 
For  beauty  will  be  where  is  most  resort." 

If  she  be  honest  as  Lucretia  to  Collatinus,  Laodamia  to  Protesilaus.  Penelope  to  her 
Ulysses,  she  will  so  continue  her  honour,  good  name,  credit,  Penelope  conjux  sent- 
per  Ultjssis  ero;  "  I  shall  alw'ays  be  Penelope  the  wife  of  Ulysses."  And  as  Phocias' 
wife  in  ^^ Plutarch,  called  her  husband  "  her  wealth,  treasure,  world,  joy,  deli<rht,  orb 
and  sphere,"  she  will  her's.  The  vow  she  made  unto  her  good  man  ;  love^  virtue, 
religion,  zeal,  are  better  keepers  than  all  those  locks,  eunuchs,  prisons;  she  will  not 
be  moved : 


w  •'  At  uiilii  vpI  tPllus  optem  prius  ima  dehiscat, 

Aut  pater  oninlpotens  adiftat  ine  fulmine  ad  umbras, 
Pallenles  umbras  Erebi,  iioctemque  profuridani. 
Ante  pudur  quam  te  violetii,  aut  lua  jura  resolvam." 


'  First  I  desire  the  earth  to  swallow  me. 
Before  I  violate  mine  honesty. 
Or  thuiidti  from  above  drive  me  to  hell, 
With  those  pale  ghosts,  and  ugly  nights  to  dwell." 


She  is  resolved  with  Dido  to  be  chaste ;  though  her  husband  be  false,  she  will  be 
true :  and  as  Octavia  writ  to  her  Antony, 

65"  These  walls  that  here  do  keep  me  out  of  sight, 
Shall  keep  me  all  unspotted  unto  thee. 
Anil  testify  that  I  will  do  thee  right, 
I'll  never  stain  thine  house,  though  thou  shame  me." 

Turn  her  loose  to  all  those  Tarquins  and  Satyrs,  she  will  not  be  tempted.  In  the 
tune  of  Valence  the  Emperor,  saith  '« St.  Austin,  one  Archidamus,  a  Consul  of  An- 
tioch,  offered  a  hundred  pounds  of  gold  to  a  fair  young  wife,  and  besides  to  set  her 
husband  free,  who  was  then  sub  gravissimd  cuslodla,  adark  prisoner,  pro  nnius  me- 
tis concubitu:  but  the  chaste  matron  would  not  accept  of 'it.  *' When  Ode  com- 
mended Theana's  fine  arm  to  his  fellows,  she  took  him  up  short,  <■'  Sir,  'tis  not  com- 
mon:" she  is  wlioUy  reserved  to  her  husband.  «^Bilia  had  an  old  man  to  lier  spouse, 
and  his  breath  stunk,  so  that  nobody  could  abide  it  abroad;  *'  coming  home  one  day 
he  reprehended  his  wife,  because  she  did  not  tell  him  of  it :  she  vowed  unto  him. 
she  had  told  him,  but  she  tliought  every  man's  breath  had  been  as  strong  as  his.'' 
^^Tigranes  and  Armena  his  lady  were  invited  to  supper  by  King  Cyrus:  when  they 
came  .home,  Tigianes  asked  his  wife,  how  she  liked  Cyrus,  antfwhat  she  did  espe- 
cially commend  in  him.?  "she  swore  she  did  not  observe  him;  when  he  repliec 
again,  what  tlien  she  did  observe,  whom  she  looked  oa  >  She  made  answer,  hei 
husband,  that  said  he  would  die  for  her  sake."  Such  are  the  properties  and  condi 
tions  of  good  women :  and  if  she  be  well  given,  she  will  so  carry  herself;  if  other- 
wise she  be  nauglit,  use  all  the  means  thou  canst,  she  will  be  naught,  JVondeest  ani- 
mus  sed  corruptor,  she  hath  so  many  lies,  excuses,  as  a  hare  hath  "muses,  tricks,  pan 
ders,  bawds,  shifts,  to  deceive,  'tis  to  no  purpose  to  keep  her  up,  or  to  reclaim  hei 
by  hard  usage.    "Fair  means  peradventure  may  do  somewhat."    '°  Obscqido  vinces 


"  Policrat.  lib.  8.  c.  11.  Dc  amor.  eo  Euriel.  fit 

Lucret.  qui  uxores  occludunt,  meo  judicio  minus  utili. 
ter  faciunt;  sunt  enim  eo  ingetiio  iniilieres  ut  id  potis- 
sin);im  ciipiant,  quod  in.ixime  denegatur:  si  liberas 
hali.'iit  habenns,  minus  .Vlinquunt;  frustra  seram  ad- 
hibes,  si   non  sit  sponle  casta.  'iCiuando  tognos- 

tunt  maritos  hoc  advertere.  82Ausonius.  »Ope3 
»aai  uiuiidum  suum,  thesauruta  suum,  &c  6*  Vir". 


.iTIn.  63  Daniel.         ss  I  de  serm.  d.  in  monte  rns.  IC. 

*"0  quam  formosus  lacertus  bir,  quid.iin  inquit  ad 
squales  convcrsus;  at  ilia,  pul.licus,  itii|Mit,  non  fst. 
f'^Bilia  Dinutum  virum  sem-m  liibuit  et  spiritiim  foeti- 
dum  habentem,  queni  qiium  liuidam  o.vprobrasset,  &c. 
"i*  Numquid  libi,  Armena,  Tigraiies  videbaiur  esse  pul- 
Cher?  et  ilium,  inquit,  sdepol,  &.c.  Xenoph.  CyropiEd. 
1.  3.  M  Ovid. 


584  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  3. 

aptius  ipse  ttio.    Men  and  women  are  both  in  a  predicament  in  this  behalf,  no  soonei 
won,  and  better  pacified.    Duci  volunf,  non  r.r\gl ;  though  she  be  as  arrant  a  scold  as 
Xantippe,  as  cruel  as  Medea,  as  clamorous  as  Hecuba,  as  lustful  as  Messalina,  by 
sucii  means  (if  at  all)  she  may  be  reformed.    ^lany  patient  *'Grizels,  by  their  obse- 
quiousness in  this  kind,  have  reclaimed  their  husbands  from  their  wandering  lusts. 
In  Nova  Francia  and  Turkey  (as  Leah,  Rachel,  and  Sarah  did  to  Abraliam  and  Jacob) 
ihey  brinor  their  fairest  damsels  to  their  husbands'  beds ;  Livia  seconded  the  lustful 
appetites  of  Augustus  :  Stratonice,  wife  to  King  Diotarus,  did  not  only  bring  Elec- 
tra,  a  fair  maid,  to  her  good  mane's  bed,  but  brought  up  the  children  begot  on  her,  as 
carefullv  as  if  thev  had  been  her  own.     Tertius  Emilius'  wife,  Cornelia's  mother, 
j'erceiving  her  husband's  intemperance,  rpin  dissimulavit^  made  much  of  the  maid, 
and  would  take  no  notice  of  it.     A  new-married  man,  when  a  pickthank  friend  of 
his,  to  curry  favour,  had  showed  him  his  wife  familiar  in  private  with  a  young  gal- 
lant, courting  and  dallying,  &.c.  Tush,  said  he,  let  him  do  Ids  worst,  I  dare  trust  my 
■wife,  though  1  dare  not  trust  him.    The  best  remedy  then  is  by  fair  means ;  if  that 
•will  not  take  place,  to  dissemble  it  as  I  say,  or  turn  it  ott"  with  a  jest :  hear  Guexerra's 
advice  in  tiiis  case,  vel  joco  excipits,  vel  silentio  eludes;  for  if  you  take  exceptions 
at  everything  your  wife  doth,  Solomon's  wisdom,  Hercules'  valour.  Homer's  learn- 
ing, Socrates'  patience,  Argus'  vigilance,  will   not  serve  turn.    Therefore  Minus  ma- 
lum, *'a  less  miscitief,  Nevisanus  holds,  (lissimulare.,  to  be  **  Cunarum  emptor,  a  buyer 
of  cradles,  as  the  proverb  is,  than  to  be  too  solicitous.    **»^A  good  fellow,  when  his 
wife  was  brought  to  betl  before  her  time,  bought  half  a  dozen  of  crailles  beforehand 
for  so  many  children,  as  if  his   wife  should  continue  to  bear  childien  every  two 
months."    **Fertiiiax  the  Emperor,  when  one  told  him  a  fiddler  was  too  familiar  with 
his  empress,  made  no  reckoning  of  it.     And  when  that  Macedonian  Philip  was  up- 
braided with  his  wife's  dishonesty,  cum  tut  victor  regnorum  ac  populorum  esset,  Sfc.^ 
a  conqueror  of  kingdoms  could  not  tame  his  wife  (for  she  thrust  him  out  of  doors), 
he  made  a  jest  of  it.    Sapientes  portant  comua  in  pectorc,  stulti  infronle,  saith  Nevi- 
sanus, wise  men  bear  their  horns  in  their  hearts,  fools  on  their  foreheads.    Eumenes, 
king  of  Pergamus,  was  at  deadly  feud  with  Perseus  of  Macedonia,  insonmch  that 
Perseus  hearing  of  a  journey  he  was  to  take  to  Delphos,  '^set  a  company  of  soldiers 
to  intercept  him  in  his  passage;  they  did  it  accordingly,  and  as  they  supposed  left 
liim  stoned  to  death.     The  news  of  this  fact  was   brought  instantly  to  I'ergamus; 
Attains,  Eumenes'  brother,  proclaimed  himself  king  forthwith,  took  possession  of 
the  crown,  and  married  Stratonice  the  queen.     But  by-and-by,  when  contrary  news 
was  brought,  that  King  F>umencs  was  alive,  and  now  coming  to  the  city,  he  laid  by 
his  crown,  left  his  wife,  as  a  private  man  went  to  meet  him,  and   cojioratulate   his 
return.     Eumenes,  though  he  knew  all  particulars  passed,  yet  (hssemhling  the  mat- 
ter, kindly  embraced  his   brother,  and  took  his  wife  into  his  favour  again,  as  if  on 
such  matter  had  been  heard  of  or  done.     Jocundo,  in  Ariosto,  found  his  wife  in  bed 
with  a  knave,  both  asleep,  went  his  ways,  and  would  not  so  much  as  wake  them, 
much  less  reprove  them  for  it.     *'  An  honest  fellow  finding  in  like  sort  his  wife  had 
played  false  at  tables,  and  borne  a  man  too  many,  drew  his  dagger,  and  swore  if  he 
had  not  been  his  very  friend,  he  wouhl  have  killed  him.     Another  hearing  one  had 
done  that  for  him,  which  no  man  desires  to  be  done  by  a  deputy,  foUoweil  in -a  ra?e 
with  his  sword  drawn,  and  having  overtaken  him,  laid  adultery  to  his  charge;  the 
otfender  hotly  pursued,  confessed  it  was  true;  with  which  corifessiou  he  was  satis- 
fied, and  so  left  him,  sweariirg  that  if  he  had  denied  it,  he  would  not  have  put  it  up. 
How  much  better  is  it  to  do  liius,  than  to  macerate  himself,  impatiently  to  rave  and 
rage,  to  enter  an  action  (^as  Arnoldus  Tilius  did  in   the  court  of  Toulout-e,  against 
31artin  Guerre  his  fellow-soldier,  fur  that  he  counterfeited  his  habit,  and  was  too 
familiar  with  his  wife  ,  so  to  divulge  his  own  shame,  and  to  remain  for  ever  a  cuck- 
old on  record.^  how  much  better  be  Cornelius  Tacitus  than  Pul)lius  Corniitus,  to 
condemn  in  such  cases,  or  lake  no  notice  of  it  ?   Melius  sic  errare,  quum  ZelulypuB 

■<  Krnil  Petrarch*  Tnle  uf  Patient  Grizpl  in  Ciinucer.  I  rent :  hi  prnirnui  maiirfMluin  pxpqiientra,  &r.     Ilia  et 

»'Sil   iiij|.   Iih.  4.  num.  cH).  "^  KraMniua.  **  Quum     tvx  detlara' ■!'■■•  •^'■■' • -   ■  aio- 

acci'iMKs^t  ux'ircin  p.-|wris8e  scciiihIo  a  iiuptiis  iiinific,     rrui  Jm  it  Ue. 

cuiiaii  qiimait  vel  si-nas  ciicmit.  Ill  ri  ('"rtc  •ixiir  Rinc'ili^     Atlaliiiii   r   :  .    <   un- 

bimviiinl'ii*  p.-irrrpt.  »^  Jiilnut 'a|ritii|.  vila  i-ju<.     pli-xim.  iiia^'ii ■•     •     .i-...  ..-h ni  -   .^  ■.  i^tia 

quuni  paUiii  i'llhanedu*  uxi>r»-in  ililic>-rr-i,  iiiiniinr  cu-     llarriuglua'*  oule*  iii  *ZB.  book  uf  .\n'j«lo. 
riuaua  fuit.        **  L)i»puM  it  aruiato*  qui  ipoum  iiiterAcf  i 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  2.]  Cure  of  Jealouay.  585 

-rwr/s,  saitli  Erasmus,  se  conficrre,  better  be  a  wittol  and  put  it  up,  than  to  trouble 
himself  to  no  purpose.  And  though  he  will  not  omnibus  dormirc,  be  an  ass,  as  he 
's  an  ox,  yet  to  wink  at  it  as  many  do  is  not  amiss  at  some  times,  in  some  cases,  to 
some  parties,  if  it  be  for  his  commodity,  or  some  great  man's  sake,  his  landlord, 
patron,  benefactor,  (as  Calbas  the  Roman  saith  ^'^  Plutarch  did  by  Majcenas,  and 
Phayllus  of  Argos  did  by  King  Piiilip,  when  he  promised  him  an  olHce  on  that  con- 
dition he  might  lie  with  his  wife)  and  so  let  it  pass  : 

M"pol  me  liaiifl  poeiiitet, 

Scilicet  hoiii  diiiiidium  dividere  cum  Jove," 

"  it  never  troubles  me  (saith  Amphitrio)  to  be  cornuted  by  Jupiter,  If^t  it  not  molest 
thee  then  ;"  be  friends  with  her ; 

'00 Tu  ciun  Alcmeiia  uxore  antiquam  in  graliara 
Kedi" 

"  Receive  Alcmena  to  your  grace  again ;"  let  it,  I  say,  make  no  breach  of  love  be- 
tween you.  Howsoever  the  best  way  is  to  contemn  it,  which  '  fienry  jl.  king  of 
France  advised  a  courtier  of  his,  jealous  of  his  wife,  and  complainincr  of  her  un- 
chasteness,  to  reject  it,  and  comfort  himself;  for  he  that  suspects  his  v/ife's  incon- 
tinency,  and  fears  the  Pope's  curse,  shall  never  live  a  merry  hour,  or  sleep  a  quiet 
night :  no  remedy  but  patience.  When  all  is  done  according  to  that  counsel  of 
^Nevisanus,  si  viiium  uxoris  corrigi  non  potest,  fcrcndwii  est:  if  it  may  not  be 
helped,  it  must  be  endured.  Date  vcniavi  et  sustinete  taciti,  'tis  Sophocles'  advice, 
keep  it  to  thyself,  and  v/hich  Chrysostom  calls  j;«/fc,<;/r(:/??i  jjhilosophicE,  et  doinesticum 
gymnasium  a  school  of  philosophy,  put  it  up.  There  is  no  other  cure  but  time  to 
wear  it  out,  Injuriarum  remedium  est  ohiivio,  as  if  they  had  drunk  a  draught  of 
Lethe  in  Trophonius'  den :  to  conclude,  age  will  bereave  her  of  it,  dies  dulorem 
minuit^  time  and  patience  must  end  it. 

»"Tlie  mind's  affections  patience  v.ill  appease, 
It  passions  liills,  and  liealeth  eacti  disease." 

SuBSECT.  II. — Bi/  prevention  before^  or  after  Marriage,  Plato'' s  Commimitj/,  marry 
a  Courtezan,  Philters,  Stews,  to  marry  one  equal  in  years,  fortunes,  of  a  good 
family,  education,  good  place,  to  use  them  well,  S^-c. 

Of  such  medicines  as  conduce  to  the  cure  of  this  malady,  I  have  sufficiently 
ticated;  there  be  some  good  remedies  remaining,  by  way  of  prevention,  precautions, 
or  admonitions,  which  if  rightly  practised,  may  do  nmch  good.  Plato,  in  his  Com- 
monwealth, to  prevent  this  mischief  belike,  would  have  all  things,  wives  and  chil- 
dren, all  as  one:  and  which  Caesar  in  his  Commentaries  observed  of  those  old 
Britons,  that  first  inhabited  this  land,  they  had  ten  or  twelve  wives  allotted  to  such 
a  family,  or  promiscuously  to  be  used  by  so  many  men ;  not  one  to  one,  as  with  us, 
or  f'oui,  live,  or  six  to  one,  as  in  Turkey.  The  ■*  Nicholaites,  a  set  that  sprang,  saith 
Austin,  from  Nicholas  the  deacon,  would  have  women  inditlt;rent ;  and  the  cause  of 
this  filthy  sect,  was  Nicholas  the  deacon's  jealousy,  for  which  when  he  was  con- 
demned to  purge  himself  of  his  oflence,  he  broached  his  heresy,  that  it  was  lawful 
to  lie  wuh  one  another's  wives,  and  for  any  man  to  lie  with  his :  like  to  those  ^  Ana- 
baptists in  iilunster,  that  would  consort  with  other  men's  wives  as  tlie  spirit  moved 
them  :  or  as  ''JMahomet,  the  seducing  propliet,  would  needs  use  women  as  he  list 
himself,  to  beget  prophets  5  two  hundred  and  five,  their  Alcoran  saith,  were  in  love 
with  him,  and  'he  as  able  as  forty  men.  Amongst  the  old  Carth.aginians,  as  *Bohe- 
mus  relates  out  of  Sabellicus,  the  king  of  the  country  lay  with  the  bride  the  first 
night,  and  once  in  a  year  they  v,'ent  promiscuously  all  together.  Munster  Cosmog. 
lib.  3.  cap.  497.  ascribes  the  beginning  of  tliis  brutish  custom  (unjustly)  to  one 
Picardus,  a  Frenchman,  that  invented  a  new  sect  of  Adamites,  to  go  naked  as  Adam 
did,  and  to  use  j)i-omiscuous  venery  at  set  times.  When  the  priest  repeated  that  of 
Genesis,  "  Increase  and  multiply,"  out  ^  went  the  candles  in  the  place  wliere  they 

88  Aiiia'or.  dial.  s^i  Plaulus  s.en.  ult.  Amphit.  ,  narum.        » Sleiden,  Com.  s  Alcornn.        'Alcoran 

Jool<leni.  « 'J'.  Daniel  conjurat.  Fn'nch.  »Lili.  I  edit,  et  Biliiiandro.  »Dc  nior.  :.'eiit.  lib.  1.  tap.  G 

4.  nijni.  to.  a  R.  T.  «  Lil).  de  lieres.     Ciiiuni  di-  ;  Niiptura-  rcyi  de  vircinandae  exlnbi-ntiir.  '  Lumina 

Keli?  c(ilp;iietiir,  pur^-andi  se  causa  purniijis.-ie  lertur  ut  |  e.xlin^ueliantur,  ncfc  per.s<iiia;ct  ii'lali.^  Iiabila  reverentia, 
eri  (jui  vellL't  uterelur;  qnod  ejus  lacluin  in  scctam  tur-  in  quani  quisque  per  tenebras  incidit,  uiulierem  cog- 
pissiuiani  v(:rsum  est,  qua  placet  usus  indillt;rcns  fcenii-  {  noscit. 

74 


586  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  3. 

met,  '•  and  without  all  respect  of  age,  persons,  conditions,  catch  tliat  catch  may, 
every  man  took  her  that  came  next,"  Stc. ;  some  fasten  this  on  those  ancient  Bohe- 
mians and  Russi'ins  :  '"  others  on  the  inhabitants  of  Mambrium,  in  the  Lucerne  valiey 
in  Piedmont;  and,  as  1  read,  it  was  practised  in  Scotland  amongst  Clirislians  them- 
selves, until  King  i\Ialcolm"s  time,  the  king  or  the  lord  of  the  town  had  their  maiden- 
heads. In  some  parts  of  "  India  in  our  age,  and  those  'islanders,  '•'as  amongst  the 
Babylonians  of  old,  they  will  prostitute  tlieir  wives  and  daughters  (which  Clialco- 
condila,  a  Greek  modern  writer,  for  want  of  better  intelligence,  puts  upon  us  Britons) 
lo  such  travellers  or  seafaring  men  as  come  amongst  them  by  chance,  to  show  how 
far  they  w  ere  from  this  feral  vice  of  jealousy,  and  how  little  they  esteemed  it.  The 
kings  of  Calecut,  as  '^  Lod.  \'erlomannus  relates,  will  not  touch  their  wives,  till  one 
of  their  Biarmi  or  high  priests  have  lain  first  with  them,  to  sanctify  their  wombs. 
But  those  Es^ai  and  Montanists,  two  strange  sects  of  old,  were  in  another  extreme, 
ihey  would  iu)t  marry  at  all,  or  have  any  society  with  women,  '^"because  of  their 
intemperance  they  held  them  all  to  be  naught."  Nevisanus  the  lawyer,  lib.  4.  num. 
33.  sylv.  nupl.  would  have  him  that  is  inclined  lo  this  malady,  to  prevent  the  worst, 
marry  a  queun,  Capiens  inerctricem,  hoc  habet  sallcm  boni  (jiibd  non  decipitur^  quia 
scit  emu  sic  esse,  quod  nan  cuntingit  uliis.  A  fornicator  in  Seneca  construputed  two 
venches  in  a  night;  for  satisl'action,  the  one  desired  to  hang  him,  the  other  to  marry 
hirn.  '"  liierome,  king  of  Syracuse  in  Sicily,  esj)oused  himself  to  Pitho,  keeper  of 
the  stews;  and  Ptolemy  took  Thais  a  common  whore  to  be  his  wife,  had  two  sons, 
Leontiscus  and  Lagus  by  her,  and  one  daughter  Irene  :  'tis  therefore  no  such  un- 
likely tiling.  ''  A  citizen  of  Eugubine  gelded  himself  lo  try  his  wife's  honesty,  and 
to  be  freed  i"ro»n  jealousy  ;  so  did  a  baker  iji  '"Basil,  to  the  same  intent.  But  of  all 
other  precedents  in  this  kind,  that  of  "' Combalus  is  most  memorable;  who  to  pre- 
vent his  master's  suspicion,  for  he  was  a  beautiful  young  man,  and  sent  by  Seleucus 
his  lord  and  king,  wiih  Stratonice  the  queen  to  conduct  her  into  Syria,  fearing  the 
worst,  gelded  hnnself  before  he  went,  and  left  his  genitals  behind  him  in  a  box 
sealed  up.  His  mistress  by  the  way  fell  in  love  with  him,  but  he  not  yielding  to 
her,  was  accused  lo  Seleucus  of  incontinency,  (as  that  Bellerophon  was  in  like  case, 
falsely  traduced  by  Sliienobia,  lo  King  Praitus  her  husband,  cum  non  posset  ad  coi- 
tuin  tndiictn  >  and  tluil  by  her,  and  was  therefore  at  his  coming  home  cast  into 
prison  :  the  day  of  hearing  ajjpointed,  he  was  su/liciently  cleared  and  acquitted,  by 
showing  his  privities,  which  lo  the  admiration  of  the  beholders  he  had  formerly  cut 
ofl".  The  Lydians  used  to  geld  women  whom  they  suspected,  saith  Leonicus  var. 
hist.  lib.  3.  cciji.  49.  as  well  as  men.  To  this  purpose  '"Saint  Fiancis,  because  he 
used  to  confess  women  in  private,  to  prevent  suspicion,  and  prove  himself  a  maid, 
stripped  himself  before  the  Bishop  of  Assise  and  others  :  and  Friar  Leonard  for  the 
same  cause  went  through  Vilerbiuni  in  Italy,  without  any  garments. 

Our  Pseudocatiiolics,  to  help  these  inconveniences  which  proceed  from  jealousy, 
to  keep  themselves  and  their  wives  honest,  make  severe  laws;  against  adultery  pre- 
sent death ;  and  withal  fornication,  a  venal  sin,  as  a  sink  to  convey  tliat  furious  and 
swift  stream  of  concupiscence,  they  appoint  and  permit  stews,  those  punks  and 
pleasant  sinners,  the  more  to  secure  their  wives  in  all  populous  cities,  for  they  iiold 
them  as  necessary  as  churches ;  and  hov,  soever  unlawful,  yet  lo  avoid  a  greater  mis- 
chief, to  be  tolerated  in  policy,  as  usury,  for  the  hardness  of  men's  hearts;  and  for 
this  end  they  have  whole  colleges  of  courtezans  in  their  towns  and  cities.  Of 
*' Cato's  mind  belike,  that  would  have  his  servants  i^cum  ancillis  congrtdi  coilui 
causa,  drjinito  cere,  ul  gruviora  Jacinora  evitarenl,  ccetcris  interim  interdicens)  fami- 
liar with  some  such  feminine  creatures,  lo  avoid  worse  mischiefs  in  his  bourse,  and 
made  allowance  for  it.     They  hold  it  impossible  £or  idle  persorj,  young,  rich,  and 

>°  Leaiiiifr  .Aibertu«.  t'lasitio^o  ritu  runcti  in  a-dom  i  lib.  2.  rap.  3.  IJeo  nubere  nollenr..  ob  mulirruiii  inlno- 
convfiii'.'iiit'^  |i>'Si  iiiipiiraui  coiiciuneiii,  exiiiiciiB  luiiii-  I  p<-ruiili  lui,  nullaiii  8<-rvari' viru  tidiin  puiiiitai.t.  »^||i. 
mbuai  III  Veiieieiii  luuiit.  "  LoU.  Vcrluiuaiiiiud  I  phaiius  pn-lut.    Ueriid.    Aliun   i   lupaiiuri    liimiricfui, 

navi;;.  Iil>.  tj.  rap.  (<.  et   Alarcud  Polus  lib.  1.  cap.  46.     t'llbo  diclain,  ■..  uioreui  iliiiii;   fiitl.iina-fi*  'riiai<lrn 
L'xurcs  viatoribiis  prmtitiiuiit.  i' Dilliiiiaru:>,     iixhile  ncortuiii  Unxit  el  ex  ca  duon   liliu*  auro-pil,  ftc 

Blesikt-niu.-,  ut  .Agelad  Ari^loiii,  pulcherriiiiniii  lU'ireiii  !  '' Pugyiud  Flurt-iio  '">Vlii  I'l.iler.  '•  Plulnii-tt, 

babfiiD  prii»uiuil.  ^  Herocicit.  in  Kralo.  Mulieres  I  Liiciaii.  r<4lniiitz  Tit.  '.I.  de  porcell jiik  cum  in  Paiiciro  I. 

Eabyloiiiia'cuiii  lioitpite  peruiiso-iilurobargi'iiluiiiijiiod     Ue  nov   rtpfrl.  tt  t'lularcliun.  "  Sl>-t<lia':ii*  ^  I. 

pout  Veiieii  >arruiii.     ti<>h«miJii,  lib.  -i.  >•  Navigal.  |  cunfur.  Bonavenl.  c.  ti.  vit.  FraociKi.  ^  fluiaict 

lib  6.  cap.  4.  prujn  lUoruin  non  mil,  quam  a  ditrmure  |  vii.  egua. 
Mccrdoie  Duva  oupia  dedurala  8it.  **  Uuticiuu*   ^ 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  2.]  Cure  of  Jealousy,  ^S7 

lusty,  so  many  servants,  monks,  friars,  to  live  honest,  too  tyrannical  a  burden  to 
compel  them  to  be  chaste,  and  most  unfit  to  suller  poor  men,  younger  brothers  and 
soldiers  at  all  to  marry,  as  those  diseased  persons,  votaries,  priests,  servants.  There- 
fore, as  well  to  keep  and  ease  the  one  as  the  other,  they  tolerate  and  wink  at  these 
kind  of  brothel-houses  and  stews.  Many  probable  arguments  tl\ey  have  to  prove 
t!ie  lawfulness,  the  necessity,  and  a  toleration  of  them,  as  of  usury;  and  without 
question  in  policy  they  are  not  to  be  contradicted :  but  altogether  in  religion.  Others 
prescribe  filters,  spells,  charn)s  to  keep  men  and  women  lionest.  ^^Mulicr  ut  alienum 
viram  non  admitted prcslcr  suum :  Acclpe  fel  hirci^  et  adipcm,  el  exsicca^  culcscaL  in 
oleo,  4'c.,  et  non  aliiim  prceter  et  amabit.  In  Alexi.  Porta,  Sfc,  plura  invenies,  et 
multo  his  absurdiora,  uti  et  in  Rhasi,  ne  mulicr  virum  admittat,  et  marilnm  solum 
diligut,  Sfc.  But  these  are  most  part  Pagan,  impious,  irreligious,  absurd,  and  ridicu- 
lous devices. 

The  best  means  to  avoid  tliese  and  like  inconveniences  are,  to  take  away  the 
causes  and  occasions.  To  this  purpose  -^Varro  writ  Satyram  Menipjieam,  but  it  is 
lost.  ^^Patritius  prescribes  four  rules  to  be  observed  in  choosing  of  a  wife  (which 
who  so  will  may  read);  Eonseca,  the  Spaniard,  in  his  45.  c.  Amphithcat.  Amoris, 
sets  down  six  special  cautions  for  men,  four  for  women  ;  Sam  Neander  out  of  Shon- 
bernerus,  five  for  men,  five  for  women  ;  Anthony  Guiavarra  many  good  lessons ; 
^'Cleobulus  two  alone,  others  otherwise;  as  first  to  make  a  good  choice  in  marria"-e, 
to  invite  Christ  to  their  wedding,  and  which  ^'^St.  Ambrose  adviseth,  Bcuiii  conjugii 
■j>ra'sidc7n  habere,  and  to  pray  to  him  for  her,  (.4  Domino  enim  datur  uxor  prudens. 
Prov.  xix.)  not  to  be  too  rash  and  precipitate  in  his  election,  to  run  upon  the  first  he 
meets,  or  dote  on  every  stout  fair  piece  he  sees,  but  to  choose  her  as  much  by  his 
ears  as  eyes,  to  be  well  advised  whom  he  takes,  of  what  age,  &c.,  and  caulelous  in 
his  proceedings.  An  old  man  should  not  marry  a  young  woman,  nor  a  young  woman 
an  old  man,  ^' Qadm  male  incequales  veniunt  ad  arata  juvenci!  such  matciies  must 
needs  minister  a  perpetual  cause  of  suspicion,  and  be  distasteful  to  each  other. 

ss  "  Noclua  lit  ill  liiinulis,  super  atque  cadaver.-!  bubo,    I      "Night-crows  on  tombs,  owl  sits  on  carcass  dead, 
Talis  iipiKl  riui^liucleiii  nostra  puolla  sedet."  |         So  lies  a  wench  with  Sophocles  in  bed." 

For  Sophocles,  as  ^^  Atheneus  describes  him,  was  a  very  old  man,  as  cold  as  Januarj', 
a  bed-fellow  of  bones,  and  doted  yet  upon  Archippe,  a  young  courtezan,  than  which 
nothing  can  be  more  odious.  ^'Senex  maritus  uxori  juveni  ingratus  est,  an  old  man 
is  a  most  unwelcome  guest  to  a  young  wench,  unable,  unfit : 

3'  "AmplifXiis  siios  fu;;iunt  puella;, 

Oiniiis  iiurret  amor  V'enusqiie  Hynieuque." 

And  as  in  like  case  a  good  fellow  that  had  but  a  peck  of  corn  weekly  to  grind,  vet 
would  needs  build  a  new  mill  for  it,  found  his  error  eftsoons,  for  either  he  must  let 
his  mill  lie  waste,  pull  it  quite  down,  or  let  others  grind  at  it.     So  these  men,  &.c. 

Seneca  therefore  disallows  all  such  unseasonable  matches,  habent  enim  malcdicti 
locum  crcbrcR  nuplicc.  And  as  ^^Tully  farther  inveighs,  "  'tis  unfit  for  any,  but  uijly 
and  filthy  in  old  age."  Turj)e  senilis  amor,  one  of  the  three  things  ^^God  hatelh. 
Plutarch,  in  his  book  contra  Coleten,  rails  downright  at  such  kind  of  marriages, 
which  are  attempted  by  old  men,  qui  jam  corpore  imt)0lcnti,et  a  voluptalihua  descrti, 
peccant  aniino,  and  makes  a  question  whether  in  some  cases  it  be  tolerable  at  least 

for  such  a  man  to  marry, qui  Venerem  ajfectat  sine  viribus,  '■^  that  is  now  past 

those  venerous  exercises,"  *•'  as  a  gelded  man  lies  with  a  virgin  and  sighs,"  Ecclus 
XXX.  20,  and  now  complains  with  him  in  Petronius,  funerata  est  hac  pars  jam  ptx 
full  olim  Achillea,  he  is  c^uite  done, 

><  "  Vixit  puella;  nupcr  idoneus, 
Et  iiiilitavit  non  sine  glond." 

But  the  question  is  whether  he  may  delight  himself  as  those  Priapeian  popes,  which, 
in  their  decrepit  age,  lay  commonly  between  two  wenches  every  night,  contactu  for- 

"^  V^ecker.  lib.  7.  secret.  sacitatur  a  Gellio.  j  shun  their  embraces;  Love,  Venus,  Hymen,  all  abhor 

M  Lib.    1.  'i'il.  4.  de   instil,    reipub.  de  officio   mariti.  i  them."  3^'Offic.  lib.  Luxuria  cum  onini  ita,. 

^  \e  cum  ea  lilande  niinis  agas,  ne  objurges  prxsenti-    turpis,  turn  senectuti  f;tdissima.  ^  Kcclus.  xxv.  2 

l);i>  e.ttrancis.  *5  Kpist.  70.  •"  Ovid.     '•  How     "An  old  man  that  dotes,"  &;c.  '■'*  Hor.  lib.  3.  ode 

l.aiiiy  steers  of  ditferent  ages  are  yoked  lo  the  plough."  26.  "  He  was  lately  a  match  for  a  maid,  and  coutende»^ 
*"  .Alciat.  emb.  U6.  ^  Deipnosoph.  I.  3.  cap.  19..     not  ingloriously." 

*>  Euripides.  si  Pontanus  hiarum  lib.  1.  "  Maider  i  | 


588 


Love-Melancholy. 


[Part.  3.  Sec.  3 


mosarufii,  et  conlrectatione,  nuni  cidhuc  gaudeal;  and  as  many  doting  sires  do  to  iheir 
own  shame,  their  children's  undoing,  and  'heir  <aniilies'  confusion  :  he  abhors  ii 
tanquam  ah  agrrsli  et  furioso  domino  fiigiejidum,  it  must  be  avoided  as  a  bedlam 
master,  and  not  obeyed. 


^''Alecto- 


Ip^^a  farrs  pritfert  iiubentibus,  et  malus  Hymen 
Triste  ululat," 1 

the  devil  himself  makes  such  matches.  '^  Levinus  Lemnius  reckons  up  three  thmg-g 
which  generally  disturb  the  peace  of  marriage :  the  first  is  when  they  marry  intem- 
pcstive  or  unseasonably,  ''as  many  mortal  men  marry  precipitately  and  incouside- 
rately,  when  they  are  etlete  and  old:  the  second  when  they  marry  une(|ually  for  for- 
tunes and  birth  :  the  lliird,  when  a  sick  impotent  person  weds  one  tiiat  is  sound, 
novce  nupttk  sprs  frustratur  :  many  dislikes  instantly  follow."  Many  doling  dizzaids, 
it  may  not  be  denied,  as  Plutarch  confesseth,  "''  recreate  themselves  with  such  obso- 
lete, unseasonable  and  tililiy  remedies  (so  he  calls  them),  with  a  remembrance  of 
their  former  pleasures,  ajjainst  nature  they  stir  up  their  dead  llesh  :"  but  an  old  lecher 
is  abominable;  rnulier  tertib  niibens^  ^  Nevisanus  holds,  prcesumitur  lubriau  et  in- 
constans,  a  woman  that  marries  a  third  time  may  be  presumed  to  be  no  honester 
than  she  should.  Of  them  both,  thus  Ambrose  concludes  ia  his  comment  upon 
Luke,  *""  they  that  are  coupled  together,  not  to  get  children,  but  to  satisfy  their  lust, 
are  not  husbands,  but  fornicators,"  with  whom  St.  Austin  consents  :  matrimony  with- 
out hope  of  children,  non  malrimonium.,  sed  concuhium  dici  debet,  is  not  a  wedding 
but  a  jumbling  or  coupling  together.  In  a  word  (except  they  wed  for  mutual  society, 
help  and  comft)rt  one  of  another,  in  which  respects,  though  *"TibLTius  deny  it,  with- 
out question  old  folks  may  well  marry)  for  sometimes  a  man  hath  most  need  oT  a 
wife,  according  to  Puccius,  when  he  hath  no  need  of  a  wife;  otiierwise  it  is  most 
odious,  when  an  old  acherontic  dizzard,  that  hath  one  f(Jot  in  his  grave,  a  silicer- 
niuin,  shall  flicker  after  a  young  wench  that  is  blithe  and  bonny, 


' '•  <alaci<>rque 

Wruu  psMere,  et  aittulit  columbU." 


What  can  be  more  detestable  ? 


•Tu  .  . 
Jaui  , 


'Thnu  old  gnat,  hoary  lecher,  naughty  man, 
WiUi  Btiiikiiig  brt-alh,  arc  lliuii  in  lovt-  1 
Muiit  llioii  br  Dliiveriiii;  ?  »h»-  H|>cwh  lo  »ee 
Tliy  Althy  face,  it  dutli  bo  lauvu." 


lllUUI  Julius  ciculic*.  I 

Yet,  as  some  will,  it  is  much  more  tolerable  for  an  old  man  to  marry  a  young  wo- 
man i^our  ladies'  match  they  call  it)  for  eras  erit  muHer^  as  he  said  in  Tiilly.  Cato 
the  lloinan,  Critobulus  in  ^'Xenophon,  *^Tyraquellus  of  late,  Julius  Scaliger,  &.C., 
and  many  famous  precedents  we  have  in  that  kind;  but  not '^''  contra:  'tis  not  held  fit 
for  an  ancient  woman  to  match  with  a  young  man.  For  as  V^arro  will.  Anus  dum 
ludit  morti  delitiasfacit,  'tis  Charon's  match  between  **Cascu3  and  Casca,  and  the 
devil  himself  is  surely  well  pleased  with  it.  And,  therefore,  as  the  ^  poet  inveighs, 
thou  old  Vetustina  bed-ridden  quean,  that  art  now  skin  and  bones. 


'Cui  lief  ca|>illi,  quatuorque  sunt  denies. 
Pectus  cirmla:,  cruKCUluiiique  rurinicf , 
Ku;;u«iori-iu  quie  eerii<  stula  frontcui, 
Et  areiiaruiii  cassibii^  paref  iiiamiuaii." 


•That  liast  three  1iair»,  fmir  teeth,  a  breaiit 
Like  gra«i>hi<p|ier,  an  eiiiiiiel'ii  creet, 
A  bkin  more  ra!.'t;>-'t  than  thy  coat. 
And  drug*  like  spider'ii  web  lo  b«>it." 


Must  thou  marrj'  a  youth  again  ?  And  yet  ducentas  ire  nuptum  post  niorles  amani  : 
howsoever  it  is,  as  ^' Apuleius  gives  out  of  his  Meroe,  congressus  annosus,  pestilenSy 
abhorrendus,  a  pestilent  match,  abominable,  and  not  to  be  endured.  In  such  case 
how  can  they  otherwise  choose  but  be  jealous,  how  should  they  agree  one  with  an- 
other }  This  inequality  is  not  in  years  only,  but  in  birth,  fortunes,  conditions,  and 
all  good  **  qualities,  si  qua  voles  apte  nubere,  nube  pari,  'tis  my  counsel,  saith  An- 


*•  ■■  Alectn  herself  tiolda  th'-  torch  at  ouch  nuptialu, 
and  iiialicioua  Hyuieu  sadly  howU."  3<Cap.  5.  instil, 
ad  opiiiuani  viiaju;  uiaiima  niorlaliuin  pars  prscipi- 
tanter  el  inci  imiiler.il^  iiubil.  id(|ue  ei  a-taip  qux  niinut 
aot.i  •  •:  ruuui  >•  u^x  adoleMi^i.tulte.  Faiiu<i  inorbi<lv, 
I  ri,  A;r.  "Obsolelo.  iiiti'inpt-stivo,  turpi 

r  lur  8C  uti ;  reconlntume  pn^tinaruin  vo- 

>  .,  .  r-rrHant,  et  adveraante  naturd,  p<illinclarn 

cariiriii   el   rnectaiii   eicilant.  ^  l.ih.  -i.  nil.  -iS. 

■•Uui  vero  iiuu  prucreanda  prulia,  led  explendc  libidi- 


nil  cauia  fibi  invicem  ropulaniur,  non  tain  coiiju|ea 
quain  furnicarii  habentur.  "l^ex  Papia.  Aueion. 

Claud,  c.  23.  «>  Ptmianui  biaruin  lib   I.   "  More  ■•• 

laciuii*  than  the  vparrow  in  uprinr.  or  the  inow-wbil* 
rine-dove*."  *>  naiitiiii  uii-rcalor  "t'yinp'wio 

♦»Vide  'Ihuani  hialoriain.  •'Calab«ct.  vri.  poffa- 

rtjm.  «•  Martial,  lib.  3.  ra.  Fpur.  «  Lib.  1.  .MiI»t». 

*  Uvid.     "  ir  you  would  oiarry  auitably,   niarry  youl 
equal  in  every  rrvpecl." 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  2.]  Cicre  of  Jealousy.  589 

thoiiy  Giiiverra,  to  choose  such  a  one.  Civis  Civem  ducat,  JYuhilis  JYobilcm,  let  a 
citizen  match  with  a  citizen,  a  gentleman  with  a  gentlewoman;  he  that  observes  not 
tins  precept  (sailli  lie)  noti  generum  sed  malum  Genium,  non  nurum  sed  Furlam,  non 
vita  Comltcm,  sed  litis  fomUem  domi  habebit,  instead  of  a  fair  wife  shall  have  a  fury, 
for  a  fit  son-in-law  a  mere  fiend,  &c.  examples  are  too  frequent. 

Another  main  caution  fit  to  be  observed  is  this,  that  though  they  be  equal  in  years, 
bu-th,  fortunes,  and  other  conditions,  yet  they  do  not  omit  virtue  and  good  education, 
which  Musonius  and  Antipater  so  much  inculcate  in  Stobeus  : 

4'"  Dost  est  magna  parentum 

Virtus,  et  nietiieiis  alterius  viri 
Certo  fcEdere  castitas." 

If,  as  Plutarch  adviseth,  one  must  eat  modium  salts,  a  bushel  of  salt  with  him,  before 
he  choose  his  friend,  what  care  should  be  had  in  choosing  a  wife,  his  second  self, 
how  solicitous  sliould  he  be  to  know  her  qualities  and  behaviour;  and  when  he  is 
assured  of  them,  not  to  prefer  birth,  fortune,  beauty,  before  bringing  up,  and  good 
conditions.  ^Coquage  god  of  cuckolds,  as  one  merrily  said,  accompanies  the  god- 
dess .Jealousy,  both  follow  the  fairest,  by  Jupiter's  appointment,  and  they  sacrifice  to 
llieai  together:  beauty  and  honesty  seldom  agree;  straight  personages  have  often 
crooked  manners;  fair  faces,  foul  vices;  good  complexions,  ill  conditions.  Suspi- 
cionis  plena  res  est,  et  insidiarum,  beauty  (saith  ^'  Chrysostom)  is  full  of  treachery 
and  suspicion  :  he  that  hath  a  fair  wife,  cannot  have  a  worse  mischief,  and  yet  most 
covet  it,  as  if  notliing  else  in  marriage  but  that  and  wealth  were  to  be  respected. 
'-Francis  Sforza,  Duke  of  Milan,  was  so  curious  in  this  behalf,  that  he  would  not 
marry  the  Duke  of  Mantua's  daughter,  except  he  might  see  her  naked  first :  which 
Lycurgus  appointed  in  his  laws,  and  Morus  in  his  Utopian  Commonwealth  approves. 
^Mn  Italy,  as  a  traveller  observes,  if  a  man  have  three  or  four  daughters,  or  more, 
and  they  prove  fair,  they  are  married  eftsoons  :  if  deformed,  they  change  their  lovely 
names  of  Lucia,  Cynthia,  Cania;na,  call  them  Dorothy,  Ursula,  Bridget,  and  so  put 
them  into  monasteries,  as  if  none  were  fit  for  marriage,  but  such  as  are  eminently 
fair :  but  these  are  erroneous  tenets  :  a  modest  virgin  wdl  conditioned,  to  such  a  fair 
snout-piece,  is  much  to  be  preferred.  If  thou  wilt  avoid  them,  take  awav  all  causes 
^f  suspicion  and  jealousy,  marry  a  coarse  piece,  fetch  her  from  Cassandra's  '^  temple, 
which  was  wont  in  Italy  to  be  a  sanctuary  of  all  deformed  maids,  and  so  shalt  thou 
be  sure  that  no  man  will  make  thee  cuckold,  but  for  spite.  A  citizen  of  Bizance  in 
France  had  a  filthy,  dowdy,  deformed  slut  to  his  wife,  and  finding  her  in  bed  with 
another  man,  cried  out  as  one  amazed;  O  miser!  quae  te  neccssitas  hue  adegitf  O 
thou  vvrctch,  what  necessity  brought  thee  hither.?  as  well  he  might;  for  who  can 
afTect  such  a  one  .?  But  this  is  warily  to  be  understood,  most  offend  in  another  ex- 
treme, they  prefer  wealth  before  beauty,  and  so  she  be  rich,  they  care  not  how  she 
look;  but  these  are  all  out  as  faulty  as  the  rest.  Atlejidenda  uxor  is  forma,  as  ^^Salis- 
buriensis  adviseth,  ne  si  alteram  aspexeris,  inox  earn  sordcre  putes,  as  the  Knight  in 
Chaucer,  that  was  married  to  an  old  woman, 

J})id  all  day  after  hid  him  as  an  owl. 
So  woe  icas  his  luife  looked  so  foul. 

Have  a  care  of  thy  wife's  complexion,  lest  whilst  thou  seest  another,  thou  loathest 
her,  she  prove  jealous,  thou  naught, 

'S"  Si  tihi  (Ifformis  conjui,  si  serva  veiiusta, 
Ne  maris  S(  rva," 

I  can  perhaps  give  instance.  Molestum  est  possidcrc,  quod  nemo  habere  dignetur,  a 
nusery  to  possess  that  which  no  man  likes :  on  the  other  side,  Bificil,:  cusloditur 
quod  plurcs  amant.  And  as  the  bragging  soldier  vaunted  in  the  ccJmedy,  nimia  est 
miseria  pulchrum  esse  hominem  nimis.  Scipio  did  never  so  hartlly  besieg-e  Carthage, 
a.s  these  young  gallants  will  beset  thine  house,  one  with  wit  or  person,  another  with 


<""  Parental  virtue  is  a  rich  inheritance,  as  well  as 
that  chastity  which  habitually  avoids  a  second  hus- 
'janil."  so  Rabelais  hist.  I'aiitagriiel.  I.  3.  cap.  ^X^. 

6'  Mom.  80.  Uui   piilchram    liabet  u.xorein,   nihil   pejus 
habere  potest.  53  j^rniseiis.  ^  Itinerar.  Ital. 

ColoniaB  edit.  1020.  Nomine  trium.  Ger.  fol.  304.  displi- 
cuit  quod  domina;  filiabus  iuimutenl  uomen  inditum  in 


Baptisime,  et  pro  Catharina,  Mareareta,  &c.  ne  quil 
desit  ad  lu.xuriam,  appellant  ipsas  nomiiiibus  Cynthne, 
Cania?ns,  &c.  &'  /..eonicus  de  var.  lib.  3.  c.  43.  Asy- 
liis  virginum  deformium  Cassandrre  lenipliiin.  Plutarch. 
^'>  Polycrat.  I.  8.  cap.  II.  so"  If  your  wife  seem  de- 

formed, your  maid  beautiful,  still  abstain  from  the 
latter." 


2Z 


590  Love-Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  3. 

wealth,  he.  If  she  he  fair,  saith  Guazzo,  she  will  he  suspected  howsoever.  Both 
extremes  are  naught,  Pulchra  citb  admnalur^feeda  facile  conciipiscil^  tlie  one  is  soon 
beloved,  the  other  loves :  one  is  hardly  kept,  because  proud  and  arrogant,  the  other 
not  worth  keeping;  what  is  to  be  done  in  this  rase.'  Ennius  in  Meneiippe  adviseth 
thee  as  a  friend  to  take  stalam  formauu  si  vis  habere  incolumem  jmdicitiain,  one  of 
H  nii(U!le  size,  neither  too  fair  nor  too  foul,  "  JVec  formosa  magis  quam  mihi  casta 
placet,  with  old  Cato,  though  fit  let  her  beauty  be,  neque  lectissima,  ncqnc  i/liberalis, 
between  both.  This  I  approve;  but  of  the  other  two  I  resolve  with  Salisburiensis, 
cateris  paribus,  both  rich  alike,  endowed  alike,  viajori  miserid  deformis  habetur  quam 
fortnosa  scrvatur,  I  had  rather  marry  a  fair  one,  and  put  it  to  the  hazard,  than  be 
troubled  with  a  blowze ;  but  do  as  thou  wilt,  I  speak  only  of  myself. 

Howsoever,  quod  ilcrum  maneo,  I  would  advise  thee  thus  much,  be  she  fair  or  foul, 
to  choose  a  wife  out  of  a  good  kindred,  parentage,  well  brought  up,  in  an  honest 
place. 

M  '•  Primiim  aninio  libi  propnnas  quo  (anguine  creta, 
Qia  I'lirriia.  iina  dale,  quiliUMiiie  ante  niiiiiia  virgo 
M'iribux.  Ill  juiicCiM  Vfiiiat  iiuva  iiufila   iH^iialtm." 

He  that  marries  a  wife  out  of  a  suspected  inn  or  alehouse,  buys  a  horse  in  Smith- 
field,  and  hire8  a  servant  in  PauPs,  as  the  divcrb  is,  shall  likely  have  a  jade  to  his 
horse,  a  knave  for  his  man,  an  arrant  honest  woman  to  his  wife.  Filia  prcesumilury 
esse  mat  ri  i'<//i<7<A',  sailh  ^^Nevi.<anus  ?  '•Such'*' a  myther,  such  a  daughter  ;"  ma/i 
corvi  malum  ovum,  cat  to  her  kiml. 

i>  "  Scilicet  ex|iecia>i  ut  trudat  mater  hnnestot 
Ati|ue  aliu«  iiioren  ijuaiii  i|ii(is  lialnrl  V 

'•  If  the  niotluT  be  dishonest,  in  all  likelihood  the  daughter  will  malrizare,  take  after 
her  in  all  good  qualities," 

"Creilen'  Pampliae  non  tauripotente  futurain 
Taurifietaui  V 

*' If  the  darn  imr,  the  foal  will  not  amble.""  My  last  caution  is,  that  a  wtun.-iii  do 
not  bestow  herself  upon  a  fool,  or  an  apparent  melancholy  person ;  jealousy  is  a 
symptom  of  that  disease,  and  fools  have  no  motleration.  Juslina,  a  Konian  lady, 
was  much  persecuted,  and  after  made  away  by  her  jealous  husband,  she  caused  and 
enjoined  this  epitaph,  as  a  caveat  to  others,  to  be  engraven  on  her  tomb  : 

*S"  Di><cile  ab  exriiipio  Juitirif ,  diwite  palrea,  I  "  I.earii  p.irenti  all,  ami  hy  JiiHtinn's  ra)w>. 

No  iiuliat  Catiio  lilia  votra  viru,"  tic.  \  Yuur  children  to  no  dizzards  for  in  place." 

After  marriage,  I  can  give  no  better  admonitions  than  to  use  their  wives  well,  and 
which  a  friend  of  mine  told  me  that  was  a  married  man,  1  will  tell  you  as  good  cheap, 
saith  Nicostralus  in  "^  Stobeus,  to  avoid  future  strife,  and  for  quietness'  sake,  *'  when 
you  are  in  bed,  take  heed  of  your  wife's  flattering  speeches  over  night,  and  curtain 
sermons  in  the  morning.'"  Let  them  do  their  endeavour  likewise  to  maintain  them 
to  their  means,  which  "^  Patricius  ingeminates,  and  let  them  have  liberty  with  discre- 
tion, as  time  and  place  requires  :  many  women  turn  queans  by  compulsion,  as  *'Ne- 
visanus  observes,  because  their  husbands  are  so  hard,  and  keep  them  so  short  in  diet 
and  ix^\yiiie\,  paupertas  cogit  eas  meretricari,  poverty  and  hunger,  want  of  means, 
makes  them  dishonest,  or  bad  usage;  their  churlish  behaviour  forceth  them  to  fly 
out,  or  bad  examples,  they  do  it  to  cr\'  quittance.  In  the  other  extreme  some  are 
too  liberal,  as  the  proverb  is,  Turdtis  malum  stbi  cacai,  they  make  a  rod  for  their 
own  tail.-;,  as  Candaules  did  to  Gyges  in  *"  Herodotus,  commend  his  wife's  beauty 
himself,  and  besides  would  needs  have  him  see  her  naked.  Whilst  they  give  their 
wives  too  much  liberty  to  gad  abroad,  and  bountiful  allowance,  they  are  accessary  to 
their  own  miseries;  animce  uxorum  pessime  o/tn/,  as  Plautus  jibes,  they  have  de- 
formed souls,  and  by  their  painting  and  colours  procure  od<M7/i  marili,  their  husband's 

hale,  especially, ^' cum  misere  viscantur  lahra  marili.     Besides,  their  wives 

(as  "  Ba>il  notes)  Impudcnter  se  exponnnt  masculorum  aspeclibus,  jactantes  tunicas^ 

>'  iMarulluK.     "  Not  Iho  ai<Mt  fair  but  llie  most  virtu-  '  4.  til.  4.  de  inititut.  Rcipub.  c.-ip.  de  nflicin  marili  rt 

oi- i''i-- "•'••"  *'Chalor><-r  III),  t'.  d.!  rep<ib.  Aug-     uioria.  '•  Lil<  4   ->I   iiii(.   miiii   -I      \.im  cufaot 

*                        .    I5'i.                      *•  PI  KHiiflrn  caste.  ca»le     de  uioribuK    i.  riu, 

viMt;  ni  Micrelrix  iiiairr,  lilia  tali*  erii.    itc.            "I  ''"I- 

'    I',.                   *)L'aini-r>triii.>  relit.  2.  cap.  54.     Ien<.  fecit  u(  >  iven. 

04«;f.  »,ii>.  i».                    "Ser.  Ti     <1ii<mJ  ainicu»  quidaiD     Sat.  6.     ••  He  cauiiul  kis*  bn  wilc  Ijf  Jjaiut."       "Uial. 
ux'ir>-iii  li.ifH-nii  mihi  dixit,  dit-aiii  volim.     In  cubili  cm-    contra  ebr. 
feiiiia:  ailu'ali>jiie«  veaperi,  uiane  riauiuri-a.            «  Lib.  i 


Mem.  4.  Subs.  2.]  Ciire  of  Jealousy.  59 1 

et  coram  fripudiantes,  impudenlly  thrust  themselves  into  other  men's  companies,  and 
by  their  indecent  wanton  carriage  provoke  and  tempt  the  spectators.  Virtuous 
women  should  keep  liouse ;  and  'twas  wel/  performed  and  ordered  by  the  Greeks 

* "mulier  ne  qua  in  publicum 

Spectandam  se  sine  arbitro  prtebeat  viro  :" 

which  made  Phidias  belike  at  Elis  paint  Venus  treading  on  a  tortoise,  a  svmbol  of 
women's  silence  and  housekeeping.  For  a  woman  abroad  and  alone,  is  like  a  deer 
broke  out  of  a  park,  quam  milh  venatores  insequimtur^  whom  every  hunter  ft.llows  • 
and  besides  in  such  places  she  cannot  so  well  vindicate  herself,  but  as  that  viro-in 
Dinah  (Gen.  xxxiv.,  2,)  «  going  for  to  see  the  daughters  of  the  land,"  lost  her  vir- 
ginity, she  may  be  defiled  and  overtaken  of  a  sudden :  Imhelles  damcB  quid  nisi 
prceda  snmus?'° 

And  therefore  I  know  not  what  philosopher  he  was,  that  would  have  women  come 
but  thrice  abroad  all  their  time,  '^'^to  be  baptized,  married,  and  buried;"  but  he  was 
too  strait-laced.  Let  them  have  their  liberty  in  good  sort,  and  go  in  good  sort,  modo 
non  annos  viginti  cBtatis  sucb  domi  relinquont,  as  a  good  fellow  said,  so  that  they  look 
not  twenty  years  younger  abroad  than  they  do  at  home,  they  be  not  spruce,  neat, 
,  angels  abroad,  beasts,  dowdies,  sluts  at  home ;  but  seek  by  all  means  to  please  and 
give  content  to  their  husbands :  to  be  quiet  above  all  things,  obedient,  silent  and 
patient ;  if  they  be  incensed,  angry,  chid  a  little,  their  wives  must  not ''-  cample  again, 
but  take  it  in  good  part.  An  honest  woman,  I  cannot  now  tell  where  she  dwelttbut 
by  report  an  honest  woman  she  was,  hearing  one  of  her  gossips  by  chance  complain 
of  her  husband's  impatience,  told  her  an  excellent  remedy  for  it,  and  gave  her  withal 
a  glass  of  water,  which  when  he  brawled  she  should  hold  still  in  her  mouth,  and 
that  tof.ies  quoties,  as  often  as  he  chid ;  she  did  so  two  or  three  times  with  good  suc- 
cess, and  at  length  seeing  her  neighbour,  gave  hex  great  thanks  for  it,  and  would 
needs  know  the  ingredients,  '''she  told  her  in  brief  what  it  was,  "fair  water,"  and 
no  more  :  for  it  was  not  the  water,  but  her  silence  which  performed  the  cure.  Let 
every  froward  woman  imitate  this  example,  and  be  quiet  within  doors,  and  (as  "■'  M. 
Aurelius  prescribes)  a  necessary  caution  it  is  to  be  observed  of  all  good  matrons  that 
love  ttieir  credits,  to  come  little  abroad,  but  follow  their  work  at  home,  look  to  their 
household  affairs  and  private  business,  (Rconomice  inciimbe?Ues,  be  sober,  thrifty,  wary, 
circumspect,  modest,  and  compose  themselves  to  live  to  their  husbands'  means,  as"  a 
good  housewife  should  do, 

"5"  Qune  studiis  gavi?a  coli,  partita  labores 

Fnllct  opus  canlu,  formit  assiniulata  corons 
Cura  puellaris,  circuin  fusosque  rotasque 
Cum  volvet,"  &c. 

Howsoever  'tis  good  to  keep  them  private,  not  in  prison ; 

"^"Cliilsquiscustodit  uxnrem  vectibus  et  seris, 
Elsi  sibi  sapiens,  stultus  est,  et  niliil  sapit. 

Read  more  of  this  subject,  Horol,  princ.  lib.  2.  per  totum.  Arnisseus,  polil.  Cvprian, 
Tertulhan,  Bossus  de  mulier.  apparaf.  Godefridus  de  Amor.  lib.  2.  Qap.  4.  Levinus 
Lemnius  cap.  54.  de  instifut.  Christ.  Barbarus  de  re  uxor.  lib.  2.  cap.  2.  Franciscus  Pa- 
tritius  de  instifnt.  Reipuh.  lib.  4.  Tif.  4.  et  5.  de  officio  marili  et  uxoris,  Christ.  Fonesca 
Amphilheat.  Amor.  cap.  45.  Sam.  Neander,  &c. 

These  cautions  concern  him ;  and  if  by  those  or  his  own  discretion  otherwise  he 
cannot  moderate  himself,  his  friends  must  not  be  wanting  by  their  wisdom,  if  it  be 
possible,  to  give  the  party  grieved  satisfaction,  to  prevent  and  remove  the  occasions, 
objects,  if  It  may  be  to  secure  him.  If  it  be  one  alone,  or  many,  to  consider  whom 
he  suspects  or  at  what  times,  in  what  places  he  is  most  incensed',  in  what  companies. 
Nevisanus  makes  a  question  whether  a  young  physician  ought  lo  be  admitted  in 
cases  of  sickness,  into  a  new-married  man's  house,  to  administer  a  julep,  a  syrup,  or 
some  such  physic.    The  Persians  of  old  would  not  suffer  a  young  physician  to  come 

n„T  LT'I!!,'  r  '"'?"■" V"""''',  ""^  '""  '.""  '°  ?"'•"',''=  ""*'■  i  "'^  illi'slrihus  ne  frequenter  exeant.  «  Chaloner. 

'1"^^"."".^''''"''  ^^.  her  spokesman."  '»'•  Helpless     ••  One  who  delights  in  the  labour  „f  the  distair.  and 

beguiles  the  hours  of  labour  uiili  a  son^ :  her  duties 


deer,  what  are  we  but  a  prey  ?"  "'  Ad  haptisnium, 

matrimoniiim  et  tumultuui.  "=  Von  vociferatur  ilia 

8i  maritus  obganniat.  's  Fraudeni  aperiens  osten- 

dit  ei   non  aquam  sed  silentium  iracundiK  moderari. 
'*  Horol.  princi.  lib.  2.  cap.  8.  Diligenter  cavendum  fcemi- 


assume  an  air  of  virtuous  bitautv  when  she  is  busied  at 
the  wheel  and  the  spindle  with  h^r  maids."  'i  Me 

I  atider.  "  Whoever  guards  his  wife  witli  bolts  and  bar* 
will  repent  his  narrow  policy."  '•"  J.,ib.  5.  num.  11 


592  Love -Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  3. 

amongst  women.    ''^  ApoUonides  Cous  made  .\rtaxorxes  cuckold,  and  was  after  buried 
alire  for  it.     A  goaler  in  Arista^netns  had  a  tine  young  g-enllenian  to  his  prisoner; 
"  in  commiseration  of  his  youth  and  person  he  let  him  loose,  to  enjoy  the  liberty  of  tlie 
p.'-ison,  but  he  unkindly  made  him  a  cornuto.    JNIenelaus  gave  good  welcome  to  Paris 
a  stranger,  his  whole  house  and  family  were  at  his  command,  but  he  ungently  stole 
away  his  be.st  beloved  wife.     The  like  measure  was  oflTered  to  Agis  king  of  Lace- 
dtcmon,  by  ^^  Alcibiades  an  exile,  for  his  good  entertainment,  he  was  too  familiar  with 
Tiniea  his  wife,  begetting  a  child  of  her,  called  Leotichides :  and  bragging  "loreover 
when  he  came  home  to  Athens,  tliat  he  had  a  son  should  be  king  of  tlie  Lacedemo- 
nians.   If  such  objects  were  removed,  no  doubt  but  the  parties  might  easily  be  sati.^- 
fied,  or  tliat  they  could  use  them  gently  and  intreat  tliem  well,  not  to  revile  tjjem, 
scoff  at,  hale  them,  as  in  sucli  cases  conuuonly  they  do,  'tis  a  human  iiilirmity,  a 
miserable  vexation,  and  they  should  not  adil  grief  to  grief,  nor  aggravate  their  misery, 
but  seek  to  please,  and  by  all  means  give  them  content,  by  good  counsel,  rt-moving 
such  olli-nsive  objects,  or  by  mediation  of  some  discreet  friends.    In  old  Houie  there 
was  a  temple  erected   by  the  matrons  to  that  *'  Viriphica  Dea,  another  to  Venus 
vcrticorda,  ifucc  tnarifos  uxoribus  reddehat  benevolos.,  whither  (^if  any  dillerence  hap- 
pened between  man  and  wife)  they  did  instantly  resort:  there  they  did  olK^r  sacrifice, 
a  white  hart,  Plutarch  records,  sj/if/e//^,  without  the  gall,  (some  say  the  like  of 
Juno's  temple  I  arid  make  their  prayers  for  conjugal  peace;  before  some  "inditlerenl 
arbitrators  and  friends,  the  matter  was  heartl  between  man  and  wife,  and  couwnonly 
composed.     In  our  times  we  want  no  sacred  churches,  or  good  men  to  end  such 
controversies,  if  use    were   made   of  them.     Some  say  that  precious  stone  called 
"beryllus,  others  a  iliamond,  hath  excellent  virtue,  contra  hosttum  injiirius,  ct  crmjU' 
galas  ini'icem  conciliare,  to  reconcile  n>en  and  wives,  lo  maintain  unity  and  love ; 
you  may  try  this  when  you  will,  and  as  you  see  cause.     If  none  of  all  these  means 
and  cautions  will  take  place,  I  know  not  what  remedy  to  prescribe,  or  whillier  such 
persons  may  go  for  ease,  except  they  can  get  into   the  same  **  Turkey  paradise, 
'"  Where  they  >hall  have  as  many  fair  wives  as  they  will  themselves,  with  clear  eyes, 
and  such  as  look  on  none  but  their  own  husbands,"  no  fear,  no  danger  of  being 
cuckolds;  or  else  1  would  have  them  observe  that  strict  rule  of  '^Alphousus,  to 
marry  a  deaf  and  dumb  man  to  a  blind  woman.     If  this  will  not  help,  let  them,  to 
prevent  the  worst,  consult  wiih  an  "'astrologer,  ainJ  see  whether  the  significators  in 
her  horoscope  agree  with  his,  tliat  they  be  nt)t  in  signis  ft  partibus  odiuse  inlttentibus 
aut  imperanlibiis^  sid  mutui>  ct  amice  antisciis  et  obedientibus^  otherwise  (as  they  hold) 
there  will  be  intolerable  enmities  between  them  :  or  else  get  them  sif^illu/n  in-neris^ 
a  charucteristical  seal  stamped  in  the  day  and  hour  of  Verms,  when  she  is  fortunate, 
with  sucli  and  ^^uch  set  words  and  charms,  which  Villanovanus  and  Leo  Suavius  pre- 
scribe, es  sigillis  magicis  Salomonis.,  Iltrmi'tix.,  RaguflLs^  t^r.,  with  many  such,  which 
Alexis,  Albertus,  and  some  of  our  natural  magicians  put  uptni  us :  ut  rnulier  cum 
aliquo  aduUerare  non  possit,  incide  de  capiUis  ejus,  d^rc,  and  he  shall  surely  be  gra- 
cious in  all  women's  eyes,  and  never  suspect  or  disagree  with  his  own  wife  so  long 
as  he  wears  it.    If  this  course  be  not  approved,  and  other  remedies  may  ntU  be  had, 
they  nmst  in  the  last  place  sue  for  a  divorce ;  but  that  is  somewhat  dithcult  to  effect, 
and  not  all  out  so  fit.     For  as  Felisacus  in  his  Tract  dt  jusia  uxore  urgeth,  if  that 
law  of  Constantine  the  Great,  or  that  of  Theodosius  and  Valentinian,  concerning 
divorce,  were  in  use  in  our  times,  innumeras  propemodum  viduas  habcremus,  et  cielihcs 
viros,  we  should  have  almost  no  married  couples  left.     Try  therefore  those  former 
remedies;  or  as  Tertullian  reports  of  Democritus,  that  put  out  his  eyes,  '"because 
he  could  not  loi^k  upon  a  woman  without  lust,  and  was  much  troubled  to  see  that 
which  he  nnght  not  enjoy;  let  him  make  himself  blind,  and  so  he  shall  avoid  that 
care  and  ujolestation  of  watching  his  wife.     One  other  sovereign  remedy  1  could 
repeat,  an  especial  antidote  against  jealousy,  an  excellent  cure,  but  I  am  not  now  dis- 

Pt-r«iri«  fliixit  viilvr  morhuiii  ir«9e  nit.  |  ibi'tprn  uinrtr«  quol  voliinl  cum  ftriiln  clariMimi*.  qiioa 
-i  I'liiii  \\ti>  concuiiilxTt-t.  Iidc  arte  vi>ti     ininqnain   in  ali>|>i>-ni  prclcr  iimriluin  fituri  cunt,  hJt. 
'' f:  t^olvil  viiicuIm  «iiliitiiuique  deirii.     Brt-iieiitjacrliitir.  iiU-m  et  B<ih«:iiiu>.  tcr.         ">  V lot  cmth 
pravit  codjuifein.  ••  Pla-     ducal  iiiariluin  »iiriluin.  tc.  ^  .-«•■<.•  Viil<-rit.  Varxxl, 

-iiius  lib  -i.  ID.  \'alrriij(  lib.  2.     diff'-r.  cimii    in  .Mrabitiuiii.  uhi  pliira.  ''('up   441. 

r  .lb  Alfxandro  I.  -1.  cap.  8.  ten.     Ap<il.  quod  rauliere*  aine  eoocupitccntia  Mpircre  ooa 
Jler.  "■  Kr     Ki'  j->  ile  (finmia  I.  ^i.  cap.  ti.  et    13.     fomtl.tLC. 

**dlrnsiu«Cicogna  lib.  -J.  cap.  13.  apiritei  iii  can.  babent  I 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  1.]  Religious  Melancholy.  593 

posed  to  tell  it,  not  that  like  a  covetous  empiric  I  conceal  it  for  any  gain,  but  S(.me 
other  reasons,  I  am  not  williug  to  publish  it:  if  you  be  very  desirous  to  know  it, 
when  I  meet  you  next  I  will  peradventure  tell  you  what  it  is  in  your  ear.  This  is 
the  best  counsel  I  can  give ;  which  he  that  hath  need  of,  as  occasion  serves,  may 

apply  unto  himself.    In  the  mean  time, dii  talem  terris  averlite  pestem^  ^^  as  the 

proverb  is,  from  heresy,  jealousy  and  frenzy,  good  Lord  deliver  us. 


SECT.  IV.   MEMB.  I. 


Sub  SECT.  I. — Religious  Melanchohj.    Its  object  God;  what  his  beauty  is;  How  it 
allures.     The  parts  and  parties  affected. 

That  there  is  such  a  distinct  species  of  love  melancholy,  no  man  hath  ever  yet 
doubted  :  but  whether  this  subdivision  of'-^  Religious  Melancholy  be  warrantable,  it 
may  be  controverted. 

^"  Pergite  Pierides,  medio  iiec  calle  vagantem 
Liiiquite  niP,  qua  nulla  pedum  vestigia  ducunt, 
Nulla  rotae  currus  testantur  signa  priores." 

I  have  no  pattern  to  follow  as  in  some  of  the  rest,  no  man  to  imitate.  No  physician 
hath  as  yet  distinctly,  written  of  it  as  of  the  other;  all  acknowledge  it  a  most  notable 
symptom,  some  a  cause,  but  few  a  species  or  kind.  ^'  Areteus,  Alexander,  Rhasis,  Avi- 
cenna,  and  most  of  our  late  writers,  as  Gordonius,  Fuchsius,  Plater,  Eruel,  3Iontal- 
tus,  Slc.  repeat  it  as  a  symptom.  "'  Some  seem  to  be  inspired  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  some 
take  upon  them  to  he  prophets,  some  are  addicted  to  new  opinions,  some  foretell  stranorc 
tilings,  de  statu  mundi  et  Jlntichrisli.,  saith  Gordonius.  Some  will  prophesy  of  the 
end  of  the  world  to  a  day  almost,  and  the  fall  of  the  Antichrist,  as  they  have  been 
addicted  or  brought  up;  for  so  melancholy  works  with  them,  as  "Laurentius  holds. 

II  they  have  been  precisely  given,  all  their  meditations  tend  that  way,  and  in  con- 
clusion produce  strange  ejects,  the  humour  imprints  symptoms  according  to  their 
several  uiclinations  and  conditions,  which  makes  ^'  Guianerius  and  °''  Felix  Plater  put 
too  much  devotion,  blind  zeal,  fear  of  eternal  punishment,  and  that  last  judgment  for 
a  cause  of  those  enthusiastics  and  desperate  persons  :  but  some  do  not  obscurely 
make  a  distinct  species  of  it,  dividing  love  melancholy  into  that  whose  object  is 
women ;  and  into  the  other  whose  object  is  God.  Plato,  in  Convivio,  makes  men- 
tion of  two  distinct  furies;  and  amongst  our  Neoterics,  Hercules  de  Sa.vonid  lib.  1. 
pract.  med.  cap.  16.  cap.  de  Mclanch.  doth  expressly  treat  of  it  in  a  distinct  species. 
^"Love  melancholy  (saith  he)  is  twofold;  the  first  is  that  (to  which  peradventure 
some  will  not  vouchsafe  this  name  or  species  of  melancholy)  affection  of  those  which 
put  God  for  their  object,  and  are  altogether  about  prayer,  fasting,  &.c.,  the  other  about 
women."  Peter  Forestus  in  his  observations  delivereth  as  much  in  the  same  words: 
and  Felix  Platerus  de  mentis  alicnat.  cap.  'S.frcquentissima  est  ejus  species,  in  qua 
curanda  sa-pissime  multumfui  irnpeditus  ;  'tis  a  frequent  disease;  and  they  have  a 
ground  of  what  they  say,  forth  of  Areteus  and  Plato.  ^Areteus,  an  old  author,  in 
his  ihiril  book  cap.  6.  doth  so  divide  love  melancholy,  and  derives  this  second  from 
llie  lirsi,  which  comes  by  inspiration  or  otherwise.'  ''"Plato  in  his  Phaidrus  hath 
these  words,  "Apollo's  priests  in  Delphos,  and  at  Dodona,  in  their  fury  do  many 
pretty  feats,  and  benefit  the  Greeks,  but  never  in  their  right  wits."  He  makes  them 
all  mad,  as  well  he  might ;  and   he  that  shall   but  consider  that  superstition  of  old, 

*"  "Ve  gods  avert  such  a  pestilence  from  the  world."  i  still  troubled  for  iheir  sins.  ^  Plater  c.  13.  x  Me- 
^Called  religious  hecause  it  i«  still  conversant  about  '  lancholia  Erotica  vel  qus  cum  aniore  est,  duplex  esf 
religion  and  sucli  divine  objerls.  ^Grotius.  "Pro-     prima  qua:  ah  aliis  forsan  non  merelur  nonien   melan- 

ceed,  ye  muses,  nor  desert  me  in  the  middle  of  my  cliolis,  est  affectio  eorum  quae  pro  objecto  proponunt 
journey,  where  no  footsteps  lead  me,  nouheeltracks  Deum  et  ideo  nihil  aliud  curant  aut  cogitant  quam 
inilicate  the  transit  df  former  chariots."  si  Lib.  1.     Deum,  jejunia,  vigilias:  altera  oh  mulieres'.  »■  Alia 

cap.  16.  nonnulli  opinionibus  addicti  sunt,  et  fiitura  se  reppritur  furoris  species  a  prima  vel  a  secunda,  deorum 
priEdicere  aroitrantiir.  >«  Aliis  videtur  quod  sunt     rogantium,    vel    atflatu     numinum    furor     hie    venit. 

prophetiE  et  inspirati  aSpiritu  sancto,  et  incipiiint  pro-  ssqu,  ;„  Delphis  futura  prajdicunt  vates,  et  in  Dodona 
phetare,  et  niull.i  futura  prseilicunt.  "Cap.  6.  de  I  sacerdotes  furent«s  quiditin  niulta  jocundi  Grscis  defe^ 

Melanch.  i^Cap.  5.  Tractat.  mniti  ob  tiniorem     runt,  sani  vero  exigua  aut  nulla. 

Dhi  sunt  melancholici,  et  timorem  gehennae.    They  are  I 

75  2z2 


594  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

those  prodigious  effects  oi  it  (as  in  its  place  I  will  shew  the  several  furies  of  our 
fatidici  dii,  pythonissas,  sibyls,  entliusiast.'?,  pseudoprophets,  heretics,  and  schismatics 
in  these  our  latter  ages)  shall  instantly  confess,  that  all  the  world  again  cannot  afford 
so  mucli  matter  of  madness,  so  many  stupendous  symptoms,  as  superstition,  heresy, 
schism  have  brought  out :  tiiat  this  species  alone  may  be  paralleled  to  all  the  former, 
has  a  greater  latitude,  and  more  miraculous  effects;  that  it  more  besots  and  infatuates 
men,  than  any  other  above  named  whatsoever,  does  more  harm,  works  more  dis- 
quietness  to  mankind,  and  has  more  crucilied  the  souls  of  mortal  men  (^such  hath 
been  the  devil's  craft)  than  wars,  plagues,  sicknesses,  dearth,  famine,  and  all  the  rest. 

Give  me  but  a  little  leave,  and  1  will  set  before  your  eyes  in  brief  a  stupendous, 
vast,  iiitinite  ocean  of  incredible  madness  and  folly  :  a  sea  full  of  shelves  and  locks, 
sands,  vulfs,  euripes  and  contrary  tides,  lull  of  fearful  monsters,  uncouth  shapes, 
roarinur  waves,  tempests,  and  siren  calms,  halcyt)nian  seas,  unspeakable  misery,  such 
comedies  and  tragedies,  such  absurd  anil  ridiculous,  feral  and  lamentable  fits,  that  I 
know  not  whether  they  are  more  to  be  pitied  or  derided,  or  may  be  believed,  but 
that  we  daily  see  the  same  still  practised  in  our  days,  fresh  examples,  nova  novitia^ 
fresh  objects  of  misery  and  maduess,  in  this  kind  that  are  still  represented  unto  us, 
abroad,  at  home,  in  the  midst  of  us,  in  our  bosoms. 

But  before  I  can  come  to  treat  of  these  several  errors  and  obliquities,  their  causes, 
symptoms,  atiections,  ttc,  1  must  say  something  necessarily  of  the  object  of  this 
love,  God  himself,  what  this  love  is,  how  it  allureth,  whence  it  proceeds,  and  (which 
is  the  cause  of  all  our  miseries)  how  we  mistake,  wander  and  swerve  from  it. 

Amonght  all  ihoae  divine  attributes  that  God  doth  vindicate  to  himself,  eternity, 
omnipotencv,  immutability,  wisdom,  majesty, justice,  mercy,  &.C.,  his  ^''beauty  is  not 
the  least,  one  thing,  saith  David,  have  1  desired  of  the  Lord,  and  that  1  will  still 
desire,  to  behold  the  beauty  of  the  Lord,  Fsal.  xxvii.  4.  And  out  of  Sion,  which  is 
the  perfection  of  beauty,  hath  God  shined,  Psal.  1.  2.  All  other  creatures  are  fair,  I 
contess,  and  many  other  objects  do  much  enamour  us,  a  fair  house,  a  fair  horse,  a 
comely  i)erson.  "^^'J  am  amazed,"  saith  Austin,  ^^  when  1  look  up- to  heaven  and 
behold  the  beauty  of  the  stars,  the  beauty  of  angels,  principalities,  powers,  who  can 
express  it  ?  who  can  sutliciently  commeiul,  or  set  out  this  beauty  which  appears  in 
us.'  so  fair  a  body,  so  fair  a  face,  eyes,  nose,  cheeks,  chin,  brows,  all  fair  and  lovely 
to  behold ;  besides  the  beauty  of  the  soul  which  cannot  be  discerned.  If  we  so 
labour  and  be  so  much  allected  with  the  comeliness  of  creatures,  how  should  we  l)e 
ravished  with  that  admirable  lustre  of  God  himself  r"  If  ordinary  beauty  liave  such 
a  prerogative  and  power,  and  what  is  amiable  and  fair,  to  draw  the  eyes  and  ears, 
hearts  and  allections  of  all  spectators  unto  it,  to  move,  win,  entice,  allure:  how  shall 
this  divine  form  ravish  our  souls,  which  is  the  fountiiin  and  quintessence  of  all 
beauty?  Cu:luin  pulchrum^  std  pulchrior  cieli  fabricator ;  if  heaven  be  so  fair,  the 
sun  so  lair,  how  much  fairer  shall  he  be,  that  made  ihein  fair.'  "For  by  the  great- 
ness and  beauty  of  the  creatures,  proportionally,  the  maker  of  them  is  seen,"  VVisd. 
xiii.  5.  If  there  be  such  pleasure  in  beliolding  a  beautiful  person  alone,  and  as  a 
plausible  sermon,  he  so  much  aflect  us,  what  shall  this  beauty  of  God  himself,  that 
is  inliiiittly  fairer  than  all  creatures,  men,  angels,  &tc.  ' Omnis  jmlc/iriludo  Jlorenu 
hominuin,  angclorum,  et  rtruin  omnium  jmlcfurrimarum  ad  iJci  jnitchritudinrin  collata., 
nox  est  ft  linebrfv,  all  other  li*auties  are  night  itself,  mere  darkness  to  this  our  inex- 
plicable, incomprehensible,  unspeakable,  eternal,  inlimte.  admirable  and  divine  beauty. 
This  lustre,  piilchritudo  omnrurn  jmlcherrirna.  This  beauty  and  -"sj)lendour  of  the 
divine  Majesty,"  is  it  that  draws  all  creatures  to  it,  to  seek  it,  love,  admire,  and  adore 
it ;  and  those  heathens,  pagans,  philosophers,  out  of  those  relics  they  have  yet  left 
of  God's  image,  are  so  far  forth  incensed,  as  not  only  to  acknowledge  a  God;  but, 
though  after  their  own  inventions,  to  stand  in  admiration  of  his  bounty,  good- 
ness, to  adore  and  seek  hiin  ;  the  magniticence  and  structure  of  the  world  itself,  and 
beauty  of  all  his  creatures,  his  goodness,  providence,  protection,  enforcelh  lliein  to 
love  him,  seek  him,  fear  him,  though  a  wrong  way  to  adore  him :  but  for  us  that 


••  Dra*    boiiii*,    junlui,    pulch<>r,    juita    Plarnnem.  I  naren,  Kpnai.  oculi«,  in  i-tlecliini,  nmriia  ptilrlira  ,  ••  aic 
>**Miri>r  ft  *tiipf<>  ruiu  cceluin  aopicio  i-l  pulctiritudi'    in  crraiurM  laUiramui;  quxl  in  ifrut  rtru .'  ■  Dreir 

n«ui  »itli>riiiii   aii^irloruni.  Ace.  el  qud  ilienK  lamlct  qu'xl  '  liu*  .Viret.  lib.  i.  rap.  li.        *Ful^or  liivin*  inaje«latu. 
in  n»bi«  vigct,  ci>rpuii  luin  pukhrum,  froiitKin  pulchrain,  [  Aug. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  1.]  That  it  is  a  distinct  species.  595 

are  christians,  regenerate,  that  are  his  adopted  sons,  illuminated  by  his  word,  having 
the  eyes  of  our  hearts  and  understandings  opened  ;  how  fairly  doth  he  offer  and 
expose  himself.^  Jlmhit  nos  Deus  (Austin  saith)  donis  ct  forma  swd,  he  woos  us  by 
his  beauty,  gifts,  promises,  to  come  unto  him;  ''-"the  whole  Scripture  is  a  message, 
an  exhortation,  a  love  letter  to  this  purpose;"  to  incite  us,  and  invite  us,  ■'God's 
epistle,  as  Gregory  calls  it,  to  his  creatures.  He  sets  out  his  son  and  his  church  in 
that  epiihalamium  or  mystical  song  of  Solomon,  to  enamour  us  the  more,  comparing 
his  head  "  to  fine  gold,  his  locks  curled  and  black  as  a  raven,  Cant.  iv.  5.  his  eves 
like  doves  on  rivers  of  waters,  washed  with  milk,  his  lips  as  lilies,  droopingr  down 
pure  juice,  his  hands  as  rings  of  gold  set  with  chrysolite:  and  his  church  to  a  vine- 
yard, a  garden  inclosed,  a  fountain  of  living  waters,  an  orchard  of  pomegranates, 
with  sweet  scents  of  salfron,  spike,  calamus  and  cinnamon,  and  all  the  trees  of  in- 
cense, as  the  chief  spices,  the  fairest  amongst  women,  no  spot  in  her,  ^his  sister,  his 
spouse,  undefiled,  the  only  daughter  of  her  mother,  dear  unto  her,  fair  as  the  moon, 
pure  as  the  sun,  looking  out  as  the  morning;"  that  by  these  figures,  that  glass,  these 
spiritual  eyes  of  contemplation,  we  might  perceive  some  resemblance  of  his  beauty, 
the  love  between  his  church  and  him.  And  so  in  the  xlv.  Psalm  this  beauty  of  his 
church  is  compared  to  a  "queen  in  a  vesture  of  gold  of  Ophir,  embroidered' raiment 
of  needlework,  that  the,  king  might  take  pleasure  in  her  beauty."  To  incense  us 
further  yet,  ®  John,  in  his  apocalypse,  makes  a  description  of  that  heavenly  Jeru- 
salem, the  beauty,  of  it,  and  in  it  the  maker  of  it;  "Likening  it  to  a  city  of  pure 
gold,  like  unto  clear  glass,  shining  and  garnished  with  all  manner  of  precious  stones, 
having  no  need  of  sun  or  moon  :  for  the  lamb  is  the  light  of  it,  the  glory  of  God 
doth  illuminate  it :  to  give  us  to  understand  the  infinite  glory,  beauty  and  happiness 
of  it."  Not  that  it  is  no  fairer  than  these  creatures  to  which  it  is  compared,  but 
that  this  vision  of  his,  this  'lustre  of  his  divine  majesty,  cannot  otherwise  be  ex- 
pressed to  our  apprehensions,  "  no  tongue  can  tell,  no  heart  can  conceive  it."  as  Paul 
saith.  Moses  himself,  Exod.  xxxiii.  18.  when  he  desired  to  see  God  in  his  fflory, 
was  answered  that  he  might  not  endure  it,  no  man  could  see  his  ftice  and  live. 
Sensihile  forte,  destridt  scnsiim,  a  strong  object  overcometh  the  sight,  according  to 
that  axiom  in  philosophy  :  fulgorem  solis  fcrre  non  pntcs.,  multo  mngis  crcaloris  ; 
if  thou  canst  not  endure  the  sunbeams,  how  canst  thou  endure  that  fultror  and  brio-ht- 
ness  of  him  that  made  the  sun  ?  The  sun  itself  and  all  that  we  can  imaijine.  are 
but  shadows  of  it,  'tis  visio  prcccelle^is,  as  'Austin  calls  it,  the  quintessence  of  beauty 
this,  "  which  far  exceeds  the  beauty  of  heavens,  sun  and  moon,  stars,  angels,  gold 
and  silver,  woods,  fair  fields,  and  whatsoever  is  pleasant  to  behold."  All  those 
other  beauties  fail,  vary,  are  subject  to  corruption,  to  loathing;  ^'^But  this  is  an  im- 
mortal vision,  a  divine  beauty,  an  immortal  love,  an  inilefatigable  love  and  beauty, 
with  sight  of  which  we  shall  never  be  tired  nor  wearied,  but  still  the  more  we  see 
the  more  we  shall  covet  him."  ^^  For  as  one  saith,  where  this  vision  is,  there  is  ab- 
solute beauty;  and  where  is  that  beauty,  from  the  same  fountain  comes  all  pleasure 
and  haj)piness ;  neither  can  beauty,  pleasure,  happiness,  be  separated  from  his  vision 
or  sight,  or  his  vision,  from  beauty,  pleasure,  happiness."  In  this  life  we  have  but 
a  glimpse  of  this  beauty  and  happiness  :  we  shall  hereafter,  as  John  saith,  see  him 
as  he  is  :  thine  eyes,  as  Isaiah  promiseth,  xxxiii.  17.  "  shall  behold  the  king  in  his 
glory,"  then  shall  we  be  perfectly  enamoured,  have  a  full  fruition  of  it,  desire,  "'  be- 
hold and  love  him  alone  as  the  most  amiable  and  fairest  object,  or  summuni  bonum., 
or  chiefest  g.ood. 

This  likewise  should  we  now  have  done,  had  not  our  will  been  corrupted ;  and 
as  we  are  enjoined  to  love  God  with  all  our  heart,  and  all  our  soul  :  for  to  that  end 
were  we  born,  to  love  this  object,  as  "  Melancliion  discourseth,  and  to  enjoy  it. 
"And  him  our  will  would  have  loved  and  sought  alone  as  our  suminu/n  bonum,  or 


'  In  Psa\.  ixiv.  niisit  ad  nos  Episttilas  ct  totam  '  et  (lulchritudo  divini  aspectus.  ibi  voluptasi  ex  eodeia 
scripturam,  quilius  nobis  facerct  aiiiandi  desideriiim.  '  foiitpomnisque  beatitudo,  nee  ab  ejus  aspectii  voluptas, 
*  E|)isl.  -Je.  I.  4.  (|ui(l  est  tola  scriptura  nisi  Epistola  om-  '  nee  ab  ilia  vohjplaie  aspectus  separari  pi>test.  '<>  I.eon 
niputenlis  Del  atl  creatinuin  suam  ?  tCap.  vi.  8-  I  Hxbreug.  Duhicaliir  an   huinaiia  felicilas   Deo  cognos- 

•C'ap.  xwii.  II.  1  Ml  Psal.  Ixxxv.  cranes  pulchri-    cendo  an  ainando  terminetur.  i' l.ih.  rie  anima. 

tudines  tcrreiias  auri,  argenti,  rn-iMoruni  et  canipnruni  ;  Ad  hue  objecliiin  aniatiduni  et  fruendiiin  nati  suinus; 
pulchritiidineni  Solis  et  LiinsB,  stellariim,  omnia  pulrlira  et  hunc  expetisset,  uniciim  hunc  ainasset  humana.  vo- 
sui)erans.  a  hnoiortalis  iivec  visio  inimortalis  amor.    Juntas,  ut  suoiniuui  bonum,  et  citeras  res  omnes  eo 

•ndefessus  aiuur  et  visio.        »Osofius;  ubicuuque  visio  j  ordioe. 


596  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

principal  good,  and  all  other  good  things  for  God's  sake  :  and  nature,  as  slie  pro- 
ceeded from  it.  would  have  sought  this  fountain ;  but  in  tliis  inllrmity  of  human 
nature  this  order  is  disturbed,  our  love  is  corrupt:"  and  a  man  is  like  that  monster 
ii\  '■'Plato,  composed  of  a  Scvlla,  a  lion  and  a  man;  we  are  carried  away  headlong 
with  tlie  torrent  of  our  affections :  the  world,  and  that  infinite  variety  of  pleasing 
objects  in  it,  do  so  allure  and  enamour  us.  that  we  cannot  so  much  as  look  towards 
God,  seek  him,  or  think  on  him  as  we  should  :  we  cannot,  saith  Austin,  Kompub. 
coclrsfcm  cogitare^  we  cannot  contain  ourselves  from  them,  tlieir  sweetness  is  so 
pleasing  to  us.  Marriage,  saith  '^Gualter.  detains  many;  ''a  thing  in  itself  laudable, 
good  and  necessary,  but  manv,  deceived  and  carried  away  with  the  bliiul  love  of  it, 
have  quite  laid  aside  the  love  of  God,  and  desire  of  his  glory.  Meat  and  drink  hath 
overcome  as  many,  whilst  they  rather  strive  to  please,  satisfy  their  guts  and  belly, 
than  to  serve  God  and  nature."  Some  are  so  busied  about  merchandise  to  get  money, 
they  lose  their  own  souls,  whilst  covetously  carried,  and  with  an  insatiable  desire 
of  gain,  they  forget  God ;  as  much  we  may  say  of  honour,  leagues,  friendships, 
health,  weahh,  and  all  other  profits  or  pleasures  in  this  life  whatsoever.  " '^  In  this 
world  there  be  so  manv  beautiful  objects,  splendours  and  brightness  of  gold,  majesty 
of  orlorv,  assistance  of  friends,  fair  promises,  smooth  words,  victories,  triumphs,  and 
such  an  intinite  company  of  pleasing  beauties  to  allure  us,  and  (h"aw  us  from  God, 
tfiat  we  cannot  look  after  hini."  And  this  is  it  which  Christ  himself,  those  prophets 
and  apostles  so  nuich  thundcreil  against,  1  John,  xvii.  15,  dehort  us  froiu  ;  '-love  not 
the  world,  nor  the  things  that  are  in  the  world  :  if  any  man  love  the  world,  the  love 
of  the  I'atiier  is  not  in  iiitu,  10.  For  all  that  is  in  the  world,  as  lust  of  tiie  flesh, 
the  lust  of  the  eyes,  and  pride  of  life,  i.s  not  of  the  Father,  but  of  the  world  :  and 
the  world  passeth  away  and  the  lust  thereof;  but  he  that  fulfillelh  the  will  of  God 
abidetii  for  ever.  No  man,  saith  our  Saviour,  can  serve  two  masters,  but  he  must 
love  the  one  and  hate  the  other,  Stc,  '•  bonos  vel  malos  mores,  boni  vcl  vuili  faciunt 
amorcsy  Austin  well  infers  :  and  this  is  thai  which  all  the  fathers  inculcate,  lie  can- 
not (''Austin  admoiiisheih )  be  God's  frieiul,  that  is  delighted  with  the  pleasures  of 
the  world  :  "■  make  clean  thine  heart,  purify  thine  heart ;  if  thou  wilt  see  this  beauty, 
j)repare  thyself  for  it.  It  is  the  eye  of  contemplation  by  which  we  must  beliDul  it, 
the  wing  of  meditution  which  lifts  us  up  and  rears  our  souls  with  the  motion  of  our 
hearts,  and  sweetness  of  contemplation:"  so  saith  Gregory  cited  by  ""Boiiaventure. 
And  as  ''  Philo  Juda-us  seconds  liim,  »•  he  that  loves  God,  will  soar  aloft  and  take 
him  winsjs  ;  and  leaving  the  earth  lly  up  to  heaven,  \\ander  with  .'«un  aiul  moon,  stars, 
and  tliat  litavenly  troop,  God  himself  being  his  guide."  If  we  desire  to  see  him,  we 
must  lav  aside  all  vain  objects,  which  detain  us  and  dazzle  our  eyes,  and  as  "*  Ficinus 
adviseth  us,  *■*•  get  us  solar  eyes,  spectacles  as  they  that  look  on  the  sun  :  to  see  this 
divine  beauty,  lay  aside  all  material  objects,  all  sense,  and  then  thou  shalt  see  him 
as  he  is."  Thou  covetous  wretch,  a-s  '•'  Austin  expostulates,  "  why  dost  thou  stand 
gaping  on  this  dross,  muck-hills,  lilthy  excrements  .'  behold  a  far  fairer  object,  God 
himself  woos  thee;  behold  him,  enjoy  him,  he  is  sick  for  lov^"  Cant.  v.  he  invites 
thee  to  his  sight,  to  come  into  his  fair  garden,  to  eat  and  Tlrink  with  him,  to  be 
merry  with  him,  to  enjoy  his  presence  for  ever.  '^^  Wisdom  cries  out  in  the  streets 
besides  the  gates,  in  the  top  of  high  places,  before  the  city,  at  the  entry  of  tlie  door, 
and  bids  ihem  give  ear  to  her  insiiuction,  which  is  better  than  gold  or  jjrecious 
stones;  no  pleasures  can  be  compared  to  it:  leave  all  then  and  follow  her,  vos  ex- 
hortor  6  a/nici  et  obsecro.  In  ■^'  Ficinus's  words,  '••  I  exliort  and  beseech  you,  that 
vou  would  embrace  and  tbilow  this  divine  love  with  all  your  hearts  and  abilities,  by 
all  olHces  and  endeavours  make  this  so   loving  God  propitious  unto  you."     For 

>*0.  de  Repute  >*  Horn.  9.  in  epist.  Johai.nis  rap.  i  dulcedine  contemplacioiiis  divtiiicl.  6.  de  7.  Ilineribui. 

S-  M<iilu9  i:iiiijii|;iurii  ili'i'-pil,  res  aluxjui  nalulariit  vl  >^  l.ib  oe  vicliiiiii. :  :iiuuiih  Di-uni,  8iiIiIiiiiiu  |m  lit,  kuiiip- 
nec«)i«uria,  c"  iiuixl  carco  ejus  aiiiurc  di-rt-pli,  •Iniin  ti«  aim  t-t  in  ca'liiiii  r>-t:4  volal,  rtlicla  h-rra.  ciipiilii* 
amoriH  v\  gloria;  tftudiuin  in  universuiii  alij-rtniiit ;  al^*.TraniJi  cuiu  bulc,  lunn,  hli-llaruinque  oucra  iuilili.i, 
plurinio«  tii>u»  fl  iKjlu!*  pt-rtlii.         '«  In  iiiumlu  .-pli-nilur     ipr-i  U.n  liuc;.  '"  In  tuiii.  Vim.  c!ip  7.  ul  S.i|i-uj 

opum  (jli.ri*  iiiaje^las,  ainiritiaruni  prc.<iilia,  verboruni  |  viilt-a«  ix-iilii>,  lien  i1«lic»  knlariit:  ul  ititinaiii  nr|iiFia« 
blaiidiiiif .  voluplaluiii  iiiiiiii>  yeiit^ria  illecclirrc.  victoria:,  .  piili  liritudiiii-in,  deinitte  inatiTinni,  doniilte  ii>ii>..iii.  «rt 
triuniplii,  <i  inriiiiia  alia  ub  aiimrt-  ilt-i  mm  aliitlraliuni,  '  !)•  uiii  qiialm  mt  vi.jcbi*.  '•  Avari'.  i]iii>l  inhia-  liw, 

ttc.  '-^  In  Pral.  XXXII.     IK-i  amicus  tMf  nun  pijieit  I  dec.  piiUhrior  vtl  (|ui  tr  ambit  iptuiii  viiiiirui>,  ip«'iiii  ba- 

1UI  inunili  iiiuiiiis  dcli-clatur  ;  ut  lianc,  runiiain  videaa  |  biiuruii.         »*  Pr.iv.  viii.  »  (Jap.  |>'.  Itoni.     Aniorein 

'liiunda  cur,  reri'iia  c«r,  &c.  ■•  CuiileinpU(iunt«  pluuta  liuiic  iliviniini  IkIm  viribui  aiiipli-Xiiinini ,  IK'UUi  vuhi* 
no*  aubievat,  atque  iiiUe   erigiuiur  intciiliuue  cordis.  |  oinni  olficioruiu  geiii-ri:  prxpitiuoi  facile. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  1.]  Causes  of  Religious  Melancholy.  597 

whom  alone,  saith  ^^Plotinus,  "mc  must  forsake  the  kingdoms  and  emphes  '^f  the 
whole  earth,  sea,  land,  and  air,  if  we  desire  to  be  ingrafted  into  him,  leave  all  and 
follow  him." 

Now,  forasmuch  as  this  love  of  God  is  a  habit  infused  of  God,  as  ^^Thomas  holds, 
1.  2.  quicst.  23.  ''by  which  a  man  is  inclined  to  love  God  above  all,  and  his  neigh- 
bour as  himself,"  we  must  pray  to  God  that  he  will  open  our  eyes,  make  clear  our 
hearts,  that  we  may  be  ca[)able  of  his  glorious  rays,  and  perform  ttiose  duties  tliat 
he  requires  of  us,  Deut.  vi.  and  Josh,  xxiii.  "  to  love  God  above  all,  and  our  neigh- 
bour as  ourself,  to  keep  his  commandments.  In  this  we  know,  saith  John,  c.  v.  2, 
we  love  the  children  of  God,  wlien  we  love  God  and  keep  his  commandments." 
'•  This  is  the  love  of  God,  that  we  keep  his  commandments;  he  that  loveth  not,  know- 
eth  not  God,  for  God  is  love,  cap.  iv.  8,  and  he  that  dwelleth  in  love,  dwellelh  in 
God,  and  God  in  him;"  for  love  pre-supposelii  knowledge,  faith,  hope,  and  unites 
us  to  God  himself,  as  ^^  Leon  Hebreus  deliverelh  unto  us,  and  is  accompanied  with 
the  fear  of  God,  humility,  meekness,  patience,  all  those  virtues,  and  charity  itself. 
For  if  we  love  God,  we  sliall  love  our  neighbour,  and  perform  the  duties  which  are 
required  at  our  hands,  to  which  we  are  exhorted,  1  Cor.  xv.  4,  5  ;  Ephes.  iv. ;  Colos.  iii. ; 
Rom.  xii.  We  shall  not  be  envious  or  puffed  up,  or  boast,  disdain,  tliink  evil,  or  be 
provoked  to  anger,  *•'  but  suffer  all  things  ;  endeavour  to  keep  the  unity  of  the  spirit 
in  the  bond  of  peace."  Forbear  one  another,  forgive  one  another,  clothe  the  naked, 
visit  the  sick,  and  perform  all  those  works  of  mercy,  which  ^"Clemens  Alexandrinus 
calls  amoris  el.  amiciticE.  impletionem  et  extentionem,  the  extent  and  complement  of 
love;  and  that  not  for  fear  or  worldly  respects,  but  ordine  ad  Deum^  for  the  love  of 
God  himself.  This  we  shall  do  if  we  be  truly  enamoured ;  but  we  come  short  in 
both,  we  neither  love  God  nor  our  neighbour  as  we  should.  Our  love  in  spiritual 
things  is  too  '^^  defective,  in  worldly  things  too  excessive,  there  is  ajar  in  both.  We 
love  the  world  too  much  ;  God  too  little ;  our  neighbour  not  at  all.  or  for  our  own 
ends.  Vulgus  amicilias  utilitaie  probat.  "  The  chief  thing  we  respect  is  our  com- 
modity;" and  what  we  do  is  for  fear  of  worldly  punishment,  for  vain-sjlorv,  praise 
of  men,  fashion,  and  such  by  respects,  not  for  God's  sake.  We  neitlier  know  God 
aright,  nor  seek,  love  or  worsliip  him  as  we  should.  And  for  these  defects,  we  in- 
volve ourselves  into  a  multitude  of  errors,  w-e  swerve  from  this  true  love  and  wor- 
ship of  God:  which  is  a  cause  unto  us  of  unspeakable  miseries;  running  into  both 
extremes,  we  become  fools,  madmen,  without  sense,  as  now  in  the  next  place  1  will 
show  you. 

The  parties  affected  are  innumerable  almost,  and  scattered  over  the  face  of  the 
earth,  far  and  near,  and  so  have  been  in  all  precedent  ages,  from  tlie  besfinning  of 
the  world  to  these  time.s,  of  all  sorts  and  conditions.  For  metiiod's  sake  I  will  re- 
duce them  to  a  two-fold  division,  according  to  those  two  extremes  of  excess  and 
defect,  impietv  and  superstition,  idolatry  and  atheism.  Not  that  there  is  any  excess 
of  divine  worship  or  love  of  God  ;  tliat  cannot  be,  we  cannot  love  God  too  much, 
or  do  our  duty  as  we  ought,  as  Papists  hold,  or  have  any  perfection  in  tliis  life,  much 
less  supereroffate:  when  we  have  all  done,  we  are  unprofitable  servants.  But  be- 
cause we  do  aliud  agere^  zealous  without  knowledge,  and  too  solicitous  about  that 
which  is  not  necessary,  busying  ourselves  about  im[)ertinent,  needless,  idle,  and  vain 
ceremonies,  popuJo  uf  placerent.  as  the  Jews  did  about  sacrifices,  oblations,  offerings, 
incense,  new  moons,  feasts,  &c.,  but  Isaiah  taxeth  them,  i.  12,  -'who  required  this  at 
your  hands .'"  We  have  too  great  opinion  of  our  own  worth,  that  we  can  satisfy  the 
law:  and  do  more  than  is  required  at  our  hands,  by  performing  those  evangelical 
counsels,  and  such  works  of  supererogation,  merit  for  others,  which  Bellarniine,  Gre- 
gory de  Valentia,  all  their  Jesuits  and  champions  defend,  that  if  God  should  deal  in 
rigour  witli  them,  some  of  their  Franciscans  and  Dominicans  are  'so  pure,  tliat  no- 
thing could  be  objected  to  them.  Some  of  us  again  are  too  dear,  as  we  think,  more 
divine  and  sanctified  than  others,  of  a  better  mettle,  greater  gifts,  and  with  that  proud 
Pharisee,  contemn  others  in  respect  of  ourselves,  we  are  better  Christians,  better 
learned,  choice  spirits,  inspired,  know  more,  have  special  revelation,  perceive  God's 


22  031 

terrae  e 
vefsus 


|).  T.  (ie  pulcliritiidine  rpgna  et  imperi.T  iotiu3  1  quern  inclinatiir  homo  ad  dilij;enrliiin  Deiiin  super  omnia, 
t  maris  et  ccDii  oportet  ahjicere  si  art  ipsuni  con-  ^Dial.  1.  Omnia,  cnnvertit  amor  in  ipsiiis  piilchri  nam- 
veils  inseri.  a^ijabitus  a  Deo  infusus,  per  !  ram.  *»  Stroinatuin  lil).  2.  a^Greenliani. 


598  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

secrets,  and  thereupon  presume,  say  and  do  that  many  times  which  is  not  befitting 
to  be  said  or  done.  Of  this  number  are  all  superstitious  idolaters,  ethnics,  Msr 
honictans,  Jews,  heretics,  ^enthusiasts,  divinators,  propliets,  sectaries,  atul  schisma- 
tics. Zanchius  reduceth  such  iiilidels  to  four  chief  sects ;  but  I  will  insist  and  fol- 
low mine  own  intended  method  :  all  which  with  many  other  curious  persons,  monks, 
hermits,  kc,  may  be  ranged  in  this  extreme,  and  fight  under  this  superstitious  ban- 
ner, with  those  rude  idiots,  and  infinite  swarms  of  people  that  are  seduced  by  tliem. 
In  the  other  extreme  or  in  defect,  march  those  impious  epicures,  libertines,  atheists, 
liypocriles,  intidels,  worldly,  secure, •impenitent,  unthankful,  and  carnal-minded  men, 
that  attribute  all  to  natural  causes,  that  will  acknowledge  no  supreme  power;  that 
have  cauterised  consciences,  or  live  in  a  reprobate  sense;  or  such  desperate  persons 
as  are  too  distrustful  of  his  mercies.  Of  these  there  be  many  subdivisions,  (hverse 
degrees  of  madness  and  folly,  some  more  than  otiier,  as  shall  be  slunvn  in  the  symp 
toms:  and  yet  all  miserably  out,  perplexed,  doting,  and  beside  tliemselves  for  reli- 
gion's sake.  For  as  ^^Zanchy  well  distinguished,  and  all  the  world  knows  religion 
is- twofold,  true  or  false;  false  is  that  vain  superstition  of  idolaters,  such  as  were  of 
old,  Greeks,  Romans,  present  Mahometans,  &.c.  Timorem  dcorum  inanem^  ^  Tully 
could  term  it;  or  as  Zanchy  defines  it,  Ubi falsi  dii^  aid  f also  culiu  colilur  Deus, 
when  faNe  gods,  or  that  God  is  falsely  worshipped.  And  'lis  a  miseral)le  plague,  a 
torture  of  the  soul,  a  mere  ipaihiess,  liclii^ii/sa  insania,  "Meteran  caIl-5  it,  or  insanus 
error,  as  ^' Se-nera,  a  frantic  error;  or  as  Austin,  Iftsci/uis  uniini  ynorbus,  a  furious  dis- 
ease of  the  soul;  insania  omnium  insanissima,  a  quintessence  of  madness;  ^-for  he 
that  is  superstitious  can  never  be  fiuiet.  ''I^is  proper  to  man  alone,  uni  siiprrhia,  ava- 
ritia,  siipi  rstitio,  saith  Plin.  lib.  7.  cap.  1.  ati^ue  etiavi  post  savit  df  fnluro,  \yhich 
wrings  his  soul  fi)r  the  present,  and  to  come:  the  greatest  misery  belongs  to  man- 
knid,  a  perpetual  servitude,  a  slavery,  "£.r  ti/nore  linmr,  a  heavy  yoke,  the  seal  of 
dainnaiinii,  an  intolerable  burden.  They  that  aie  superstitions  are  still  fearing,  sus- 
pecting, vexing  themselves  with  auguries,  protligies,  false  tales,  dreams,  idle,  vain 
works,  unprotitable  labours,  as  *■'  Bt)terus  observes,  curd  mentis  ancipilc  vcrsantur : 
enemies  to  God  and  t<»  iheijiselves.  In  a  word,  as  Seneca  concludes,  Rcliijio  Deum 
culit,  snpi  rstitio  dfslniif,  superstition  destroys,  but  true  religion  honours  God.  True 
religion,  n/>i  a  rus  Deus  vrre  colitur,  where  the  true  God  is  truly  worshipped,  is  the 
way  to  heaven,  the  mother  of  virtues,  love,  fear,  devotion,  obedience,  kiimvledge.  Sac. 
It  rears  the  dejected  >»oul  «>f  mati,  and  antidst  so  many  cares,  miseries,  persecutions, 
whicii  this  world  affords,  it  is  a  sole  ease,  an  unspt-akable  comfc^rt,  a  sweet  reposal, 
Jui^um  siuivf,  ft  hve,  a  light  yoke,  an  anchor,  and  a  haven.  It  adds  courage,  bold- 
ness, and  begets  generous  spirits  :  although  tyrants  rage,  persecute,  and  that  bloody 
Lictor  or  sergeant  be  reai!y  to  martyr  them,  atil  li/a,  aitf  morere,  « as  in  thosn  perse- 
cutions of  the  primitive  Church,  it  was  put  in  practice,  as  you  may  read  in  Eiisebius 
and  others )  though  enemies  l)e  now  ready  to  invade,  and  all  in  an  uproar,  ^\Si  frac- 
tus  illuhatur  orbis,  impui-idos  frricnt  ruince,  though  heaven  should  fall  on  his  head, 
he  would  not  be  dismayed.  But  as  a  good  Clirisiian  prince  once  made  answer  to  a 
menacing  Turk.,  fac  Hi  see  Icruta  hominum  arma  conlenmit,  ijui  dei  prcfsidio  tutus  est: 
or  as  **  Plialaris  writ  to  Alexander  in  a  wrong  cause,  he  nor  any  other  enemy  could 
terrify  him,  for  that  he  trusted  in  God.  Si  Deus  nobiscum,  quis  cfmira  notf  In  all 
calamities,  jiersecutions  whatsoever,  as  David  dirl,  2  Sam.  ii.  2'<J,  he  will  sing  with 
him,  "  the  Lord  is  iny  rock,  my  fortress,  my  strength,  my  refuge,  the  tower  and 
Itorn  of  my  salvation,"  &c.  In  all  troubles  and  adversities,  Psul.  xlvi.  1.  "God  is 
my  hope  and  help,  still  ready  to  be  found,  I  will  not  therefore  fear,"  &.C.,  'tis  a  fear 
expelling  fear;  he  hath  [leace  of  conscience,  and  is  full  of  hope,  which  is  (saith 
'"Austin;  vita  vitce  mortalis,  the  life  of  this  our  mortal  life,  hope  t)f  immortality, 
the  sole  comfort  of  our  misery:  otherwise,  as  Paul  saith,  we  of  all  others  were 
most  wretched,  but  this  makes  us  happy,  counterpoising  our  hearts  in  all  miseries: 
.superstition  torments,  and  is  from  the  devil,  the  author  of  lies ;  but  this  is  from  Goc 
himself,  as  Lucian,  that  Antiochian  priest,  made  his  divine  conlV-ssion  in  ^  Kusebius, 
A^uctor  nobis  de  Deo  Deus  est,  God  is  the  author  of  our  religion  himself,  his  won 

'' Ue  (iriiiin  |ira-c>-pln.  >  fV  rrli».  1.3.  1'h<-«.  I.  '  Milinne  imhiitiis  e«t,  quietus   eMe   nuii(|Udm   pi>i' 

•3  (V  iMl.  d-Tiiiii.        »liMt.  ((••I'lc.  lib.  ><        i>8up.r-     -Urvg.       »<  Pitlil.  lib.  1.  cap.  13.         >*  llor.         -  Lpia 
Miiiu  eriur  iii»itiiu3  est  «pi»i.  •££i.        » .Nam  qui  supvr-  ,  Fhalar.  *>  In  P»4J.  iii.  *  Lib.  tt.  cup.  & 


Rleni.  1.  Subs.  1.]  Parties  affected.  591) 

is  our  rule,  a  lantern  to  us,  dictated  by  the  Holy  Ghost,  he  plavs  upon  our  hearts  as 
many  harpstrings,  and  we  are  his  temples,  he  dvvelleth  in  us,  and  we  in  him. 

Tiie  part  allected  of  superstition,  is  the  brain,  iieart,  will,  understandinjj,  soul 
ilseli",  and  all  tlie  faculties  ot'  it,  totum  compositmn,  all  is  mad  and  dotes  :  now  ibr  the 
extent,  as  I  say,  the  world  itself  is  the  subject  of  it,  (to  omit  that  grand  sin  of 
atheism,)  all  times  have  been  misafiected,  past,  present,  "  there  is  not  one  that  doth 
good,  no  not  one,  from  the  prophet  to  the  priest,  &c."  A  lamentable  tiling  it  is  to 
consider,  how  many  myriads  of  men  this  idolatry  and  superstition  (for  that  com- 
prehends all)  hath  infatuated  in  all  ages,  besotted  by  this  blind  zeal,  whicli  is  reli- 
gion's ape,  religion's  bastard,  religion's  shadow,  false  glass.  For  where  God  hath  a 
temple,  the  devil  will  have  a  chapel :  where  God  hath  sacrifices,  the  devil  will  have 
his  oblations  :  where  God  hath  ceremonies,  the  devil  will  have  his  traditions  ;  where 
there  is  any  religion,  the  devil  will  plant  superstition ;  and  'tis  a  pitiful  sight  to  be- 
hold and  read,  what  tortures,  miseries,  it  hath  procured,  what  slaughter  of  souls  it 
hath  made,  how  it  rageth  amongst  those  old  Persians,  Syrians,  Egyptians,  Greeks, 
Komaiis,  Tuscans,  Gauls,  Germans,  Britons,  &c.  Britannia  jam  liodii:  celebrat  tarn 
attonite,  saith  ^'■' Pliny,  tantis  ceromoniis  (speaking  of  superstition)  ut  dedisse  Pcrsis 
videri  possit.  The  Britons  are  so  stupendly  superstitious  in  their  ceremonies,  that 
■they  go  beyond  those  Persians.  He  that  shall  but  read  in  Pausanias  alone,  those 
gods,  temples,  altars,  idols,  statues,  so  curiously  made  with  such  infinite  cost  and 
charge,  amongst  those  old  Greeks,  such  multitudes  of  them  and  frequent  varieties, 
as  ^"Gerbelius  truly  observes,  may  stand  amazed,  and  never  enough  wonder  at  it; 
and  liiank  God  witiial,  tliat  by  the  light  of  the  Gospel,  we  are  so  happily  freed  from 
thatslavish  idolatry  in  these  our  days.  But  heretofore,  almost  in  all  countries,  in 
all  places,  superstition  hath  blinded  the  hearts  of  men ;  in  all  ages  what  a  small  por- 
tion hath  the  true  church  ever  been!  Divisum  imperium  cum  Jove  Dccmon  habet.^^ 
The  patriarchs  and  their  families,  the  Israelites  a  handful  in  respect,  Christ  and  his 
apostles,  and  not  all  of  them,  neither.  Into  what  straits  hath  it  been  corapinged,  a 
little  flock !  how  hath  superstition  on  the  other  side  dilated  herself,  error,  ignorance, 
barbarism,  folly,  madness,  deceived,  triumphed,  and  insulted  over  the  most  wise  dis- 
creet, and  understanding  man,  philosophers,  dynasts,  monarchs,  all  were  involved 
and  overshadowed  in  this  n)ist,  in  inoie  than  Cimmerian  darkness.  *-Adco  ignara 
superstitio  mcntes  homiimm  dcpravat,  et  nonnanquam  sapicnluni  animos  transoersos 
agit.  At  this  present,  quota  pars!  Plow  small  a  part  is  truly  religious  !  How  little 
iu  respect!  Divide  the  world  into  six  parts,  and  one,  or  not  so  much,  is  christians; 
idolaters  and  Mahometans  possess  almost  Asia,  Africa,  America,  Magellanica.  The 
kings  of  China,  great  Cham,  Siam,  and  Borneo,  Pegu,  Deccan,  Narsinga,  .Japan,  6cc., 
are  gentiles,  idolaters,  and  many  other  petty  princes  in  Asia,  Monomotopa,  Congo, 
and  1  know  not  how  many  negro  princes  in  Africa,  all  Terra  Australis  incognita 
most  of  America  pagans,  diliering  all  in  their  several  superstitions ;  and  yet  all  idola- 
ters. The  Mahometans  extend  themselves  over  the  great  Turk's  dominions  in  Eu- 
roj)e,  Africa,  Asia,  to  the  Xerilies  in  Barbary,  and  its  territories  in  Fez,  Sus,  Morocco. 
&C.C.  Tiie  Tartar,  the  great  Mogor,  the  Sophy  of  Persia,  with  most  of  their  domi- 
nions and  subjects,  are  at  this  day  Mahometans.  See  how  the  devil  rageth  :  those 
at  odds,  or  diliering  among  themselves,  some  foi  ""^Ali,  some  Enbocar,  for  Acmor, 
and  Ozhuen,  those  four  doctors,  Mahomet's  successors,  and  are  subdivided  into 
seventy-tno  inferior  sects,  as  ^''Leo  Afer  reports.  The  Jews,  as  a  company  of  vaga- 
bonds, a\^  scattered  over  all  parts;  whose  story,  present  estate,  progress  from  time 
to  lime,  is  fully  set  down  by  '"Mr.  Thomas  Jackson,  Doctor  ol  .Divinity,  in  his  com- 
ment on  the  creed.  A  filth  part  of  the  woiid,  and  hardly  that,  now  professelh 
CllJllST,  but  so  inlarded  and  interlaced  with  several  superstitions,  that  there  is  scarce 
a  sound  part  to  l)e  found,  or  any  agreement  amongst  them.  Presbyter  John,  in  Africa, 
lord  of  those  Abyssinians,  or  Ethiopians,  is  by  his  profession  a  christian,  but  so  dif- 
lerent  from  us,  with  such  new  absurdities  and  cerenionies,  such  liberty,  such  a  mix 
ture  of  idolatry  and  ])aganism,  ""^  that  they  keep  little  more  than  a  bare  title  of  chris- 


^''  Lib.  3.  •"'  Lili.  G.  de.^crip.  Graic.  nulla  est  via 

<l'..i  iHJii  irinumcris  ulolis  est  rcl'urla.  TaiitUMi  tunc 
t<i!ii().)r]s  ill  niiseiriinii.->  inoriales  poleiilia:  el  crudelis 
Tyraniiiilis  Siiian  (.-.vrrcim.  ■"  •■  The  devil  divides 

Ite  empire  vvuli  Jnpiiei."  "Aiex.  ab.  Alei.  lib.  tj. 


cap.  2ti.  «  Purclias  Pilgrim,  lib.  i  c.  X         *•  Lib.  3 

*''>-l  Part.  sect.  3.  lib.  1.  cap.  et  deiiicnps.  ■"fi'l'iteliiiaii 
nus.  iWasiiius.  liredenbaciims.  Ft.  Aluaresius  lliii.  de 
.Abyssiiijs  Herhis  siduiii  vescuntur  votarii,  aqius  iiieiita 
teuus  duriiiiuiii,  ice. 


600  Religious  Jllclancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  4 

tiariity.  They  suffer  polygamy,  circumcision,  stiipentl  fastings,  divorce  as  they  will 
themselves,  kc,  and  as  the  papists  call  on  the  Virgin  Mary,  so  do  they  on  Thomas 
Didymus  before  Christ.  "The  Greek  or  Eastern  Church  is  rent  from  this  of  the 
West,  and  as  they  have  four  chief  patriarchs,  so  have  they  four  subdivisions,  besides 
ihose  Nestorians,  Jacobins,  Syrians,  Armenians,  Georgians,  &c.,  scattered  over  Asif 
Minor,  Syria,  Egypt,  kc,  Greece,  Walachia,  Circassia,  Bulgaria,  Bosnia,  Albania, 
lllyricinn,  Sdavonia,' Croatia,  Thrace,  Servia,  Hascia,  and  a  sprinkling  amongst  the 
Tartars,  the  Russians,  Muscovites,  and  most  of  that  great  duke's  (czar's)  subjects, 
are  part  of  the  Greek  Church,  and  still  christians  :  but  as  ^' one  saith,  temporis  suc- 
cessu  mnllas  illi  addldcrunl  siiperstilioncs.  In  process  of  time  they  have  added  so 
many  superstitions,  they  be  rather  semi-cliri-itians  than  otherwise.  Tliat  which  re- 
mains is  the  Western  Church  with  us  in  Europe,  but  so  eclipsed  with  several  schisms, 
heresies  and  superstitions,  that  one  knows  not  where  to  find  it.  The  papists  have 
Iialv,  Spain,  Savoy,  part  of  Germany,  IVance,  Poland,  and  a  sprinkliuir  in  the  rest 
i>\  Europe.  In  .America,  they  hold  all  that  which  Spaniards  inhal)it,  Hispania  Nova, 
Castella  Aurea,  Peru,  &.c.  In  the  East  Indies,  the  Philippime,  some  small  holds  about 
Goa,  Malacca,  Zelan,  Ormus,  See.  which  the  Portuguese  got  not  long  since,  and 
those  land-leaping  Jesuits  have  essayeil  in  China,  Japan,  as  appears  by  their  yearly 
letters ;  in  Africa  they  have  Meliiida,  Quiloa,  Mondtiize,  Stc,  and  some  few  towns, 
they  drive  out  one  superstition  with  another.  Pnland  is  a  receptacle  of  all  religions, 
where  Samoselans,  Socinians,  Photinians  ^^now  protected  in  Transylvania  and  Poland"), 
Arrians,  anabaplisls  are  to  be  found,  as  well  as  in  some  German  cities.  Scaiulia  is 
christian,  but  *'■' JJamianus  A-Goes,  the  Portugal  knight,  complains,  so  mixed  with 
magic,  pagan  riles  and  ceremonies,  they  may  be  as  well  C()unted  idolaters  :  what 
Tacilus  ti>rmerly  said  of  a  like  nation,  is  verified  in  them,  '"".\  petiple  subject  to 
-uperstiliun,  contrary  to  religion."  .And  some  of  them  as  about  l>a|jland  and  the 
I'liapians,  the  deviPs  possession  to  this  day,  JMisera  hcec  gfus  (saith  mine  '"'  author) 
Sutame  hacttmis  possessiu, — et  quod  nuuime  inintnditin  el  dolendiir/i,  and  which  is  to 
be  admired  and  pitied;  if  any  of  them  be  baptized,  which  the  kings  of  Sweden  much 
labour,  they  die  within  seven  or  nine  days  alter,  and  for  that  cause  they  will  hardly 
be  brought  to  Christianity,  but  worshij)  still  the  devil,  who  daily  appears  to  them. 
In  their  idolatrous  courses,  Gandentibus  diis  putriis^  qnns  rcligittse  coluni,  Sfc.  Yet 
are  they  very  superstitious,  like  our  wild  Irish  :  though  they  of  the  better  note,  the 
kings  of  Denmark  and  Sweden  themselves,  that  govern  them,  be  Lutherans;  the 
remnant  are  Calviiiisis,  Lutherans,  in  Germany  equally  mi.xed.  .And  yet  the  emperor 
}linl^elf,  dukes  of  Lorraine,  Bavaria,  and  the  princes  electors,  are  most  part  professed 
{»apists.  .And  though  some  part  of  Fiance  and  Ireland,  Great  Britain,  ball  the  can- 
tons in  Switzerland,  and  the  Low  Countries,  be  Calvinist.s,  more  defecate  than  the 
rest,  yet  at  «kUIs  amongst  themselves,  not  free  from  superstition.  And  which  '' Bro- 
rhard,  the  monk,  in  his  description  of  the  Holy  Land,  alter  he  had  censured  the 
Greek  church,  and  showed  their  errors,  conchuled  at  last,  F(i.vit  Deus  nt  Lnlinii 
muita  irrcpserint  stuititice,  I  say  God  grant  there  be  no  fopperic.-<  in  our  church.  As 
a  dam  of  water  stopped  in  one  place  breaks  out  into  another,  so  doth  superstition. 
I  say  nothing  of  Anabaptists,  Socinians,  Brownists,  Familists,  kc.  There  is  super- 
stition in  our  prayers,  often  in  our  hearing  of  sermons,  bitter  contentions,  invective?, 
persecutions,  strange  conceits,  besides  diversity  of  opiuions,  schisms,  factions,  itc. 
But  as  the  Lord  (Job  xlii.  cap.  "i.v.j  said  to  Eliphaz,  the  Temanite,  and  his  two 
friends,  ••  his  wrath  was  kindled  against  tluin,  for  they  had  not  spoken  of  him  things 
that  were  right:"  we  may  justly  of  these  scismatics  and  heretics,  how  wise  soever 
in  their  own  conceits,  jion  rede  loquuntur  de  JJeo^  they  speak  not,  they  tiiiiik  not, 
they  write  not  well  of  God,  and  as  they  ought.  And  tlierefore,  Quid  qucrso  mi 
lJorpi,ds  Erasmus  concludes  to  Dorpius,  A/4ce  Thfologi.s  fuciumiis^  cutl  quid  precerisy 
nisi  forte  Jidele in  me di cum,  qui  cerebro  medtaturf  What  shall  we  wish  them,  but 
sunaiu  mentem,  and  a  good  physician  r  But  more  of  their  dillerences,  parado.ves, 
opinions,  mad  pranks,  in  the  syinplomtt :  I  now  hasten  to  the  causes. 

«'  Breileiibarhiu*  J<m1.  a  Megfen.        *'  S<->-  P<i<>s«;viMut  i  *■  H<iiiiaarilii«  il**  Maeia.     Intra  «<>pilniiiin  anl  noniiii  i 
lli'rhaaieiii.  Magnt.  U.  Kirtrlicr,  J<iviij<>,  liacliiit.  Pur-  |  bapliKiii"  ■Ii'^im  iiKiriiiiilnr.  lime  ill,  ibc  "Ca^-dm 

tUat,  kc.  i<(  tUfiT  •;rriit».  *«  lV|ilorat.  Uenli*   I^pp.     Iuc»lii  tcrrir  Miiclii:. 

*'Uen«  «uut.'r«li(iuiit    uhiiuxia     rHiigioiiibui    ailver**.  , 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Causes  of  Religious  Melancholy.  601 

SuBSECT.  II. —  Causes  of  Religious  melancholy.  From  the  Devil  ly  miracles.,  appa- 
ritions., oracles.  His  inslruinents  or  factors,  politicians,  Priests,  Impostors,  Here- 
tics, blind  guides.  In  them  simplicity,  fear,  blind  zeal,  ignorance,  solitariness^ 
curiosity,  pride,  vain-glory, 2)resumplion,  <^-c.  his  engines,  fasting,  solitariness,  hopcy 
fear,  &;c. 

We  are  taught  in  Holy  Scripture,  that  the  "  Devil  rangeth  abroad  like  a  roaring 
lion,  still  seeking  whom  he  may. devour :"  and  as  in  several  shapes,  so  by  several 
engines  and  devices  he  goeth  about  to  seduce  us;  sometimes  he  iransfi'mis  himself 
into  an  angel  of  light;  and  is  so  cunning  that  he  is  able,  if  it  were  pobsible,  to  de- 
ceive the  very  elect.  He  will  be  worshipped  as  ^^God  himself,  and  is  so  adored  by 
the  heathen,  and  esteemed.  And  in  imitation  of  that  divine  power,  as  ^^Eusebiua 
observes,  '■"'  to  abuse  or  emulate  God's  glory,  as  Dandinus  adds,  he  will  have  all 
homage,  sacrifices,  oblations,  and  whatsoever  else  belongs  to  the  worship  of  God,  to 
be  done  likewise  unto  him,  similis  erit  altissimo,  and  by  this  means  infatuates  the 
world,  deludes,  entraps,  and  destroys  many  a  thousand  souls.  Sometimes  by  dreams, 
visions  (as  God  to  Closes  by  familiar  conference),  the  devil  in  several  shapes  talks 
with  them  :  in  the  '^  Indies  it  is  common,  and  in  China  nothing  so  familiar  as  appa- 
ritions, inspirations,  oracles,  by  terrifying  them  with  false  prodigies,  counterfeit  mira- 
cles, sending  storms,  tempests,  diseases,  plagues  (as  of  old  in  Athens  there  was 
Apollo,  Alexicacus,  Apollo  ?.di;uioj,  pestifer  et  malorum  depulsor),  raising  wars,  sedi- 
tions by  spectrums,  troubling  their  consciences,  driving  them  to  despair,  terrors  of 
mind,  intolerable  pains ;  by  promises,  rewards,  benefits,  and  fair  means,  he  raiseth 
such  an  opinion  of  his  deity  and  greatness,  that  they  dare  not  do  otherwise  than 
adore  him,  do  as  he  will  have  them,  they  dare  not  offend  him.  And  to  compel  them 
more  to  stand  in  awe  of  him,  °^"he  sends  and  cures  diseases,  disquiets  their  spirits 
(as  Cvprian  saith),  torments  and  terrifies  their  souls,  to  make  them  adore  him :  and 
all  his  study,  all  his  endeavour  is  to  divert  them  from  true  religion  to  superstition : 
and  because  he  is  damned  himself,  and  in  an  error,  he  would  have  all  the  world  par- 
ticipate of  his  errors,  and  be  damned  wilii  him.  The  primum  mobile,  therefore,  and 
first  mover  of  all  superstition,  is  the  devil,  that  great  enemy  of  mankind,  the  prin- 
cipal agent,  who  in  a  thousand  several  shapes,  after  diverse  fashions,  with  several 
engines,  illusions,  and  by  several  names  halli  deceived  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth, 
in  several  places  and  countries,  still  rejoicing  at  their  falls.  "  All  the  world  over 
before  Christ's  time,  he  freely  domineered,  and  held  the  souls  of  men  in  most  slavish 
subjection  (saith  "''Eusebius)  in  diverse  forms,  ceremonies,  and  sacrifices,  till  Christ's 
coming,"  as  if  those  devils  of  the  air  liad  shared  the  earth  amongst  them,  which  the 
Plaloiiists  held  i'or  gods  i^'^Ludus  deorum  sumus),  and  were  our  governors  and 
keepers.  In  several  places,  they  had  several  rites,  orders,  names,  of  which  read 
Wierus  de  prcestigiis  dcetaonum,  lib.  1.  cap.  o.  ^"Strozius,  Cicogna,  and  oiliers ;  Ado- 
nided  amongst  the  Syrians ;  Adramalech  amongst  the  Capernaites,  Asiniie  amongst 
the  Emalhiles  ;  Astartes  with  the  Sidonians ;  Astaroth  with  the  Paleslines  ;  Dagon 
with  the  Pliilistines ;  Tartary  with  the  Hana;i;  Melchonis  amongst  tlie  Ammonites: 
Beli  the  Babylonians ;  Beelzebub  and  Baal  with  the  Samaritans  and  Moabiies ;  Apis, 
Isis,  and  Osiris  amongst  the  Jilgyptians;  Apollo  Pythius  at  Delphos,  Colophon, 
Ancyra,  Cuma,  Erythra;  Jupiter  in  Crete,  Venus  at  Cyprus,  Juno  at  Carthage,  Ji^scu- 
lapius  at  Epidaurus,  Diana  at  Ephesus,  Pallas  at  Athens,  Sec.  And  even  in  these 
our  days,  both  in  the  East  and  West  Indies,  in  Tartary,  China,  Japan,  Slc  ,  what 
strange  idols,  in  what  prodigious  forms,  with  what  absurb  ceremonies  are  they 
adored  ?     What  strange  sacraments,  like  ours  of  Baptism  and  tlie  Lord's  Supper, 

53  Plato  in  Crit.    Da;moiics  custmles  sunt  liomiiiuiii  et  i  valctudiiiL-ni  rraii^uiit,  iiiorlxis  lace>.=a:it,  ul  ad  ciiltii 


eorutn  (Joiiiiiii,  lit  iioi  aiiiiiiuliuiii ;  nee  hnininibiis,  sed 
el  regionibus  iniptrant,  vaticiniis,  augunis,  nos  regunt. 
Idem  fere  Mai.  Tyrms  ser.  1.  el  i!b.  -Si.  niedios  vult 
dsumnes  inter  Ue(i's  et  linniines  deoru.-n  niiiiisrros,  pr.-e- 
8idi.'slioMiiniiiii,a  ccelo  ad  lioininesdescendentes.  ^  l)e- 
oraepiirat.  Evangel.  "  Vel  in  abusum  Uei  vel  in 

sumulnlKinein.  Dinuiinuf  com.  in  lib.  a.  Arist.  de  .^n. 
Te.vt.  ^y.  '6  Darniones  consuluiit,  et  familiares 

balient  ri;emones  pleriqne  sacenlotes.  Kiccius  lib.  1. 
cap.  10.  e.vpedit   Smar.  ^^  Vitam  tiirliaiit,  somnos 

iiiquietaMt,  irrepeiites  et  am  iu  corpora  iiienles  lerrent. 


70  3  A 


sui  cogant,  nee  aiiud  his  siudiuni,  (pi.mi  ot  a  vera  reli- 
gione,  adsuperstitionem  verlaiit :  cu:n.-int  ipsi  pcBiiales, 
quaerunt  sibi  adiKEiias  loniile:!,  ul  h.iiie.mt  errirrrs  par- 
ticipes.  ^  Lib.  4.  prceparat.  Kvan-el.c.  Tanlauique 

vietoriam  amentia  honiiiium  coni-e«|UUti  sunt,  ut  si 
collieerein  iiniim  velis,  universum  ..rbein  istis  scelesli 
bus  spiritibus  subjeetuni  fiii.=se  invenii-s:  Usque  ad 
Salvaloris  adventiim  liominuin  ce.le  perniciiriissi»oa 
dseinoiie.':  placabant,  &:c.  ts  Plato.  »"  Stroziua, 

Cicogna  oniiiif.  mag.  lib.  3.  cap.  7.  lizek.  viii.  4. ;  Be^ 
II.  4.;  Rog.  3.  et  17.  14;  Jer.  xlii.;  Num.  xi.  3. ;  Eeg.  13. 


602  Jitligious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4 

^  hat  goodly  temples,  priests,  sacrifices  they  had  in  America,  when  the  Spaniards  first 
landed  there,  let  Acosta  the  Jesuit  relate,  lib.  5.  cap.  1,  2,  3,  4,  Stc,  and  how  the 
devil  imitated  the  Ark  and  the  children  of  Israel'*  coming  out  of  Egypt;  with  many 
such.  For  as  Lipsius  well  discourselh  out  of  the  doctrine  of  the  Stoics,  tnaxi/ne 
cupiunt  udoralionem  homiiium.,  now  and  of  old,  they  still  and  njost  especially  desire 
to  he  adored  by  men.  See  but  what  Vertomannus,  /.  5.  c.  2.  IMarcus  Polus,  Lerius, 
Benzo,  P.  Martyr  in  his  Ocean  Decades,  Acosta,  and  Mat.  Riccius  expedil.  Christ, 
in  Sinus,  lib.  1.  relate.  "  Eusebius  wonders  how  that  wise  city  of  Athens,  and 
flourishing  kingdoms  of  Greece,  should  be  so  besotted ;  and  we  in  our  times,  how 
those  witty  Ciiinese,  so  perspicacious  in  all  other  things  should  be  so  gulled,  so  tor- 
tured with  superstition,  so  blind  as  to  worship  slocks  and  stones.  But  it  is  no 
marvel,  when  we  see  all  out  as  great  ellects  amongst  Christians  themselves ;  how  are 
those  Anabaptists,  Arians,  and  Papists  above  the  rest,  miserably  infatuated !  3Iars, 
Jupiter,  Apollo,  and  .^sculapius,  have  resigned  their  interest,  names,  and  offices  to 
Saint  George. 

•*"  (Maxime  b«>lloruin  rector,  quein  nostra  juventu« 
Pro  Mavurle  tolit.)" 

St.  Christopher,  and  a  company  of  fictitious  saints,  Venus  to  the  Lady  of  Loretto. 
And  as  those  old  Romans  had  several  distinct  gods,  for  divers  offices,  persons,  places, 
so  have  they  i^aints,  as  "^  Lavater  well  observes  out  of  Lactaiitius,  juutalo  nomuw  lan- 
/uwj,  "'tis  the  same  spirit  or  devil  that  deludes  them  still.  The  manner  how,  as  I  say, 
is  by  rewarils,  promises,  terrors,  atlVights,  punishment"*.  In  a  word,  fair  and  foul 
means,  hope  and  ft-ar.  "  How  often  hath  Jupiter,  Apullo,  Eacdius,  and  the  rest,  sent 
plagues  in  ** Greece  and  Italy,  because  their  sacrifices  were  neglected?" 

*>"  I)ii  niulta  iirglecti  dcdiruiit 
lli;B|M:riK  Diiila  luctu(H>x," 

to  terrify  them,  to  arouse  them  up,  and  the  like :  see  but  Livy,  Dionysius  Ilalicar- 
iiassa'us,  Thucydides,  Pausanius,  Philostratus,  **  Polybius,  before  the  buttle  of  Cann;E, 
prodigiis  signisy  ostentiSy  ternpla  cuncla.,  privuta  ttium  cedes  scalebant.  CEweus  reigned 
in  .I'.tulia,  and  because  he  tlid  not  sacrifice  to  Diana  with  his  other  gods  (see  more 
in  Lalianius  his  Diana),  she  sent  a  wild  boar,  insolitie  magnittidinis^  qui  terras  it 
homints  niisirt  drpasct baliiry  to  spoil  both  men  and  country,  which  was  afterwards 
killed  by  Mi  liager.  So  Plutarch  in  the  Life  of  Lucullus  nlates,  how  Mitliridates. 
king  of  Pontus,  at  ihe  siege  of  Ci/icum,  with  all  his  navy,  was  overthrown  by  Pro- 
serpina, for  neglecting  of  Iter  holy  day.  She  appeared  in  a  vision  io  Aristagoras  in 
the  night,  Cras  iiujuit  tybicinfm  Lybicum  cum  tybicine  pimtico  committuni  (^'  to-mor- 
row I  will  cause  a  contest  between  a  Lybiaii  and  a  Pontic  minstrel),  and  the  day  fol- 
lowing this  enigma  was  understooil ;  for  with  a  great  south  wind  which  came  from 
Lybia,  she  quite  overwhelmed  Mitliridates'  army.  What  prodigies  and  miracles, 
dreams,  visions,  predictions,  apparitions,  oracles,  have  been  of  old  at  Delphos,  Do- 
dona,  Trophonius  Denne,  at  Thebes,  and  Lebaudia,  of  Jupiter  Ammon  in  Egypt, 
Amjjliiareus  in  Attica,  &.c. ;  what  strange  cures  performed  by  Apollo  and  A'^scula- 
pius.'  Juno's  image  and  that  of '"Fortune  spake,  **  Castor  and  Pollu.v  fought  in  per- 
son for  the  Romans  against  IlannibaPs  army,  as  Pallas,  Mars,  Juno,  Venus,  for 
Greeks  and  Trojans,  &c.  Amongst  our  pseudocatholics  nothing  so  familiar  as  such 
miracles ;  how  many  cures  done  by  our  lady  of  Loretto,  at  Sichem !  of  old  at  our 
St.  Thomas's  shrine,  &.c.  **St.  Sabine  was  seen  to  fight  for  Arnulphus,  duke  of  Spf)- 
lelo.  ™Sl.  George  fought  in  person  for  John  the  Bastard  of  Portugal,  against  the 
Castilians;  St.  James  for  the  Spaniards  in  America.  In  the  battle  of  Bamiockburn, 
where  Edward  the  Second,  our  English  king,  was  foiled  by  the  Scots,  St.  Philanus' 
arm  was  seen  to  fight  (^if  "'Hector  Boeihus  doth  not  impose;,  that  was  before  shut 
up  in  a  silver  capcase  ;  another  time,  in  the  same  author,  St.  Magims  fought  fi)r  them. 
Now  for  visions,  revelations,  miracles,  not  only  out  of  the  legend,  out  of  purgatory, 
but  everyday  comes  news  from  the  Indies,  and  at  home  read  the  Jesuits'  Letters, 


*'  Lib.  4.  cap.  P.  prirpar.  •*  Bapt.  Mant.  4.  Pa*t.  '  tie  nat.  ileoruiu  lib.  9.    iCqun  \  <  <>ii^  I  •  iim*  Pallas  iiii- 

<Jc  Saiivto  (/ Mfgio    "  U  great  master  ur  war,  whom  rtiir     qua  I'uil.        *  Jn.  .MoUmik  ii'  ^^  ftrl.  Oli- 

jruutlu  »or-tiip  a-<  if  he  were  Mar*  mH.  '*  Hart.  I.     ver.  tie  JohaiiXf  priiiiu   Hurt  •iri-nue  )«](- 

cap.  I.  rt  liM   -J.  ('.t|'.  U.  *4  PiilviJ.  Vire.  lib.  I.  ill- pro.     nans,  et  diver>a;  p4rti«  ictus  >...  ,  ..,..•.•».      ^'1.   14 

di(.  *>  Hor.  I   :i.  (ill.  6.         **  l.ib.  3.  Iiisl.         ''Oraia     Luculcs  ipoute  a|ieruiafc  cl  pru  ii*  pusnaakj. 

lege  nic  dicailia  niuliere*  Diun.  lialicarn.  oTully  . 


J\Iem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Causes  of  Religious  Melancholy.  603 

Pvibadineira,  Thurselinus,  Acosta,  Lippomanus,  Xaverius,  Ignatius'  Livev,  &.C.,  and 
tj?ll  me  what  diflerence  ? 

His  onliiiaiy  instruments  or  factors  wliich  he  useth,  as  God  himself,  did  o-ooci 
kings,  lawful  magistrates,  patriarchs,  prophets,  to  tlie  establishing  of  his  church, 
"are  politicians,  .statesmen,  priests,  heretics,  blind  guides,  impostors,  pseudoprophets, 
to  propagate  his  superstition.  And  first  to  begin  of  politicians,  it  hath  ever  been  a 
principal  axiom  with  them  to  maintain  religion  or  superstition,  which  they  determine 
of,  alter  and  vary  upon  all  occasions,  as  to  them  seems  best,  they  make  relio-ion 
mere  policy,  a  cloak,  a  human  invention,  nihil  aqm  valet  ad  regendos  vuJgi  animos 
ac  supersti'iio,  as  '''Tacitus  and  '"Tully  hold.  Austin,  I.  4.  de  civilat.  Dei.  c.  9.  cen- 
sures Scajvola  saying  and  acknowlpjging  expedire  civitates  religion"  falli,  that  it 
was  a  fit  thing  cities  should  be  deceived  by  religion,  according  to  the  diverb.  Si  mun- 
dus  villi  decipi.,  decipiaUir,  if  the  world  will  be  gulled,  let  it  be  gulled,  'tis  good  how- 
soever to  keep  it  in  subjection.  'Tis  that  '^Aristotle  and  "^ Plato  inculcate  in  their 
politics,  '•  Religion  neglected,  brings  plague  to  the  city,  opens  a  gap  to  all  naughti- 
ness." 'Tis  that  which  all  our  late  politicians  ingeminate.  Cromerus,  Z.  2.  jjol.  hist. 
Boterus,  Z.  3.  de  incremcntis  urbium.  Clapmarius,  Z.  2.  c.  9.  de  Jlrcanis  rerump.  cap.  4, 
lib.  2.  j)oUt.  Captain  Machiavel  will  have  a  prince  by  all  means  to  counterfeit  reli- 
gion, to  be  superstitious  in  show  at  least,  to  seem  to  be  devout,  frequent  holy  exer- 
cises, honour  divines,  love  the  church,  affect  priests,  as  Numa,  Lycurgus,  and  such 
law-makers  were  and  did,  non  ut  his  /idem  habeanf,  sed  ut  snbditos  religionis  inctu 
facilius  in  officio  conlineant,  to  keep  people  in  obedience.  ".Yawi  naturaliter  (as 
Cardan  writes)  lex  Chrisliana  lex  estpietatis,jus!itiiE,Jidci,simpUcUatis,  4'c.  But 
tliis  error  of  his,  Innocentius  Jentilettus,  a  French  lawyer,  theorem.  9.  comment.  1. 
dc  Rejig,  and  Thomas  Bozius  in  his  book  de  minis  gentium  et  Rcgnorum  have  copi- 
ously confuted.  Many  politicians,  I  dare  not  deny,  maintain  religion  as  a  true  means, 
and  sincerely  speak  of  it  without  liypocrisy,  aie  truly  zealous  and  religious  them- 
solves.  Justice  and  religion  are  the  two  chief  props  and  supporters  of  a  well-go- 
verned commonwealth  :  but  most  of  them  are  but  Machiavelians,  counterfeits  only 
for  political  ends;  for  solus  rex  (which  Campanella,  cap.  18.  atheismi  triumphati  ob- 
serves), as  amongst  our  modern  Turks,  reipub.  Finis,  as  knowing  '^magnus  ejus  in 
animos  imperin?n;  and  that,  as  '**  Sabellicus  delivers,  '"A  man  without  religion,  is  like 
a  horse  without  a  bridle."  No  way  better  to  curb  than  superstition,  to  terrify  men's 
consciences,  and  to  keep  them  in  awe  :  they  make  new  laws,  statutes,  invent  new 
religions,  ceremonies,  as  so  many  stalking  horses,  to  their  ends.  ^Hcec  enim  {religio) 
si  falsa  sit,  dummodo  vera  credalur.,  animorum  ferociam  domal.,  libidincs  coercet,  sub^ 
ditos  principi  obsequentes  efficit.^'  Therefore  (saith  ^'Polybius  of  Lycurgus),  "did  he 
maintain  ceremonies,  not  that  he  was  superstitious  himself,  but  that  he  had  perceived 
mortal  men  more  apt  to  embrace  paradoxes  than  aught  else,  and  durst  attempt  no 
evil  things  for  fear  of  the  gods."  This  was  Zamolcus's  stratagem  amongst  the 
Thracians,  Numa's  plot,  when  he  said  he  had  conference  with  the  nymph  iEgeria, 
and  that  of  Sertorius  with  a  hart ;  to  get  more  credit  to  their  decrees,  bv  deriving 
them  from  the  gods  ;  or  else  they  did  all  by  divine  instinct,  which  Nicholas  Damasceu 
well  observes  of  Lycurgus,  Solon,  and  Minos,  they  had  their  laws  dictated,  rnonte 
sacro,  by  Jupiter  himself  So  Mahomet  referred  his  new  laws  to  the  ^^  angel  Gabriel, 
by  whose  direction  he  gave  out  they  were  made.  Caligula  in  Dion  feigned  himself 
to  be  familiar  witii  Castor  and  Pollux,  and  many  such,  which  kept  those  Piomans 
under  (who,  as  Machiavel  proves,  lib.  1.  disput.  cap.  11.  et  12.  were  Religione  maxime 
inoti.,  most  superstitious) :  and  did  curb  the  people  more  by  this  means,  than  by  force 
of  arms,  or  severity  of  human  laws.  Sola  plebccula  earn  agnoscebat  (saith  Vaninus, 
dial.  \.  lib.  4.  de  admirandis  naturce  arcanis)  speaking  of  religion,  que  facile  deci- 
piiur,  magnates  vera  et  philosophi  nequaquam,  your  grandees  and  philosophers  had 


"  Religion,  as  tliey  hold,  is  policy,  invented  alone  to  '  de  oraculis.  w  "  If  a  religion  he  false,  only  let  it  b« 

keep  men  in  awe.  '^  1  Annal.  '<  Onines  religione  *  supposed  to  be  true,  and  it  will  tHme  mental  ferocity 
inoventur.  5.  in  Verreni.  "»  Zeleuchus,  prsfat.  legis  i  restrain  lusts,  and  make  loyal  subjects."'  "2  Ljb.  10 

qui  urbein  ant  regionem  inhabitant,  persuasos  esse  Ideo  Lycurgus,  &;c.  non  quod  ipse  superstitiosus,  sed 
opf)rt.-t  esse  Deos.  '6  10.  de  legihus.  Religio  neglecta  quod  videret  mortales  para(lo.\<i  fnrilius  ainplecti,  iiec 
iiiHxiuinm  pi  stem  in  civitatem  infert,  omnium  sceleriim  |  res  graves  audere  sine  periculo  deorum.  tscieoiiar- 

l'e!ifsir;iiri  ;iptrit.  '  '' Cnrdaiiu.*  Com.  in  Hlolnmeum  i  dus  epist.  J.  \ovas  lege,-*  suas  ad  Ancelum  Gahrielem 
(ria,li|;.Hrt.  "?  l-ipsius  I.  1.  c.  3.  "  Hnmo  sine    referebat,  pro  uionitore  meiitiebatur  omnia  se  gerere. 

religione.  sicut  equus  sine  fra;no.       **  Vaninus  dial.  j2.  1 


n04  Religioui  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

no  sudi  conceit,  if  rt  id  imperii  canformationemet  amplijicalionem  qiimn  sine  prat  run 
religionis  tueri  non  potcrant ;  and  many  thouisands  in  all  ages  have  ever  hold  as  nuuh. 
Philosophers  especially,  ammadvertebant  hi  semper  hcec  esse  fahcUas,  atlamen  oh 
Tiu'lurn  publicce  potestatis  silere  cogehuntur  they  were  still  silent  for  fear  of  laws,  &.c. 
To  this  end  that  Syrian  Phyresides,  Pythagonis  his  master,  broached  in  the  East 
amongst  the  heathens,  first  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  as  Trismegistus  did  in  Egypt, 
with  a  many  of  feigned  gods.  Those  French  and  Briton  Druids  in  the  West  first 
taught,  saith  ''^  Ca;sar,  non  inrerirc  animus  i^that  souls  did  not  die),  "hut  afier  death 
to  go  fronv  one  to  another,  that  so  they  might  encourage  them  to  virtue."  'Twas 
iV>r  a  politic  end,  and  to  this  purpose  the  old  "'poets  feigned  those  elysian  fields,  iheir 
iEacus,  Mino^-,  and  Khaclaiuantlius,  their  infernal  judges,  and  those  Stygian  lakes, 
liery  Phlegeihons,  Pluto's  kingdom,  and  variety  of  lormenls  after  death.  Those  that 
had  done  well,  went  to  the  elysian  fields,  but  evil  doers  to  Cocytus,  and  to  that 
burning  lake  oi'  ""hell  with  lire  and  brimstone  for  ever  to  be  tormented,  ''i'is  this 
which  'Plato  labours  f«>r  in  his  Pha-don,  et  9.  de  rep.  The  Turks  in  their  Alcoran, 
when  they  set  down  rewards,  and  several  punishments  for  every  particular  virtue  ami 
vice,  -"  when  they  persuade  men,  that  they  tiial  die  in  battle  shall  go  ilireclly  to 
Iieaven,  but  wicked  livers  tu  eternal  torment,  and  all  of  all  sorts  (much  like  our 
papistical  purgatory),  for  a  set  time  shall  be  tortured  in  their  graves,  as  appears  by 
that  tract  whicli  John  Baptista  Alfaipii,  that  Mauritanian  priest,  now  turned  Christian, 
hath  written  in  his  confutation  of  the  .Alcoran.  After  a  man's  death  two  black  angels, 
IVimijuir  and  Neijuir  (so  they  call  theiuj  come  to  him  to  his  grave  and  punish  him 
for  his  prect'deut  sins  ;  if  he  lived  well,  they  torture  him  the  less  ;  if  ill,  ju  r  indcsi- 
w  ntts  cruciiilus  ad  dumfudicii^  liny  incessantly  punish  him  to  the  day  of  judgment. 
A\mo  i-ivenlium  tjui  ad  hurum  mentunum  non  tuliis  hnrret  et  contremiscit,  the  thought 
of  this  cruciiie:4  them  all  their  livt-s  long,  and  makes  them  spend  their  days  in  fasting 
and  prayer,  ne  inula  hiic  cuiUmgunt.,  c^c.  A  Tartar  prince,  saith  Marcus  I'olus,  lib.  1. 
cap.  *i8.  called  Senex  de  Monlibus,  the  better  to  establish  his  government  anuMigsi 
his  subjects,  and  to  keep  them  in  awe,  found  a  convenient  place  in  a  pleasant  valley, 
environed  with  hills,  in  '*••  which  he  made  a  delicious  park  full  of  od(»riferou8 
llowers  and  fiuits,  and  a  palace  uf  all  worldly  contents,"  that  could  possibly  be  de- 
vised, music,  pictures,  variety  of  nieatu,  kc,  and  chose  out  a  certain  young  man, 
whom  with  a  '"soponfeious  potion  he  no  benumbed,  that  he  perceived  nothing: 
'•and  so  fast  asleep  as  he  was,  caused  him  to  be  conveyed  into  this  fair  garden  :" 
where  after  he  had  lived  awhile  in  all  such  pleasures  a  sensual  man  could  d<■^<ire,  '°"  ^'  He 
cast  him  into  a  sleep  again,  and  brought  him  forth,  that  when  he  awaked  he  might 
tell  others  he  had  been  in  Paradise."  The  like  he  did  for  hell,  and  by  this  means 
brought  his  people  to  subjection.  Because  heaven  and  hell  are  mentioned  in  the 
scriptures,  and  to  be  believed  necessary  by  Christians:  so  cunningly  can  the  devii 
and  his  ministers,  in  imitation  of  true  religion,  counterfeit  ami  forge  tlie  like,  to  cir- 
cumvent and  delude  his  superstitious  followers.  Many  such  tricks  and  impostures 
are  acted  by  politicians,  in  China  especially,  but  with  what  eflect  1  will  discourse  in 
the  symptoms. 

Next  to  politicians,  if  1  may  distinguish  tiiem,  are  some  of  our  priests  (who  make 
religion  policy  i,  if  not  far  beyond  them,  for  they  domineer  over  princes  and  stales- 
men  themselves.  Canujicinam  exercentj  one  saiih  they  tyrannise  over  men's  con- 
sciences more  than  any  other  tormentors  whatsoever,  partly  for  their  commodity  and 
gain;  Ktligionem  eniin  omnium  abuius  \^as  '^Postellus  holds;,  qiurstus  scilicet  sacriji- 
cum  in  causa  est :  for  sovereignty,  credit,  to  maintain  their  state  and  reputation,  out 
of  ambition  and  avarice,  which  are  their  chief  supporters :  what  have  they  not  maiie 
the  Common  people  believe?  Impossibilities  in  nature,  incredible  things;  what  de- 
vices, traditions,  ceremonies,  have  they  not  invented  in  all  ages  to  k<'ep  men  in  obe- 
dience, to  enrich  themselves  ?  Quibus  qucrslui  sunt  capli  suprrstitionc  animi^  as 
*'Livy  saith.    Those  Egyptian  priests  of  old  got  all  the  sovereignly  into  their  hands, 

**  Ub.  1)5.  belli  Gallici.     Vl  inetu  uiortM  neslecto,  ad    viriilarium  plaiiuvii  niaiiniuiii  el  pulcliurriuiuiii.  Oori- 

Virtuteni  liicil.'U'  in  '    f).'  Iin  l-k"'  I-uiianuiii  i\k     Ini!'  i.ili.rir.  fi-  .1  -u.mli.i-.  pl-iiii.ii.  .Vc.                   ••  Pulilitt 

liictu  l<<ni.  1.   ^  iw  »..p<.re  o|i|>rr»«u«, 

Iheo  •uUuri'    •  »   Alijuc 

taiilur.  'I'll  rihibtiii,  el  aic 

tciituiii  rn  rcl'ertiUilJ  ul  uv  Utw  Ucuu  •cului-     »u  cui    ,  ritrj  I'diaUis.iin  ri  <^uxil.  ul  cuiii  rvifilarrt.  luporr  ao- 

•lune  bouuai.  ••  Bolvrua.              ^Citra  aquam,  |  luio,  ^.      »  Lib.  1.  dc  orb.  Cuucucil.  cap.  7.      "Ljb.^ 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Causes  of  Religious  Melancholy.  505 

and  knowing,  as  °^  Curtius  insinuates,  miUa  res  efficacius  mulfitudinem  regit  quam 
ffuperstilio ;  melius  vatihis  quam  diicibus  parent,  v and  religione  capti,  etiam  impo- 
tentes  feetiiinoi;  the  common  people  will  sooner  obey  priests  t*aan  captains,  and 
nothing  so  forcible  as  superstition,  or  better  than  blind  zeal  to  rule  a  multitude  ;  have 
so  terrified  and  gulled  them,  that  it  is  incredible  to  relate.  All  nations  almost  have 
been  besotted  in  this  kind;  amongst  our  Britons  and  old  Gauls  the  Druids;  macri 
in  Persia;  philosophers  in  Greece;  Chaldeans  amongst  the  Oriental;  Brachmanni 
in  India;  Gymnosophists  in  Ethiopia;  the  Turditanes  in  Spain;  Augurs  in  Rome, 
have  insulted  ;  Apollo's  priests  in  Greece,  Phaebades  and  Pythonissse,  by  their  oracles 
and  phantasms  ;  Amphiarius  and  his  companions  ;  now  mahometan  and  pagan  priests, 
what  can  they  not  effect  ?  How  do  they  not  infatuate  the  world  ?  Adeo  ubique  (as 
*'  Scaliger  writes  of  the  mahometan  priests),  turn  genlium  turn  locorum,  gens  ista  sa- 
crorum  ministra,  vulgi  secat  spes,  ad  ea  quce  ipsi Jingunt  somnia,  "so  cunningly  can 
they  gull  the  commons  in  all  places  and  countries."  But  above  all  others,  that  high 
priest  of  Konie,  the  dam  of  that  monstrous  and  superstitious  brood,  the  bull-bellow- 
ing pope,  Vihich  now  ragelh  in  the  West,  that  three-headed  Cerberus  hath  played  his 
part.  -^"  Whose  religion  at  this  day  is  mere  policy,  a  state  wholly  composed  of 
superstition  and  wit,  and  needs  nothing  but  wit  and  superstition  to  maintain  it,  that 
useth  colleges  and  religious  houses  to  as  good  purpose  as  forts  and  castles,  and  doth 
more  at  this  day"  by  a  company  of  scribbling  parasites,  fiery-spirited  friars,  zealous 
anchorites,  hypocritical  confessors,  and  those  pretorian  soldiers,  his  Janissary  Jesuits, 
and  that  dissociable  society,  as  ^'Languis  terras  it,  poslremus  diaboli  conalus  el  sitculi 
excrementiim,  that  now  stand  in  the  fore  front  of  the  battle,  will  have  a  monopoly 
of,  and  engross  all  other  learning,  but  domineer  in  divinity,  ^^Excipiunt  snli  totius 
vulnera  belli,  and  fight  alone  almost  (for  the  rest  are  but  his  dromedaries  and  asses], 
than  ever  he  could  have  done  by  garrisons  and  armies.  What  power  of  prince,  or 
penal  law,  be  it  never  so  strict,  could  enforce  men  to  do  that  which  for  conscience'- 
sake  they  will  voluntarily  undergo  ?  And  as  to  fast  from  all  flesh,  abstain  from  mar- 
riage, rise  to  their  prayers  at  midnight,  whip  themselves,  with  stupendous  fasting  and 
penance,  abandon  the  world,  wilful  poverty,  perform  canonical  and  blind  obedience, 
to  prostrate  their  goods,  fortunes,  bodies,  lives,  and  offer  up  themselves  at  their  supe- 
rior's feet,  at  his  command.?  What  so  powerful  an  engine  as  superstition  .'  which  thev 
right  well  perceiving,  are  of  no  religion  at  all  themselves:  Primum  enim  (as  Calvin 
rightly  suspects,  the  tenor  and  practice  of  their  life  proves),  arcancE  illius  iheologice, 
quod  apnd  eos  regnaf,  caput  est,  nullum  esse  deum,  they  hold  there  is  no  God,  as  Leo 
X.  did,  Hihlebrand  the  magician,  Alexander  VI.,  Julius  II.,  mere  atheists,  and  which 
the  common  proverb  amongst  tliem  approves,  ®^''The  worst  Chi'istians  of  Italv  are 
the  Romans,  of  the  Romans  the  priests  are  wildest,  the  lewdest  priests  are  preferred 
to  be  cardinals,  and  the  baddest  men  amongst  the  cardinals  is  chosen  to  be  pope," 
that  is  an  epicure,  as  most  part  the  popes  are,  infidels  and  Lucianists,  for  so  thev  think 
and  believe ;  and  what  is  said  of  Christ  to  be  fables  and  impostures,  of  heaven  and 
hell,  day  of  judgment,  paradise,  immortality  of  the  soul,  are  all, 

100 ••  Runiore?  vanii.  verhaqiie  inanin, 
Et  par  sollieito  fabula  sonitiio." 

••  Dreams,  toys,  and  old  wives'  tales."  Yet  as  so  many  '  whetstones  to  make  other 
tools  cut,  but  cut  not  themselves,  though  they  be  of  no  religion  at  all,  they  will 
make  others  most  devout  and  superstitious,  by  promises  and  threats,  compel,  enforce 
from,  and  lead  them  by  the  nose  like  so  ntany  bears  in  a  line ;  when  as  their  end  is 
not  to  propagate  the  church,  advance  God's  kingdom,  seek  His  glory  or  common 
good,  but  to  enrich  themselves,  to  enlarge  their  territories,  to  domineer  and  compel 
them  to  stand  in  awe,  to  live  in  subjection  to  the  See  of  Rome.  For  what  otherwise 
care  they  ?  Si  mundus  vult  decipi,  decipiatiir,  '•  since  the  world  wishes  to  be  gulled, 
let  it  be  gulled,"  'tis  fit  it  should  be  so.  And  for  which  'Austin  cites  Varro  to  main- 
tain his  Roman  religion,  we  may  better  apply  to  them :  viulla  vera,  qucE  vulgus  scire 
non  est  tit  He ;  pi  eraque  falsa,  qua:  tamen  uliter  existimare  pnpulum  expedit;  some 
thmgs  are  true,  some  false,  which  for  their  own  ends  they  will  not  have  the  gullisli 

**  Lib.  4.        <»  Exerc.  228.        «  S.  Ed.  Sands.        e'  In  ]  »  S.  Ed.  Sands  in  his  Relation.        'oo  S.npca.         '  Vice 
consult,  de  priiic.  inlcr  provinc.  Europ.  *  Lucian.    cotis,  acutuin  Reddere  qus  ferrum  valet,  exors  ipsa  8« 

"By  tbeuiselves  sustain  tbe   brunt  of  every  battle."  |  candi.  >De  civ.  Dei  lib.  4.  cap.  31. 

3  A3 


60G  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  4. 

commonalty  take  notice  of.  As  well  may  witness  their  intolerable  covetousness 
strange  forgeries,  fopperies,  fooleries,  unrighteous  subtleties,  impostures,  illusions,  new 
doctrines,  paradoxes,  traditions,  false  miracles,  which  they  have  still  forged,  to  enthral, 
circumvent  and  subjugate  them,  to  maintain  their  own  estates.  'One  while  by  bulls, 
pardons,  indulgencies,  and  their  doctrines  of  good  works,  that  they  be  meritorious, 
hope  ot  heaven,  by  that  means  they  have  so  tleeced  the  commonalty,  and  spurred  on 
this  free  superstitious  horse,  that  he  runs  himself  blind,  and  is  an  ass  to  carry  bur- 
dens. They  have  so  amplified  Peter's  patrimony,  that  from  a  poor  bishop,  he  is  be- 
ome  Hex  Regum^  Dominus  dominant ntrn,  a  demigod,  as  his  canonists  make  him 
Felinus  and  the  rest),  above  God  liimself.  And  for  his  wealth  and  Memporalties, 
8  not  inferior  to  many  kings  :  'his  cardinals,  princes' companions ;  and  in  every 
kingdom  almost,  abbots,  priors,  monks,  friars,  &.C.,  and  his  clergy,  have  engrossed  a 
third  part,  lialf,  in  some  places  all,  into  their  hands.  Three  princes,  electors  in  Ger- 
many, bishops;  besides  Magdeburg,  Spire,  Saltsburg,  Breme,  Bamberg,  &.c.  In  France, 
as  Bodijie  lib.  de  rtpub.  gives  us  to  understand,  their  revenues  are  12,300,000  livres; 
and  of  twelve  parts  of  the  revenues  in  Frarice,  the  cluirch  possesseth  seven.  The 
Jesuits,  a  new  sect,  begun  in  this  age,  have,  as  ^  Middendorpius  and  "Pelargus  reckon 
up,  three  or  four  hundred  colleges  in  Europe,  and  more  revenues  than  many  princes. 
In  France,  as  Arnohlus  proves,  in  thirty  years  they  have  got  bis  centum  librtirum  miUia 
annua.,  200,000/.  I  say  nothing  t)f  the  rest  of  their  orders.  We  have  hail  in  En- 
gland, as  Armachaims  demonstrates,  above  30,000  friars  at  once,  and  as  *Sj)eed  col- 
lects out  o(  Li'land  und  olliers,  almost  000  religious  houses,  and  near  •Jt>0,0(tO/.  in 
revenues  ol'  the  i»ld  rent  belonging  to  them,  besides  images  of  gold,  silver,  plate,  fur- 
niture, goods  and  ornauients,  as  '"W'eever  calculates,  and  esteems  them  at  tlie  liisso- 
lution  of  abbeys,  worth  a  mdlion  of  gold.  How  many  towns  in  every  kingdom  hath 
superstition  enrichetl  ?  What  a  deal  of  money  by  uiusty  relics,  images,  idolatry,  have 
their  mass-priests  engrrwiied,  and  what  sums  have  they  scraped  by  their  other  tricks! 
Eorelto  in  Italy,  WuUingham  in  England,  in  those  tiays.  Ubi  omnia  auro  nitmt^ 
••where  everything  shines  with  gold,"  sailh  Erasmus,  St.  Thomas's  shrine,  &.C.,  may 
witness.  "  Di  Iphos  so  renowned  of  old  in  Greece  for  Apollo's  oracle,  Delos  cnm- 
rnune  conciltabutuni  et  emporium  sold  religione  manitum ;  Dotlona,  whose  fame  and 
wealth  u.  ;  ..-d  by  religion,  were  not  bo  rich,  so  famous.     If  they  can  gel  but 

a  relic  ol  -  -,  ibe  Virgin  .Mary's  picture,  idols  or  the  like,  that  city  is  for  ever 

made,  it  neiil.-,  no  oilier  maintenance.  Now  if  any  of  these  their  im{)ostures  or 
juggling  tricks  be  contrt)Verted,  or  called  in  question  :  if  a  magnanimous  or  zealoun 
Luther,  an  heroical  I^uther,  as  'Dithmarus  calls  him,  dare  touch  the  monks'  bellies, 
all  is  in  a  combustion,  all  is  in  an  uproar:  Demetrius  and  his  associutrrs  are  ready  to 
pull  him  in  pieces,  to  keep  up  their  trades,  ""Great  is  Diana  of  the  Ephesians  :" 
with  a  mighty  shout  of  two  hours  long  they  will  r<jar  and  not  be  pacified. 

Now  for  their  authority,  what  by  auricular  confession,  satistaction,  [wnance,  Peter's 
keys,  thunderings,  excommunications,  Stc,  roaring  bulls,  this  high  priest  ol'  Koine, 
shaking  his  G«>rgon's  heail,  hath  so  terrified  the  soul  of  many  a  silly  man,  insulled 
over  majesty  itself,  and  swaggered  generally  over  all  txirope  for  many  ages,  anil  still 
doth  to  s<mie,  holding  them  as  yet  in  slavish  ffubjection,  as  never  tyrannising  Spa- 
niards did  by  their  poor  negroes,  or  Turks  by  their  galley-slaves.  ""The  bishop 
of  I\ome  (^ sailh  Siaplelon,  a  {mrasite  of  his,  de  mag.  Kccles.  Itb.'Z.  cap.  1.)  hath  done 
that  without  arms,  whirh  those  Koinan  emperors  could  never  achieve  with  forty 
legions  of  soldiers,''  dejxjsed  kings,  and  crowned  them  again  with  his  foot,  made 
friends,  and  corrected  at  his  pleasure,  Stc.  '"'Tis  a  wonder,"  saitii  .Macliiavel,  Fto- 
r-ntime.,  hi.t.  lib.  I.  "  what  slavery  King  Henr)'  II.  endured  for  the  death  of  Thomas  a 
Beckett,  what  things  he  was  enjt)ined  by  the  Pope,  and  how  he  subinitled  him>ielf  to 
do  that  which  in  our  times  a  private  man  would  not  endure,"  and  all  through  super- 

•  flM>kinv  Ihoir  nwn.  mlh  Paul,  nut  r*hri«t'«  •  ||#  I  ml  mnnum'nl*.  »  PaiM«nia«  in  iMfnniei*  lib.  X 

t.    ••    ••      '•     ■        •  -^      '■  ■'      •'  1'    -  •        ■•      ....-..- ,  >    - - -     .  ^    ..  .  _,.^  ,„. 


«i|,|i>-(-t  til.  ir  II). 

BiKio  .  .r« 

pi'               ■                          ,     1  '    .  >  .  ..■  I  1    I)  ir>.   1  '.    II     .■      .|y..(li-..|.i    •••    .•ir.uji..'      •■  I     "-    IJ'  •  jrulK 

\i  India,  uririit    1  ,.  qiiurum  budie  ae   pri«alu>   qutdeni  p«n«a 
•  i                              JI«o.  d.          "ii  .  . 


Mem.  1.  Subs. '4.]  Causes  of  Religious  Melancholy.  607 

stition.  '®  Henry  IV.  disposed  of  his  empire,  stood  barefooted  with  his  wife  at  the  gates 
of  Canossus.  ''  Frederic  the  Emperor  was  trodden  on  by  Alexander  III.,  another  held 
Adrian'.s  stirrup,  King  John  kissed  the  knees  of  Pandulphos  tlie  Pope's  legate,  Stc, 
What  made  so  many  thousand  Christians  travel  from  France,  Britain,  &c.,  into  the  Holy 
Land,  spend  such  huge  sums  of  money,  go  a  pilgrimage  so  familiarly  to  Jerusalem,  to 
creep  and  crouch,  but  slavish  superstition  .?  What  makes  them  so  freely  venture  their 
lives,  to  leave  their  native  countries,  to  go  seek  martyrdom  in  the  Indies,  but  supersti- 
tion t  to  be  assassins,  to  meet  death,  murder  kings,  but  a  false  persuasion  of  merit,  of 
canonical  or  blind  obedience  which  they  instil  into  them,  and  animate  them  by  strange 
illusions,  hope  of  being  martyrs  and  saints  :  such  pretty  feats  can  the  devil  "work  by 
priests,  and  so  well  for  their  own  advantage  can  they  play  their  parts.  And  if  it  were 
not  yet  enough,  by  priests  and  politicians  to  delude  mankind,  and  crucify  the  souls 
of  men,  he  hath  more  actors  in  his  tragedy,  more  irons  in  the  fire,  another  scene  of 
heretics,  factious,  ambitious  wits,  insolent  spirits,  schismatics,  impostors,  false  pro- 
phets, blmd  guides,  that  out  of  pride,  singularity,  vain-glory,  blind  zeal,  cause  much 
more  madness  yet,  set  all  in  an  uproar  by  their  new  doctrines,  paradoxes,  figments, 
crotchets,  make  new  divisions,  subdivisions,  new  sects,  oppose  one  superstition  to 
another,  one  kingdom  to  another,  commit  prince  and  subjects,  brother  aofainst  brother, 
father  against  son,  to  the  ruin  and  destruction  of  a  commonwealth,  to  the  disturb- 
ance of  peace,  and  to  make  a  general  confusion  of  all  estates.  How  did  those  Arrians 
rage  of  old  .?  how  many  did  they  circumvent  ?  Those  Pelagians,  Manichees,  &c., 
their  names  alone  would  make  a  just  volume.  How  many  silly  souls  have  impos- 
tors still  deluded,  drawn  away,  and  quite  alienated  from  Christ!  Lucian's  Alexander 
Simon  Magus,  whose  statue  was  to  be  seen  and  adored  in  Rome,  saith  Justin  Martyr, 
Simonl  dec  sancto,  Sj-c,  after  his  decease.  '*  Apollonius  Tianasus,  Cynops,  Eumo, 
M-ho  by  counterfeiting  some  new  ceremonies  and  juggling  tricks  of  that  Dea  Syria, 
by  spitting  fire,  and  the  like,  got  an  army  together  of  40,000  men,  and  did  much 
harm:  with  Eudo  de  strlUs,  of  whom  Nubrigensis  speaks,  lib.  1.  cap.  19.  that  in 
King  Stephen's  days  imitated  most  of  Christ's  miracles,  fed  I  know  not  how  many 
people  in  the  wilderness,  and  built  castles  in  the  air,  kc,  to  the  seduciu"-  of  multi- 
tudes of  poor  souls.  h\  Franconia,  1476,  a  base  illiterate  fellow  took  upon  him  to 
be  a  prophet,  and  preach,  John  Beheim  by  name,  a  neatherd  at  JVichoUiausen,  he 
seduced  30,000  persons,  and  was  taken  by  the  commonaUy  to  be  a  most  holy  man, 
come  from  heaven.  "'"Tradesmen  left  their  shops,  women  their  distaffs,  servants  ran 
from  their  masters,  children  from  their  parents,  scholars  left  their  tutors,  all  to  hear 
him,  some  for  novelty,  some  for  zeal.  He  was  burnt  at  last  by  the  Bisliop  of  Wartz- 
burg,  and  so  he  and  his  heresy  vanished  together."  How  many  such  impostors, 
false  prophets,  have  lived  in  every  king's  reign  .'  what  chronicles  will  not  afford  such 
examples .'  tliat  as  so  many  ignesfatid,  have  led  men  out  of  the  -wav,  terrified  some, 
deluded  others,  that  are  apt  to  be  carried  about  by  the  blast  of  every  wind,  a  rude 
inconstant  multitude,  a  silly  company  of  poor  souls,  that  follow  all,  and  are  cluttered 
together  like  so  many  pebbles  in  a  tide.  What  prodigious  follies,  madness,  vexa- 
tions, persecutions,  absurdities,  impossibilities,  tiiese  impostors,  heretics,  Sec,  have 
thrust  upon  the  world,  what  strange  effects  shall  be  shown  in  the  svmptoms. 

Now  the  means  by  which,  or  advantages  the  devil  and  his  infernal  ministers  take, 
so  to  delude  and  disquiet  the  world  with  such  idle  ceremonies,  false  doctrines,  super- 
stitious fopperies,  are  from  themselves,  innate  fear,  ignorance,  simplicitv,  hope  and 
fear,  those  two  battering  cannons  and  principal  engines,  with  their  objects,  reward 
and  punishment,  purgatory,  Limbiis  Fatrurn,  6)-c.  winch  now  more  than  ever  tyran- 
nise;  ^*"for  what  province  is  free  from  atheism,  superstition,  idolatrv,  schism, 
heresy,  impiety,  their  factors  and  followers .''  thence  they  proceed,  and  from  that 
same  decayed  image  of  God,  which  is  yet  remaining  in  us. 

21  '•  Os  boinini  sublime  dedit,  ccelumque  tueri 
Jussit." 


'^Sigonius  9.  hist.  Ital.  "  Curio  lib.  4.  Fox  j  adeunl,  &,c.  Coinbustus  demum  ab  Herbipoiensi   Epis- 

Martyrol.  is  Hierocles  contends  Apollonius  to  have    copo  ;  hsresis  evanuil.  *i  Nulla  iion  prorincia 

been  as  great  a  prophet  as  Christ,  wiioin  Euscbius  con-  j  hceresibus,  Alheisrnis,  &c.  plena.     Xullus  orbis  aiijulus 
futes.  '^  Muustar  Cosni"^.  I.  .1.  c.  37.     Artifices  ex  .  ab  hisce  belluis  imniunis.         ^i  Li(j.  j,  ,\q  pat.  Decruai. 

otficinis,  arator  e  stiva,  ftEmiiice  e  colo,  to.  quasi  nu-    •■  He  gave  to  man  an  upward  gaze.couiiuanding  him  lo 
iQ.  ne  quudam  rapti,  nesciis  pareiitibus  et  dominis  recta    fii  his  eyes  oii  heaven." 


608  Religio7is  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

Our  own  conscience  doth  dictate  so  much  unto  us,  we  know  there  is  a  God  and 
nature  doth  inform  us;  J\uUa  gins  tarn  barbara  (saith  TuUy)  cui  non  insideat  hac 
persuasio  Dnnn  esse  ;  scd  nee  Scijtha,  nee  GrcecuSy  nee  Persa,  nee  Ilyperboreus  di*- 
scnliet  (^as  Maximus  Tyrius  the  Piatonist  ser.  1 .  farther  adds)  nee  conthicntis  nee  instila- 
rum  habitator^  let  him  dwell  where  he  will,  in  w  hat  coasi  soever,  there  is  no  nation  so 
bari)arous  that  is  not  persuaded  there  is  a  God.  It  is  a  wonder  to  read  of  that  infinite 
superstition  amongst  the  Indians  in  this  kind,  of  their  tenets  in  America,  pro  stw 
qnisquc  libilu  varias  res  venerabunlur  supersliliose,  plantas,  animalia^  inojttes.,  Sfc. 
omne  quod  aniubant  uul  horrebant  (some  few  places  excepted  as  he  grants,  that  had 
no  God  at  all).  So  ••  the  heavens  declare  the  glory  of  God,  and  the  firmament  declares 
his  handy  wt>rk,"  Psalm  xix.  "  Every  creature  will  evince  it;"  Prase ntemque  refert 
qualibcl  herba  ileum.  JWtlenlcs  sciuntyfaltntur  inviti,,  as  the  said  Tvrius  proceeds, 
will  or  nill,  they  must  acknowledge  it.  The  philosophers,  Socrates,  Plato,  Plotinus, 
Pythagoras,  Trismegistus,  Seneca,  Epicietus,  those  Magi,  Druids,  &.c.  went  as  far 
as  they  could  by  ilie  light  of  nature;  '^muUa  prceelara^  de  nalurCl  Dei  seripla  reli- 
querunt.,  "  writ  many  ihmgs  well  of  the  nature  of  God,  but  they  had  but  a  confused 
light,  a  glimpse," 

*>"  Quale  fwr  iiievrlam  lunain  aub  luce  uialigna 
Kiil  Her  III  *ylvi»," 

'•  as  he  that  walks  by  moonshine  in  a  wood,"  they  groped  in  tlie  dark ;  they  had  a 
gross  knowledge,  as  he  in  Euripides,  O  Deus  quicquid  es,  sive  calum^  sive  terra^ 
site  iiliud  quid.,  and  that  of  Aristotle,  Ens  entiiim  tntsirere  jiiei.  And  so  of  the  im- 
mortality of  the  soul,  and  future  happiness.  Immnrtaiilatem  aninue  (saith  Ilierom) 
Pylluiguras  snrnniai'il,  Democrilus  mm  cndidit  in  cirnsoiutionein  damnalionis  sua 
Socralts  in  careere  disputavit ;  Jndus,  Ptrsa.,  C'ulhus,  dfc.  Phihsophanlur.  So  some 
»aul  this,  some  that,  as  they  conctived  themst'lves,  which  the  devil  perceiving,  led 
ihfin  farther  out  \^us  *'Leiniuus  observes)  and  made  them  worship  him  as  their  God 
with  stocks  and  stones,  and  torture  themselves  to  their  own  destruction,  as  he  thought 
lit  himself,  insfured  his  priests  and  ministers  with  lies  and  fictions  to  prosecute  the 
tiumc,  which  they  fi»r  their  own  ends  were  as  willing  to  undergo,  taking  advantage 
of  their  simplicity,  fear  and  ignorance.  For  the  common  people  are  as  a  flock  of 
sheep,  a  rude,  illiterate  rout,  void  many  times  of  common  sense,  a  mere  beast,  bellua 
multorum  capiiuin.,  will  go  whilher.-otver  they  are  led  :  as  you  leatl  a  ram  over  a  gap 
by  the  horns,  all  the  rest  will  follow,  '  ,V«w  qua  tundum,  sed  qua  itur^  they  will  do 
as  they  see  others  do,  and  as  their  prince  will  have  them,  let  him  be  of  what  religion 
he  will,  they  are  fur  hmi.  Now  for  those  idolaters,  .Maxentius  and  Liciiiius,  then 
for  Constaiiiine  a  christian.  *^wi  Chnstunt  neganl  nude  pereanl,  aeclumaturn  est 
Decies,  for  twi»  hours'  space ;  qui  Christum  nun  culunl,  ^iugitsti  initnici  sunt,  accla- 
matum  est  ter  decies ;  and  by  and  by  idolaters  again  under  that  Apostate  Julianus; 
all  Arri.ins  under  Constantius,  good  catholics  again  under  Jovinianus,  ^^  And  little 
ditl'ereiice  tliere  is  between  the  discretion  of  men  and  children  in  this  case,  especially 
of  old  folks  and  women,  as  '^Cardan  discourseth,  when  as  they  are  tossed  with  fear 
and  suj)ersiitioii,  and  with  other  men's  folly  and  dishonesty."  So  that  I  may  say 
their  ignoiance  is  a  cause  of  their  superstition,  a  symptom,  and  madness  itself: 
Supplicii  causa  est,  sapp/iciumque  sui.  Their  own  fear,  Jolly,  stupidity,  to  be  d'v 
plored  lethargy,  is  that  which  gives  occasion  to  the  other,  and  pulls  these  miserieft 
<»n  their  own  aeads.  For  in  all  these  religions  and  superstitions,  amongst  our  idola- 
ters, you  siiall  liiid  that  the  parties  first  afii^cted,  are  silly,  rude,  ignorant  people,  old 
folks,  that  aie  naturally  prone  to  superstition,  weak  women,  or  some  poor,  rude, 
illiterate  peisoiH,  that  are  apt  to  be  wrought  upon,  and  gulled  in  this  kind,  pron*. 
without  either  examination  or  due  consideration  (^for  they  take  up  religi<ni  a  trust, aa 
at  mercers'  they  do  their  wares;  to  believe  anything.  And  the  best  means  they  have 
to  broach  first,  or  to  maint<iin  it  when  they  have  done,  is  to  keep  them  still  in 
ii^norance :  for  ^*  ignorance  is  the  mother  of  devotion,"  as  all  tlie  world  knows,  and 


•'/-•-' 

«  y:. 

r  *    V.n.         *>Snr T 

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el  iJj 

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i(ii|ilc>re(.  CUI  ■>•■  •  .11,11111 

1       l.<-iiiiiiu«,   lih.   3.   c.  P. 

lie    1 

•beocca. 

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..li  3  .\uiialiiiin  atl  anauio  t 

324  Tit  Conrtantm.  •»  H-  •  •-•'  1   1 

-    JH.     Pariini  verii  diital  aapi-  nli, 

riiullu  miniii  M-num  el  mulirrui.  r*li 

ti'ine  et  aliena  •tuUKii  et  iuj|'i.j:jiijir   •■ui|'ii<.ca  afl 
lantuf. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  2.]  Causes  of  Religious  Melancholy.  009 

these  times  can  amply  witness.  This  hath  been  th'^  devil's  practice,  and  liis  in- 
fernal ministers  in  all  ages ;  not  as  our  Saviour  by  a  few  silly  fishermen,  to  con- 
found the  wisdom  of  the  world,  to  save  publicans  and  sinners,  but  to  make  advantage 
of  their  ignorance,  to  convert  them  and  their  associates ;  and  that  they  may  belter 
effect  vhat  tliey  intend,  they  begin,  as  I  say,  with  poor,  ^'stupid,  ijliterate  per- 
sons. So  Mahomet  did  when  he  published  his  Alcoran,  which  is  a  piece  of  work 
(saith  --Bredenbachius)  -'full  of  nonsense,  barbarism,  confusion,  wiilioul  rhyme,  rea- 
son, or  any  good  composition,  first  published  to  a  company  of  rude  rustics,  hog- 
rubbers,  that  had  no  discretion,  judgment,  art,  or  understanding,  and  is  so  still  main- 
tained." For  it  is  a  [)art  of  their  policy  to  let  no  man  comment,  dare  to  dispute  or 
call  in  question  to  this  day  any  part  of  it,  be  it  never  so  absurd,  incredible,  ridicu- 
lous, fabulous  as  it  is,  must  be  believed  implicit:^,  upon  pain  of  death  no  man  must 
dare  to  contradict  it^  '•  God  and  the  emperor.  Sec."  What  else  do  our  papists,  but 
by  keeping  the  people  in  ignorance  vent  and  broach  all  their  new  ceremonies  and 
traditions,  wiien  they  conceal  the  scripture,  read  it  in  Latin,  and  to  some  few  alone, 
feeding  the  slavish  people  in  the  meantime  with  tales  out  of  legends,  and  such  like 
fabulous  narrations  .'  Whom  do  they  begin  with  but  collapsed  ladies,  some  fevv  trades- 
men, superstitious  old  folks,  illiterate  persons,  weak  women,  discontent,  rude,  silly 
companions,  or  sooner  circumvent.'  So  do  all  our  schismatics  and  heretics.  Marcus 
and  Yalentinian  heretics,  in  ^"Irenaeus,  seduced  first  I  know  not  how  many  \vomen, 
and  made  them  believe  they  were  prophets.  *' Friar  Cornelius  "of  Dort  seduced  a 
company  of  silly  women.  What  are  all  our  anabaptist,  brownists,  ban-owists,  farai- 
lists,  but  a  company  of  rude,  illiterate,  capricious,  base  fellows  i  What  are  most  of 
our  papists,  but  stupid,  ignorant  and  blind  l)ayards?  how  should  they  otherwise  be, 
when  as  they  are  brought  up  and  kept  still  in  darkness?  ^-"If  their  pastors  (saith 
Lavater)  have  done  their  duties,  and  instructed  their  flocks  as  they  ought,  in  the 
principles  of  christian  religion,  or  had  not  forbidden  them  the  reading  of  scriptures, 
they  had  not  been  as  they  are."  But  being  so  misled  all  their  lives  in  superstition, 
and  carried  hood-winked  like  hawks,  how  can  they  prove  otherwise  than  blind  idiots, 
and  superstitious  asses  .'  what  else  shall  we  expect  at  their  hands }  Neither  is  it  suf- 
ficient to  keep  them  blind,  and  in  Cimmerian  darkness,  but  withal,  as  a  schoolmaster 
doth  by  his  boys,  to  make  them  follow  their  books,  sometimes  by  good  hope,  pro- 
mises and  encouragements,  but  most  of  all  by  fear,  strict  discipline,  severity,  threats 
and  punishment,  do  they  collogue  and  soothe  up  their  silly  auditors,  and  so  bring 
them  into  a  fools'  paradise.  Rex  eris  aiunt,  si  rede  fades,  do  well,  thou  shalt  be 
crowned ;  but  for  the  most  part  by  threats,  terrors,  and  affrights,  they  tyrannise  and 
terrify  their  distressed  souls :  knowing  that  fear  alone  is  the  sole  and  only  means  to 
keep  men  in  obedience,  according  to  that  hemistichium  of  Petronius,  primus  in  orbe 
deos  fecit  timor,  the  fear  of  some  divine  and  supreme  powers,  keeps  men  in  obe- 
dience, makes  the  people  do  their  duties  :  they  play  upon  their  consciences ;  ^  which 
was  practised  of  old  in  Egypt  by  their  priests  ;  when  there  was  an  eclipse,  they  made 
the  people  believe  God  vv^as  angry,  great  miseries  were  to  come ;  they  take  all  op- 
portunities of  natural  causes,  to  delude  the  people's  senses,  and  with  fearful  tales 
out  of  purgatory,  feigned  apparitions,  earthquakes  in  Japonia  or  China,  tragical  ex- 
amples of  devils,  possessions,  obsessions,  false  miracles,  counterfeit  visions,  Stc. 
They  do  so  insult  over  and  restrain  them,  never  hoby  so  dared  a  larke,  that  they 
will  not  ^*  offend  the  least  tradition,  tread,  or  scarce  look  awry:  Deus  bone  (^^' Lavater 
exclaims)  quot  hoc  commentum  de  purgatorio  niisere  ajflixit !  good  God,  how  many 
men  have  been  miserably  afflicted  by  this  fiction  of  purgatory ! 

'^o  these  advantages  of  hope  and  fear,  ignorance  and  simplicity,  he  hath  several 
engines,  traps,  devices,  to  batter  and  enthral,  omitting  no  opportunities,  according  to 
men's  several  inclinations,  abilities,  to  circumvent  and  humour  them,  to  maintain  his 
superstitions,  sometimes  to  stupefy,  besot  them  :  sometimes  again  by  oppositions, 

*  In  all  superstition  wise  men  follow  fools.    Bacon's  I  fecissent  officium,  et  plebem  firiei  comtnissam  recte  in- 
Essays.  "^  Peresrin.  Hieros.  ca.  5.  totum  scriptum     stituissent  de  doctrinsp  christiaPcR  capiiib.  nee  sacrii 

confusum  sine  online  vel  colore,  absque  sensu  et  ra-    scripturis  interdixissent,  de   multis  proculdiibio  reel* 
tione  ad  rustici.ssimos,  idem  dedit.  rudissimos,  et  pror-  '  scnsissent.  33Curtius  li.  4.  ^See  more  in 

eiis  agresti'S,  qui  niilliiis  erant  discretionis,  ut  dijudi-  '  Kemnisius'   Eiamen   (Joncil.   Trident,   de   Purgalorio 
tare  pofsent.  so  Lib.  1.  cap.  9.  Valent.  hjeres.  9.  '  3*  Part  1.  c.  16.  pari  3.  cap.  18.  et  14. 

"  Meleraniis  li.  8.  hist.  Belg.  "Si  doctores  suum  I 

77 


610  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

factions,  to  set  all  at  otlja  and  in  an  uproar;  sometimes  he  infects  one  man,  and 
makes  him  a  principal  agent ;  sometimes  whole  cities,  countries.  If  of  meaner  sort, 
by  stupidity,  canonical  obedience,  blind  zeal,  &c.  If  of  better  note,  by  pride,  ainbi- 
lion,  popularity,  vain-glory.  If  of  the  clergy  and  more  eminent,  of  better  parts  than 
the  rest,  more  learned,  eloquent,  he  puffs  them  up  with  a  vain  conceit  of  llieir  own 
worth,  scirnlid  iujluti.,  they  begin  to  swell,  and  scorn  all  the  world  in  respect  of 
themselves,  and  thereupon  turn  heretics,  schismatics,  broach  new  doctrines,  frame 
new  crotchets  and  the  like;  or  else  out  of  too  much  learning  become  mad.  or  out 
of  curiosity  thoy  will  search  into  God's  secrets,  and  cat  of  ihe  forbidden  fruit;  or 
out  of  presumption  of  their  holiness  and  good  gifts,  inspirations,  become  prophets, 
enthusiasts,  and  what  not .'  Or  else  if  they  be  displeased,  discontent,  and  have  not 
(as  they  suppose  •  preferment  to  their  worth,  have  some  disgrace,  repulse,  iieglected, 
or  not  esteemed  as  they  fonJIy  value  l^^fmselves,  or  out  of  emulation,  they  begin 
presently  to  rage  and  rave,  cuelum  terrce  tniscmt.,  they  become  so  impatient  in  an  in- 
stant, that  u  whole  kingdom  cannot  contain  them,  they  will  set  all  in  a  combustion, 
all  at  variance,  to  be  revenged  of  their  adversaries.  *  Donatus,  when  he  saw  Cecilia- 
nus  preferred  before  him  in  the  bishopric  of  Carthage,  turned  heretic,  and  so  did 
Arian,  because  .Alexander  wa.s  advanced :  we  have  e.xamples  at  home,  anil  too  many 
experiments  «)f  such  persons.  If  they  be  laymen  of  belter  note,  the  same  engines  of 
pride,  and)itiou,  emulation  and  jeal«)usy,  take  place,  they  will  be  gods  themselves: 
*'  Alexander  in  India,  after  his  victories,  became  so  insolent,  he  would  be  adored  for 
a  god  :  and  those  Kouian  emperors  came  to  that  height  of  madness,  ihey  must  have 
temples  budt  to  thi'in,  sacrifices  to  their  deities,  Divus  .Auiruslns,  I).  Claudius,  I).  Adria- 
nus  :  "  Heliogabaliis,  '•  put  out  that  vestal  Hre  at  Home,  expelled  the  virgins,  and 
banished  all  other  religions  all  over  the  world,  and  would  be  the  sole  Cod  himself" 
Our  Turks,  China  kings,  great  Chains,  and  Mogors  do  little  less,  assuming  divine 
and  bombast  titles  to  themselves;  the  meaner  sort  are  too  credidous,  and  h-d  with 
blind  zeal,  blind  obedience,  to  prosecute  ami  maintain  whatsoever  their  8«)ttish  lead- 
ers shall  propose,  what  they  in  pride  and  singularity,  revenge,  vain-glory,  ambition, 
spleen,  for  gain,  shall  rashly  maintain  and  broach,  their  disciples  make  a  matter  of 
conscience,  of  hell  and  damnation,  if  they  do  it  not,  and  will  rather  forsake  wives, 
children,  house  anil  home,  lands,  goods,  fortunes,  life  it.self,  than  omit  or  abjure  the 
least  tittle  of  it,  and  to  advaiicu  the  conunon  cause,  undergo  any  miseries,  turn  traitors, 
assassins,  psendo-n-artyn*,  with  full  assurance  and  hope  of  reward  in  that  other  worhl, 
that  they  shall  certairdy  merit  by  it,  win  heaven,  be  canonised  for  saints. 

Now  whrn  they  are  truly  possessed  with  blind  zeal,  and  misled  with  8U[)erstilion, 
he  hath  many  other  baits  to  inveitfle  and  infatuate  them  farther  yet,  to  make  them 
quite  mortified  and  mad,  and  that  under  colour  of  perfection,  to  merit  by  penance, 
going  wohvard,  whipping,  alms,  fastings,  &.c.  An.  I'-i'lO.  there  was  a  sect  of  ^"whippets 
in  Germany,  that,  to  the  astonishment  of  the  beholders,  lashed,  and  cruelly  tortured 
themselves.  I  could  give  many  other  instances  of  each  particular.  Rut  these  works 
so  done  are  meritorious,  ex  apere  operalo,  ex  condigno^  for  themselves  and  others, 
to  make  them  macerate  and  consume  their  bodies,  sjjtcie  virlulis  et  vmbra,  those 
evangelical  counsels  are  propounded,  as  our  pseudo-catholics  call  them,  canonical 
obedience,  wilful  poverty,  *°vows  of  chastity,  monkery,  and  a  solitary  life,  which 
extend  almost  t<^  all  relijjions  and  superstitions,  to  Turks,  Chinese,  Gentiles,  Abvs- 
sinians,  Greeks,  Lsitins,  and  all  countries.  Amongst  the  rest,  fastinjj,  contempla- 
tion, solitariness,  are  as  it  were  certain  rams  by  which  the  devil  doth  batter  and 
work  upon  the  stronjest  constitutions.  .Yuvnulli  i  saith  Peter  Porestus)  o/j  hmgas 
inedias,  sfudia  ct  meditalinnes  ctslestes,  de  rebus  sucris  et  religiune  semper  anilanl^ 
by  fasting  overmuch,  and  divine  meditations,  are  overcome.  Not  that  fastinjf  is  a 
thing  of  itself  to  be  discommended,  for  it  is  an  excellent  means  to  keep  the  body  in 
subjection,  a  preparative  to  devotion,  the  physic  of  the  soul,  by  which  chaste  thoughts 
are  engendered,  true  zeal,  a  divine  spirit,  whence  wholesome  counsels  do  proceed, 
concupiscence  is  restrained,  vicious  and  predominant  lusts  and  humours  are  ex()elled. 
The  fathers  are  very  much  in  commendation  of  it,  and,  as  Calvin  notes,  ^'  sometimes 

•*  Auntin  i^r'iiriiu*.  lib.  H.  *■  l3in|iriiliii«  I  unum  Ikc  •lu<i<-n«  ul  ■oliif  lieu*  colrrrlur.      *•  nac'Ha- 

vltK  rju*.    Virrifit-a  v.'«()il»«,  el  •arrum  igiii-in  R'>ni»     inrum  it^la     Muridrr  lib.  3.  Cuamof .  rap.  19.        'Vo 
•JIUaiil,  el  uutiie*  ubique  (i«r  orbcin  terrv  religioae*.  |  luoi  caltbalut,  luoiiaciialua. 


Mem.  I.  Subs.  3.]  Causes  of  Religious  Melancholy.  611 

immoderate.  ''The  mother  of  !  ealth,  key  <  1  hf^aren  a  spiritual  wing  to  ereare  us, 
the  chariot  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  oanner  of  laith."  &c.  .'\nd  'tis  true  they  Sc'v  A'  it, 
if  it  be  moderately  and  soasr.nably  u^ed.  by  such  parties  as  Moses,  Elias,  Daniel, 
Christ,  an'l  his  *-  apostles  made  use  of  it ;  but  Avhen  ^by  this  means  they  will  supere- 
rogate,  and  as  *^  Erasmus  well  taxeth,  Ccelinn  non  sujicere  putant  suis  meritis,  Heaven 
is  too  small  a  reward  for  it;  they  make  choice  of  times  and  meats,  buy  and  sell  their 
merits,  attribute  more  to  them  tlian  to  the  ten  Commandments,  and  count  it  a  oreater  sin 
to  eat  meat  in  Lent,  than  to  kill  a  man,  and  as  one  sayeth,  Plus  respiciunt  assiim 
piscem,  quam  Christum  crucifixum^  plus  salmonem  quam  Solomone?n,  qnihus  in  ore 
Ckrislus,  Epicurus  in  corde,  "pay  more  respect  to  a  broiled  fish  than  to  Christ  cru- 
cified, more  regard  to  salmon  than  to  Solomon,  have  Christ  on  their  lips,  but  Epi- 
curus in  their  hearts,"  when  some  counterfeit,  and  some  attribute  more  to  such  works 
of  theirs  than  to  Christ's  death  and  passion;  the  devil  sets  in  a  foot,  strano-elv  de- 
ludes them,  and  by  that  means  makes  them  to  overthrow  the  temperature  of  their 
bodies,  and  hazard  their  souls.  Never  any  strange  illusions  of  devils  amongst  her- 
mits, anchorites,  never  any  visions,  phantasms,  apparitions,  enthusiasms,  prophets, 
any  revelations,  but  immoderate  fasting,  bad  diet,  sickness,  melancholy,  solitariness, 
or  some  such  things,  were  the  precedent  caases,  the  forerunners  or  concomitants  of 
them.  The  best  opportunity  and  sole  occasion  the  devil  takes  to  delude  them. 
Marcilius  Cognatus,  lib.  1.  cont.  cap.  7.  hath  many  stories  to  this  purpose,  of  such  as 
after  long  fasting  have  been  seduced  by  devils ;  and  ^* "  'tis  a  miraculous  thing  to  re- 
late (as  Cardan  writes)  what  strange  accidents  proceed  from  fasting;  dreams,  super- 
stition, contempt  of  torments,  desire  of  death,  prophecies,  paradoxes,  madness;  fast- 
ing naturally  prepares  men  to  these  things."  Monks,  anchorites,  and  the  like,  after 
much  eii.ptiuess,  become  melancholy,  vertiginous,  they  think  they  hear  strange  noises, 
confer  with  hobgoblins,  devils,  rivel  up  their  bodies,  et  dum  hos'tem  insequimur.,  saith 
Gregory,  civcm  quern  diligimus,  trucidumus,  they  become  bare  skeletons,  skin  and 
bones;  Carnibus  abstuientes  proprias  carnes  devorant^  id  nil  prceter  cutem  et  ossa 
sit  reliquum.  Hilarion,  as  ""^Hierome  reports  in  his  life,  and  Athanasius  of  Antonius, 
was  so  bare  with  fasting,  ■•  that  the  skin  did  scarce  stick  to  the  bones  ;  for  want  of 
vapours  he  could  not  s4eep,  and  for  want  of  sleep  became  idleheaded,  heard  every 
night  infants  cry,  oxen  low,  wolves  howl,  lions  roar  (as  he  thought),  clattering  of 
chains,  strange  voices,  and  the  like  illusions  of  devils."  Such  symptoms  are  com- 
mon to  those  that  fast  long,  are  solitary,  given  to  contemplation,  overmuch  solitari- 
ness and  meditation.  Not  that  these  things  (as  I  said  of  fasting)  are  to  be  discom- 
mended of  themselves,  but  very  behoveful  in  some  cases  and  good  :  sobriety  and 
contemplation  join  our  souls  to  God,  as  that  heathen  '•^Porphyria  can  teil  us. 
*' "  Ecstacy  is  a  taste  of  future  happiness,  by  which  we  are  united  unto  God,  a  divine 
melancholy,  a  spiritual  wing  Bonaventure  terms  it,  to  lift  us  up  to  heaven ;  but  as 
it  is  abused,  a  mere  dotage,  madness,  a  cause  and  symptom  of  religious  melancholy. 
^®"Jf  you  shall  at  any  time  see  (saith  Guianerius)  a  religious  person  over-supersti- 
tious, loo  solitary,  or  much  given  to  fasting,  that  man  will  certainly  be  melancholy, 
thou  mayest  boldly  say  it,  he  will  be  so."  P.  Forestus  hath  almost  the  same  words, 
and  •'^Cardan  sublil.  lib.  18.  et  cap.  40.  lib.  8.  de  rcrum  varietate.,  '•  solhariness,  fast- 
ing, and  that  melancholy  humour,  are  the  causes  of  all  hermits'  illusions."  Lavater, 
dc  sped.  cap.  19.  part.  I.  and  jjart.  1.  cup.  10.  puts  solitariness  a  main  cause  of  such 
spectrums  and  apparitions ;  none,  saith  he,  so  melancholy  as  monks  and  hermits,  the 
devil's  hath  melancholy;  -'^''■'none  so  subject  to  visions  and  dotage  in  tliis  kind,  as 
such  as  live  solitary  lives,  they  hear  and  act  strange  things  in  their  dotage."  '■  Poly- 


pi Mater  saniLitis,  clavis  coeloriini,  ala  animie  qux 
levt?s  periiias  pridiical.  ut  iii  sublime  ferat ;  currus 
Bpiriiiis  i^aiicti,  vexiMuin  fidei,  piirta  paradisi,  vita  an- 
gfcloriim,  &c.  «(;;,stiot)  corpus  iiieuni.  "  \ior. 

ni'coiii.  •'■'  Lib.  8.  tap.  10.  de  reniiii  varielate:  adini- 
raiioiie  digiiasiint  (\»x  pi;r  jrjiiiiiuiii  iioc  inodn  contin- 
gurit:  snninia,  S'lperslilio,  r.onteiiiptus  toriiientoriim, 
mortis  desiderium  nhstiiiata  opinio,  iiisania  :  jijiinium 
iiaturalitiT  preparat  ad  lia;c  oiniiia.  *•'■  Epist.  i.3.  Ita 
atleiiuatcis  fuit  jfjunio  ei  vigiliis,  in  tniituni  exeso  cor- 
pore  ul  ossihiis  vix  hieretiat.  iinde  nocte  infantiioi  va; 


nihil  est  aliud  quam  gustus  futiirie  beatitudinis.  Erag- 
miis  epist-  ad  Dorpium  in  qua  toli  absorb^finiirin  Deuiii. 
■'*  Si  n-lisiosinii  minis  Jejiiiita  videris  observaiitein,  au- 
dacitfT  iiielaiicholicum  pronunriiibis.  Tract.  5.  rap.  5. 
^'  Solitiido  ipsa,  mens  segra  laboribii^  aiixiis  et  jejuiiiis, 
turn  teinperatura  cibis  uiutata  agresiibus,  et  hiimot 
melancholjciis  Heremitis  illiisionum  causa  sunt.  -<> So- 
litude est  CHUsa  apparitionum  ;  nulii  visionibus  et  hiiie 
delirio  magis  obnoxii  sunt  quaui  qui  colle>;is  et  erenio 
vivuiit  monachi  :  tales  plerunique  melaiicholici  ob  vic- 
tual, solitudinem.        ''  .Monachi  sese  putant  prophetare 


tu.s,  balatus  pecoruin,  muiitus  bouin,  voces  et  ludibria  ,  ex  Deo,  el   qui  solitariaiii  aguiit  vitam.  quiiin  sit 
d:ein<inum.  &c.  ^^  Lib.  de  abstiuentia.    Subrietas  et  |  stinctu  d^monum;  et   sic   failuDtur   falidics;  a   malo 

contineniia  mentem  deo  conjungunt.  *"Extasi3  ]  genio  habent,  quE  putant  a  Deo,  et  sic  enthusiastie. 


612  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4 

dore  Virgil,  fib.  2.  prodigiis,  "holds  that  those  prophecies  and  monks''  revelations,  , 
nuns,  dreams,  which  they  suppose  come  from  God,  to  proceed  wholly  ab  instirictu 
dcrmonum.  by  the  devil's  means  ;  and  so  those  enthusiasts,  anabaptists,  pseudo- 
prophets  from  the  same  cause.  "  Fracastorius,  lib.  2.  de  intellect,  will  have  all  your 
pythonesses,  sybils,  and  pseudo-prophets  to  be  mere  melancholy,  so  doth  Wierus 
prove,  lib.  1.  cap.S.  et  I.  'S.  cap.  7.  and  Arculanus  in  9  Rhasis,  that  melancholy  is  a 
sole  cause,  and  the  devil  together,  with  fasting  and  solitariness,  of  such  sybilline 
prophecies,  if  there  were  ever  such,  which  with  '^Casaubon  and  others  I  justly  ex- 
cept at ;  for  it  is  not  likelv  that  the  Spirit  of  God  should  ever  reveal  such  manifest 
revelations  and  predictions  r.f  Christ,  to  those  Pylhonissae  witches,  Apollo's  priests, 
the  deviPs  ministers,  (^tliey  were  no  better)  and  conceal  them  from  his  own  prophets; 
for  these  sybils  set  down  all  particular  circumstances  of  Christ's  coming,  and  many 
other  future  accidents  far  more  perspicuous  and  plain  than  ever  any  prophet  did. 
But.  howsoever,  there  be  no  Phacbades  or  sybils,  I  am  assured  there  be  other  enthu- 
siasts, prophets,  dii  Fotidici.,  Magi,  (of  which  read  Jo.  Boissardu*,  who  liath  labo- 
riously collected  thetn  into  a  great  "volume  of  late,  with  elegant  pictures,  and 
epitomised  their  liveB)  Stc,  ever  have  been  in  all  ages,  and  still  proceeding  from  those 
causes,  '^r/ui  risionrs  suns  ennmint,  somniant  futtira.,  prnpJirtisant.,et  ejusmodi  deliriis 
agitati,  Spiriti/m  Sitnctum  siri  commtinicari  jmtnnt.  That  which  Is  written  of  Saint 
Francis'  live  wounds,  and  i>ther  such  n)onastical  effects,  of  him  and  others,  may 
justly  be  referred  to  this  our  melancholy  ;  and  that  which  Matthew  Paris  relates  of 
the  *'monk  nf  Evesham,  who  saw  heaven  anr!  hell  in  a  vision;  of  "Sir  Owen,  that 
went  down  into  Saint  Patrick's  purgatory  in  King  Stephen's  days,  and  saw  as  much; 
Walsingharn  t)f  him  ibit  sliowed  as  much  by  Samt  Jidian.  Beda,  lib.  b. cap.  \'.\.  14. 
1 5.  tt  >'0.  reports  of  King  Sebba,  lib.  4.  cop.  1 1 .  t'cclfs.  hist,  that  saw  strange  -*  visions; 
and  Stumpliius  Helvet  Cornic,  a  cobbler  of  Basle,  that  beheld  rare  apparitions  at 
Augsburg,  '•in  Germany.  Alexander  ab  Alexandre,  gen.  dier.  lib.  C>.  cop.  '21.  of  an 
enthusiastical  prisoner,  all  out  as  probable  a."  that  of  Eris  Arrnenius,  in  Plato's  tenth 
dialogue  de  Repub.  that  revived  again  ten  days  after  he  was  killed  in  a  battle,  and 
told  strange  wonilers,  like  those  tales  Ulysses  relate<l  to  Alcinous  in  Homer,  or 
Lucian's  vera  hislorin  itself)  was  still  after  much  solitariness,  fasting,  or  long  sick- 
ness, when  their  brains  were  addled,  and  their  bellies  as  empty  of  meat  as  their  heads 
of  wit.  Florilegus  hatb  many  such  examples,yo/.  11)1,  one  of  Saint  Gulllake  of 
Crowuld  tfiat  fought  with  devils,  but  still  after  long  fasting,  overmuch  solitariness, 
'^  the  devil  persuaded  him  therefore  to  fast,  as  Moses  and  Elias  did,  the  better  to  de- 
lude him.  '■'  In  the  same  author  is  recorded  Carolus  .Magnus  vision  ,'?n.  185.  or 
ecstacies,  wherein  he  saw  heaven  and  hell  after  much  fasting  and  meditation.  So  did 
the  devil  f>f  old  with  .Apollo's  priests.  Amphiaraus  and  his  fellows,  those  Egyptians, 
still  enjoin  long  fasting  before  he  would  give  any  oracles,  triduum  a  cibo  el  vino  ab- 
stiTiertnty'-^ before  they  gave  any  answers,  as  Volateran  lib.  I'.i.  cap.  4.  records,  and 
Strabo  Geog.  lib.  14.  describes  Charon's  i\en,  in  the  way  between  Tralles  and  Nis- 
suin,  whither  tlie  priests  led  sick  and  fanatic  men  :  but  nothing  performed  without 
long  fasting,  no  good  to  be  done.  That  scoffing  "Lucian  conducts  his  Menippus  to 
hell  by  the  directions  of  that  Chaldean  Mithrobarzanes,  but  after  long  fasting,  and 
such  like  idle  preparation.  Which  the  Jesuits  ri^ht  well  perceiving  «)f  what  force 
this  fasting  and  solitary  meditation  is,  to  alter  men's  minds,  when  they  would  make 
a  man  mad,  ravish  him,  improve  him  beyond  himself,  to  undertike  some  grc-at  busi- 
ness of  moment,  to  kill  a  king,  or  the  like,  "they  bring  him  into  a  melancholy  dark 
chamber,  where  he  shall  see  no  light  for  many  days  ti'gether,  no  company,  little 
meat,  ghastly  pictures  of  devils  all  about  hiui,  and  leave  him  to  lie  as  he  will  him- 
self, on  the  bare  floor  in  this  chamber  of  meditation,  as  they  call  it,  on  his  back, 
side,  belly,  till  by  this  strange  usage  they  make  him  quite  mad  and  beside  himself. 

••Bihyllx.   Ptihii.  et   pritpheo  qui   dirinare   tnlrnt.  inua,  J<ihn  Ma)or  dr  vitiii  patruiu.  Ac.            •Pol.  10 

omr*-*  •-•   ■' ,.„!  ,..,.K..i.,..  u  Clprrit   -    •      ■      •  -<- ■-   •  ■•  • •-     i     - —   .<- -. -t-,  an. 

■-"O.                                                            .                  io  I  ,„  ,„ 

*"  r                                                                  iiiirsbit^«  I  I  rjo. 

TIKI. Ill--                I  ■    'i   »ii.i  .-■■  ,  I  iTii  >-t  •■f'     ""  mni 

trmni  iiifii.iuni  iiiiiliaiii   et   laiieU'  ri  in    |«  r  iigi- 

e«>»n»<l«-ii«  .lilt  hi'w^iin            M  AC.^-r  c""i>ri,|  i^ 

tc»tar\      ••!    III!  rmii    Mrn>  vt  hi|>p<  il    t'.ir    rta.ii...-     i   i.   .  ^j    n  .    r.w  rnwi.    iwiLini...      i..iiiid:,>j,    i,i.     r-i.i    loll 

•c4>  niii!i.>'i4  i.f  .■i,iiiipl>-4  III  nur  annalt.                ••  Bt-Oe.  ikacnbn  all  tiir  manner  of  il. 
Gre(or>,  Jaobuj  de  Vorijiae,  LippumanniM,  Hierouj- 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  3.]      ^     Symptoms  of  Religious  Melancholy.  6KJ 

And  then  after  some  ten  days,  as  they  find  him  animated  and  resolved,  lh<  r  make 
use  of  him.  The  devil  hath  many  surh  factors,  many  such  engines,  wliii  h  what 
eflect  they  produce,  you  shall  hear  in  the  following  symptoms. 

SuBSECT.  III. — Symptoms  general.)  love  to  their  oicn  sect.,  hate  of  all  other  rclicrions, 
ohstinacy^  peevishness.,  ready  to  undergo  any  danger  or  cross  for  it ;  Martyrs,, 
blitu^  zeal.,  blind  obedience.,  fastings.,  vows.,  bel ief  nf  incredibilities.,  impossibilities  : 
Particular  of  Gentiles.,  Maliometans,  Jews,  Christians  ;  and  in  them,  heretics  old 
and  7U'w,  scldsmarics,  sckoohncn,  prophets,  aithusiasts,  Sfc.    * 

Flejit  Heraclitus,  an  rideat  Democritus?  in  attempting  to  speak  of  these  symp- 
toms, shall  I  laugh  with  Democritus,  or  weep  with  Heraclitus  ?  they  are  so  ridiculous 
and  absurd  on  the  one  side,  so  lamentable  and  tragical  on  the  other:  a  mixed  scene 
offers  itself,  so  full  of  errors  and  a  promiscuous  variety  of  objects,  that  1  know  not 
in  what  strain  to  represent  it.  When  I  think  of  the  Turkish  paradise,  those  Jewish 
fables,  and  pontifical  rites,  those  pagan  superstitions,  their  sacrifices,  and  ceremonies, 
as  to  make  images  of  all  matter,  and  adore  them  when  tliey  have  done,  to  see  them 
kiss  the  pyx,  creep  to  the  cross,  &c.  1  cannot  choose  but  laugh  with  Democritus  : 
but  when  I  see  them  whip  and  torture  themselves,  grind  their  souls  for  toys  and 
trifles,  desperate,  and  now  ready  to  die,  I  cannot  but  weep  with  Heraclitus.  When 
I  see  a  priest  say  mass,  with  all  those  apish  gestures,  murmu rings,  &c.  read  the  cus- 
toms of  the  Jews'  s^^iagogue,  or  Mahometa  Meschites,  I  must  needs  ""^  laugli  at  their 
folly,  risum  teneatis  am,ici?  but  when  I  see  them  make  matters  of  conscience  of 
such  toys  and  trifles,  to  adore  the  devil,  to  endanger  their  souls,  to  offer  their  chil- 
dren to  their  idols,  &c.  I  must  needs  condole  their  misery.  When  I  see  two  super- 
stitious orders  contend  j^ro  aris  etfocis,  with  such  have  and  hold,  de  land  caprinu, 
some  write  such  great  volumes  to  no  purpose,  take  so  much  pains  to  so  small  effect, 
their  satires,  invectives,  apologies,  dull  and  gross  fictions ;  when  I  see  grave  learned 
men  rail  and  scold  like  butter-women,  methinks 'lis  pretty  sport,  and  fit  ""^  for  Cal- 
phurnius  and  Democritus  to  laugh  at.  But  wlieii  I  see  so  much  blood  spilt,  so  many 
murders  and  massacres,  so  many  cruel  battles  fought,  Sec.  'tis  a  fitter  subject  for 
Heraclitus  to  lament.  ^^  As  JMerlin  when  he  sat  by  the  lake  side  with  Vortigern,  and 
had  seen  the  Avhite  and  red  dragon  fight,  before  he  began  to  interpret  or  to  speak,  in 
fletum  prorupit,  fell  a  weeping,  and  then  proceeded  to  declare  to  lire  king  what  it 
meant.  I  should  first  pity  and  bewail  this  misery  of  human  kind  with  some  pas- 
sionate preface,  wishing  mine  eyes  a  fountain  of  tears,  as  Jeremiah  did,  and  then  to 
my  task.  For  it  is  that  great  torture,  that  infernal  plague  of  mortal  men,  omnium 
pestiumpestilentissima  superslitio,  and  able  of  itself  alone  to  stand  in  opposition  to 
all  other  plagues,  miseries  and  calamities  whatsoever;  far  more  cruel,  more  pesiife- 
'lous,  more  grievous,  more  general,  more  violent,  of  a  greater  extent.  Other  fears 
and  sorrows,  grievances  of  body  and  mind,  are  troublesome  for  the  time ;  but  this  is 
for  ever,  eternal  damnation,  hell  itself,  a  plague,  a  fire  :  an  inundation  hurts  one  pro- 
vince alone,  and  the  loss  maybe  recovered;  but  this  superstition  involves  all  the 
world  almost,  and  can  never  be  remedied.  Sickness  and  sorrows  come  and  go,  but 
a  superstitious  soul  hath  no  rest ;  ^~superstitione  imbiitus  animus  nunquam  quietus  esse 
potest,  no  peace,  no  quietness.  True  religion  and  superstition  are  quite  opposite, 
longe  diversa  carnificina  et  pietas,  as  Lactantius  describes,  the  one  erects,  the  other 
dejects;  illorum  pietas,  mer a  impietus;  the  one  is  an  easy  yoke,  the  other  an  in- 
tolerable burden,  an  absolute  tyranny;  the  one  a  sure  anchor,  a  haven;  the  other  a 
tempestuous  ocean;  the  one  makes,  the  other  mars;  the  one  is  wisdom,  the  other 
is  folly,  madness,  indiscretion;  the  one  unfeigned,  the  other  a  counterfeit;  the  one 
a  diligent  observer,  the  other  other  an  ape;  one  leads  to  heaven,  the  other  to  hell. 
But  these  differences  will  more  evidently  appear  by  their  particular  svmptoms.  What 
religion  is,  and  of  what  parts  it  doth  consist,  every  catechism  will  tell  you,  wdiat 
symptoms  it  hath,  and  what  effects  it  produceth  :  but  for  their  superstitions,  no 
tongue  can  tell  them,  no  pen  express,  they  are  so  many,  so  diveise,  so  uncertain,  so 


•■'Varius  mappa  cnmponere  risum  vix  poterat.  ^  Pleno  ridet  Calpiiurnius  ore.    Hor. 

di.>  (asulis.  <>^(Jiceru  1.  de  Dniltus. 

3B 


614  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  4. 

inconstant,  and  so  different  from  tlieniselves.  Tot  Miindi  superslitioncs  quot  cielo 
Stella.,  one  sailh,  there  be  as  many  superstitions  in  the  worUl,  as  there  be  stars  in 
heaven,  or  devils  themselves  that  are  the  first  J'ounderd  of  them  :  with  such  ridicu- 
lous, absurd  symptoms  and  signs,  so  many  several  rites,  ceremonies,  torments  and 
vexations  acct>nipanying,  as  may  well  express  and  beseem  the  devil  to  be  the  author 
and  maiiitainer  of  them.  I  will  oidy  point  at  some  of  them,  ex  ungue  leonem  guess 
at  the  rest,  and  those  of  the  chief  kinds  of  superstition,  which  beside  us  Christians 
now  domineer  and  crucify  the  world,  Geiuiles,  Maliometaiis,  Jews,  Stc. 

Of  these  symptoms  some  be  general,  some  particular  to  each  |)rivate  sect:  general 
to  all,  are,  an  exlraonirnary  love  and  affection  they  bear  and  show  to  such  as  are  of 
their  own  sect,  ami  more  than  Vatiuiaii  hate  to  such  as  are  opposite  in  religion,  as 
they  call  it.  or  disagree  from  them  in  their  superstitious  rites,  blind  zeal,  (which  is  as 
much  a  symptom  as  a  cause,)  vain  fears,  blind  obedience,  needless  works,  incredibili- 
ties, inipiosibdities,  monstrous  rites  and  ceremonies,  wilfulness,  blindness,  obstinacy, 
&c.  For  die  iirst,  which  is  luve  and  hate,  as*^Montanus  saith,  nulla  Jirmior  ainicitia 
qudm  qucp  cimtruhitur  hinc  ;  nulla  disconlia  major,  qniim  qme  a  religione  fit ;  no  greater 
concord,  no  greater  discord  than  that  which  proceeds  from  religion.  It  is  incredible 
to  relate,  did  not  our  daily  ex|»erience  evince  it,  what  factions,  quani  trterrima 
fttcltoncs,  (as  "°Hich.  Dinoth  writes)  have  been  of  late  for  matters  of  religion  in 
Fiance,  and  what  hnrlyburlies  all  over  Europe  for  these  many  years.  JSniiil  est  quod 
tarn  imviitcntur  racial  hinninrn,  qiitim  susccpta  dr  salute  opinio ;  siquidem  pro  ea  oinnes 
gentes  corpora  tt  animas  deeovere  sohnt,  et  arctissiino  nfcfssitudinis  vinculo  se  inricem 
colUgare.  We  are  all  brethren  in  Christ,  servants  «)f  one  I^ord,  members  of  one 
body,  anil  therefore  are  or  slnmld  be  at  least  dt-arly  bt-loved,  inseparably  allied  in  the 
Ijrealest  bond  of  love  and  familiarity,  unititl  partakers  not  only  of  the  same  cross, 
but  Coadjutors,  condorters,  helpers,  at  all  tinn-s,  upon  all  occasions:  as  they  did  in 
the  prinnuve  church,  Acts  the  5.  tli»-y  sold  their  patrimonies,  and  laid  them  at  the 
apostles'  ff»t.  and  many  such  nu-niorable  examplfs  of  nuitual  love  we  have  had 
under  the  ten  general  persecutions,  many  since.  Kxamj)!es  on  the  other  side  of  dis- 
cord none  like,  as  our  Saviour  saith,  he  came  therefore  into  the  world  to  set  father 
against  son,  kc.  In  imitation  oi  whom  the  devil  belike  ("nrtm  superstilio  irrepsit 
vera  rtligionis  imilatrix,  su[>erstition  is  still  religic^n's  ape,  as  in  all  other  things,  so 
in  this)  doth  so  c»)nibine  and  glue  together  his  superstitious  followers  in  love  and 
affection,  that  they  will  live  at)d  die  together :  and  what  an  innate  hatred  hath  he  still 
inspired  to  any  other  superstition  op[»osite .'  lli»w  those  old  Homans  were  alU'Cted, 
those  ten  pt-rsecntions  may  be  a  witness,  and  that  cruel  executiotier  in  Eusebius,  aut 
Vila  aut  martre,  sacriti<-e  or  die.  No  greater  hate,  more  ci>ntinuate,  bitter  faction, 
wars,  pers-ecution  in  all  ayes,  than  for  matters  of  religion,  no  such  feral  opposition, 
father  against  son,  mother  against  daughter,  husband  against  wife,  city  ai^ainst  city, 
kingdom  against  kingdom  :  as  of  old  at  Tentira  alid  Combos  : 

n-  In, -I" '  ,!iiii  •aii»l>il«  vuluuf,  I  "  liiiiii-rial  hat-?  il  bn-eilii,  a  wnuinl  |(:i).i  cure, 

1 1                                                    'la  viciiDirum  I  AikI  f  iry  lo  llii;  coiiiiiiuim  ilill  tu  eiiilure : 

1 1                                                .<>•  rrvUit  babeDtliw  j  Iw^-aurr  nuv  cily  i'  oilivr'a  ^ihU  a»  vaiii 

t".  .!■ '^   i  i'^  ii—   ■  ■•  ai. I  Ix-oJu,  uml  lii«  aioiie  ai  grii.d  m.iitiiaiii.** 

The  Turks  at  this  day  count  no.  better  of  us  than  of  dogs,  so  they  commonly  call 
us  giaours,  inlidels,  miscreants,  make  that  their  main  quarrel  and  cause  of  Christian 
persecuiion.  If  he  will  turn  Turk,  he  shall  be  entertained  us  a  brother,  and  had  in 
good  esteem,  a  Mussulman  or  a  believer,  which  is  a  greatjfr  tie  to  them  than  any 
ahinity  or  consanguinity.  The  Jews  stick  together  like  so  many  buirs;  but  as  for 
the  rest,  whom  they  call  Gt-ntiles,  they  do  hate  and  abhor,  tlit;y  cannot  endure  their 
Messiah  should  be  a  common  saviour  to  us  all,  and  rather,  as  'Mouther  writes,  "than 
they  that  now  scoff'  at  them,  curse  them,  persecute  and  revile  them,  sliall  be  coheirs 
and  brethren  with  them,  or  have  any  part  or  fellowship  with  their  Messiah,  they 
would  crucify  their  Messiah  ten  times  over,  and  (Jod  himself,  his  angels,  and  all  his 
creatures,  if  it  were  possiI)le,  thoujjh  they  endure  a  thousand  hells  f«)r  il."  Sucli  i^ 
their  malice  towards  us.    Now  for  Papists,  what  in  a  common  cause  for  the  advance 

**  In  Micah  rrrooieni.  KGall.  hi«t.  lib.  I.  7>  I^c- I  cruriflmri  cMit^nt,  ipaumqur  IVum  i>i  iil  (V-ri  p<i«*>-t,  ur4 
taiiliii*  '^  liiv.  t>al.  13.  '*(.'<)iiiinriit  in  Micah.  |  rum  anirli*  el  crralunt  oiniiibu*.  nrc  ahstcrrrtui  ak 

^>— a  .11111  p  .'««unt  ul  illoruin  Mfwiaa  c»Miaiuiii*  *^rva-  I  hoc  Tactu  ct  *i  millr  iitferua  Mibeund*  fufcoL 
•jr  ait,  ii'wtruiu  |auaiu*>.  Ue.  MrMina  vd  drcrni  decie*  | 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  3.]  Symptoms  of  Religious  Melancholy.  015 

meiit  of  their  religion  they  will  endure,  our  traitors  and  pseudo-catholics  will  declare 
unto  us;  and  how  bitter  on  the  other  side  to  their  adversaries,  how  violently  bent, 
let  those  3Iarian  times  record,  as  those  miserable  slaughters  at  Merindol  and  Cabriers, 
the  Spanish  inquisition,  the  Dulce  of  Alva's  tyranny  in  the  Low  Countries,  the 
French  massacres  and  civil  wars.  '^^^Tantum  rrligio  poluit  suadere  malorum?'' 
'•Such  wickedness  did  religion  persuade."  Not  there  only,  but  all  over  Europe,  we 
read  of  bloody  battles,  racks  and  wheels,  seditions,  factions,  oppositions. 

'^  " obvia  sigriia 

Signa,  pares  aquilas,  et  pila  uiiiiantia  pili.s," 

Invectives  and  contentions.  They  had  rather  shake  hands  with  a  Jew,  Turk,  or,  as 
the  Spaniards  do,  suffer  Moors  to  live  amongst  them,  and  Jews,  than  Protestants; 
"  my  name  (saith  "''Luther)  is  more  odious  to  them  than  any  thief  or  murderer."  So 
it  is  with  all  heretics  and  schismatics  whatsoever :  and  none  so  passionate,  violent 
in  their  tenets,  opinions,  obstinate,  wilful,  refractory,  peevish,  factious,  singular  and 
stiff  in  defence  of  them ;  they  do  not  only  persecute  and  hate,  but  pity  all  other 
religions,  account  them  damned,  blind,  as  if  they  alone  were  the  true  church,  they 
are  the  true  heirs,  have  the  fee-simple  of  heaven  by  a  peculiar  donation,  'tis  entailed 
on  them  and  their  posterities,  their  doctrine  sound,  per  funem  aurcum  de  C(bIo  delapsa 
doctrina^  '"  let  down  from  heaven  by  a  golden  rope,"  they  alone  are  to  be  saved. 
The  Jews  at  this  day  are  so  incomprehensibly  proud  and  churlish,  saith  '"  Lutlier, 
that  soli  sahari,  soli  domini  terrarum  salutari  volunt.  And  as  '"Buxtorfius  adds,  '-so 
ignorant  and  self-willed  withal,  that  amongst  their  most  understanding  rabbnis  you 
shall  find  nought  but  gross  dotage,  horrible  hardness  of  heart,  and  stupendous  obsti- 
nacy, in  all  their  actions,  opinions,  conversations  :  and  yet  so  zealous  with  all,  that 
no  man  living  can  be  more,  and  vindicate  themselves  for  the  elect  people  of  GOD." 
'Tis  so  with  all  other  superstitious  sects,  i\Iahometans,  Gentiles  in  Cliina,  and  Tar- 
tary  :  our  ignorant  Papists,  Anabaptists,  Separatists,  and  peculiar  churches  of  Amster- 
dam, they  alone,  and  none  but  they  can  be  saved.  ""Zealous  (^as  Paul  saith,  Rom. 
<.  2.)  without  knowledge,"  they  will  endure  any  misery,  any  trouble,  suffer  and  do 
hat  which  tiie  sunbeams  will  not  endure  to  see,  Rcligionis  acli  Furiis,  all  e.xtremi- 
lies,  losses  and  dangers,  take  any  pains,  fast,  pray,  vow  chastity,  wilful  poverty,  for- 
sake all  and  follow  their  idols,  die  a  thousand  deaths  as  some  Jews  did  to  Pilate's 
soldiers,  in  like  case,  exerlos  prcsbenles  jugulos,  et  jnanifeste  prts  sc  ferenles.,  (as  Jo- 
sephus  hath  it)  eariorcm  esse  rita  sihi  legis  patria  olservationem,  rather  than  abjure, 
or  deny  the  least  particle  of  that  religion  which  their  fathers  profess,  and  they  Uiem- 
selves  have  been  brought  up  in,  be  it  never  so  absurd,  ridiculous,  they  will  embrace 
it,  and  without  farther  inquiry  or  examination  of  the  truth,  though  it  be  prodigiously 
false,  they  will  believe  it;  they  wiil  take  much  more  pains  to  go  to  hell,  than  we 
shall  do  to  iieaven.  Single  out  the  most  ignorant  of  them,  convince  his  understanding, 
show  him  his  errors,  grossness,  and  absurdites  of  his  sect.  jYon  persuadcbis  ctiumsi 
persuaseris.,  he  will  not  be  persuaded.  As  those  pagans  told  the  Jesuits  in  Japona, 
•^they  would  do  as  their  forel'athers  have  done:  and  with  Piatholde  the  Frisian  Prince, 
go  to  hell  for  company,  if  most  of  their  friends  went  thither:  they  will  not  be  moved, 
no  persuasion,  no  torture  can  slir  them.  So  that  papists  cannot  brag  of  their  vows, 
poverty,  obedience,  orders,  merits,  martyrdoms,  fastings,  alms,  good  works,  pilgrim- 
ages :  much  and  more  than  all  this,  I  shall  show  you,  is,  and  hath  been  done  by  these 
superstitious  Gentiles,  Pagans,  Idolaters  and  Jews:  their  blind  zeal  and  idolatrous 
superstition  in  all  kinds  is  much  at  one ;  little  or  no  difference,  and  it  is  hard  to 
say  which  is  the  greatest,  which  is  the  grossest.  For  if  a  man  shall  duly  consider 
those  superstitious  rites  amongst  the  Ethnics  in  Japan,  the  Bannians  in  Gusart,  the 
Cliinese  idolaters,  ^'Americans  of  old,  in  Mexico  especially,  Mahometan  priests,  he 
shall  find  the  same  government  almost,  the  same  orders  and  ceremonies,  or  so  like, 
that  they  may  seem  all  apparently  to  be  derived  from  some  heathen  spirit,  and  the 
Roman  hierarchy  no  better  than  the  rest.  In  a  word,  this  is  common  to  all  super- 
stition, there  is  nothing  so  mad  and  absurd,  so  ridiculous,  impossible,  incredible, 

'*  Lucret.  "  Liican.  "  Ad  Galat.  coniiiient.  |  ler  ignorantiamet  insipie:itiain  gratiiiem  invenies,  hor 


N"iii-ii  odiosius  meiiin  (|.iiiin  ullus  hniiijciila  aut  fur. 
'"  111  comment.  Micaii.  .-\<li;o  infomprelieiisihilis  et  as- 
pcra  eorum  superbia,  &.c.  "S  Synagog   Judo'orum, 

ca.  I  Inter  euruni  inteliigcntissimos  Rabbinos  ml  prs- 


reiidam  indiiratioiieiii.  <t  oti.<Iiiialioiiein.  &c.      ''Greai 
is  Diana  of  the  Epli';siaiis,  .Act.  xv.  toMaliint  cnu 

illis  iasanire,  qiiaiii  cuui  aliis  bene  seotire.     ^'  Acusta 
I  5. 


61G  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

which  they  will  not  believe,  observe,  and  diligently  perform,  as  much  as  in  tliem  lies; 
nothing  so  mons^trous  to  conceive,  or  intolerable  to  put  in  practice,  so  cruel  to  suffer, 
which  ihey  will  not  willingly  undertake.  So  powerful  a  thing  is  superstition.  ""O 
Kgypt  i^as  Trismegistus  exclaims)  thy  religion  is  fables,  and  such  as  posterity  will 
iiDt  believe."  I  know  that  in  true  religion  itself,  many  mysteries  are  so  apprehended 
alone  by  faith,  as  that  of  the  Trinity,  whicli  Turks  especially  deride,  Christ's  incar- 
nation, resurrection  of  the  body  at  the  last  day,  (juod  ideo  crcdendum  (saith  Tertul- 
liau)  quod  incrtdible,  «^c.  many  miracles  not  to  be  controverted  or  disputed  of. 
J\Jirari  nun  rimuri  sajjientia  vera  ti7,  sailh  "Gerhardus;  et  in  dii'inis  {vlh  a  good 
father  informs  us)  qnadam  crcdenda,  iiiuedain  admiranday  ^-c.  some  things  are  to  be 
believed,  embraced,  followed  with  all  submission  and  olu.'dience,  some  again  admired. 
Though  Julian  the  apostate  scolf  at  christians  in  this  poiiU,  quod  copticeinus  inlel- 
lectuin  in  obsequiu/njidii,  saying,  that  the  Christian  creed  is  like  the  pythagorean 
Ipse  dixit,  we  make  our  will  ajid  understanding  too  slavishly  subject  to  our  faith, 
without  farther  examination  of  the  truth ;  yet  as  Saint  Gregory  truly  answers,  our 
creed  is  altioris  prastanlia^  and  much  more  divine;  and  as  Tlionias  will,  pie  conside- 
ranti  semper  suppetunt  raiiones,  ostendenles  credibilitalein  in  mijsteriis  superna'ura- 
libuSy  we  do  absolutely  believe  it,  and  U[>on  good  reasons,  for  as  Gregory  well  in- 
formelh  us  ;  Fides  nun  hubet  ineritum,  ubi  humiina  ratio  quierit  erperimentuin  ;  that 
laith  hath  no  merit,  is  not  worth  the  name  of  faith,  that  will  not  apprehend  without 
a  certain  demonstration:  we  must  and  will  believe  (.jod's  word;  and  if  we  be  mis- 
taken or  err  in  our  general  belief,  as*'  llichardus  de  Sanelo  Victore  vows  he  will  say 
to  Christ  himself  at  the  day  of  judgment ;  '•  Lord,  if  we  be  deceived,  thou  alone 
hast  deceived  us  :"  thus  we  plead.  But  for  the  rest  I  will  not  justify  that  pontiricial 
consubstantiation,  that  wliich  '' Mahoinetiins  and  Jews  justly  except  at,  as  Campa- 
uella  confesselh,  ..Itheismi  triumphnt.  cap.  \'i.fol.  1*25,  dij/lcillitnum  dogma  esse,  nee 
aliud  subjectum  viagis  fucreticurum  blasphemiis,  ei  alultis  irrisionibus  politicorum  re- 
periri.  They  hold  it  im|)ossible,  Deum  in  pane  rnanducari ;  and  besides  they  scoff 
«t  it,  vide  geiUem  comedenlem  Deum  suum,  inqttit  quidam  Maurus.  *^Uunc  Drum 
musca.  el  vermes  irndent,  quum  ipsum  polluunl  et  decorant,  subdilus  est  igni,  aqua^ 
it  latrones  Jurantur,  puidem  auream  hurni  prosternunt,  el  se  lamen  nun  dij'endil  hie 
Deus.  Qui  fieri  potest,  ut  sit  integer  in  singulis  hostile  parliculis,  idrm  corpus  nu- 
mero,  lam  rnuttis  iocts,  cielu,  terra,  ifc.  But  he  that  sliall  read  the  "'Turks'  Alcoran, 
ihe  Jews'  Talmutl.  and  jKipnts'  gulden  legend,  in  the  mean  time  will  swear  that  such 
gross  fictions,  fables,  vain  traditions,  pr»jdigii>us  paradoxes  and  ceremonies,  could 
never  proceed  from  any  other  spirit,  than  that  of  the  devil  himself,  which  i.s  the 
author  of  confusion  and  lies ;  and  wonder  withal  how  such  wise  men  as  have  been 
of  the  Jews,  such  learned  understanding  men  as  Averroes,  Avicenna,  or  those  heathen 
philosuphers,  could  ever  be  pcrsuadeil  to  believe,  or  to  subscribe  to  the  least  |)art  of 
them  :  aut  J'raudem  nun  detegere  :  but  that  as  "  Vanninus  answers,  ob  publico;  potes- 
tatis  formidinem  allatrare  philosophi  nan  audebanl,  they  durst  not  speak  for  fear  of 
the  law.  But  I  will  descend  to  particulars  :  read  their  several  symptoms  and  then  guess. 
Of  such  symptoms  as  projH;rly  belong  to  su{)erstition,  or  that  irreligious  religion, 
I  may  say  as  of  the  rust,  some  are  ridiculous,  some  again  feral  to  relate.  Of  those 
ridiculous,  there  can  be  no  better  testimony  than  the  multitude  of  their  gods,  those 
absurd  names,  actions,  oHices  they  put  uj)on  them,  their  feasts,  holy  days,  sacrifices, 
adorations,  and  the  like.  Tlie  Egyptians  that  pretended  so  greatantiijuity,  lUiU  kingi" 
before  Amasis  :  and  as  .Mela  writes,  13,000  years  from  the  beginning  of  their  chroni- 
cles, that  bragged  so  much  of  their  knowledge  of  old,  for  tfiey  invented  arithmetic, 
astronomy,  geometry  :  of  their  wealth  and  power,  that  vaunted  of  'J0,000  cities  : 
Vet  at  the  same  time  their  idolatry  and  superstition  was  most  gross  :  they  worshipped, 
ad  Diodorus  Siculus  records,  sun  and  moon  under  the  name  of  |.-.w  and  Osiris,  and 
niter,  such  men  as  were  beneticial  to  them,  or  any  creature  that  did  them  gotnl.  Ic 
the  city  of  Bubasti  they  adored  a  cat,  soith  Herodotus.  Jbis  and  storks,  an  ox  (sailh 
Pliny)  **  leeks  and  onions,  iMacrobius, 

*"  O    .C^'.  )il*-.    rrliKioni*   tuie   rolar    (iiiM-r^unt    fr  ilii*  "  A«  Iriitr  a*  lion.  ,t'a 

rvqiir  ii'cr.ijtijilea  paMlrri*  luw.  •*  Me<lita(.  I  rpt)<M<>«.  iKxip'a  Piilil<-s.  •'  t« 

M>iii  iliiiiiin.  ■^  Lib.  I.  dr  trm   "  ■  1*0  lantl^a  fniilt-a  tfuibua  b'...  •■>-■<..<>  t« 

wtuiii*.  Ar.         *•  Viiie  8«ui*aii»  Itpii'  i..>rio  Nuiniuit    Juvcn.  Mat.  I&. 
to  muuicbuiu  MileaidJi.                 *  i''. 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  3.j  Symptoms  of  Religious  Mdancholy.  617 

90"  Porriim  et  caepe  deos  imponere  nuliihus  aiisi, 
Hos  tu  Nile  deos  colis." 

Scoffing  ^'  Lucian  in  his  vera  Hisioria :  which,  as  he  confesseth  himself,  was  not 
persuasively  written  as  a  truth,  but  in  comical  fashion  to  glance  at  the  monstrous 
fictions  and  gross  absurdities  of  writers  and  nations,  to  deride  without  doubt  this 
prodigious  Egyptian  idolatry,  feigns  this  story  of  himself:  that  when  he  had  seen 
the  Elysian  fields,  and  was  now  coming  away,  Rhadamaiithus  gave  him  a  mallow 
root,  and  bade  him  pray  to  that  when  he  was  in  any  peril  or  extremity;  which  he 
did  accordingly ;  for  when  he  came  to  Hydamordia  in  the  island  of  treacherous 
women,  he  made  his  prayers  to  his  root,  and  was  instantly  delivered.  The  Syrians. 
Chaldeans,  had  as  many  proper  gods  of  their  own  invention  ;  see  the  said  Lucian 
de  dcd  Syria.  jMorney  cap.  22.  de  veritat.  relig.  Guliel.  Stuckius  '^^Sacrorum 
Sacrificiorumque  Gentil.  descript.  Peter  Faber  Semester,  I.  3.  c.  1,  2,  3.  Selden 
de  diis  Syris,  Purchas'  pilgrimage,  ^^Rosinus  of  the  Romans,  and  Lilius  Giraldus  of 
the  Greeks.  The  Romans  borrowed  from  all,  besides  their  own  gods,  which  were 
majorum  and  minorum  gentiiwi^  as  Varro  holds,  certain  and  uncertain  ;  some  celestial, 
select,  and  great  ones,  others  indigenous  and  Semi-dei,  Lares,  Lemures,  Dioscuri, 
Soteres,  and  Parastata;,  dii  tulelares  amongst  the  Greeks :  gods  of  all  sorts,  for  all 
functions ;  some  for  the  land,  some  for  sea ;  some  for  heaven,  some  for  hell ;  some 
for  passions,  diseases,  some  for  birth,  some  for  weddings,  husbandry,  woods,  waters, 
gardens,  orchards,  &c.  All  actions  and  offices,  Pax-Quies,  Salus,  Libertas,  Foelicitas, 
Strenua,  Stimula,  Horta,  Pan,  Sylvanus,  Priapus,  Flora,  Cloacina,  Stercutius,  Febris, 
Pallor,  Invidia,  Protervia,  Risus,  Angeroua,  Volupia,  Vacuna,  Viriplaca,  Veneranda, 
Pales,  Neptunia,  Doris,  kings,  emperors,  valiant  men  that  had  done  any  good  offices 
for  them,  they  did  likewise  canonise  and  adore  for  gods,  and  it  was  usually  done, 
usitatum  apud  antiquos,  as  ^*  Jac.  Boissardus  well  observes,  dei/icare  homines  qui 
henejiciis  inortaks  juvarent,  and  the  devil  was  still  ready  to  second  their  intents, 
sfatim  se  ingcssit  illorun  sepidchris,  slatuis,  iemplis,  aris^  Sfc.  he  crept  into  their 
temples,  statues,  tombs,  altars,  and  was  ready  to  give  oracles,  cure  diseases,  do  mira- 
cles, &c.  as  by  Jupiter,  Jilsculapius,  Tiresias,  Apollo,  Mopsus,  Amphiaraus,  Sic.  dd 
et  Semi-dii.  For  so  they  were  Semi-dii.,  demi-gods,  some  mcdii  inter  Deos  et  homi- 
nes, as  Max.  ^^Tyrius,  the  Platonist,  ser.  26.  et  27,  maintains  and  justifies  in  many 
wprds.  ''  When  a  good  man  dies,  his  body  is  buried,  but  his  soul,  ex  hoinine  dcemon 
evadit,  becomes  forthwith  a  demi-god,  nothing  disparaged  with  malignity  of  air,  or 
variety  of  forms,  rejoiceth,  exults  and  sees  that  perfect  beauty  with  his  eyes.  Now 
being  deified,  in  commiseration  he  helps  his  poor  friends  here  on  earth,  his  kindred 
and  allies,  informs,  succours.  Sec.  punisheth  those  that  are  bad  and  do  amiss,  as  a 
good  genius  to  protect  and  govern  mortal  men  appointed  by  the  gods,  so  they  will 
have  it,  ordaining  some  for  provinces,  some  for  private  men,  some  for  one  o.ffice, 
some  for  another,  fleeter  and  Achilles  assist  soldiers  to  this  day ;  jEsculapius  all 
sick  men,  the  Dioscuri  seafaring  men,  &c.  and  sometimes  upon  occasion  they  show 
themselves.  The  Dioscuri,  Hercules  and  ^^.sculapius,  he  saw  himself  (or  the  devil 
in  his  likeness)  no7i  somnians  sed  vigilans  ipse  vidi ;"  So  far  Tyrius.  And  not  good 
rnen  only  do  they  thus  adore,  but  tyrants,  monsters,  devils,  (as  '■'^  Stukius  inveighs) 
Neros,  Domitians,  Heliogables,  beastly  women,  and  arrant  whores  amongst  the  rest. 
"■  For  all  intents,  places,  creatures,  they  assign  gods ;" 

"  Et  doniitnis,  tcr.lis,  tliPrniia,  et  eqiiis  soleatis 
Assignare  solent  genios" 

saith  Prudentius.  Cuna  for  cradles,  Diverra  for  sweeping  houses,  Nodiiia  knots, 
Prema,  Praraunda,  Hymen,  Hymeneus,  for  weddings ;  Conms  the  god  of  good  fel- 
lows, gods  of  silence,  of  comfort,  Hebe  goddess  of  youth,  Mena  me7istruarum,  Sfc. 
male  and  female  gods,  of  all  ages,  sexes  and  dimensions,  with  beards,  without  beards, 
married,  unmarried,  begot,  not  born  at  all,  but,  as  Minerva,  start  out  of  Jupiter's 


*>  Prudentius.  "  Havin?  procpeded  to  deify  leeks  and 
onions,  you,  oh  Eg\  pt,  worship  such  gods."  ^i  Pracfat. 
ver.  hist.  ss'iiauri.  fol.  1494.  ^J  Rosin,  aniiq. 

Rom.  I.  2.  c.  1,  et  deinreps.  9<  Lib.  de  diviiiatioi'.e  ot 

nia2icis  pra;stigiis  in  .Mopso.  ^scosnio  Paccio  In- 

terpret, nihil  ab  aeris  cali<jine  aut  fis^uraruin  varietate 
iinpeditiis  meram  pulcliritudinein  meruit,  e.vultaus  et 
misericordia  mo.ua,  cognatos  amicos  qui  adhuc  raoran 

78  3b2 


tur  in'terra  tuetur,  errantibus  suceirrit,  &c.  Deus  hoo 
jussrt  ut  essent  genii  dii  tutelarts  lioiiiinibus,  bonos 
juvantes,  malos  punientes.  Sec.  Sfttfiicrorum  gent. 

dpscrjpl.  lion  bene  meritos  snluir.scd  et  tyrannos  pro 
diis  colunt,  qui  jeni'.s  liumanun:.  hoi.-'ndum  in  inoduin 
portenio.>;a  inimanitate  divexa..SL;  &.c.  ftedas  mere- 
trices,  &c. 


618  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4, 

head.  Ilesioil  reckons  up  at  least  30,000  gods,  Varro  300  Jijpitcrs.  As  Jeremy  luld 
them,  their  gods  were  to  the  mullitude  of  cities; 

"Quicqiiiil  hiiiiiim,  [vlaguH,  csluin  iiiiserabile  eiunit    I      "Whatever  heavens,  st-a.  and  land  becal. 
lU  tJixtfe  Jtos.  colled,  I'reta.  tlumina,  flaiuiiias."  |         Hills,  seas,  aiiU  rivers,  GoU  was  tliis  and  that." 

And  which  was  most  absurd,  they  made  gods  upon  such  ridiculous  occasions;  "As 
cliildren  make  babies  (so  saith  '^Morneus^  tlieir  poets  make  gods,"  et  quns  luloranl 
in  trmplis,  ludnnt  in  Theatris,  as  Lactantins  ^cofls.  Saturn,  a  man,  gelded  himself, 
did  eat  liis  own  children,  a  cruel  tyrant  driven  out  of  his  kingdom  by  his  son  Jupi- 
ter, as  g<)«)d  a  god  as  himself,  a  wicked  lascivious  paltry  king  of  Crete,  of  whose 
rapes,  lusts,  murders,  villanies,  a  whole  volume  is  too  little  to  relate.  Venus,  a  noto- 
rious strumpet,  as  common  as  a  barber's  cliair,  Mars,  Adonis,  Ancliises'  whore,  is  a 
great  she-gi>ddess,  as  well  as  the  rest,  as  much  renowned  by  their  poets,  with  many 
such;  and  these  gods  so  fabulously  and  foolishly  made,  cereinaniis,  hymnis^  el  cuulicis 
ctltbrunt ;  their  errors,  lucttts  et  gaudia,  o/nores,  iras,  nuptias  et  liberorum  procreu- 
tiones  ('"as  Eusebius  well  taxeth\  weddings,  mirth  and  mournings,  loves,  angers,  and 
quarrelling  they  did  celebrate  in  hymns,  and  sing  of  in  their  ordinary  songs,  as  it 
were  piiblisljing  their  villanies.  But  see  more  of  ilu-ir  originals.  When  Komulus 
was  made  away  by  the  sedition  of  the  senators,  to  pacify  the  people,  **  Julius  Prucu- 
lus  gave  out  that  Romulus  was  taken  up  by  Jupiter  into  heaven,  and  theielbre  to  be 
ever  alter  ad«jred  for  a  god  amoni/st  the  Romans.  Svrophaiies  uf  Kgypt  had  one 
only  son,  whom  he  dearly  lovtd ;  he  erected  his  statue  in  his  house,  winch  his  ser- 
vants dill  adorn  with  garlands,  to  pacify  their  master's  wrath  when  he  was  angry,  so 
by  latle  and  little  he  was  adt)red  for  a  go<l.  This  did  Semiramis  for  her  husband 
Belus,  and  Atlrian  the  emperor  by  his  minii>n  .Antinous.  Flora  was  a  rich  harlot  in 
Home,  and  for  that  she  made  the  commonwealth  her  heir,  her  birthday  was  solem- 
nised long  after;  and  to  make  it  a  more  plau.xible  holiday,  they  made  her  goddess 
of  (lowers,  and  sacriticed  to  her  ammigst  the  rest.  The  matrons  of  Rome,  as  Dio- 
nysius  Halicarnassa'us  relates,  because  at  their  entreaty  Coriolanns  desisted  from  his 
wars,  consecrated  a  churth  Furttinu!  muliehri ;  and  **  Venus  IJarbala  had  a  temple 
erected,  for  that  somewhat  was  amiss  about  hair,  and  so  the  rest.  The  citizens  '  of 
Ahibanda,  a  small  town  in  Atb  Minor,  to  curry  favour  with  the  Romans  ^^who  then 
warred  in  tireece  with  Perseus  of  Macedon,  and  were  formidable  to  these  parts), 
constcrat»d  a  temple  to  the  City  of  Rome,  and  made  her  a  goddess,  with  annual 
games  and  sarritices ;  so  a  town  of  houses  was  deified,  with  shameful  flattery  of  the 
one  side  to  t;ive,  and  intolerable  arrogance  on  the  other  to  accept,  upon  st»  vile  and 
absurti  ail  <•(  i  a-ion.  Tully  writes  to  Atticus,  that  his  daughter  Tulliola  might  be 
made  a  gi .dd.ss,  and  adored  as  Juno  and  Minerva,  and  as  well  she  deserved  it.  'J'heir 
holy  days  and  adorations  were  all  out  as  ridiculous;  those  Lupercals  of  Pan,  Flo- 
rales  of  Flora,  Bona  dea,  Anna  Perenna,  Salurnals,  Stc,  as  how  tliey  were  celebrated, 
with  what  lascivious  and  wanton  gestures,  bald  ceremonies,  *  by  what  bawdy  priests, 
how  they  hang  their  noses  over  the  smoke  of  sacrifices,  saith  'Lucian,and  lick  blood 
like  flies  that  was  spilled  about  the  altars.  Their  carved  idols,  gilt  images  of  w<jod, 
iron,  ivory,  silver,  brass,  stone,  oliin  truncus  eram,  cSc,  were  most  absurd,  as  l)eing 
their  own  wurknianship ;  for  as  Seneca  nole.s,  adorunt  ligneos  deus,  et  fabros  intt-nm. 
(fuijeceruiil,  cuntemnunt,  they  adore  work,  contemn  the  workman;  and  as  Tertul- 
lian  lollows  it,  St  homines  non  es.<rnl  diis  propitii^  nun  essent  dii,  had  it  not  been 
for  men,  they  had  never  been  gods,  but  blocks,  and  stupid  statues  in  which  mice, 
swallows,  birds  make  their  nests,  spiders  their  webs,  and  in  their  very  mouths  laid 
their  excrements.  Those  images,  I  say,  were  all  out  as  gross  as  the  shapes  in  which 
lliey  did  repre.sent  them:  Jupiter  with  a  ram's  head,  .Mercury  a  dog's.  Pan  like  a 
goat,  Ileccate  with  three  heads,  one  with  a  beard,  another  without;  see  more  in  Car- 
terius  and  *Verdurius  of  their  monstrous  forms  and  ugly  pictures:  and,  which  waa 
absurder  yet,  they  told  thern  these  images  came  from  heaven,  as  that  i>f  .Minerva  in 
her  temple  at  Athens,  quod  t  ccelo  cecidisse  credebani  accolte,  saith  Pausanias.    They 

•"•'•f*.  »>.  lie  vcr.   rel.  De»a  flni' •   •    •-••-■  •,  -  :•        , 

jt  inflmliuni  piiii(ia*.  •■  Pri>.-i. 

**  l.inua.    III)     1.     Itrua    viibi*     in  .  ( 

«)uirill-a.  I"      •  ■      <-..--    I..  ,    i,    ,      ,,,,,.■;, run    ir.    If,.. r.  ,„    ..II  i r.,   -<■,..   M-  ..  ,fr    ,    ,      ^t■^M 

""*  <'-»''<i"!"  -  <  i^i.trt  j  tiTuMia.  •  liitagioM  Urotum  lib.  ite.  luac/iiii 

fMtiiBiac,  vtr..  .       .  .u«at«a,[ 


Mem.  1.  Subs.  3.]  SymjHoms  of  Religious  Melancholy.  619 

formed  some  like  storks,  apes,  bulls,  aiul  yet  seriously  believed  :  and  that  which  was 
impious  and  abominable,  they  made  their  gods  notorious  whoremasters,  incestuous 
Sodomites  (as  commonly  they  were  all,  as  well  as  Jupiter,  .Mars,  Apollo,  IMercury, 
Neptune,  &c.),  thieves,  slaves,  drudges  (for  Apollo  and  Neptune  made  tiles  in  Phry- 
gia),  kept  sheep,  Hercules  emptied  stables,  Vulcan  a  blacksmith,  unfit  to  dwell  upon 
the  earth  for  their  villanies,  much  less  in  heaven,  as  ^  Mornay  well  saith,  and  yet 
they  gave  them  out  to  be  such  ;  so  weak  and  brutish,  some  to  whine,  lament,  and 
roar,  as  Isis  for  her  son  and  Cenocephalus,  as  also  all  her  weeping  priests;  Mars  in 
Il!)mer  to  be  wounded,  vexed  ;  Venus  ran  away  crying,  and  tlie  like ;  than  which 
v.hat  can  be  more  ridiculous?  JVonne  ridiculum  lugere  quod  colas,  vel  colere  quod 
higeas?  (which  "^Minutius  objects)  Si  dii,  cur  plangitisf  si  morlui,  cur  adoratis?  that 
it  is  no  marvel  if  'Lucian,  that  adamantine  persecutor  of  superstition,  and  Pliny  could 
so  scolT  at  them  and  their  horrible  idolatry  as  they  did ;  if  Diagoras  took  Hercules' 
image,  and  put  it  under  his  pot  to  seethe  his  pottage,  which  was,  as  he  said,  his  13th 
labour.  But  see  more  of  their  fopperies  in  Cypr.  4.  tract,  de  Idol,  varietat.  Chrysos- 
tom  adoers.  Gcntil.  Arnobius  adv.  Gentes.  Austin,  de  civ.  dei.  Theodoret.  de  curat. 
Grcec.  affect.  Clemens  Alexandrinus,  Minutius  Fcelix,  Eusebius,  Lactantius,  Stuckius, 
&c.  Lamentable,  tragical,  and  fearful  those  symptoms  are,  that  they  should  be  so 
far  forth  affrighted  with  their  fictitious  gods,  as  to  spend  the  goods,  lives,  fortunes, 
precious  time,  best  days  in  their  honour,  to  ^sacrifice  unto  them,  to  their  inestimable 
loss,  such  hecatombs,  so  many  thousand  sheep,  oxen  with  gilded  horns,  goats,  as 
^Croesus,  king  of  Lydia,  '"Marcus  Julianus,  surnamed  oh  crehras  hostias  Victima- 
rius.,  et  Tauricremus.,  and  the  rest  of  the  Roman  emperors  usually  did  with  such 
labour  and  cost;  and  not  emperors  only  and  great  ones,  pro  comnmni  bono.,  were 
at  this  charge,  but  private  men  for  their  ordinary  occasions.  Pythagoras  offered  a 
hundred  oxen  for  the  invention  of  a  geometrical  problem,  and  it  was  an  ordinary 
thing  to  sacrifice  in  "  Lucian's  time,  "a  heifer  for  their  good  health,  four  oxen 
for  wealth,  a  hundred  for  a  kingdom,  nine  bulls  for  their  sale  return  from  Troja  to 
Pylus,"  &c.  Every  god  almost  had  a  peculiar  sacrifice — the  Sun  horses,  Vulcan  fire, 
Diaiia  a  white  hart,  Venus  a  turtle,  Ceres  a  hog,  Proserpine  a  black  lamb,  Neptune 
a  bull  (read  more  in  '"  Stukius  at  large),  besides  sheep,  cocks,  corals,  frankincense,  to 
their  undoings,  as  if  tlieir  gods  were  afiected  with  blood  or  smoke.  "  And  surely 
('^  saith  he)  if  one  should  but  repeat  the  fopperies  of  mortal  men,  in  their  sacrifices, 
feasts,  worshipping  their  gods,  their  rites  and  ceremonies,  what  they  think  of  them, 
of  their  diet,  houses,  orders,  &c.,  what  prayers  and  vows  they  make;  if  one  should 
but  observe  their  absurdity  and  madness,  he  would  burst  out  a  laughing,  and  pity 
their  folly."  For  what  can  be  more  absurd  than  their  ordinary  prayers,  petitions, 
'^  requests,  sacrifices,  oracles,  devotions .''  of  which  we  have  a  taste  in  Maximus 
Tyrius,  serm.  1.  Plato's  Alcibiades  Secundus,  Persius  Sat.  2.  Juvenal.  Sat.  10.  there 
likewise  exploded,  Mactant  opimas  et  pingues  hostias  dco  quasi  esurienti,  profundunt 
villa  tanqiuua  silienti,  lumina  accendunt  velut  in  tcnebris  agenti  (Lactantius,  lib.  2. 
cup.  6).  As  if  their  gods  were  hungry,  athirst,  in  the  dark,  they  liglit  candles,  offer 
meat  and  drink.  And  what  so  base  as  to  reveal  their  counsels  and  give  oracles,  e 
viscerum  sterquHiniis,  out  of  the  bowels  and  excremental  parts  of  beasts  ?  sordidos 
dcQS  Varro  truly  calls  tliem  therefore,  and  well  he  might.  I  say  nothing  of  their 
magnificent  and  sumptuous  temples,  those  majestical  structures :  to  the  roof  of 
Apollo  Didymeus'  temple,  ad  hrunchidas,  as  '"Strabo  writes,  a  thousand  oaks  did 
not  sullice.  Who  can  relate  the  glorious  splendour,  and  stupend  magnificence,  the 
sumptuous  buildmg  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  Jupiter  Amnion's  temple  in  Africa,  the 
Pantheon  at  Rome,  the  Capitol,  the  Sarapium  at  Alexandria,  Apollo's  temple  at 
Daphne  in  the  suburbs  of  Antioch.     The  great  temple  at  Mexico  so  richly  adorned, 

'  De  ver.  relig.  cap.  22.     Iiidigni  qui   terrain  calcent,  :  tissimi  sunt  cerpinonianiuj.  Iwllo  prauserlim.  "  Ue 

&.C.        sOctav'iano.  i  Jupiter  Tragcedus,  de  sucrifi-  j  sacrificiis:  huciilaiii  pro  bcjiia  valetudiiie,  bovesiTuatuor 

Ciis,  (;t  pas.siiu  alias.  »  (500  several  kinds  of  sacrifices  j  pro  divitiis,  ceiituiii  tauros  pro  sospite  a  Trojs  reditu, 
ill  i'^gypt  Major  reckons  up,  toin.  2.  coll.  of  which  read    &;c.  ''^  De  sacris  Geiitil.  el  sacrific.  'I'yg.  15!>(j. 

more  in  cap.  1.  of  Laurentius  I'ignorius  his  Egypt  cha-  I  "  Eninivero  si  qiiis  receiiserel  qua;  stuiti  tiiortales  in 
racters,  a  cause  of  which  Sanubius  gives  subcis.  lib.  3.  j  fcstis,  sacrificiis,  diis  adorandis,  &c.  qua;  vota  faciant, 
cap.  1.  9  Herod.  Clio.  Inimolavit  lecta  pecora  ter    quid  de   iis   statuant,  &c.   haud   scio   an    risurus,  ice. 

r.ii:le  Delphis,  una  cum  lectis  phialis  iribns.  ii  gu-     i4;>iax.  Tyrius  ser.  1.     Crcesus  reguiii  oiiiniuiii  stultissi- 

I)erbtitio»us  J.iliauus  innumer.-is  sine  parsiinonia  pecu-    nius  de  lebete  consulit,  alius  de  iiumero  areuaruiu,  eli- 
des iiiactavit.     Auiianus  25.  Roves  albi.  M.  Cssari  sa-    mensiune  maris,  &c.  is  Lib.  4. 
lutein,  si  tu  viceris  perimus  ;  lib.  3.    Romani  observan-  | 


G20  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  4. 

and  so  capacious  (for  10,000  men  might  stand  in  it  at  once),  that  fair  Pantheori  of 
< 'usco,  described  by  Acotta  in   his   Indian  History,  which  ecUpses  both  Jews  and 
Christians.     There  were  in  old  Jerusalem,  as  some  write,  408  synat(ogues ;  but  new 
Cairo  reckons  up  (if  '*Kadzivilus  may  be  believed)  6800  mosques;  Fez  400,  wliereol" 
50  are  most  magnificent,  like  St.  PauPs  in  London.     Helena  built  300  fair  churches 
in  the  Holy  Land,  but  one  Bassa  hath  built  400  mosques.     The  Mahometans  have 
1000  monks  in  a   monastery;  the  like  saiih  Acosta  of  Americans;  Riccius  of  the 
Chinese,  for  men  and  women,  fairly  built;  and  more  richly  endowed  some  of  them, 
than  Arras  in  Artuis,  Fulda  in  Germany,  or  St.  Ednmmrs-Bury  in  England  with  us  : 
who  can  describe  those  curious  and  costly  statues,  idols,  itnages,  so  frequently  men- 
tioned in  Pausanias  .-•     I  conceal    their  donaries,  pendants,  other  ollcriiigs,  presents, 
to  these  their  fictitious  gods  daily  consecrated.     '^  Alexai»der,  the  son  of  Amynias, 
king  of  Macedonia,  sent  two  statues  of  pure  guld  to  Apollo  at  Delphos.     '"Cra'sus, 
king  of  Lytiia  dtdicatt'd  a  hundrt-d  golden  tiles  in  the  sanje  place  with  a  goldin  allai : 
no  man  came  empty-handed  to  their  shiines.     But  tliese  are  base  otlerings  in  rifija'Ct; 
they  offered   men    themselves  alive.     The  Leucadians,  as   Slrabo  writes,  sacrificed 
every  year  a  man,  averruncandte  deoruin  irie  causa,  to  pacify  their  gods,  de  moiitis 
jjmcijjitio  dejccerent,  6fc.  and  they  did  voluntarily  undergo  it.     The   Decii  did   so 
feacrifice,  Diis  manibus ;  Curtius  did  leap  into  the  gulf.     Were  they  not  all  strangely 
deluded  to  go  so  far  to  their  oracles,  to  be  so  gulled  by  them,  both  in  war  and  peace, 
as  Poly  bins  relate'*  (which  their  argurs,  priests,  vestal  virgins  can  witness),  to  be  so 
superstitious,  that  they  would  rather  lose  goods  and  lives  tlian  oujit  any  ceremonies, 
or   otlend  their   Iteathen  gods  ?     Nicias,  that  generous   and   valiant   captain  of  the 
Cireeks,  overthrew  the  Athenian  navy,  by  reason  of  l»is  to«)  much  superstition,  '"be- 
cause tlie  augurs  told  hiiu  it  was  ominous  to  set  sail  from  the   haven  of  Syracuse 
whilst  the  moon  was  eclipsed  ;  he  tarried  ««>  long  till  his  enemies  besieged  him,  he 
and  all  his  army  were  overtiirown.     Tfte  *' Parthians  of  (»ld  were  so  sottish  in   this 
kind,  they  would  rather  lose  a  victory,  nay  lose  their  own  lives,  than  fight  in  the 
night,  'twas  against  their  religion.     The  Jews  would  make  no  resistance  on  the  Sab- 
bath, when  PomjR'ius  bisieged  Jerusalem;  and  some  Jewish  Christians  in  Africa,  set 
upon  by  the  Goths,  sullered  themselves  upon  the  same  occasion  to  be  utterly  van- 
quished.    The  superstiti<jii  of  the  Dibrenses,  a  bordering  town  in  Epirus,  besieged 
by  the  Turks,  is  miraculous  almost  to  report.     Because  a  dead  dog  was  flung  into 
tlie  only  fountain  which  the  city  had,  they  would  die  of  thirst  all,  rather  than  drink 
of  that  "'  unclean  water,  and  yield  up  the  city  npon  any  conditions.     Though  the 
pra-tor  and  chief  citizens  began  to  drink  first,  using  all  good  persuasions,  their  super- 
stition was  such,  no  saying  would  serve,  they  must  all  forthwitli  die  or  yield  up  the 
city.     I'ix  ausuni  ipse  cndtrc  (saith  •^Barletius)  tantain  supcrsUtiunern,  vel  ajjinnare 
Uvissimam  heme  causarn  tunta  rii  vel  magis  ndiculum,  quuin  nun  dubilem  risum  pu- 
tius  t[uu>n  udinirationem  posteris  excitaturum.     The  story  was  too  ridiculous,  he  waa 
ashamed  to  report  it,  because  he  thought  nobody  would  believe  it.     It  is  stupetid  to 
relate  what  strange  effects  tliis  idolatry  and  superstition   hath   brought  f'ortii  of  the 
latter  years   in   the   Indies  and   those  bordering  parts:  ^in  what  feral   shapes  ihe 
^'  devil  is  adoreil,  ne  quid  muli  intentent,  as  they  say  ;  for  in  the  mountains  betwixt 
Scanderoon  and   Aleppo,  at  this  day,  there  are  dwelling  a  certain  kind  of  people 
called  Coords,  coming  of  the  race  of  the  ancient  Parthians,  who  worship  the  devil, 
and  allege  this  reason  in  so  doing:  God  is  a  good  man  and  \\ii1  do  no  harm,  but  the 
devil  is  bad  and  must  be  pleased,  lest  he  hurt  them.     It  is  wonderful  to  tell  how  the 
devil  deludes  them,  how  he  terrifies  them,  how  ihey  ofler  men  and  women  sacrifice* 
unto  him,  a  hundred  at  once,  as  they  did  infants  in  Crete  to  Saturn  of  old,  the  finebl 
children,  like  Agamemnon's  Iphigenia,  kc.     At  "  Mexico,  when  the  S|)aniards  first 
overcame  them,  they  daily  sacrificed  viva  hominum  curia  e  viv*'ntiuin  curpurihus  ex- 
tracta,  tiie  hearts  of  men  yet  living,  '20,000  in  a  year  (Acosta  lib.  5.  cap.  20)  to  iheir 
idols  made  of  flour  and  men's  blood,  and  every  year  GOOO  infanta  of  both  Hexes: 

M  p^riL'r    Mieroanl.            i^Solinua.           "  M- ro.ioiu>   I  iiinii^tra   eoDipiciuntur,   marDiorc*.  lifoM,  laua.te. 
.t   lib.  2.  cap.  IS.         'J"  Plutiirch  -  »♦  Ueuin  eiiini  pUrare  noii  «l  op«% 

'                        1  ltt«  Uret-krburch.        •'>  l.i''  n  nncel ;  ml  dKiBoarui  Minlkiu  plaraal,  A4 

r^-i ,.».  A  lo  leaipli*  iuiuiaiiia  ,  -  i --•   Corleaiua. 


Mem.  i.  Subs.  3.]  Symjdoms  of  Religious  Melancholy.  621 

and  as  prodigious  to  relate,  '''how  tliey  bury  their  wives  with  husbands  deceased^ 'tis 
fearful  to  report,  and  harder  to  believe, 

!"  "  Nam  ceriarnen  liahent  lajthi  iiuee  viva  sequatiir 
Conjugiuiii,  putlor,  est  iioii  licuisse  inori," 

and  burn  them  alive,  best  goods,  servants,  horses,  when  a  grandee  dies,  ^twelve 
thousand  at  once  amongst  the  Tartars,  when  a  great  cham  departs,  or  an  emperor  in 
America:  how  they  plague  themselves,  which  abstain  from  all  that  hath  life,  like 
those  old  Pythagoreans,  with  immoderate  fastings,  ^"^ as  the  Bannians  about  Surat, 
they  of  China,  that  for  superstition's  sake  never  eat  flesh  nor  fish  all  their  lives, 
never  marry,  but  live  in  deserts  and  by-places,  and  some  pray  to  their  idols  twenty- 
four  hours  t(^gether  without  any  intermission,  biting  of  their  tongues  when  they  have 
done,  for  devotion's  sake.  Some  again  are  brought  to  that  madness  by  their  super- 
stitious priests  (that  tell  them  such  vain  stories  of  immortality,  and  the  joys  of  heaven 
in  that  other  life),  ^"that  many  thousands  voluntarily  break  their  own  necks,  as 
Cleombrotus  Amborciatus,  auditors  of  old,  precipitate  themselves,  that  they  may  par- 
ticipate of  that  unspeakable  happiness  in  the  other  world.  One  poisons,  another 
strangles  himself,  and  the  King  of  China  had  done  as  much,  deluded  with  the  vain 
hope,  had  he  not  been  detained  by  his  servant.  But  who  can  sufficiently  tell  of 
their  several  superstitions,  vexations,  follies,  torments  ?  I  may  conclude  with  ^'Pos- 
sev'mus,  Religifacit  asperos  mites.,  homines  e  feris ;  superstitio  ex  hojiiinilus  feras, 
religion  makes  wild  beasts  civil,  superstition  makes  wise  men  beasts  and  fools;  and 
the  discreeiest  that  are,  if  they  give  way  to  it,  are  no  better  than  dizzards  ;  nay  more, 
if  that  of  Plotinus  be  true,  is  unus  religionis  scopus,  id  ei  quern  colimus  similes  jia- 
mus^  tliat  is  the  drift  of  religion  to  make  us  like  him  whom  we  worship:  what  shall 
be  the  end  of  idolaters,  but  to  degenerate  into  stocks  and  stones  ?  of  such  as  wor- 
ship these  heathen  gods,  for  dii  gentium  dcBtnonia,  ^-  but  to  become  devils  themselves.' 
'Tis  therefore  cxiriosus  error,  et  maxime  periculosus,  a  most  perilous  and  dangerous 
error  of  all  others,  as  ^^  Plutarch  holds,  turbulenta  passio  homincm  consternans,  a 
pestilent,  a  troublesome  passion,  that  utterly  undoeth  men.  Unhappy  supeistition, 
"'  Pliny  calls  it,  inorte  nonfinitur,  death  takes  away  life,  but  not  superstition.  Im- 
pious and  ignorant  are  far  more  happy  than  they  which  are  superstitious,  no  torture 
like  to  it,  none  so  continuate,  so  general,  so  destructive,  so  violent. 

In  this  superstitious  row,  Jews  for  antiquity  may  go  next  to  Gentiles  :  what  of 
<ii(i  they  have  done,  what  idolatries  they  have  committed  in  their  groves  and  high 
places,  what  their  Pharisees,  Sadducees,  Scribes,  Essei,  and  such  sectaries  have  main- 
tained, I  will  not  so  much  as  mention :  for  the  present,  I  presume  no  nation  under 
heaven  can  be  more  sottish,  ignorant,  blind,  superstitious,  wilful,  obstinate,  and 
peevish,  tiring  themselves  with  vain  ceremonies  to  no  purpose ;  he  that  shall  but 
read  their  rabbins'  ridiculous  comments,  their  strange  interpretation  of  scriptures,  their 
absurd  ceremonies,  fables,  childish  tales,  which  they  steadfastly  believe,  will  think 
ihey  be  scarce  rational  creatures ;  their  foolish  ^^  customs,  Mhen  they  rise  in  the 
morning,  and  how  they  prepare  themselves  to  prayer,  to  meat,  with  what  supersti- 
tious washings,  how  to  their  sabbath,  to  their  other  feasts,  weddings,  burials,  &j.c. 
Last  of  all,  the  expectation  of  their  Messiah,  and  those  figments,  miracles,  vuin  pomp 
that  shall  attend  him,  as  how  he  shall  terrify  the  Gentiles,  and  overcome  them  by 
new  diseases ;  how  Michael  the  archangel  shall  sound  his  trumpet,  how  he  shall 
i^alher  all  the  scattered  Jews  in  the  Holy  Land,  and  there  niake  them  a  great  banquet. 
*' ""Wherein  shall  be  all  the  birds,  beasts,  fishes,  that  ever  God  made,  a  cup  of  wine 
that  grew  m  Parachse,  and  that  hath  been  kept  in  Adam's  cellar  ever  since."  At  the 
first  course  shall  be  served  in  that  great  ox  in  Job.  iv.  10.,  "  thai  every  day  feeds  on 
a  thousand  hills,"  Psal.  1.  10.,  that  great  Leviathan,  and  a  great  bird,  that  laid  an  egg 

='M.  Polas.  Lod.  Vcrtoiiiaiiniis  navig.  lib.  6    cap.  9.  i  ranJ,  el  niisere  pereuiit :  rex  ipse  clam  veiipiiuin  hausig- 
P.  Martyr.  Uecaii.  dec.  '■"  Properliiis  lib.  3.  eleg.  \i.    set,  nisi  a  servo  luisset  detintus,        s' C'aritioiie  in  lil>. 

■■There  js  a  cmilest  aiiioiigsl  the  living  wives  as  to  10.  Boiiiiiiderepuh.rul.il].  3J(jiiin  n>sius  diaholi 
which  shall  follow  the  liushaiid,  and  not  be  allowed  to  !  ut  nequiliani  rel'erant.  33  [, ib.de  s.iperstit.  '■'*  Ho- 
die  for  liim  is  accounted  a  disgrace."  "*  Matthias  a     minibus  vit.^e  finis  mors,  non  auleiii  siipersiilionis,  pri>- 

Michou.  '•J  Epist.  Jesuit,  anno.  1549  a  Xaverto  et  '  ferl  hiEC  suosterniiiios  ultra  vita' lineiii.        35  ij,iii„riiu» 

80CUS.     Mi'inque  Riccius  expedid.  ad  Sinas  I.  1.  per  to-     ~  ...  .  -...  _ 

turn  Jcjunatorcs  apud  eos  toto  die  carnibus  abstinent 
et  piscibus  ob  reli;;ionem.  nocte  et  die  Idola  colenles; 
iiusqudm  egredienles.  so  Ai1  imniortalitatem  niorte 

aspirant  suinmi  inagistratus,  &;c.  Et  multi  mortales 
tiac  insania,  et  pra;postero  immortalitatis  studio  labo- 


Synaaog.  Jud.  c.  4.  Intt-r  prccaiiduiii  nemo  psdiculo» 
attingat,  vel  pulicein,  aut  per  guttur  iiilcrius  v^ntuit 
emittas,  &c.  Id.  c.  5  et.  seq.  cap.  3i).  3<'  Hdc  ouiiii* 
aiiinialia,  pjsces,  aves,  quos  Deu.s  uiiqunin  creavit  dsat 
labuutur,  el  vinum  geuerosum,  &c. 


622  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

BO  big,  ^  "  that  by  chance  tumbling  out  of  the  nest,  it  knocked  down  tlirce  hundred 
tall  cedars,  and  breaking  as  it  fell,  drowned  one  hundred  anil  sixty  villages  i"  this 
bird  stooil  up  to  the  knees  in  the  sea,  and  ihe  sea  was  so  deep,  that  a  hatcliet  would 
not  fall  U>  the  bottom  in  seven  years  :  of  tlieir  Messialfs  **  wives  and  children  ;  Adam 
and  Eve,  &.c,,  and  tiiat  one  slupend  fiction  amongst  the  rest :  when  a  Honmn  prince 
asked  of  rabbi  Jehosua  ben  Ilanania,  why  the  Jews'  God  was  compared  to  a  lion; 
he  made  answer,  he  compared  himself  to  no  ordinary  lion,  but  to  one  in  the  wood 
Ela,  whicli,  when  he  desired  to  see,  the  rabbin  prayed  to  God  he  might,  and  forth- 
with the  lion  set  forward.  '■^^''^  But  when  he  was  four  hundred  miles  from  lu)me  he 
so  roared  that  all  the  great-bellied  women  in  Rome  mkde  abortions,  the  city  walls 
fell  down,  and  wlien  he  came  a  hundred  miles  nearer,  and  roared  the  second  time, 
their  teeth  fell  out  of  their  heads,  the  emperor  himself  fell  down  dead,  and  so  the 
lion  went  back."  With  an  inlinite  number  of  such  lies  and  forgeries,  which  they 
verily  believe,  feed  tlu-msclves  with  vain  hope,  and  in  the  mean  time  will  by  no  per- 
suasions be  diverted,  but  still  crucify  their  souls  with  a  company  of  idle  ceremonies, 
live  like  slaves  and  vagabonds,  will  not  be  relieved  or  reconciled. 

Mahometans  aie  a  compound  of  Gentiles,  Jews,  and  Christians,  and  so  absurd  in 
their  ceremonies,  as  if  they  hail  taken  that  whicfi  is  most  sottish  out  of  every  one 
of  them,  full  of  idle  fables  in  their  superstitious  law,  their  .Mcoran  itself  a  galli- 
maufry of  lies,  tales,  ceremonies,  traditions,  precepts,  stolen  from  other  sects,  and 
confu.sedly  heaped  up  to  delude  a  company  of  rude  and  l)arbarous  clowns.  As  how 
birds,  beast--,  stones,  .<aluteil  .Mahomet  when  he  came  from  .Mecca,  the  moon  came 
down  from  ht-avin  to  visit  him,  *"  how  God  sent  lor  him,  sjMike  to  him,  kc,  with  a 
company  ui'  stupt-nd  figments  of  the  angt-ls,  sun,  moon,  and  stars,  bte.  Of  the  day 
of  judgment,  and  three  sounds  to  prepare  to  it,  which  must  last  tifiy  thousand  years 
of  Paradise,  which  wholly  consists  in  cocundi  et  contidiruli  vuluptnh^  and  ptcorinis 
hominitfus  scriplum^  btslutlis  btaliludn^  is  so  ridiculous,  that  Virgil,  Dante,  Lucian 
nor  any  poet  can  be  more  fabulous.  Their  rites  and  cereumnies  are  most  vain  and 
superstitious,  wine  and  swine's  flesh  are  utterly  forbidden  by  their  law,  "  they  must 
pray  live  times  a  day ;  and  still  towards  the  south,  wash  before  and  after  all  their 
bodies  over,  with  many  such.  For  fasting,  vow«,  religious  orders,  peregrinations, 
ihey  go  far  beyond  any  papists,  "  they  fast  a  month  together  many  times,  and  must 
not  eat  a  bit  till  sun  be  set.  Their  kalendars,  dervises,  and  torlachers,  Stc.  are  more 
"abstemious  some  of  them,  than  Carthusians,  Franciscans,  Anchorites,  forsake  ail, 
live  solitary,  fare  hard,  go  naked,  &.c.  *'  Their  pilgrimages  are  as  far  as  to  the  river 
*'Gangi'S  ^^  which  the  Gentiles  of  those  tracts  likewise  do),  to  wash  tlit  instlves,  for 
that  river  as  they  hold  hath  a  sovereign  viitne  to  purge  them  of  all  sins,  and  no  man 
can  be  saved  that  hath  not  been  washed  in  it.  For  which  reason  they  come  far  and 
near  from  the  Indies;  Maximus  genlium  omnium  confluius  est;  and  inlinite  niinihers 
yearly  resort  to  it.  Others  go  as  far  as  Mecca  to  Mahomet's  tomb,  which  journey  is 
both  miraculous  and  meritorious.  The  ceremonies  of  flinging  stones  to  stone  the 
devil,  of  eating  a  camel  at  Cairo  by  the  way;  their  fastings,  their  running  till  they 
sweat,  their  long  prayers,  Mahomet's  temple,  tomb,  and  building  of  it,  would  ask  a 
whole  volume  to  dilate :  and  for  their  pains  taken  in  this  holy  pilgrimage,  all  their 
sins  are  forgiven,  and  they  reputed  for  so  many  saints.  And  diverse  of  them  with 
hot  bricks,  when  they  return,  will  put  out  their  eyes,  **"that  they  never  after 
see  any  profane  thing,  bite  out  their  tongues,"  itc.  They  look  for  their  prophet 
Mahomet  as  Jews  do  for  their  Messiah.  Read  more  of  their  customs,  rites,  rere- 
uionies,  in  Lonicerus  Turcic.  hist.  torn.  I.  from  the  tenth  to  the  twentv-fonrth  clia|>- 
ter.  Bredenbachius,  cap.  4,  5,  6.  Leo  .Afer,  lib.  1.  Busbeijuius  Sidielhcus,  Pur- 
chas,  lib.  3.  cap.  3,  el  4,  5.     Tleodorus  Bibliander,  &.c.     Many  foolish  ceremnniea 


rn- 

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.1  coiitructuin 
111.             >:.       . 

-,•-1.  mill 
rint  OHM- 
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.rare  Tufc«  (••iicntiir  ad  i: 

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utrllis. 

"ip. 

#  Up 

1  .'.  r.liij,  iiec  coiiifdeiile*  i: 

11   iiiulli   |M-r  (iiiaiu  a;tai 
\u-r.        ♦•  IxillCrrua   Kl  1. 

'  I..I.  .'.1      11    111. I    .ri.iil 

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vutuDi  ilcinc«r|ia  *iii«r«. 

■  iiiia 

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P«.  ilv   10.  ■■  Kii.. 

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rrcriisfl  ••«   Atriir«nii 

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niihiarihu 
ruiiebdi. 
li<liiF,  ite. 
1.  puliila 

iiiulin 

Ki.iHi  ail  ■Fiiiiil  )a-ccal« 
;i'<  Huniliie  w>  aMkll: 
&X.                •*Uuia  Oil 

Mem.  1.  Subs.  3.]  Symptoms  of  Religious  Melancholy.  623 

you  shall  find  in  them ;  and  which  is  most  to  be  lamented,  the  people  are  trene- 
rally  .?o  curious  in  observing  of  them,  that  if  the  least  circumstance  be  omkted 
they  think  they  shall  be  damned,  'tis  an  irremissible  offence,  and  can  hardly  be  for- 
given. I  kept  in  my  house  amongst  my  followers  (saith  Busbequius,  sometime  the 
Turk's  orator  in  Constantinople}  a  Turkey  boy,  that  by  chance  did  eat  =heli-fi«h  a 
meat  forbidden  by  their  law,  but  the  next  day  "when  he  knew  what  he  had  done,  lie 
was  not  only  sick  to  cast  and  vomit,  but  very  much  troubled  in  mind,  would  weep 
and  ^'grieve  many  days  after,  torment  himself  for  his  foul  offence.  Anotlier  Turk 
being  to  drink  a  cup  of  wviie  in  his  cellar,  first  made  a  huge  noise  and  filthy  faces 
"  "  to  warn  his  soul,  as  he  said,  that  it  should  not  be  guilty  of  that  foul  fact  which 
he  was  to  commit."  With  such  toys  as  these  are  men  kept  in  awe,  and  so  cowed, 
that  they  dare  not  resist,  or  offend  the  least  circumstance  of  their  law,  for  con- 
science-sake misled  by  superstition,  which  no  human  edict  otherwise,  no  force  of 
arms,  could  have  enforced. 

In  the  last  place  are  Pseudo-Christians,  in  describing  of  whose  superstitious  symp- 
toms, as  a  mixture  of  the  rest,  1  may  say  that  which  St.  Benedict  once  saw'  in  a 
vision,  one  devil  in  the  market-place,  but  ten  in  a  monastery,  because  there  was 
more  work ;  in  populous  cities  they  would  swear  and  forswear-,  lie,  falsify,  deceive 
■  fast  enough  of  themselves,  one  devil  could  circumvent  a  thousand  ;  but  in  their  re- 
ligious houses  a  thousand  devils  could  scarce  tempt  one  silly  m.onk.     All  the  prin- 
cipal devils,  I  think,  busy  themselves  in  subverting  Christians ;  Jews,  Gentiles,  and 
Mahometans,  are  extra  caulem,  out  of  the  fold,  and  need  no  such  attendance,  they 
make  no  resistance,  "^^eos  enim  pidsarc  negUgit,  qms  quiefo  jure  possidere  se  senti't^ 
they  are  his  own  already :  but  Christians  have  that  shield  of  faith,  sword  of  the  Spirit 
to  resist,  and  must  have  a  great  deal  of  battery  before  they  can  be  overcome.     That 
the  devil  is  most  busy  amongst  us  that  are  of  the  true  church,  appears  by  tliose  seve- 
ral oppositions,  heresies,  schisms,  which  in  all  ages  he  hath  raised  to  subvert  it.  and 
in  that  of  Rome  especially,  wherein  Antichrist  himself  now  sits  and  plays  his  prize. 
This  mystery  of  iniquity  began  to  work  even  in  the  Apostles'  time,  many  Antichrists 
and  heretics  were  abroad,  many  sprung  up  since,  many  now  present,  and  will  be  to 
the  workPs  em],  to  dementate  men's  minds,  to  seduce  and   captivate  their  souls. 
Their  symptoms  I  know  not  how  better  to  express,  than  in  that  twofold  division,  of 
such  as  lead,  and  are  led.     Such  as  lead  are  heretics,  schismatics,  false  prophets, 
impostors,  and  their  ministers  :  they  have  some  common  symptoms,  some  peculiar. 
Common,  as  madness,  folly,  pride,  insolency.  arrogancy, 'singularity,  peevishness, 
obstinacy,  impudence,  scorn  and  contempt  of'all  other  sects  :  AmZ//j<s  addlcti  jurare 
in  verba  magistri;  ^°they  will  approve  of  nought  but  what  they  first  invent  them- 
selves, no  interpretation  good  but  what  their  infallibile  spirit  dictates:  none  shall  be  in 
secundis,  no  not  in  terfiis,  they  are  only  wise,  only  learned  in  the  truth,  all  damned 
but  they  and  their  followers,  ccedem  scripiurarum  faciunt  ad  materiam  suam,  saith 
Tertullian,  they  make  a  slaughter  of  Scriptures,  and  turn  it  as  a  nose  of  wax  to  their 
own  ends.     So  irrefragable,  in  the  mean  time,  that  what  they  have  once  said,  they 
must  and  will  maintain,  in  whole  tomes,  duplications,  triplications,  never  yield  to 
death,  so  sclf-cohceited,  say  what  you  can.     As  *' Bernard  (erroneously  some  sav) 
speaks  of  P.  Aliardus,  omnes  patres  sic,  otque  ego  sic.    Though  all  the  Fathers,  Coun- 
cils, the  whole  world  contradict  it,  they  care  not,  they  are  all  one  :  wd  as  ^"Grefforv 
well  notes  "  of  such  as  are  vertiginous,  they  think  all  turns  round  '^Jlid  moves,  ail 
err :  when  as  the  error  is  wholly  in  their  own  brains."    Mao-allianus.  the  .Tesuit,  in 
his  Comment  on  1  Tim.  xvi.  20,  and  Alphonsus  dc  castro  lib.  I.  ad-^^-rsus  hcpreses., 
gives  two  more  eminent  notes  or  probable  conjectures  to  know  s'S<^"  men  by,  (they 
might  have  taken  themselves  by  the  noses  when  they  said  it)  ''"thpjp'^ii.^t  ^li^^-  affect 
novelties  and  toys,  and  prefer  falsehood  before  truth  ;  ^*  secondly^  thev  care  not  Avhat 
they  say,  that  which  rashness  and  folly  hath  brought  out,  prid'e  afte"?M-ard,  peevish- 
ness and  contumacy  shall  maintain  to  the  last  gasp."    Peculiar  syn>y>toms  are  prodi- 
gious paradoxes,  new  doctrines,  vain  phantasms,  v/liich  are  manyand  diverse  as  they 


"Nullum  se  conflictandi  finem  facit.  ■"^Ut  in 

dliquem    aniriiliini    se    recipcret.   rie    reus    fieret    pjus 
delicti  quod  ipse  erat  admissiirus.  "Greeor.  Hoin. 

"'•Bound  to  the  diclatPs  of  no  master."        si  Epist.  190. 
**  Oral.  a.  ut  vertigine  correptis  videntur  omnia  moveri. 


omnia  ils  falsa  sunt,  quuin  error  in  ipsnrura  cerebro  sit. 
^  RfS  novas  affectantct  i n utiles,  fa l^^a  verispra>ffriint.2 
quod  tetniTJias  elTuIiPrit,  id  superhiu  post  uioduni  tuebi- 
tur  et  conlumacise,  &c.  *<Sce  more  in  Vincenl 

Lyrin. 


C24  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Seel.  4. 

themselves.  *'Nicholaites  of  old,  would  have  wives  in  common:  ^Nlontanists  will 
not  niarrv  at  all,  nor  Tatians,  forbidding  all  flesh,  Severians  wine;  Adaiiiiaiis  go 
naked,  ^because  Adam  did  so  in  Paradise;  and  some  *^  barefoot  all  their  lives, 
because  God,  Exod.  iii.  and  Joshua  v.  bid  Moses  so  to  do;  and  Isaiah  xx.  was  bid 
put  off  his  .shoes;  Manichees  hold  thai  Pythagorean  transmigration  of  souls  from 
Mjen  to  b''asts;  ""  the  Circumcellions  in  Africa,  with  a  mail  cruelty  made  away  them- 
selves, some  bv  fire,  water,  breaking  their  necks,  anil  seduced  others  to  do  the  like, 
tlireateuing  some  if  they  did  not,"  with  a  thousand  such  ;  as  you  may  read  in  "Austin 
for  there  were  fourscore  and  eleven  heresies  in  his  times,  besides  schisms  and 
smaller  factions')  Epiphanius,  Alphonsus  de  Castro^  Danctus,  Gub,  Pruteolus,  Sfc  Of 
prophets,  enthu.-iasts  and  impostors,  our  Ecclesiastical  stories  aflord  many  examples; 
of  Elias  and  Christ.s,  as  our  **  Eudo  de  stellis,  a  Briton  in  King  Stephen's  time,  thai 
went  invisible,  translated  himself  from  one  to  another  in  a  moment,  l'vi\  thousands 
with  good  cheer  in  the  wilderness,  and  many  sucli ;  nothing  so  common  as  miracles, 
visions,  revelation's,  prophecies.  Now  what  these  brain-sick  heretics  once  broach, 
and  imposti»rs  set  on  foot,  be  it  never  so  absurd,  false,  and  prodigious,  the  common 
[teople  will  follow  and  believe.  It  will  run  along  like  murrain  in  cattle,  scab  in 
sheep.  JS'itlln  saibies^  as  *'he  said,  supersti/iime  sctibiosior ;  as  he  that  is  bitten  with 
a  mad  dog  bites  others,  and  all  m  the  eml  become  n»ad ;  either  out  of  affection  of 
novelty,  simplicity,  blind  zeal,  hope  and  fear,  the  giddy-headed  multitude  will  em- 
brace it,  and  without  further  examination  approve  it. 

Sed  Vetera  qwrimur^  these  are  old,  hac  prius  fuere.  In  our  days  we  have  a  new 
scene  of  superstitious  impostors  and  heretics.  A  new  company  of  actors,  of  Anti- 
christs, lliat  treat  .Antichrist  himself:  a  rope  of  hopes,  that  by  their  greatness  and 
authoriiv  '  '     ■  ri  all  before  them:  who  from  that  lime  they  proclaimed  them- 

«cl\r-i  ii;.  lops.  to  establish  their  own  kingdom,  sovereignty,  greatness,  and 

to  iMiricti  It  in  MUch  a  c«>m[Ktny  of  human   traditions,  purgatory, 

Ijn'"f<  I  ■!'!   h!I  that  subterranean  geography,  mass,  adoration   of 

■*,  fudern,  friars,  images,  shiines,  rjiusiv  relics. 
;  ictions,  bliiul   obetliences,  vows,  pdgrimages, 
many  such  curious  toys,  intricate  subtleties,  gross  errors,  obscure 
,.  ate  the  heller  and  set  a  gloss  uj)«>n  iheiii,  that  the  light  of  the  Gos- 

pel was  quite  eclipised,  darkne:!>8  over  all,  the  Scriptures  conceale«l,  legends  brought  in, 
religion  bani^tled,  hyporriiical  superstition  exalted,  and  ihe  Church  itself  **  obscured 
and  persecuted  :  ChriMt  and  his  members  crucified  in«»re,  saitli  Benzo,  by  a  few  necro- 
n)antic<)l,  atheistical  popes,  than  ever  it  was  by  "Julian  llie  Apostate.  Porphyrias 
ihe  Platoni>?,  Ctlsus  the  physician,  Libunius  the  Sophister ;  by  those  heathen  em- 
perors, Huns,  (loths,  and  Vandals.  Wliat  each  of  them  did,  by  what  means,  at 
what  limes,  t^uihwi  auxitiis,  superstition  climbed  to  this  height,  tradition  increased, 
and  .\uticii'i-t  iiimself  came  to  his  estate,  let  .Magdeburgenses,  Kemnisius,  Osian- 
<ler.  Bale,  .MMrtiay,  Fox,  Usher,  and  many  others  relate.  In  the  mean  time,  he  that 
shall  but  see  iln'ir  profane  rites  and  foolish  customs,  how  superstitiously  kept, 
how  strictly  obs  rved,  their  multitude  of  saints,  images,  that  rablile  of  Romish  dei- 
ties, for  tnivles,  professions,  diseases,  persons,  (^itlices,  countries,  places  ;  St.  George 
for  E^nglaiid  ;  St.  Denis  for  France,  Patrick,  Ireland  ;  Andrew,  Scotland  ;  Jago,  S|Kiin; 
&.C.  Gregory  (;>r  students ;  Luke  for  painters ;  Cosmus  and  Damian  for  philoso- 
phers;  C-- -  -'"temakers;  Kalherine,  spinners ;  &c.  Anthony  for  pigs  ;  Galluf, 
geese;  ^^  -.  sheep;  Pelagius,  oxen;  Sebastian,  the  plague;  Valentine,  fall- 

1112  sickii  '>nia,  looth-ache ;  Petronella  for  agues;  and  the  Virgin  Mar>'  for 

sea  antl  !  1  parties,  offices  :  he  that  shall  observe  these  things,  llieir  shrines, 

images.  «>ii  iiio.  .^  etidanls,  adorations,  pilgrimages  tliey  make  to  them,  what  creep- 
ing to  rrnss#>«.  nuf  l^ily  of  Ix)retto's  rifh  ''gowns,  her  donaries,  the  cost  bestowed 
)U  p  Tiber  of  suitors;  St.  Nicholas  Burge  in  France;   our  St. Thtima**! 

•♦hrii  iMterbury  ;   those  relics  at   Bom**,  Jf  rusalem,  Genoa,  I.yon^,  Pm- 

•*  A  (11  indifltren*.     **n  :    Dial.  *<'  as 

iPtr  !  *"   Mil  r,    ri  (ti.tmt    mill  'lit 


mtwt-  ab  orbs  cuo«liia  *■  Nubcigenaii.  lib.  cap.  19.  i  **Oa«  msft  b*<loa«fu«B  wurib  400 crawM  a«4  man 


Mem.  I.  Subs.  3.]  Symploms  of  Religious  Melancholy.  625 

tiim,  St.  Denis;  and  how  many  thousands  come  yearly  to  offer  to  them,  with  what 
cost,  trouble,  anxiety,  superstition  (for  forty  several  masses  are  daily  said  in  some 
of  their  *^^  churches,  and  they  rise  at  all  hours  of  the  night  to  mass,  come  barefoot, 
&c.),  how  they  spend  themselves,  times,  goods,  lives,  fortunes,  in  such  ridiculous 
observations ;  their  tales  and  figments,  false  miracles,  buying  and  selling  of  pardons, 
indulgences  for  40,000  years  to  come,  their  processions  on  set  days,  their  strict 
fastings,  monks,  anchorites,  friar  mendicants,  Franciscans,  Carthusians,  &c.  Their 
vigils  and  fasts,  their  ceremonies  at  Christmas,  Shrovetide,  Candlemas,  Palm-Sunday, 
Blaise,  St.  Martin,  St.  Nicholas'  day;  their  adorations,  exorcisms.  Sec,  will  tliink  all 
those  Grecian,  Pagan,  Mahometan  superstitions,  gods,  idols,  and  ceremonies,  the 
name,  time  and  place,  habit  only  altered,  to  have  degenerated  into  Christians.  Whilst 
they  prefer  traditions  before  Scriptures ;  those  Evangelical  Councils,  poverty,  obe- 
dience, vows,  alms,  fasting,  supererogations,  before  God's  Commandments';  their 
own  ordinances  instead  of  his  precepts,  and  keep  them  in  ignorance,  blindness,  they 
nave  brought  the  common  people  into  such  a  case  by  their  cunning  conveyances, 
strict  discipline,  and  servile  education,  that  upon  pain  of  damnation  they  dare  not 
break  the  least  cetemony,  tradition,  edict;  hold  it  a. greater  sin  to  eat  a  bit  of  meat 
in  Lent,  than  kill  a  man  :  their  consciences  are  so  terrified,  that  they  are  ready  to 
despair  if  a  small  ceremony  be  omitted;  and  will  accuse  their  own  father,  mother, 
brother,  sister,  nearest  and  dearest  friends  of  heresy,  if  they  do  not  as  they  do,  will 
be  their  chief  executioners,  and  help  first  to  bring  a  faggot  to  bum  them.  What 
mulct,  what  penance  soever  is  enjoined,  they  dare  not  but  do  it,  tumble  with  St. 
Francis  in  the  mire  aniongst  hogs,  if  they  be  appointed,  go  woolward,  whip  tiiem- 
selves,  build  hospitals,  abbeys,  &c.,  go  to  the  East  or  West  Indies,  kill  a  king,  or 
run  upon  a  sword  point :  they  perform  all,  without  any  muttering  or  hesitation, 
believe  all. 

8«-- Ul  pueri  infantes  credunt  signa  omni.T  ahena  l  *'As  children  think  their  babies  live  to  be, 

Vivere,  et  essp  homines,  el  sic  isti  omnia  ficta  Do  they  these  brazen  images  they  see." 

Vera  putant,  credunt  signis  cor  inesse  alienis."        | 

And  whilst  the  ruder  sort  are  so  carried  headlong  with  blind  zeal,  are  so  gulled  anci 
tortured  by  their  superstitions,  their  own  too  credulous  simplicity  and  ignorance, 
their  epicurean  popes  and  hypocritical  cardinals  laugh  in  their  sleeves,  and  are  merry 
w  their  chambers  witli  iheir  punks,  they  do  indidgere  genio,  and  make  much  of  tiiem- 
selves.  The  middle  sort,  some  for  private  gain,  hope  of  ecclesiastical  preferment, 
(quis  cxpedivit  psiltaco  suum  xciips)  popularity,  base  flattery,  must  and  will  believe 
all  their  paradoxes  and  absurd  tenets,  without  exception,  and  as  obstinately  maintain 
and  put  in  practice  all  their  traditions  and  idolatrous  ceremonies  (for  their  religion  is 
half  a  trade)  to  the  deatli ;  they  will  defend  all,  the  golden  legend  itself,  with  all  tht 
lies  and  tales  in  it:  as  that  of  St.  George,  St.  Christopher,  St.  Winifi'ed,  St.  Denis, 
&.C.  It  is  a  wonder  to  see  how  Nic.  Harpsfield,  that  pharisaical  impostor,  amongst 
the  rest,  Ecclesiast.  Hist.  cap.  22.  sac  prim,  sex.,  puzzles  himself  to  vindicate  that 
ridiculous  fable  of  St.  Ursula  and  the  eleven  thousand  virgins?,  as  when  they  live,^'' 
how  they  came  to  Cologne,  by  whom  martyred,  &c.,  thougli  he  can  say  nothing  for 
It,  yet  he  must  and  will  approve  it :  nobilitavit  (inquit)  hoc  scecuhun  Ursula  cum. 
comiiibus,  cujus  hisloria  utinam  tarn  mild  esset  expedila  et  cerla,  quuin  in  animo  raeo 
cerium  ac  expeditum  est,  earn  esse  cum  sodalibus  bealam  in  coelis  virginem.  'They 
must  and  will  (I  say)  either  out  of  blind  zeal  believe,  vary  their  compass  with  the 
rest,  as  the  latitude  of  religion  varies,  apply  themselves  to  the  times  and  seasons, 
and  for  fear  and  flattery  are  content  to  subscribe  and  to  do  all  that  in  them  lies  to 
maintain  and  defend  their  present  government  and  slavish  religious  schoolmen,  can- 
onists. Jesuits,  friars,  priests,  orators,  sophisters,  who  either  for  that  they  had  notliing 
else  to  do,  luxuriant  wit?  knew  not  otherwise  how  to  busy  themselves  in  those  idle 
times,  for  the  Church  then  had  few  or  no  open  adversaries,  or  better  to  defend  theii 
lies,  fictions,  miracles,  transubstantiations,  traditions,  pope's  pardons,  purgatories, 
masses,  impossibilities.  Sec.  with  glorious  shows,  fair  pretences,  big  words,  and 
plausible  wits,  have  coined  a  thousand  idle  questions,  nice  distinctions,  subtleties, 
Obs  and  Sols,  such  tropological,  allegorical  expositions,  to  salve  all  appearances, 

*^  As  al  our  lady's  churcli  at  Bergamo  in  Italy.  "  Liicilius  lib.  1.  cap.  22.  de  falsa  relig.  "  Ad.  441. 

79  3C 


626  Religious  Melancholy.  Tart.  3.  Sec.  4 

objections,  such  quirks  and  qukhVnies,  quodlihetaries.,  as  Bale  saith  of  Ferribri^ge  and 
Strode,  iii.slanccs,  ampliations,  decrees,  glosses,  canons,  that  instead  of  sound  coni- 
nientarirs,  good  preachers,  are  come  in  a  company  of  mad  sophisters,  primo  secundo 
secundarii,  sectaries,  Canonists,  Sorbonists,  Minorites,  with  a  rabble  of  idle  contro- 
versies and  questions,  ^tin  Papa  sit  Dcus,  an  (fitasi  JJcusf  An  part ici pet  tilramque 
Christi  naluram  f  Whether  it  be  as  possible  for  God  to  be  a  humble  bee  or  a  gourd, 
as  a  man :  Whether  he  can  produce  respect  without  a  foundation  or  term,  malie  a 
whore  a  virgin  ?  fetch  Trajan''s  soul  from  hell,  and  how  ?  with  a  rabble  of  questions 
about  hell-fire  :  whether  it  be  a  greater  sin  to  kill  a  man,  or  to  clout  shoes  upon  a 
Sunday?  whether  God  can  make  another  God  like  unto  himself?  Such,  saith  Kem- 
nisius,  are  most  of  your  schoolmen,  (mere  alchemists)  2U0  commentators  on  Peter 
Lambard  ;  [Pitsius  catal.  scriplorum  Anglic,  reckons  up  18(1  English  commentators 
alone,  on  the  matter  of  the  sentences),  Scotisis,  Thomists,  Ileals,  Nominals,  kc,  and 
so  perhaps  tliat  of  St.  "^ Austin  may  be  veritied.  Indocli  rapiuni  coiliim,  docli  interim 
descendiinl  ad  infvrnum.  Thus  tliey  continued  in  such  error,  blindness,  decrees, 
sophisms,  superstitions;  idle  ceremonies  and  traditions  were  the  sum  of  their  new- 
coined  holiness  and  religion,  and  by  these  knaveries  am!  stratagems  they  were  able 
to  involve  multitudes,  to  deceive  the  most  sanctified  souls,  and,  if  it  were  possible, 
the  very  elect,  hi  the  mean  time  the  true  Church,  as  wine  and  water  mixeil.  lay  hid 
and  ob.-cure  tt)  speak  of,  till  Luther's  time,  who  began  upon  a  sudden  to  defecate, 
and  as  ani'ther  sun  to  drive  away  those  foggy  mists  of  superstition,  to  restore  it  to 
that  purity  of  tlie  primitive  Cliurch.  And  after  him  many  good  and  godly  men, 
divine  spiiils.  have  dune  their  endeavours,  and  still  do. 

'•>"  And  wliat  their  igiioranre  eateeiii'd  bo  holy. 
Our  wiM:r  ugcH  du  account  a«  folly." 

But  see  the  devil,  that  will  never  suffer  the  Church  to  be  quiet  or  at  rest :  no 
garden  so  well  tilled  but  some  noxious  weeds  grow  up  in  it,  no  wheat  but  it 
hath  some  tares  :  we  have  a  mad  giddy  company  of  precisians,  schismatics,  and  some 
heretics,  even  in  our  own  bosoms  in  another  extreme.  '"'•'' Dum  vitani  stulti  ritia  in 
contruriu  currunt  ;■"  that  out  of  too  much  zeal  in  opposition  to  Antichrist,  human 
traditions,  those  Komish  rites  and  superstitions,  will  quite  demolish  all,  they  will 
admit  of  no  ceremonies  at  all,  no  fasting  days,  no  cross  in  baptism,  kneeling  at  com- 
munion, no  cliurch  music,  i».c.,  no  bishops'  courts,  no  church  government,  rail  at  all 
our  '•hurch  discipline,  will  not  hold  their  tongues,  and  all  for  the  peace  of  thee,  O 
Sion!  J^'o,  n<it  so  much  as  degrees  some  of  them  will  tolerate,  or  universities,  all 
human  learning,  ('tis  cloaca  diabuli)  hoods,  habits,  cap  and  surplice,  such  as  are 
things  iiuHllerent  in  themselves,  and  wholly  for  ornament,  decency,  or  dislinction'- 
sake,  they  abhor,  hate,  and  snuff"  at,  as  a  stone-horse  when  he  meets  a  bear:  they 
n>ake  matters  of  ci>nscience  of  them,  and  will  rather  forsake  their  livings  than  sub- 
scribe to  them.  They  will  admit  of  no  holidays,  or  honest  recreations,  as  ol'  hawk- 
ing, hunting,  Stc,  no  churches,  no  bells  some  of  them,  because  papists  use  them ; 
no  discipline,  no  ceremonies  but  what  they  invent  themselves ;  no  interpretations  of 
scriptures,  no  comments  of  fathers,  no  councils,  but  such  as  their  own  fantastical 
spirits  dictate,  or  recta  ratio,  as  Socinians,  by  which  spirit  misled,  many  times  they 
broach  as  prodigious  paradoxes  as  papists  themselves.  Some  of  liiem  turn  prophets, 
have  secret  revelations,  will  be  of  privy  council  with  God  himself,  and  know  all  his 
secrets,  -  Per  capiltos  spiritum  sanctum  leiient^et  omnia  sciunt  cum  sinl  asini  omnium 
obstinalissimi,  a  company  of  giddy  heads  will  take  upon  them  to  deiine  how  many 
shall  be  saved  and  who  damned  in  a  parish,  where  they  shall  sit  in  heaven,  interpret 
Apocalypses,  [Commentatores  prcpcipites  el  vertiginosos,  one  calls  llu-m,  as  well  he 
might)  and  those  hidden  mysteries  to  private  persons,  times,  places,  as  their  own 
spirit  informs  them,  private  revelations  shall  suggest,  and  precisely  set  down  when 
the  world  shall  come  to  an  end,  what  *ear,  what  month,  what  day.  S<Jine  of  them 
again  have  such  strong  faith,  so  presumptuous,  they  will  go  into  infected  houses, 
expel  devils,  and  fast  forty  days,  as  Christ  himself  did ;  some  call  God  and  his  attri- 
butes into  question,  as  Vorstius  and  Socinus ;  some  princes,  civil  magistrates,  and 

*  HiMpii.ian  OM.'iiiiier.     An   h^pc  propovilm   [Viia  *il     die  duiuiniro  ral*'-'iini  coiKiii'rc  7  'v  rfi- 

ciirurbila  «r.  M-nralxru*,  ml  cque  puiuiitiiiia  ac  Ueu*  cl     lian.  ''■D.inirl.  ""  WhiUl  I !>•->• 

Ii'iiio  ?  All  pi>Mil  re>i<«ctiiiD  priNlucere  »iiir  t'iindani>.-iilo    one  vice  Ih^y  run  iiilu  another  uf  an  op|>o<-..     -» 

ci  Ivrnui.o.     All  leviu*  (it  bouiincin   jugulare    i|uain  ,  ter."  'i  .\griti.  rf).  tO. 


IMem.  1.  Subs.  4.]  Prognostics  of  Religions  Melancholy.  -27 

their  authorities,  as  anabaptists,  will  do  all  their  own  private  spirit  tlictatc?  and 
nothing  else.  Brownists,  Barrowists,  Faniilists,  and  those  Ani«terdamian  sects  and 
sectaries,  are  led  all  by  so  many  private  spirits.  It  is  a  wonder  to  reveal  what  pas- 
sages Sleidan  relates  in  his  Commentaries,  of.  Cretinck,  Knipperdoling,  and  their 
associates,  those  madmen  of  IMunster  in  Germany;  what  strange  enthusiasms,  sottish 
revelations  they  had,  how  absurdly  they  carried  themselves,  deluded  others;  and  as 
profane  Machiavel  in  his  political  disputations  holds  of  Christian  religion,  in  general 
it  doth  gnervate,  debilitate,  take  away  men's  spirits  and  courage  from  them,  sim- 
pliciores  reddit  homines^  breeds  nothing  so  courageous  soldiers  as  that  Roman :  we 
may  say  of  these  peculiar  sects,  their  religion  takes  away  not  spirits  only,  but  wit 
and  judgment,  and  deprives  them  of  their  understanding;  for  some  of  them  are  so 
far  gone  with  their  private  enthusiasms  and  revelations,  that  they  are  quite  mad,  out 
of  their  wits.  What  greater  madness  can  there  be,  than  for  a  man  to  take  upon  him 
to  be  a  God,  as  some  do  ?  to  be  the  Holy  Ghost,  Elias,  and  what  not  ?  In  '^Poland, 
1518,  in  the  reign  of  King  Sigismund,  one  said  he  was  Christ,  and  got  him  twelve 
apostles,  came  to  judge  the  world,  and  strangely  deluded  the  commons.  '*  One  David 
George,  an  illiterate  painter,  not  many  years  since,  did  as  much  in  Holland,  took 
upon  him  to  be  the  Messiah,  and  had  man}^  followers.  Benedictus  Yictorinus  Fa- 
ventinus,  consil.  15,  writes  as  much  of  one  Honorius,  that  thought  he  was  not  only 
inspired  as  a  prophet,  but  that  he  was  a  God  himself,  and  had  '^familiar  conference 
with  God  and  liis  angels.  Lavat.  de  spect.  c.  2.  part.  8.  hath  a  story  of  one  Jolin  Sar- 
torious,  that  thought  he  was  the  prophet  Elias,  and  cap.  7.  of  diverse  others  t!iat  had 
conference  with  angels,  were  saints,  prophets.  Wierus,  lib.  3.  de  Lamiis  c.  7.  maizes 
mention  of  a  prophet  of  Groning  that  said  he  was  God  the  Father;  of  an  Italian  and 
Spanish  prophet  that  held  as  much.  We  need  not  rove  so  far  abroad,  we  have  flimi- 
liar  examples  at  home  :  Hackett  that  said  he  was  Christ;  Coppinger  and  Artliington 
his  disciples;  '^Burchet  and  Hovatus,  burnfed  at  IVoiwich.  We  are  never  likely 
seven  years  together  without  some  such  new  prophets  that  have  several  inspirations, 
some  to  convert  the  Jews,  some  fast  forty  days,  go  with  Daniel  to  the  lion's  den; 
some  foretell  strange  things,  some  for  one  thing,  some  for  another.  Great  precisians 
of  mean  conditions  and  very  illiterate,  most  part  by  a  preposterous  zeal,  fastin^.  medi- 
tation, melancholy,  are  brought  into  those  gross  errors  and  inconveniences.  Of  those 
men  I  may  conclude  generally,  that  howsoever  they  may  seem  to  be  discreet,  and 
men  of  understanding  in  other  matters,  discourse  well,  IcEsam  hahent  imaginationrm., 
they  are  like  comets,  round  in  all  places  but  where  they  blaze,  cculera  sani,  they 
have  impregnable  wits  many  of  them,  and  discreet  otherwise,  but  in  this  their  mad- 
ness and  folly  breaks  out  beyond  measure,  in  infinitum  eriunpit  stultitia.  Tliey  are 
certainly  far  gone  with  melancholy,  if  not  quite  mad,  and  have  more  need  of  physic 
than  many  a  man  that  keeps  his  bed,  more  need  of  hellebore  than  those  that  are  in 
Bedlam. 

Sub  SECT.  IV. — Prognostics  of  Religious  Melancholy. 

You  may  guess  at  the  prognostics  by  the  symptoms.  What  can  these  signs  fore 
tell  otherwise  than  folly,  dotage,  madness,  gross  ignorance,  despair,  obstinacy,  a  repro- 
bate sense,  "a  bad  end.?  VVhat  else  can' superstition,  heresy  produce,  but  wars, 
tumults,  uproars,  torture  of  souls,  and  despair,  a  desolate  land,  as  Jeremy  teacheth, 
cap.  vii.  31.  when  they  commit  idolatry,  and  walk  after  their  own  ways  .'  how  should 
it  be  otherwise  with  them  ?  what  can  they  expect  but  "blasting,  famine,  dearth,"  and 
all  the  plagues  of  Egypt,  as  Amos  denounceth,  cap.  iv.  vers.  9.  10.  to  be  led  into 
captivity?  If  our  hopes  be  frustrate,  "we  sow  much  and  bring  in  little,  eat  and 
have  not  enough,  drink  and  are  not  filled,  clothe  and  be  not  warm.  Sec.  Ilaggai  i.  6. 
we  look  for  much  and  it  comes  to  little,  \thence  is  it?  His  house  was  waj^te,  they 
came  to  their  own  houses,  vers.  9.  there'^jre  the  heaven  stayed  his  dew.  the  earth 
his  fruit."  Because  we  are  superstitious,  irreligious,  we  do  not  serve  Got!  as  we 
ought,  all  these  plagues  and  miseries  come  upon  us;  what  can  we  look  for  else  but 

"3  Alex.  Ga<ruin.  22.  Discipulis  ascitis  minim  ill  rtiodum  burst;  Mont.inus  hanged  himself,  &c.    Eiido  de  stellis, 

popiihim  decepit.  '^Guicciard.  descrip.  Beli;.  com.  his  disciples,  ardere  potius  quam  ad  vitam  corrigi  ma- 

plures  habnit  asseclas  ah  iisdem  lionoratus.  ''  Hen.  luerunt  ;  tanla  vis  infixi  seinel  erroris.  they  died  blas- 

\icholas  at  Leiden  15S0.  such  a  one.  '^geeCam-  pheming.  Nubrigensisc.9.  lib.  1.  Jer.  vii. 23.  Adios.  v.5. 

der's  Annals  fo.  242.  et  285.  "  Arius  his  bowels 


028  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  S;h\  4. 

•mutual  wars,  slautrhters,  fearful  ends  in  this  life,  and  in  the  life  to  come  eternal  damna- 
tion ?  \>'lKit  is  it  th:ii  hath  caused  so  many  feral  battles  to  he  fon^lit,  so  mucli  Chris- 
tian blood  shed,  bill  superstition  !  That  Spanish  inquisition,  racks,  wheels,  tortures, 
l(»rments,  whence  do  thev  proceed  ?  from  superstition.  BocUne  the  rienchman,  in  his 
"^method,  hist,  accounts  Englishmen  barbarians,  for  their  civil  wars:  but  let  him  read 
those  Pharsalian  fields  ^'fought  of  late  in  France  for  tlieir  religion,  their  massacres, 
wherein  by  their  own  relations  in  twenty-four  years,  I  know  not  how  many  millions 
have  been  consumed,  whole  families  and  cities,  and  he  shall  find  ours  to  be  but  velita- 
tioiis  to  theirs.  But  it  hath  ever  been  the  custom  of  heretics  and  idolaters,  wheft  they  are 
plagued  for  their  sins,  and  God's  just  judgments  come  upon  them,  not  to  acknowledge 
any  fault  i:i  themselves,  but  still  impute  it  unto  others.  In  Cyprian's  time  it  was  much 
controverlpil  between  him  and  Demetrius  an  idolater,  who  should  be  the  cause  of  those 
present  calamities.  Denietrius  laid  all  the  fault  on  Christians,  (and  so  they  did  ever 
in  the  primitive  church,  as  appears  by  the  first  book  of  *"  Arnobius),  *'"  that  there 
were  not  such  ordinary  showers  in  winter,  the  ripeninir  heat  in  sunnner,  so  season- 
able springs,  fruitful  autumns,  no  marble  mitjes  in  the  mountaitis,  less  gold  and  silver 
than  of  f)ld  ;  that  husbandmen,  seamen,  soldiers,  all  were  scanted,  justice,  friend- 
ship, skill  in  arts,  all  was  decayed,"  and  that  through  Chri>;lians'  default,  and  all  their 
other  miseries  from  them,  t/uu<l  dii  nostri  u  vobis  nan  cohmlur^  becau>c  they  did  not 
worship  their  gods.  But  Cyprian  retort.s  all  upon  him  again,  as  appears  by  his  tract 
against  him.  'Tis  true  the  world  is  miserably  torniented  and  shaken  with  wars, 
dearth,  famine,  fire,  inundations,  plagues,  and  n»any  fend  diseases  rage  amongst  us, 
st'd  nun  tit  In  quereria  ista  acciditnt  quod  dii  resiri  a  nnhis  non  colantur^  scd  (jiiod  a 
vobis  uon  colalur  Dtu$^  a  quibus  nee  qiueritttr.,  nee  timetur,  not  as  thou  complainest, 
that  we  do  nut  worship  your  Gods,  but  because  you  arc  idolaters,  and  do  not  serve 
the  true  God,  neither  seek  him,  nor  fear  him  as  you  ought.  Our  papists  cjbject  as 
much  to  us,  and  account  us  heretics,  we  them ;  tf\e  Turks  csteenj  of  both  as  infi- 
dels, and  we  them  as  a  com[)any  of  (xiguns,  Jews  against  all ;  when  indeed  there  is 
a  general  fault  in  us  all,  and  something  in  the  very  best,  which  may  justly  deserve 
God's  wrath,  and  pull  these  miseries  upon  our  heads.  I  will  say  nothing  here  of 
those  vain  cares,  torments,  needless  works.  |)enance,  pilgrimages,  pseudumartyrdom, 
&.C.  We  heap  upon  ourselves  unnecessary  troubles,  ob.servatious ;  we  punish  our 
bodies,  as  in  Turkey  isaith  "^  Busbenuius /*i,'.  Ttircic.  ep.  '.i.)  "one  did,  that  was 
much  arttcted  with  music,  and  to  hear  boys  sing,  but  very  superstitious;  an  old  sybil 
coming  to  his  house,  or  a  holy  woman,  (as  that  place  yields  many)  look  him  down 
for  it,  and  told  him,  that  in  that  other  world  he  should  sufler  for  it ;  thereupon  he 
riung  his  rich  and  costly  instruments  which  he  had  bedecked  with  jewels,  all  at  once 
mto  the  fire,  lie  was  served  in  silver  plate,  and  had  goodly  household  stuff:  a  little 
after,  another  religious  man  reprehended  him  in  like  sort,  and  from  thenceforth  he 
was  served  in  earthen  vessels,  last  of  all  a  decree  came  forth,  because  Turks  might 
not  drink  wine  themselves,  that  neither  Jew  nor  Christian  then  living  in  Constanti- 
nople, might  drink  any  wine  at  all."  In  like  sort  amongst  papists,  fasting  at  first 
was  generallv  proposed  as  a  good  thing;  after,  from  such  meats  at  set  times,  and 
then  last  of  all  so  rigorously  proposed,  to  bind  the  consciences  upon  pain  of  damna- 
tion. "  First  Friday,"  saith  Erasmus,  •♦  then  Saturday,"  et  nunc  prriclitatur  dies 
Mercuriiy  and  Wednesday  now  is  in  danger  of  a  fast.  '^'•.And  for  such  like  toys, 
some  so  miserably  atHict  themselves,  to  despair,  and  death  itself,  rather  than  offend, 
and  think  themselves  good  Christians  in  it,  when  a.s  indeed  they  are  superstitious 
Jews."  ^  saith  Leonardus  Fuchsius,  a  great  physician  in  his  time.  *'"Wc  are 
tortured  in  Germany  with  these  popish  edicts,  our  bodies  so  taken  down,  our  goods 
so  diminished,  that  if  God  had  not  sent  Luther,  a  worthy  man,  in  tuue,  to  redress 


^ i.  Cap.  '•  Poplinerius  {jentxn  pr*f.  hi«t.  Rich.  '  cuj'ixlani   i 

Oinath.  *  Advcre.  (rentes  lib  I  iMmninaiii  in  inumlo  nienloriiiii 
('bri«tiana  gfiM  capit,  lerraruiii  nrh^ni  (wriiM;,  el  inijl-  oi..  r.  .li-ir 
ti«  niali4  urriliiiii  ease  gen>t»  liriiiiiiiiiiiii  videuiii*. 
*' QiKxl  iipc  li\riiie.  nee  "late  laiita  iinbriiiiiiropia  net 
friiKibuii  (iirri-iiiti'  i«>liia  llMKranlia.  i\>r  vrrnuli  iniiiierii' 
■•la  lam  lariu  nini,  n>-e  arboreis  latibuii  aiituiniu  lie- 
curidi.  iniini*  Ue  ni<inlibij*  niarinor  eriialiir.  miniia  au- 
rum.  ^r.  nSolilu*  era!  ubleclare  lu- tKJibiif,  et     ' 

*<icr  niuaica  canentiun :  ard  hoc  onine  aublatuiu  H>  bilta  i  l)>  ciiiu  ulei«uuiu  Tuii 


' 

Inde 
ini.  au 

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quill.  . 
ra   g. 

-iru- 

1  III   1. 

-■.l«-. 

r.uli 

mil 

Slc. 
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J.i    .1 

,  «C 

fibi    I 

■  |ue 

■!l.I 

,   .-ri 
-ira 

Mem.  1.  Subs,  5.]  Curt  of  Religious  Melancholy.  629 

these  mischiefs,  we  should  have  eaten  hay  with  our  horses  before  this."  °''As  in 
fasting,  so  in  all  other  superstitious  edicts,  we  r.-ucify  one  another  without  a  cause, 
barring  ourselves  of  many  good  and  lawful  things,  honest  disports,  pleasures  and 
recreations ;  for  wherefore  did  God  create  them  but  for  our  use  ?  Feasts,  mirth, 
music,  hawking,  hunting,  singing,  dancing,  &c.  non  tarn  necessitatibus  noslris  Dcui 
i?iservif,  sr.d  in  delicias  arnumur^  as  Seneca  notes,  God  would  have  it  so.  And  as 
Plato  2.  de  legihus  gives  out,  Deos  laboriosam  hominuni  vitam  miseratos^  the  gods  ii- 
comniiseralion  of  human  estate  sent  Apollo,  Bacchus,  and  the  Muses,  qui  cum  volup- 
tate  tripudia  et  soltationes  nobis  duccml^  to  be  merry  with  mortals,  to  sing  and  dance 
with  us.  So  that  he  that  will  not  rejoice  and  enjoy  himself,  making  good  use  of 
such  tilings  as  are  lawfully  permitted,  non  est  lemperatus,  as  he  will,  scd  superstitio- 
sus.  "  There  is  nothing  better  for  a  man,  than  that  he  sliould  eat  and  drink,  and 
that  he  should  make  his  soul  enjoy  good  in  his  labour,"  Eccles.  ii.  24.  And  as  ^^one 
said  of  hawking  and  hunting,  tot  solatia  in  hue  cegri  orbis  calamitaie,  morkdibus 
tcediis  di'us  objecif,  I  say  of  all  honest  recreations,  God  hath  therefore  indulged  them 
to  refresh,  ease,  solace  and  comfort  us.  But  we  are  some  of  us  too  stern,  too  rigid, 
too  precise,  too  grossly  superstitious,  and  whilst  we  make  a  conscience  of  every  toy, 
V'ith  touch  not,  taste  not,  &c.,  as  those  Pythagoreans  of  old,  and  some  Indians  now, 
that  will  eat  no  flesh,  or  suffer  any  living  creature  to  be  killed,  the  Bannians  about 
Guzzerat ;  we  tyrannise  over  our  brother's  soul,  lose  the  right  use  of  many  good 
gifts  ;  honest  ^^ sports,  games  and  pleasant  recreations,  ^punish  ourselves  without  a 
cause,  lose  our  liberties,  and  sometimes  our  lives.  Anno  1270,  at  ^^3Iagdeburg  in 
Germany,  a  Jew  fell  into  a  privy  upon  a  Saturday,  and  without  help  could  not  pos- 
sibly get  out;  he  called  to  his  fellows  for  succour,  but  they  denied  it,  because  it  was 
their  Sabbath,  7io?i  licebat  opus  manuum  exercere ;  the  bishop  hearing  of  it,  the  next 
day  forbade  him  to  be  pulled  out,  because  it  was  our  Sunday.  In  the  mean  time 
the  wretch  died  before  Monday.  We  have  myriads  of  examples  in  this  kind  amongst 
those  rigid  Sabbatarians,  and  therefore  not  without  good  cause,  ^Intolerabilem  perlu- 
bationcrn  Seneca  calls  it,  as  well  he  might,  an  intolerable  perturbation,  that  causelh 
such  dire  events,  folly,  madness,  sickness,  despair,  death  of  body  and  soul,  and  hell 
itself. 

SuBSECT.  V. —  Cure  of  Religious  Melancholy. 

To  purge  the  world  of  idolatry  and  superstition,  will  require  some  monster-taming 
Hercules,  a  divine  .T-sculapius,  or  Christ  himself  to  come  in  his  own  person,  to  reign 
a  thousand  years  on  earth  before  the  end,  as  the  Millenaries  will  have  him.  They 
are  generally  so  refractory,  self-conceited,  obstinate,  so  firmly  addicted  to  that  reli- 
gion in  which  they  have  been  bred  and  brought  up,  that  no  persuasion,  no  terror,  no 
persecution,  can  divert  them.  The  consideration  of  which,  hath  iiuiuced  many 
commonwealths  to  suffer  them  to  enjoy  their  consciences  as  they  will  themselves  : 
a  toleration  of  Jews  is  in  most  provinces  of  Europe.  In  Asia  tliey  have  their 
synagogues  :  Spaniards  permit  Moors  to  live  amongst  them  :  the  Mogullians,  Gen- 
tiles :  the  Turks  all  religions.  In  Europe,  Poland  and  Amsterdam  are  the  conniion 
sanctuaries.  Some  are  of  opinion,  that  no  man  ouglit  to  be  compelled  f<>r  con- 
science'-sake,  but  let  him  be  of  what  religion  he  will,  he  may  be  saved,  as  Corne- 
lius was  formerly  accepted,  Jew,  Turks,  Anabaptists,  &c.  If  he  be  an  honest 
man,  live  soberly,  and  civilly  in  his  profession,  (Volkelius,  Crellius,  and  the  rest  of 
the  Socinians,  that  now  nestle  themselves  about  Cracow  and  Kakow  in  Poland,  have 
renewed  this  opinion)  serve  his  own  God,  with  that  fear  and  reverence  as  he  ought. 
Sua  cuique  civilati  (Laili)  religio  sit,  nostra  nobis.,  Tully  thought  fit  every  city 
should  be  free  in  this  behalf,  adore  their  own  Cuslodes  et  Topicos  Deos,  tutelar 


•^The  Gentiles  in  India  will  eat  no  sensihli;  crea- 
tures, or  aiiulit  that  l.atli  hlood  in  it.  ''^  Vandor- 
milius  de  AiiciipiD.  cap.  27.  "Some  explode  ail 
liunian  aulliors.  arts,  and  sciences,  poels,  histories,  &c., 
so  precise,  their  zeal  ovi-rruiis  their  wits;  and  so  slupi<l, 
tliey  oppose  all  hiiinan  learning',  li^caiise  Ihey  are  iL'iio- 
rant  themselves  and  illiterate,  nolhiiiji  must  lie  read 
hut  Scriptures;  but  these  men  deserve  to  be  pitied, 
rather  than  itonfuted.    Others  are  so  strict  they  will 


3c3 


admit  of  no  honest  came  and  pleasure,  no  dancing, 
siiicins,  other  plays,  recreations  and  games,  hawking, 
huiilinu.  tock-lifihtiiiif,  bear-h.iitinc.  &c..  because  to  see 
one  lieast  kill  anotlier  is  the  fruit  of  our  rebellion 
against  God,  &.c.  <*  Vuda  ac  treinehumla  criientis 

Irrepet  genibiis  si  Candida  jiisseril  I  no.  Jiiveiialis. 
Sect.  6.  tSiVIunster  Cosiiiog.  lib.  3.  cap.  444.     incidit 

in  cloacam,  unde  se  non  possil  exiinere.  iniplorat  op<'m 
iocioruui,  sed  illi  negant,  &c.        '"De  benelic.  7  ^ 


630  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

and  local  gods,  as  Symmachus  calls  them.  Isocrates  adviseth  Demonicus,  "  when  he 
came  to  a  strange  city,  to  '"worship  by  all  means  the  gods  of  the  place,"  et  nnum- 
quem(jiti\  Tojjicum  deum  sic  coU  oportcre,  quomodo  ipse  pracepcrit :  which  Cecilius 
in  *^Minnlius  labours,  and  would  have  every  nation  sucrunim  rilus  gentiles  habere  et 
4eos  cohrt  7minicipes,  keep  their  own  ceremonies,  worship  their  peculiar  goils,  which 
Pomponius  Mela  reports  oi"  the  Africans,  Deos  stios  putriu  more  venerantur,  they  wor 
ship  their  own  gods  according  to  their  own  ordination.  For  why  should  any  one 
nation,  as  he  there  pleails,  challenge  thai  universality  of  God,  Deuin  suunt  quern  nee 
ostenduiil,  nee  vident,  discurrantem  silicet  et  ubique  prcrsenlem^  in  omnium  mores, 
actus,  et  occiiltas,  co^itali^tnes  inquirentemy  «^c.,  as  Christians  do:  let  every  province 
enjoy  their  liberty  in  this  behalf,  worship  one  God,  or  all  as  they  will,  anil  are  in- 
formed. The  Humans  built  altars  Diis  Asiie,  Europa?,  Lybiie,  diis  itrnotis  et  pere- 
grinis :  others  otherwise,  kc.  Plinius  Secundus,  as  appears  by  his  Eputle  to  Trajan, 
would  nut  have  the  Chiistians  so  perseruleil,  and  in  sonie  time  of  the  reign  of 
Maxim iiius,  as  we  fmd  it  registered  in  Eusebius  lib.  9.  cap.  i).  there  was  a  decree 
made  to  this  purpose,  JS'ullus  cogutur  invitus  ad  hunc  vel  ilium  deorum  ciiltum,  "  let 
no  one  be  compelled  against  his  will  to  worship  any  particular  deity,"  and  by  Con- 
Btantine  iit  the  I'Jih  year  of  his  reign  as  *•  IJaronius  infi»rmeth  us,  JW'mo  alteri  ex- 
hibeut  inolestium,  quod  cujiisqne  animus  vult,  hue  quisque  transigat,  new  gods,  new 
lawgivers,  new  priests,  will  have  new  ceremonies,  customs  and  religions,  to  which 
every  w  ise  man  as  u  good  forntalist  should  acconnnodute  himself. 

•< "  Halurnus  periit,  penerunt  et  «ua  jura, 

tiub  Juvv  iiuuc  uiuciUu*.  jUMa  Kcquitre  Jovin." 

The  Pfiid  Con«'taf»tinp  thf  enjjwror,  as  F.ii-'fbins  writes,  flutig  down  and  nemolished 
all  if  'S  and  temples,  and  turned  them 

all  I  ■  '  ritis  ludibrio  exposuit ;  the  Turk 

now  converw  them  again  lo  .\luhomeiun  m«)Sijues.  The  like  edict  came  forth  in  the 
reign  of  Arcadius  and  llomirius.  *' Symmachus  the  orator  in  his  days,  to  procure  a 
general  toleration,  used  this  argument,  ^"Because  God  is  immense  and  infinite,  and 
his  natu  e  cannot  |)erfectly  be  known,  it  is  convenient  he  should  be  as  diversely  wor- 
shippeiU  as  every  man  shall  perceive  or  understand."  It  was  impossible,  he  thought, 
for  one  .-eligion  to  be  universal :  you  see  that  one  small  province  can  hardly  be  ruled 
by  one  luu,  civil  or  spiritual;  and  **  lu)W  shall  so  many  distinct  anil  vast  empiren  of 
the  worlil  be  united  into  one.'  It  never  was,  never  will  be  '  lieside-s,  if  there  be 
infinite  i-lanetary  and  firmamental  worlds,  as  "^  some  will,  iher*'  be  intinite  genii  or 
commaiu'.ing  spirits'  belonging  to  each  of  them;  and  so,  ptr  consequens  (for  they  will 
be  all  a(li>red  ,  mfiniie  religions.  And  therefore  let  every  territory  keep  their  proper 
rites  and  ceremonies,  as  tlieir  dii  lutelares  will,  so  Tyrius  calls  them,  ''and  accord- 
ing to  the  quarter  tiiey  hold,"  their  own  institutions,  revelations,  orders,  oracles, 
which  they  dictate  from  time  to  time,  or  teach  their  own  priests  or  ministers.  This 
tenet  wa.->  stillly  maintained  in  Turkey  not  long  since,  as  you  may  read  in  the  third 
epistle  of  liusbequius,  *"••  that  all  those  should  participate  of  eternal  ha|ipine.ss,  that 
hved  a  holy  and  innocent  life,  what  religitiu  soever  they  professed."  Kustan  Bassa 
was  a  great  {latron  of  it;  though  Mahomet  himself  was  sent  virlute  gladdi,  to  enforce 
all,  as  he  writes  in  his  Alcoran,  to  fullow  him.  Some  again  will  approve  of  this  for 
Jews,  Gentiles,  intldels,  that  are  out  of  the  fold,  they  can  be  content  to  give  them  all 
respect  and  favour,  but  by  luj  means  to  such  as  are  within  the  precincts  of  our  liwn 
church,  and  called  Christians,  to  no  heretics,  schismatics,  or  the  like;  let  the  Spanish 
inquisition,  that  fourth  fury,  speak  of  some  of  them,  the  civil  uars  and  ma-ssacres  in 
France,  our  Marian  tunes.  ^  Magillianus  the  Jesuit  will  not  admit  of  conference 
with  a  heretic,  but  severity  and  rigour  to  be  used,  non  diis  verba  rcddere,  sed  f ur- 
eas, Jige  re  oportet ;  and  Theoilosius  is  commended  in  Nicephoru"',  lib.  I'Z.  cap.  15. 
*°°**Thai  he  put  all  heretics  to  silence."    Bernard.  Epist.  180,  will  have  ciub  law, 


•■  Nuiii«-n    venervre    prvMrtmi    qund    civitai    coin.  ,  >,  '  ipil  aul  iiil>-llirit.      "Cain- 

■  OcCatio  ilial.              *  .\iiiial.  liiiii   :i  aJ  Niiriiiin  221.  I.  'iKr*.              »  .VlXrtum  U-al|. 

"OVC!  .    .1     ..•...«    .1-:,     1        1,..     I    .     .    .  ,      I      ,.    .1,.      1 ^  -    . I ..       I.,„^ 

Ihal    I  ,11 

•»  In  •  ■  tf 

e«t,  ti   J-.-. , .-i i. ...........-...,..>,... -I  ,..j,i  .iiini         •-   '»  .    ,  .,    ,.>,ytia 

pulaat.Kquuui  er|{u  eat,  at  diveria  raliuoe  oilatur  (iruul  iMrrnltCM  luuiteriL 


Mem.  2.  Subs,  1.]  Religious  Melancholy  in  Defect.  631 

fire  and  sv\ord  for  heretics,  '"  compel  them,  stop  their  mouths  not  with  disputations, 
or  refute  them  with  reasons,  but  with  fists ;"  and  this  is  their  ordinary  practice. 
Another  company  are  as  mild  on  the  other  side ;  to  avoid  all  heart-burnintr,  and  con- 
tentious wars  and  uproars,  they  would  have  a  general  toleration  in  every  kinffdom, 
no  mulct  at  all,  no  man  for  religion  or  conscience  be  put  to  death,  which  ^Thuanua 
the  French  historian  much  favours ;  our  late  Socinians  defend ;  Vaticanus  ag-ainst 
Calvin  in  a  large  Treatise  in  behalf  of  Servetus,  vindicates;  Castilio,  kc.  I\lartin 
Ballius  and  his  companions,  maintained  this  opinion  not  long  since  in  France,  whose 
error  is  confuted  by  Beza  in  a  just  volume.  The  medium  is  best,  and  that  which 
Paul  prescribes.  Gal.  i.  "  If  any  man  shall  fall  by  occasion,  to  restore  such  a  one 
with  the  spirit  of  meekness,  by  all  lair  means,  gentle  admonitions ;"  but  if  that  will 
not  take  place,  Post  unam  et  alteram  admonitionem  hcBreticum  devita.,  he  must  be 
excommunicate,  as  Paul  did  by  Hymenaeus,  delivered  over  to  Satan.  Immedicahile 
vulnus  ease  reddendum  est.  As  Hippocrates  said  in  physic,  I  may  well  say  in  divinity, 
QucBferro  nan  curantur.,  ignis  curat.  For  the  vulgar,  restrain  them  by  laws,  mulcts, 
burn  their  books,  forbid  their  conventicles ;  for  when  the  cause  is  taken  away,  the 
effect  will  soon  cease.  Now  for  prophets,  dreamers,  and  such  rude  silly  fellows, 
that  through  fasting,  too  much  meditation,  preciseness,  or  by  melancholy,  are  dis- 
tempered :  the  best  means  to  reduce  them  ad  sanam  mentem,  is  to  alter  their  course 
of  life,  and  with  conference,  threats,  promises,  persuasions,  to  intermix  phvsic. 
Hercules  de  Saxonia  had  such  a  prophet  committed  to  his  charge  in  Venice,  that 
thought  he  was  Elias,  and  would  fast  as  he  did ;  lie  dressed  a  fellow  in  angePs 
attire,  that  said  he  came  from  heaven  to  bring  him  divine  food,  and  by  that  means 
stayed  his  fast,  administered  his  physic ;  so  by  the  meditation  of  this  forged  angel 
he  was  cured.  ^Rhasis  an  Arabian,  cont.  lib.  1.  cap.  9,  speaks  of  a  fellow  that  in 
like  case  complained  to  him,  and  desired  his  help :  '•'  1  asked  him  (saiih  he  i  what 
the  matter  was ;  he  replied,  I  am  continually  mcditatmg  of  heaven  and  liell,  and 
methinks  I  see  and  talk  with  fiery  spirits,  and  smell  brimstone,  &c.,  and  am  so  carried 
away  with  these  conceits,  that  I  can  neither  eat,  nor  sleep,  nor  go  about  my  busi- 
ness :  I  cured  him  (saith  Rhasis)  partly  by  persuasion,  partly  by  physic,  and  so  have 
I  done  by  many  others."  We  have  frequently  such  propliets  and  dreamers  amongst 
us,  whom  we  persecute  with  fire  and  faggot :  I  think  the  most  compendious  cure, 
for  some  of  tbem  at  least,  had  been  in  Bedlam.    Sed  de  his  satis. 


MEMB.  n. 

SuBSECT.  I. — Religious  Melancholy  in  defect;  parties  affected.,  Epicures.,  Atheists, 
Hypocrites.,  worldly  secure.,  Carnalists ;  all  impious  persons,  impenitent  sinners,  S)-c. 

I.v  that  other  extreme  or  defect  of  this  love  of  God,  knowledge,  faith,  fear,  hope, 
&c.  are  such  as  err  both  in  doctrine  and  manners,  Sadducees,  Ilerodians,  libertines, 
politicians  :  all  manner  of  atheists,  epicures,  infidels,  that  are  secure,  in  a  reprobate 
sense,  fear  not  God  at  all,  and  such  are  too  distrustful  and  timorous,  as  desperate 
persons  be.  That  grand  sin  of  atheism  or  impiety,  ^  Afelanctlion  calls  it  monstrosam 
melancholiam,  monstrous  melanclioly  ;  or  venenatam  melancholiam.,  poisoned  melan- 
choly. A  company  of  Cyclops  or  giants,  that  war  Avith  the  gods,  as  the  poets 
feigned,  antipodes  to  Christians,  that  scoff  at  all  religion,  at  God  himself,  deny  him 
and  all  his  attributes,  his  wisdom,  power,  providence,  his  mercy  and  judgment. 

'"  Esse  aliqiios  ni.Tiies,  et  siihferraiiea  rejna, 
Et  coiitiirii.  et  Stysio  raiias  in  guraite  niirras, 
At(jue  una  tran:>ire  VHiluin  tot  inillia  cyniba, 
Ncc  pueri  creduiit,  nisi  qui  nondum  sre  lavantur." 

'  Igne  et  fuste  potiiis  aiienduin  cum  hlreficis  qunm  I  Eso  curavi  medicine  et  persuasione;  et  sic  plures  alios, 

rum  dis[iutati<)nil)iis;  os  alia  Inquens,  &.C.          «  Pra-fat.  «  De  aniina.  c.  de  huinoribus.               >  Juvt^nal.    "  That 

Hist.            'Qiiidam  comjuf'slus  est  milii  ile  line  murho,  there  are  many  gliosis  and  subterranean  realms,  and  t 

jt  ilr^prpcalus  est  ut  ego  i!:uin  curarein  ;  esro  qu^sivi  ab  boat-pole,  and  black  frogs  in  tile  Slysian  gulf,  and  that 

e«  quia  seiitiret ;  rt-spoiulit,  semper  imaginor  et  cogito  so  many  thousands  pass  over  in  one  boat,  noi  ^ven  boys 

ie  Deo  et  angelis,  &:c  et  ita  dem<'rsus  sum  hac  imagi-  believe,  unless  those  not  as  yet  washed  for  mouey." 

Aatione,  ut  iifz  edain  nee  dormiam,  nee  negotijs,  &c.  I 


632  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  4. 

That  there  is  either  heaven  or  hell,  resurrection  of  the  ilead,  pain,  happiness,  oi 
worlil  to  come,  credat  Judaus  Apella ;  for  their  parts  they  esteem  them  as  so  many 
poet's  tales,  bugbears,  Lucian's  Alexaiuler ;  Moses,  Mahomet,  and  Christ  are  all  as 
one  in  their  creed.  When  those  blood)  wars  in  France  for  matters  of  religion  (saith 
•Richard  Dinoth)  were  so  violentlv  pur.-ued  between  Huguenots  and  Papists,  there 
was  a  company  of  good  fellows  laughed  them  all  to  scorn,  for  being  sucli  supersti- 
tious fools,  to  lose  their  wives  and  fortunes,  accounting  faith,  religion,  inmiortality 
of  the  soul,  mere  fopperies  and  illusions.  Such  loose  'atheistical  spirits  are  too 
predominant  in  all  kiniriloms.  Let  them  contend,  pray,  tremble,  trouble  themselves 
that  will,  for  their  parts,  they  fear  neither  God  nor  devil;  but  witli  that  Cyclops  in 
Euripides, 

*•  Haiiil  iilla  numina  eipavPKUnt  cxlilum,  I  •'  They  fear  no  God  but  one. 

«*«-d  victiniaa  uiii  (Iroriiiii  iiiiaxiinn,  I  They  sacrifice  In  none, 

Vfiitri  utferuiil.  deo-i  ignuranl  carleru*."  |  Hut  belly,  and  hint  adore, 

I  For  g<Nt8  (liey  know  no  more." 

^'TheirGodis   their  belly,"  as  Paul  saith,  Stincta  mater  saturitas ; quibus  in 

solo  rieendi  causa  palalo  est.  The  idol,  which  they  worship  and  adore,  is  their 
mistress ;  with  him  in  Plautus,  mallem  htpc  mulier  me  amet  quam  diiy  they  had  rather 
hare  her  favour  than  the  gods'.  Satan  is  their  guide,  the  flesh  is  tlieir  instructor, 
hypocrisy  their  counsellor,  vanity  their  fellow-soldier,  their  will  their  law,  ambition 
their  captain,  custom  their  rule ;  temerity,  boldness,  impudence  their  art,  toys  their 
lradir\g,  damnation  their  end.  All  their  endeavours  are  to  satisfy  their  lust  and  ap- 
petite, how  lo  pleasf  their  genius,  and  to  be  merry  for  the  present,  Ede,  lude^  hibt^ 
post  mnrtfm  nulla  viduptas*  "  The  same  condition  is  of  men  and  of  beasts ;  us  the 
one  dittii,  so  dieth  tht-  i>th«r,"  Eccles.  iii.  19.     The  world  goes  round, 

• ••  truditur  diei  die. 

.N<>v>-t{ue  )>rrguul   iiilerire  l.unis:" 

"Thev  dill  eat  and  drink  of  old,  marry,  bury,  bought,  sold,  planted,  budt,  and  wdl 
do  still.  "  "Our  life  is  short  and  it-diou.t,  aiul  in  the  death  of  a  man  there  is  no  re- 
covery, neither  was  any  niun  known  that  hath  rt'lurned  from  the  grave;  for  we  are 
born  at  all  adventurt-.  and  we  shall  be  hereafter  as  though  we  had  never  been  ;  for 
the  breath  is  at»  smoke  m  our  nostrils,  bLC,  and  the  spirit  vanisheth  as  the  soft  air. 
"Come  let  us  enjoy  the  pleasures  that  are  present,  let  us  cheerfully  use  the  creatures 
as  in  youth,  let  us  fill  ourselves  with  costly  wine  and  ointments,  let  not  the  flower 
of  our  life  pass  by  us,  let  us  crown  ourselves  witii  rose-buds  before  they  are  wither- 
ed, &.C.  ^^Vivamus  men  Lfshia  et  amr.mus^  Sfc.  '*Coine  let  us  take  our  till  of  love, 
and  pleasure  in  dalliance,  for  ihis  is  our  portion,  this  is  our  lot.  Tempora  lahuntur^ 
tacit isque  senescimus  anius."  For  the  rest  of  heaven  and  hell,  let  children  and  super- 
stitious fools  believe  it :  l"<»r  their  parts,  ihey  are  so  far  from  trembling  at  the  dread- 
ful day  of  judgment  that  they  wish  with  Nero,  Me  vivo  fiat,  let  it  C(»me  in  their 
times  :  s«>  secure,  so  desperate,  so  immoderate  in  lusl  and  pleasure,  so  prone  to  re- 
venge that,  as  Paterculus  said  of  some  caitiffs  in  his  time  in  Home,  Quod  nequittr 
nusi,  fort  iter  eiecuti :  it  shall  not  be  so  wickedly  attempted,  but  as  desperalLly  per- 
formed, whatever  they  take  in  hand.  Were  it  not  for  God's  restraining  grace,  fear 
and  siiarne,  temporal  [lunishmenl,  and  their  own  infamy,  they  would  Lycaon-like 
exenterale,  as  si»  many  caniiil|ds  eat  up,  or  Cadmus'  soldiers  consume  one  another. 
These  are  most  im|>ious,  and  commonly  professed  atheists,  that  never  use  the  name 
of  God  but  to  swear  by  it;  that  express  nought  else  but  epicurism  in  their  carriai?e, 
or  hypocrisy  ;  with  Peniheus  they  neglect  and  coiitenm  these  rites  and  religious 
ceremonies  of  the  gi>ds ;  they  will  be  gods  themselves,  or  at  least  socii  deorutn. 
Divisum  imperium  cum  Joce  C't£sar  habet.  '•  Ciesar  divides  the  empiie  with  Jove.'* 
Apri>yis,  an  Jr'.gyptian  tyrant,  grew,  saith  '*  Herodotus,  to  that  height  f>f  |)ride,  in- 
jiolency  »»f  impiety,  to  that  coniem{)t  of  Gods  and  men,  that  he  hehl  his  kingdom  so 
sure,  ut  It  nemine  deorum  aut  hominum  sibi  eripi  posset,  neither  Go«l  nor  men  could 
take  it  from   him.     '' A  certain   blasphemous  king  of  Sfwiin  (as  "  Lansius  reports 

•  iJ.5.  Gal.  hi*l.  quair  .t  qui  lol  >  baateo  lo  iheir  wanr."            ■•  I>ihr  ivii.  •>  Wiart. 

i..ri.  pT  1  -I  ■■  Mill.- irrid.  '  r.-li.M..ii.-.     n   ■•           »  Ver».  6.  7,  ft         ••l."anillu».         i' Pr  .v    tii   & 

'^lo  liab<'t>.ti>i  !  •<  away,  and  we  (fim  n:  :  ..-n. 

iSO.U"  iting.  •             '*  |jb   I.  in. 

ihink».             •      .  '»r»l.  Colli.  Hi-;  .u^ 

iiH<«  I*  ••«•  uiofe  |(leaaurr  after  deaili."  •  Wur.  I   i,    tl«,:«uatw  ileum  adoraren,,  lie. 

«d.  U.    •  Uo«  day  auccrcd*  another,  and  new  niooua  . 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  1.]  Religions  Melancholy  in  Defect.  63:* 

made  an  edict,  that  no  subject  of  his,  for  ten  years'  space,  should  believe  in,  call  on. 
or  v/orship  any  god.  And  as  '^  Jovius  relates  of"  Mahomet  the  Second,  that  sacked 
Constantinople,  he  so  behaved  himself,  that  he  believed  neither  Christ  nor  Mahomet; 
and  thence  it  came  to  pass,  that  he  kept  his  word  and  promise  no  farther  than  for 
his  advantage,  neither  did  he  care  to  commit  any  offence  to  satisfy  liis  lust."  I  couh' 
say  the  like  of  many  princes,  many  private  men  (our  stories  are  full  of  them)  in 
times  past,  this  present  age,  that  love,  fear,  obey,  and  perform  all  civil  duties  as  they 
shall  find  them  expedient  or  behoveful  to  their  own  ends.  Securi  adversus  Deos, 
securi  adversusliomines.,votis  non  est  opiis,  which  ^"Tacitus  reports  of  some  Germans, 
they  need  not  pray,  fear,  hope,  for  they  are  secure,  to  their  thinking,  both  from  Gods 
and  men.  Bulco  Opiliensis,  sometime  Duke  of  *'  Silesia,  was  such  a  one  to  a  hair; 
he  lived  (saith  ^^^neas  Sylvius)  at  ^^Uratislavia,  and  was  so  mad  to  satisfy  his  lust, 
that  he  believed  neither  heaven  nor  hell,  or  that  the  soul  was  immortal,  but  married 
wives,  and  turned  them  up  as  he  thought  fit,  did  murder  and  mischief,  and  what  he 
list  himself"     This  duke  hath  too  many  followers  in  our  days  :  say  what  you  can, 

dehort,  exhort,  persuade  to  the  contrary,  they  are  no  more  moved, quam  si  dura 

silex  aut  stet  Marpesia  cautes^  than  so  many  stocks,  and  stones ;  tell  them  of  heaven 
and  hell,  'tis  to  no  purpose,  laterem  lavas,  they  answer  as  Ataliba  that  Indian  prince 
did  friar  Vincent,  '""'when  he  brought  him  a  book,  and  told  him  all  the  mysteries 
of  salvation,  heaven  and  hell,  were  contained  in  it:  he  looked  upon  it,  and  said  he 
saw  no  such  matter,  asking  withal,  how  he  knew  it:"  they  will  but  scoff  at  it,  or 
wholly  reject  it.  Petronius  in  Tacitus,  when  he  was  now  by  Nero's  command  bleed- 
ing to  death,  audiebat  arnicas  nihil  referentes  de  immortalitate  ani/ncB,  aut  sapientur.i 
placitis,  sed  levia  carmina  ct  faciles  versus ;  instead  of  good  counsel  and  divine 
meditations,  he  made  his  friends  sing  him  bawdy  verses  and  scurrilous  songs.  Let 
them  take  heaven,  paradise,  and  that  future  happiness  that  will,  honum  est  esse  hic.,it 
is  good  being  here :  there  is  no  talking  to  such,  no  hope  of  their  conversion,  they 
are  in  a  reprobate  sense,  mere  carnalists,  fleshly  minded  men,  which  howsoever  they 
may  be  applauded  in  this  life  by  some  few  parasites,  and  held  for  worldly  wise  men. 
^"They  seem  to  me  (saith  Melancthon)  to  be  as  mad  as  Hercules 'was  when  he 
raved  and  killed  his  wife  and  children."  A  milder  sort  of  these  atheistical  spirits 
there  are  that  profess  religion,  but  timide  et  hcBsitanter .,  tempted  thereunto  out  of  that 
horrible  consideration  of  diversity  of  religions,  which  are  and  have  been  in  the  world 
(which  argument  Campanella,  Atheismi  Triumphati,  cap.  9.  both  urgeth  and  answers), 
besides  the  covetousness,  imposture,  and  knavery  of  priests,  ^-w^frtc/wH^  (as  -^Postel- 
lus  observes)  ut  rebus  sacris  minus  faciant  fidem ;  and  those  religions  some  of  them 
so  fantastical,  exorbitant,  so  violently  maintained  with  equal  constancy  and  assurance; 
whence  they  infer,  that  if  there  be  so  many  religious  sects,  and  denied  bv  the  rest, 
why  may  they  not  be  all  false }  or  why  should  this  or  that  be  preferred  before  tlie 
rest }  The  sceptics  urge  this,  and  amongst  others  it  is  the  conclusion  of  Sextus 
Empericus,  lib.  8.  advers.  Mathe?naticos :  after  many  philosophical  arguments  and 
reasons  pro  and  con  that  there  are  gods,  and  again  that  there  are  no  gods,  he  so 
concludes,  cum  tot  irifer  se  pugnent,  Sfc.  Una  tantum  potest  esse  vera,  as  Tully  like- 
wise disputes  :  Christians  say,  they  alone  worship  tlie  true  God,  pity  all  other  sects, 
lament  tlieir  case  ;  and  yet  those  old  Greeks  and  Romans  that  worshipped  the  devil, 
as  the  Chinese  now  do,  aut  decs  topicos,  their  own  gods ;  as  Julian  the  apostate, 
^'Cecilius  in  Minutius,  Celsus  and  Porphyrins  the  philosopher  object :  and  as  3Ia- 
chiavel  contends,  were  much  more  noble,  generous,  victorious,  had  a  more  flourish- 
ing commonwealth,  better  cities,  better  soldiers,  better  scholars,  better  wits.  Their 
gods  overcame  our  gods,  did  as  many  miracles,  SiC.  Saint  Cyril,  Arnobius,  I\Iinu- 
tius,  with  many  other  ancients  of  late,  Lessius,  Morneus,  Grotius  de  Verit.  Reiig. 
Christianas,  Savanarola  de  Verit.  Fidei  Christianas,  well  defend  ;  but  Zanchius,  ^  Cam- 


"Talpm  se  extiihiiit.  ut  nt'C  in  Christum,  nee  Maho- 
metan cred(;ret.  iindocffoctum  ut  promissa  nisi  qualenus 
in  suum  coniinoiluni  ceileretit  inininie  servaret,  ntc  ullo 
scelere  peccaluni  staluertt,  ut  suis  desiiieriis  satisfa- 
ctret.  20  Lib.  de  nior.  Gt-rni.  s' Or  Breslau. 

"Ijajue  aduo  iiisaniis.  ut  nee  inferos,  nee  superDS  esse 
dpcat.  aniniasque  cum  uorporibus  interire  credat,  &c. 
"■i  Europs  deser.  cap.  ^4.  2'  Fratri's  a  Bry  Amer. 

par  6.  liliruru  a  Vincentio  monacho  datum  abjecit.  nihil 

80 


se  videre  ibi  hujusniodi  dicens  rosansque  unde  htec 
sciret,  quum  de  ccelo  el  'I'artaro  contineri  ibi  diceret. 
^  Von  minus  hi  furunt  quam  Hercules,  qui  conjusem  et 
liberos  interfecit;  habet  ha-c  a;las  plura  huj.iiuiodi  por 
tentosa  monstra.  ^  De  orbis  con.  lib.  I.  cap.  7. 

2'  Nonne  Komaiii  sine  Deo  veslro  regnant  et  fruuntur 
orhe  tnto,  et  vos  et  Deos  vestrus  captives  tenent,  &c. 
Minutius  Octavlano.  2s Comment,  in  Geuesin  c<ipio- 
sus  in  hue  subjecto. 


034  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec  4. 

panella,  Marinus  Marcennus,  Bozius,  and  Gentillettus  answer  all  these  atheistical 
arguments  at  large.  But  this  again  troubles  many  as  of  old,  wicked  men  generally 
thrive,  professed  atheists  thrive. 


'  N'lilliis  H!i«e  D)'08,  inane  ra'luin, 
Alfiriiiiil  Svliiis:  |irobijti|UH,  qund  se 
Facliiiii,  (luui  nt'gal  hiec,  videl  lealurn." 


'There  are  no  goMs,  lioavens  arc  toys, 
Selius  HI  public  jusiities; 
Bi-ciuiie  Itiat  vvhiUt  he  thus  denies 
Their  deities,  he  belter  thrives." 


This  is  a  prime  argument :  and  most  part  your  most  sincere,  upright,  honest,  and 
"good  men  are  depressed,  ''The  race  is  not  to  the  swift,  nor  the  battle  to  tlie  strong 
(Eccles.  ix.  11.),  Jior  yet  bread  to  the  wise,  favour  nor  riches  to  men  of  understand- 
ing, but  time  and  chance  comes  to  all."  There  was  a  great  plague  in  Athens  (as 
Tliucydide.<,  lib.  2.  relates^,  in  which  at  last  every  man,  with  great  licentiousness, 
did  what  he  list,  not  caring  at  all  for  God's  or  men's  laws.  "Neither  the  fear  of 
God  nor  laws  of  men  (sailh  he)  awed  any  man,  because  the  plague  swept  all  away 
alike,  good  and  bad;  they  thence  citncluded  it  was  alike  to  worsliip  or  not  worship 
the  gods,  since  they  perished  all  alike."  Some  cavil  and  make  doubts  of  scripture 
itself:  it  cannot  slantJ  with  God's  uifcrcy,  that  so  many  should  be  damned,  so  i.iany 
bad,  so  ffW  good,  such  have  and  hold  about  religions,  all  stitl'on  their  side,  factious 
alike,  thrive  alike,  and  yet  bitterly  persecuting  and  damning  each  other;  ''  It  cannot 
stand  with  God's  goodness,  protection,  and  providence  (as  *'  Saint  Chrysostom  in  the 
Dialect  of  .such  discontented  persons)  to  see  and  sutler  one  man  to  be  lame,  another 
read,  a  third  poor  and  miserabk-  all  the  days  of  his  life,  a  fourth  grievously  tormented 
with  sickne.ss  and  aches,  to  his  last  hour.  Are  these  signs  and  works  of  God's  pro- 
vidence, to  let  one  man  be  deaf,  another  dumb .'  A  poor  honest  fellow  lives  in  dis- 
grace, woe  and  want,  wretched  he  is;  when  as  a  wicked  catill* abounds  in  su|)erlluily 
of  weallli,  keeps  whores,  parasjte-i,  and  what  he  will  himself:"  Audis  Jupihr  Iup.c? 
Tulia  rnulla  count; ctuntes^  Ionium  rcprchensionis  sennunem  er^a  Dei  jjruviihntiam 
cuntcxunt.  '■'Thus  they  mutter  and  object  (see  the  rest  of  their  arguments  in  Mar- 
cennus in  Genesin,  and  in  Cain|»aiiella,  amply  confuted),  with  many  such  vain  cavils, 
veil  known,  not  worthy  the  recapitulation  ojr  answering:  whatsoever  they  pretend, 
they  are  inUrim  of  little  or  no  religion. 

Cousin-germans  to  these  men  are  many  of  our  great  philosophers  and  deists,  who, 
though  they  be  more  temiwrate  in  this  life,  give  many  good  moral  precepts,  honest, 
uprigitt,  anil  sober  in  their  conversation,  yet  ia  etfect  they  are  the  same  (accounting 
no  man  a  good  scholar  that  is  not  an  atheist),  nirnis  allum  sapiuuty  too  much  learn- 
ing makes  them  mad.  Whilst  they  attribute  all  to  natural  causes,  ^'contingence  of 
all  things,  as  .Melaiictlion  calls  them,  Ptrtinax  hominum  gtnus^  a  peevisfi  generation 
of  men,  that  misled  by  philosophy,  and  the  devil's  suggestion,  their  own  innate 
blindness,  dt-iiy  God  as  nmcli  as  the  rest,  hold  all  religion  a  fiction,  opposite  to  rea- 
son and  philiisophy,  though  for  fear  of  magistrates,  saith  ^'V'^aninus,  they  durst  not 
publicly  profess  it.  Ask  one  of  them  of  what  religion  he  is,  he  scoflingly  replies,  a 
philosopher,  a  Galenist,  an  **Averroist,  and  with  Uabelais  a  j)hysician,  a  peripatetic, 
an  e|)icure.  In  spiritual  things  God  must  demonstrate  all  to  sense,  leave  a  pawn 
with  them,  or  else  seek  some  other  creditor.  They  will  acknowledge  Nature  and 
Fortune,  yet  not  God :  though  in  effect  they  grant  both :  for  as  Scaliger  delineis. 
Nature  signifies  God's  ordinary  power;  or,  as  Calvm  writes.  Nature  is  God's  order, 
and  so  tiimgs  extraordinary  may  be  called  unnatural :  Fortune  his  unrevealed  will ; 
and  so  we  call  things  changeable  that  are  beside  reason  and  expectation.  To  this 
purpose  ^^linutius  in  OctuviOj  and  ^Seneca  well  discourseth  with  them,  ///.'.  4.  de 
henfficiis,  cap.  5,  6,  7.  "They  do  not  understand  what  they  say;  what  is  Nature 
but  God?  call  him  what  thou  wilt,  Nature,  Jupiter,  he  hath  as  ntany  names  as  offices ; 
it  comes  all  to  one  pass,  God  is  the  fountain  of  all,  the  first  Giver  and  Preserver, 

■  E«ce  part  ve^lruiii  et  niaj..r  el  iin-Iinr  alael,  fiine     J       '        '  "      •  ''  •  ifh 

Isborat.    el   il>->i-<    palitur.   tlissiiiiulat,    nun    viilt.    iiuii     (  i  -:'■ 

potest  ■•pituVirt   «jn.   >-t  vel   iiivalil'K  \.-|   rii-iiii;i  i-«t       ;  ■  il. 

i  "•'  '  '  '  ,•;    nil    jiflMI  t. 

I.  'HI.  ••      ■  Mil 

•ci   ■:   -  -  -  ■  ••« 

io  i.  ) 

•  llua    I         '  -  .  i     »• 

MU{k-rt.it.'    p<  rii.'il     il:>'    iij>ir'ii,  iiru  v  j  — iiiM'.  :   ii'iril    l>j<-      ni>iiirrj 
Pruvitieali*  u^Msra  1  bic  lurdu*,  ille  oiulu*,  tic     •*  >•  oii  t  , 


31em.  2.  Subs.  1 J  Religious  Melancholy  in  Defect.  .         G35 

from  whom  all  things  depend,  ''^  it  quo,  et  per  quem  omnia,  JS'am  quocunque  vides 
Deus  est,  qiuiCunque  movcris,  ''  God  is  all  in  all,  God  is  everywhere,  in  every  place." 
And  yet  this  Seneca,  that  could  confute  and  blame  them,  is  all  out  as  much  to  be 
blamed  and  confuted  himself,  as  mad  himself;  for  he  holds  fatum  Stoicum,  that 
inevitable  Necessity  in  the  other  extreme,  as  those  Chaldean  astrologers  of  old  did. 
against  whom  the  prophet  Jeremiah  so  often  thunders,  and  those  heathen  mathema- 
ticians, Nigidius  Figulus,  magicians,  and  Prisciliaiiists,  whom  St.  Austin  so  eagerly 
confutes,  those  Arabian  questionaries,  Novem  Judices,  Albumazer,  Dorotheus,  Stc, 
and  our  countryman  ^^Estuidus,  that  take  upon  them  to  define  out  of  those  great  con- 
junction of  stars,  with  Ptolomeus,  the  periods  of  kingdoms,  or  religions,  of  all  future 
accidents,  wars,  plagues,  schisms,  heresies,  and  what  not  ?  all  from  stars,  and  sucli 
things,  saith  Maginus,  Qtice  sibi  et  intelligentiis  suis  reservavit  Deus,  which  God  hath 
reserved  to  himself  and  his  angels,  they  will  take  upon  them  to  foretel,  as  if  stars 
were  immediate,  inevitable  causes  of  all  future  accidents.  Caesar  Vaninus,  in  his  book 
de  admirandis  naiurce  Jlrcanis,  dial.  52.  de  oracuUs,  is  more  free,  copious,  and  open 
in  this  explication  of  this  astrological  tenet  of  Ptolemy,  than  any  of  our  modern 
writers,  Cardan  excepted,  a  true  disciple  of  his  master  Pomponatius ;  according  to 
.  the  doctrine  of  peripatetics,  he  refers  all  apparitions,  prodigies,  miracles,  oracles,  ac- 
'  cidents,  alterations  of  religions,  kingdoms,  &c.  (for  wdiich  he  is  soundly  lashed  by 
Marinus  Mercennus,  as  well  he  deserves),  to  natural  causes  (for  spirits  he  will  not 
acknowledge),  to  that  light,  motion,  influences  of  heavens  and  stars,  and  to  the  in- 
telligences that  niove  the  orbs.  IntelUgentia  quce  movet  orhem  medianle  cxlo,  Sfc. 
Intelligences  do  all :  and  after  a  long  discourse  of  miracles  done  of  old,  si  hcec 
dcBinones  possint,  cur  non  et  inielligentice  coclorwn  motrtces  ?  And  as  tliese  great 
conjunctions,  aspects  of  planets,  begin  or  end,  vary,  are  vertical  and  predominant,  so 
have  religions,  rites,  ceremonies,  and  kingdoms  their  beginning,  progress,  periods,  in 
tirbibus>f  regibus,  religionibus,  ac  in  parti cuiaribus  Jinminibus,  fiaic  vera  ac  manifesta 
sunt,  ut  „iristoleles  innuere  videtur,  et  quotidiana  docet  experie^itia,  ut  historias  per- 
legens  videbit  ;'quid  olim  in  Gentili  lege  Jove  sanctius  et  illustriiis?  quid  nunc  vile 
magis  et  execrandum?  Ita  cceleslia  corpora  pro  mortalium  bcnejicio  religiones  a>di~ 
Jicant,  et  cum  cessat  injluxus,  cessat  Icx,'"^  Sfc.  And  because,  according  to  their  tenets, 
the  world  is  eternal,  intelligences  eternal,  influences  of  stars  eternal,  kingdoms,  reli- 
gions, alterations  shall  be  likewise  eternal,  and  run  round  after  many  ages ;  Atque 
iterum  ad  Troium  magnus  miitetur  Achilles;  renasccniur  religiones,  et  ceremonice, 
res  humancE  in  idem  rccident,  nildl  nunc  quod  non  olimfuit,  et  post  scEciiloriim  revo- 
lutiones  alias  est,  erit,*^  Sfc.  idem  specie,  saith  Vaninus,  non  individuo  quod  Plato 
significavit.  Tiiese  (saith  mine  "'author),  these  are  the  decrees  of  peripatetics,  which 
though  1  recite,  in  obsequinm  Christiance  Jidei  deteslor,  as  I  am  a  Christian  I  detest 
and  hate.  Thus  peripatetics  and  aslrologians  held  in  former  times,  and  to  this  efl*ect 
of  old  in  Rome,  saith  Dionysius  Ilalicarnassus,  lib.  7,  v»hen  those  meteors  and  pro- 
digies appeared  in  the  air,  alter  the  banishment  of  Coriolanus,  ''^''Men  were  diversely 
affected:  some  said  they  were  God's  just  judgments  for  the  execution  of  that  good 
man,  some  referred  all  to  natural  causes,  some  to  stars,  some  thought  they  came  by 
chance,  s6me  by  necessity"  decreed  ab  initio,  and  could  not  be  altered.  The  two 
last  opinions  of  necessity  and  chance  were,  it  seems,  of  greater  note  than  the  rest. 

*i "  Sum  qui  in  Fortuns  jam  casibus  omnia  pouunt, 
El  Mjuiiduin  creduiit  nuilo  reclore  oioveri, 
Natura  voivenle  vices,"  Sec. 

For  the  first  of  chance,  as  ^  Sallust  likewise  informeth  us,  those  old  Romans  gene- 
rally received  ;  "  They  supposed  fortune  alone  gave  kingdoms  and  empires,  wealth, 

3=  Austin.  3J  Principio  plismer.         ^o '•  in  cities,  i  oraculis.  •o  Varie  lioinines  affecti,  alii  dei  judi- 

kinas,  religions,  and  in  individual  men,  these  things  '  ciuin  ad  tarn  pii  e.xilium,  alii  ad  naturam  refc-rebant, 
are  true  and  obvious,  as  Aristotle  appears  to  in. ply,  and  nee  ab  indignatione  dei,  sed  liuinanis  causis,  &;c.  12. 
daily  experience  teaches  to   the  reader  of  history  :  for  '  Natural,  quxst.  33.  3U.  «Juv.  Sat.  J3.     "There 

what  was  more  s.icred  and  illustrious,  by  Gentile  law,  !  are  those  who  ascribe  everything  to  chance,  and  believe 
than  Jupiter  ?  «  hat  now  more  vile  and  execrable  ?  In  that  the  world  is  made  without  a  director,  nature  in- 
this  way  celestial  objects  sugjrest  religions  for  worldly  j  fluencing  the  vicissitudes," &c.  <i  Epist.  ad  C.  Cisar. 
motives,  and  when  the  influx  ceases,  so  does  the  law,"  Roiiiani  olim  piitabant  fortunam  regiia  et  iinperia 
&.C.  <'  ••And  again  a  great  Achilles  shall  be  sent    dare:  Credebant  antea  mortales  fortunam  solani  opes 

asaiuBt  Troy  :  religions  and  their  ceremonies  shall  be  et  bonores  largiri,  idquc  duabus  de  causis;  primum 
born  asain  ;  however  atiairs  relapse  into  the  same  qu  d  indignus  quisque  dives  honoratus.  poteiis;  alte- 
track,  there  is  nothing  now  that  was  not  formerly  and  ruin,  vix  quisquam  perpetuo  bonis  iisfrui  visus.  Poslea 
will  not  be  again,"  &c.  "  Vaninus  dial.  52.  de  1  prudentiores  didicere  furluuam  suam  quemque  fiugere. 


636  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

honour?,  offices  .  and  that  for  two  causes  ;  first,  because  every  wicked  base  unworthy 
wretch  was  preferred,  rich,  potent,  &.c. ;  secondly,  because  of  tlieii-  uncertainty, 
ihouijh  never  so  good,  scarce  any  one  enjoyed  them  long :  but  after,  they  bcffaii 
upon  better  advice  to  think  otherwise,  that  every  man  made  "his  own  fortune."  The 
last  of  Necessity  was  Seneca's  tenet,  that  God  was  alligatns  caiisis  secnndis,  so  tied 
to  second  causes,  to  that  inexorable  Necessity,  that  he  could  alter  nothing  of  that 
which  was  once  decreed;  sic  erat  infatis,  it  cannot  be  altered,  semeZ jMssi/,  semper 
jmrct  Deus,  nulla  lus  rumpif,  nulla  preces^  nee  ipsum  fulme7i,  God  hath  once  said  it, 
and  it  must  for  ever  stand  good,  no  prayers,  no  threats,  nor  power,  nor  thunder  itself 
can  alter  it.  Zeno,  Chrysippus,  and  those  other  Stoics,  as  you  may  read  in  TuUy  2. 
de  divinalione,  Gellius,  lib.  (>.  cap.  2.  kc,  maintained  as  much.  In  ail  ages,  there 
have  been  such,  that  either  deny  God  in  all,  or  in  part;  some  deride  him,  they  could 
have  made  a  better  world,  and  ruled  it  more  orderly  themselves,  blasplu'ine  him,  de- 
rogate at  tlieir  pleasure  from  him.  Twas  so  in  **  Plato's  tinie,  "  Some  say  there  be 
no  gods,  others  that  tlii-y  care  not  for  men,  a  middle  sort  grant  both."  Si  nnn  sit 
IJeus,  unde  malaf  si  sit  Deus^  unde  malaf  So  Cotta  argues  in  Tully,  why  made 
he  not  all  got)d,  or  at  least  tenders  not  the  welfare  of  such  as  are  good  .'  As  the 
woman  told  Alexander,  if  he  be  not  at  leisure  to  hear  causes,  and  redress  them,  why 
doth  he  reign  ?  "  Sextus  Empericus  hath  many  such  arguments.  Thus  perverse 
men  cavil.  So  it  will  ever  be,  some  of  all  forts,  good,  bad,  indillerent,  true,  false, 
zealous,  ambidexters,  neutralists,  lukewarm,  libertines,  atheists,  Stc.  They  will  see 
these  relit/ious  sectaries  agree  amongst  themselves,  be  reconciled  all,  before  they  will 
particifKite  with,  or  believe  any:  they  think  in  the  meantime  (which  ^Celsus  objects, 
and  wluun  Ongen  confutes),  "We  Christians  ailore  a  person  put  to  ^'^  death  with  no 
more  rea>on  than  the  barbarous  Getes  worshipped  Zamolxis,  the  Cilicians  Mopsus, 
the  Thelmns  Anjphiaraus,  and  the  Lebadians  Trophonius  ;  one  reliirion  is  as  true  as 
another,  new  fungltd  devices,  all  ft)r  human  rt'specis  ;"  great-witted  .Aristotle's  w«»rk9 
are  as  nmch  aiithentical  to  them  as  St'tiptures,  sul)tle  Seneca's  Episilt-s  as  canonical 
as  St.  Paul's,  I'lndarus'  (Jdt-s  as  good  as  the  Pr<»pbet  David's  Psalms,  Ki)icti'tus'  En- 
ctiiridion  equivalent  to  wise  S«)l<>mon's  Proverbs.  Tht-y  do  oj)eidy  and  boldly  speak 
ibis  and  more,  stune  of  them,  in  all  places  and  companies.  *""  Claudius  the  emperor 
was  antjry  with  Heaven,  because  it  thundered,  and  challenged  Jupiter  into  the  field; 
with  \v  hat  madness !  saith  Seneca;  he  thought  Jupiter  could- not  hurt  him,  but  he 

could  hurt  Jupiter."      Diagoras^  Demonax,  Epicurus,  Pliny,  Lucian,  Lucretius, 

Cnntcmptorqut  JJtum  JMezentius,  "•  pu>(es»(:i\  atheists  all"  in  their  limes:  though  not 
simple  atheists  neither,  as  Cicogna  proves,  lib.  1.  cap.  1.  they  scotled  ordy  at  those 
Pagan  gods,  their  plurality,  base  and  tictitious  oflices.  Gilbertus  Cotrnatus  labours 
much,  and  so  doth  Erasmus,  to  virulicate  Lucian  from  scandal,  and  there  be  those 
that  apuloirize  for  Epicurus,  but  all  in  vain  ;  Lucian  scoHs  at  all,  Epicurus  he  denies 
all,  and  Lucretius  his  scholar  defends  him  in  it : 

i»  ••  ll'iiii.ii.i   ii;t.-  I  .  il  i'  f.  .'•"  I   111!  » it  1  j  iterel  "  When  human  kind  wai  (Iri-nrlrd  in  »ii|)fr»(ition, 

I  I  Wilh  ghailly  looka   aluCi,  which  (ti^Ulrii  niurul 

•  t.  I  uieii,"  &.C. 

i!  .       r  ,ii»,"*  Ice.  I 

He  alone,  like  another  Hercules,  did  vindicate  the  world  from  that  monster.  Uncle 
®  Plinv,  lib.  2.  cap.!,  nat.  hist,  and  lib.  7.  cap.  55,  in  express  words  denies  the  im- 
mortalitv  of  the  soul.  "  Seneca  doth  little  less,  lib.  7.  epist.  55.  ad  Lucilium,  et  lib. 
de  cunsut.  ad  JMartiam,  or  rather  more.  Some  Greek  Commentators  would  put  as 
much  upon  Job,  that  lie  should  deny  resurrection,  itc,  whom  Pineda  copiously  con- 
futes in  cap.  7.  Job,  vers.  9.  Aristotle  is  hardly  censured  of  some,  both  divines  and 
r»hilosoi)hers.  St.  Justin  in  Per<metica  ad  G^ntes,  Greg.  JVazianzen.  in  disput.  ad- 
tersus  tlun.,  Theodoret,  lib.  5.  de  curat,  grcec.  ujf'ec,  Origen.  lib.  dc  principiis. 
Pomponatius  justifies  in  his  Tract  (so  styled  at  least)  De  immortaliiate  Amitue,  Sca- 
liger  (who  would  forswear  himself  at  any  time,  saith  Patritius,  in  defence  of  his 

«  10  de  le:ib.     Alii  ni>ganl  eH«  dcM,  ahi  d«oa  non    putavitiibi  nnrer*  non  ^omr.n  le  nnrrrr  lamrn  Jov* 

eurarc  ri«  hiimanas,  alii  ulrnfjii'- rorirtriludi.          ♦' l^b.    p'>»w              "  l.ih    !    I  "•  l'l»fr  •»"ii'i«  (>»~f  nvf -i*. 

I-    ,                                     <«(pr.                    1  (Vlauni.  I.  3.  b<>«    a.  ul 

i«ruin  cont'^                          .il.           •»('ruei-  ■<>■ 

til                    j:<ii<iutini>i««  I                         <  p^re.»riii.  I,hri«-    ..                                  '  jf 

turn  V'  I  ii  *  ItK  ira,  I'l    :il       Iraiu*  cotlo  ■|iin<l  ob   ,  ila  «l  ijMUiinit. 

■trepcrel,  ad  pugiiaio  vocaua  Juveui,  quaoia  deiucuiia  1 1 


.\rf'm.  2.  Subs.  1.]  Rrligious  Melancholy  in  Defect.  637 

great  master  Aristotle),  and  Dandinus,  lih.  3.  de  armnd,  acknowTodo-e  as  much.  Aver- 
roes  oppugns  all  spirits  and  supreme  powers-,  of  late  Brunus  (infceUx  Brunm, 
"  Kepler  ctdls  him),  Machiavel,  Cassar  Vaninus  lately  burned  at  Toulouse  in  P' ranee, 
and  Pet.  Aretine,  have  publicly  maintained  such  atheistical  paradoxes,  "with  that 
Italian  Boccacio  with  his  fable  of  three  rings,  &.C.,  ex  quo  infert  hand  posse  inferno^c:, 
guce  sit  verlor  rrligio.,  Judaica.,  Mahomctancu  an  Christiana,  quoniam  eadcm  signa^  ^-c. 
•^  from  which  he  infers,  that  it  cannot  be  distinguished  which  is  the  true  relio-ion, 
Judaism,  Mahommedanism,  or  Christianity,"  &c.  ^''Marinus  Mercennus  suspects 
Cardan  for  his  subtleties,  Campan^Ua,  and  Charron's  Book  of  Wisdom,  with  some 
otlier  Tracts,  to  savour  of  ^'atheism  :  but  amongst  the  rest  that  pestilent  book  de 
trihus  niundl  i?nj>ostorihus,  quern  sine  horrore  (inquit)  non  legas,  ct  mundi  Cymhalum 
dialogis  quafimr  contentum,  anno  1 538,  auctore  Peresio,  Farisiis  excusum,  ^'  &c.  And 
as  there  have  been  in  all  ages  such  blasphemous  spirits,  so  there  have  not  been  want- 
ing their  patrons,  protectors,  disciples  and  adherents.  Never  so  many  atheists  in 
Italy  and  Germany,  saith  *^Colerus,  as  in  this  age:  the  like  complaint  Mercennus 
makes  in  France,  50,000  in  that  one  city  of  Paris.  Frederic  the  Emperor,  as  ^Mat- 
thew Paris  records  licet  non  sit  recitahile  (I  use  his  own  words)  is  reported  to  have 
said,  Tres  praisligiatores,  Moses,  Christus,  et  Mahomet,  uti  miindo  dominarentur,  totum 
popuhnn  sihi  contemporaneum  seduxissc.  (Henry,  the  Landgrave  of  Hesse,  heard  him 
speak  it,)  Si  principes  imperii  institutioni  mece  adhcererent,  ego  multo  meliorem  modum 
credendi  et  vivendi  ordinarem. 

To  these  professed  atheists,  we  may  well  add  that  impious  and  carnal  crew  of 
worldly-minded  men,  impenitent  sinners,  that  go  to  hell  in  a  lethargy,  or  in  a  dream  ; 
who  though  they  be  professed  Christians,  yet  they  will  nulla  pallescere  culpa,  make 
a  conscience  of  nothing  they  do,  tliey  have  cauterized  consciences,  and  are  indeed  in 
a  reprobate  sense,  '•  past  all  feeling,  have  given  themselves  over  to  wantonness,  to 
work  all  manner  of  uncleanness  even  with  greediness,  Ephes.  iv.  19.  They  do  know- 
there  is  a  God,  a  day  of  judgment  to  come,  and  yet  for  all  that,  as  Hugo  saith,  ita 
comedunl  ac  dormiunt,  ac  si  diem  judicii  evasissent ;  ita  ludunt  ac  rident,  ac  si  in  ccelis 
cum  Deo  regnarent :  they  are  as  merry  for  all  the  sorrow,  as  if  they  had  escaped  all 
dangers,  and  were  in  heaven  already : 

6'  " Metiis  onines,  et  inexornhile  fatnni 

Subjecit  pi'dibiis,  strepitumnue  Aclierontis  .Tvari." 

Those  rude  idiots  and  ignorant  persons,  that  neglect  and  contemn  the  means  of  their 
salvation,  may  march  on  with  these  ;  but  above  all  others,  those  Herodian  temporizing 
statesmen,  political  Machiavelians  and  hypocrites,  that  make  a  show  of  religion,  but 
in  their  hearts  laugh  at  it.  Simulala  sanclitas  duplex  iniquitas ;  they  are  in  a  double 
fault,  '^  that  fashion  themselves  to  this  world,"  which  ^'Paul  forbids,  and  like  Mer- 
cury, the  planet,  are  good  with  good,  bad  Avilh  bad.  When  they  are  at  Rome,  they 
do  there  as  they  see  done,  puritans  with  puritans,  papists  with  papists;  omnium  hora- 
mm  homines,  formalists,  ambidexters,  lukewarm  Laodiceans.  '^All  their  study  is  to 
please,  and  their  god  is  their  commodity,  their  labour  to  satisfy  their  lusts,  and  their 
endeavours  to  their  own  ends.    Whatsoever  they  pretend,  or  in  public  seem  to  do, 

"■•"With  the  fool  in  their  hearts,  they  say  there  is  no  God."    Heus  tu de  Jove 

quid  sentis?  "•HuUoa!  what  is  your  opinion  about  a  Jupiter?"  Their  words  are  as 
soft  as  oil,  but  bitterness  is  in  their  hearts;  like  ^^ Alexander  VI.  so  cunninn  dis- 
semblers, that  what  they  think  they  never  speak.  Many  of  them  are  so  cli-j,  you 
can  hardly  discern  it,  or  take  any  just  exceptions  at  them;  they  are  not  factious, 
oppressors  as  most  are,  no  bribers,  no  simoniacal  contractors,  no  sucli  ambitious, 
lascivious  persons  as  some  others  are,  no  drunkards,  sohrii  solem  vidcnl  orientem^ 
sobrii  vident  occidenlem,  they  rise  sober,  and  go  sober  to  bed,  plain  dealing,  upright, 
honest  inen,  they  do  wrong  to  no  man,  and  are  so  reputed  in  the  world's  esteem  at 
least,  very  zealous  in  religion,  very  charitable,  meek,  humble,  peace-makers,  keep  all 
duties,  very  devout,  honest,  well  spoken  of,  beloved  of  all  men :  but  he  that  knows 


*'  Dissert,  rum  nunc  sifler.         '^Campanella,  cap.  J^. 
Atheism,  triiiinnliat.  **  Comment,  in  Gen.  cap.  7. 

*' So  that  a  man  may  meet  an  atheist  as  soon  in  his 
study  as  in  the  street.  s'Simonis  religio  iiicerto 

■juctore  ('racovia;   cilit.   1.5S8,  cnnclursio   lihri   est,   Ede 
itaque  bibe,  hide,  &.c.  jam  Dcus  figraentum  est.      ^^x^ih. 


3D 


de  i.nmorjal.  anima;.  ^  Pus.  G45.  an.  1-J3-'.  ad  finein 

lleiiDci  tertii.  Idem  Pisterius.  pa>r.  74.1.  in  cnmpilaL 
sua.  "  Virg.  ■•  They  place  fear,  fate,  and  the  sound 

of  craving  Acheron  under  their  feet."  <-■  Rom.  lii.  £ 
siOnnis  Arisiippum  decuit  color,  et  status,  el  res. 
'^)  Psal.  xiii.  1.  •^Guicciardiui. 


638  Religions  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4 

better  how  to  judge,  he  that  examines  the  heart,  saith  they  arc  hypocrites.  Cor  dojo 
jihnvm ;  sonant  ritium  percussa  maligni:,  they  are  not  sound  within.  As  it  is  with 
writers  *  oftentimes.  Plus  sanclimonice  in  libello,  qttam  libeJli  auctore^  more  holiness 
is  in  the  book  than  in  tlie  author  of  it :  so  'tis  with  them  :  many  come  to  church 
with  £jreat  Bibles,  whom  Cardan  said  he  could  not  choose  but  laugh  at,  and  will  now 
and  tlien  dare  opcram  Jltignslino,  read  Austin,  frequent  sermons,  and  yet  professed 
ujiurcrs,  mere  gripes,  tota  viltp  ratio  epicurea  est;  all  their  life  is  epicurism  and  atheism, 
come  to  church  all  dav,  and  lie  with  a  courtezan  at  night.  Qui  curios  simulant  el 
Bacchanalia  vivunt,  they  have  Esau's  hands,  and  Jacob's  voice  :  yea,  and  many  of 
those  holv  friars,  saiictitled  men,  Cappam,  saith  Hieroin,  et  ciliciurn  induunt,  sed  intus 
latrancrn  tegunt.  They  are  wolves  in  sheep's  clothing,  Introrsum  turpcs,  speciosi 
pclle  decora,  ^' Fair  without,  and  most  foul  within."  ^  Ltilet  plenimque  sub  tristi 
amictu  lasciria,  et  dfformis  horror  vili  vestc  tegitur ;  ofttimes  under  a  mourning  weed 
lies  lust  itself,  and  horrible  vices  under  a  poor  coat.  But  who  can  examine  all  those 
kinds  of  hypocrites,  or  dive  into  their  hearts  ?  If  we  may  guess  at  the  tree  by  the 
fruit,  never  so  many  as  in  these  days ;  8ht>w  me  a  plain-tlealing  true  honest  man:  Et 
pudor,  et  probttas,  et  timor  omnis  abest.  He  that  shall  but  K>ok  into  their  lives,  and 
see  such  enormous  vices,  men  so  immoderate  in  lust,  unspeakable  in  malice,  furious 
ill  their  rage,  flattering  anil  dissembling  (all  for  their  own  ends)  will  surely  think 
they  are  not  truly  reli<jious,  but  of  an  obdurate  heart,  most  part  in  a  reprobate  setise, 
as  in  til  is  age.  But  let  them  carry  it  as  they  will  for  the  present,  dissemble  as  they 
can,  a  time  will  coine  when  they  shall  be  called  to  an  account,  their  melancholy  is 
at  band,  they  ]>ull  a  plague  and  curse  upon  their  own  heads,  thesaurisant  iram  Dei. 
Besides  all  such  as  are  in  deos  contuineliosi.,  blaspheme,  contemn,  neglect  God,  or 
Rcotlat  him,  as  the  poets  feign  of  Salnioneus,  that  would  in  derision  imitate  Jupiter''s 
thunder,  he  was  pn^cipitated  for  his  pains,  Jupiter  intonuit  contra,  Ar.  so  shall  they 
certainly  rue  it  in  the  end,  ("in  se  tpuit,  qui  in  cetlum  spuil),  their  doom's  at  hand, 
and  hell  is  ready  to  receive  them. 

Some  are  of  opinion,  that  it  is  in  vain  to  dispute  with  such  atheistical  spirits  in  the 
meantime,  'tis  not  the  best  way  to  reclaim  them.  .Atheism,  idolatry,  heresy,  hypocrisy, 
though  they  have  one  common  root,  that  is  indulgence  to  corrupt  atFection,  yet  their 
growth  is  tlitlerent,  tlrey  have  divers  symptoms,  occasions,  and  must  have  several 
cures  am!  remedies.  Tis  true  some  deny  there  is  any  God,  some  confess,  yet  believe 
it  not;  a  third  sort  confess  and  believe,  but  will  not  live  after  his  laws,  worship  and 
obey  him  :  others  allow  God  and  go»ls  subordinate,  but  not  one  God,  no  sueh  gene- 
ral Ciod,  nnn  talftn  deum,  but  several  topic  gods  for  several  places,  and  those  not  to 
persecute  one  another  for  any  ditl'erence,  as  Socinus  will,  but  rather  love  and  cherish. 

To  describe  theni  in  particular,  to  prt^uce  their  arguments  and  reasons,  would 
require  a  just  volume,  I  refer  them  therefore  that  expect  a  more  ample  satisfaction, 
to  those  subtle  and  elaborate  treatises,  devout  and  famous  tracts  of  «»ur  learned 
divines  (^schoolmen  amongst  the  rest,  and  casuists^  that  have  abundance  of  reasons 
to  prove  there  is  a  GotI,  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  fctc,  out  of  the  strength  of 
wit  and  philosophy  bring  irrefragable  arguments  to  such  as  are  ingenuous  and  well 
disposed  ;  at  the  least,  answer  all  cavils  and  objections  to  confute  their  folly  and 
madness,  ami  to  reduce  them,  $i  fieri  posset,  ad  sanam  mentem,  to  a  better  mind, 
thoiii/h  ti>  small  purpose  many  times.  .Amongst  others  consult  with  Julius  Caesar 
I^galla.  professor  of  philosophy  in  Home,  who  hath  wiitten  a  large  volume  of  late 
to  confute  atheists :  of  the  immortality  of  the  soul,  Ilierom.  .Monianus  de  im 
morialttale  „inim(P :  Lflius  Vincentius  of  the  s;ime  subject:  ThomaM  Giaminus, 
and  Franciscus  CoUius  df  Pa^unorum  animahus  post  mortem,  a  famous  doctor  of 
the  .Ambrosial!  College  in  Milan.  Bishop  Fotherby  in  his  Atheomastix,  DiKrtor 
Dove,  Doctor  Jackson,  .Abernethy,  Corderoy,  have  written  well  of  this  subject  in 
on/  mother  tongue :  in  I-itin,  Colerus,  Zanchius,  Paleareus,  Illyriciis,  "  I'bilippus, 
Fabcr  Faventinus,  Stc.  But  in^tar  omnium,  the  most  copious  confuter  of  atheists  is 
-Marinus  ^lercennus  in  his  Commentaries  on  Genesis  :  **  with  Campane. la's  Alheis- 
inus  Triumphatus.  He  sets  down  at  large  the  causes  of  this  brutish  passir>n,  ('seven- 
teen in  number  I  take  it)  answers  all  their  arguments  ami  sophisms,  which  he  le- 

■*  EraiiuiK.  "  (lirrnm.  *  S«-n<>c.  r»n»<il.  i  Alheo*.  VenctiM  10X7,  qiMrtO.  **  UiLEom*.  M 

•d  Pulyb.  ca  n.  •Difput.  4.    Pbiloaoptiic  adver.  |  1631. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  2.]  Despair's  Definition.  639 

duceth  to  twenty-six  heads,  proving  withal  his  own  assertion:  "There  is^  a  God 
such  a  God  the  true  and  sole  God,"  by  thirty-five  reasons.  H  s  Colopl  u  fs  how 
to  resist  and  repress  atheism,  and  to  that  purpose  he  adds  four  especml  means  oT 
ways,  which  who  so  will  may  profitably  peruse.  ^ 

SuBSECT.  11— Despair.    Despairs,  Equivocations,  Definitions,  Parties  and  Paris 

affected. 

There  be  many  kinds  of  desperation,  whereof  some  be  holy,'some  unholy,  as 
one  distinguisheth ;  that  unholy  he  defines  out  of  Tully  to  be  JEgrUudinem  I^ 
sineuUa  rerum  expectatione  melwre,  a  sickness  of  the  soul  without  any  hope  or  ex- 
pectation of  amendment;  which  commonly  succeeds  fear;  for  whilst  evil  is  expect- 
^ttr7ir'\  ^"^'^'.^^^^  ''  '^  «'^>-^^^"'  ^^e  despair.   •  According  to  Thomas  2.  2'ce  dis- 
Trtu-.-'  7i      '  .''  ^^!^^'^f  "  re  desiderata,  propter  impossibilitatem  eristimatam, 
a  resiiaii  t  ft-om  the  thing  desired,  for  some  impossibility  supposed.     Because  they 
cannot  obtain  what  they  would,  they  become  desperate,  and  mlny  times  either  yield 
to  the  passion  by  death  itself,  or  else  attempt  impossibilities,  not  to  be  performed  by 
men.     Jn  some  cases,  this  desperate  humour  is  not  much  to  be  discommended,  as  in 
wars  It  IS  a  cause  many  times  of  extraordinary  valour;  as  Joseph,  lib.  1.  de  bello 
Jud  cap   i  4.  L.  Daimus  in  Aphoris.  poUt.  pag.  226.  and  many  politicians  hold.     It 
makes  them  improve  their  worth  beyond  itself,  and  of  a  forlorn  impotent  company 
become  conquerors  in  a  moment.     IJna  salus  vidis  mdlam  sperare  salufcm,  -  the 
on  y  hope  lor  the  conquered  is  despair."    In  such  courses  when  they  see  no  remedy, 
but  that  they  must  either  kill  or  be  killed,  they  take  courage,  and  oftentimes,  pr^Jr 
spent,  beyond  all  hope  vindicate  themselves.     Fifteen  thousand  Locrenses  fou<rht 
against  a  hundred  thousand  Crotonienses,  and  seeing  now  no  way  but  one,  they 
must  all  die,  '  thought  they  would  not  depart  unrcv^nged,  and  thereupon  desperately 
giving  an  assault,  conquered  their  enemies.     Mc  alia  causa  victoria'  i  saith  Justin 
mine  autlior)  qudm  quod  desper  aver  ant.     William  the  Conqueror,  when    he  first 
landed  in  England,  sent  back  his  ships,  that  his  soldiers  might  have  no  hope  of  re- 
tirmg  back.     '  Bodine  excusetli  his  countrymen's  overthrow  at  that  famous  battle  at 
Agmcourt,  in  Henry  the  Fifth  his  time,  {cui  simile,  saith  Froissard,  tota  historia  pro- 
ducere  non  possit,  which  no  history  can  parallel  almost,  wherein  one  handful  of 
Englishmen  overtlirew  a  royal  army  of  Frenchmen)  with  this  refuge  of  despair,  pauci 
despcra/i,  a  few  desperate  fellows  being  compassed  in  by  their  enemies,  past  all  hope 
ot  lite,  fouglit  like  so  many  devils;  and   gives  a  caution,  that  no  sokhers  iiereafter 
set  upon  desperate  persons,  which  ^^ after  Frontinus  and  Vigetius,  Guicciurdmi  like- 
wise admonisheth,  Hypomnes.  part.  2.  pag.  25.  not  to  stop  an  enemy  that  is  coiner 
his  way.     Many  such  kinds  there  are  of  desperation,  when  men  are  past  hope  of 
obtaining  any  suit,  or  in  despair  of  better  fortune ;  Desperatio  facit  monachum,  as 
the  saying  is,  and  desperation  causeth  death  itself;  how  many  thousands  in  such 
distress  have  made  away  themselves,  and  many  others  ^     Foi  he  that  cares  not  for 
his  own,  is  master  of  another  man's  life.    A  Tuscan  soothsayer,  as  '•'  Paterciilus  tells 
the  story,  perceiving  himself  and  Fulvius  Flaccus  his  dear  friend,  now  both  carried 
to  prison  by  Opimius,  and  in  despair  of  pardon,  seeing  the  young  man  weep,  quin 
tupotius  hoc  inquitfacis,  do  as  ]  do;  and  with  that  knocked  out  his  brains  against 
the  door-cheek,  as  he  was  entering  into  prison,  prolinusque  illiso  capife  in  capite  in 
careens  janiumi  effuse  cerebro  expiravit,  and   so  desperate  died.     But  these  are 
equivocal,  improper.     "  When  1  speak  of  despair,"  sailli  ""Zanchie,  -  I  sj)eak  not  of 
every  kind,  but  of  that  alone  which  concerns  God.     It  is  opposite  to  hope,  and  a 
most  pernicious  sin,  wherewith  the  devil  seeks  to  entrap  men."     Mnsculus  makes 
four  kinds  of  desperation,  of  God,  ourselves,  our  neighbour,  or  anything  to  be  done; 
but  this  division  of  his  may  be  reduced  easily  to  the  former :  all  kinds^are  opposite 
to  hope,  that  sweet  moderator  of  passions,  as  Simonides  calls  it;  I  do  not  mean  tliat 
vain  hope  which  fantastical  fellows  feign  to  themselves,  which  according  to  Aristotle 

^lAbernoth.v,    c.  24.    of  his    Physio    of    the    Soul,  i  intersciiidas,  &c.  "  Poster  vnliim.  'sguper 

umissa   sp^   Victoria    in    destinatam    mortem    con-  |  priceptum   phmum  de  Keli?.  et  panibus  ejus.     \oa 

spirant   tantus(|U8  ardor  siiikuIos  cepit,  ut  victores  se     loquor  de  omm  dosporationers.'d  taiitum  deea  qua  des 

putarent  T,  non  inulti  mor.-rentur.  Justin.  1.20.    '3 Me-  i  pemre  solei.t  h,.niines  de  Deo;  onponitur  spri.  et  est 

moc.  hist  cap.  5.         i<  Host:  abire  volenti  iter  mininie  I  peccatum  gravii^simum,  &c. 


6i0  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Stct.  4. 

is  insomnvim  vigilanthim^  a  waking  dream ;  but  tliis  divine  hope  which  proceeds 
from  coiifulfMice,  and  is  an  anchor  lo  a  floating  soul;  spes  alU  agricolas,  even  in  our 
temporal  uflkirs,  hope  revives  us,  but  in  spiritual  it  I'arilier  animateih ;  and  were  il 
not  for  hope,  "  we  of  all  others  were  the  most  miserable,""  as  Paul  saiih,  in  this  life ; 
were  it  not  for  hope,  the  heart  would  break ;  "  for  though  they  be  punished  in  the 
sight  of  men,"  (Wisdom  iii.  4.)  yet  is  "  their  hope  full  of  immortality  :"  yet  doth  it 
n<n  so  rear,  as  despair  doth  deject;  this  violent  and  sour  passion  «f  despair,  is  of  all 
pfrlurbatioiis  most  grievous,  as  '''  Patrilius  holds.  Some  divide  it  into  final  and  tem- 
poral;  "tinal  is  incurable,  which  befallelh  reprobates ;  temporal  is  a  rejection  of 
hope  and  comfort  for  a  time,  which  may  befal  the  best  of  God's  children,  and  it  com- 
monly proceeds  ''"frum  weakness  c4"  faith,"  as  in  David  when  he  was  oppressed  he 
cried  out,  "•  O  Lord,  thou  hast  forsaken  me,"  but  this  for  a  time.  This  ebbs  and 
lU>ws  with  hope  and  fear;  il  is  a  grievous  sin  howsoever:  although  some  kind  ol 
despair  be  not  amiss,  when,  saith  Zanchius,  we  despair  of  our  own  means,  and  rely 
wholly  upon  God:  but  that  species  is  not  here  meant.  Tiiis  pernicious  kind  uf  des- 
peration is  the  subject  of  our  discourse,  humicida  uniiiur.,  the  murderer  of  the  soul, 
as  Austin  terms  it,  a  fearful  passion,  wherein  the  parly  oppressed  thinks  he  can  get 
no  ease  but  by  death,  and  is  fully  resolved  lo  oiler  violence  unto  himself;  so  sensi- 
ble of  his  burthen,  and  impalient  of  his  cross,  that  he  hopes  by  death  alone  to  be 
freed  of  his  calamity  (though  it  piove  otherwise),  and  chooseth  with  Job  vi.  8.  9. 
xvii.  5.  "Rather  to  be  strangled  and  die,  than  to  be  in  his  bonds."  *"The  part 
itlected  is  the  whole  soul,  and  all  the  faculties  of  it ;  there  is  a  privation  of  joy, 
liope,  trust,  confidence,  of  prt-sent  and  future  good,  and  in  their  place  succeed  fear, 
.sorrow,  ivc.  as  in  the  symptoms  shall  be  shown.  The  heart  is  grieved,  the  con- 
science wounded,  the  mind  eclipsed  with  black  fumes  arising  from  those  perpetual 
tenors. 

Si-DsECT.  III. —  Causes  of  Derpair,  the  Devtl.,  Mihmchuly,  Mtdilation,  Distrust^ 
fVtakness  of  Faith.,  Rigid  JMinistfrs.,  JMi  sunder  standi  tig  Scriptures,  (iuilty  Con- 
sciences., 6^c. 

The  principal  agent  and  procurer  of  this  miftchief  is  the  devil;  those  whom  God 
forsakes,  the  devil  by  his  permission  lays  hold  on.  Sometimes  he  persecutes  them 
wall  that  worm  of  coiiscience,  as  he  did  Juda.s,  "Saul,  and  others.  The  poets  call 
U  Nemesis,  but  il  is  indeed  God's  just  judgment,  seru  sed  serio.,  he  strikes  home  at 
last,  aiul  sLttt'ih  upon  them  "  as  a  ihief  in  the  nii/ht,"  1  Thes.  ii.  "This  temporary 
|>assion  made  Duvid  cry  out,  '•  Lord,  rt-buke  me  not  in  thine  anger,  neither  chasten 
me  in  ihine  heavy  displeasure;  for  tliine  arrows  have  light  upon  me,  &.C.  there  is 
nothing  sountl  in  my  llesli,  because  of  thine  anger."  Again,  1  roar  for  tlie  very  grief 
of  my  heart:  and  Psalm  x.xii.  "My  God,  my  God,  why  hast  thou  forsaken  me,  and 
art  so  far  from  my  health,  and  the  words  of  my  crying.'  J  am  like  to  water  poured 
out,  my  bones  are  out  of  joint,  mine  heart  is  like  wax,  that  is  molten  in  the  midst 
>f  my  bowels."  So  Psalm  Ixxxviii.  15  and  Ifi  vers,  and  Psalm  cii.  "  1  am  in  misery 
:U  the  point  <jf  death,  from  my  youth  I  sutler  thy  terrors,  doubting  for  my  life;  thine 
uidignalions  have  gone  over  me,  and  thy  fear  hath  cut  me  of!"."  Job  doih  often  com- 
plain in  ihis  kind ;  and  those  God  doth  not  assist,  the  devil  is  ready  to  try  and  tor- 
ment, "still  seeking  whom  he  may  devour."  If  he  find  ihem  merry,  saith  Gregory, 
"he  tempts  them  lorthwiih  to  some  dissolute  act;  if  pensive  and  .sad,  to  a  desperate 
end."  Jiut  suadnido  blanditur,  aut  minando  terrel.,  sometimes  by  fair  means,  some- 
times again  by  foul,  as  he  perceives  nu-n  severally  inclined.  His  ordinary  engine  by 
which  he  produceih  this  effect,  is  the  melancholy  humour  itself,  which  is  balneum 
diiiboliy  the  devil's  bath;  and  as  in  Saul,  those  evil  spirits  gel  in  '"as  it  were,  and 
take  possessi<»n  of  us.  iJlack  choler  is  a  shoeing-horn,  a  bait  lo  allure  tliem,  inso- 
much that  many  writers  make  melancholy  an  ordinary  cause,  and  a  symploin  of 
despair,  for  that  such  men  are  most  apt,  by  reason  of  their  ill-disposed  ti-mpcr,  to 
distrust,  fear,  grief,  mistake,  and  amplify  what.'^oever  they  preposterously  conceive,  or 
falsely  apprehend.     Conscientia  scrupulosa  nascitur  ex  cUio  naturali,  complexumt 

^  l.ib.  S.  til.  31.  de  rrfis  inatilol.    Omniuin  pertuba-  I  AdrliUto  prnfleiacens.      *  AkwMClhr.     •■  I  fla*.  IL  M 
lioi>u«u  dvK^rrima.  ^  Rrprobi  UM)ur  ad  linrm  prr-     ■  P«al.  isiviii.  vtn.  9.  14.  'laaiMtMl  M  MSM 

I'daciter  prraistunl.  Zancliiiu.  ^  Viliuui  ab  in-  I  geiiii,  Ltcin.  lib   Leap.  M. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  3.]  Despair  his  Causes.  641 

melancholica  (saith  Navarrus  cap.  27.  num.  282.  torn.  2.  cas.  consclen.)  The  body 
works  upon  the  mind,  by  obfuscating  the  spirits  and  corrupted  instruments,  wl/ich 
** Perkins  illustrates  by  simile  of  an  artificer,  that  hath  a  bad  tool,  his  skill  is  good, 
ability  correspondent,  by  reason  of  ill  tools  his  work  must  needs  be  lame  and  imper- 
fect. But  melancholy  and  despair,  though  often,  do  not  always  concur  •  there  is 
much  difference:  melanclioly  fears  without  a  cause,  this  upon  great  occasion- 
n)elancholy  is  caused  by  fear  and  grief,  but  this  torment  procures  them  and  all  ex- 
tremity of  bitterness;  much  melancholy  is  without  affliction  of  conscience,  as 
*^ Bright  and  Perkins  illustrate  by  four  reasons;  and  yet  melancholy  alone  may  be 
sometimes  a  sufhcient  cause  of  this  terror  of  conscience.  ^'Fa^lix'Plater  so  found 
it  in  his  observations,  e  mehmcholicis  alii  damnalos  se  piifani,  Deo  cura>  nan  mint.,  nee 
pra;destinaii,  Sfc.  ^' They  tliink  they  are  not  predestinate,  God  hath  forsakeit  them;" 
and  yet  otherwise  very  zealous  and  religious ;  and  'tis  common  to  be  seen,  ''  melan- 
choly for  fear  of  God's  judgment  and  hell-lire,  drives  men  to  desperation;  fear  and 
sorrow,  if  they  be  immoderate,  end  often  with  it."  Intolerable  pain  and  anguish, 
long  sickness,  captivity,  misery,  loss  of  goods,  loss  of  friends,  and  those  lesser 
griefs,  do  sometimes  effect  it,  or  such  dismal  accidents.  Si  non  statim  relevantur, 
^'Mercennus,  duhitoni  an  sit  Deus,  if  they  be  not  eased  forthwith,  they  doubt  vviiether 
there  be  any  God,  they  rave,  curse,  "  and  are  desperately  mad  because  good  men  are 
oppressed,  wicked  men  flourish,  they  have  not  as  they  think  to  their  desert,"  and 
through  impatience  of  calamities  are  so  misafl^ected.  Democritus  put  out  his  eyes, 
ne  malorum  civiiim  prosperos  videret  snccessus,  because  he  could  not  abide  to'see 
wicked  men  prosper,  and  was  therefore  ready  to  make  away  himself,  as  ^'Agellius 
writes  of  him.  Faelix  Plater  hath  a  memorable  example  in  this  kind,  of  a  painter's 
wife  in  Basil,  that  was  melancholy  for  her  son's  death,  and  for  melancholy  became 
desperate;  she  thought  God  would  not  pardon  her  sins,  ^^-^  and  for  four  months  still 
raved,  that  she  was  in  hell-fire,  already  damned."  AVhen  the  humour  is  stirred  up, 
every  small  object  aggravates  and  incenseth  it,  as  the  parties  are  addicted.  ^The 
same  author  hath  an  example  of  a  merchant  man,  that  for  the  loss  of  a  little  wheat, 
which  he  had  over  long  kept,  was  troubled  in  conscience,  for  that  he  had  not  sold  it 
sooner,  or  given  it  to  the  poor,  yet  a  good  scholar  and  a  great  divine;  no  persuasion 
would  serve  to  the  contrary,  but  that  for  this  fact  he  was  damned  :  in  other  matters 
very  judicious  and  discreet.  Solitaiiness,  much  fasting,  divine  meditation,  and  con- 
templations of  God's  judgments,  most  part  accompany  this  melancholy,  and  are 
main  causes,  as  ^'Navarrus  holds;  to  converse  with  such  kinds  of  persons  so  troubled, 
is  sufficient  occasion  of  trouble  to  some  men.  JVonnulli  oh  longas  inedias,  studia  et 
mediiationes  cxlestes,  de  rebus  sacris  et  religione  semper  agitant.,  4t.  Many,  (saith 
P.  Forestus)  through  long  fasting,  serious  meditations  of  heavenly  things,  fall  into 
such  fits;  and  as  Lemnius  adds,  lib.  4.  cap.  21,  ^^'■^  If  they  be  solitary  given,  super- 
stitious, precise,  or  very  devout :  seldom  shall  you  find  a  merchant,  a  soldier,  an  inn- 
keeper, a  bawd,  a  host,  a  usurer,  so  troubled  in  mind,  they  have  cheverel  consciences 
that  will  stretch,  they  are  seldom  moved  in  this  kind  or  molested:  young  men  and 
middle  age  are  more  wild  and  less  apprehensive ;  but  old  folks,  most  part,  such  as 
are  timorous  and  religiously  given."  Pet.  Forestus  ohservat.  lib  10.  cap.  12.  de  mor- 
bis  cerebri,  hath  a  fearful  example  of  a  minister,  that  through  precise  fasting  in  Lent, 
and  overmuch  meditation,  contracted  this  mischief,  and  in  tiie  end  became  desperate, 
thought  he  .saw  devils  in  his  chamber,  and  that  he  could  not  be  saved ;  he  smelled 
nothing,  as  he  said,  but  fire  and  brimstone,  was  already  in  hell,  and  would  ask  them, 
still,  if  they  did  not  ^^  smell  as  much.  I  told  him  he  was  melancholy,  but  he  laughed 
me  to  scorn,  and  replied  that  he  saw  devils,  talked  with  tliem  in  good  earnest,  would 
spit  in  my  face,  and  ask  me  if  I  did  not  smell  brimstone,  but  at  last  he  was  by  him 
cured.    Such  another  story  I  find  in  Plater  ohservat.  lib.  I.    A  poor  fellow  had  done 

8' Cases  of  conscience,  I.  1.  ifi.  wxract.  Melan.  ]  natam  se  putavit,  ct  qiiatuor  menses  Gehenns  psnam 

eapp.  3:)  ft  :i4.  *'^C.  3.  de  mentis  alien.   Deo  minus     sentire.  so  I5()tj.  oh  tnticutn  diutius  servatiim  con- 

■e  curEB  esse,  nee  ad  salutem  prsdestinatos  esse.  Ad  I  scientisstimulisagilalur,&c.  s' Tom.2. c. 27. num. 282. 
desperationem  ssepe  ducit  liaec  melancholia,  et  est  fre-  conversatio  cum  scrupulosis,  vigilis,  jejunia.  "-Soli* 
luentissima  ob  supplicii  metum  scernunique  judicium  ;  tarios  et  super.stitiosos  pleruuique  exazitalconscicntia. 
^oeror  et  metus  in  desperalionom  plerumque  desinunt.  non  mercatores,  lennnes,  caupones,  ifoeneratore?.  Sec 
''Comment,  in  1  cap.  gen.  arlic.  3.  quia  impii  florent,  |  largii)rem  hi  nacti  sunt  conscientiani.  Juvenes  pie* 
oni  oppriiniii]tur.  &c.  alius  ex  consider.'itionc  hiijus  1  runique  conscientiam  ne<.'lij;unt,  seaes  autem,  Icm 
tvna  desperabundua.  "f  Lib.  20.  c.  17.  *'  Dam-  |  «  Annon  sentis  sulphur  inquit  ? 

81  3d2 


642  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

«ome  fou  oflfeiice,  and  for  fourteen  days  would  eat  no  meat,  in  the  end  became  despe- 
rate, the  divines  about  him  couhl  not  ease  him,  *' but  so  he  died.  Continual  medita- 
tion of  God's  judgments  troubles  many,  JMnlli  oh  timorem  futitri  judicii,  saith  Guati- 
iierius  cap.  5.  tract.  15.  et  suspicionem  desperabundi  simt.  David  himself  complains 
that  God's  judgments  terrified  his  soul.  Psalm  cxix.  part.  16.  vers.  8.  '*  My  flesh 
trembleth  for  fear  of  thee,  and  I  am  afraid  of  thy  judj^ments."  Quntics  dirm  ilium 
cogito  (saith  *^Hierome)  toto  corpore  contremiscoy  1  tremble  as  often  as  1  think  of  it. 
The  terrible  mecUtation  of  hell-fire  and  eternal  punishment  much  torments  a  sinful 
silly  soul.  Wliat's  a  thousand  years  to  eternity.'  ll>i  mceror,  ubi  Jltiiis.,  uhi  dolor 
sempiternus.  Mors  sine  inorte.,  finis  sine  fine ;  a  finger  burnt  by  chance  we  may  not 
endure,  the  pain  is  so  grievous,  we  may  not  abiile  an  hour,  a  night  is  intohrable; 
and  what  sliall  this  unspeakable  fire  then  be  that  burns  for  ever,  innumerable  inlinite 
millions  of  years,  in  omne  avum  in  ceternum.    O  eternity! 

•  ••iEtpniiln*  est  ilia  vox.  I  iEieriiitag  e«l  ilia  vox.  I  iKlernila!i,  ilernilJis 

Vux  ilia  tuliiiiiiatrix,  |          meii  eareii*  el  oria,  &c.  |  Versni  c<M|iiiii|iir  p«?clu». 

Tniiilriiis  iiimacior,  T^riiienla  nulla  lerrilnnt,  I  Augi-l  liiir  iio-iiao  irulif*. 

Frii^iirihuiHjui.' cieli,  |          Uux  liaiuntur  aiiiii» ;  |  C'«iiliiplical<|ue  tijiiiiii.i!*,"  &c. 

This  meditation  terrifies  these  poor  distressed  souls,  especially  if  their  bodies  be 
predisposed  by  melancholy,  they  religiously  given,  and  have  tender  consciences, 
every  small  object  aflrights  them,  the  very  inconsiderate  rea<iing  of  Scripture  itself, 
and  misinterpretation  of  some  places  of  it ;  as,  ^*  Many  are  called,  few  are  chosen. 
Not  every  one  that  saith  Lord.  Fear  not  little  flock.  Me  that  stands,  let  him  lake 
heed  lest  he  fall.  Work  out  your  salvation  with  fi-ar  and  treml)ling  Tiiat  night 
two  shall  be  in  a  bed,  one  received,  the  other  Ml.  Strait  is  the  way  that  leads  to 
heaven,  and  few  there  are  that  enter  therein."  The  parable  of  the  seed  and  of  the 
sower,  ♦•some  fell  on  barren  ground,  some  was  choaked.  Whom  he  hath  predesti- 
nated he  haih  chosen,  lie  will  have  mercy  on  whom  he  will  have  mercy."  A\>n 
est  rolenlis  nee  cttrrentis,  sed  mis'-rentis  Dei.  The!*e  and  the  like  places  terrify  the 
souls  of  many  ;  election,  predestination,  reprobation,  preposterously  conceived,  oflend 
divers,  with  a  deal  of  fuidish  presumption,  curiosity,  tu-edless  speculation,  contempla- 
tion, solicitude,  wherein  they  trouble  and  puzzle  lhem.selves  about  those  questions 
of  grace,  free  will,  |)erseverdnce,  God's  secrets;  they  will  know  more  than  is  re- 
vealed of  Gotl  in  his  word,  human  capacity,  or  ignorance  can  apprehend,  and  too 
importunate  inquiry  after  that  which  is  revealed;  myjiieries,  ceremonies,  observation 
of  Sabbaths,  laws,  duties,  itc,  with  many  such  which  the  casuists  discuss,  and 
schoolmen  broach,  which  divers  mistake,  misconstrue,  misapply  to  themselves,  to 
their  own  undoing,  and  so  fall  into  this  gulf  "They  dt>ubt  of  their  election,  how 
they  shall  know,  it,  by  what  signs.  And  so  far  forth,"  saith  Luther,  '•  with  such 
nice  points,  torture  and  crucify  themselves,  that  tliey  are  almost  mad,  and  all  tliey 
get  by  it  is  this,  they  lay  open  a  t^ap  to  the  devil  by  desperation  to  carry  them  to 
liell ;"  but  the  greate&t  harm  of  all  proceeds  from  tlmse  tbuiuleriiig  ministers,  a  most 
frequent  cause  iliey  are  of  this  malady  :  "^♦'and  do  more  harm  in  tlie  church  ^saith 
Erasmus)  than  they  that  flatter ;  great  danger  on  both  sides,  the  one  lulls  them 
asleep  in  carnal  security,  the  other  drives  them  to  despair."  Whereas,  ^  St.  Bernanl 
well  adviseth,  "  We  should  not  meddle  with  the  one  without  the  other,  nor  speak 
of  judgment  without  mercy ;  the  one  alone  brings  desperation,  the  other  security." 
But  these  men  are  wholly  fi>r  judgment ;  of  a  rigid  disposition  themselves,  there  is 
no  mercy  with  them,  no  salvation,  no  balsam  for  their  diseased  souls,  they  can  speak 
of  nothing  but  reprobation,  hell-tire,  and  damnation  ;  as  they  did  Luke  xi.  40.  lade 
men  with  burdens  grievous  to  be  borne,  which  tliey  themselves  touch  not  with  a 
finger.  'Tis  tamiliar  with  our  [mpisls  to  terrily  nierrs  mouIs  with  purL^lory.  tales, 
▼isiuns,  ap(>aritions,  to  daunt  even  the  most  genero*  ~ 


M 

rw r 

Not, 

OOll 

mei 

far. 

Ih.ll 
•ll.l 

out   ' 

llOllI.  >i    ......       . .•      —      .,■..     ^ ,     ■ 

flanie*  Ml*-  fwatl  -  Una  il  i»  thdl  uaiiy  bui{iii«ii(«  our  auf-     VNliaai,  atatiiiAui 
%fia(a,  ana  luuiiitilica  our  bcan-buruiugi  •  bundrcd-  | 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  3.]  Despair  his  Causes.  C,i3 

as  Brentius  observes,  "  of  others,  bounty,  meekness,  love,  patience,  when  they  them- 
selves breathe  nought  but  lust,  envy,  covetousness."  They  teach  others  to  fast,  o-ive 
alms,  do  penance,  and  crucify  their  mind  with  superstitious  observations,  bread  and 
water,  hair  clothes,  whips,  and  the  like,  when  they  themselves  have  all  the  dainties 
the  world  can  afford,  lie  on  a  down-bed  with  a  courtezan  in  their  arms  :  Hen  quan- 
tum palimur  pro  Christo,  as  '"*he  said,  what  a  cruel  tyranny  is  this,  so  to  insult  over 
and  terrify  men's  souls !  Our  indiscreet  pastors  many  of  them  come  not  far  behind, 
whilst  in  their  ordinary  sermons  they  speak  so  much  of  election,  predestination,  re- 
probation, ah  (TAerno.,  subtraction  of  grace,  pr^eterition,  voluntary  permission,  &.c.,  by 
what  signs  and  tokens  they  shall  discern  and  try  themselves,  whether  they  be  God's 
tfue  children  elect,  an  sint.  reprohi,  prcedesfinati,  Sfc,  with  such  scrupulous  points, 
they  still  aggravate  sin,  thunder  out  God's  judgments  without  respect,  intempestively 
rail  at  and  pronounce  them  damned  in  all  auditories,  for  giving  so  much  to  sports 
and  honest  recreations,  making  every  small  fault  and  thing  indifferent  an  irremissible 
offence,  they  so  rent,  tear  and  wound  men's  consciences,  that  they  are  almost  mad, 
and  at  their  wits'  end. 

"  These  bitter  potions  (saith  '  Erasmus)  are  still  in  their  mouths,  nothing  but  gall 
and  horror,  and  a  mad  noise,  they  make  all  their  auditors  desperate  :"  many  are 
wounded  by  this  means,  and  they  commonly  that  are  most  devout  and  precise,  have 
been  formerly  presumptuous,  and  certain  of  their  salvation ;  they  that  have  tender 
consciences,  that  follow  sermons,  frequent  lectures,  that  have  indeed  least  cause, 
they  are  most  apt  to  mistake,  and  fall  into  these  miseries.  I  have  heard  some  com- 
plain of  Parson's  Resolution,  and  other  books  of  like  nature  (good  otherwise),  they 
are  too  tragical,  too  much  dejecting  men,  aggravating  offences  :  great  care  and  choice, 
much  discretion  is  required  in  this  kind.  ^ 

The  last  and  greatest  cause  of  this  malady,  is  our  own  conscience,  sense  of  our 
sins,  and  God's  anger  justly  deserved,  a  guilty  conscience  for  some  foul  offence  for- 
merly committed, ^  O  miser  Oreste,  quid  morhi  te  perdil?  Or:  Conscit'tUia,  Sum 

enim  mihi  conscius  de  malis  perpetratis.^  "  A  good  conscience  is  a  continual  feast," 
but  a  galled  conscience  is  as  great  a  torment  as  can  possibly  happen,  a  still  baking 
oven,  (so  Pierius  in  his  Hieroglyph,  compares  it)  another  hell.  Our  conscience, 
which  is  a  great  ledger  book,  wherein  are  written  all  our  ofl'ences,  a  register  to  lay 
them  up,  (which  those  ■'Egyptians  in  their  hieroglyphics  expressed  by  a  mill,  as  well 
for  the  continuance,  as  for  tiie  torture  of  it)  grinds  our  souls  with  the  remembrance 
of  some  precedent  sins,  makes  us  reflect  upon,  accuse  and  condemn  our  ownselves. 
^"Sin  lies  at  door,"  &c.  I  know  there  be  many  other  causes  assigned  by  Zanchius, 
^Musculus,  and  the  rest;  as  incredulity,  infidelity,  presumption,  ignorance,  blind- 
ness, ingratitude,  discontent,  those  five  grand  miseries  in  Aristotle,  ignominy,  need, 
sickness,  enmity,  death,  &c. ;  but  this  of  conscience  is  the  greatest,  ' Inslar  ulceris 
corpus  jugiler  percellens :  The  scrupulous  conscience  (as  *  Peter  Forestus  calls  it) 
which  tortures  so  many,  that  either  out  of  a  deep  apprehension  of  their  unworthi- 
ness,  and  consideration  of  their  own  dissolute  life,  "■  accuse  themselves  and  aggra- 
vate every  small  offence,  wlien  tliere  is  no  such  cause,  misdoubting  in  the  meantime 
God's  mercies,  tliey  fall  into  these  inconveniences."  The  poet  calls  them  "furies 
dire,  but  it  is  the  conscience  alone  which  is  a  thousand  witnesses  to  accuse  us, 
^°jYocle  dicque  smnn  geslant  in  pcctore  testem.  A  continual  testor  to  give  in  evidence, 
to  empanel  a  jury  to  examine  us,  to  cry  guilty,  a  persecutor  witli  hue  and  cry  to  fol- 
low, an  apparitor  to  summon  us,  a  bailiff^  to  carry  us,  a  serjeant  to  arrest,  an  attorney 
to  plead  against  us,  a  gaoler  to  torment,  a  judge  to  condemn,  still  accusing,  denounc- 
ing, torturing  and  molesting.  And  as  the  statue  of  Juno  in  that  holy  city  near  Eu 
plirates  in  "  Assyria  will  look  still  towards  you,  sit  where  you  will  in  her  temple,  she 
stares  full  upon  you,  if  you  go  by,  she  follows  with  her  eye,  in  all  sites,  places,  con- 
venticles, actions,  our  conscience  will  be  still  ready  to  accuse  us.     After  many  plea- 


1""  Leo  (ieciimis.  »  Deo  futiiro  jiidicio,  de  danina- 

tioiic  tiorreniliiiii  creputit,  et  amaras  illas  polationes  in 
ore  semper  habent,  ut  miiltos  iiide  in  desperationem 
cosiant.  «Euri[iides.     "  O  wretched  Orestes,  what 

malady  consumes  you?"  3 " Conscience,  for  I  am 

conscious  of  evil."  «  Pierius.  »Gen.iv. 

•  9  causes  Musculua  makes.  Plutarch.         « Alios 


misere  casligat  plena  scrupnlis  conscientia,  norlum  in 
srirpo  qusrunt,  et  ubi  nulla  causa  subest,  misericordia 
diviniE  diffidenles,  se  Oreo  deslinant.  »C(Eliu«, 

lib.  G.  ">  Juvenal.    "  Night  and  day  they  carry 

their  witnesses  in  the  breast."  "  Lucian.  de  de« 

Syria.  Si  adstiteris,  te  aspicit ;  si  transeas,  vita  te 
sequitur. 


644  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  4. 

sant  (lays,  and  fortunate  adventures,  merry  tides,  this  conscience  at  last  dotli  arrest 
us.  Well  he  may  escape  temporal  punishment,  '^  bribe  a  corrupt  judge,  and  avoid 
the  censure  of  law,  and  flourish  for  a  time;  '-for  '^whoever  saw  (saith  Chrysostom) 
a  covetous  man  troubled  in  mind  when  he  is  telling  of  his  money,  an  adulterer  mourn 
with  his  mistress  in  his  arms  ?  we  are  then  drunk  with  pleasure,  and  perceive  no- 
thing :"  yet  as  the  prodigal  son  had  dainty  fare,  sweet  music  at  first,  merry  com- 
pany, jovial  entertaiimient,  but  a  cruel  reckoning  in  the  end,  as  bitter  as  wormwood, 
a  fefirful  visitation  commonly  follows.  And  the  devil  that  then  told  thee  that  it  was 
a  light  sin,  or  no  sin  at  all,  now  aggravates  on  the  other  side,  and  tellelh  tiiee,  that 
it  is  a  most  irremissible  offence,  as  he  did  by  Cain  and  Judas,  to  bring  them  to 
despair;  everv  small  circinnstance  before  neulected  and  contemned,  will  now  amplify 
itself,  rise  up  in  judgment,  and  accuse  the  dust  of  their  shoes,  dumb  creatures,  as  to 
Lucian's  tyrant,  h'ctus  et  candela,  the  bed  arul  caniile  diil  bear  witness,  to  torment 
their  souls  for  their  sins  past.  Tragical  examples  in  this  kiiul  are  too  familiar  and 
cuamion  :  Ailrian,  Galba,  Nero,  Otho,  Vilellius,  Caracalla,  were  in  such  horror  of 
consciefice  for  their  otli-nces  committed,  niurders,  rapes,  extortions,  injuries,  that  they 
were  wear\'  of  their  lives,  and  could  gel  nobody  to  kill  them.  '^Kennelus,  King  of 
Scotland,  when  he  had  murdered  his  nephew  .\Ialcon>,  King  Duffe's  son.  Prince  of 
Cumberland,  and  with  counterfeit  tears  and  protestations  di.s.sembled  the  matter  a 
long  time,  ""at  last  his  conscit-nce  accused  him,  his  unquiet  soul  couhl  not  rest  day 
«)r  nit^ht,  he  was  lerrilie<l  with  fV'arful  dreams,  visions,  and  so  miserably  tormented 
all  his  life.''  It  is  strange  to  read  wliat  '"Comma-us  hath  written  of  Ixiuis  XI.  that 
French  King;  of  Charles  VIII.;  of  .Al[ihonsus,  King  of  Naples;  in  tlie  fury  of  his 
passion  how  he  came  into  Sicily,  and  what  pranks  he  plaved.  Ciuicciardini,  a  man 
most  uiia[>t  to  believe  lies,  relates  fiow  that  Ferdinand  his  t'aihur\s  ghosi  who  l>efore 
had  dud  for  griel',  came  and  lutd  him,  that  he  could  not  resist  the  French  King,  he 
thought  every  man  cried  France,  France;  the  reason  i>f  it  i  saith  Ciiminieus^  wa« 
because  he  was  a  vile  tyrant,  a  murderer,  an  oppressor  of  his  subjects,  he  bought 
up  all  commodities,  and  sold  them  at  his  own  |>rice,  sold  abbeys  to  Jews  and  Falk- 
oners;  both  Ferdinand  his  father,  and  he  himself  never  made  conscience  of  any  coiu- 
mitted  sin ;  and  to  conclude,  saith  h^*,  it  was  impoHsible  to  do  worse  than  they  did. 
Why  was  Pausanias  the  S(»artan  tyrant,  Nero,  Otho,  Galba,  so  persecuted  with  spirits 
in  every  house  they  canie,  but  for  their  murders  which  they  had  coiniuitted  ?  "  Why 
doth  the  devil  haunt  many  men's  houses  after  their  deaths,  ap[>ear  to  them  living, 
and  take  pt»ssession  of  their  habtUitions,  as  it  were,  of  iheii  jwl  ices,  but  Iw.'cau.se  of 
their  several  villanies  r  Why  had  Hichard  the  Third  such  fearful  dreams,  saith  Poly- 
dore,  but  for  his  frequent  murders?  Why  was  llerod  so  tortured  in  his  mind? 
because  he  had  made  away  .Mariamne  his  wife.  Why  was  Theodoric,  the  King  of 
the  Goths,  so  suspicious,  and  so  affrighted  with  a  fish  head  alone,  but  tiiat  he  liad 
luurdereil  Symmachus,  aiul  Hoetliius  Ins  son-in-law,  tliose  worthy  Komans.'  Cadius, 
lib.  27.  cap.  22.  See  more  in  Plutarcli,  in  his  tract  Lk  his  qui  mro  a  .Yitrntne  pitiiiun- 
tur,  and  in  his  book  Df  tranquiUttate  ununi,  6t-c.  Yea,  and  sometimes  GOD  him- 
self hath  a  hand  in  it,  to  show  his  power,  humiliate,  exercise,  and  to  try  their  faith. 
\^divine  temptation,  Perkins  calls  it,  Cas.  cons.  lib.  1.  cap.  8.  sect.  1.)  to  punish  them 
for  their  sms.  GmJ  the  avenger,  as  '*  David  terms  him,  ullur  a  lergo  Deus,  his  wrath 
is  apprehended  of  a  guilty  soul,  as  by  Saul  and  Judas,  which  the  poets  expressed  by 
Adrustid,  or  Nemesis : 

>*"  As«M|uiiur  Nrmetiqae  vintn  ve*tif>a  Krvai, 
.Ne  uiale  i)ui>l  facia*." 

And  she  is,  as  ^Ammianus,  lib.  14.  dettcribe^  her,  ^  the  queen  of  causes,  and  mode- 
rator of  things,"  now  she  pulls  down  the  proud,  now  she  rears  and  encouragelh  those 
that  are  got)d;  he  gives  mstunce  in  Jiis  Fusebius  ;  NicepluTUs,  Ith.  10.  cap.  'J'),  eccle*. 
hiiL  in  Maximinus  and  Julian.     Fearful  examples  of  God's  just  judgment,  wratli 

I*  r-       .  te- 

•  b*  'II 

»iri'rr  .'iia 

••I'.il     iln     I  .f. 

"••I    Bolifr*   the    Irpt  «f   '  ml 

»                                                                                                            .il"            *  Krf  ma  c«u»*-  ji.> 
Hmt.-^i'l           "  \riiinu,  r.,t, ..i.riiii  ...■,.  ri.  II.. I  ji.t  1.,     iiiiiie  errcU*  MrvK**  opyTluul,  fcc 
aitlluoi  ailaiKil  (luoiuui,  mnI  wutpcr  veialus  auclu  •!  < 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  4.]  Symjjtoms  of  Despair.  645 

and  vengeance,  are  to  be  found  in  all  histories,  of  some  that  have  been  eaten  to  death 
with  rats  and  mice,  as  ^'  Popelius,  the  second  King  of  Poland,  ann.  830,  his  wife  and 
children  ;  the  like  story  is  of  Hatto,  Archbishop  of  Mentz,  ann.  969,  so  devoured  by 
these  vermin,  which  howsoever  Serrarius  tire  Jesuit  Mogunt.  rerum  lib.  4.  cap.  5. 
impugn  by  twenty-two  arguments,  Tritemius,  -^  Munster,  Magdeburgenses,  and  many 
others  relate  for  a  truth.  Such  another  example  I  find  in  Geraldus  Cambrensis  Itin. 
Cam.  lih.  2.  cap.  2.  and  where  not .' 

And  yet  for  all  these  terrors  of  conscience,  affrighting  punishments  which  are  so 
frequent,  or  whatsoever  else  may  cause  or  aggravate  this  fearful  malady  in  other 
religions,  I  see  no  reason  at  all  why  a  papist  at  any  time  should  despair,  or  be 
troubled  for  his  sins  ;  for  let  him  be  never  so  dissolute  a  caitiff,  so  notorious  a  villain, 
so  monstrous  a  sinner,  out  of  that  treasure  of  indulgences  and  merits  of  which  the 
pope  is  dispensator,  he  may  have  free  pardon  and  plenary  remission  of  all  his  sins. 
There  be  so  many  general  pardons  for  ages  to  come,  forty  thousand  years  to  come, 
so  many  jubilees,  so  frequent  gaol-deliveries  out  of  purgatory  for  all  souls,  now 
living,  or  after  dissolution  of  the  body,  so  many  particular  masses  daily  said  in  seve- 
ral churches,  so  many  altars  consecrated  to  this  purpose,  that  if  a  man  have  either 
money  or  friends,  or  will  take  any  pains  to  come  to  such  an  altar,  hear  a  mass,  say 
so  many  paternosters,  undergo  such  and  such  penance,  he  cannot  do  amiss,  it  is 
impossible  his  mind  should  be  troubled,  or  he  have  any  scruple  to  molest  him. 
Besides  that  Taxa  Camerce  ApostoliccB.,  w'hich  was  iirst  published  to  get  money  in  the 
days  of  Leo  Decimus,  that  sharking  pope,  and  since  divulged  to  the  same  ends,  sets 
down  such  easy  rates  and  dispensations  for  all  offences,  for  perjury,  murder,  incest, 
adultery,  Stc,  for  so  many  grosses  or  dollars  (able  to  invite  any  man  to  sin,  and  pro- 
voke him  to  offend,  methinks,  that  otherwise  would  not)  such  comfortable  remis- 
sion, so  gentle  and  parable  a  pardon,  so  ready  at  hand,  with  so  small  cost  and  suit 
obtained,  that  I  cannot  see  how  he  that  hath  any  friends  amongst  them  (as  I  say)  or 
money  in  his  purse,  or  will  at  least  to  ease  himself,  can  any  way  miscarry  or  be 
misaffected,  how  he  should  be  desperate,  in  danger  of  damnation,  or  troubled  in 
mind.  Their  ghostly  fathers  can  so  readily  apply  remedies,  so  cunningly  string  and 
unstring,  wind  and  unwind  their  devotions,  play  upon  their  consciences  with  plausi- 
ble speeches  and  terrible  threats,  for  their  best  advantage  settle  and  remove,  erect 
with  such  facility  and  deject,  let  in  and  out,  that  1  cannot  perceive  how  any  man 
amongst  them  should  much  or  often  labour  of  this  disease,  or  finally  miscarry.  The 
causes  above  named  must  more  frequently  therefore  take  hold  in  others. 

SuBSECT.  IV. — Symptoms  of  Despair^  Fear.,  Sorroit'.,  Suspicion,  Anxiety.,  Horror  of 
Conscience,  Fearful  Dreams  and  Visions. 

As  shoemakers  do  when  they  bring  home  shoes,  still  cry  leather  is  dearer  and 
dearer,  may  I  justly  say  of  those  melancholy  symptoms  :  these  of  despair  are  most 
violent,  tragical,  and  grievous,  far  beyond  the  rest,  not  to  be  expressed  but  negatively, 
as  it  is  privation  of  all  happiness,  not  to  be  endured;  "for  a  v.'ounded  spirit  who  can 
bear  it.^"  Prov.- xviii.  19.  What,  therefore,  "^Timanthes  did  in  his  picture  of  Iphige- 
nia,  now  ready  to  be  sacrificed,  when  he  had  painted  Chalcas  mourning,  Ulysses  sad, 
but  most  sorrowful  Menelaiis ;  and  showed  all  his  art  in  expressing  a  variety  of 
affections,  he  covered  the  maid's  father  Agamemnon's  head  with  a  veil,  and  left  it  to 
every  spectator  to  conceive  what  he  would  himself;  for  tiiat  true  passion  and  sor- 
row in  summo  gradti,  such  as  his  was,  could  not  by  any  art  be  deciphered.  What 
he  did  in  his  picture,  1  will  do  in  describing  the  symptoms  of  despair;  imagine  what 
thou  canst,  fear,  sorrow,  furies,  grief,  pain,  terror,  anger,  dismal,  ghastly,  tedious, 
irksome,  &.c.  it  is  not  sullicient,  it  comes  far  short,  no  tongue  can  tell,  no  heart  con- 
ceive it.  'Tis  an  epitome  of  hell,  an  extract,  a  quintessence,  a  compound,  a  mixture 
of  all  feral  maladies,  tyrannical  tortures,  plagues,  and  perplexities.  There  is  no 
sickness  almost  but  physic  providelh  a  remedy  for  it;  to  every  sore  chirurgery  will 
provide  a  slave ;  friendship  helps  poverty ;  hope  of  liberty  easeth  imprisonment ; 

iiAlex.  Gnjiuiiius  catal.  reg.   Pol.  22  cosiiiog.  I  oiiines  quern  posseiit,  maxiiiiLim  nicerorem  ii  virgini* 

Munster,  et  iVlagde.  23  pimins,  cap.  10.  I.  35.    Con-     patre  cogiiareiit. 

wuuilitis   affeclibus,   Agameuiiiui.is   caput    velavit,   ut  { 


646  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

suit  and  favour  revoke  banishment ;  authority  and  time  wear  away  reproach  :  but 
what  physic,  what  chirurgery,  what  wealth,  favour,  authority  can  relieve,  bear  out, 
assuai^e,  or  expel  a  troubled  conscience  ?  A  quiet  mind  cureth  all  them,  but  all  they 
cannot  comfort  a  distressed  soul :  who  can  put  to  silence  the  voice  of  desperation  ? 
All  iliat  is  single  in  other  melancholy,  Horribile,  dirum^  pestilens,  atrox^ferum,  con- 
cur in  this,  it  is  more  than  melancholy  in  the  highest  degree;  a  burning  fever  of  the 
soul ;  so  mad,  saith  ^'  Jacchinus,  by  this  misery  ;  fear,  sorrow,  and  despair,  he  puts 
for  ordinary  symptoms  of  melancholy.  They  are  in  great  pain  and  horror  of  mind, 
distractii>n  of  soul,  restless,  full  of  continual  fears,  cares,  torments,  anxieties,  they 
can  neither  eat,  drink,  nor  sleep  for  them,  take  no  rest, 

*  ••  Pi'r|*tiiu  iiiipieliiii,  lU'C  nienija- ti'iniiore  cewat,  I  "Neilllfrat  b«-«l.  nor  y«?l   lit  bo  aril , 

Kiaifilal  venaiia  <|uie«,  «uiuiii>|ue  l'ureu(e«."  |  Will  any  rest  dt-spair  atioril." 

Fear  takes  away  their  content,  and  dries  the  blood,  wasleth  the  marrow,  alters  their 
c.'untenance,  "even  in  their  greatest  delights,  sittging,  dancing,  dalliance,  they  are 
still  [an'nU  -"'Lemnius)  tortured  in  their  souls."  It  consumes  tliem  to  nought,  '•  I  am 
like  a  pelican  in  the  wilderness  (saith  David  of  himself,  tempomlly  alHicted),  an  owl, 
because  of  thine  indignation,"  I'salm  cii.  '^,  10,  and  Psalm  Iv.  4.  "My  heart  trem- 
bleth  witiiiii  me,  and  the  terrors  of  death  have  come  U|)on  me;  fear  and  trembling 
are  C(»me  upon  me,  Stc.  at  death's  door,"  Psulm  cvii.  18.  " 'I'heir  soul  abhors  all 
maiintT  of  meals."  Their  ^slt-t-p  is  (if  it  be  any)  unquiet,  subject  to  fearful  iheams 
and  terror".  Peter  in  his  bonds  slept  secure,  for  he  knew  (Jod  protected  him  ;  and 
TuUy  makes  u  an  argument  of  Hoscius  Amerinus'  innocency,  that  he  killed  not  his 
luiher,  Ix  cause-  he  so  securely  slept.  Those  ujartyrs  in  the  primitive  church  were 
niosi  '"  ciitfrfid  and  merrv  in  the  midst  of  their  f>er>eculion.s  ;  but  it  is  far  otherwise 
wuh  thesi-  men,  tossed  in  n  sea,  and  that  continually  without  rest  or  inttrmission, 
they  can  think  of  nought  that  is  pleasant,  ''^"  their  conscience  will  not  let  them  be 
quiet,"  111  per{M-lual  fear,  anxiety,  if  they  be  not  yet  apprehended,  they  are  in  iloubt 
still  they  shall  be  ready  to  betray  themselves,  as  Cain  ilid,  he  thinks  every  man  will 
kill  him;  "and  roar  ft»r  the  grief  of  heart,"  Psalm  xxxviii.  8,  as  David  did;  as  Job 
did,  XX.  -i,  'il,  22,  &.C.,  "  Wherefore  is  light  given  to  him  that  is  in  misery,  and  life 
to  them  that  have  heavy  liearts .'  which  long  for  death,  and  if  it  come  not,  search  it 
more  than  treasures,  and  rejoice  when  they  can  find  the  grave."  They  are  generally 
weary  of  iheir  lives,  a  treinbling  heart  they  have,  a  sorrowful  mind,  and  liille  or  no 
rest.  Terror  ubique  iremnrn  tunor  undii^ut  tt  unditjue  terror.  "  Fears,  K.-rrors,  and 
atlrights  in  all  places,  at  all  times  and  seasons."  Cibuin  el  pulmn  prrtmacitir  aver- 
santur  tnulti,  nudum  in  scirpo  quierituntes.,  tt  culpam  tinii'^nidntts  uhi  nulla  est,  as 
VVierus  w  rites  de  Lamiii  lib.  3.  e.  7.  "  they  refuse  many  of  them  meat  and  drink, 
cannot  rest,  aggravating  still  and  supposing  grievous  oHI-nces  where  there  are  none." 
God's  heavy  wrath  is  kindled  in  their  souls,  and  notwithstanding  their  continual 
prayers  and  supplications  to  Christ  Jesus,  they  have  no  release  or  ease  at  all,  but  a 
most  intolerable  torment,  and  insuUerable  anguish  of  conscience,  and  that  makes 
them,  through  impatience,  to  murmur  against  God  many  limes,  to  rave,  to  blaspheme, 
turn  atheists,  and  seek  to  oHer  violence  to  themselves.  Deut.  xxviii.  65,  60.  "  In 
the  morniiig  they  wish  for  evening,  and  for  morninj;  in  the  evening,  for  the  sight  of 
their  eyes  which  they  see,  and  fear  of  hearts."  ■*'.Marinus  .Mercennus,  in  his  Com- 
ment on  Genesis,  makes  mention  of  a  desperate  friend  of  his,  whom,  amongst  others, 
he  came  to  visit,  and  exhort  to  patience,  that  broke  out  into  most  blasphemous  athe- 
istical speeclies,  too  fearful  to  relate,  when  they  wished  him  to  trust  in  God,  (juis 
est  ilh:  JJtiis  \inqiut)  ut  sercia/n  illi,  quid  prudent  si  ornvrrim  ;  si  prasens  est,  cur 
nun  succurrit  '  cur  non  me  carcere,  inediii,  squalore  cimfectum  liberat  f  quid  ego 
feci :  isc.  abstt  a  me  hujus/nodi  Deus.  Another  of  his  acquaintance  broke  out  into 
like  attieistical  blasphemies,  upon  his  wife's  death  raved,  cursed,  said  and  did  he 
cared  not  what.     And  so  for  the  most  part  it  is  with  them  all,  many  of  them,  in 


**Cap.  15.  in  a  Rhaiif.         »  Juv.  Sat.  13         *■  .M>;n- 

Ifiu  eniut  liniir  hir;   viittiim    t-ttim  i'"i-  ri.rpori*  babi- 
tlilll    I Il'l'  -lit    «>iu- 

povii*.  Ill  aij                                                                '  '-t,  lib   4. 
lap.  -i\.  •    Ihiuii 


et   donuiFOles   (Mfrlfrrrracil.     Philoal.   lib.    1.   da   vita 
Apuiluoil.  *  Ku*«rbiu>,  Nici-|iborua  rrrle*.  bid. 

lib.  4.  c.  17.  MiVnma   lib    I'-  rpi.i    lOii      Cua- 

Kteittia  aliud   azrre   non    |>atiiur.   prriiirl>.ii.<in  »itai« 
asuni,  aunqumn  vacatil.  itc.  »  ,\(lic   'S  ca   I.  Uh. 


rrcia   v.rl'i    |.r>l''>r'      aul    r'.tit    <)<i'  ri'j  laiu   •k'uIk     -£1U.  quuii  h«>rreniluiii  Uiclu,  drfprfabundiu  quiilaa 
cerr,  ab  uiuui  hooiinum  cmlu  et>aikiu  eileriuinal,  ;  prneolr  cuiu  a<l  (Mlicoliaoi  budacclur,  &«. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  5.1 


Prognostics  of  Despair. 


647 


their  extremity,  think  they  hear  and  see  visions,  outcries,  confer  witli  devils,  that 
they  are  tormented,  possessed,  and  in  hell-fire,  already  damned,  quite  forsaken  of 
God,  they  have  no  sense  or  feeling  of  mercy,  or  grace,  hope  of  salvation,  their  sen- 
tence of  condemnation  is  already  past,  and  not  to  be  revoked,  the  devil  will  cer- 
tainly have  them.  Never  was  any  living  creature  in  such  torment  before,  in  such  a 
miserable  estate,  in  such  distress  of  mind,  no  hope,  no  faith,  past  cure,  reprobate, 
continually  tempted  to  make  away  themselves.  Something  talks  with  them,  they 
spit  fire  and  brimstone,  they  cannot  but  blaspheme,  they  cannot  repent,  believe  or 
think  a  good  thought,  so  far  carried ;  ut  cogantur  ad  impia  cogitandum  eliam  contra 
vohinfafem,  said  '^  Fcelix  Plater,  ad  blasphemiam  erga  deum,  ad  mulla  horrcnda  pcr- 
petranda,  ad  manus  violentas  sibi  inferendas,  Sj-c,  and  in  their  distracted  fits  and 
desperate  humours,  to  offer  violence  to  others,  their  familiar  and  dear  friends  some- 
times, or  to  mere  strangers,  upon  very  small  or  no  occasion ;  for  he  that  cares  not 
for  his  own,  is  master  of  another  man's  life.  They  think  evil  against  their  wills ; 
that  which  they  abhor  themselves,  they  must  needs  think,  do,  and  speak.  He  gives 
instance  in  a  patient  of  his,  that  when  he  would  pray,  had  such  evil  thoughts  still 
suggested  to  him,  and  wicked  ""  meditations.  Another  instance  he  hath  of  a  woman 
that  was  often  tempted  to  curse  God,  to  blaspheme  and  kill  herself.  Sometimes  the 
devil  (as  they  say)  stands  without  and  talks  with  them,  sometimes  he  is  within  them, 
as  they  think,  and  there  speaks  and  talks  as  to  sucli  as  are  possessed  :  so  Apollo- 
dorus,  in  Plutarch,  thought  his  heart  spake  within  him.  There  is  a  most  memora- 
ble example  of  ^^  Francis  Spira,  an  advocate  of  Padua,  Ann.  154.^,  that  being  despe- 
rate, by  no  counsel  of  learned  men  could  be  comforted  :  he  felt  (as  he  said)  the 
pains  of  hell  in  his  soul ;  in  all  other  things  he  discoursed  aright,  but  in  this  most 
mad.  Frismelica,  Bullovat,  and  some  other  excellent  physicians,  could  neither  make 
him  eat,  drink,  or  sleep,  no  persuasion  could  ease  him.  Never  pleaded  any  man  so 
Avell  for  himself,  as  this  man  did  against  himself,  and  so  he  desperately  died.  Springer, 
a  lawyer,  hath  written  his  life.  Cardinal  Crescence  died  so  likewise  desperate  at 
Verona,  still  he  thought  a  black  dog  followed  him  to  his  death-bed,  no  man  could 
drive  the  dog  away,  Sleiden.  com.  23.  cap.  lib.  3.  Whilst  I  was  writing  this  Treatise, 
saith  Montaltus,  cap.  2.  de  mel.  '""A  nun  came  to  me  for  help,  w-ell  for  all  other 
matters,  but  troubled  in  conscience  for  five  years  last  past;  she  is  almost  mad,  ami 
not  able  to  resist,  thinks  she  hath  offended  God,  and  is  certainly  damned."  Fcelix 
Plater  hath  store  of  instances  of  such  as  thought  themselves  damned,  ^^  forsaken  of 
God,  Sic.  One  amongst  the  rest,  that  durst  not  go  to  church,  or  come  near  the 
Rhine,  for  fear  to  make  away  himself,  because  then  he  was  most  especially  tempted. 
These  and  such  like  symptoms  are  intended  and  remitted,  as  tlie  malady  itself  is 
more  or  less;  some  will  hear  good  counsel,  some  will  not;  some  desire  iielp,  some 
reject  all,  and  will  not  be  eased. 


SuBSECT.  V. — Prognostics  of  Despair,  Atheism,  Blasphemy,  violent  death,  (§-c. 

Most  part  these  kind  of  persons  make  *^away  themselves,  some  are  mad,  blas- 
pheme, curse,  deny  God,  but  most  offer  violence  to  their  own  persons,  and  some- 
times to  others.  '•  A  wounded  spirit  who  can  bear  .'"  Prov.  xviii.  14.  As  Cain,  Saul, 
Achitophel,  Judas,  blasphemed  and  died.  Bede  saith,  Pilate  died  desperate  eight  vears 
after  Christ.  ^'  Fcelix  Plater  hath  collected  many  examples.  ^^  A  mercliaiu''s  wife 
that  was  long  troubled  with  such  temptations,  in  the  night  rose  from  her  bed,  and 
out  of  the  window  broke  her  neck  into  the  street:  another  drowned  himself  despe- 
rate as  he  was  in  the  Rhine  :  some  cut  their  throats,  many  hang  themselve.>.  But 
this  needs  no  illustration.  It  is  controverted  by  some,  whether  a  man  so  offering 
violence  to  himself,  dying  desperate,  may  be  saved,  ay  or  no  'i  If  they  die  so  obsti- 
nately and  suddenly,  that  they  cannot  so  much  as  wish  for  mercy,  the  worst  is  to 
be  suspected,  because  they  die  impenitent.  ^Mf  their  death  had  been  a  little  more 
lingering,  wherein  they  might  have  some  leisure  in  their  hearts  to  cry  for  mercy, 


3'  Lib.  1.  obser.  cap.  3.  ^  Ad  inaledicendiim  Deo. 

»«Giiiilart.  3<  Diini  ha>c  scribo.  implorat  opern  inearn 
nionacha.in  reliquis  saiin,i:t  judicio  recta,  per.o.annos 
melanchnlica  ;  damnatiiin  se  dicit.  coni=cjentia;  stiniultis 
oppressa,  ii.c.  ^  Alios  conquerentes  andivi  se  esse 


ex  damnatnrurn  nuni<?ro.  Deo  non  psse  curs  aliaque 
infiniia  tjus  proferre  noii  audcbaiil,  vel  ahlinrrebant. 
38  Musciiliis,  Patritus.  ad  vitiisibi  iiifer<?ndaiiici)L'il  homi- 
nes, i"  De  mentis  alienat.  ob.serv.  lib.  1.  *  Uxor  .Mer- 
caloris  diu  vexationibus  tcutaia,  tc.         *  .\l)ernethy 


648  Religimis  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

charity  may  jiidtre  the  best;  divers  have  been  recovered  out  of  the  very  art  of  hang- 
ing and  drowning  themselves,  and  so  brought  ad  sanam  mentcin,  they  have  been 
very  penitent,  much  abhorred  their  former  act,  confessed  that  tliey  luive  repented  in 
an  instant,  and  cried  for  mercy  in  their  hearts.  If  a  man  put  ikspeiate  hands  upon 
himself,  bv  occasion  of  madness  or  melancholy,  if  he  have  given  testimony  before 
of  his  regeneration,  in  regard  he  doth  tliii*  not  so  much  out  of  his  will,  as  ex  vi 
tnorbi,  we  must  make  the  best  construction  of  it,  as  *" Turks  do,  that  think  all  fools 
and  madmen  go  directly  to  heaven. 

SuBsECT.  VI. —  Cure  of  Despair  by  Physic,  Good  Counsel,  Comforts,  Sfc. 

Experience  teacheth  us,  that  though  many  die  obstinate  and  wilful  in  this  malady, 
yet  multitudes  again  are  able  to  resist  and  overcome,  seek  for  help  and  line!  condort, 
are  taken  e  faticibus  Erebi,  from  the  chops  of  hell,  and  out  of  the  deviPs  paws, 
though  they  have  by  *' obligation,  given  themselves  to  him.  Some  out  of  their  own 
strength,  and  God's  assistance,  ''Though  lie  kill  me,  (sailh  Job,)  yet  will  I  trust  in 
Him,"  out  of  good  counsel,  advice  and  physic.  *-  Ikllovacus  cured  a  monk  l)y  alter- 
ing his  habit,  and  course  of  life :  Plater  many  by  physic  alone.  But  for  the  most 
part  they  must  concur;  and  they  take  a  wrong  course  that  think  to  overcome  this 
feral  passion  by  sole  physic  ;  and  they  are  as  much  out,  that  think  to  work  this  ellect 
by  good  service  alone,  though  both  be  forcible  in  themselves,  yet  vis  unitu  furlior, 

^  they  must  go  hand  in  iiand  to  this  disease:" alttrius  sic  allera  posed  irpnn. 

For  physic  the  like  course  is  to  be  taken  with  this  as  in  other  melancholy  :  diet, 
air,  exercise,  all  those  pa.ssions  and  perturbations  of  the  mind,  kc.  are  to  be  rectilied 
by  the  same  means.  They  must  not  be  left  solitary,  or  to  themselves,  never  idle, 
never  out  of  company.  Counsel,  good  comfort  is  to  be  applied,  as  they  shall  see 
the  parties  inclined,  or  to  the  causes,  whether  it  be  loss,  fear,  be  grief,  discontent,  or 
some  such  feral  accident,  a  guiltv  conscience,  or  «»therwise  by  frerjuenl  meilitation, 
loo  grievous  an  apprehension,  ami  consideration  of  his  former  life ;  by  hearing,  read- 
ing of  Scriptures,  gtxnl  divines,  good  advice  and  conference,  applying  God's  word  to 
their  distressed  souls,  it  nmst  be  corrected  and  counterp()ised.  Many  excellent  e.\h(»r- 
tations,  phra?neiii-al  discourses,  are  extant  to  this  purpose,  for  such  as  are  any  way 
troubled  ni  mind  :  Perkins,  Greenham,  Hayward,  Bright,  Abernelhy,  Bolton,  Cul- 
niannus,  llelmingius,  Cadius  Secundus,  Nicholas  Laurentius,  are  copious  on  this  sub- 
ject: Azorius,  Navarrus,  Sayrus,  Sec,  and  such  as  have  written  cases  of  conscience 
amongst  our  pontitical  writers.  But  because  these  men's  works  are  not  to  all  parties 
at  hand,  so  parable  at  all  times,  I  will  for  the  benefit  and  ease  of  such  as  are  alHicted, 
at  the  reijuest  of  some  ^  friends,  recollect  out  of  their  voluminous  treatises,  some  few 
such  cond'ortable  .speeches,  exhortations,  arguments,  advice,  tending  to  this  sidjject, 
and  out  of  God's  word,  knowing,  as  Culmannus  saith  u[)on  the  like  occasion,  **"  how 
unavailaf)le  and  vain  men's  councils  are  to  comfort  an  aJllicted  conscience,  except 
God's  word  concur  and  be  amiexed,  from  which  comes  life,  ease,  repentance,"  &,c. 
Fre-supposing  first  that  which  Beza,  Greenham,  Perkins,  Bolton,  give  in  charge,  the 
parties  to  whom  counsel  is  given  be  sutFiciently  prepared,  humbled  for  their  sins,  fit 
for  comfort,  confessed,  tried  how  they  are  more  or  less  alllicteil,  how  they  stand 
aflected,  or  capable  of  good  advice,  before  any  remedies  be  applied  :  to  sucii  there- 
fore as  are  so  thoroughly  searched  and  examined,  I  address  this  following  discourse. 

Two  main  antidotes,  *^Ueinmingius  observes,  op[)osite  to  despair,  good  hope  out 
of  God's  word,  to  be  embraced ;  perverse  security  and  presumption  froju  the  devil's 
treachery,  to  be  rejected;  Ilia  salus  ammce  htec  pestis ;  one  saves,  the  other  kills, 
occidil  animam,  s^\\\\  Austin,  and  doth  as  much  harm  as  despair  itself,  ^Navarrus  the 
casuist  reckons  up  ten  special  cures  out  of  .Anton.  1.  part.  Tit.  '\.  cap.  iO.  I.  God. 
2.  Physic.  3.  *'  .Avoiding  such  objects  a-s  have  caused  it.  4.  Submission  of  himself 
to  other  men'ij  judgments.     5.  Answer  of  all  objections,  &,c.     All  which  Cajetan, 


*  Biubrqiiiu*.  <*  John  Major  vitiii  iwlrum:  qui-  I  quani  van*  tit  el  ineffieai  bumaiiorum  vprhiruin  pen** 

dam   iiegavil  t'hrM'i"^'    ^-r  itiir.,.fr^i.i. .1   r..i.      ,,ih..i...  ,-. ...... 1,1...    md  v.-rl>uin  D«ri   auUialur.  a  quo 

lulu*.  ni'ri'  'ttiuin.  p<riiilr>itia.  •^  Aniid 

6e<irgr  Burl'.n,  .\l  111.  • 'I'nin.  i.  c.  *7.  n.iiu.  5«l 

in  SuttforMiliirt*.  ii< .  .,  .  -  . ;iia  A  re  acruimloaa,  uinlravroiM 

liiiow  tluUciil    111   Ciiritt   Lourcti,   Uaun.  **ecio  1  Kru|iuloruiB. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  6.]  Cure  of  Despair.  6^9 

Person,  lib.  de  vit.  spirie.  Sayrus,  lib.  1.  cons.  cap.  14.  repeat  and  approve  out  of 
Cmanuel  Roderiques,  cap.  51  et.  52.  Greeiiham  prescribes  six  special  rules,  Cul- 
inannus  seven.  First,  to  acknowledge  all  help  come  from  God.  2.  That  the  cause 
nf  their  present  misery  is  sin.  3.  To  repent  and  be  heartily  sorry  for  their  sins. 
4.  To  pray  earnestly  to  God  they  may  be  eased.  5.  To  expect  and  implore  the 
prayers  of  the  church,  and  good  men's  advice.  6.  Physic.  7.  To  commend  them- 
selves to  God,  and  rely  upon  His  mercy :  others,  otherwise,  but  all  to  this  effect. 
But  forasmuch  as  most  men  in  this  malady  are  spiritually  sick,  void  of  reason  almost, 
overborne  by  their  miseries,  and  too  deep  an  apprehension  of  their  sins,  they  cannot 
apply  themselves  to  good  counsel,  pray,  believe,  repent,  we  must,  as  much  as  in  us 
lies,  occur  and  help  their  peculiar  infirmities,  according  to  their  several  causes  and 
symptoms,  as  we  shall  find  them  distressed  and  complain. 

The  main  matter  which  terrifies  and  torments  most  that  are  troubled  ii' 
mind,  is  the  enormity  of  their  offences,  the  intolerable  burthen  of  their  sins, 
God's  heavy  wrath  and  displeasure  so  deeply  apprehended,  that  they  account 
themselves  reprobates,  quite  forsaken  of  God,  already  damned,  past  all  hope  of 
grace,  incapable  of  mercy,  diaboli  maiici-pia,  slaves  of  sin,  and  their  offences  so 
great  they  cannot  be  forgiven.  But  these  men  must  know  there  is  no  sin  so 
heinous  which  is  not  pardonable  in  itself,  no  crime  so  great  but  by  God's  mercy  it 
may  be  forgiven.  "  Where  sin  aboundeth,  g:race  aboundeth  much"  more,"  Rom.  v. 
20.  And  what  the  Lord  said  unto  Paul  in  his  extremity,  2  Cor.  xi.  9.  '-  3Iy  grace  is 
suflScient  for  thee,  for  my  power  is  made  perfect  through  weakness  :"  concerns  every 
man  in  like  case.  His  promises  are  made  indefinite  to  all  believers,  generally  spoken 
to  all  touching  remission  of  sins  that  are  truly  penitent,  grieved  for  their  offences, 
and  desire  to  be  reconciled.  Matt.  ix.  12,  13,  "  1  came  not  to  call  the  righteous  but 
sinners  to  repentance,"  that  is,  such  as  are  truly  touched  in  conscience  for  their  sins. 
Again,  Matt.  xi.  28,  "  Come  unto  me  all  ye  that  are  heavy  laden,  and  I  will  ease 
you."  Ezek.  xviii.  27,  "At  what  time  soever  a  sinner  shall  repent  him  of  his  sins 
from  the  bottom  of  his  heart,  I  will  blot  out  all  his  wickedness  out  of  my  remem- 
brance saith  the  Lord."  Isaiah  xliii.  25,  "  I  even  1  am  He  that  put  away  thine  ini- 
quity for  mine  own  sake,  and  will  not  remember  thy  sins."  "  As  a  father  (saith 
David  Psal.  ciii.  13)  hath  compassion  on  his  children,  so  hath  the  Lord  compassion 
on  them  that  fear  him."  And  will  receive  them  again  as  the  prodigal  son  was  en- 
tertained, Luke  XV.,  if  they  shall  so  come  with  tears  in  their  eyes,  and  a  penitent 
heart.  Peccator  agnoscai,  Beus  ignoscit.  "  The  Lord  is  full  of  compassion  and 
mercy,  slow  to  anger,  of  great  kindness,"  Psal.  ciii.  8.  "He  will  not  always  chide, 
neither  keep  His  anger  for  ever,"  9.  "  As  high  as  the  heaven  is  above  the  earth,  so 
great  is  His  mercy  towards  them  that  fear  Him,"  11.  "  As  far  as  the  East  is  from 
the  West,  so  far  hath  He  removed  our  sins  from  us,"  12.  Though  Cuin  cry  out  in 
the  anguish  of  his  s  )ul,  my  punishment  is  greater  than  I  can  bear,  'tis  not  so ;  thou 
liest,  Cain  (saith  Austin),  "  God's  mercy  is  greater  than  thy  sins.  His  mercy  is 
above  all  His  works,"  Psal.  cxlv.  9,  able  to  satisfy  for  all  men's  sins,  nnlilulroiu,  1 
Tim.  ii.  6.  His  mercy  is  a  panacea,  a  balsam  for  an  afflicted  soul,  a  sovereign  medi- 
cine, an  alexipharmacum  for  all  sins,  a  charm  for  the  devil ;  his  mercy  was  great  to 
Solomon,  to  Manasseh,  to  Peter,  great  to  all  offenders,  and  whosoever  thou  art,  it 
may  be  so  to  thee.  For  why  should  God  bid  us  pray  (as  Austin  infers)  '■•  Deliver 
us  from  all  evil,"  nisi  ipse  misericors  pcrseveraref,  if  He  did  not  intend  to  liclp  us  } 
He  therefore  that  ■**  doubts  of  the  remission  of  his  sins,  denies  God's  mercy,  and 
doth  Him  injury,  saith  Austin.  Yea,  but  thou  repliest,  I  am  a  notorious  sinner,  mine 
offences  are  not  so  great  as  infinite.  Hear  Fulgentius,  ''^"  God's  invincible  goodness 
cannot  be  overcome  by  sin.  His  infinite  mercy  cannot  be  terminated  bv  any :  the 
multitude  of  His  mercy  is  equivalent  to  His  magnitude."  Hear  ^"  Chrysostom,  "Thy 
malice  may  be  measured,  but  God's  mercy  cannot  be  defined  ;  thy  malice  is  circum- 
scribed, His  mercies  infinite."  As  a  drop  of  water  is  to  the  sea,  so  are  thy  misdeeds 
to  His  mercy  :  nay,  there  is  no  such  proportion  to  be  given ;  for  the  sea,  though 

<*Matriiani   injuriani   Deo  facit  qui  diffidit  de  ejus  I  Dei   autem   misirricordia  mensuram  non  hab«t.    Tul 
misericordia.  4-*  Bonitas  iiivicti  non  vincitur;  in-  |  nialitia  circumscripta  est,  &c.     Pelagus  ttsi  niagDum 

finiti  misericordia  non  finitur.  »  Hum.  3.     De     mcnsuraui  lial)ul ;  dei  auleui,  tc. 

poenitfMitia :    Tua  quicJem    nialitia    mensuram   habel.  | 

82  3  E 


C50  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  'J,.  Sec  4. 

great,  yet  may  be  measured,  but  God's  mercy  cannot  be  circumscribed.  Wiiatsoever 
thy  sins  be  then  in  quantity  or  quality,  niuliitude  or  magnitude,  fear  them  not,  dis- 
trust not.  1  speak  not  this,  saith  ^'  Chrysostom,  "  to  make  thee  secure  and  ncifligent, 
but  to  clietr  thee  up."  Tea  but,  thou  urgest  again,  1  have  little  comfort  of  this 
uiiioh  is  said,  it  concerns  me  not :  Inanis  panilcntia  quam  sequens  culpa  coinquinatf 
'tis  to  no  purpose  for  me  to  repent,  and  to  do  worse  than  ever  1  did  before,  to  per- 
severe in  sin,  and  to  return  to  my  lusts  as  a  dog  to  his  vomit,  or  a  swine  to  the 
mire  :  "  to  w  hat  end  is  it  to  ask  forgiveness  of  my  sins,  and  yet  daily  to  sin  again 
and  again,  to  do  evil  out  of  a  habit }  1  daily  and  hourly  ollend  in  thought,  w  ord, 
and  deed,  in  a  relapse  by  mine  own  weakness  and  wilfulness :  my  bonus  gtjiius.,  my 
good  protecting  angel  is  gone,  1  am  fallen  from  thai  I  was  or  would  be,  worse  and 
w  orse,  '•  niy  latter  end  is  worse  than  my  beginning  :  Si  quotidice  peccas,  quolidie^ 
saith  C\\xyn»iou\.i pamlenliavi  age,  if  thitu  daily  ollend,  daily  repent  :  ""if  twice, 
tlirice,  a  hundred,  a  hundred  thousand  times,  twice,  thrice,  a  hundred  thousand  limes 
repent."  As  they  do  by  an  old  house  that  is  out  of  repair,  still  mend  some  part  or 
other;  so  do  by  thy  soul,  still  leform  some  vice,  repair  it  by  repentance,  call  to  Him 
fi»r  grace,  and  thou  shall  have  it;  "For  we  are  freely  justified  by  His  grace,"  Hum. 
iti.  24.  If  tliinc  enemy  lepent,  as  our  Savitmr  enjoined  Teter,  forgive  him  seventy- 
seven  times;  and  why  should.st  thou  think  Ciod  will  not  forgive  thee.'  Why  should 
the  enormity  of  thy  sins  trouble  thee  ?  Ciod  can  do  it,  he  will  do  it.  "  .My  con- 
science ^ saith  ''  Ansehn)  dictates  to  me  that  1  deserve  damnation,  my  rei)entance  will 
nol  sullice  for  satisfaction  :  bul  thy  mercy,  O  Lord,  quite  overcomelh  all  my  trans- 
gressions." The  gods  once  (as  the  poets  feign)  with  a  gold  chain  would  pull  Jupi- 
ter out  of  heaven,  but  all  they  together  could  not  stir  him,  and  yet  he  could  draw 
and  turn  them  as  he  would  himself;  inaugre  all  the  force  and  fury  of  these  infernal 
liends,  and  cr\  ing  sins,  "  liis  grace  is  suUicient."  Confer  the  debt  and  the  payment; 
L'lirist  and  Adam ;  sin,  and  the  cure  of  it ;  the  disease  and  the  medicine  ;  confer  the 
sick  man  to  his  physician,  and  thou  shall  soon  perceive  that  his  power  is  inlinitely 
beyond  it.  Ciod  is  belter  able,  as  *' Bernard  informeth  us,  "  to  help,  than  sin  to  do 
us  hurl;  Christ  is  better  able  to  save,  than  the  devil  to  destroy."  ^Jf  he  be  a  >kil- 
ful  I'liNsiciaii,  as  Fulgeiiliiis  adds,  "he  can  cure  all  disea.«>es ;  if  mercil'ul,  he  will." 
.M»/i  f^t  j»  rlrctu  boiulas  a  qua  «</«  uinms  malitia  vincitur,  His  goodness  is  not  abso- 
lute and  peiliet,  if  it  be  not  able  to  overcome  all  malice.  Suljinit  thyself  unto  linn, 
as  bt.  Austin  adviselh,  ^'"  He  kiiuueth  best  what  he  doth  ;  and  be  not  so  much 
plea^ed  when  he  sustains  thee,  as  ]>atient  when  he  corrects  thee;  he  is  omnipotent, 
and  can  cuie  all  diseases  when  he  sees  his  own  lime."  He  looks  down  from  heaven 
upon  earth,  that  he  may  hear  the  "  mourning  of  prisoners,  and  deliver  llie  children 
of  death,"  I'sal.  cii.  19.20.  "And  though  our  sins  be  as  red  as  scarlet.  He  can 
make  them  as  while  as  snow,"  Isai.  i.  18.  Doubt  not  of  this,  or  ask  how  it  shall 
be  done :  He  is  all-sutlicienl  ihal  promiseth ;  qui  fecit  mundum  de  immundo,  saith 
Chrysosiom,  he  that  made  a  fair  world  of  nought,  can  do  ihis  and  much  more  for 
his  part :  do  thou  only  believe,  trust  in  him,  rely  on  him,  be  penitent  and  heartily 
sorry  for  thy  sins.  Kepentance  is  a  sovereign  remedy  foi  all  sins,  a  sjnritiial  wing 
to  rear  us,  a  charm  for  our  miseries,  a  protecting  amulet  to  exj>el  sin's  venom,  an 
attrat  live  loadstone  to  draw  God's  mercy  and  graces  unto  us.  '"'Peccatum  vulnus^ 
pixniltnlui  intiltcinam :  sin  made  the  breach,  repentance  must  help  it;  howsoever 
ihine  otleuce  came,  by  error,  sloth,  obstinacy,  ignorance,  exitur  per  pcenit*ntiam,  this 
is  the  sole  means  to  be  relieved.  ^  Hence  comes  our  hope  of  safety,  by  this  alone 
sinners  are  saved,  God  is  provoked  to  mercy.  "  This  unlooselh  all  that  is  bound, 
enligtileueth  darkness,  mends  thai  is  broken,  puts  life  to  that  which  was  liesperalely 
dying:"  makes  no  respect  of  otiences,  or  of  {)er8ons.     ""This  doth  not  repel  a 

*'  Noil  u(  di'Sidioru  voa  faciaia,  aeii  uc  alacriore*  red-  i  laa(uiir  intaiiabili*  occumt :  lu  lanluiii  di«rri  Ir  tine, 

dam                  ^  Pr  '  p  ■••ralis  veniam  poarefr,  <-(  tnsia  !!••  '  maimm  f-Jm   nc  r>-|ielle ;  novrt  n-iil  n-.-3i  ;  niin  t.iftliiia 

n                                           -"      I-    «l  ler,  (1  <■  I  f  ivet,  irtl  l-'I-                                                  ■  •. 

II                                              lee.  t.             *•.-,                                           »• 

II,                                                   ;<rritti-Mtia  fVtn   ad    n 

>  .  i<i  aolt  i>   I                                           « 

I.,.  iia*.                                                   • 

h  ii'>n   ebriiiiii 

(                                                                                                     I  u.iiii   r>  ('•'lilt.   II  "II    <iver»alur   ■•.••lui.ii  ji.i.   ••   u  (..ail*- 

•I  ruiB,  acU  ouiiica  «ujci{>ii,  uuimbu*  cuiuuiunicaL. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  6.]  Cure  of  Despair.  65 1 

(brnicator,  reject  a  drunkard,  resist  a  proud  fellow,  turn  away  an  idolater,  but  enter- 
tains all,  communicates  itself  to  all."     Who  persecuted  the  churcli  more  than  Paul, 
offended  more  than  Peter  ?  and  yet  by  repentance  (saith  Curysologus)  they  got  both 
Magisterium  et  rninislcrium  smictltatis,  the  Magistery  of  holiness.    The  prodJ"-al  son 
went  far,  but  by  repentance  he  ''ame  home  at  last.     ^' "  This  alone  will  turn  a  wolf 
into  a  sheep,  make  a  publican  a  preacher,  turn  a  thorn  into  an  olive,  make  a  de- 
bauched fellow  religious,"  a  blasphemer  sing  halleluja,  make  Alexander  the  copper- 
smith truly  devout,  make  a  devil  a  saint.     ^^"  And  him  that  polluted  his  mouth  with 
calumnies,  lying,  swearing,  and  tilthy  tunes  and  tones,  to  purge  his  throat  with  divine 
Psalms."     Repentance  will  effect  prodigious  cures,  make  a  stupend  metamorphosis. 
"  A  hawk  came  into  the  ark,  and  went  out  again  a  hawk ;  a  lion  came  in,  went  out 
a  lion;  a  bear,  a  bear;  a  wolf,  a  wolf;  but  if  a  hawk  came  into  this  sacred  temple 
of  repentance,  he  vAW  go  forth  a  dove  (saith  ^  Chrysostom),  a  wolf  go  out  a  sheep, 
a  lion  a  lamb.     ^^  This  gives  sight  to  the  blind,  legs  to  the  lame,  cures  all  diseases, 
confers  grace,  expels  vice,  inserts  virtue,  comforts  and  fortifies  the  soul."     Shall  1 
say,  let  thy  sin  be  what  it  will,  do  but  repent,  it  is  sufficient.     ^'^Qucm  pcsnitet  pec- 
casse  pcne  est  innocens.'    'Tis  true  indeed  and  all-sufficient  this,  they  do  confess,  if 
they  could  repent;  but  they  are  obdurate,  they  have  cauterised  consciences,  they  are 
in  a  reprobate  sense,  they  cannot  think  a  good  thought,  they  cannot  hope  for  grace, 
pray,  believe,  repent,  or  be  sorry  for  their  sins,  they  find  no  grief  for  sin  in  them- 
selves, but  rather  a  delight,  no  groaning  of  spirit,  but  are  carried  headlong  to  their 
own  destruction,  "■  heaping  wrath  to  themselves  against  the  day  of  wrath,"  Rom. 
ii.  5.     'Tis  a  grievous  case  this  I  do  yield,  and  yet  not  to  be  despaired ;  God  of  his 
bounty  and  mercy  calls  all  to  repentance,  Rom.  ii.  4,  thou  niayest  be  called  at  length, 
restored,  taken  to  His  grace,  as  the  thief  upon 'the  cross,  at  the  last  hour,  as  Mary 
Magdalen  and  many  other  sinners  have  been,  that  were  buried  in  sin.     "God  (saith 
^^Fulgentius)  is  delighted  in  the  conversion  of  a  sinner,  he  sets  no  time;''''  prolixil as 
temporis  Deo  non  prcBJiidicaf,  aid  gravitas  peccati,  deferring  of  time  or  grievousness 
of  sin,  do  not  prejudicate  his  grace,  things  past  and  to  come  are  all  one  to  Him,  as 
present:  'tis  never  too  late  to  repent.     ^^"This  heaven  of  repentance  is  still  open 
for  all  distressed  souls ;"  and  howsoever  as  yet  no  signs  appear,  thou  mayest  repent 
in  good  time.     Hear  a  comfortable  speech  of  St.  Austin,  ''''"Whatsoever  thou  shall 
do,  how  great  a  sinner  soever,  thou  art  yet  living;  if  God  would  not  help  thee,  he 
would  surely  take  thee  away;  but  in  sparing  thy  life,  he  gives  thee  leisure,  and  in- 
vites thee  to  repentance."     Plowsoever  as  yet,  I  say,  thou  perceivest  no  fruit,  no 
feeling,  findest  no  likelihood  of  it  in  thyself,  patiently  abide  the  Lord's  good  leisure, 
despair  not,  or  think  thou  art  a  reprobate;  He  came  to  call  sinners  to  repentance, 
Luke  V.  32,  of  which  number  thou  art  one ;  He  came  to  call  thee,  and  in  his  time 
will  surely  call  thee.     And  although  as  yet  thou  hast  no  inclination  to  pray,  to  re- 
pent, thy  faith  be  cold  and  dead,  and  thou  wholly  averse  from  all  Divine  iunctions, 
yet  it  may  revive,  as  trees  are  dead  in  winter,  but  flourish  in  the  spring!  these  vir- 
tues may  lie  hid  in  thee  for  the  present,  yet  hereafter  show  themselves,  and  perad- 
venture  already  bud,  howsoever  thou  dost  not  perceive.    'Tis  Satan's  policv  to  plead 
against,  suppress  and  aggravate,  to  conceal  those  sparks  of  faith  in  thee.    Thou  dost 
not  believe,  thou  sayest,  yet  thou  wouldst  believe  if  thou  couldst,  'tis  thy  desire  to 
believe;   then  pray,  ''^"Lord  help  mine  unbelief:"  and  hereafter  tliou  shalt  certainly 
believe:  '" Dabltur  sifienfi,  it  shall  be  given  to  him  that  ihirsteth.     Thou  canst  not 
yet  repent,  hereafter  thou  shalt;  a  black  cloud  of  sin  as  yet  obnubilates  thy  soul, 
terrifies  thy  conscience,  but  this  cloud  may  conceive  a  rainbow  at  the  last,  and  be 
quite  dissipated  by  repentance.     Be  of  good  cheer;  a  child  is  rational  in  power,  not 
in  act ;  and  so  art  thou  penitent  in  affection,  though  not  yet  in  action.     'Tis  thy 
desire  to  please  God,  to  be  heartily  sorry;  comfort  thyself,  no  time  is  overpast,  'tis 
never  too  late.     A  desire  to  repent  is  repentance  itself,  though  not  in  nature,  yet  in 


81  Chrys.  hom.  .5.  ^-  (iui  turpihus  cantilenis  ali- 

qiiando  iiuniinavit  os,  divinis  hyinnis  aniiniim  piiraa- 
bit.  M  Hoiii.  5.  Iiitroivit  hie  quis  accipiier,  r.oluinba 
exit;  introivit  lupus,  ovis  egreditur,  &c.  "  Oranes 

laii!;uores  sauat,  ca;cis  visum,  clauilis  cressum,  gratiam 
confert,  &i,  65  Seneca.     "  He  who  repeats  of  his 

si;;s  is  well  nigh  innocent."  KDeleclatur  Deus 

conversione  pt-ccatoris;  ornne  tenipus  vilae  conversioni 


deputatur;  pro  prxsentibus  habentiir  tain  prxterita 
quam  futura.  ^  Austin.  Semper  pfenitenlis  portus 

apertus  est  ne  de.-jperemns.  ^  Qmcquid  feceris, 

quantuniruriquo  peccaveris.  adhuc  in  vita  es,  unde  tc 
omnino  si  sanare  te  nollet  Deus,  auferrel ;  parcend' 
clamat  ut  redeas,  &c.  w^jatt.  vi.23.  '"Ee* 

xxi.  6. 


652  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sect.  4. 

God's  acceptance;  a  willing  mind  is  sufficient.  ''Blessed  are  they  that  hunger  and 
thirst  aflcr  righteousness,"  Matt.  v.  6.  lie  that  is  destitute  of  God's  grace,  and 
wisheth  for  it,  shall  have  it,  "-The  Lord  (saith  David,  Psal.  x.  17)  wdl  hear  the 
desire  of  the  poor,"  that  is,  such  as  are  in  distress  of  body  and  mind.  'Tis  true 
thou  canst  not  as  yet  grieve  for  thy  sin,  thou  hast  no  feeling  of  faith,  I  yield ;  yet 
canst  thou  grieve  thou  dost  not  grieve.'  It  troubles  thee,  1  am  sure,  tliine  heart 
should  lie  so  impenitent  and  hard,  thou  wouldst  have  it  otherwise ;  'tis  thy  desire  to 
grieve,  to  repent,  and  to  believe.  Thou  lovest  God's  children  and  saints  in  the 
meantime,  halest  them  not,  persecutest  them  not,  but  rather  wishest  thyself  a  true 
professor,  U>  be  as  they  are,  as  thou  thyself  hast  been  heretofore;  whicli  is  an  evi- 
dent token  thou  art  in  no  such  desperate  case.  'Tis  a  good  sign  of  thy  conversion, 
thy  sins  are  pardonable,  thou  art,  or  shalt  surely  be  reconciled.  "The  Lord  is  near 
them  that  are  of  a  contrite  heait,"  Luke  iv.  18.  "A  true  desire  of  mercy  in  the 
want  of  mercy,  is  mercy  itself;  a  desire  of  grace  in  the  want  of  grace,  is  grace 
itself;  a  constant. and  earnest  desire  to  believe,  repent,  and  to  be  reconciled  to  God, 
if  it  be  in  a  touched  heart,  is  an  acceptation  of  God,  a  reconciliation,  faith  and  re- 
pentance itself.  For  it  is  not  thy  faith  and  repentance,  as  "Chrysostom  truly  leacheth, 
that  is  available,  but  God's  mercy  that  is  annexed  to  it,  lie  accepts  the  will  for  the 
deed :  so  that  I  conclude,  to  feel  in  ourselves  the  want  of  grace,  and  to  be  grieved 
for  it,  is  grace  itself  I  am  troubled  with  fear  my  sins  are  not  forgiven.  Careless 
objects:  but  Bradford  answers  they  are;  "For  God  hath  given  thee  a  penitent  and 
believing  heart,  that  is,  a  heart  which  desireth  to  repent  and  believe ;  for  such  an 
one  is  taken  of  him  (lie  accepting  the  will  for  the  deedj  for  a  truly  penitent  and 
believing  heart. 

All  this  is  true  thou  repliest,  but  yet  it  concerns  not  thee,  'tis  verified  in  ordinary 
ofienders,  in  ccnnmon  sins,  but  lliine  are  of  a  higher  strain,  even  against  the  Holy 
Ghost  himself,  irreniissible  sins,  sins  of  the  first  magnitude,  written  with  a  pen  of 
iron,  engraven  with  a  point  of  a  diamond.  Thou  art  worse  than  a  pagan,  infidel, 
Jew,  or  Turk,  for  thou  art  an  apostate  and  more,  thou  hast  voluntarily  blasphemed, 
renounced  (iod  and  all  religion,  tlum  art  worse  than  Judas  himself,  or  they  that  cru- 
cified Christ:  for  they  did  oflt'iid  out  of  ignorance,  but  thou  haat  thought  in  thine 
heart  there  is  no  God.  Thou  hast  given  thy  soul  to  the  devil,  as  witches  and  con- 
jurors do,  erpUcite  and  implicite,  by  compact,  band  and  obligation  (a  desperate,  a 
fearful  case)  to  satisfy  thv  lust,  or  to  be  revenged  of  thitie  eneniies,  thou  didst  nevi.-r 
pray,  come  to  church,  hear,  read,  or  do  any  divine  duties  with  any  devotion,  but  for 
formality  and  fashion'-sake,  with  a  kind  of  reluctance,  'twas  troublesome  and  pain- 
ful to  thee  to  perf'orm  any  such  thing,  prater  vuiuntul^rn,  against  thy  will.  Th«)U 
never  mad'st  any  c«)nscience  of  lying,  swearing,  bearing  false  witness,  murder,  adul- 
ter}', bribery,  oppression,  theft,  drunkenness,  idolatry,  but  hast  ever  done  ^11  duties 
for  fear  of  punishment,  as  they  were  most  advantageous,  and  to  thine  own  ends,  and 
committed  all  such  notorious  sins,  with  an  extraordinary  delight,  .'\ting  that  thou 
ehouldest  U>ve,  and  loving  that  thou  shouldest  hate.  Instead  of  faith,  ftar  and  lov«vof 
God,  repentance,  kc,  blasphemous  thoughts  have  been  ever  harboured  in  his  mind, 
even  airainst  G«xl  himself,  the  blessed  Trinity ;  the  "  Scripture  false,  rude,  harsh,  imme- 
ihodical :  heaven,  hell,  resurrection,  mere  toys  and  fables,  '*  incredible,  impossible,  ab- 
surd, vain,  ill  contrived  ;  religion,  policy,  and  human  invention,  to  keep  men  in  obe- 
dience, or  for  profit,  invented  by  priests  and  law-givers  to  that  purpose.  If  there  be 
any  such  supreme  power,  he  takes  no  notice  of  our  doings,  hears  not  our  prayers, 
regardeth  them  not,  will  not,  cannot  help,  or  else  he  is  partial, an  cxceptcrof  pirsons, 
autht^r  of  sin,  a  cruel,  a  destructive  GckI,  to  create  our  souls,  and  desiiuate  them  to 
eternal  danmation,  to  make  us  worse  than  our  dogs  and  horses,  why  doth  he  not 
govern  things  better,  protect  goo<l  men,  root  out  wicked  livers.'  why  do  they  prosper 

and   flourish.'  as  she  raved   in   the  "tragedy pe I Uces  ealitm  Inunl,  l\\crti  ihey 

shine,  Suasque  Perseus aureas Stellas  habet,  where  is  his  providence?  how  appears  it' 

''*  •'  Marni'>r-n  I.iciiiui  tumulo  Jacrt.  at  Calo  parvo, 
Pooipofii'ii  imll'>  ^>ii«  ptM'-t  e*««  D>^i«." 


Ti  \                                               TIN'  <  are  well  answerrd  in  Jobs  DowoaM't 

■cd  t>                                  .-ta.           ''^1  '•  'ffar«.  "Hrnr^a.              ^  •  Ijtiaua 

Oninis  i-i                             ila   lana  rr  '  'bir  Ininb,  Ixjl  L'alo  in  a  mran  oa»  ;  PoMi. 

■uiaiia  A                              vel  ab  ali  ;:cjo«,  wko  c«a  tluak  tlwrcluia  ilui  Umm 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  6.]  Cure  of  Despair.  653 

Why  doth  he  suffer  Turks  to  overcome  Christians,  the  enemy  to  triumph  over  his 
church,  paganism  to  domineer  in  all  places  as  it  doth,  heresies  to  multiply,  such 
enormities  to  be  committed,  and  so  many  such  bloody  wars,  murders,  massacres, 
plagues,  feral  diseases  !  why  doth  he  not  make  us  all  good,  able,  sound?  whv  makes 
he  "'venomous  creatures,  rocks,  sands,  deserts,  this  earth  itself  the  muck-hiil  of  the 
world,  a  prison,  a  house  of  correction  }  ''^ Menfimur  regnare  Jovem^  «^-c.,  with  many 
such  horrible  and  execrable  conceits,  not  fit  to  be  uttered  ;  TerribiUa  de  fidc^  hor- 
ribilia  de  Divinitate.  They  cannot  some  of  them  but  think  evil,  they  are  compelled 
volenlcs  nolentes.,  to  blasplieme,  especially  when  they  come  to  church  and  pray, 
read.  S^c,  such  foul  and  prodigious  suggestions  come  into  their  hearts. 

These  are  abominable,  unspeakable  offences,  and  most  opposite  to  God,  lenta- 
tiones  fcedcB  et  ivipicc^i  yet  in  this  case,  he  or  they  that  shall  be  tempted  and  so  affected, 
must  know,  that  no  man  living  is  free  from  such  thoughts  in  part,  or  at  some  times, 
the  most  divine  spirits  have  been  so  tempted  in  some  sort,  evil  custom,  omission  of 
holy  exercises,  ill  company,  idleness,  solitariness,  melancholy,  or  depraved  nature, 
and  the  devil  is  still  ready  to  corrupt,  trouble,  and  divert  our  souls,  to  suggest  such 
blasphemous  thoughts  into  our  fantasies,  ungodly,  profane,  monstrous  and  wicked 
.  conceits :  If  they  come  from  Satan,  th'ey  are  more  speedy,  fearful  and  violent,  the 
parties  cannot  avoid  them  :  they  are  more  frequent,  I  say,  and  monstrous  when  they 
come ;  for  the  devil  he  is  a  spirit,  and  hath  means  and  opportunities  to  mingle  him- 
self with  our  spirits,  and  sometimes  more  slily,  sometimes  more  abruptly  and  openly, 
to  suggest  such  devilish  thoughts  into  our  hearts ;  he  insults  and  domineers  in 
melancholy  distempered  fantasies  and  persons  especially;  melancholy  is  bahieum 
diabolic  as  Serapio  holds,  the  devil's  bath,  and  invites  him  to  come  to  it.  As  a  sick 
man  frets,  raves  in  his  fits,  speaks  and  doth  he  knows  not  what,  the  devil  violently 
compels  such  crazed  souls  to  think  such  damned  thoughts  against  their  wills,  they 
cannot  but  do  it;  sometimes  more  continuate,  or  by  fits,  he  takes  his  advantage,  as 
the  subject  is  less  able  to  resist,  he  aggravates,  extenuates,  affirms,  denies,  damns, 
confounds  the  spirits,  troubles  heart,  brain,  humours,  organs,  senses,  and  whollv 
domineers  in  their  imaginations.  If  they  proceed  from  themselves,  such  thoughts, 
they  are  remiss  and  moderate,  not  so  violent  and  monstrous,  not  so  frequent.  The 
devil  commonly  suggests  things  opposite  to  nature,  opposite  to  God  and  his  word, 
impious,  absurd,  such  as  a  man  would  never  of  himself,  or  could  not  conceive,  they 
strike  terror  and  horror  into  the  parties'  own  hearts.  For  if  he  or  they  be  asked 
whether  they  do  approve  of  such  like  thoughts  or  no,  they  answer  (and  their  own 
souls  truly  dictate  as  much)  they  abhor  them  as  much  as  hell  and  the  devil  himself, 
they  would  fain  think  otherwise  if  they  could ;  he  hath  thought  otherwise,  and  with 
all  his  soul  desires  so  to  think  again;  he  doth  resist,  and  hath  some  good  motions 
intermixed  now  and  then :  so  that  such  blasphemous,  impious,  unclean  thoughts, 
are  not  his  own,  but  the  devil's ;  they  proceed  not  from  him,  but  from  a  crazed 
phantasy,  distempered  humours,  black  fumes  which  offend  his  brain:  '^  they  are 
thy  crosses,  the  devil's  sins,  and  he  shall  answer  for  them,  he  doth  enforce  thee  to 
do  that  which  thou  dost  abhor,  and  didst  never  give  consent  to:  and  although  he 
hath  sometimes  so  slily  set  upon  thee,  and  so  far  prevailed,  as  to  make  thee  in  some 
sort  to  assent  to  such  wicked  thoughts,  to  delight  in,  yet  they  have  not  proceeded 
from  a  confirmed  will  in  thee,  but  are  of  that  nature  which  thou  dost  afterwards 
reject  and  abhor.  Therefore  be  not  overmuch  troubled  and  dismayed  with  such 
kind  of  suggestions,  at  least  if  they  please  thee  not,  because  they  are  not  thy  per- 
sonal sins,  for  which  thou  shalt  incur  the  wrath  of  God,  or  his  displeasure:  con- 
temn, neglect  them,  let  them  go  as  they  come,  strive  not  too  violently,  or  trouble 
thyself  too  much,  but  as  our  Saviour  said  to  Satan  in  like  case,  say  thou,  avoid 
Satan,  1  detest  tliee  and  them.  Satancz  esf  mala  ingercrc  (saith  Austin)  nostrum  non 
consentire  :  as  Satan  labours  to  suggest,  so  must  we  strive  not  to  give  consent,  and 
it  will  be  sufficient :  the  more  anxious  and  solicitous  thou  art,  the  more  perplexed, 
the  more  thou  shalt  otherwise  be  troubled  and  entangled.  Besides,  they  must  know 
this,  all  so  molested  and  distempered,  that  although  these  be  most  execrable  and 
grievous  sins,  they  are  pardonable  yet,  through  God's  mercy  and  goodness,  they 

"  Vid.  Cainpanella  cap.  6.  Atheis.  triumphat.  et  c.  2.  I  colum,  &c.  '«  Lucan.  "  It  can't  be  true  that  Jus: 

ad  arguinentum  12.  ubi  plura.    Si  Deus  bonus  unde  |  Jove  reigns."  ^Perliins. 

3e2 


654  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4, 

may  be  forgiven,  if  thev  be  penitent  and  sorrv  for  them.  Paul  himself  confesseth, 
Rom.  xvii.  19.  '•  He  did  not  the  good  he  would  do,  but  the  evil  which  he  woulil  not 
do;  'tis  not  1,  but  sin  that  dwelleth  in  me."  'Tis  not  thou,  but  Satan's  suu-gestions, 
his  craft  and  subtility,  his  malice :  comfort  thyself  then  if  thou  be  penitent  and 
grieved,  or  desirous  to  be  so,  these  heinous  sins  shall  not  be  laid  to  thy  charge ; 
God's  mercy  is  above  all  sins,  which  if  thou  do  not  tinally  contemn,  without  doubt 
thou  shah  be  saved.  ^"No  man  sins  against  the  Holy  Ghost,  but  he  that  wilfully 
and  finallv  renounceth  Christ,  and  contemneth  him  and  his  word  to  the  last,  without 
which  there  is  no  salvation,  from  which  grievous  sin,  God  of  his  infinite  mercy 
deliver  us."  Take  hold  of  this  to  be  thy  comfort,  and  meditate  w  ithal  on  God's 
word,  labour  to  prav,  to  repent,  to  be  renewed  in  mind,  '•  keep  thine  heart  with  all 
diligence."  Prov.  iv.  13,  resist  the  devil,  and  he  will  tly  from  tliee,  pour  out  thy  soul 
unto  the  Lord  with  sorrowful  Haimah,  "pray  continually,"  as  Paul  enjoins,  and  as 
David  dill,  P>ahn  i.  *»  metlitate  on  his  law  day  and  night." 

Yea,  but  tlii^  meditation  is  that  mars  all,  and  mistaken  makes  many  men  far 
worse,  misconceiving  all  they  read  or  hear,  to  their  own  overthrow;  the  more  they 
search  and  read  Scriptures,  or  divine  treatises,  the  more  they  puzzle  themselves,  as 
a  bird  in  a  net,  the  more  lliey  are  entangled  and  precipitated  into  this  preposterous 
gulf:  "Many  are  called,  but  few  are  cliosen,"  .Matt.  xx.  16.  and  xxii.  It.  with  such 
like  places  of  Scripture  misinterpreted  strike  them  with  horror,  they  doubt  presently 
whether  they  be  of  this  number  or  no  :  GmPs  eternal  decree  of  predestination,  abso- 
lute reprobation,  and  such  fatal  tables,  they  form  to  their  own  ruin,  and  impinge  upon 
this  rock  of  desjuiir.  How  shall  they  be  assured  of  their  salvation,  by  what  signs.' 
'•  If  the  righteous  scarcely  be  saved,  where  shall  the  ungodly  and  sinners  appear  ?" 
1  Pet.  iv.  18.  Who  knows,  saith  Solomon,  whether  he  be  elect.'  This  grinils  tiieir 
souls,  how  shall  they  discern  they  are  not  reprobates  ?  But  I  say  again,  how  shall 
they  discern  they  are  .'  Frt>m  the  devil  can  be  no  certainty,  for  he  is  a  liar  from  the 
beginning;  if  he  suggests  any  such  thing,  as  loo  frequently  he  doth,  reject  him  as  a 
deceiver,  an  enemy  of  human  kind,  dispute  not  with  him,  give  no  credit  to  him, 
obstinately  refuse  him,  as  St.  Anthony  did  in  the  wilderness,  whom  the  devil  set 
upon  in  several  sha{>i-s,  or  as  the  collier  did,  so  do  thou  by  him.  For  when  the 
devil  tempted  him  with  the  weakness  of  his  faitli,  and  told  him  he  could  not  be 
saved,  as  being  ignorant  in  the  principles  of  religion,  and  urged  him  moreover  to 
know  uhat  he  believed,  what  he  thought  of  such  and  such  points  and  mysteries: 
the  collier  told  him,  he  believed  as  the  church  did;  but  what  (said  the  devil  again) 
doth  the  cliurcli  believe?  as  I  do  (^said  the  collier);  and  what's  that  thou  believest .' 
as  the  church  doth,  Stc,  when  the  devil  could  get  no  other  answer,  he  left  him.  If 
Satan  summon  thee  to  answer,  send  him  to  Christ:  he  is  thy  libeity,  thy  pr«>tector 
against  cruel  death,  raging  sin,  tliat  roaring  lion,  he  is  thy  righteousness,  ihy  Saviour, 
and  thy  lile.  Though  he  say,  thou  art  not  of  ihe  number  of  the  elect,  a  reprobate, 
forsaken  of  God,  lu)ld  thine  own  still,  hie  murus  ahtnrus  esto,  "  let  this  be  as  a  bul- 
wark, a  brazen  wall  to  defend  thee,  stay  thyself  in  that  certainty  of  faith ;  let  that 
be  thy  comfort,  Christ  will  pr«)tect  thee,  vindicate  tliee,  ihou  art  one  of  his  flock,  he 
will  triumph  over  the  law,  vaiujuish  death,  overcome  the  devil,  and  destroy  hell.  If 
he  say  tliou  art  none  of  the  elect,  no  believer,  reject  him,  defy  liim,  thou  hast  thought 
otherwise,  and  mayest  so  be  resolved  again;  comfort  thyself;  this  persuasion  can- 
not come  from  the  devil,  and  much  less  can  it  be  gr<iunded  from  thyself.'  men  are 
liars,  and  w  hy  shouldest  thou  distrust .'  A  denying  Peter,  a  persecuting  Paul,  an 
adulterous  cruel  David,  have  been  received;  an  apostate  Solomon  may  be  converted; 
no  sin  at  all  but  iinpenitency,  can  give  testimony  of  finyl  reprobation.  Why  shouldest 
thou  then  distrust,  misdoubt  thyself,  upon  what  ground,  what  suspicion?  This 
opinion  alone  of  particularity?  .Atjainst  that,  and  for  the  certainty  of  election  and 
salvation  on  the  other  side,  see  God's  good  will  toward  men,  hear  how  generally 
his  grace  is  proposed  to  him,  and  him,  and  them,  each  man  in  (Kirticular,  and  to  all. 
1  Tim.  ii.  4.  "God  will  that  all  men  be  saved,  and  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
truth."    'Tis  a  universal  promise,  "  God  sent  not  his  son  into  the  world  to  condemn 

■  HmninftiM.  Nemo  poceal  in  fpiriium  Mncium  niti  I  Mloa;  A  quo  p«eealo  libarrt  soa  DooiiaiM  J««M  Cbri*' 

qoi  ftii«lit>fr  n  ToluMlarip  renuiieial  Cbri«tuni.  euni<|iiv     lus.    AmcD. 
•(  ejua   vrrtmin    ei'reioe  cunlemoiC,  uue  qua   nulla  | 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  6.]  Cure  of  Despair.  655 

the  world,  but  that  through  him  the  worhl  might  be  saved."  Johu  iii.  17.  "He  that 
aciinowledgeth  liimself  a  man  in  the  world,  must  likewise  acknowledore  he  is  of  that 
number  that  is  to  be  saved."  Ezek.  xxxiii.  11,  "I  will  not  the  death  of  a  sinner,  but 
that  he  repent  and  live:"  But  thou  art  a  sinner;  therefore  he  will  not  thy  death. 
"This  is  the  will  of  him  that  sent  me,  that  every, man  that  believelh  in  the  Son, 
should  have  everlasting  life."  John  vi.  40.  "  He  would  have  no  man  perish,  but  all 
come  to  repentance,"  2  Pet.  iii.  9.  Besides,  remission  of  sins  is  to  be  preached,  not 
to  a  few,  but  universally  to  all  men,  "  Go  therefore  and  tell  all  nations,  baptising 
them,"  &.C.  Matt,  xxviii.  19.  "Go  into  all  the  world,  and  preach  the  Gospel  to 
every  creature,"  Mark  xvi.  15.  Now  there  cannot  be  contradictory  wills  in  God, 
he  will  have  all  saved,  and  not  all,  how  can  this  stand  together.^  be  secure  then, 
believe,  trust  in  him.  hope  well  and  be  saved.  Yea,  that's  the  main  matter,  how 
shall  I  believe  or  discern  my  security  from  carnal  presumption?  my  faith  is  weak 
and  faint,  I  want  those  signs  and  fruits  of  sanctification,  *'  sorrow  for  sin,  thirsting 
for  grace,  groanings  of  the  spirit,  love  of  Christians  as  Christians,  avoiding  occasion 
of  sin,  endeavour  of  new  obedience,  charity,  love  of  God,  perseverance.  Though 
these  signs  be  languishing  in  thee,  and  not  seated  in  thine  heart,  thou  must  not  there- 
fore be  dejected  or  terrified ;  the  effects  of  the  faith  and  spirit  are  not  yet  so  fully 
felt  in  thee ;  conclude  not  therefore  thou  art  a  reprobate,  or  doubt  of  thine  election, 
because  the  elect  themselves  are  without  them,  before  their  conversion.  Thou 
mayest  in  the  Lord's  good  time  be  converted ;  some  are  called  at  the  eleventh  hour. 
Use,  1  say,  the  means  of  thy  conversion,  expect  the  Lord's  leisure,  if  not  vet  called, 
pray  thou  mayest  be,  or  at  least  wish  and  desire  thou  mayest  be. 

Notwithstanding  all  this  which  might  be  said  to  this  effect,  to  ease  their  afflicted 
minds,  what  comfort  our  best  divines  can  afford  in  this  case,  Zanchius,  Beza,  Sec. 
This  furious  curiosity,  needless  speculation,  fruitless  meditation  about  election, 
reprobation,  free  will,  grace,  such  places  of  Scripture  preposterously  conceived,  tor- 
ment still,  and  crucify  the  souls  of  too  many,  and  set  all  the  world  together  by  the 
ears.  To  avoid  which  inconveniences,  and  to  settle  their  distressed  minds,  to  miti- 
gate those  divine  aphorisms,  (though  in  another  extreme  some)  our  late  .Arminians 
have  revived  that  plausible  doctrine  of  universal  grace,  which  many  fathers,  our  late 
Lutheran  and  modern  papists  do  still  maintain,  that  we  have  free  will  of  ourselves, 
and  that  grace  is  common  to  all  that  will  believe.  Some  again,  though  less  ortho- 
doxal,  will  have  a  far  greater  part  saved  than  shall  be  damned,  (as  ^'Caelius  Secundus 
stiffly  maintains  in  his  book,  De  amplitiuline  rcgni  ccclestisy  or  some  impostor  under 
his  name)  beatorum  numerus  multb  major  quam  damnatorum.  "He  calls  that  other 
tenet  of  special  ^"election  and  reprobation,  a  prejudicate,  envious  and  malicious 
opinion,  apt  to  draw  all  men  to  desperation.  JNIany  are  called,  few  chosen.  Sec.  He 
opposeth  some  opposite  parts  of  Scriptuie  to  it,  "Christ  came  into  the  World  to  save 
sinners,"  Sec.  And  four  especial  arguments  he  produceth,  one  from  God's  power. 
If  more  be  damned  than  saved,  he  erroneously  concludes,  ^^  the  devil  hath  the  greater 
sovereignty!  for  what  is  power  but  to  protect.^  and  majesty  consists  in  multitude. 
"  If  the  devil  have  tlie  greater  part,  where  is  his  mercy,  where  is  his  power  i  how 
is  he  Deus  Optimus  Maximus.,  miser icors?  ^-c,  where  is  his  greatness,  where  his 
goodness  r"  He  proceeds,  ^''"•We  account  him  a  murderer  that  is  accessary  only, 
or  doth  not  help  when  he  can ;  which  may  not  be  supposed  of  God  without  great 
offence,  because  he  may  do  what  he  will,  and  is  otlierwise  accessary,  anti  tlie  author 
of  sin.  The  nature  of  jrood  is  to  be  communicated,  God  is  good,  and  will  not  then 
be  contracted  in  his  goodness :  for  how  is  he  the  father  of  mercy  and  comfort,  if 
his  ffood  concern  but  a  few.?  O  envious  and  unthankful  men  to  think  otherwise! 
"Why  should  we  pray  to  God  that  are  Gentiles,  and  thank  him  for  his  mercies  and 
benefits,  that  hath  damned  us  all  innocuous  for  Adam's  offence,  one  man's  oflence,  one 
small  offence,  eating  of  an  apple  ?  why  should  we  acknowledge  him  for  our  governor 


81  Abernethy.  ^  See  wtiole  books  of  ttiese  argu- 

ments. 63  Lib.  3.  fol.  l-^i.    Praejudicata  opinio,  HI- 

rida,  maligna,  et  apta  ad  inipclleuJos  aniinos  in  despe- 
rationein.  *iSee  the  Antidote  in  Cliauiier's  toin.  3. 

lib.  7.  Downam's  Christian  Warfare,  &c.  "  Poteiilior 
est  Deo  diabolns  et  umiidi  princeps,  et  in  mnltitudine 
liomiuuia  sita  est  majestas.  «  Homicida  qui  non 


suhvenit  quum  potest ;  hoc  de  Deo  sine  scelere  cogitari 
non  potist,  utpoie  quum  qnod  vult  licet.  Bnni  natura 
coininnnicari.  Bonus  Deus,  quoniodo  niisericordie. 
pater,  tec.  ^  Vide  Cyrilluni  lib.  4.  adversus  Julia- 

niiin,  qui  poterimus  illi  gratias  agere  qui  nobis  non 
misit  Mosen  et  proplietasi  et  coiiteinpsil  bom  amiuia- 
rum  oustrarum. 


656  Religious  MelancJioly.  [Part.  3.  Sec    « 

that  hath  wholly  neglected  the  salvation  of  our  souls,  contemned  us,  and  sent    ;o 
prophets  or  instructors  to  teach  us.  as  he  hath  done  to  the  Hebrews  ?"    So  Julian  vhe 
apostate  objects.    Why  should  these  Clirislians  (Ca-lius  urgeth)  reject  us  and  appro- 
priate God  unto  themselves,  JJeum  ilium  siuun  unicum,  Sfc.  But  to  return  to  our  Ibrired 
Cselius.     At  last  he  comes  to  that,  he  will  have  those  saved  that  never  heard  of,  or 
believed  in  Christ,  ex  puris  naluralihtis,  witii  the  Pelagians,  and  proves  it  out  of  Ori- 
gen  and  others.    *'They  (sailh  "^Origen)  that  never  heard  God's  word,  are  to  be 
excused  for  their  ignorance;  we  may  not  think  God  will  be  so  hard,  angry,  cruel  or 
unjust  as  to  condemn  anv  man  indicld  caus'i.   They  alone  (he  holds)  are  in  the  state 
of  damnation  that  refuse  Christ's  mercy  and  grace,  when  it  is  offered.    Many  worthy 
Greeks  and   Romans,  good  moral  honest  men,  that  kept  the  law  of  nature,  did  to 
others  as  they  would  be  done  to  themselves,  as  certainly  saved,  he  concludes,  as 
they  were  tiiat  lived  uprightly  before  the  law  of  Moses.     They  were  acceptable  in 
God's  sight,  as  Job  was,  the  Magi,  the  queen  of  Sheba,  Darius  of  Persia,  Socrates, 
Aristides,  Cato,  Curius,  Tully,  Seneca,  and  many  other  philosophers,  upright  livers, 
no  matter  of  what  religion,  as  Cornelius,  out  of  any  nation,  so  that  he  live  honestly, 
call  on  God,  trust  in  him,  fear  him,  he  shall  be  saved.     This  opinion  was  formerly 
maintained  bv  the  Valentinian  and  Basiledian  heretics,  revived  of  late  in  *'* Turkey, 
of  what  sect  Bustan  Hassa  was  jmiron,  defended  by  *"Gali'atius  *' Erasmus,  by  Zu- 
inglius   irt  cxpusit.  jidei  iid   Rfgfm  GaUiie,   whose   tenet  liullinger  vin(hcate.-*,  and 
Gualter  ap[)roves  in  a  just  apology  with  nmny  arguments.     There  be  many  Jesuits 
that  follow  these  Calvinists  in  this  behalf,  Franciscus  liuchsius  Moguntinus,  Aiiiha- 
dius  Consil.  'I'ridrnt.  many  schoi^duien  that  out  <»f  the  1  Rom.  v.  18.  19.  are  verily 
persua(b-d   that  those  good  works  of  the  Gt-ntiks  did  so  far  please  God,  that  they 
might  vilarn  irtcrnam  prumrnri.,  and  be  saved  in  the  end.     Sesellius,  and  lienedictus 
lustitiianus  in  his  comment  on  the  Hrst  of  the  Romans,  Mathias  Ditmarsh  the  poli- 
tician, with  mnriv  others,  hold  a  mediocrity,  they  may  be  salute  non  indium  but  they 
will  not  absolutely  decree  it.     ilofmannus,  a  Lutheran  profe8st>r  of  llelmstad,  and 
iilany  of  his  followers,  with  most  of  our  church,  and  papists,  are  stiff"  against  it. 
Franciscus  Collins  hath  fully  censured  all  opinions  in  his  Five  Books,  de  J'n'jano- 
rutn  animabus  post  mortem,  and  amply  dilattd  this  question,  which  whoso  will  may 
peruse.     Bui  to  return  to  my  author,  his  conclusion  is,  that  not  only  wicked  livens, 
blasphemers,  renrobates,  and  such  a.s  reject  God's  grace,  '*  but  that  the  devils  them- 
selves shall  be  saved  at  last,"  as'-Origen  hiujself  long  since  delivered  in  his  works, 
and  our  late  ""'S'cinians  defend,  Ostorodius,  cap.  -II.  instilut.  Smallius,  SiC.     Those 
terms  of  all  and  for  ever  in  Scripture,  are  noi  eternal,  but  oidy  denote  a  longer  time, 
which  bv  mativ  examples  they  prove.     The  worhl  shall  end  like  a  comedy,  and  we 
ihall  meet  at  last  in    heaven,  and    live  iti   bliss  altogelfier,  or  else   in  conclusion,  in 
nihil  evaiiescere.     For  how  tan  he  be  mertifid  that  shall  ct»ndemn  any  creature  to 
eternal  unspeakable  punishment,  for  one  small  temporary  fault,  all  posterity,  so  many 
myriads  for  one  and  another  man's  otR-nce,  t/uid  meruistis  aces'?     But  these  absurd 
paradoxes  are  exploded  by  our  church,  we  teach  otherwise.     That  this  vocation, 
predestination,  election,  reprobation,  non  ex  corruptd  massd,  pneviso^Jide^  as  our 
.■\rminians,  or  ex  prcevisis  operibus^  as  our  papists,  non  ex /)rt£/er//Jort'',  but  God's 
absolute  decree  ante  mundum  creatum,  (as  many  of  our  church  hold)  was  from  the 
beginning,  before  the  foundation  of  the  world  was  laid,  or  homo  conditus,  (or  from 
Adam's  fall,  as  others  will,  humo  lapsus  objeclum  est  reprubaliunis)  with  pirseve- 
rantia  sanclorum,  we  must  be  certain  of  our  salvation,  we  may  fall  but   not  iiiially, 
which  our  Arminians  will  not  admit.     According  to  his  immutable,  eternal,  just  de- 
cree and  counsel  of  saving  men  and  angels,  God  calls  all,  and  would  have  all  to  be 
saved  according  to  the  etlicacy  of  vocation  :  all  are  invited,  but  only  the  elect  ap- 
prehended :  the  rest  that  are   unbelieving,  impenitent,  wh(»in  God   in   his  just  judg- 
ment leaves  to  be  punished  for  their  sins,  are  in  a  reprobate  sense;  yet  we  must  not 
determine  who  are  such,  condemn  ourselves  or  others,  because  we  have  a  universal 
luvitatioQ ;  all  are  commanded  to  believe,  and  we  know  not  how  soon  or  how  late 


•  V.                        •    '  -  Tni  non  ■orfinnt  nh  ii;nor<T  ''••■  ht«t.  TB.  I.  I.  ?.        "OlMn.  Alu         ••  ft*- 

Xon                                          •  I  [K-ijo  :  ul  •■  i'°"'l''*'i>  <'i  'i    tir    lllusl.               *>  Nuu  buminr*  wtl  rt 

e*ua  1                                   I  ■••ilum  tluiiiiiaiit'ir,  ten  '  aiKtuatidn  aenraiMli.                ■>  Vid  PelMi 

Um  L'uri.ii  jriij  i.ij  j>  jicrint.             w  Buabrquiu*  Ljjih  ,  ikhiukuiiiui  art.  £^  p.  Z 


Mem.  2  Subs.  6.]  Cure  of  Despair.  657 

our  end  may  be  received.  I  might  have  said  more  of  this  subject;  but  forasmuch 
as  it  is  a  forbidden  question,  and  in  the  preface  or  declaration  to  the  articles  of  the 
church,  printed  1G33,  to  avoid  factions  and  altercations,  we  that  are  university  divines 
e.specially,  are  prohibited  "  all  curious  search,  to  print  or  preach,  or  draw  the  article 
aside  by  our  own  sense  and  comments  upon  pain  of  ecclesiastical  censure."  I  will 
surcease,  and  conclude  with  °^  Erasmus  of  such  controversies :  Piignet  qui  vokf,  ego 
censeo  leges  majorum  rcverente.r  susciplendas,  et  religiose  observandas,  velut  a  Deo 
profectas;  nee  esse  tulmn,  nee  esse  piu?n,  de  potest  ate  puhlica  sinistram  concipcre  out 
sercre  suspicionem.  Et  siqiiid  est  tijrannidis,  quod  tamen  non  cogut  ad  impietatem, 
satins  estfcrre,  quam  seditiosc  reluctari. 

But  to  my  former  task.  The  last  main  torture  and  trouble  of  a  distressed  mind, 
is  not  so  much  this  doubt  of  election,  and  that  the  promises  of  grace  are  smothered 
and  extinct  in  them,  nay  quite  blotted  out,  as  they  suppose,  but  withal  God's  heavy 
wrath,  a  most  intolerable  pain  and  grief  of  heart  seizeth  on  them:  to  their  thinking 
they  are  already  damned,  they  suffer  the  pains  of  hell,  and  more  than  possibly  can 
be  expressed,  they  smell  brimstone,  talk  fannliarly  with  devils,  hear  and  see  chimeras, 
prodigious,  uncouth  shapes,  bears,  owls,  antiques,  black  dogs,  fiends,  hideous  out- 
cries, fearful  noises,  shrieks,  lamentable  complaints,  they  are  possessed,  ^^  and  through 
"impatience  they  roar  and  howl,  curse,  blaspheme,  deny  God,  call  his  power  in  ques- 
tion, abjure  religion,  and  are  still  ready  to  offer  violence  unto  themselves,  bv  hang- 
ing, drowning,  &c.  Never  any  miserable  wretch  from  the  beginning  of  the  world 
was  in  such  a  woeful  case.  To  such  persons  I  oppose  God's  mercy  and  his  justice; 
Judicia  Dei  occulta^  non  injusta:  his  secret  counsel  and  just  judgment,  by  wliich  lie 
spares  some,  and  sore  afHicts  others  again  in  this  life;  his  judgment  is  to  be  adored, 
trembled  at,  not  to  be  searched  or  inquired  after  by  mortal  men  :  he  hath  reasons 
reserved  to  himself,  which  our  frailty  cannot  apprehend.  He  may  punish  all  if  he 
will,  and  that  justly  for  sin;  in  that  he  doth  it  in  some,  is  to  make  a  way  for  his 
mercy  that  they  repent  and  be  saved,  to  heal  them^  to  try  them,  exercise  their 
patience,  and  make  them  call  upon  him,  to  confess  their  sins  and  pray  unto  liim,  as 
David  did.  Psalm  cxix.  137.  "Righteous  art  thou,  O  Lord,  and  just  are  thy  judg- 
ments." As  tlie  poor  publican,  Luke  xviii.  13.  ••' Lord  have  mercy  upon  me  a 
miserable  sinner."  To  put  confidence  and  have  an  assured  hope  in  him,  as  Job  had, 
xiii.  15.  "Though  he  kill  me  1  will  trust  in  him:"  Ure,  seca,  occidc  O  Do/nine., 
(saith  Austin)  inodo  serves  animam^  kill,  cut  in  pieces,  burn  my  body  (O  Lord)  to 
save  my  soul.  A  small  sickness ;  one  lash  of  affliction,  a  little  misery,  many  times 
will  more  humiliate  a  man,  sooner  convert,  bring  him  home  to  know  himself,  than 
all  those  paraenetical  discourses,  the  whole  theory  of  philosophy,  law,  physic,  and 
divinity,  or  a  world  of  instances  and  examples.  So  that  this,  which  they  take  to  be 
such  an  insupportable  plague,  is  an  evident  sign  of  God's  mercy  and  justice,  of  His 
love  and  goodness:  periissent  nisi  periissent^  had  they  not  thus  been  undone,  they 
had  finally  been  undone.  Many  a  carnal  man  is  lulled  asleep  in  perverse  security 
foolish  presumption,  is  stupefied  in  his  sins,  and  hath  no  feeling  at  all  of  them  :  "  I 
have  sinned  (he  saith)  and  what  evil  shall  come  unto  me,"  Eccles.  v.  4,  and  '■"Tush, 
how  shall  God  know  it .'"  and  so  in  a  reprobate  sense  goes  down  to  hell.  But  here, 
Cynlhius  aurem  velUt,  God  pulls  them  by  the  ear,  by  affliction,  he  will  bring  them  to 
heaven  and  happiness ;  "  Blessed  are  they  that  mourn,  for  they  shall  be  comforted," 
Matt.  V.  4,  a  blessed  and  a  happy  state,  if  considered  aright,  it  is,  to  be  so  troubled. 
"  It  is  good  for  me  that  I  have  been  afflicted,"  Psal.  cxix.  '•  before  I  w  as  afflicted 
I  went  astray,  but  now  I  keep  Thy  word."  "  Tribulation  works  patie'^.ce,  patience 
hope,"  Rom.  v.  4,  and  by  such  like  crosses  and  calamities  we  are  dri\en  from  the 
stake  of  security.  So  that  affliction  is  a  school  or  academy,  wherein  tlie  best  scho- 
lars are  prepared  to  the  commencements  of  the  Deity.  And  though  it  be  most 
troublesome  and  grievous  for  the  time,  yet  know  ihis,  it  comes  by  God's  permission 
and  providence;  He  is  a  spectator  of  thy  groans  and  tears,  still  present  with  ihee, 


*«  Epist.  Erasnii  de  utilitate  colloquior.  ad  lectoretn.— 
I^et  whoi'ver  wish-s  dispute,  I  think  the  law?  of  our 
forefathers  should  be  received  with  reverence,  and  reli- 
giously o.'jserved,  as  coming  from  God;  neither  is  it 
safe  or  pious  to  conceive,  or  contrive,  an  injurious  sus- 
picion of  the  public  authority ;  and  should  any  tyranny,  | 

83 


likely  to  drive  men  into  the  commission  of  witkednPM, 
exist,  it  is  lieller  to  endure  it  linn  to  re^^i^t  it  by  sedi- 
tion. "Vaslata  conscienlia  sequilur  sensus  in 
divinJB.  (Ilemingjus)  fremitus  cordis,  ingeoa  anini* 
cruciatuB,  ice 


658  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4 

the  very  hairs  of  thy  head  are  numbered,  not  one  of  them  can  fall  to  the  ground 
without  the  express  will  of  God  :  he  will  not  suffer  thee  to  be  tempted  above  mea- 
sure, he  corrects  ms  all,  ^nwrnero,  ponderc,  el  mensurd^  the  Lord  will  not  quench  the 
smokino;  tlax,  or  break  the  bruised  reed,  Tental  (sailh  Austin)  non  ut  obruat,  sed  ut 
coronet  he  suffers  thee  to  be  tempted  for  thy  good.  And  as  a  mother  doth  handle 
her  child  sick  and  weuk,  not  reject  it,  but  with  all  tenderness  observe  and  keep  it,  so 
doth  God  by  us,  not  forsake  us  in  our  miseries,  or  relinquish  us  for  our  imperfec- 
tions, but  with  all  pity  and  compassion  support  and  receive  us;  whom  he  loves,  he 
loves  to  the  end.  Horn.  viii.  ''Whom  He  hath  elected,  those  He  hath  called,  justified, 
sanctilied,  and  glorified."  Think  not  then  thou  hast  lost  the  Spirit,  that  thou  art  for- 
saken of  God,  be  not  overcome  with  heaviness  of  heart,  but  as  David  said,  ''  I  will 
not  fear  though  I  walk  in  the  shadows  of  death."  We  must  all  go,  non  a  deliciis 
ad  delicias,  *'  but  from  the  cross  to  the  crown,  by  hell  to  heaven,  as  the  old  Romans 
put  Virtue's  temple  in  the  way  to  that  of  Honour;  we  must  endure  sorrow  and 
misery  in  this  life.  'Tis  no  new  thing  this,  God's  best  servants  and  dearest  children 
have  been  so  visited  and  tried.  Christ  in  the  garden  cried  out,  ''My  God,  my  God, 
why  hast  thou  forsaken  me  ?"  His  son  by  nature,  as  thou  art  by  adoption  and  grace. 
Job,  in  his  anguish,  said,  "The  arrows  of  the  Almighty  God  were  in  him,"  Job  vi.  4. 
*' His  terrors  fought  against  him,  the  venom  drank  up  his  spirit,"  cap.  xiii.  20.  He 
Aaith,  ''  God  was  his  enemy,  writ  bitter  things  against  him  (xvi.  9,)  haled  him." 
His  heavy  wrath  had  so  seized  on  his  soul.  David  complains,  "  his  eyes  were 
eaten  up,  sunk  into  his  head,"  Ps.  vi.  7,  '•  his  moisture  became  as  the  drought  in 
<5ummer,  his  tlesh  was  consumed,  his  bones  vexed  :"  yet  neither  Job  nor  David  did 
finally  dejpair.  Job  would  not  leave  his  hold,  bnt  still  trust  in  Him,  acknowledging 
Him  to  bf  his  good  God.  ^Tlie  Lord  gives,  the  Lord  takes,  blessed  be  the  name  of 
the  Lord,"  Job.  i.  til.  "  BefioM  I  am  vile,  I  abhor  myself,  repent  in  dust  and  ashes," 
Job  xxxix.  37.  David  humbled  himself,  Psal.  xxxi.  and  upon  his  confession  received 
mercy.  Faitli,  hope,  repentance,  are  the  sovereign  cures  and  remedies,  the  sole  com- 
furts  in  this  case;  confess,  humble  thyself,  repent,  it  is  sutHcient.  Quod  purpura 
non  potest,  saccus  potest,  saith  Chrysostom;  the  king  of  Nineveh's  sackcloth  and 
ashes  did  tiiat  which  his  purple  robes  and  crown  could  not  effect;  Quod  diadema 
non  potuits  cmis  perfecit.  Turn  to  Him,  he  will  turn  to  tliee ;  the  Lord  is  near  those 
that  are  of  a  contrite  heart,  and  will  save  such  as  be  afflicted  in  spirit,  Ps.  xxxiv.  18. 
"He  came  to  the  lost  sheep  of  Israel,"  Matt.  xv.  14.  Si  cadenlem  intuetur,  clemenlieB 
manum  protrndit.  He  is  at  all  times  ready  to  assist,  jyum/uuin  spernit  Dcus  Pani- 
tentiam  si  sincere  el  simpliciter  ojferalur.  He  never  rejects  a  penittnt  sinner,  though 
he  have  come  to  the  full  height  of  iniquity,  wallowed  and  delighted  in  sin;  yet  if  he 
will  forsake  his  former  ways,  libenler  amplexalur.  He  will  receive  him.  Parcam  huic 
homini,  saith  "'Austin,  [ex  persona  Dei)  quia  sibi  ipsi  mm  pepercil ;  ignoscam  quia 
peccalum  agnovit.  I  will  spare  him  because  he  hath  not  spared  himself;  1  will  par- 
don him  because  he  doth  acknowledge  his  offence:  let  it  be  never  so  enormous  a 
sin,  "  His  grace  is  sufficient,"  2  Cor.  xii.  9.  Despair  not  then,  faint  not  at  all,  be 
not  dejected,  but  rely  on  God,  call  on  him  in  thy  trouble,  and  he  wUl  hear  thee,  he 
will  assist,  help,  and  deliver  thee:  "Draw  near  to  Him,  he  will  draw  near  to  thee," 
James  iv.  8.  Lazarus  was  poor  and  full  of  boils,  and  yet  still  he  relied  upon  God, 
Abraham  did  hope  beyond  hope. 

Thou  exceptest,  these  were  chief  men,  divine  spirits,  Deo  cari,  beloved  of  God, 
especially  respected;  but  1  am  a  contemptible  and  forlorn  wretch,  forsaken  of  God, 
and  left  to  the  merciless  fury  of  evil  spirits.  I  cannot  hope,  pray,  repent,  kc.  How 
often  shall  I  say  it  ?  thou  mayest  perform  all  those  duties,  Christian  offices,  and  be 
restored  in  good  time.  A  sick  man  loselh  his  appetite,  strength  and  ability,  his  dis- 
ease prcvaileth  so  far,  that  all  his  faculties  are  spent,  hand  and  foot  perform  not  their 
duties,  his  eyes  are  dim,  hearing  dull,  tongue  distastes  things  of  pleasant  relish,  yet 
nature  lies  hid,  recovereth  again,  and  expelleth  all  those  feculent  matters  by  vomit, 
sweat,  or  some  such  like  evacuations.  Thou  art  spiritually  sick,  thine  heart  is 
heavy,  thy  mind  distressed,  thou  mayest  happily  recover  again,  expel  those  dismal 
passions  of  fear  and  grief;  God  did  not  suffer  thee  to  be  tempted  above  measure; 

MAiKiin.  •^"N'ot  from  plcamirpa  tn  |ii»Riurf«."  *  Super  fial.  Iii.  Conrcrtar  ad  tiberandum  etim 

%>iia  cuuveraiM  e«t  ad  pt-ccatuoi  juuid  puoiviiiluiu. 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  6.]  Cure  of  Despair.  659 

whom  he  loves  (I  say)  he  loves  to  the  end ;  hope  the  best.  David  in  his  misery 
prayed  to  the  Lord,  remembering  how  he  had  formerly  dealt  with  hiin ;  and  with 
that  meditation  of  God's  mercy  confirmed  his  faith,  and  pacified  his  own  tumultuous 
heart  in  his  greatest  agony.  "  O  my  soul,  why  art  thou  so  disquieted  within  me," 
&c.  Thy  soul  is  eclipsed  for  a  time,  I  yield,  as  the  sun  is  shadowed  bv  a  cloud ; 
no  doubt  but  those  gracious  beams  of  God's  mercy  will  shine  upon  thee  again,  as 
they  have  formerly  done :  those  embers  of  faith,  hope  and  repentance,  now  buried 
in  ashes,  will  flame  out  afresh,  and  be  fully  revived.  Want  of  faith,  no  feeling  of 
grace  for  the  present,  are  not  fit  directions ;  we  must  live  by  faith,  not  by  feehng ; 
'tis  the  beginning  of  grace  to  wish  for  grace  :  we  must  expect  and  tarry.  David,  a 
man  after  God's  own  heart,  was  so  troubled  himself;  "Awake,  why  sleepest  thou  ? 
O  Lord,  arise,  cast  me  not  off;  wherefore  hidest  thou  thy  face,  and  forgettest  mine 
affliction  and  oppression  ?  My  soul  is  bowed  down  to  the  dust.  Arise,  redeem  us," 
&c.,  Ps.  xliv.  22.  He  prayed  long  before  he  was  heard,  expectans  expectavit ;  en- 
dured much  before  he  was  relieved.  Psal.  Ixix.  3,  he  complains,  "  I  am  weary  of 
crying,  and  my  throat  is  dry,  mine  eyes  fail,  whilst  I  wait  on  the  Lord ;"  and  yet  he 
perseveres.  Be  not  dismayed,  thou  shalt  be  respected  at  last.  God  often  works  by 
contrarieties,  he  first  kills  and  then  makes  alive,  he  woundeth  first  and  then  healeth, 
he  makes  man  sow  in  tears  that  he  may  reap  in  joy;  'tis  God's  method  :  he  that  is 
so  visited,  must  with  patience  endure  and  rest  satisfied  for  the  present.  The  paschal 
lamb  was  eaten  with  sour  herbs ;  we  shall  feel  no  sweetness  of  His  blood,  till  we 
first  feel  the  smart  of  our  sins.  Thy  pains  are  great,  intolerable  for  the  time ;  thou 
art  destitute  of  grace  and  comfort,  stay  the  Lord's  leisure,  he  will  not  (I  say)  suffer 
thee  to  be  templed  above  that  thou  art  able  to  bear,  1  Cor.  x.  L3.  but  will  give  an 
issue  to  temptation.  He  works  all  for  the  best  to  them  that  love  God,  Piom.  viii.  28. 
Doubt  not  of  thine  election,  it  is  an  immutable  decree ;  a  mark  never  to  be  defaced: 
you  have  been  otherwise,  you  may  and  shall  be.  And  for  your  present  aflliction, 
hope  the  best,  it  will  shortly  end.  "  He  is  present  with  his  servants  in  their  afflic- 
tion," Ps.  xci.  15.  "Great  are  the  troubles  of  the  righteous,  but  the  Lord  delivereth 
them  out  of  all,"  Ps.  xxxiv.  19.  "  Our  light  affliction,  which  is  but  for  a  moment, 
worketh  in  us  an  eternal  weight  of  glory,"  2  Cor.  iv.  18.  "Not  answerable  to  that 
glory  which  is  to  come ;  though  now  in  heaviness,"  saijh  1  Pet.  i.  6,  ••  you  shall 
rejoice." 

Now  last  of  all  to  those  external  impediments,  terrible  objects,  which  they  hear 
and  see  many  times,  devils,  bugbears,  and  mormeluches,  noisome  smells,  Sec.  These 
may  come,  as  I  have  formerly  declared  in  my  precedent  discourse  of  the  Symptoms 
of  Melancholy,  from  inward  causes ;  as  a  concave  glass  reflects  solid  bodies,  a 
troubled  brain  for  want  of  sleep,  nutriment,  and  by  reason  of  that  agitation  of  spirits 
to  which  Hercules  de  Saxonia  attributes  all  symptoms  almost,  may  reflect  and  show 
prodigious  shapes,  as  our  vain  fear  and  crazed  phantasy  shall  suggest  and  feign,  as 
many  silly  weak  women  and  children  in  the  dark,  sick  folks,  and  frantic  for  want  of 
repast  and  sleep,  suppose  they  see  that  they  see  not :  many  times  such  terricula 
ments  may  proceed  from  natural  causes,  and  all  other  senses  may  be  deluded.  Be- 
sides, as  I  have  said,  this  humour  is  balneum  diaboU,  the  devil's  bath,  by  reason  of 
the  distemper  of  humours,  and  infirm  organs  in  us :  he  may  so  possess  us  inwardly 
to  molest  us,  as  he  did  Saul  and  others,  by  God's  permission :  he  is  prince  of  the 
air,  and  can  transform  himself  into  several  shapes,  delude  all  our  senses  for  a  time, 
but  his  power  is  determined,  he  may  terrify  us,  but  not  hurt;  God  hath  given  "His 
angels  charge  over  us.  He  is  a  wall  round  about  his  people,"  Psal.  xci.  11,  12. 
There  be  those  that  prescribe  physic  in  such  cases,  'tis  God's  instrument  and  not 
unfit.  The  devil  works  by  mediation  of  humours,  and  mixed  diseases  must  liave 
mixed  remedies.  Levinus  Lemnius  cap.  57  and  58,  exhort,  ad  vit.  ep.  instit.  is  very 
copious  on  this  subject,  besides  that  chief  remedy  of  confidence  in  God,  prayer, 
hearty  repentance,  &c.,  of  which  for  your  comfort  and  instruction,  read  Lavater  de 
spectris  partes,  cap.  5.  and  6.  Wierus  de  prcESfigiis  damonum  lib.  5.  to  Philip  IMe- 
lancthon,  and  others,  and  that  Christian  armour  which  Paul  prescribes  ;  he  sets  down 
certain  amulets,  herbs,  and  precious  stones,  which  have  marvellous  virtues  all,  j)ro- 
Jligandis  damonibus,  to  drive  away  devils  and  their  illusions.  Sapphires,  chryso- 
lites, carbuncles,  kc.      Quce  mirci  v'irtute  pollent  ad  Icmurcs,  slryges,  incubos.  genios 


660  Religious  Melancholy.  [Part.  3.  Sec.  4. 

aercos  arccndos^  si  veterum  monumcntis  hahcnda  Jides.  Of  herbs,  he  reckons  ua 
pennyroyal,  rue,  mint,  angelica,  peony  :  Rich.  Argentine  dc  prasligiis  dcf/nomwi,  cap. 
20,  adds,  hypcricon  or  St.  John's  wort,  perforata  herha,  which  by  a  divine  virtue 
drives  away  devils,  and  is  therefore /«^a  damonum  :  all  which  rightly  used  by  their 
eufhtus,  Dcemonum  vexationibus  obsistunt^  ajflictas  mentcs  a  damonibus  relevant,  et 
venenatis  fiimis,  expel  devils  themselves,  and  all  devilish  illusions.  Anthony  Musa, 
the  Emperor  Augustus,  his  physician,  cap.  6,  de  Betonid,  approves  of  betony  to  this 
purpose ;  ^^  the  ancients  used  therefore  to  plant  it  in  churchyards,  because  it  was 
held  to  be  an  holy  herb  and  good  against  fearful  visions,  did  secure  such  ])laces  as  it 
grew  in,  and  sanctified  those  persons  that  carried  it  about  them.  Idem  ftre  JMuthio- 
lus  in  dioscorideiii.  Others  commend  accurate  music,  so  Saul  was  helped  by  David's 
harp.  Fires  to  be  made  in  such  rooms  where  spirits  haunt,  good  store  of  lights  to 
be  set  uj),  odours,  perfumes,  and  sull'umigations,  as  the  angel  taught  Tobias,  of  brim- 
.stone  and  bilumtn.,  thus,  myrrh.,  briony  root,  with  many  such  simples  which  Weckei 
hath  collfcttti,  lib.  15,  de  secretis,  cap.  15.  4  sulphuris  drachinain  unam,  recoquO' 
tur  in  vili'i  albce  aqua.,  ut  dilulius  sit  su/jihur;  detiir  tfgro:  nam  dcemones  sunt  inurbi 
I  saith  Rich.  Argentine,  lib.  de,  pritstigiis  diemonum.,  cap.  nit.)  Vigetus  hath  a  far 
larger  receipt  to  this  purpose,  wliich  llie  said  Wecker  cites  out  of  Wierus.  4  sul- 
phuris, i'/«i,  bitutninis,  opoponacis,  galbani,  castorei,  &ic.  Why  sweet  perfumes, 
lires  and  so  many  lights  should  be  used  in  such  places,  Ernestus  Rurgra\  ius  Lucerna 
rita  et  murtis,  and  Kortunius  Lycetus  assigns  this  cause,  quod  his  boni  genii  provo- 
centur,  vudi  arceantur ;  "because  good  spirits  are  will  pleased  with,  but  evil  abhor 
them !"  And  tlitrefore  those  old  Clentiles,  j)resent  Mahometans,  and  Papists  have 
continual  lamps  burning  in  their  cimrches  all  day  and  all  night,  lights  at  lunerals 
and  in  their  graves ;  lucerna  urdentes  ex  auro  I iqurj'acto  ior  nmwy 'ixgvs  to  endure 
'  sailh  Lazius),  ne  dcrmunes  corpus  ladant ;  lights  ever  burning  as  those  vestal  virgins, 
Pythoni;:s;L'  maintained  herct<jfore,  with  many  such,  of  which  read  To^talus  in  2 
lieg.  cap.  (j.  qiuest.  43.  Thyreus,  cap.  57,  58,  tj'i,  «§-c.  de  locis  infestis,  I'ictorius 
Isagog.  de  dLimonibus,  Sfc,  see  more  in  them.  Cardan  would  have  the  parly  afl(,-clcd 
wink  altogether  in  such  a  case,  if  he  see  aui^ht  thai  oirt-nds  him,  or  cut  llu'  air  with 
a  sword  in  such  places  they  walk  and  abide ;  gladiis  cniin  et  lanceis  ternntur,  shoot 
a  pistol  at  them,  for  being  at-rial  bodies  (as  Cii-lius  Rhodiginus,  lib.  \.  cap.  21).  Ter- 
tullian,  Origen,  Psellas,  &nd  many  hold),  if  stroken,  they  feel  pain.  Papists  com- 
monly enjom  and  apply  crosses,  holy  water,  sanctiljed  beads,  amulets,  mubic,  ringing 
of  bells,  for  to  ilial  end  are  they  consecraleil,  and  by  iliem  baptized,  characters, 
counterfeit  relics,  so  many  masses,  peregrinations,  oblalion.s,  adjurations,  and  what 
not.?  Alexander  Albertinus  a  Rocha,  Petru:*  Tbyreus,  and  Hieronymus  Mengus, 
with  many  other  pontificial  writers,  prescribe  and  set  down  several  forms  of  exor- 
cisms, as  well  to  houses  possessed  with  devils,  as  to  demoniacal  persons;  but  I  am 
of  '""Lemnius's  mind,  'lis  but  damnosa  adjuratio,  aut  polius  ludijicutio,  a  mere 
mockery,  a  counterfeit  charm,  to  no  purpose,  they  are  fopperies  and  llciions,  as  that* 
absurd  'story  is  amongst  the  rest,  of  a  penitent  woman  seduced  by  a  magician  in 
France,  at  St.  Rawne,  e.vorcised  by  Domphius,  .Michaelis,  and  a  con)pany  of  circum- 
venting friars.  If  any  man  (saith  Lemnius)  will  attempt  such  a  thing,  without  all 
those  juggling  circumstances,  astrological  elections  of  lime,  place,  prodigious  habits, 
fustian,  big,  sesijuipedal  words,  s[)ells,  crosses,  characters,  which  exorcists  ordinarily 
use,  let  him  follow  the  example  of  Peter  and  John,  that  without  any  ambitious 
swelling  terms,  cured  a  larae  man.  Acts  iii.  "  In  the  name  of  Christ  Jesus  rise  and 
walk."  His  name  alone  is  the  best  and  only  charm  against  all  such  diabolical  illu- 
t>ions,  so  doth  Origen  advise :  and  so  Chrysostom,  IJac  erit  ttbi  baculus,  httc  turrn 
inerpugnabUis.,  hiec  armatura.  ^'os  quid  ad  hac  dicemus,  plurcs  f'ortasse  eipecta- 
hunl,  saith  St.  Austin.  Many  men  will  desire  my  counsel  and  opinion  what  is  to  be 
done  ill  this  behalf;  I  can  say  no  more,  quam  ut  vera  fide,  qua  per  dilectionern  ope 
ratur,  ad  Deurn  unum  fugiamus,  let  them  fly  to  God  alone  for  help.  Alhanasius  m 
his  book,  De  variis  quasi,  prescribes  as  a  present  charm  against  devils,  the  begin 
ning  of   the  Ixvii.  Psalm.    Kiurgat  Deus,  dtssipenlur  inimici,  Sfc.     Rut  the  best 

■*  Antiqai  mliii  tunt  bane  herbam  ponere  in  eismi- |  irriti  piMiore  rafli^ii  (uatrt  re  infecUsbMruoU    «  Do— 
t«rils  ideo  quod.  Ar.  lONon  dnuni  noatri  rtala     loto  Eagluli  by  W.  B.,  Iflia 

aacriOculi,  qui  ial«  qiii4  aiuaiaoi,  led  A  cacoUciaooa  | 


Mem.  2.  Subs.  6.J  Cure  of  Despair,  661 

remedy  is  to  fly  to  Gotl,  to  call  on  him,  hope,  pray,  trust,  rely  on  him,  to  commit 
ourselves  wholly  to  him.  What  the  practice  of  the  primitive  church  was  in  tiiia 
behalf,  F.t  qu'is  dcrmonia  ejiclcndi  modus,  read  Wierus  at  large,  lib.  5.  de  Cura.  Lam. 
meles.  cap.  38.  et  de.inceps. 

Last  of  all :  if  the  party  affected  shall  certainly  know  this  malady  to  have  pro- 
ceeded from  too  much  fasting,  meditation,  precise  life,  contemplation  of  God's  judg- 
ments (for  the  devil  deceives  many  by  such  means),  in  that  other  extreme  he  cir- 
cumvents melancholy  itself,  reading  some  books,  treatises,  hearing  rigid  preachers, 
&c.  ]f  he  shall  perceive  that  it  hath  begun  first  from  some  great  loss,  grievous  ac- 
cident, disaster,  seeing  others  in  like  case,  or  any  such  terrible  object,  let  him  speedily 
remove  the  cause,  which  to  the  cure  of  this  disease  Navarras  so  much  commends, 
*  averfat  cogifalioncm  d  re  scrupuIosa,"by  all  opposite  means,  art,  and  industry,  let  him 
laxare  animwn,  by  all  honest  recreations,  "•  refresh  and  recreate  his  distressed  soul ;" 
let  him  direct  his  thoughts,  by  himself  and  other  of  his  friends.  Let  him  read  iiO  more 
such  tracts  or  subjects,  hear  no  more  such  fearful  tones,  avoid  such  companies,  and 
by  all  means  open  himself,  submit  himself  to  the  advice  of  good  physicians  and 
divines,  which  is  contraventio  scriqndorimi,  as  ''he  calls  it,  hear  them  speak  to  whom 
the  Lord  hath  given  the  tongue  of  the  learned,  to  be  able  to  minister  a  word  to  him 
that  is  weary,"*  whose  words  are  as  flagons  of  wine.  Let  him  not  be  obstinate,  head- 
strong, peevish,  wilful,  self-conceited  (as  in  this  malady  they  are),  but  give  ear  to 
good  advice,  be  ruled  and  persuaded ;  and  no  doubt  but  such  good  counsel  may 
prove  as  preposterous  to  his  soul,  as  the  angel  was  to  Peter,  that  opened  the  iron 
gates,  loosed  his  bands,  brought  him  out  of  prison,  and  delivered  him  from  bodily 
thraldom ;  they  may  ease  his  afllicted  mind,  relieve  his  wounded  soul,  and  take  him 
out  of  tlie  jaws  of  hell  itself  I  can  say  no  more,  or  give  better  advice  to  such  as 
are  any  way  distressed  in  this  kind,  than  what  I  have  given  and  said.  Only  take 
this  for  a  corollary  and  conclusion,  as  thou  tendercst  ihine  own  welfare  in  this,  and 
all  other  melancholy,  thy  good  health  of  body  and  mind,  observe  this  short  precept, 
give  not  way  to  solitariness  and  idleness.     "  Be  not  solitary,  be  not  idle." 

SPERATE  MtSERr— UNHAPPY  HOPE. 
CAVETE  FCELICES— HAPPV  BE  CAUTIOUS. 

Vis  d  dubio  liberarif  vis  quod  incertum  est  evadere?  Jlge  pcenitentiam  dum 
sanus  es ;  sic  agens,  dico  tihi  quod  securus  es,  quod  poenitentiam  egisti  eo  tempore 
quo  peccare  poiuisti.  Austin.  "  Do  you  wish  to  be  freed  from  doubts  ?  do  you 
desire  to  escape  uncertainty  .?  Be  penitent  whilst  rational  :  by  so  doing  I  assert  that 
you  are  safe,  because  you  have  devoted  that  time  to  penitence  in  wliich  you  might 
have  been  guilty  of  sin." 

<  7  om.  2.  cap.  27,  num.  2S3.  "  Let  him  avert  his  thoughts  from  the  painful  object."       »Navarrus.       «Is.  I.  4. 


8F 


(663^ 


INDEX. 


Absenci:  a  cure  of  love-melancholy,  531 

Absence  over  long,  cause  of  jealousy,  569 

.Abstinence  commended,  283 

Academicorum  Errata,  197 

Adversity  why  better  than  prosperity,  367 

Aerial  devils,  115 

Aflections  whence  they  arise,  103;  how  they 
transform  us,  89  ;  of  sleeping  and  waking, 
103 

Affection  in  melancholy,  what,  109 

Against  abuses,  repulse,  injuries,  contumely,  dis- 
graces, scuffs,  376 

Against  envy,  livor,  hatred,  malice,  375 

Against  sorrow,  vain  fears,  death  of  friends,  369 

Air,  how  it  causeth  melancholy,  149  ;  how  rec- 
tified it  curelh  melancholy,  303 — 308  ;  air  in 
love,  461 

Alkermes  good  against  melancholy,  411 

All  are  melancholy,  110 

All  beautiful  parts  attractive  in  love,  466 

Aloes,  his  virtues,  400 

Alteratives  in  physic,  to  what  use,  391  ;  against 
melancholy,  408 

Ambition  defined,  described,  cause  of  melan- 
choly, 167,  175;  of  heresy,  604;  hinders  and 
spoils  many  matches,  554 

Amiableness  loves  object,  427 

Amorous  objects  causes  of  love-melancholy,  479, 
489 

Amulets  controverted,  approved,  412,  413 

Amusements,  314 

Anger's  description,  effects,  how  it  causeth  me- 
lancholy, 1C9 

Antimony  a  purger  of  melancholy,  399 

Anthony  inveigled  by  Cleopatra,  475 

Apology  of  love-melancholy,  423 

Appetite,  103 

Apples,  good  or  bad,  how,  140 

Apparel  and  clothes,  a  cause  of  love-melancholy, 
473 

Aqueducts  of  old,  281,  282 

Arminian's  tenets,  655 

Arteries,  what,  96,  97 

Artificial  air  against  melancholy,  304 

Artificial  allurements  of  love,  470 

Art  of  memorv,  322 

Astrological  aphorisms,  how  available,  signs  or 
causes  of  melancholy,  130 

Astrological  signs  of  love,  453,  454 


Atheists  described,  632 

Averters  of  melancholy,  407 

Aurum  potubile  censured,  approved,  39 

B. 

Baits  of  lovers,  491 

Bald  lascivious,  571,  572 

Balm  good  against  melancholy,  392 

Banishment's  effects,  225 ;  its  cure  and  anti- 
dote, 368 

Barrenness,  what  grievances  it  causeth,  225 ;  a 
cause  ol  jealousy,  570 

Barren  grounds  have  best  air,  304 

Bashfulness  a  symptom  of  melancholy,  235; 
of  love-melancholy,  243;  cured,  414 

Baseness  of  birth  no  disparagement,  459 

Baths  rectified,  285 

Bawds  a  cause  of  love-melancholy,  492 

Beasts  and  birds  in  love,  445,  446,  461 

Beauty's  definition,  427 ;  described,  465 ;  io 
parts,  466;  commendation,  457;  attractive 
power,  prerogatives,  excellency,  how  it  causeth 
melancholy,  459 — 469;  makes  grievous 
wounds,  irresistible,  464 ;  more  beholding  to 
art  than  nature,  470  ;  brittle  and  uncertain, 
537;  censured,  539;  a  cause  of  jealousy, 
570  ;  beauty  of  God,  594 

Beef  a  melancholy  meat,  137 

Beer  censured,  141 

Best  site  of  a  house,  304 

Bezoar's  stone  good  against  melancholy,  411 

Black  eyes  best,  468 

Black  spots  in  the  nails  signs  of  melancholy, 
133 

Black  man  a  pearl  in  a  woman's  eye,  467 

Blasphemy,  how  pardonable,  653 

Blindness  of  lovers,  507 

Blood-letting,  when  and  how  cure  of  melan- 
choly, 404,  415;  time  and  quantity,  403 

Blood-letting  and  purging,  how  causes  of  me- 
lancholy, 149 

Blow  on  the  head  cause  of  melancholy,  220 

Body,  how  it  works  on  the  mind,  157,  227, 
241 

Body  melancholy,  its  causes,  231 
■Bodily  symptoms  of  melancholy,  232  ;  o   >ove- 
melancholy,  496 

Bodily  exercises,  308 


664 


INDEX. 


Bookfl  of  all  sorts,  320 

Borage   and    but^io^s,    sovereign    herbs    against 

melancholy,  391  ;  ibeir  wines  and  juice  most 

excellent,  397 
Boring  of  the  head,  a  cure  for  melancholy,  408 
brain    distempered,   how   cause   of  uieluncholy, 

"'ZS  ;  bis  parts  anatomised,  99 
Bread  and  beer,  how  causes  of  melancholy,  140, 

141 
Brow  and  forehead,  which   are   most   pleasing, 

4Gtt 
Brute  beasts  jealous,  5G5 
Business  the  best  cure  of  love-melancholy,  526 

C. 

Cahdax's    father  conjured    up  seven    deviU  at 
once,  1 17  ;  had  a  spirit  bound  to  him,  121 

Cards  and  dice  censured,  approved,  315 

Care's  etlects,  170 

Carp  tub's  nature,  138,  139 

Cataplasms  and  cerate*  for  melancholy,  397 

Cause  of  diseases,  Htj 

Causes  iininedule  of  melancholy  syniptums,  253 

Causes  of  honest    love,  434  ;  of  heroical   love, 
453;  of  jealousy,  569 

Cautions  a;;ainat  jealousy,  590 

Centaury  ^ihmI  against  melancholy,  391 

Charles  the  (ireat  enforced  to  love  basely  by  a 
philter,  494 

Change  of  countenance,  aign  of  love-melau- 
choly,  498 

Charily  describeO,  438  ;  defecU  of  it,  440 

Character  of  ■  covetous  man,  178 

Charles  the  8iitb,  king  of  France,  ouul  for 
anger,  1G9 

Chemical  physic  censured,  407 

Chess-play  cen«ured,  316 

Chiromaiiiical  sii^na  of  melancholy,  131,  132 

Chirurtjicdl  remedies  of  melancholy,  4U3 

Choleric  melancholy  si^ns,  243 

Chorus  saiicti  V'lti,  a  disease,  92 

Circumstances  increasing  jealousy,  571 

Cities'  recreations,  313,  314 

Civil  lawyers'  miseries,  192 

Chmes  and  particular  places,  bow  causea  of 
lo\e-inelancholy,  455 

Clothes  a  mere  cause  of  gooJ  respect,  214 

Clothes  causes  of  love-melancholy,  473 

Clysters  g<xxl  for  melancholy,  417 

CutTee,  a  'i'urkey  cordial  drink,  410 

Cold  air  cause  of  melancholy,  150 

Comets  above  the  moon,  296 

Compound  alteratives  censured,  approved,  395  ; 
compound  purgers  of  melancholy,  402;  com- 
pound wines  for  melancholy,  408 

Community  of  wives  a  cure  of  jealouej,  585 

Compliment  and  good  carriage  cauaca  of  love- 
melanchuly,  472 

Confections  and  conserves  against  melancholy, 
397 

Conlea«ion  of  his  grief  to  a  friend,  a  principal 

cure  of  melancholy,  329,  330 
Contldenre  in  his  physician  half  a  cure,  278 
CunjuKsl  love  best,  450 
Conscience  what  it  ia,  106 
( 'oQscicnce  troubled,  a  cause  of  despair,  643, 646 


Continual  cogitation  of  his  mistress  a  symptom 

of  love-melancholy,  503 
Contention,  brawling,  law-suits,  elTicls,  224 
Continent  or  inward  causes  of  inelaiich>)ly,  22" 
Content  above  all,  whence  to  be  had,  356 
('ontention's  cure,  381 
Cookery  taxed,  142 

Copernicus,  his  hypothesis  of  the  earth's   mo- 
tion, 298,  300 
Correctors  of  accidents  in  melancholy,  413 
Correctors  to  expel  windiness,  and  costiveness 

helped,  418 
Cordials  against  melancholy,  408 
Costiveness  to  some  a  cause  of  melancholy,  147 
Costiveness  helped,  419 
Covetousness  defined,  described,  how  it  causeth 

melancholy,  177 
Counsel  against  melancholy,  331,  534  ;  cure  of 

jealousy,  584  ;  of  despair,  648 
Country  recreations,  313 
Crocodiles  jealous,  565 
Cuckolds  common  in  all  ages,  581 
Cupping-glasses,  cauteries  how  and  when   used 

to  melancholy,  403,  408 
Cure    of   melancholy,   unlawful,  rejected,  270  ; 

from   God,  272  ;    of  head-meluncholy,   401  ; 

over  all   the   IwHly,  415;  of  hypochondriacal 

melancholy,   416;  of  love-melancholy,    525; 

of  jealousy,  580  ;  of  despair.  648 
Cure  of  melancholy  in  himself,  327  ;  or  friends, 

331 
Curiosity  described,  his  eflfects,  222 
Custom  of  diet,  delight  of  appetite,  how    to   b« 

kept  and  yielded  to,  145 

D. 

DaxciJie,  masking,  mumming,  censured,  a|^ 
proved,  4«7,  488;  their  effects,  how  they 
cause  love-melancholy,  487  ;  how  symptoms 
of  lovers,  519 

Death  foretold  by  spirits,  123 

Death  of  friends  cause  of  melancholy,  216; 
other  effects,  218  j  how  cured,  309;  death 
advantageous,  373 

Deformity  of  body  no  misery,  345 

Delirium,  90 

Despair,  ojuivocations,  639  ;  causes,  640 ;  sy  mp> 
toms,  645  ;  prognostics,  647  ;  cure,  648 

Devils,  how  they  cause  melancholy,  115;  their 
beginning,  nature,  conditions,  115  ;  feel  paiiv 
swift  in  motion,  mortal,  116;  their  orders, 
118;  power,  125;  how  they  cause  religious 
melancholy,  601  ;  how  despair,  640  ;  de\ils 
are  oAen  in  love,  446  ;  shall  b«  saved,  as  soma 
hold,  656 

Diet  what,  and  how  causelh  melancholy,  136  ; 
quantity.  142  ;   diet  of  divers  nations,  145 

Diet  rectitied  in  substance,  280 ;  in  quantity, 
282 

Diet  a  cause  of  love-melancholy,  456 ;  a  cure, 
527 

Diet,  inordinate,  of  parents,  a  cause  of  melan- 
choly to  their  offspring,  135 

Digression  against  all  manner  of  discontent* 
34 1  ;  digression  of  air.  2s8  ;  of  anatomy,  95 
of  devils  and  spirits,  115 


INDEX. 


665 


Discommodities  of  unequal  matches,  587 

Disgrace  a  cause  of  melancholy,  164,  224 ; 
qualified  by  counsel,  382 

Dissimilar  parts  of  the  body,  97 

Distemper  of  particular  parts,  causes  of  melan- 
choly, and  how,  228 

Discontents,  cares,  miseries,  causes  of  melan- 
choly, 170  ;  how  repelled  and  cured  by  good 
counsel,  331,  341 

Diseases  why  inflicted  upon  us,  86 ;  their  num- 
ber, definition,  division,  89 ;  diseases  of  the 
head,  90;  diseases  of  the  mind,  91;  more 
grievous  than  those  of  the  body,  262 

Divers  accidents  causing  melancholy,  218 

Divine  sentences,  384 

Divines'  miseries,  193;  with  the  causes  of  their 
miseries,  194 

Dotage  what,  90 

Dotage  of  lovers,  506 

Dowry  and  money  main  causes  of  love-melan- 
choly, 477 

Dreams  and  their  kinds,  103 

Dreams  troublesome,  how  to  be  amended,  320, 
414 

Drunkards'  children  often  melancholy,  134 

Drunkenness  taxed,  143,  340 

E. 

Earth's    motion     examined,    298 ;     compass, 

centre,  299  ;   art  sit  anamata,  297 
Eccentrics  and  epicycles  exploded,  296 
Education  a  cause  of  melancholy,  204 
Ertects  of  love,  520—522 
Election  misconceived,  cause  of  despair,  654 — 

656 
Element  of  fire  exploded,  296 
Emulation,  hatred,  faction,  desire    of  revenge, 

causes  of  melancholy,  167,  168;  their  cure, 

375 
Envy   and   malice  causes  of  melancholy,   166; 

their  antidote,  375 
Epicurus  vindicated,  327 
Epicutus's  remedy  for  melancholy,  337 
Epicures,    atheists,    hypocrites    how   mad,   and 

melancholy,  631 
Epithalamium,  561 
Equivocations  of  melancholy,  93  ;  of  jealousy, 

562 
Eunuchs  why  kept,  and  where,  577 
Evacuations,  how  they  cause  melancholy,  148 
Exercise   if  immoilerate,  cause   of  melancholy, 

151;  before  meals  wholesome,  152;  exercise 

rectified,  308  ;  several  kinds,  when  fit,  316; 

exercises  of  the  mind,  318 — 323 
Exotic  and  strange  simples  censured,  395 
Extasies,  396,  397 
Eyes    main    instruments    of  love,  457 ;    love's 

darts,    seats,    orators,    arrows,   torches,   407 ; 

how  they  pierce,  471 

r. 

Face's  prerogative,  a  most  attractive  part,  465, 

46G 
Fairies,  122 

Fasting  cause  of  melancholy,   144 ;  a  cure  of 
84  3 


love-melancholy,  526,  527  aluseJ,  the 
devil's  instrument,  611,  612;  efi'ects  of  it, 
610 

Fear  cause  of  melancholy,  its  effects,  163;  fear 
of  death,  destinies  foretold,  221  ;  a  symptom 
of  melancholy,  234;  sign  of  love-melancholy, 
500,  501  ;  antidote  to  fear,  374 

Fenny  fowl,  melancholy,  138 

Fiery  devils,  120,  121 

Fire's  rage,  87 

Fish,  what  melancholy,  138 

Fish  good,  282 

Fishes  in  love,  445 

Fishing  and  fowling,  how  and  when  good  exer- 
cise, 310 

Flaxen  hair  3  great  motive  of  love,  466 

Fools  often  beget  wise  men,  135;  by  love  be- 
come wise,  517,  518 

Force  of  imagination,  158 

Friends  a  cure  of  melancholy,  330 

Fruits  causing  melancholy,  139  ;  allowed,  282 

Fumitory  purgeth  melancholy,  392 

G. 

Gaming  a  cause  of  melancholy,  his  effects,  181 

Gardens  of  simples  where,  to  what  end,  390,  391 

Gardens  for  pleasure,  311 

General  toleration  of  religion,  by  whom  per- 
mitted, and  why,  629 

Gentry,  whence  it  came  first,  349 ;  base  with- 
out means,  348  ;  vices  accompanying  it,  348  ; 
true  gentry,  whence,  351 ;  gentry  commended, 
351 

Geography  commended,  319 

Geometry,  arithmetic,  algebra,  commended,  323 

Gesture  cause  of  love-melancholy,  472 

Gifts  and  promises  of  great  force  amongst  lovers, 
489 

God's  just  judgment  cause  of  melancholy,  86; 
sole  cause  sometimes,  113 

Gold  good  against  melancholy,  394 ;  a  most 
beautiful  object,  431 

Good  counsel  a  charm  to  melancholy,  331  ; 
good  counsel  for  love-sick  persons,  534 ; 
against  melancholy  itself,  333  ;  for  such  as 
are  jealous,  580 

Great  men  most  part  dishonest,  571 

Gristle  what,  96 

Guts  described,  98 

H. 

Haxd  and  paps  how  forcible  in  love-melan- 
choly, 466,  467 

Hard  usage  a  cause  of  jealousy,  568 

Hatred  cause  of  melancholy,  168 

Hawking  and  hunting  why  good,  310 

Head  melancholy's  causes,  229;  symptoms, 
247  ;  its  cure,  404 

Hearing,  what,  102 

Heat  immoderate,  cause  of  melancholy,  149 

Health  a  treasure,  225 

Heavens  penetrable,  297;  infinitely  swift,  29S 

Hell  where,.  292 

Hellebore,  white  and  black,  purgers  of  melan- 
choly, 406;  black,  its  virtues  and  history, 
400 

f2 


6GG 


INDEX 


Help  from  frienJs  against  melancholy,  331 

Hen)orrhage  cauae  of  melancholy,  147 

HemorrhoiJs  slopped  cause  of  melancholy,  147 

Herbs  causing  melancholy,  139  ;  curing  melan- 
choly, 283 

Hereditary  diseases,  133 

Heretics  their  conditions,  623;  their  symptoms, 
623 

Heroical  love's  pedigree,  power,  extent,  443; 
detinition,  part  alFected,  448  ;  tyranny,  448 

Hippocrates'  jealousy,  569 

Honest  objects  of  love,  434 

Hope  a  cure  of  misery,  371 ;  its  benefits,  640 

Hope  and  fear,  the  Devil's  main  engines  to 
e(itra[)  the  world,  607 

Hops  good  against  nit'lancholy,  392,  416 

Horse-leeches  how  and  when  useJ  in  melan- 
choly, 404, 416 

Hut  CDUii'ries  apt  and  prone  to  jealousy,  566 

How  olt  'tis  til  to  ent  in  a  day,  282,  283 

How  lo  resist  passions,  328 
^How  men  fall  in  love,  469 

Humours,  what  they  are,  95 

Hydruph  itiia  de«crih«-d,  92 

ll>(H>chuiidriacal  nulancholy,  112;  its  raates 
mward,  outward,  230;  symptom,  244;  cure 
of  It,  416 

Hypochondries  miiafTectrd,  causes,  228 

Hypocrites  described,  638 

I. 

IoLC?iesi  a  main  cau*«  of  nielancholy,  1S2;  of 

love-mel-^ncholy,  456;   of  jealousy,  567 
Ignorance  the  mother  of  devotion,  6U8 
Ignorance  roniinended,.386 
I'^norarit  persons  utill  circumvented,  609 
linaginitiun   what,    102;    its  force   and   eflects, 

159 
Imagination  of  the   mother  aflVcts   her  infant, 

135 
Immaterial  melancholy,  110 
Immortality  of  the  soul  proved,  lu6;  iinpogned 

by  whom,  636 
Impediments  of  lovers,  557 
Iiiiportuniiy    and    opportunity    cause    of    love- 

melihcholy,  478  ;  of  jealousy,  574 
Invpri^onriient  cause  of  melancholy,  210 
Impostures  of  devils,  607  ;  of  politicians,  603  ; 

of  priests,  604 
Iinpoleiii-y  a  cjuse  of  jealousy,  568 
Impulsive  cause  of  man's  misery,  85 
J'tcubi  and  succtifn,  446 
Inconstancy  of  lovers,  540 
Inconstancy  a  sign  of  melancholy,  237 
Infirmities  of  iK^ly  and  mind,  what  grievances 

they  cause,  227 
Injuries  and  abuses  rectified,  378,  379 
Instrumental  causes  of  diseases,  87 
Instrumrnt'il  cause  of  man's  misery,  87 
Interpreters  of  dreams,  103 
InumJation's  fury,  87 
Inventions  resulting  from  love,  521 
Inward  causes  of  melancholy,  227 
Inward  ■.eints  described,  llCJ 
I^uc*  when  Used  in  melancholy,  403 


Jealocst  a  symptom  of  melancholy,  237;  ie- 
fined,  described,  563 ;  of  princes,  564 ;  of 
brute  beasts,  565 ;  causes  of  it,  5G6  ;  symp- 
toms  of  it,  575 ;  prognostics,  579 ;  cure  of 
it,  580 

Jests  how  and  when  to  be  used,  209 

Jews'  religious  symptoms,  614,  615 

Joy  in  excess  cause  of  melancholy,  1S6,  187 

K. 

Kings  and  princes'  discontents,  174 
Kissing  a  main  cause  of  love-nielancholy,  482 ; 
a  symptom  of  love-melancholy,  498 


LiBom,  business,  cure  of  love-melancholy 
526  ;  iMpis  Armenus,  its  virtues  against  me> 
lancholy,  400 

Lascivious  meals  to  be  avoided,  527 

Laughter,  its  etTecls,  250,  257 

Laurel  a  purge  for  melancholy,  398 

Laws  against  adultery,  578 

Leo  Decimus  the  pope's  scoffing  tricks,  208 

Lewellyn  prince  of  Wales,  his  submission,  379 

Leucuta  petra  the  cure  of  love-»ick  persons,  546 

Liberty  of  princes  and  great  men,  bow  abused, 
574 

Libraries  commended,  321 

Liver  its  >ite,  97  ;  causie  of  melancholy  distem- 
pers, if  hot  or  cold,  229 

Loss  of  lilnrrty,  servitude,  imprisonment,  cause 
of  melancholy,  210 

LoMes  in  general  how  they  ofTend,  220  ;  cause 
of  des|>air,  369,  641  ;  how  eased,  373 

Love  of  gaming  and  pleasures  immoderate, 
cause  of  melancholy,  181 

Love  of  learnin:;,  overmuch  study,  cause  of 
mehncholy,  187 

Love's  beginning,  object,  definition,  division. 
426;  luve  made  the  world,  430;  love's 
power,  444  ;  in  vegetables,  445 ;  in  sensible 
cri-atures,  445;  love's  power  in  deviU  and 
spirits,  446;  in  men,  44S;  love  a  di»ea»e, 
500 ;  a  fire,  504 ;  love's  pas-ions,  505 ; 
phrases  of  lovers,  509;  their  vain  wishes 
and  attempts,  514;  lovers  iiiifiudent,  515; 
courageous,  516;  wise,  valiant,  free,  517; 
neat  in  apparel,  518;  poets,  musicians, 
dancers,  519;  love's  etTects,  521;  love  \o*t 
revived  by  sight,  530 ;  love  cannot  be  com- 
pelled, 554 

Love  and  hate  symptoms  of  rehgious  melao- 
choly.  614 

Lycantbropia  described,  91 

M. 

Madness  descnbed,  91 ;  ibe  extent  of  melan 
cboly,  259;  a  symptom  and   elTect  of  love- 
rnelancholy,  524 
Made  dishes  cauae  melancholy,  142 
Magicians    low  they   cause  melancholy,    128 
bow  they  cure  it,  271 


INDEX. 


667 


Mahometans  their  symptoms,  698 

Maids',  nuns',  and  widows'  melancholy,  250 

Man's  excellency,  misery,  85 

Man  the  greatest  enemy  to  man,  88 

Many   means  to   divert   lovers,  529;    to   cure 

them,  534 
Marriage   if  unfortunate    cause   of  melancholy, 
233 ;    best    cure    of    love-melancholy,   547 ; 
marriage  helps,  585;  miseries,  641  ;  benefits 
and  commendation,  450,  561 
Mathematical  studies  commended,  322 
Medicines  select  for  melancholy,  386  ;   against 
wind   and   costiveness,  419  ;  for  love-melan- 
choly, 529 
Melancholy  in  disposition,  melancholy  equivo- 
cations, 93;  definition,  name,  difference,  108  ; 
part  and  parties  affected   in    melancholy,  it's 
atfection,  109;  matter,  110;  species  or  kinds 
of  melancholy,  HI  ;   melancholy   an   heredi- 
tary disease,  133  ;  meats  causing  it,  136,  &c. ; 
antecedent  causes,  227  ;  particular  parts,  228  ; 
symptoms    of  it,  232  ;  they  are   passionate 
above    measure,  238;    humorous,  238;    me- 
lancholy, adust  symptoms,  242  ;  mixed  symp- 
toms of  melancholy  with  other  diseases,  244  ; 
melancholy,  a  cause  of  jealousy,  567  ;  of  des- 
pair, 640  ;  melancholy  men  why  witty,  255  ; 
why  so  apt  to  laugh,  weep,  sweat,  blush,  256; 
why  they   see  visions,   hear  strange    noises, 
257  ;  why  they   speak   untaught   languages, 
prophesy,  &c.,  259 
Memory  his  seat,  103 
Menstruus  concuhitus  causa  melanc,  135 
Men  seduced  by  spirits  in  the  night,  123 
Metempsychosis,  104 
Metals,  minerals  for  melancholy,  393 
Meteors  strange,  how  caused,  295,  296 
Metoposcopy  foreshowing  melancholy,  131, 132 
Milk  a  melancholy  meat,  138 
Mind  how  it  works  on  the  body,  155 
Minerals  good  against  melancholy,  394 
Ministers  how  they  cause  despair,  642,  643 
Mirach,  mesentery,  matrix,  meseraic  veins,  causes 

of  melancholy,  228 
Mirabolanes  purgers  of  melancholy,  399 
Mirth  and  mercy  company  excellent  against  me- 
lancholy, 336  ;  their  abuses,  340 
Miseries  of  man,  85  ;  how  they  cause  melan- 
choly, 171  ;  common  miseries,  170  ;  miseries 
of  both   sorts,  342  ;  no   man    free,   miseries' 
eflects  in   us,  343 ;  sent  for  our  good,  344 ; 
miseries  of  students  and  scholars,  187 
Mitigations  of  melancholy,  384 
Money's  prerogatives,  431  ;  allurement,  477 
Moon  inhabited,  299 ;  moon  in  love,  444 
Mother  how  cause  of  melancholy,  134 
Moving  faculty  described,  103 
Music  a  present  remedy  for   melancholy,  334  ; 
its  effects,  335  ;   a  symptom  of  lovers,  519  ; 
causes  of  love-melancholy,  481 

N. 

Nakedness  of  parts  a  cause  of  love-melan- 
choly,  472,  473  ;  cure  of  love-melancholy, 
536 

Narrow  streets  where  in  use,  305 


Natural  melancholy  signs,  242 
Natural  signs  of  love-melancholy,  496 
Necessity  to  what  it  enforceth,  140,  21G 
Neglect  and  contempt,  'lest  cures  of  jealousy. 
581  ' 

Nemesis  or  punishment  comes  after,  380 
Nerves  what,  96 
News  most  welcome,  315 
Nobility  censured,  348 
Non-necessary  causes  of  melancholy,  20 
Nuns'  melancholy,  251 
Nurse,  how  cause  of  melancholy,  202 


Objects  causing  melancholy  to  be  removed 
529 

Obstacles  and  hindrances  of  lovers,  548 

Occasions  to  be  avoided  in  love-melancholy,  529 

Odoraments  to  smell  to  for  melancholy,  412 

Ointments,  for  melancholy,  413 

Ointments  riotously  used,  475 

Old  folks  apt  to  be  jealous,  568 

Old  folks'  incontinency  taxed,  58 

Old  age  a  cause  of  melancholy,  132  ;  old  men's 
sons  often  melancholy,  134 

One  love  drives  out  another,  533 

Opinions  of  or  concerning  the  soul,  104 

Oppression's  eflects,  224 

Opportunity  and  importunity  causes  of  love- 
melancholy,  478 

Organical  parts,  98 

Overmuch  joy,  pride,  praise,  how  causes  of  me- 
lancholy, 186 


Palaces,  313 

Paleness  and  leanness,  symptoms  of  love-melan- 
choly, 496 

Papists'  religious  symptoms,  615,  624 

Paracelsus'  defence  of  minerals,  394 

Parents,  how  they  wrong  their  children,  554  ; 
how  they  cause  melancholy  by  propagation, 
133  ;  how  by  remissness  and  indulgence,  204, 
205 

Paraenetical  discourse  to  such  as  are  troubled  in 
mind,  648 

Particular  parts  distempered,  how  they  cause 
melancholy,  228 

Parties  affected  in  religious  mclancholv,  597 

Passions  and  perturbations  causes  of  melan- 
choly, 1 57  ;  how  they  work  on  the  bicly.  158  ; 
their  divisions,  161  ;  how  rectified  and  eased, 
327 

Passions  of  lovers,  500 

Patience  a  cure  of  misery,  379 

Patient,  his  conditions  that  would  be  cured,  277; 
patience,  confidence,  liberality,  not  to  practise 
on  himself,  278  ;  what  he  must  do  himself, 
328 ;  reveal  his  grief  to  a  friend,  330 

Peimyroyal  good  against  melancholy,  400 

Perjury  of  lovers,  491 

Persuasion  a  means  to  cure  love-melancholy, 
534  ;  other  melancholy,  332,  333 

Phantasy,  what,  102 

Pliilipptis  Bonus,  how  he  used  a  country  fel- 
low, 317 


666 


INDEX, 


Philosophers  censured,  183;  their  errors,  183 
Fbilteis  cause  of    love-melaticholy,  494  ;  how 

they  cure  melancholy,  546 
Phlebotomy  cause  of  melancholy,  149  ;  how  to 

be   used,  when,  in   melancholy,  404,  415;  iu 

head  melancholy,  407,  408 
Phlegmatic  melancholy  signs,  242 
Phrenzy'b  description,  91 
Physician's  miseries,  19'J,  193;  his  qualities  if 

he  be  good,  276 
Physic  censured,  386,  388;  commended,  389; 

when  to  Ik)  used,  389 
Phy»iognomical  signs  of  melancholy,  131 
Pictures  good   against  melmchuly,  318  ;  cause 

of  love-meLincholy,  483 
Plague's  etlecu,  67 
Planets  inhabited,  299 
Plays  more  famous,  314 
Pleasant  palaces  and  gardens,  311 
Pleasant  objects  of  love,  432 
Pleasing  tuite  and  voice  a  cause  of  love-meiart' 

choly,  481 
Poetical  cures  of  love'inclancholy,  M6 
Poets  why  poor,  191 
Poetry  a  symptom  of  lovers,  &22 
Politician's  pranks,  6U4 
Poor  men's  miseries,  215;  their  happinea*,  356, 

365  ;  ihey  are  dear  to  Ciod,  364 
Pope  Leu  Dtcimut,  bis  scotTing,  2U8 
Pork  •  melancholy  meal,  137 
Possession  uf  devils,  93 
Poverty  and   want  causes  of  melancholy,  their 

etiects,  211;  no  such  misery  to  be  poor,  354 
Power  of  spirits,  125 
Predestination  misconstrued,  a  cause  of  despair, 

654—656 
Preparatives  and  purgera  for  melancholy,  405 
Precedency,  what  stirs  it  causeih,  167 
Precious    stones,   metals,    altering    uelaocboly, 

393 
Preventions  to  the  cure  of  jealousy,  585 
Pride  and  praise  causes  of  melancholy,  182 
Prietts,   how    tbey  cause  religious   melancholy, 

605 
Princes'  discontents,  174 
Prodi^abi,  their   miseries,   161  ;  bankrupts  and 

s)<eiiJtbril(s,  how  punished,  181 
Protiijblr  objects  of  love,  431 
Progress  of  love-melancholy  exemplified,  464 
Prognostics  or  events  of  love-melancholy,  579 ; 

of  despair,  579  ;  of  jealousy,  523  ;  of  melan- 
choly, 259 
Proepecl  gixnl  against  melancholy,  307 
Prosperity  a  cau*e  of  misery,  366 
Protestations  and  deceitful  promiaes  of  lovert, 

491 
Pseudo- prophets,  their  pranks,  627;  their  aymp- 

toms,  623 
Pulse,  pes4,  beans,  cause  of  melancholy,  140 
PuUe   of  melancholy  men,  bow    it   is  affected, 

233 
Pulse  a  sisjn  of  l'>ve-melancholy.  497 
Pursers  and  preparatives   to  head    melancholy, 

405 
Purging  simplea  upward,  397 ;  downward,  399 
Purging,  bow  cause  uf  melancboly,  149 


QcAJfTiTT  of  diet  cause,  142;  cure  of  melan- 
choly, 282 

R. 

RATioXAt  soul,  104 

Reading  Scriptures  g<x)d  against  melanchidy,  322 

Recreations  good  against  inelaiu'liuly,  309 

Redness  of  the  face  helped,  414 

Ket'ions  of  the  belly,  98 

Relation  or  hearing  a  cause  of  love-melan- 
choly, 457 

Religious  melancholy  a  di»*tinct  species,  593 ; 
its  object,  594  ;  causies  ot  it,  CUl  ;  symptoms, 
613;  prognostics,  627;  cure,  629;  religious 
policy,  by  whom,  604 

Re)>enlance,  its  effects,  650 

Retention  and  evacuation  causes  of  melancholy, 
146;  rectified  to  the  cure,  285 

Rich  men's  discontents  and  miseries,  178,  360; 
their  prerogatives,  212 

Riot  in  apparel,  excess  of  it,  a  great  cause  of 
love-melancholy,  475,  48U 

Rivers  in  love,  461 

Rivals  and  co-rivals,  565 

Roots  censured,   139 

Ruse  cros*-men's  or  Rosicrucian's  promisee,  323 

S. 

Sai  jits'  aid  rejected  in  melancholy,  274 

Halads  ceii»ured,  139 

Sanguine  melancholy  signs,  242 

Scholars'  miseries,  189 

Scilla  or  sea  onion,  a  p>rger  of  melancholy,  398 

Mcipio's  I  .  530 

Scutis,  (  .  liter  jests,  how  they  cause 

melamti   iv.  .-n  ,  their  antidote,  383 
8cofzonera,  good  ai^ainst  melancholy,  392 
iicripture  mitconstrued,  caU'>e  of  reli^^ious  md* 

lancholy,  654;  cure  of  melancholy,  322 
Sea-sick,  good  physic  for  melancholy,  393 
Self-love  cauM!  of  melancholy,  his  effects,  183 
Sensible  soul  and  its  parts,  101 
Strnses,  why  and  how  deluiled  in   melancholy, 

257 
Sentences  selected  out  of  humane  authors,  364, 

385 
Servitude  cause  of  melancholy,  210;  and  im- 
prisonment eased,  367 
Several  men's  delighu  and  recreations,  306 
Severe  tutors  and  guardians  causes  of  me  an- 

choly.  204 
Shame  and  disgrace  how  causes  of  melancholy, 

their  effects,  164 
Sickness  for  our  good,  346 
Sighs  and  tears  symptoms  of  love-melancholy, 

496,  497 
Sight  a  principal  cause  of  love-ntclancholy,  457, 

458 
Signs  of  honest  love,  434 
Similar  paits  of  the  body,  96 
Simples  censured  proper  to   melancholy,  389, 

fit   to    be    known,   390;    purijing   r.ieljiirholy 

upward,   397;    downward,   ('ur^in;    simplea, 

399 


INDEX. 


669 


Singing  a  symptom  of  lovers,  519;  cause  of 
love-melancholy,  418 

Sin  the  impulsive  cause  of  man's  misery,  85 

Single  .life  and  virginity  commended,  544; 
tjieir  prerogatives,  545 

Slavery  of  lovers,  510 

Sleep  and  waking  causes  of  melancholy,  156  ; 
by  v/hat  means  procured,  helped,  414 

Small  bodies  have  greatest  wits,  346 

Smelling  what,  102 

Smiling  a  cause  of  love-melanchoIy,  471 

Sodomy,  448,  449 

Soldiers  most  part  lascivious,  572 

Solitariness  cause  of  melancholy,  154;  coact, 
voluntary,  how  good,  155;  sign  of  melan- 
choly, 239 

Sorrow  its  effect,  162;  a  cause  of  melancholy, 
163;  a  sym|)tom  of  melancholy,  236;  eased 
by  counsel,  370 

Soul  defined,  its  faculties,  99 ;  ex  traduce  as 
some  hold,  104 

Spices  how  causes  of  melancholy,  140 

Spirits  and  devils,  their  nature,  115;  orders, 
118;  kinds,  120;  power,  &c.,  125 

Spleen  its  site,  97  ;  how  misaffected  cause  of 
melancholy,  228 

Sports,  314 

Spots  in  the  sun,  301 

Sprueeness  a  symjitom  of  lovers,  518 

Stars,  how  causes  or  signs  of  melancholy,  130  ; 
of  love-melancholy,  453;  of  jealousy,  566 

Step-mother,  her  mischiefs,  224 

Stews,  why  allowed,  586 

Stomach  distempered  a  cause  of  melancholy, 
228 

Stones  like  birds,  beasts,  fishes,  &c.,  290 

Strange  nurses,  when  best,  203 

Streets  narrow,  305 

Study  overmuch  cause  of  melancholy,  187 ; 
why  and  how,  188,  255;  study  good  against 
melancholy,  318 

Subterranean  devils,  124 

Supernatural  causes  of  melancholy,  113 

Superstitious  effects,  symptoms,  616;  how  it 
domineers,  599,  624 

Surfeiting  and  drunkenness  taxed,  143 

Suspicion  and  jealousy  symptoms  of  melan- 
choly, 237  ;  how  caused,  254 

Swallows,  cuckoos,  Ac,  where  are  they  in 
winter,  290 

Svveet  tunes  and  singing  causes  of  love-melan- 
choly,  481 

Symptoms  or  signs  of  melancholy  in  the  body, 
232  ;  mind,  233  ;  from  stars,  members,  240  ; 
from  education,  custom,  continuance  of  time, 
mixed  with  other  diseases,  244;  symptoms 
of  head  melancholy,  247  ;  of  hypochondriacal 
melancholy,  243;  of  the  whole  body,  250; 
symptoms  of  nuns',  maids',  widows'  melan- 
choly, 250  ;  immediate  causes  of  melancholy 
symptoms,  253 ;  symptoms  of  love-melan- 
choly, 496;  symptoms  of  a  lover  pleased, 
502;  dejected,  505;  symptoms  of  jealousy, 
575;  of  religious  melancholy,  613;  of 
despair,  645,  646 

Syntercsis,  106 

Syrups,  397,  413 


T. 


Tale  of  a  prebend,  377,  378 

Tarantula's  stinging  effects,  226 

Taste  what,  102 

Temperament  a  cause  of  love-melancholy,  453 

Tempestuous  air,  dark  and  fuliginous,  how 
cause  of  melancholy,  151 

Terrestrial  devils,  123 

Terrors  and  affrights  cause  melancholy,  205 

Theologasters  censured,  301 

The  best  cure  of  love-melancholy  is  to  let  them 
have  their  desire,  547 

Tobacco  approved,  censured,  399 

Toleration,  religious,  629 

Torments  of  love,  501 

Transmigration  of  souls,  104 

Travelling  commended,  good  against  melan- 
choly, 306 ;  for  love-melancholy  especially, 
531 

Tutors  cause  melancholy,  204 

U. 

Unchahitable  men  described,  440 
Understanding  defined,  divided,  106 
I/nfortunate  marriages'  effects,  174,  223,  58S 
linkind  friends  cause  melancholy,  224 
(Tulawful  cures  of  melancholy  rejected,  270 
Upstarts  censiured,  their  symptoms,  350,  357 
Urine  of  melancholy  persons,  233 
Vxor'u,  568,  569 


VAijfGLonx  described  a  cause  of  melancholy, 

182 
Valour  and  courage  caused  by  love,  517 
Variation  of  the  compass,  where,  28S 
Variety  of  meats  and  dishes  cause  mel»ncholy, 

283" 
Variety    of  mistresses    and    'j^jccts    a   cure   of 

melancholy,  534 
Variety    of   weather,    xir,    manners,    countries, 

whence,  «&c.,  293,  294 
Variety  of  places,  change  of  air,  good  against 

melancholy,  306 
Vegetal  soul  and  its  faculties,  100 
Vegetal  creatures  in  love,  444,  445 
Veins  described,  97 
Venus  rectified,  287 
Venery  a  cause  of  melancholy,  118 
Venison  a  melancholy  meat,  137,  138 
Vices  of  women,  540 
Violent  misery  continues  not,  312 
1-^iolent  death,  event  of  love-niebincholy,  525; 

prognostic  of  despair,  647  ;  by  some  defended, 

262  ;  how  to  be  censured,  265 
Virginity,  by  what   signs  to  be  known,   577; 

commended,  545 
Virtue  and  vice,  principal  habits  of  the  will,  108 
Yilex   or   agnus   cuitus    good    against    love- 
melancholy,  527 

W. 
Wakixo  cause    of  melancholy,    154,   163;    a 

symptom,  232;  cured.  325 
Walking,  shooting,  swimming,  &c,  good  against 

melancholy,  307,  311,  528 


C70 


INDEX. 


Want  of  sleep  a  symptom  of  love-melancboly, 
233,  496,  497 

Wanton  carriage  and  gesture  cause  of  love- 
melancholy,  470 

Water  devils,  122 

Water  if  foul  causeth  melancholy,  141 

Waters  censured,  their  effects,  141 

Waters,  which  good,  281 

Waters  in  love,  461 

Wearisomeness  of  life  a  symptom  of  melan- 
choly, 505 

What  physic  fit  in  love-melancholy,  526 

Who  are  most  apt  to  be  jealous,  567 

Whores'  properties  and  conditions,  535 

Why  good  men  are  often  rejected,  377 

Why  fools  beget  wise  children,  wise  men  fools, 
135 

Widows'  melancholy,  251 

Will  defined,  divided,  its  actions,  why  over- 
ruled, 107 

Wine  causeth  melancholy,  140,  182;  a  good 
cordial  against  melancholy,  410;  forbid  in 
love-melancholy,  527 

Winds  in  love,  461 

Wiitj  devices  against  melancholy,  334,  532 


Wit  proved  by  love,  517 

Withstand  the  beginnings,  a  principal  cure  of 
love-melancholy,  529 

Witches'  power,  how  they  cause  melancholy, 
128;  their  transformations,  129;  they  can 
cure  melancholy,  129,  270;  not  to  be  sought 
to  for  help,  272 ;  nor  saints,  275 

Wives  censured,  560;  commended,  561 ;  choice 
of  a  wife,  590 

Women,  how  cause  of  melancholy.  182;  their 
exercises,  324;  their  vanity  in  apparel  taxed, 
473 ;  how  ihey  cozen  men,  474  ;  their  coun- 
terfeit tears,  491  ;  their  vices,  540 

Woodbine,  amni,  rue,  lettuce,  how  good  in 
love-melancholy,  527 

World  taxed,  171 

Wormwood  good  against  melancholy,  393 

Writers  of  the  cure  of  melancholy,  270 

Writers  of  imagination,  159;  de  cunsolalione, 
341;  of  melancholy,  108;  of  love-mclan* 
choly,  521,  522  ;  against  despair,  648 


VocxG  man  in  love  with  a  picture,  499 
Youth  a  cause  of  love-melancholy,  454 


TOE   END. 


\^ 


